United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
National Cancer Institute (U.S.). Office of Research Safety
National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Special Committee of Safety and Health Experts
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules, released by NIH Director Donald S. Fredrickson in 1976, laid out four levels of physical containment of microorganisms used in recombinant DNA, or gene splicing, experiments. These levels ranged from P1, laboratories with standard equipment and no special containment technology, to P4, laboratories specially designed for experiments with potentially harmful or epidemic pathogens. Researchers in a P4 laboratory, shown above, were required to wear protective equipment, such as these full-body suits with built-in air supply.
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