In this article, Heidelberger and his first graduate student, Elvin A. Kabat, showed that agglutination (the clumping together) and precipitation of bacterial and other antigens were not triggered by two distinct types of antibodies, as immunologists had long argued, but were two different functions of the same antibody. Agglutination of bacterial cells, they found, was a precipitin reaction on the cellular surface, and was subject to the same theory and quantitative analysis.
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