THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR BROOKLYN A VISION FOR A HEALTHIER, ° \ MORE EQUITABLE BOROUGH Produced by the Office of Brooklyn Borough President Antonio Reynoso, in partnership with the Regional Plan Association, the New York Academy of Medicine, and Hester Street October 2023 elld = = = w = L o THE THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR BROOKLYN A VISION FOR A HEALTHIER, MORE EQUITABLE BOROUGH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (IR B Brit Byrd John Parsons Douglas Asher Freeman Bruno Daniel Garcia Inna Guzenfeld Ethan Nash Donavan Swanson Lacey Tauber Erin Wright Mon Yuck Yu Jazmyn Blackburn Moses Gates Lindsey Hover Marcel Negret Dave Zackin Diane Kolack, MPH Kumbie Madondo, PhD Nikhita T. Miskin, MPH Cinthia De La Rosa Casey Peterson Utsa Ramaswami Isella Ramirez Ccontents Letter from the Borough President 4 Executive Summary 5 Introduction n Methodology 12 Existing Conditions 14 History of Planning in NYC 15 A Focus on Housing and Health 16 Demographic 18 Socioeconomic 25 Health 35 Land Use and Built Form 53 Housing 65 Transportation and Utilities 81 Environmental 100 Neighborhood Conditions 12 Recommendations 126 Healthcare 128 Housing 133 Environmental Conditions 137 Active Living and Transit 141 Community Services 146 Community Services 147 Accessibility 149 Land Use Frameworks 150 Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management Health and Wellness Economy Healthy Streets and Environment Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs Next Steps 160 Appendix 1: Data Sources 162 Appendix 2: Glossary 166 Appendix 3: Draft Existing Conditions Feedback Synthesis......ccccoceeeceeees 172 Appendix 4: Draft Recommendations and Survey 178 Appendix 5: Draft Recommendations Feedback and Synthesis ........ccc.... 184 3 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 L etter from the Borough President I am so proud to represent Brooklyn, the greatest borough in the City of New York. Our borough's diversity gives it strength - we have more than 2.73 million people living in 77 neighborhoods, representing over 100 countries and speaking more than 150 languages! Yet what neighborhood you call home shouldn't influence the opportunities you have access to, your safety, or your health. It shouldn't mean that you'll face dangerously unbearable heat in the summer or travel farther just to make a living wage. But right now, in Brooklyn, our health and well-being depend greatly on where we live. This pattern of inequities in our borough is the consequence of our city's failure to plan for public health - or even to plan at all. Instead of doing what most large cities across the world do by creating a long-term comprehensive plan to guide our growth and development, in New York City, we zone. That's it. We don't plan, we just zone. We add housing here, we open up a new school there, and we make piecemeal changes that fail to think of the bigger picture. We deepen disparities instead of solving for them. What does this look like in Brooklyn? Some neighborhoods have seen decades of neglect and disinvestment. Their schools are underfunded, their healthcare options are few and far between, their transit is inaccessible and inconvenient. Other neighborhoods, however, have seen tremendous investment. They have new and growing cultural institutions, excellent schools, and clean streets lined with trees and open businesses. The disparity when it to comes to housing development is just as intense. In the last 10 years, the majority of new development has been concentrated in a handful of Brooklyn neighborhoods, while other areas of the borough have created almost no new housing in decades. This haphazard approach to New York's growth is how we got where we are today - in the midst of a profound housing crisis and with unplanned neighborhoods that fail those who live in them. The question then becomes: how do we get ourselves out of this crisis? How do we bring balance to our borough, heal communities, and open up opportunities in the areas that are rich in resources but decades behind in housing development? The answer is to return to the heart of why we plan - for people to have what they need to be happy and healthy - and create the first boroughwide comprehensive plan that this city has ever seen. Our comprehensive plan is many things at once: 1) It is a vision of a Brooklyn for all. 2) It is a recognition that the well-being of a neighborhood and of our borough is dictated by how we use our land, allocate our funding, and administer our programs. 3) It's 2 tool with which we can measure the merits of a proposal, advocate for community needs, and push for changes to our neighborhoods that make sense. 4) It is an information and data resource that can be useful to anyone and everyone. 5) And, criti- cally, it is a space where dialogue can coalesce and a comprehen- sive plan for our entire city can grow. As Borough President, there are limitations to what my comprehensive plan can do. I cannot implement it all on my own, nor can I make it law or promise it will outlive my time in office - that will be up to my successor. I can promise, however, that what drives this project is my firm belief that this is the right thing to do for Brooklyn. I can promise that this plan is for the community and therefore must be by the community, and as such will live and evolve with the hopes and needs of the people of Brooklyn. And I can promise that if we work together, guided by the greater good, we can accomplish a Brooklyn for all. Sincerely, \\A - Antonio Reynoso Brooklyn Borough President 4 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Executive summary Almost every major city in the world except New York City has along-term, comprehensive plan to guide growth and devel- opment. Despite various local and citywide zoning-focused, issue-based, or geographically specific planning efforts, the need for a true comprehensive plan - encompassing all areas of urban planning, all aspects of city governance, and all of its diverse neighborhoods - remains acute and unfulfilled. For too long, NYC decision-makers have been forced to make choices about development projects and resource allocations without this greater context. We've seen time and again that planning issues do not occur in isolation, and we cannot solve entrenched problems on a site-by-site, or issue-by-issue, basis. The Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn ("The Plan") provides this framework at the borough level. Analyzing data across multiple metrics, patterns emerge in which low-income neighborhoods of color are less likely to have access to safe and affordable housing, healthy food, reliable transporta- tion, quality educational and employment opportunities, active recreation, and preventative health services. The Plan examines all of these, with a focus on two deeply intertwined issues: hous- ing and health. The Plan's creation began shortly after Borough President Reynoso took office in January 2022. His office led the process, the Regional Plan Association (RPA) and New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM) provided support with data collection and analysis, and Hester Street provided support with outreach and engagement. An Advisory Committee of over 25 organizations from throughout the borough provided feedback and guidance along the way. The team engaged the public multiple times, including two in-person public workshops held at Borough Hall, public presentations to Brooklyn's community boards, and an online survey covering the draft recommendations. Existing Conditions The Plan begins with a thorough analysis of Existing Conditions in Brooklyn, created in partnership with RPA and NYAM, divided into eight sections: Demographic: Brooklyn is New York City's largest borough, with an estimated population of 2.73 million. The borough is also incredibly diverse, with residents from over 100 countries and more than 150 languages. Brooklyn's racial and ethnic makeup is approximately 35% non-Hispanic white, 27% Black or African American, 13% Asian, 4% two or more races, 0.9% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, and 19% Hispanic or Latin American of any race. Despite the borough's diversity, racial groups tend to be clustered together in ways that perpetuate segregation. As a result, there are stark disparities in socioeconomic factors and public health outcomes. Socioeconomic: Between 2010-2020, seven out of 10 New York neighborhoods with the highest income growth were in Brooklyn, underscoring the borough's prominent position in the city's economy. Yet median household income varies tremen- dously across the borough, with a difference of nearly $125,000 between parts of Park Slope and Brownsville. Healthcare and education remain Brooklyn's top employment sectors, account- ing for 29% of jobs, followed by the food and hospitality indus- try (9.4%) and retail (8.9%). Health: Disparities in the social and physical determinants of health across the borough can result in equally disparate-or sometimes worse-public health outcomes. Life expectancy in Brooklyn can vary as much as twenty years from neighborhood to neighborhood. Across many health metrics, from diabetes, to obesity, to complications in childbirth, we see patterns emerge wherein residents of Eastern Brookyln tend to have worse out- comes than those living in other neighborhoods. Land Use and Built Form: Though Brooklyn presents a diversity of land uses across its neighborhoods, more land is devoted to residential use than other uses. Multifamily resi- dential buildings are most common in the northern half of the borough, while one- and two-family homes are more common in the borough's southern half. The manufacturing sector tends to seek proximity to major roadways and industrial waterways. B Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Open spaces and public facilities are distributed throughout the borough, though certain types are clustered disproportionately in particular neighborhoods. Downtown Brooklyn, the bor- ough's commercial core, contains the bulk of its mixed-use and office buildings. Lower-density commercial buildings are found in outlying residential areas that permit local retail and offices. Housing: The northern half of the borough has the vast major- ity of multi-family buildings and has seen the bulk of new devel- opment since 2010, including income-restricted and market-rate housing; while neighborhoods such as Patk Slope, Carroll Gardens, and Brooklyn Heights saw the largest declines in their housing supply, in some cases losing as many as over 100 units per census tract. Meanwhile, mediant rent rose more than 20% between 2010-2021, leaving more than half of Brooklyn renters and 46% of its homeowners burdened by housing costs. Transportation and Utilities: Much of Brooklyn is well-served public transportation; however, transit infrastructure is not evenly distributed. For example, 358 out of 542 subway station pedestrian entrances are concentrated in the borough's northern half. As a result, households in southern Brooklyn tend to have higher levels of automobile use and ownership. Accordingly, those neighborhoods report more frequent and deadly collisions involving pedestrians. Environmental: Climate change is the most pressing threat to New York City's future. Sea level rise occurring over time is likely to increase coastal flooding during hurricanes and storms, and stormwater flooding poses an increased threat. As the sever- ity of storms increases, temperatures become more extreme and heat waves become more common, the impacts of these changes will hit some communities much harder than others. Neighborhood Conditions: This section examines other fac- tors that influence health outcomes, such as cleanliness, freedom from violent crime, quality of schools, and presence of supportive community organizations. These indicators also serve as strong determinants of physical health, psychological well-being, and quality of life for youth residents raised in a given area. The supportiveness of a community is largely due to the prevalence of accessible healthcare facilities; places of assembly and commu- nity events; and schools, youth services, and daycare programs to enable households and families to maintain stability in everyday life and in times of crisis. Recommendations Based on the information collected and analyzed, as well as pub- lic feedback received, the Brooklyn Borough President's Office (BBPO) developed the following Goals and Objectives, as well as specific Recommendations for each that are organized into four categories based on the powers of the Borough President: Land Use, Budget, Advocacy, and Outreach. The recommenda- tions can be found starting on page 126. Healthcare Goal: Increase access to quality, affordable health care and preventative services Objectives: 1.1 Reduce health care costs 1.2 Remove barriers to health care 1.3 Reduce complications related to childbirch 1.4 Address violence and its public health impacts 1.5 Expand programs that provide support for behavioral health issues and substance use disorders Housing Goal: Increase access to safe and healthy affordable housing Objectives: 2.1 Develop new affordable housing in keeping with fair hous- ing principles, especially in areas where housing production has not kept pace with population growth 2.2 Support transit-oriented development 2.3 Preserve and improve government-regulated housing, including rent-regulated, income-restricted, and public housing; and protect homeowners from foreclosure Environmental Conditions Goal: Reduce exposure to hazardous environmental conditions, including those exacerbated by climate change, that affect the most vulnerable Brooklynites Objectives: 3.1 Complete remediation of toxic sites in the borough 3.2 Improve indoor and outdoor air quality 3.3 Protect vulnerable populations from high heat 3.4 Plan for climate change and prepare for future disasters 6 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Active Living and Transit Goal: Encourage and facilitate a lifestyle that prioritizes physical activity in everyday routines to reduce chronic diseases through investments in transit and the public realm Objectives: 4.1 Strengthen Brooklyn's cycling, pedestrian, and bus infrastructure 4.2 Foster healthy and active public spaces, including trans- forming public streets into public spaces 4.3 Better manage Brooklyn's curb space 4.4 Build a safer, more sustainable regional transportation and freight network 4.5 Reduce food insecurity and increase access to healthy food Community Services Goal: Support local community-based organizations that focus on reducing health disparities Obijectives: 5.1 Support community-based organizations through funding and advocacy 5.2 Ensure communities with a high number of foreign-born populations have access to translation services, health care facilities, and strong community services 5.3 Increase access to quality educational opportunities in Brooklyn Jobs Goal: Increase access to cmploymcnt opportunitics and support pathways to well-paying jobs Obijectives: 6.1 Maintain and expand opportunities for new manufactur- ingland 6.2 Support Brooklyn's industrial business sector 6.3 Support existing and new workforce development pro- grams that increase economic mobility 6.4 Retain and expand Brooklyn-based small businesses Accessibility Goal: Integrate planning for accessibility Objectives: 7.1 Ensure Brooklyn is a welcoming place to people with all abilities 7.2 Raise the standards for accessibility Frameworks The Plan also includes four frameworks that apply these recom- mendations spatially in the borough and will guide the Borough President's land use strategies. They are: Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management: With a focus on southern and eastern Brooklyn, where housing growth has not kept pace with population growth and lack of transit access leads to more vehicle miles traveled, this framework recommends housing growth furthering fair transit-oriented development (within a half-mile of existing and proposed mass transit), and less congested streets. Health & Wellness Economy: With a focus on eastern Brooklyn, where data shows disparate health outcomes com- pared to the rest of the borough, and southeast Brooklyn, where many healthcare workers live, this framework facilitates stronger community services, reduced barriers to care, and better health outcomes. Healthy Streets & Environment: With a focus on northern and central Brooklyn, where crash rates are high and environ- mental justice is a pressing concern, this framework facilitates complete streets, accessible neighborhoods, better air quality, and remediation of toxic sites. Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs: With a focus on the bor- ough's waterfront and industrial areas, this framework facilitates industrial job growth, new multimodal options for freight deliv- ery, and a resilient waterfront, all of which create opportunities to build Brooklyn's green economy. Next Steps The Borough President will begin to use the plan immediately as a guiding document for all projects that come to his office during public review. The Borough President is also committed to ongoing engagement and outreach to see that as many of our 2.73 million Brooklynites as possible are aware of the Plan. The Brooklyn Borough President's Office (BBPO) will continually collect and review feedback from the public at testimony@brooklynbp.nyc.gov. Based on receiving new pub- lic comments, as new research or datasets are released, and as legislation is passed, the Borough President has committed to reviewing the plan and issuing updates on a yearly basis, as well as take on special projects and work resulting from the recommendations. 7 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 ] = 7y Brooklyn and n Tri-State Area H - -~ - > = ' 3 ? 2 ) _ g . : Southwestern 4~ Yo - E _ Connecticut - W y r [ / / s . T *7 : \ . __ | "y g _ A Long]lsland ;" '.Northern| (503 - "p- = o h New Jersey. X e X X o ' i NN ® -. 2 ;:::_;_-;:.i,;j,"@' . 3 WBrooklyn ! P .0 - ,*\ 2 [ DI E < % S .2 Y o | Philadelphia - .5 ' o Brooklyn L4 Tri-State Area ' '\ -- Intercity & Commuter Rail o / ',-,p"' Urbanized Areas » Less than 20% [ Between 20 - 60% [ Between 60 - 90% I More than 90% Miles 0 5 10 20 30 40 0 Map by Regional Plan Association based on National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2019 8 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Elevation Brooklyn -73 ft Contours (10 ft) Contours (50 ft) Mies 0 "-"_:.?-"i:ii.j' Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall Based on NYC OT/ Topobathymetric LIDAR data, 2017. 9 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Neighborhoods Greenpoint A\ Fulton Ferry Wn'egar Hill Navy Yard Brooklyn' Heights Dumbo S S 2 powntown N S - ~ Cobble Hill R , Cypress Hills Boerum Hill -__QI/g@a'nd Park 6 Carroll Gardéns ! Ocean Hill Gty Line Red Hook Prospect Heights - k. o --Crown'Heights Broadway Junction Park-Slope ecksyille East New York 6 \ Brownsville New Lots N Ny Windsor Terrace 16 Gateway n Remsen-Village 7 Prospect Park South 7 Keasington Ditmas Lark East Flatbush U Flatbush Farragut Canarsie Borough Park Flatlands 12 14 Zfi . Bay Ridge Midwood Georgetown _ 18 \ 10 Dyker Heights Bensonhurst Madison Fort Hamilton 1" Bath Beach 15 Homecrest Gravesend \ \ Gerritse\lz) Beach Sheepshead Bay 7 N\ 13 Manhattan Beach SealGate Coney Island Bnighton'Beéch 0 025 05 Miles Map by Regional Plan Association based on Neighborhood Names from NYC Department of City Planning 10 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Introduction Almost every major city in the world has a long-term, comprehensive plan to guide growth and development - except New York City. London has the London Plan, Hong Kong has Hong Kong 2030, Lagos the Development Plan 2052, Sao Paulo the Urban Management SP, Sydney the Greater Sydney Region Plan, Delhi the Development Authority Master Plan, Mexico City the General Development Plan, Bogot4 the Territorial Arrangement Plan 2035. In the United States, most large cities have also devel- oped comprehensive plans. New York City is unique among its peers for not having undertaken a similar effort. Though New York City has traditionally produced various waterfront plans, housing plans, and jobs plans, a comprehensive plan is different because it focuses on the city as a whole. Issues such as rising housing costs, basement flooding in homes, and overcrowded schools are cyclical, deeply intertwined, and do not recognize political boundaries. A housing plan is unachievable ifland use does not allow for new residential development. A waterfront plan will languish if funding is not allocated to real- ize its goals. A jobs plan is just a "wish list" if policies are not put in place to support workers and businesses. Despite various local and citywide zoning-focused, issue-based, or geographically specific planning efforts, the need for a true comprehensive plan-encompassing all areas of urban planning, all aspects of city governance, and all of its diverse neighbor- hoods-remains acute and unfulfilled. For too long, NYC decision-makers have been forced to make choices about devel- opment projects and resource allocations without this greater context. We've seen time and again that planning issues do not occur in isolation, and we cannot solve entrenched problems on a site-by-site basis. Comprehensive planning allows us to take a sober look at local challenges, understand the scope of their impact, and develop holistic, responsive approaches to meet those challenges. The Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn ("The Plan") provides this framework at the borough level. Ideally, it would be just one part of a comprehensive regional plan with all the actors involved in implementation at the table. This plan is 7ot a substitute for a citywide comprehensive plan or ongoing local planning efforts. It is not a rezoning, and it is not something the Borough President can implement on his own. However, it is intended to inform the Borough President's land use decisions and recommendations, and to provide shared data and information to all Brooklyn stakeholders. The Plan focuses on two deeply intertwined issues: housing and health. Ultimately, public health is about access - to healthy and affordable housing, accessible and affordable health care, a range of transportation options, quality education and employment opportunities, and safe and resilient communities. Conversely, lack of access to these necessities can lead to poor health out- comes. All of this is linked to land use choices. The Plan aims to address these inequities and create a borough where all residents can thrive. The Plan begins with a thorough analysis of Existing Conditions, and presents recommenda- tions based on the data and information presented, as well as input from Brooklynites from across the borough. It is a living document, intended to be updated and responsive to new needs in Brooklyn's many communities. We look forward to work- ing with the people of Brooklyn to use this vision to shape our borough's future. 11 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Methodology A comprehensive plan is not a small under- taking. A quality outcome depends upon the input of traditional experts as well as community experts - people studying the issues and people experiencing the issues on the ground. The following is a timeline of how the Brooklyn Borough President's Office (BBPO) developed this plan: o February 2022: The project kicked off with a partner- ship between BBPO, the Regional Plan Association (RPA) and the New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM) to compile data and information on existing conditions in the borough, with a particular focus public health and the disparatc impacts on health by race and income. e May 2022: BBPO formed and convened the Advisory Committee, made up of approximately 25 invited non- profit, government, and academic institutions and organizations across the borough. Representatives of these organizations provided their expertise and supported ongoing community engagement efforts throughout this process. They provided input on key data indicators and identified potential recommendations based on the Existing Conditions. o November 2022: BBPO, RPA, and NYAM publicly released the Draft Existing Conditions Report. This document referenced over 100 maps of the borough and associated data analysis in eight topic areas: Demographic, Socioeconomic, Health, Land Use and Built Form, Housing, Transportation and Utilities, Environmental, and Neighborhood Conditions. An updated version of this document is included starting on page 14. BBPO posted the Draft Report on their website and included an online form where anyone could provide feedback. e November 2022: BBPO presented the Draft Existing Conditions Report findings at the monthly meeting of the Brooklyn Borough Board, which includes representatives from all Brooklyn community boards and the Brooklyn Delegation of the New York City Council. November 2022: Hester Street joincd as Engagement Partner for the process and began working with BBPO to develop a strategy for maximizing public input. December 2022; BBPO, RPA, and NYAM held a public town hall to present the Draft Existing Conditions report. Held in person at Brooklyn Borough Hall, this event invited participants to review the maps and dataand provide their feedback. Discussion focused on how the data matched the participants' daily experience, and what important indicators were missing from the draft report. See Appendix 3 for a summary of feedback provided. March 2023: Hester Street led three issue-specific focus groups with representatives from Brooklyn community- based organizations to "deep dive" into health and housing, environmental justice, and the built environment. e April 2023: Based on the data collected and analyzed, as well as feedback received to this point, BBPO developed draft recommendations in seven issue areas: Healthcare, Housing, Environmental Conditions, Active Living, Community Services, Jobs, and Accessibility. (See Appendix 4.) o April-May 2023: BBPO and Hester Street held additional general and issue-specific stakeholder meetings to gather further feedback. 12 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 e April 2023: BBPO released an online survey to the public to solicit feedback on the Draft Recommendations. (See the full text in Appendix 4.) Outreach about the survey included: * Emails to over 900 representatives of Brooklyn community- and faith-based organizations = Promotion by members of the Advisory Committee = Emails and social media posts to the Borough President's lists and channels = Public ads on LinkNYC kiosks in the borough = Distribution of flyers in communities and at local events by BBPO staff. o April-May 2023: BBPO presented the Draft Recommendations to the Borough Board and to 14 of the 18 Brooklyn Community Boards at public meetings of either a board committee or the full board. (BBPO con- tacted all 18 boards to request these meetings.) May 2023: BBPO and Hester Street held a public work- shop on the Draft Recommendations in person at Borough Hall. Participants were invited to provide feedback in writ- ing or via spoken and recorded testimony. June 2023: BBPO presented the Draft Recommendations to the Department of City Planning, June 2023: The public survey on Draft Recommendations closed on June 14 with 241 responses submitted. = See Appendix 5 for a full summary of feedback on the Draft Recommendations. June 2023: BBPO briefed the Brooklyn Delegation of the City Council on the Draft Reommendations e October 2023: released the Plan. Arthur Ashe Institute Downtown Brooklyn Partnership Brooklyn Museum Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce New Yorkers for Parks RiseBoro Community Partnership Pratt Center for Community Development Bed Stuy Restoration Brooklyn Community Foundation Chinese-American Planning Council Community Service Society New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene New York City Health + Hospitals Association for Neighborhood & Housing Development New York City Environmental Justice Alliance Cypress Hills Local Development Corporation Brooklyn Movement Center Make the Road NY Brooklyn Academy of Music Transportation Alternatives Coney Island Alliance Waterfront Alliance The American Association of Retired Persons Citizens Housing and Planning Council Mutual Housing Association of New York 13 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 _«»« Photo by Nelson Ndongala on Tt This chapter was produced in conjunction with our Data and Research Partners, the Regional Plan Association and R_ ' \A ' the New York Academy of Medicine. o T3 = In November 2022, the Brooklyn Borough President's Office partnered with the Regional Plan Association ' THE A 1 ¥ ~ 1 andthe New York Academy of Medicine to release the Draft Existing Conditions report. Consisting of , \- over 100 maps of the borough, the report presented an analysis in eight topic areas: Demographic, Socioeconomic, Health, Land Use and Built Form, Housing, Transportation and Utilities, Environmental, and Neighborhood Conditions. In December 2022, the Brooklyn Borough President's Office held a public town hall at Borough Hall, where participants reviewed the maps and data and provided feedback through in-depth discussions focused on participants' life experiences. The Borough President's Office (BBPO) published the draft report on their website and received online feedback through an online form throughout January 2023. This feedback process was fruitful: Brooklynites shared their experiences, reactions, and corrections to the data both in person and online. Hester Street, BBPO's Engagement Partner, synthesized and com- piled this feedback, which can be found in full in Appendix 3. Based on this feedback, BBPO has updated and refined the existing conditions report. Changes and a high-level summary of public feedback are summarized after each section. This chapter is the foundation for the recommendations and land use frameworks that follow, but the hope is it also serves as a useful and versatile atlas for everything Brooklyn. History of Planning in NYC The modern history of comprehensive planning in New York City dates back to two efforts in the 1960s. The first was the 1961 citywide revision of the zoning code, under Mayor Robert Wagner, which changed how the City approached land use and develop- ment. While other citywide zoning changes have been imple- mented since, most notably Quality Housing regulations in 1987 and Mandatory Inclusionary Housing (MIH) in 2016, the city's current land-use framework is still largely based on this 62-year-old effort. While there is a view that the 1961 zoning code functions as New York City's comprehensive plan, Zoning, by nature, is a limited plan- ning tool. By regulating uses and forms, it can limit inappropriate development, but cannot, alone, provide for a city's physical and social needs. After implementing the 1961 zoning code, the City fully developed and published a comprehensive plan - the 1969 Plan for New York City. This was a true comprehensive planning effort undertaken by then-Mayor John Lindsay, which yielded a statement of existing conditions, specific policy proposals, and a spatial development strategy for each borough. However, this plan was never adopted by the City Council and as such never officially guided develop- ment in New York City. In addition to the 1969 Pan, New York City has produced long- term strategic documents such as PlanNYC, OneNYC, and more recently AdaptNYC. There have also been long-term plans for the region, such as the four regional plans developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA). While these strategic documents have laid out objectives and policies, they have all lacked a land use plan that lays out spatial changes needed to achieve the City's stated goals. Perhaps the 1969 Plan's greatest legacy is its empowerment of local Community Planning Councils, which have since been super- seded by Community Boards (CBs). The rationale was that compre- hensive planning should embrace community participation within a greater framework. Today, Brooklyn has 18 CBs each representing a Community District (CD) ranging in population from 50,000 to more than 200,000 residents. CBs (whose members are appointed by Borough Presidents with input from Council Members) provide local input on planning and development, through the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP) and their annual District Needs Statements. These statements summarize various data sets and issues of concern to local residents, a valuable component of neighborhood planning. However, it is rare to see a community that does not want to bolster assets such as parks, transportation capacity, and school seats, while at the same time working to block perceived burdens such as shelters or sanitation garages, even if such facilities are critical to City or borough functions. Effective planning requires looking at conditions across the borough, and balancing city- or borough- wide objectives with neighborhood needs and desires. Communities have also been active participants in the 197-a Plan Process, which provides a way for residents to guide long-term planning and development. 197-a Plans, instituted in the 1989 Charter revision, require collaborative visioning around housing, jobs, schools, open space, and other key issues that go beyond zoning recommendations into true comprehensive planning. Community Boards are not the only entities able to sponsor 197a Plans-Borough Boards, Borough Presidents, the Mayor, the Department of City Planning, and the City Planning Commission can initiate the process as well. Moreover, a 197-a Plan does not necessarily need to apply to a single community district-for instance, the City's Waterfront Revitalization Program (WRP) was done through the 197-a Process in 1992. However, the majority of 197-a Plans have been developed by a community board and apply to that geography. Perhaps the most notable community-based 197-a Plans were the Williamsburg and Greenpoint Waterfront 197-a Plans, which the Department of City Planning used as a basis to push its own rezoning of Greenpoint- Williamsburg, and to create the Greenpoint-Williamsburg Waterfront Master Plan. Ultimately, 197-a Plans are only as useful as the City's desire and ability to implement them, and the administration has often prioritized citywide goals before, or even in place of, community desires in implementation. As a result, communities now rarely undertake the 197-a planning process and focus instead on codify- ing protective zoning changes in the Zoning Resolution (ZR). In this way, neighborhoods have also fallen back on zoning as a primary planning tool. In 2020, the Office of former New York City Council Speaker Corey Johnson published Planning Together: A New Comprehensive Planning Framework for New York City. This report proposed legislation that would create a comprehensive planning process and bring coordination to the City's ad-hoc method of planning and implementation. Though this legislation would not alter the present land-use framework, it would address unmet needs by encouraging greater inter-agency alignment and coordination, while providing an essential template for growth and development. The Speaker's legislation failed to pass in the previous City Council term and has yet to be reintroduced. However, support for the idea remains strong among many advocates and elected officials. 15 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 A Focus on ousing anad ealth Several factors that shape community health, such as the presence of pedestrian- friendly neighborhoods; access to a range of transportation options; levels of violent crime; and access to education, employ- ment, and essential goods and services have been linked to land development and Zoning patterns.: Similarly, poor living conditions or lack of housing have also been associated with worse health outcomes and morbidity from infectious diseases, chronic illnesses, injuries, poor nutrition, and mental disorders." Historically in the United States, marginalized and low-income individuals have fared worse due to redlining, exclusionary zoning, involuntary displacement and other mechanisms of pat- terned residential segregation.® As a result, low-income neigh- borhoods of color are less likely to have access to quality food, transportation, educational and employment opportunities, recreation, and preventative health services.* 1 Lindberg &NNarayan. Land Use and Community Planning Strategies Can Promote Health Equity (2021) 2 KriegerJ, Higgins DL. Housing and health: time again for public health action. Am J Public Health,92(5):758-68. doi: 10.2105/ajph.92.5.758. PMID: 11988443; PMCID: PMC1447157 (2022) 3 Swope, C.B, Herndndez, D. Housing as a determinant of health equity: a conceptual model.Soc Sci Med, 243,112571,10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112571 (2019) 4 LaVeist TA. Racial segregation and longevity among African Americans: An individual-level analysis. Health Serv Res, 38(6):1719-1734 (2003) In New York City, the number of white people living in Brooklyn has risen in recent years, and residential segregation remains high. The dissimilarity index (an indicator measuring the percentage of an area's demographic group needing to move to another neighborhood to achieve complete integration for the area) for Brooklyn is 55.8%, indicating high racial segregation.® Segregation creates "sacrifice zones," or communities with low environmental quality. Within these "sacrifice zones," many buildings experience problems, including indoor chemical hazards, extreme heat in the summer and cold in the winter, and mold due to moisture.® Fifteen percent of New York City households report three or more hazards, but the rate is double for Latino and Black households. This figure mirrors the racial disparities in asthma diagnoses across the five boroughs. Further, 90% of childhood lead poisoning cases involve children of color." Injuries also occur more commonly in low-income households due to substandard housing conditions and a lack of resources to repair them.® 5 Chronopoulos, T. What's Happened to the People? Gentrification and Racial Segregation in Braoklyn. J Afr Am St 24, 549-572 (2020). 6 Fisher,E, DeGarmo, E, Griffin, K. What Housing Resources Exist for My Patients? A Guide for NYC Healthcare Providers. The New York Academy of Medicine (2020) 7 Mutnick, D, Cuonzo, M, Griffiths, C, Leslie, T, Shuttleworth, J.M. The City is an Ecosystem Sustainable Education, Palicy, and Practice. Routledge, London (2022) 8 KriegerJ, Higgins DL. Housing and health: time again for public health action. Am J Public Health,92(5):758-68. doi: 10.2105/ajph.92.5.758. PMID: 119884 43; PMCID: PMC1447157 (2022) 16 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Gentrification, substandard housing, and fear of homelessness have been linked to psychosocial stressors that lead to mental health problems.® Life expectancy in CD 16 (Brownsville), a pre- dominantly Black neighborhood in Brooklyn, is 76 years, while CD 6 (Park Slope and Carroll Gardens), a predominantly white neighborhood, has life expectancy of 82.9 years." As of March 2022, Cypress Hills, Spring Creek, Starrett City, Gateway, and Highland Park, all predominantly communities of color, reported 1,397 COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 people, substantially higher than NYC''s overall COVID death rate of 407.55 per 100,000." In a 2022 study conducted to explore the relationship between discriminatory historical practices and COVID-19, researchers found that low-income neighborhoods with a predominantly Black and Latino population had a greater risk of infection with COVID-19 than other neighborhoods. A key deterrent to the transmission of COVID-19 was quarantine and isolation during illness, but higher rates of crowding and housing insecurity among communities of color left these com- munities at higher risk." Many policies influence housing conditions, including code enforcement, housing stability programs, and design for active living, One key component is planning for affordable hous- ing and housing growth overall, and doing this in an equitable way. Residential development occurs in every neighborhood and represents by far the largest use of the city's land. However, housing growth is not as evenly distributed. Without adequate housing for the city's growing population, residents are forced into overcrowded and expensive accommodations, far from jobs and social networks. 9 lbid 10 New York City Community Health Profiles (2019). 11 Radulescu (2022) 12 Li&Yuan, etal, Assessing the mechanism of citywide test-trace-isolate Zero-COVID policy and exit strategy of COVID-19 pandemic (2022) As this Existing Conditions Chapter lays out, both existing housing stock and recent construction are concentrated in cer- tain neighborhoods, many of which are lower-income communi- ties of color concentrated in the northern half of the borough. Yet the distribution of infrastructure across the borough means many other neighborhoods can and should accommodate hous- ing growth. But this growth needs to be planned deliberately, with an eye toward a healthier, more equitable borough. This plan begins moving that direction through specific recommendations tied to the particular powers of the Borough President, and takesa step back to provide four frameworks to spatially guide these recommendations. 17 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Demographic Brooklyn is New York City's largest borough with an estimated population of 2.73 million, roughly a third of New York City's population. The borough is also incredibly diverse, with residents from over 100 countries and speaking more than 150 languages. If cach of the five boroughs were their own city, Brooklyn would be the second most populous in the United States after Los Angeles. Yet the borough's development has been marred by a painful history of discrimination and opposition to residential integration. As a result, there are stark disparities in socioeco- nomic factors and public health outcomes. Between 2010 and 2020, Brooklyn saw the largest popula- tion growth of the five boroughs (9%), though it was the only borough where the immigrant population declined (4%)." These figures and the concurrent 10% increase in bachelor's degree attainment suggest an influx of highly educated, wealthier individuals." Brooklyn's racial and ethnic makeup is approximately 35% non- Hispanic white, 27% Black or African American, 13% Asian, 4% two or more races, 0.9% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, and 19% Hispanic or Latin American of any race." Despite the borough's diversity, racial groups tend to be clustered together in ways that perpetuate segregation. The borough's dissimilarity index is 55.8%, meaning that over half of the borough's non-Hispanic white population would have to change residence in order for each neighborhood to be representative of the white population overall.'® Race and Ethnicity Most of Brooklyn's Black population is concentrated in its central and eastern neighborhoods. Brooklyn's Asian popula- tion is clustered in southwest Brooklyn. The Hispanic/Latino population is concentrated in the borough's northeast, along the Queens border, and its southwest neighborhoods. Brooklyn's white population is mostly found in the western and southern portions of the borough. 13 New York City Department of Planning. (2020). Decennial Census Change Over Time 2010 to 2020: Brooklyn. Population. Retrieved from popfactfinder.planning.nyc.gov. 14 New York City Department of Planning. (2021). American Community Survey Change Over Time (2006-2010to 2017-2021). Educational Attainment. Retrieved from popfactfinder.planning. nyc.gov. 15 New York City Department of Planning. (2020). Decennial Census 2020: Brooklyn. Mutually Exclusive Race/Hispanic Origin. Retrieved from popfactfinder.planning.nyc.gov. 16 U.S.Census Bureau, White to Non-White Racial Dissimilarity (5-year estimate) Index for Kings County, NY [RACEDISPARITY036047], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Lo Median Age Generally, Brooklyn's population gets older moving south, except for Borough Park, which has one of the borough's largest concen- trations of residents under age 33. Sex Ratio While most neighborhoods in the borough have roughly equal proportions of male and female residents (as defined by the US Census, which does not survey for different gender identi- ties), there are pockets where there are more females. Eastern Brooklyn has the widest sex ratio of anywhere in the borough, with a large area of less than 80 male per 100 female residents. Conversely, many areas of Community Districts 1, 10, 12 and the southern half of Community District14 have modest concentrations of more male residents than female residents (Greenpoint, Williamsburg, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights, Fort Hamilton, Borough Park, and Midwood). English Proficiency In Sunset Park, over 53% of the population self-identifies as "speaking English less than very well." Community districts 1, 11, 13, and 15 also have smaller pockets of populations with limited English proficiency (Greenpoint, Williamsburg, Bensonhurst, Bath Beach, Sea Gate, Coney Island, and Sheepshead Bay, and Homecrest). Other languages spoken in these neighborhoods ~ besides English - include Spanish, Chinese, Russian, and Yiddish. Educational Attainment In many Brooklyn census tracts, less than 21% of people over 25 hold a bachelor's degree. North and northwest Brooklyn neigh- borhoods have the highest number of residents who are college graduates. Foreign Born Generally, the northern half of Brooklyn has a higher percent age of native-born residents (meaning those born in the United States, not necessarily in New York City). In the borough's southern half, (Bensonhurst, Sunset Park, Dyker Heights, Sheepshead Bay, East Flatbush, and Coney Island) have signifi- cant foreign-born populations. 18 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 % B e - Race and Ethnicity 1 Dot = 150 People © Hispanic/Latino ® Black @ Asian - @ White ® Other Map by Regional Plan Association based on Selected Demographic Characteristics Table DP05 American Community Survey 2020, 5 Year Estimates 19 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 > R 4 % ~ @ 7 : Median Age " 7 & Years (35.7 average : &y / across Brooklyn) Less than 20 21to0 35 | 36 to 50 B More than 50 } % <4 0 025 0S5 1 15 2 0 O ) Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on Selected Demographic Characteristics Table American Community Survey DP05, 2021 5-year Estimates 20 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 \"' '.'-"- .» 2 N = ':.l 4,.':1.1 { i, p / A & B Sex Rat|o,<.=,- ¥ W - - , Male Residents per 100 3 LN / s * g A Female Residents = - B 4 - 4 - - X Less than 80 . i 7' i 'J' . Between 81 - 100 = Y N W B Between 101 - 120 & I More than 120 *as defined by the US Census, which does not survey for different gender identities. B 'l el | < o ] Q' / it P, ; o, Bl 0 025 0S5 1 15 2 N W) Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on Selected Demographic Characteristics Table American Community Survey DPO0S, 2021 5-year Estimates 21 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Limited English Proficiency Percent of Residents Speak English "Less Than Very Well" Less than 10% Between 10.1% - 30% i Between 30.1% - 50% Il More than 50% 0 025 0S5 1 15 2 0 O ) e Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on US Census Bureau American Community Survey DP02, 2021 5-year estimates 22 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 -_- S 3 » Yy Educationgl *Q'ttamment 5 , Percent of Residents with a Between 15.1% - 30% » & 5 r W Between 30.1% - 45% B More than 45% / o < m m ' 3 Bachelor's Degree = % 4, -y £7 ' Hfl Less than 15% ) . o N W) Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on US Census Bureau American Community Survey DP02, 2021 5-year estimates 23 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Foreign-Born Populatlor/ ] :;:mt Foreign-Born a B Less than 20% B Between 20.1% - 40% " W Between 40.1% - 60% r B More than 60% "W-&' 0 025 05 1 15 2 o O ) e Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on US Census Bureau American Community Survey DP02, 2021 5-year estimates 24 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Socioeconomic Between 2010 and 2020, Brooklyn's economy expanded dramatically, outpacing citywide employment growth with a 47% increase in jobs. The borough added 210,798 jobs, of which 42% were generated by three communities: Borough Park, Sheepshead Bay, and Greenpoint/ Williamsburg. Seven out of 10 New York neigh- borhoods with the highest income growth were in Brooklyn, underscoring the borough's prominent position in the city's economy. Unfortunately, these figures mask severe disparities in growth and compensation. Low-income communities of color in central and eastern Brooklyn added fewer than 10,000 jobs. Median household income varied tremendously across the borough, with a difference of nearly $125,000 between parts of Park Slope and Brownsville. Of the five boroughs, Brooklyn saw the highest increase in median household income (58%) and total wages (75%) but also reported the lowest wage increase (18.3%), and average salary ($45,000). In 2021, Brooklyn's median household income was $67,753, significantly below Manhattan's $93,956, but comparable to the city's as a whole."" Approximately 15% of all families in Brooklyn had incomes below the poverty level (compared to 13% in Manhattan and 14% for the city as a whole)." A family of four is considered to be living in poverty if they earn less than $27,750 per year, based on the national standard. However, the poverty level provides an incomplete picture of the amount of income necessary for households to cover the cost of basic needs. According to the 2023 NYC True Cost of Living report, which uses a "bare bones" budget of costs related to hous- ing, food, child care, health care, transportation, miscellaneous, plus taxes and tax credits, the monthly true cost of living for one adult and two school-age children in Northwest Brooklyn is $7,617 and for Brooklyn (excluding Northwest Brooklyn) is $5,408. Across the city as a whole, approximately half of NYC households lack sufficient income to meet their basic needs without assistance from others (such as government programs or family members). 17 U.S.Census Bureau; American Community Survey, 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table DPO3 (September 2022) 18 ibid Healthcare and education remain Brooklyn's top employment sectors, accounting for 29% of jobs, followed by the food and hospitality industry (9.4%) and retail (8.9%)." Between 2010 and 2020, the borough saw a 32% growth in private enterprises, specifically information, hospitality, and business services. Most of these were microbusinesses with 10 or fewer employees. Notably, jobs in the leisure and hospitality sector grew by 109%, with three-quarters generated by bars and restaurants. In the past decade, the borough, and specifically the intersection of Downtown Brooklyn, DUMBQ, and Brooklyn Navy Yard known as the Tech Triangle, has become an innovation center. The mass movement of startup firms to this area has created a powerful economic engine and demand for skilled workers. The trend has since spread to other parts of the borough, cementing Brooklyn's reputation as a research and manufacturing hub. Brooklyn's job sectors were severely impacted by the COVID- 19 pandemic, but its recovery has outpaced citywide trends. Between February and August 2020, the borough's unemploy- ment rate reached 20%, but by September 2021, Brooklyn regained more than 100,000 jobs. The borough benefited significantly from various stimulus efforts to shore up companies and jobs, receiving more than one-fifth of federal relief loans and more than one-tenth of relief grants for New Yotk City.?° Approximately 232,000 workers living in the borough are employed in service occupations (retail and food industries, about 18% of the total workforce).? Service employees were among the most likely to have been unable to work due employer closures or cutbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. 19 ibid 20 Office of the New York State Comptroller, Recent Trends and Impact of COVID-19in Brooklyn (2022) 21 Ibid 25 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Total Number of Jobs Added by Neighborhood: 2010 - 2019 U.S. Census Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) Boraugh Park/KensingtoniOcean Pariway Sheepshead Bay/Gerritsen BeachiHomecrest GreenpaintWilliamsburg Sunset Park/Windsor Terrace Brooklyn Heights/Fort Green BansonhurstBath Beach Bushwick Bedford-Stuyvesant CanarsieFlatiands Brighton Beach/Coney Isiand Flatbush!Midwood Bay Ridge/Dyker Heights Park SlopaCarroll Gardens/Red Hook East New York/Starrett City CGrown Heights North/Prospect Heights Brownsville/Ocean Hill Crown Helghts Scuth/Prospect Lefferts/Wingate East FiathushFaragutiRugby -5000 o 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 Percent Change Jobs by Neighborhood: 2010 - 2019 U.5. Census Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) Bedfors-Stuyvesant Borough Parckensingtan Doean Parkway Sheapshead Bay/Gamitsan Beach/Homecrast Bushwick, Bensonhurst'Bath Beach Greenpoint\illarmaburg Brighton Beach/Coney island Bay RidgeTyker Heights FlathushMlidwood Sunset ParkiWindsor Terrace East Naw York/SGtarett ity BrownsvilledOcean Hill Canarsle!Flatlands Crown Haights NorthProspect Haights Grown Heights South/Prospect Lefferts/Wingats Park Slopa'Carmoll GardansRed Hook Bracklyn Helghts!Fort Green East Flathush/FamagutRughy -20.00°% 0.00% 20.00% 40.00% B0.00% B80.00% T00.00% 120.00% 140.00% 160.00% 26 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Median Income Household income in the borough generally declines as one moves further from Downtown Brooklyn. Neighborhoods north of Prospect Park have the highest median household incomes ranging from $123,000 to $232,000. There are smaller pockets of high-income households in Prospect Patk South, Flatbush, and Manhattan Beach. On the other hand, lower -income houscholds (earning less than $39,000 per year) are largely concentrated in the eastern part of the borough, including Brownsville and East New York. Other pockets of low-income houscholds can be found in Coney Island, eastern portions of Crown Heights, South Williamsburg, and Borough Park. At the community district level, median houschold income in CD 6 (Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Columbia Waterfront, Gowanus, Park Slope, and Red Hook) is $153,570, over $110,000 higher than CD 16 (Brownsville and Ocean Hill), where median house- hold income is $40,620. Poverty There are relatively high concentrations of poverty in most of the borough's community districts. Brooklyn's northeastern quadrant has the highest concentration, where 20% or more families are earning below the federal poverty line. Moving south, contiguous stretches of poverty are also found in Sunset Park, Borough Park, and Coney Island. Service Occupations The borough's workforce is employed largely in service occu- pations, including but not limited to healthcare, "protective" professions such as security, food service, building maintenance, and personal care. The workers in these industries (by their place of residence) are particularly concentrated in Brownsville, East New York, Flatbush, and Sunset Park. Healthcare Support Occupations Nearly a third of the borough works in the education, healthcare, and social assistance industries. Healthcare support workers, which includes but is not limited to jobs such as home health aides, nursing assistants, dental assistants, and phlebotomists, live predominantly in east and southeast Brooklyn across the neighborhoods of Flatbush, Flatlands, Brownsville, Canarsie, and East New York, as well as in the southern Brooklyn neigh- borhoods of Gravesend and Coney Island. Notably, many of these areas correspond with areas further than 2 10-minute walk from a subway station (elaborated in the Transportation section), suggesting a need for improved transit options for a third of the borough's workforce. Work Destination, Brooklyn Residents The most popular work destinations for Brooklyn resi- dents include major regional job hubs such as Midtown and Downtown Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn, but also more local job centers such as Borough Park, where many residents walk to work, and Brighton Beach/Sheepshead Bay, home to Coney Island Hospital. Notably, Brooklyn's commuter destinations are along transit lines, both subway and commuter rail such as the Long Island Rail Road, suggesting the impor- tance of transit in providing access to jobs. Cash Public Assistance Brownsville, East New York, and South Williamsburg have higher percentages of households receiving cash public assis- tance. Other notable concentrations exist in Red Hook, in con- trast to the rest of CD 6, and across the Coney Island peninsula. Population Vulnerabilities to Displacement Population vulnerability is an index developed by the Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) and Department of City Planning (DCP) as part of their Equitable Development Data Tool. It is one of three factors that informs the tool's determination of "displacement risk" across the city. It is composed of a combination of factors related to severe rent burden (when a household pays more than 50% of income on rent), limited English proficiency, low-income, and non-White non-Hispanic population. Brooklyn's most vulnerable populations are concentrated in the east and southeast portions of the borough. However, most of central and southern Brooklyn displays indicators of higher population vulnerabilities compared to the city as a whole. FEEDBACK UPDATE: DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS 'What we heard: Feedback for this section focused on larger questions of method- ology, definitions, and sources rather than specific observations on individual data or maps. Accordingly, several changes were made to the overall framing and presentation of the report. Updates: e Added "Work Destination, Brooklyn Residents' Commute to Work" show the largest job centers for Brooklyn residents. o Added a glossary of key terms as an appendix. e Added annotations to maps throughout the Existing Conditions chapter, especially in cases where the data being shown is an index of several different statistics (e.g,, displacement risk, vulnerability to displacement). o Adjusted color schemes to reflect contrasts more intuitively in several maps across the report. 27 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 O ~, g ~ £ . Median Household Income Median Household ' / Income / Less than $49,999 /\ $50,000 - $74,999 i B $75,000 - $99,999 o B $100,000 - $149,999 Bl $150,000 or more T : . . Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on Selected Economic Characteristigs Table DP03, American Community Survey 2021, 5-Year Estimates. 28 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Poverty 15 0 0 025 05 1 O T Miles. Percent of Familities Below Poverty Line Less than 7.9% " Between 8.0-18.3% I Between 18.4 - 32.6% B Between 32.7 - 58.7% Based on the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) for NY State, set by the US Census Bureau. For 2020, the threshold was $24,246 per year for a family of 2 adults and 2 children. Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Selected Economic Characteristics Table DP03 American Community Survey 2021, 5-Year Estimates. 29 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Service Occu pations 4 Percent of Residents B Working in Service Service occupations, as defined by the Occupatlons US Census, includes the subcategories P Less than 10% of healthcare support, protectice service, - ' ,'JL! - == ;8122 _ 'ggi food preparation and service, building and ~ = 30:1% - 40% grounds cleaning and maintenance, and B Greater than 40% personal care occupations. 0 i - Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on Selected Economic Characteristics Table DP03, American Community Survey 2021, 5-Year Estimates 30 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Healthcare Workers Healthcare support occupations, as defined by the US Census, is a subcategory within service occupations (see previous page), and includes but is not limited to home health and personal care aides, nursing assistants, orderlies, message therapits, dental assistants, pharmacy aides, and phlebotomists. 0 025 05 1 15 2 B e Percent of Residents in Healthcare Services Less than 10% Between 10.1% - 20% I Between 20.1% - 30% B More than 30% Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on Selected Economic Characteristic Table S2104 American Community Survey 2021, 5-year Estimates. 31 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Total Number of Jobs [ 1,714-5,140 3 5141 - 11,151 B 11,152 - 19,261 Work Destination, Brooklyn Residents I 19,262 - 43,801 -- Subway Lines ~ -- LIRRLines Staten Island o 'm- Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on US Census LEHD Data, On The Map, 2020. 32 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Cash Public Assistance Percent of Households . Receiving Cash Public Public assistance income includes general Assistance assistance and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). Separate pay- Less than 3.6% . . . " Between 3.7 -8.8% ments received for hospital or other medical B Between 8.9 - 17.2% care are excluded. This does not include B Between 17.3 - 40.3% Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or noncash benefits such as Food Stamps. The terms "public assistance income" and "cash public assistance" are used interchangeably. . L5 5 0 B-Lf-t):i:zmu Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Selected Economic Characteristics Table DP03 American Community Survey 2021, 5-Year Estimates. 33 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Population Vulnerability / Population Vulnerability 1 B Highest to Displacement - Pl Population vulnerability is an index developed - l:\termedlate by the Department of Housing Preservation Lngv:;t and Development (HPD) and the Department of City Planning (DCP) as part of their Equitable Development Data Tool. It is com- posed of the following data points: . Non-White Non-Hispanic population . Low-income population . Limited English proficiency Severely rent burdened population 0 %&m Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on the NYC Equitable Development Reporting tool; NYC HPD and City Planning, April 2022. 34 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Health The socioeconomic factors discussed in the previous section have a major influence on public health outcomes in Brooklyn, as does the physical environment, which will be explored in the next section." Research by the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation describes how these social and physical determinants of health, the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, and work, impact health outcomes.?® This section includes several indicators that demonstrate how housing acts as a social determinant of health. These indicators come from numerous sources including the New York City Community Health Profiles, American Community Survey, and from the Center for Disease and Control (CDC) 500 Cities Census Tract-level Data. They are divided into those that directly measure health phenomena (e.g., diseases, deaths, use of services) and indirect measures (e.g., food insecurity); often referred to as proximal and distal indicators respectively. While there are far more health indicators to choose from, these indica- tors were selected based on literature, their validity (ability to measure what they are supposed to measure), utility (ability to provide information that is useful to decision-makers and can be acted upon) and their ability to encompass and reflect the com- munity's needs holistically. Many studies have shown that health outcomes on a neighbor- hood level can be worse in low-income communities of color.?* An increasing body of literature ties community health out- comes to policies of segregation and their impacts over time, although the specific pathways by which health is affected are not fully understood. 22 Regional Plan Association, State of the Region's Health (July 2016) 23 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation & University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute County Health Rankings & Roadmaps: 2015 Measures & Data Sources Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2015) 24 Health Affairs Blog, Poverty's Association with Poor Health Outcomes and Health Disparities (2014) These issues are especially relevant to the New York City region, which has the highest level of Black-White segregation, and the second-highest level of Hispanic-White segregation, compared to other metropolitan areas.?® From life expectancy to COVID-19 related deaths, health outcomes documented in this section are by and large a reflection of the borough's pervasive physical and socioeconomic disparitics. Life Expectancy Life expectancy in Brooklyn can vary as much as 20 years from neighborhood to neighborhood. Residents in parts of Brownsville, Bedford-Stuyvesant, East New York, and Coney Island have life expectancies as much as 10 years below the city average. By contrast, in parts of Cobble Hill, Carroll Gardens, Patk Slope, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, and Flatbush, life expectancy exceeds the city's average by up to 10 years. At the community district level, life expectancy in CD 16 (Brownsville), a predominantly black neighborhood, is 76, while CD 6 (Park Slope and Carroll Gardens), a predominantly white neighborhood, has a life expectancy of 82.9 years. Premature Mortality The percentage of people who die before age 65 can indicate the overall health of a population. This includes deaths from health complications and disease, as well as factors such as gun violence and traffic incidents. A swath of eastern Brooklyn centered around Atlantic Avenue reports the highest rates of premature mortality in the borough. This is consistent with data showing that Brooklyn has the highest rates of maternal mortality and morbidity in New York City, indicating that similar risk factors are contributing to this crisis. Asthma Hospitalizations (Adults) The highest rates of adult asthma are found in central and eastern Brooklyn, including Brownsville, East New York, castern Crown Heights, East Flatbush, and portions of Canarsie. The lowest instances of adult asthma occur in northwestern Brooklyn and in areas east of and adjacent to Prospect Park. Based on public feedback, this map was updated to reflect adult asthma hospitalizations, matching the same source as the child asthma map that follows. 25 Regional Plan Assaciation, Fourth Regional Plan (2017) 35 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Asthma Hospitalizations (Children) Northeastern Brooklyn has the largest concentration of child- hood asthma hospitalizations, with a notable cluster of child- hood asthma hospitalizations near Brownsville and East Flatbush (CDs 16 and 17). Adult Cancer Adult cancers are more prevalent in southern Brooklyn, due in part to its older population. The highest incidence, with 9% to 19% of the population experiencing any type of cancer, occurs in the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights, Sea Gate, Coney Island, Sheepshead Bay, and Mill Basin (CDs 11, 13, and 15). With the exception of Greenpoint, the borough's northern half has the lowest cancer prevalence rates, of less than 5%. Coronary Heart Disease The area around Kings County Hospital in East Flatbush has the highest number of coronary heart disease cases. Coney Island, which has many low-income senior residents, also has a high prevalence of this ailment. Adult Diabetes Like asthma rates, adult diabetes is generally clustered in central and eastern Brooklyn, as well as Coney Island and Sunset Park. Brownsville, East New York, eastern Crown Heights, and East Flatbush have the highest proportion of adults with diabetes. Adult Obesity Adult obesity largely correlates with diabetes rates. Obesity among adults is most prevalent in and around Brownsville (CD 16) and generally less common in western Brooklyn. Mental Health Many communities in Brooklyn self-report poor mental health, with a higher percentage of residents in parts of South Williamsburg, Brownsville, East New York, Sunset Park, Borough Park, and Coney Island reporting that their mental health has been "not good" for over two wecks. No Health Insurance Lack of health insurance is particularly pronounced in predomi- nantly Hispanic/Latino parts of Brooklyn including portions of Bushwick, Ocean Hill, and Cypress Hills (CDs 4 and 5), and Sunset Park where there is also a significant Asian population (CD?7). Self-Reported Health Those living in/around Downtown Brooklyn and areas near- est to Manhattan are most likely to report good health. Communities least likely to report good health are mostly found in the borough's peripheries, especially in CDs 5,7, and 15 (East New York, Sunset Park, and Sheepshead Bay). Low Birth Weight at Full Term Low birth weight is closely associated with infant death, cognitive development issues, and inhibited growth. It is also indicative of contributing maternal health factors at the time of pregnancy such as a mother's nutritional intake, chronic illness, and mental health status. Low birth weight at full term is more common in eastern Brooklyn, with East New York and eastern Bushwic) representing the highest rates. Avoidable Adult Hospitalizations East New York (CD 5) and Brownsville (CD 16) have the high- est avoidable adult hospitalizations per capita, meaning that between 2,100 and 3,100 hospitalizations in each district could have been prevented with effective primary care. Food Insecurity Food insecurity is a lack of consistent access to enough food for every person in a houschold to live an active, healthy life. Coney Island, Gravesend, and Brownsville have the highest percentage of food insecure households (ranging between 20% and 27%). These geographies also correlate to neighborhoods with the highest share of households receiving SNAP assistance, which for some families is insufficient to meet their nutritional needs. While Coney Island and Gravesend are surrounded by commu- nity districts that are significantly more food secure, Brownsville is part of a larger pattern of food insecurity stretching across castern and central Brooklyn. Unhealthy Food Access When discussing food and healthy living habits with stake- holders, one phrase frequently came up: food deserts, typically defined as areas where it is difficult to buy affordable healthy groceries. The previous measure, "food insecurity," is a metric devised by the non-profit organization Feeding America that attempts to measure a similar concept. However, during the engagement process, many responded that this measure was 36 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 opaque or did not respond to observed conditions in their neighborhoods. The Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DOHMH) publishes its own measure of unhealthy access, based on the ratio of bodegas to supermarkets in each Community District. By this measure, central and southwest- ern Brooklyn stand out, with as many as 19 bodegas to a single supermarket. FEEDBACK UPDATE What we heard o There is an opportunity to compare health needs to the siting of facilities and infrastructure at the neighborhood scale to address gaps through land use planning. o Many health access issues transcend land use and are related to more systemic issues in the health care system. Updates o Changed life expectancy map to a diverging color scheme to emphasize the areas below and above NYC average. o Added Unhealthy Food Access map. o Changed the source for adult asthma to be the same source and geographic level as child asthma. o Updated the Mental Health and Avoidable Adult Hospitalizations maps with more recent data. Gaps remaining o Data on acceptance of Medicare & Medicaid. e Data on hospital staffing and quality. 37 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 1 Life Expectancy Q7 LIREXIEHNEY ompareada to Average 6 or fewer years below average g - (min: -22) o " 2-6 years below average Within 2 years of NYC average (~81 years) [ 2-6 years above average 6 or more years above average - (max: +12) Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall and Regional Plan Association based on data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 500 Cities Project (2017). 0 Hnm Calculated life expectancy determined by data from the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Vital Statistics (2019). 38 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Premature Morta"ty Premature Mortality (deaths per 100,000) Less than 100 Between 100.1 - 150 Between 150.1 - 200 Between 200.1 - 250 Bl More than 250 0 025 05 1 15 2 ,,-*"/ g O ) WD by Brooklyn Brough-Hall based on NYC Community Health Survey, Premature Mortality by United Hospital Fund neighborhoods, 2016. 39 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 . Asthma Hospitalizations (Adults) Asthma Hospitalizations (Per 10,000 Adults Age 18-64) Less than 4.5 " Between4.5-9.0 I Between 9.0 -18.1 I Between 18.1-34.5 125 05 5 o - e Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYS Department of Health Asthma Dashboard, 2018-2020, by Modified ZIP Code Tabulation Areas. 40 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Asthma Hospitalizations (Children) Child Asthma Hospitalizations (per 10,000 Children Age 0-17) Less than 12.7 Between 12.7 -24.3 I Between 24.3-41.9 Il Between41.9-735 125 05 5 2 0 °-I:-:° - ] ' Mites Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYS Department of Health Asthma Dashboard, 2018-2020, by Modified ZIP Code Tabulation Areas. 41 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Adult Cancer Cancer Prevalence in Adults (all types) Less than 4.7% Between 4.8% - 6.3 % Between 6.4% - 8.6% Il Between 8.7% - 18.8% A 0 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 Map by Regional Plan Association'based on data from the Center for Disease Control and Miles Prevention (CDC) 500 Cities Proje/ct/(201 7). The data collected pertains to adult population only. - 42 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Coronary Heart Disease g CHD Prevalence in ! f Adults ¢ Less than 4.5% Between 4.6% - 6.6% Between 6.7% - 13% I Between 13.1% - 35.8% 0 o025 05 1 1.5 2 Map by Regional Plan Association'based on data from the Center for Disease Control and Miles Prevention (CDC) 500 Cities Project/(2017). The data collected pertains to adult population only. - 43 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Adult Diabetes Diabetes Prevalence in Adults Less than 7.6% Between 7.7% - 11.2% Between 11.3% - 14.6% I Between 14.7% - 39.5% 0 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 Map by Regional Plan Association'based on data from the Center for Disease Control and // _ A Miles Prevention (CDC) 500 Cities Project (2017). The data collected pertains to adult population only. 44 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Adult Obesity ~ Obesity Prevalence 7 in Adults ¢ Less than 20% [ Between 20.1% - 26.2% B Between 26.3% - 32.4% I Between 32.5% - 44.2% - __-e A 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 Map by Regional Plan Associa,tion'bé'sé/d on data from the Center for Disease Control and Miles Prevention (CDC) 500 Cities Project/(2017). The data collected pertains to adult population only. > e 7 45 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Mental Health v Mental Health "Not (f Good" for > 14 Days Less than 10.8% Between 10.9% - 13.4% Between 13.5% - 16.5% Il Between 16.6% - 23.3% 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 Map by Regional Plan Association based on data from the Center for Disease Control and Miles Prevention (CDC) 500 Cities Project (2017). The data collected pertains to adult population only. ~ s S 46 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 No Health Insurance e Prevalence of (f Uninsured Residents Less than 10.8% Between 10.9% - 16.4% Between 16.5% - 23.4% Il Between 23.5% - 37.6% 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 Map by Regional Plan Association based on data from the Center for Disease Control and Miles Prevention (CDC) 500 Cities Project (2017). The data collected pertains to adult population only. ~ A J/ 47 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Percent of Adult S N Self-Reported Health ' i 1 T gy 11y Population Reporting Excellent, Very Good, or Good Health Less than 75% Between 75.1% - 80% [ Between 80.1% - 85% I Between 85.1% - 90% I Vore than 90% by Brooklyn Brough Hall based on NYC Community Health 2 ( ap Survey, Self-Reported Health by United Hospital Fund neighborhoods, 2020. 48 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 P Low Birth Weight at Full Term Percent Low Birth / Weight at Full Term Less than 2% Between 2.1% - 2.5% [ Between 2.6% - 3% Il Between 3.1% - 3.5% Bl More than 3.5% gy 0 'H Map by Bmoklyn Borough President's Office based on NYC Community Health Survey, Low Birth Weight at Full term by UHF neighborhoods, 2013 49 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 / e . v LN LA i Avoidable Adult Hospitalizations Avoidable Adult _7' o/ Hospitalizations (Per ' G 100,000 Adults 18+) = ' ;{ [ 302-1,000 | { 7 =3 1,001 - 1,500 | B 1,501 - 2,000 B 2,001 - 2,500 B 2,501-2,908 I e B)E 0 '&'_Hm Map by Borough President's Office and Regional Plan Association, based on NYC DOHMH Community Health Profiles, 2022. B0 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Food Insecurity Food Insecure Population Based on data from Feeding America, which 7% - 10% defines food insecurity as a "lack of consistent 10.1% - 12.5% access to enough food for every person in a 12.6% -15% household to live an active, healthy life. This | 15.1% - 20% can be a temporary situation for a household - 20% - 26.7% or can last a long time." St - o S e Map by Brookiyff Borough President's Office and Regional Plan Association, based on 2018 data from Feeding America. B1 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Unhealthy Food Access Ratio of Bodegas to The Department of Health and Mental supermarkets Hygiene (DOHMH) publishes its own measure 3- 6 bodegas per supermarket of unhealthy access, based on the ratio of 7 - 10 bodegas per supermarket bodegas to supermarkets in each community I 11 - 14 bodegas per supermarket district. Il 15 - 19 bodegas per supermarket 0 e - et -- Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office and Regional Plan Association, based on NYS Department of Agriculture and Markets via DOHMH's Environment and Health Data Portal, 2016. B2 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Land Use and Built Form Brooklyn's land area is approximately 71 square miles, large enough to fit Prospect Park almost 90 times. This land is distributed across 276,000 individual tax lots. The majority of these properties are improved with residential uses, and over half (144,000) are classified as detached single-family homes. Brooklyn contains approximately one million residential units, with roughly halflocated on lots classified as multi-family build- ings. Of the remainder, 35% are classified as attached single- family homes, and 15% are detached, single-family residences on larger lots. The northern half of the borough contains the vast majority of its multi-family buildings. These neighborhoods, particularly Downtown Brooklyn, are also home to most of the borough's commercial and mixed-use buildings. Single-family homes and lower-density uses are largely concentrated in south- ern Brooklyn. Low-density commercial corridors (often overlaid on residential zones) form a network across the borough, providing neighbor- hood retail and services. The majority of the borough's manufac- turing uses are clustered along the northern border with Queens abutting Newtown Crecek, the western shore between Red Hook and Sunset Park, and in the eastern Industrial Business Zones (IBZs, or geographic areas that serve as safe havens for manufac- turing firms) of East New York and Flatbush/Flatlands. Land Use Though Brooklyn boasts a diversity of land uses across its neighborhoods, the plurality of land is devoted to residential use. Multifamily residential buildings are most common in the northern half of the borough, while one- and two-family homes are more common in the borough's southern half. The manu- facturing sector tends to seek proximity to major roadways and industrial waterways. Heavy manufacturing zoning is mapped primarily along the New York Harbor, East River, and Newtown Creek, though a significant industrial employment base is also located in eastern Brooklyn. Open spaces and public facilities are distributed throughout the borough, though certain types are clustered disproportionately in particular neighborhoods. Downtown Brooklyn, the borough's commercial core, contains the bulk of its mixed-use and office buildings. Lower-density commercial buildings are found in outlying residential areas that permit local retail and offices. Zoning Districts Brooklyn is mapped with residential, commercial, and manu- facturing zoning districts that regulate building uses and forms. Industrial districts are prevalent along the waterfronts of the New York Harbor, Newtown Creek, and the Gowanus Canal, and along freight rail lines in East New York and Canarsie. Many major avenues and most of Downtown Brooklyn are zoned to support commercial uses, allowing densities with Floor Area Ratios (FAR) that range between 1 and 15. Residential zoning makes up the balance, with the Downtown arca and select corri- dors allowing for the greatest densities, and low-density residen- tial districts dominating the southern half of the borough. Residential Floor Area Ratio The floor area ratio (FAR) is the principal bulk regulation con- trolling the size of buildings. FAR is the ratio of total building floor area to the area of its zoning lot. Most of the borough's residential districts only allow for low densities ranging from 0.5 up to 2 FAR. These districts are found in the southern half, but also in a few neighborhoods in the central part of the borough. Downtown Brooklyn allows for the greatest residential density, with an allowable FAR of up to 10. Some waterfront areas, select corridors along Fulton Street and Atlantic Avenue, as well as northeastern blocks adjacent to Prospect Park allow up to 6 resi- dential FAR. Most neighborhoods concentrated in the northern half and outer borough commercial corridors, allow FAR densi- ties of up to 4 FAR. Zoning Changes Most zoning map amendments adopted from 2014-2023 sought to facilitate new affordable housing and mixed use development. Gowanus and East New York saw large neighborhood-scale rezonings aligned with these goals during the de Blasio admin- istration. Additionally, the City has approved 85 smaller private rezonings to support increased development in Brooklyn since 2014. B3 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 During the Bloomberg administration (2002-2014) neighborhood rezonings generally limited residential density to preserve neigh- borhood character and discourage out-of-scale development. These rezonings generally occurred in central and southern Brooklyn.?® A notable exception is the 2005 Greenpoint/ Williamsburg rezon- ing, which has enabled significant multi-family development along the North Brooklyn waterfront. Historic and Individual Landmarks The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designates individual buildings and districts with historical sig- nificance as NYC landmarks. Alterations, demolitions, and new buildings in historic districts require LPC review and approval. Most of Brooklyn's historic districts are located in Brooklyn Heights (CD 2), Bedford-Stuyvesant (CD 3), Park Slope (CD 6) and Crown Heights (CD 8), while individual landmarks are found across the borough. Neighborhoods such as Borough Park (CD 12) East Flatbush (CD 17), and Canarsie (in the northeast portion of CD 18) have relatively few individual landmarks and historic districts. Transit Zones Adopted in 2016 and mapped within the Zoning Resolution (ZR), Transit Zones delineate areas near public transportation where affordable and/or senior housing developments are exempt from parking requirements. While Transit Zones cover much of the borough, they areas of southeastern Brooklyn where resi- dents lack proximity to subway lines. Notably, Bay Ridge (CD 10) and parts of Borough Park (CD 12) are excluded but do have nearby subway service. Business and Industrial Areas Much of Brooklyn's industrial land is concentrated along the New York Harbor and East River, and in northern Brooklyn along Newtown Creck. These areas, which are primarily zoned M2 and M3, also fall within Significant Maritime and Industrial Areas (SMIAs), designated in 1992 to protect and encourage the city's working waterfront. Industrial Business Zones (IBZs) were created in 2005 to protect the city's manufacturing sector. Brooklyn's IBZs cover the Brooklyn Navy Yard and parts of East New York, Flatlands, North Brooklyn, and Southwest Brooklyn. Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) are public-private partnerships overseen by the City and run by boards of local property owners, merchants, and elected officials. They support retail corridors with maintenance, marketing, and advocacy efforts. Brooklyn's BIDs are scattered throughout the borough's commercial areas. FRESH Zones The Food Retail Expansion to Support Health (FRESH) program was created in 2009 to bring healthy, affordable foods to under- served neighborhoods. FRESH Zones offer incentives to create 26 Goldberg, Leo. Game of Zones: Neighborhood Rezonings and Uneven Urban Growth in Bloom- berg's New York City (June 2015) and maintain grocery stores in "food deserts" where residents lack sufficient access to fresh meats, fruits, and vegetables (as discussed in the Health section). Much of Brooklyn is eligible for cithera discretionary tax incentive or zoning incentives offering greater development capacity in exchange for including a grocery store. The City identified much of central and eastern Brooklyn as a FRESH focus area in 2009, and recently added Borough Park and Coney Island in 2021. Improvement Land Value Ratios Lots in northern Brooklyn and Sunset Park tend to have high improvement value ratios, meaning that buildings built on these lots are worth 12 to 100 times as much as the underlyingland. In southern Brooklyn, improvement ratios for small sites are gener- ally lower, especially in East Flatbush. Large lots throughout the borough often have improvement ratios between 6 and 12. As long as zoning allows, new development is more likely to occur in parcels with lower improvement ratios. FEEDBACK UPDATE What we heard: e There is a need to build support for comprehensive plan- ning across political groups to move away from the status quo of spot rezonings. e Changes to land use and zoning need to incorporate hyper- local nuances and public health considerations. Updates e Simplified several maps throughout the section by remov- ing the land use layer. e Added a breakout of land use by specific categories. B4 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 g M T ) e Land Use Classification I One & Two Family Buildings Multi-Family Walk-Up Buildings Multi-Family Elevator Buildings Mixed Residential & Commercial Commercial & Office Buildings » Industrial & Manufacturing Transportation & Utility 2. Public Facilities & Institutions i Open Space & Outdoor Recreation Parking Facilities Vacant Land Other Loy 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 E W N jvie Map by Regional Plan Association based on MapPluto 21v4 i BB Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 PLUTO Land Use Codes: Residential 01, 02, 03, 04 Industrial, Transportation, & Utilities PLUTO Land Use Codes: 06, 07 & Open Space PLUTO Land Use Code: 09 Commercial PLUTO Land Use Codes: 04, 05 al RS v ¥ o Public Institutions & Facilities PLUTO Land Use Code: 08 al RS v v (':), Parking & Vacant PLUTO Land Use Codes: 10, 11 B6 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 T o strict S A s, 9 . Zoning Districts Special Purpose Districts / K> Commercial Overlays ./, [0 commercial C1-C8 - =[] Manufacturing M1 - M3 o [ | Residential Mid & High Density R6 - R10 ¥ Residential Low Density R1 - R5 [ Parks 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 0 | BN BN ES- Map by Regional Plan Association based on NYC GIS Zoning Features March 2022 B7 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Residential Allowable Density Floor Area Ratio Residential FAR Residential not allowed Floor area ratio (FAR) is the ratio of total build- Less than 2 FAR [ Between 2 and 4 FAR I Between 4 and 6 FAR I Between 6 and 10 FAR ing floor area to the area of its zoning lot. Lots with more FAR are allowed to build at higher densities. For example, a 10,000 sq. ft lot with an FAR of 2 can build 20,000 sq ft of floor area, but the same lot with 10 FAR could build 100,000 sq. ft of floor area. 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 0 B N T vies Miles Map by Regional Plan Association based on MapPluto 21v4 B8 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 E3 Adopted since 2014 [0 Adopted 2002 - 2013 Zoning Changes V72 R Zoning Map Amendments M .L,. i 0 - @ ew Map by Regional Plan Association based on MapPluto 21v4 building class codes assigned by Department of Finance. B9 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Landmarks and Historic Districts Landmarks and Districts BZA Historic Districts B Individual Landmarks Map by Regional Plan Association based on Individual Landmarks and Historic Districts by NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC). 60 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Transit Zones I Q/ * " Transit Zones - Reduced / N NN ST ~ Parking Requirements [ Transit Zones 0 e Map by Regional Plan Association based on Individual Landmarks and Historic Districts by NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC). 61 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 - - / /> B usiness an d I n d ustrla I Areas 4 0 Industrial Business P{ Business Improvement S~ 4 Zones t Districts . 7 1. Greenpoint/ 1 1. Grand Street | Williamsburg 2. DUMBO 77 /] 2. North Brooklyn 3. Graham Avenue 7, ] 3. Brooklyn Navy Yards 4. Montague Street » & 4. Ridgewood 5. Metro-Tech & 5. Southwest Brooklyn 6. Myrtle Avenue Brooklyn < 6. East New York Partnership //' 7. Flatlands/Fairfield 7. Court-Livingston- e Schermerhorn 8. Atlantic Avenue 1 7% 9. Fulton Area Business 77K (FAB) Alliance b 10. Bed-Stuy Gateway > 11. North Flatbush W, 12. Park Slope 5th Avenue 13. East Brooklyn A 14. Pitkin Avenue v 15. Church Avenue & 16. Sunset Park 5th Avenue 17. Flatbush Avenue 18. Bay Ridge 5th Avenue 19. Flatbush-Nostrand Junction 20. 86th Street Bay Ridge 21. Kings Highway 22. Brighton Beach NYC OpenData, New Jersey Office of GIS, Esri, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, 0 o 025 05 1 15 2 GeoTechnologies, Inc, METI/NASA, USGS, EPA, NPS, USDA Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYC's BYTES of the BIG APPLE zoning archive, June 2023. 62 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 ~ / FRESH Locations Discretionary FRESH Food Tax Incentiv: - ntives - fic;r:rr:gve:;d Discretionary Tax d store locations oning Ince! @® FRESH Foo 4) ' "/////¢, o : ///' J////// N/ 63 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Improvement and Land Values Improvement Ratio Less than 2 The ratio of the improvement value (build- = gztvwvzz: 623 : ?2 ing alone) and the land value of a lot (as if 5 B Bet 12 - 24 vacant). etween 12 - Il Between 24 - 100 As long as zoning allows, new development is more likely to occur in parcels with lower improvement ratios. 0 025 05 1 15 2 Map by Regional Plan Association based on Corelogic parcel level data. | BN BN ES- The ratio between the improvement value (building alone) and the land value of a lot (as if vacant) 64 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Housing As discussed in the "Focus on Housing and Health" section, the connection between access to safe, affordable, and quality hous- ing and public health cannot be overstated. Housing conditions can adversely affect physical health by exposing residents to hazards. Housing can also affect financial health by limiting the amount of income that can be spent on other basic necessities-including health care-or, conversely, by increasing property owners' wealth over the long-term. As the most populous borough, Brooklyn also contains 30% of the city's housing stock, from single-family brownstones to high- rise apartment buildings. The borough's growth has dispropor- tionately benefited property owners, who saw a 40% increase in home values. Rents, meanwhile, have risen more than 20% between 2010-2021, leaving more than half of Brooklyn renters and 46% of its homeowners burdened by housing costs. There are approximately one million housing units in the borough. A typical residence has an average floor area of 1,000 square feet per unit. Together these residences comprise over one billion square feet of floor area. Roughly half of these units are located in multi-family buildings (totaling 464 million sq ft), 35% are classified as attached single-family homes (443 million sq ft), and the remaining 15% are detached single-family resi- dences on larger lots (representing 179 million sq ft). Housing Growth The northern half of the borough has the vast majority of multi-family buildings and has seen the bulk of new develop- ment, including income-restricted and market-rate housing. Between 2010 and 2020, neighborhoods in north and central Brooklyn saw large increases in the total number of residences, in some cases adding hundreds of units per census tract. Some of these gains can be attributed to policies that facilitated multi- family residential development, such as the 2005 Greenpoint/ Williamsburg rezoning. In other neighborhoods such as Bushwick, zoning allows for relatively large new buildings to be constructed without any discretionary changes. Opver the same period, Park Slope, Carroll Gardens, and Brooklyn Heights saw the largest declines in their housing sup- ply, in some cases losing over 100 units per census tract. Housing Unit Change 2010 - 2020 Between 2010 and 2020, northern and central Brooklyn gained the most housing units, in some instances gaining between 120 and 740 units by census tract. Wealthier areas just south of Manhattan and immediately west of Prospect Park reported housing unit loss, likely due to consolidations of two- and three- family residences into single-family homes, and in some cases due to historic district regulations. Scattered areas along south- bound subway lines (south from Prospect Park and Greenwood Cemetery) gained modest amounts of housing units. Most of the unit counts in the borough's southern half remained stable during that time. When comparing across community districts, CD 1 (Greenpoint, Williamsburg) added 18,500 units of hous- ing while CD 18 (Canarsie, Bergen Beach, Mill Basin, Flatlands, Marine Park, Georgetown, and Mill Island) added only 500 units. Income-restricted Housing & Zoning The City and State supports private developers in creating income-restricted housing by providing subsidies, tax exemp- tions, density bonuses, or some combination of these incentives. For example, developers may construct 100% income-restricted housing using City subsidies. Before 2016, the City designated some neighborhoods such as Greenpoint/ Williamsburg as Voluntary Inclusionary Housing (VIH) areas, where developers could choose to build more density in exchange for providing a percentage of income-restricted units. In 2016, the City adopted the Mandatory Inclusionary Housing (MIH) program, which requires any developer that reccives a rezoning for more density (or is building in a neighborhood that was rezoned post-2016) to provide a percentage of income-restricted housing, The State's 421-a tax exemption sunset in 2023, but previously provided a tax exemption in exchange for creation of new income-restricted housing, Additionally, the City may provide subsidies and/or tax exemp- tion for property owners to maintain income-restricted rents in existing buildings (commonly referred to as "preservation" though notably different from historic preservation, described above). Income-restricted housing-both new construction and preserva- tion has been almost entirely concentrated in the northern and eastern parts of Brooklyn, with the exception of Coney Island, some new construction in Flatbush, and limited preservation in Sunset Park. Much of southern Brooklyn has not seen any 65 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 affordable housing development. For example, between 2010 and 2020, CD 5 (East New York, New Lots, Starrett City) has cre- ated or preserved 12,106 units of affordable housing. CD 10 (Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights, Fort Hamilton), has created or preserved 7 units. Voluntary and Mandatory Inclusionary Zoning areas are yet to yield significant amounts of affordable units. Residential Units per Acre Recent patterns in housing production are reflected in the residential density across the borough. When measured by residential units per acre, three tiers become apparent: north and central Brooklyn, where community districts (CDs) have a high number of units for every acre of buildable land; CDs just south of Prospect Park, hovering near 50 units per acre; and southern Brooklyn, with the lowest residential densities. Fifty residential units per acre was identified as a key threshold in the "fair share" and transit-oriented development proposals originally included in the New York State Housing Compact. Median Rent Many Brooklynites feel the housing crisis most acutely through high monthly rent payments: 69% of Brooklynites are rent- ers, and median monthly rent for the whole borough is $1,582. The highest rents are concentrated in northwestern Brooklyn. Notably, census tracts with NYCHA developments report lower rents across the borough, highlighting the importance of public housing in providing stable housing even in the borough's most expensive areas. Housing Tenure: Renters More than two-thirds of Brooklynites are renters. This pattern is spread relatively evenly across the borough, with slightly higher home-ownership rates in southeastern Brooklyn. Rent Burden Rent burden (defined as rent costing 30% or more of household income) is pervasive in Brooklyn. Only cight scattered census tracts report less than 21% of the population experiencing rent burden. Borough Park, East New York, Brownsville, Crown Heights, Coney Island, and South Williamsburg have the deep- est concentrations of rent burdened households in the borough. While the highest gross median rents are concentrated in north- western Brooklyn, rent burden better illustrates how pervasively the housing crisis is being felt across the borough. Overcrowded Households High housing costs can encourage higher rates of overcrowding, defined by the Census as a household with more occupants than rooms. Borough Park and Sunset Park have the highest number of overcrowded housceholds, followed by South Williamsburg, East New York, Bensonhurst, and Coney Island. Population Change 2010-2020 While housing growth was highly uneven across the borough, every community district in the borough saw an increase in population between 2010-2020. This pattern stands in stark contrast to housing unit change over the same period: north and central Brooklyn (CDs 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 16) saw an increase in both population and housing units, while other parts of the borough saw minimal growth in housing despite also growing in population. Public Housing New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) public housing developments are primarily concentrated in Brooklyn's northern half, with a few campuses in southern Brooklyn. Five commu- nity districts, all in the southwestern part of the borough, have no public housing at all. NYCHA developments are in need of significant capital repairs. As of June 2023, the agency estimates $78 billion dollars are needed to bring the housing stock up to a state of good repair across all five boroughs. In Brooklyn, many developments have had sorely needed capital improvements delayed for years on end. Shelters and Transitional Housing Homeless shelters are concentrated in the north and central parts of the borough, with notably fewer in CDs 11, 15, and 18. Other transitional housing, which includes building classes N2 and N9, is spread more evenly throughout the borough. Shelter and transitional housing data changes rapidly and is often dif- ficult to track. For example, the City does not publish the loca- tions of temporary housing for survivors of domestic violence to protect the privacy of clients. Additionally, the City is respond- ing quickly to house migrants seeking asylum, which is not yet captured in our publicly available data sources. Market Pressure Market pressure is found in neighborhoods where changes related to median gross rents, housing price appreciation, and demographic composition over the last decade have accelerated. Market pressure is strongest in arcas of the borough that are connected to Manhattan via bridges, tunnels, and highways. In Brooklyn neighborhoods south of Prospect Park's northern edge, market pressure is most prevalent along subway lines. Displacement Risk Displacement risk refers to residents' inability to remain in their neighborhoods due to housing/real estate conditions and socio- economic pressures. Higher and lower-risk areas are found across all community districts. However, displacement risk is highest in neighborhoods immediately south of Prospect Park, as well as in Bensonhurst and northern Bushwick. When viewed in conjunction with recent housing construction and residential density, it becomes apparent that the areas with highest displacement risk are also those lagging behind in hous- ing growth. 66 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 FEEDBACK UPDATE 'What we heard o There is good general awareness of the various tools avail- able to develop and preserve affordable housing, but tools are not being deployed in a comprehensive manner. o Clearly expressing the relationship between housing unit loss/gain and the need for housing at the neighborhood scale would help support the discussion. Updates o Reordered this section to focus on the high cost of hous- ing, adding new maps for median rent and tenure, and emphasizing rent burden as a pervasive condition across the borough. o Added maps for population change and residential units per acre, to more clearly emphasize that housing produc- tion has been unevenly distributed even though population has grown across the borough. o Simplified many maps by removing the underlying land use layer, making the data easier to read. Combined the income-restricted construction map with income restricted housing and zoning; removed redundant maps. o Simplified Shelters and Transitional Housing into two categories. o Added explanation of Market Pressure and Displacement Risk indexes directly on the maps themselves. 67 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 r Housing Growth ', ? New Residential Units . 2012 - 2022 - * 1-2new units J + 3-16 new units d ) ® 17 - 200 new units @ 201+ new units NYC OpenData, New Jersey Office of GIS, Esri, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, 0 025 05 1 15 2 GeoTechnologies, Inc, METI/NASA, USGS, EPA, NPS, USDA 0 Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYC's [ 's Housing d Dep of City g base 2012-2022 68 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Housing U &7 0 0 025 05 1 15 | 7 'fi.it Change 2%0 -2020 Net Housing Unit Change y ' o by Regional Plan Association based on DCP Housing Mies Data y Census Tract. Sum of all three construction job types that add or re residential units: new buildings, major alterations, and demolitions. [ Lost between 2 and 112 units A . 3 Lost or Gained 1 unit (stable) {Jf'é 2 ;. p ' [ Gained between 2 and 60 units . I Gained between 61 and 120 units Il Gained between 121 and 741 69 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 & and Zoning ' el « 4 . Housing New York and Zoning Income ReStrlCted HOUS|ng NN Mandatory Inclusionary Housing 03/2022 o 3 Inclusionary Housing Designated Areas 12/2014 Affordable Units New Affordable ~Preserved Units Built s 1-46 e 1-46 O 47-143 ® 47-143 0 144-305 ® 144-305 ZM - Map by Regional Plan Association and Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Housing New York Units by Building, NYC HPD and NYC GIS Zoning Features, March 2022. (0 306-646 @ 306-606 ' 647 - 1000 ' 647 - 175 70 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 / Residential Units per Acr;f by Community District /,N - 3 ' d b 0 025 0.5 1 1.5 2 Miles Residential Units per Acre Il Less than 35 | Between 35-45 Between 45 - 55 Between 55 - 65 I Greater than 65 Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on MapPLUTO 22v3, and Industrial Business Zones. Estimates by Community District. juildab'l area excludes open space, landmarks, military installations, 71 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 g / | : Median Monthly Rent Median Rent J < Less than $1,266 / Between $1,267 - $1,810 5B [ Between $1,811 -$2,516 5 I More than $2,517 § [_1 NYCHA (Public Housing) 0 - - ] . zmfi Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Selected Housing Characteristics Table DP04, US Census American Community Survey 2021, 5-Year Estimates. 72 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Housing Tenure V& Percent of Households / Renting ,/\ Less than 35.1% x Between 35.2 - 59.6% I Between 59.7 - 81.1% I More than 81.2% 5 X 5 0 - - 3 Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Selected Housing Characteristics Table DP04, US Census American Community Survey 2021, 5-Year Estimates. 73 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Rent Burden / Percent of Households with Gross Rent 30% or more of Income Less than 38.5% Between 38.6 - 53.6% I Between 53.7 - 68.3% I More than 68.4% . .5 ¥ 0 - ] . Zm. Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Selected Housing Characteristics Table DP04, US Census American Community Survey 2021, 5-Year Estimates. 74 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Overcrowded Households Percent of Households with more Occupants 5 than Rooms Less than 6.7% Between 6.8 - 14.2% I Between 14.3 - 25.7% Il Between 25.8 - 64.9% 0 025 05 1 15 2 0 Mies Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Selected Housing Characteristics Table DP04, US Census American Community Survey 2021, 5-Year Estimates. 75 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Population Change 201 0-%020 Population Change by Percent, 2010-2020 !\ 0 Lost between 5% - 0% f' Gained between 1% - 6% i J W Gained between 7% - 10% I Gained between 11% - 18% B Gained between 19% - 31% \ 0 e, Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYC DCP's Demographic and ing Characteristics, 2020 Census. Estimates by Community District. 76 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Public Housing = ()l Fort Greene Am A\ R -I_ 12 See Fort Greene inset & 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. Rutland Towers Kingsborough Ocean Hill - Brownsville Crown Heights Howard Ave - Park Place Howard Ave Ralph Ave Sutter Ave - Union Street Tapscott Street Lenox Road Garvey Brown Howard Glenmore Plaza Low Houses Hughes Apartments Brownsville 0 025 0.5 1 15 2 Miles 4 See Bed-Stuy/ Bushwick inset g -5 2'3. 9, 10 VI fi See = See Coney Island inset e 50. Tilden 51. Van Dyke 52. Woodson 53. Long Island Baptist Houses 54. Unity Plaza 55. Berriman Street 56. Atkins Ave 57. East New York City Line 58. Cypress Hills 59. Pink 60, Breukelen 61. Vandalia Ave 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. Bay View Glenwood Nostrand Sheepshead Bay Marlboro Gravesend Surfside Gardens Coney Island O'Dwyer Gardens Haber Carey Gardens Public Housing [] NYCHA Campuses = ) S _52' -!=I Brownsville Bed-Stuy/ Bushwick 57 8 55, . D@ Brownsville . Red Hook Gowanus Wyckoff Gardens . Douglass Street Farragut Ingersoll Whitman . Adelphi Street . Atlantic Terminal Site 4B . Gates Ave . Lafeyette Gardens . Waverly Ave . Taylor-Wythe . Cooper Park . Borinquen Plaza . Hylan . Bushwick . Marcy . Tompkins . Sumner . Vernon Ave . Bedford-Stuyvesant Rehab . Roosevelt . Stuyvesant Gardens . Saratoga Village . Brevoort . Ocean Hill Apartments . Albany . Fenimore-Lefferts . Reid Apartments . Sterling Place Rehabs . Park Rock Rehabs inset = SomNoarwNa WWWNNNNNNNNNN=S 2 a3 a3 a N_2OOONODORARWN_,OCOONDORWN- i ! | _- Coney islgn.d. Map by Regional Plan Association and Brooklyn Borough Hall based on MapPLUTO 21v4. 77 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Shelters and Transitional Housing $g$:;§;;:g,"fiousmg ® Homeless Shelters « Other Transitional Housing Other transitional housing includes buildings classified as asylums, orphanages, and other miscellaneous transitional housing. Shelters and transitional housing data changes rapidly and is often difficult to track. For example, the City does not publish the locations of temporary housing for survivors of domestic violence to protect the privacy of cients. Additionally, the City is responding quickly to house migrants seeking asylum, which is not yet captured in our publicly avail- able data sources. 0 035 05 1 15 2 0 b Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office and Regional Plan Association, based on MapPLUTO 22v3. 78 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Market Pressure Market pressure is an index developed by HPD . and DCP as part of their Equitable Development /\5 7 Data Tool. It is one of the three factors contrib- = = uting to displacement risk. It includes the follow- : ing specific data points: . Change in rents . Housing price appreciation . Change in the population with a bachelor's degree Adjacent neighborhood pressure Miles 2 Geographies shown are based on Neighborhood Tabulation Areas. Map by Regional Plan Association based on the NYC Equitable Development Reporting tool, NYC HPD and City Planning, April 2022. Market Pressure Lowest 0 Lower I Intermediate I Higher Il Highest 79 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Displacement Risk Displacement Risk Displacement risk illustrates the level of risk Lowest residents face of being unable to remain in their /\ | Lower homes or neighborhoods. It is an index devel- 5 - Bl Intermediate oped by HPD and DCP as part of their Equitable £ B Higher Development Data Tool. It is comprised of three r / Bl Highest factors: Population vulnerabilities (as shown in the health section) Housing conditions Market pressures (as shown on the previous page) Displacement Risk illustrates the level of risk residents face of being unable to remain in their homes or neighborhoods. Geographies shown are based on Neighborhood Tabulation Areas. Map by Regional Plan Association based on the NYC Equitable Development Reporting tool, NYC HPD and City Planning, April 2022. Miles 80 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Transportation and Utilities Brooklyn is served by a vast transportation network that includes subways, commuter rail, buses, ferries, roads, and bike lanes, as well as municipal facilities such as sewers, and wastewater treatment plants. However, transit infrastructure is not evenly distributed; for example, 358 out of 542 subway station pedestrian entrances are concentrated in the borough's northern half. As a result, house- holds in southern Brooklyn tend to have higher levels of auto- mobile use and ownership. Accordingly, those neighborhoods report more frequent and deadly collisions involving pedestrians. Brooklyn north of Prospect Park has rich and robust transit options, including subways, buses, and ferries. Buses serve much of central and south-central Brooklyn, but service tapers off mov- ing east or west. Much of Brooklyn's southeast is underserved by transit, with no subway or ferry service and limited bus service. However, even in places that are served by transit service, many stations are not fully accessible. Only 23 out of 170 subway sta- tions in Brooklyn have full ADA access."" Walking Distance to Subway The gap in transit access becomes more apparent when viewed in terms of walksheds. Much of southeastern Brooklyn (CDs S, 17, and 18) and portions of Red Hook (CD 6), Dyker Heights (CD 10), Coney Island (CD13), and Sheepshead Bay (CD 15) are further than a half-mile (or 10-minute) walk from a subway entrance. In these neighborhoods, buses form the backbone of the local transit network. These neighborhoods further from the subway network tend to encompass many single- and two-family residential areas, numerous public facilities, and scattered commercial/office areas. Notably, a few areas such as Coney Island and Red Hook have multi-family residential land uses including public housing towers but are further than a 10-minute walk from the subway network. 27 New York City Council: Increasing Accessibility (Sept 2019) Interborough Express (IBX) The Interborough Express (IBX) is a current proposal led by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) to connect southern Brooklyn and Queens utilizing an existing freight rail line. This new connection would vastly improve transit access options for residents of southern and eastern Brooklyn who by and large lack access to subways. Potential stops could connect not only residential neighborhoods but areas with commercial offices, industrial businesses, and public facilities. The IBX would also have a different orientation than the Manbhattan-oriented subway lines in the borough, giving resi- dents, workers, and visitors the opportunity to move cast-west within the borough and connect to central Queens. Bus Network Bus lines expand the transit network serving the borough, but are less available below Prospect Park. While much of Brooklyn's bus network converges in Downtown Brooklyn along Fulton Mall, many of the high ridership routes are circumferential routes that complement the subway network and help connect riders to rail. There are three Select Bus Service (SBS) routes that provide bus-rapid-transit style service within Brooklyn: the B44 and B46 are popular north-south routes across the borough, and while the B82 has comparatively lower ridership, it provides a vital transit option to a Iower-density part of the borough further away from the subway network. The MTA is currently studying potential transit improvements along the B46 SBS corridor as part of its 20-Year Needs Assessment, and is in the process of a bus network redesign for the whole borough. Bicycle Network According to the American Community Survey (ACS), more than 22,000 Brooklynites used bicycles for regular commuting in 2021. Thousands more ride bicycles regularly for recreation and exercise. The most robust bike infrastructure exists in the areas nearest to Manhattan, as well as southwestern Bay Ridge. Much of southern, central, and eastern Brooklyn lacks adequate bike infrastructure. Conventional bike lanes (unprotected, meaning on-street mark- ings only) are often co-located with arterial roads. Places with more bike lanes, like Crown Heights and Bushwick, tend to have safer roadway conditions for cyclists and pedestrians. 81 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Monthly Bicycle Use Bike usage correlates positively with the presence of bike infra- structure. Areas where residents use bicycles regularly tend to have more demand for bike infrastructure, while adequate provision of protected bike lanes and docks tends to promote bicycle usage. Importantly, this map shows how often residents report riding a bicycle, not a count of the amount of bicycles on the roads. Street Types by Use Not all streets are the same, and different types of streets merit different right-of-way treatments. The Regional Plan Association (RPA) developed a streets typology based on the key character- istics and needs of every New York City street. "Thru strects" are significant arterial streets where maintaining traffic flow is para- mount and are located along the edges of the borough and along a few key corridors such as Flatbush, Atlantic, and Broadway. "Activity streets" are streets with destinations that draw people from the surrounding areas and can be found in most neigh- borhoods. "Neighborhood streets" are low-traffic streets that primarily serve the people who live or work on the street and constitute the bulk of the borough's street network. Commute to Work by Transit A majority (53%) of Brooklynites commute to work using public transportation. Areas closest to subway stations and Select Bus Service routes have higher rates of transit use, particularly in northern and central Brooklyn which are close to regional jobs centers in Downtown Brooklyn and Manhattan. However, areas in southern Brooklyn such as Coney Island, Bay Ridge, and Bensonhurst also report high use of transit where transit options are nearby. Fewer people commute by transit in Borough Park (CD 12) where walking to work is more common, and Flatlands (CD 18), which is just beyond the existing subway network. Commute to Work by Driving Only 22.3% of Brooklynites commute to work by driving, with higher rates in southern Brooklyn further away from the existing subway network. Vehicle Miles Traveled Areas of southern Brooklyn, which have limited subway access, have the greatest number of vehicle miles traveled. On week- days, households in the southern half of the borough can drive between 25 and 68 miles every day. Unlike commute to work data, vehicle miles traveled measures all trips taken by vehicle rather than just the journey to the workplace. When measured this way, the negative correlation with transit access is even more stark, suggesting that even in areas with higher rates of commut- ing by driving, the land use and transit options could allow more trips to be made outside of a vehicle. Households with No Vehicles Areas further from the subway network, particularly in south- eastern Brooklyn, have higher rates of car-ownership. Most Brooklyn households with access to the subway network do not have a vehicle available. Pedestrian Safety Traffic violence is a major problem on Brooklyn's streets. In the three-year period between 2020-2023, pedestrian injuries and deaths as a result of motor vehicle crashes were widespread across the borough, with particular concentrations in north and central Brooklyn, Borough Park, Midwood, and Sheepshead Bay. NYC DOT identified thesc parts of the borough as "Pedestrian Priority Zones" as part of the Borough Pedestrian Safety Action Plans. Cyclist Safety Injuries and deaths to cyclists are similarly widespread across the borough, with particularly worrying concentrations in Bedford- Stuyvesant (CD 3), Bushwick (CD 4), East New York (CD 5), Borough Park (CD 12), Flatbush (CD 14), East Flatbush (CD 17), and Sheepshead Bay (CD 15). These community districts were identified by NYC DOT as having comparatively high numbers of crashes where cyclists were killed or seriously injured and have fewer existing bicycle facilities such as protected bike lanes. Areas with bicycle infrastructure report lower numbers of non-fatal cyclist injuries from motor vehicle collisions compared to areas where no bike infrastructure exists. Truck Routes The movement of freight is a critical component of the borough's transportation network, magnified by the increase in deliver- ies during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. NYC DOT has a dedicated truck route network, where all vehicles identified as trucks (two axles and six tires, or three or more axles) are required to travel until reaching their destination. DOT has a network of dedicated truck loading zones along curbs in the borough, largely distributed along industrial and commercial corridors. The Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) is a major component of the borough's freight network, serving as a connection to Staten Island, Queens, and the mainland. The poor condition and impending reconstruction of the BQE will greatly impact freight movement across and within the borough and highlighes the need to develop alternative modes for freight transport including barge, rail, and micro-mobility solutions such as cargo bikes. Broadband Adoption Broadband adoption correlates heavily with high-income areas and is strongest in the northwestern section of the borough. Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bushwick, and Brownsville have lower rates of broadband adoption. 82 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Wastewater Infrastructure FEEDBACK UPDATE Brooklyn's water infrastructure includes five sewer sheds, each with its own waste treatment processing plant. Brooklyn has a combined sewer system that collects stormwater and wastewa- 'What we heard ter/sewage in the same pipes. Usually, these pipes carry both e There is a need for maps of existing and ongoing future to the treatment plants. However, during heavy rainfall, this plans, like the BQE redesign, rezonings, and comparisons stormwater/wastewater mix flows into the city's waterways. The to other data. Combined Sewer Outfalls (CSOs) where this happens are con- centrated mainly along the western coastline and in Brooklyn's ¢ Need to prioritize seniors and persons with disabilities polluted waterways. when planning transportation. ¢ More transportation options are needed throughout Brooklyn. e Overall need for more accurate transportation data throughout Brooklyn. Updates ¢ Added Walking Distance to Subway map to better illus- trate gaps in the existing rail transit network. ¢ Updated Bus Network map to show routes by monthly rid- ership and updated incorrect data. Removed ferry data to focus map on the bus network (now located in waterfront access map later in the report). e Updated Bicycle Route map to improve readability. e Updated Monthly Bicycle Use map to improve readability, include disclaimers on low sample size, and clarify that the data being shown. ¢ Replaced the "Road Network" map with the "Street Types by Use," map in the Appendix, which includes a wider defi- nition of the public realm when analyzing the right of way. ¢ Removed a redundant "Transit Network" map. e Updated Pedestrian Safety and Cyclist Safety maps to show each individual injury and death, and to include priority areas identified by NYC DOT. e Added Commute by Transit, Commute by Car, and Households with No Vehicles Available by popular request. ¢ Updated the Truck Routes map and moved up from the Appendix. 83 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 ; 4 Walking Distance to Subway Walking Distance X - Quarter-mile 7 Half-mile \\, /BN ARCEANNY, Proposed IBX Route Within */2 mile of existing subway station ===- Proposed IBX Route 7 ° . / Seo / * A Y Wilson Nvenue;{ ° X% o ! fl G '\" . \ « \ . o / o ®s e ° \ \ \ " . . . ' L » SN : 0- . 4 Atlantic Avenue& 4 . '@ 4 g > \ \ : 7 o* g . - Sutter Avenue? " o ° . ° ) \ o\ ° % ! e 'Q' Livonia Avenue > . ! v 4. o 7 ' l > s SN / E .(@.\(\o ° \fba; 7 ,, i \,\ A% ? s p ® / <« . . S o7 Lindén Blvg S o"" A ' AL ' s ". -, > s = ! s 4 I' s ' &° T % o »_ Remseri Avenue Q ow'e ~ ° e 2 ) 7 e 7 't e 0 ¥ o ---9 " . \ g S & _ - = #"" Utica Avenue o w o ° R Sa® S w7 9 S . 4 d ~ = ! ° -'O'- - " N \\k\\0 - _-";S_ Flatbush -~ N R ---'e'\oe . 66\'0 . Nostrand Avenue : T o ~ » . _ - 0% Tt | ° *0 2 Miles 85 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Bus Network by Ridership e ./ " Average Monthly Ridership, Peak Periods 2020-2023 All Bus Routes 1,591 - 27,849 - 27,850 - 56,824 w 56,825 -97,419 wn 97,420 - 204,469 Select Bus Service Routes > - 1,591 - 27,849 - 27850 - 56,824 56,825 - 97,419 e 97 420 - 204,469 S i 1 4 : » 2 : 3 e /8 8 JI_' 6 .'9 a 7 12 14 10 ] 1 ot > 15 wag \ ' i < 13.. o 0 025 05 1 15 2 W e e Vi 9 Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on MTA Bus Customer Journey-Focused Metrics, January 2020 - March 2023. 86 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 A N~~~ /'A/ NYC Bike Routes June 2023 = Protected - Conventional -- Signed/Marked Route Bicycle Routes 87 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Citi Bike Availability Docks per 1000 people o /| 1-10 9 10-14 Il 14-18 N 18+ o 025 05 1 15 2 0 Miles Map by Brooklyn Brough Hall based on data from NYC Environmental and Health Data Portal 2023. 88 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Monthly Bicycle Use ///' NYC DOHMH Com N Percentage of adults reporting having ridden a bicycle at least once a month in the past year Between 7% - 11% Between 12% - 16% L 0 Between 17% - 24% I Between 25% - 37% Neighborhoods where estimate is based {1 on small numbers so should be interpreted with caution. NYC Bike Routes === Protected ~ Conventional ~--- Signed/Marked Route Borough Neighborhoods (UHF34), 2020. 89 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 = NS Street Types by Use Street Types 5 Unclassified N A Not all streets are the same, and different /S I g gmi;;To?:-mSidSz'nflatL Streets oo . -_ e ood Stree types of streets merit different right-of-way 7 2 Activity Streets treatments. RPA assessed the many charac- { = 1 Thru Streets teristics of New York City streets and created a typology. area. N - / " ' ¥ - e ) Al P o Thru Streets are significant arterial streets where maintaining the flow of vehicles, bikes, buses, cars, and trucks is paramount. Activity Streets are streets with destina- tions that draw people from the surrounding Neighborhood Streets are low-traffic streets that primarily serve the people who live, or in some cases, work on the street. & @ " - Map by Regional Plan Association, based on Re-Envisioning the Right of Way, October 2021. ~ af .&u W 1 90 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 | / N, Percentage of Workers who Commute to Work by T;ansfl / Commute by Transit ' /\\ Less than 33% NS Between 34% - 49% r " Between 50% - 64% / I Greater than 65% -- Subway Lines -- Select Bus Service Routes Table DP04, US Census American Community Survey 2021, 5 Year Estimates. o - Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Selected Housing Characteristics, 91 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 ~ 7 Commute to Work by Driving Percentage of Workers who N Commute by Car, Truck, or Van \ 0% - 18% 19% - 35% B 36% - 54% Bl 55% - 100% -- Subway Lines -- Select Bus Service Routes 1 4 2 | | 3 6 8 9 7 17 f 12 w g 10 o 15 13 0 025 05 1 15 2 £ o 0 N e Wh Hall based on Selected Housing Characteristics, Table , US Census American Community Survey 2021, 5 Year Estimates. 92 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Vehicle Miles Traveled -~ Estimated Vehicle Miles - _\ Traveled Weekday per Household Less than 14 miles Between 14 - 26 miles [ Between 26 - 35 miles B Between 35 and 68 miles . e Subway Stations LIRR Stations Subway Lines LIRR Lines 0 025 05 1 15 2 Map by Regional Plan Assoclation based on Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) B W e Local Area Transportation Characteristics for Households Data (LATCH Survey), Dec 2018 93 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Households with no / < Percent of Households with ~ = 2 No Vehicles Available Vehicles Available ; Less than 20% N Between 21% - 41% -- [ Between 42% - 62% ¢ B Greater than 63% e Subway Stations ® LIRR Stations -- Subway Lines = LIRR Lines 0 "-":"-"":'_":?m Map by Regional Plan Association and Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Selected Housing Characteristics Table DP04, US Census American Community Survey 2021, 5-Year Estimates. 94 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 i . ~ 4 ; ' / Pedestrian Safety Vision Zero Data, 2020-2023 ! [ Pedestrian Priority Zones / ~ Pedestrian Injury - # Pedestrian Death Developed as part of NYC DOT's Borough Pedestrian Safety Action Plans, Pedestrian Priority Zones are areas with a high density of crashes where pedestrians were killed or seriously injured (KSI). Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Vision Zero View Data, 2012-2023. 95 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 ~ 7 - / Cycling Safety Vision Zero Data, 2020-2023 ' [ Bike Priority Areas / ® Cyclists Killed F Cyclists Injured Identified in NYC DOT's report "Safer g Cycling: Bicycle Ridership and Safety in New % g York City," Bike Priority Areas are neighbor- AY e K hoods with comparatively high numbers of g ' 5 crashes where cyclists were killed or seri- o, X g = j/\ ously injured (KSI), and have few dedicated e .'..'"3 dtee" "' i bicycle facilities. o= 0 025 05 1 15 2 = 0 Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Vision Zero View Data, 2012-2023. 96 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Truck Routes o ., AV ~ O" - e e 3o s . Doy > 7 - ox -~ ., Q' - L ¥ § s o % e A & . .{'I ¢ - o i - " - ¢ - s - - 3 % . . e \. . - - - ¢ . . 2l U® . < ® . » . . 0 025 05 1 15 2 BN . e > Truck Routes -- Local === Through N BQE . Truck Loading Zones 3 W\ o . . l e .' B '.,,." _fi . .. S . . g r e 'lso - - 2 '.-:;. - -~y it s . lfl 4 ) . ] 4% o .'g, gl 3 < 1 . -~ '" . et & O ] WA .. l .o 2 & 1 ' . . ' . L N no : % , O Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on, NYC DCP LION and NYC DOT Truck Routes, 2023. 97 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 / N o+ Broadband Adoption - / Home Broadband Adoption l / (Percentage of Households) / Between 54% - 65% £ / Between 64% - 71% £ S [0 Between 72% - 78% I Between 79%- 87% S = - 0 025 05 1 15 2 P 0 B e "fiap by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on Internet Master Plan: Mdopflon and Infrastructure by Community District, NYC OTI, 2022. 98 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 N Water Treatment Plants + Wastewater Treatment Plants & Outfall Type ® Combined ® Separate (MS4) === |nterceptoprs Force Mains Treatment Plant Newtown Creek (NC) Owls Head (OH) I 26th Ward (26W) Coney Island (Cl) [ Red Hook (RH) < 0 025 05 1 15 2 ° Map b, jonal Plarf Association based onOpen Sewer Atlas 0 H N T v . Service areas for the 14 Wastewater Treatment Plants. 99 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Environmental Climate change is the most pressing threat to New York City's future. This year marks 11 years since Superstorm Sandy, and many of Brooklyn's waterfront communities are still recovering from the devastating impacts of that storm, which flooded an area twice the size of the 100-year flood plain, damaged homes, disrupted transportation systems, and left residents - especially public housing residents - stranded in their homes for weeks until power was restored. As the severity of storms increases, tempera- tures become more extreme, and heat waves become more com- mon, the impacts of these changes will hit some communities much harder than others. Future Coastal Flooding The NYC Panel on Climate Change determined that sea level rise occurring over time is likely to increase coastal flooding dur- ing hurricanes and storms. As a result of sea level rise, neighbor- hoods adjacent to the southeastern waterfront will likely see coastal flooding increase in frequency, extent, and depth. By the year 2050 and based on high estimates (sea level rising by 31 inches), all of CD 13-comprising Sea Gate, Coney Island, Brighton Beach, and Manhattan Beach-will likely fall in the 100-year floodplain (1% chance of flooding on any given year), and by 2080, most of Coney Island is anticipated to be affected by high tides on a regular basis. Red Hook and portions of Greenpoint will also see increased coastal flood risk. Many of the borough's contaminated sites (Superfund, Chemical Bulk Storage, and Toxic Release Inventory Sites) are located within the future floodplain, further raising the urgency of completing environmental remediation before the next major storm event. Stormwater Flooding Different from coastal floods, stormwater flooding comes because of extreme rainfall events. As such, stormwater flooding mostly affects areas with low elevations and poor drainage. An extreme precipitation event of 3.5 inches per hour will likely affect most neighborhoods in Brooklyn, with only a few high-ground areas such as Sunset Park and Prospect Heights being exempt. Air Pollution-PM Fine particulate matter (PM, ) is a term for particles in the air smaller than 2.5 micrometers. Combustion and other opera- tions that involve burning such as vehicle engines or tobacco smoke are a significant source of PM, . Higher rates of PM, are located along the BQE corridor and industrial areas of the borough such as Newtown Creck. However, there are also non-combustion related sources such as friction from car tires against the road. This presents a challenge for the transition to electric vehicles, as a transition to heavier electric vehicles could exacerbate rather than mitigate the presence of one of the most common air pollutants. Air Pollution - Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen dioxide (NO,) is a pollutant formed by ground-level emissions related to fossil fuels, both from static sources such as industrial plants and mobile sources such as vehicles. High concentrations typically occur near major roads - a pattern that holds true in Brooklyn, where the highest measurements are found near major vehicular corridors such as the BQE and Atlantic Avenue. While particle pollution such as PM, ; can be a concern over larger entire regions, NO, isa concern at the hyperlocal level; studies have shown that concentrations may be 30 to 100 percent higher near heavy traffic. Indoor Air Quality Complaints From 2022-2023, Brooklynites made 3,353 indoor air qual- ity, asbestos, and mold complaints to 311. Indoor air quality complaints are more frequent and widespread across the borough than asbestos and mold complaints. Indoor air quality com- plaints still tend to be clustered and more common in areas north of Linden Boulevard on the eastern side of Prospect Park and north of Grand Army Plaza. There is a notable cluster of complaints near the southeast corner of Prospect Park, at the intersection of CDs 9, 14, and 17. Tree Canopy Coverage In addition to beautifying the borough's neighborhoods, trees clean the air, shade buildings and streets, and help manage stormwater. Overall, 18% of Brooklyn is covered by tree canopy, the lowest coverage of the five boroughs. East New York, East Flatbush, and Coney Island have less area covered by tree canopy. Tree Canopy Change 2010-2017 While Brooklyn's tree canopy grew overall between 2010-2017, Superstorm Sandy left a visible scar on the borough's tree canopy in 2012, as prolonged inundation in salt water killed many trees that were not salt-tolerant in neighborhoods such as Canarsie and Coney Island. 100 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Heat Vulnerability The NYC Heat Vulnerability Index measures how the risk of heat-related illness or death differs across neighborhoods. According to DOHMH, neighborhood risk factors that increase heat vulnerability in NYC are less home air conditioning, less green space, hotter surface temperatures, and more residents who are low-income or non-Latino Black. Central, northern, and castern Brooklyn suffer the highest levels of heat stress. Park Access Most of the borough is within a five-minute walking distance of a park. However, significant pockets of southern and eastern Brooklyn have a 10-minute walk to access a patk. Some areas of Sea Gate, Mill Basin, Flatbush, and Cypress Hills are under- served, requiring 10 minutes or more to reach a park. It should be noted that all parks are not created equal. Many City parks are too small for active recreation or covered in blacktop or con- crete, meaning access to open space does not imply availability of green space. Waterfront Access Most of Brooklyn's waterfront access is in two areas: the north- west stretching from Greenpoint to Red Hook, where easements designated in part by the Waterfront Access Plan provide access to the East River, and the southeast part of the borough along the shores of Jamaica Bay and the Gateway National Recreation Area. The NYC Ferry network provides a transportation link along Brooklyn's waterways but offers limited connections to southern Brooklyn and Jamaica Bay. Plans for a ferry landing in Coney Island Creek have been abandoned due to engineering challenges. FEEDBACK UPDATE 'What we heard e Green infrastructure is a broad subject and difficult to map. e General concerns about lead and toxins in soil, hazardous waste disposal, cooling centers, how heat impacts violence, water quality monitoring, and Brownfield sites. e Need to examine former sites that generated hazardous waste, such as filling stations or industrial manufacturing, Updates e Updated symbology and added ground pollution sites to the Future Floodplain map. e Added Air Pollution maps for both PM, and Nitrogen Dioxide, and Indoor Air Quality Complaints. ¢ Added Tree Canopy Coverage and Change 2010-2017. e Moved Park Access up from Appendix. ¢ Added Waterfront Access map. 101 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Future Floodplain Projected 2050's Floodplain The floodplain represents areas at risk of B 2050s 500-year Floodplain coastal flooding during a significant storm event. The New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC) has developed a projection for future floodplain based on 31 inches of sea level rise by the 2050s. Areas in light blue are projected to be vulnerable to flooding during a severe storm with a 1% chance of happening in any given year. Areas in dark blue are projected to be vulnerable to flooding during a severe | 2050s 100-Year Floodplain . Chemical Bulk Storage Sites A\, Superfund Class 2 Sites . Toxic Release Sites storm with a 0.2% chance of happening in any given year. 102 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Stormwater Flooding Different from coastal floods, stormwater flooding comes from extreme rainfall events. As such, stormwater flooding mostly affects areas with low elevations and poor drainage. An extreme precipitation event of 3.5" per hour will likely affect most neighborhoods in Brooklyn, with only a few high-ground areas such as Sunset Park and Prospect Heights avoiding flooding. wad Extreme Precipitaion 3.5 inches per hour - Nuisance Flooding (greater or equal to 4 in. and less than 1 ft.) = Deep and Contiguous Flooding (1ft. and greater) - % pe = Current Capital Sewer and Infrastrucutre Projects (2023-2040) 11\ AR G 3 7 s 0 4 B 7 Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYC DEP flood models July 2021, and DCP's Capital Planning Explorer 103 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Air Pollution -%Mg;§f- 2y il v, 4'% / 6 025 05 1 15 2 Miles 2022 Annual Particulates per cubic meter* l 12.9 pg/cubic meter 5.8 pg/cubic meter - BQE - *World Health Organization (WHO) ' recommends a target safety level /1 of 5 micrograms per cubic meter. R Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYC citywide raster files of average predicted surface for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), updated March 2023 104 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Air Pollution - Nitrogen Dioxide 2022 Annual Particulates per cubic meter* . 36.3 pg/cubic meter L 6.9 pg/cubic meter - BQE *World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a target safety level of 10 micrograms per cubic meter. 0 025 05 1 15 2 0 Wies Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYC citywide raster files of average predicted surface for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), updated March 2023 105 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Indoor Air Quality: 311 Complaint Type 311 Complaints 2022-2023 ® Indoor Air Quality" ° Asbestos o Mold *includes chemical vapors/gases/ odors; dry cleaning vapors (PERC); dust from construction; N/A (not applicable); other; public complaint-community location; sewage leak; sewage odor; unsanitary condition; ventilation; workplace - 10 or less staff. T ) e Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on NYC DOHMH Indoor Environmental Complaints, January 2022 - July 2023 106 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Tree Cover Canopy " Percent Acrae:OLI;at is Tree Less than 10% Between 10 and 15% [ Between 15.1 and 20% I Between 20.1 and 25% Hl More than 25% o 025 05 1 15 2 . Map by Brooklyn Brough Hall based on data from 2017 LIDAR capture and NY City Council 107 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Tree Cover Canopy Change Percent Change in Canopy 3 (2010 - 2017) Between -2.5% and 0% Between 0.1% and 1% I Between 1.01% and 2% I Between 2.02% and 3% M More than 3% o 025 05 1 15 2 e Map by Brooklyn Brough Hall based on data from 2010 and 2017 LIiDAR capture and NY City Council 108 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Heat Vulnerability Developed by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DOHMH), the Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) shows neighborhoods whose residents are more at risk for dying during and immediately following extreme heat. The factors incldued in HVI are: . Surface temperature . Green space, . Access to home air conditioning, and . Percentage of residents who are low- income or non-Latino Black 0 025 05§ 1 15 2 Mies Heat Vulnerability Index by NTA 1 - Least Vulnerable 2 3 4 B 5 - Most Vulnerable Map by Regional Plan Association and Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYGIDOHMH, 2023. Estimates by Neighborhood Tabulation Areas (NTAs). 109 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Walking Access to Parks - Access to Parks [] Cemeteries [T city, State, and Federal Parks A Walking Distance in Minutes \f / Less than 5 Minutes " 5-10 Minutes I 10 + Minutes 0 025 05 1 15 2 Map by Regional HarkAssociafién and Municipal Art Society of New York 0 N T vie based on a walking network of pedestrian-accessible roads and paths, and park entrances July, 2020 110 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 (&) - y Publicly Owned Waterfront Wate I'fl'p nt ACCGSS ','M City, State, and Federally owned [ public parks and facilities that provide , waterfront parkland and open space ' for public enjoyment. .'t" LN ' Waterfront Public Access Areas ' N > Privately owned waterfront zoning lots ® "" 4 T where publicly accessible open space ' is provided to and along the shoreline for public enjoyment. ! Access Points to Waterfront Public Access Areas Waterfront Access Plan ! Zoning parcels where future development " 1 is required to build and maintain public access areas. I NYC Parks Forever Wild Areas Non-waterfront Open Space &) Ferry Landings ---- Ferry Routes 4 [ | Beaches ) /< Highland Park > 10 ~ T Hrospect Park \ \ LY\ Y- - H ) -7 N 1 K \ 7 \ 13 + '\ ~ - % N I " 5'- B e 0 0 025 05 1 15 2 Miles NYC DCP Waterfron'{ Access M: C DPR Forever Wild Areas, 2023. 111 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Neighborhood Conditions Numerous studies endorsed by the medical community demonstrate that neighborhood conditions such as cleanliness, freedom from violent crime, presence of supportive com- munity organizations, access to green space, and related variables significantly contribute to adults' physical and mental health. These indicators also serve as strong determinants of physical health, psychological well-being, and quality of life for youth raised in a given area. The supportiveness of a community is largely due to the preva- lence of accessible health care facilities; places of assembly and community events; and schools, youth services, and daycare programs to enable households and families to maintain stability in everyday life and in times of crisis. According to the 2021 American Community Survey, approximately 24% to 28% of households with children in Kings County are headed by a single parent."® Likewise, approximately 30% of Brooklyn households in 2021 had one or more residents over age 65. In both cases, strong and supportive community associations and services are essential for keeping these houscholds safe, happy, and healthy.? Hospitals and Health Facilities Healthcare facilities include hospitals, infirmaries, and pharma- cies. Other health -related facilities include nursing homes and adult care institutions. These types of facilities are spread evenly throughout the borough, with an average of a dozen per com- munity district. Hospital Patient Satisfaction Throughout the engagement process, Brooklynites voiced frus- trations both with accessing health care and the quality of health care once they did see a provider. While a commonly reliable metric for quality of health care remains elusive, New York State does publish patient satisfaction rates for hospitals across the borough. Of Brooklyn's 15 hospitals, none had a patient satisfac- tion rate above the New York state average, and at four hospitals 28 U.S.Census Bureau; American Community Survey, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Table DPO2 (September 2022) 29 U.S.Census Bureau; American Community Survey, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Table DP02; (September 2022) patients were significantly less satisfied compared to the state average. Several of these hospitals are in neighborhoods with chronic health challenges highlighted throughout this chapter, such as Brownsville, Coney Island, and Bushwick. Primary Care Physicians While primary care facilities are spread across the borough, resi- dents of neighborhoods such as Bedford-Stuyvesant, Red Hook, East Flatbush, and Gravesend have few local options. Public Assembly Places of public assembly-defined here as non-religious institutions where the public generally gathers such as libraries, muscums, and community centers-are distributed fairly evenly throughout the borough. Overcrowding and Schools Public schools in Brooklyn face uneven enrollment across the borough. Overcrowding is more prevalent in southern Brooklyn, particularly acute in Community School District (CSD) 20, which encompasses Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights, Borough Park, and surrounding neighborhoods. Most public schools east of Prospect Park are under-enrolled. This could be due to several factors, including changing demographics and school choice. Brooklyn does have enough school capacity when measured at a borough level. However, the available school capacity is often in areas far from students' home neighborhoods. The youngest stu- dents are best served when they have short distances to travel by foot to their elementary and middle schools. Therefore, the City measures overcrowding at the School District level (and sub- districts in formal land use review). The City expects high school students can travel further distances than elementary or middle school students, and therefore overcrowding for high school is measured at a borough level. The School Construction Authority (SCA) is a NY State Public Authority that is responsible for building new public schools and additions to existing facilities in New York City. SCA's budget is funded by New York City and allocates funding at the "sub-district" boundary (these boundaries are available on SCA's 112 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 website). SCA's Capital Plan is released every four years (with intermittent amendments). In the latest capital plan, new schools are funded in school districts along the western and southern coastlines of the Borough. To date, over 10,000 school seats have been funded in Brooklyn. SCA is currently executing its 2020- 24 Capital Plan. School Locations K-12 schools include public, charter, private special education, and alternative high schools. Northwestern Brooklyn, East New York, and Borough Park have the greatest number of these schools. Bay Ridge and Coney Island have the fewest schools serving K-12 students. School Accessibility Across the borough, many of Brooklyn's schools have poor rat- ings for accessibility. Daycare and Pre-Kindergarten This map indicates the location of universal pre-K, group and school-based childcare centers, preschools for students with dis- abilities, and head start programs. Due to its very high propor- tion of houscholds with small children, Borough Park has the greatest number of day care and preschool facilities compared to other parts of Brooklyn. Southern Crown Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Brownsville have the fewest childcare facilities in the borough. Libraries and Cultural Programs CD 2, in Downtown Brooklyn, has the most libraries and cultural programs. Moving radially outwards from that area, concentrations of these facilities tend to decrease. While libraries and cultural programs are not evenly distributed throughout the borough, their largest concentrations are highly accessible via subways. Neighborhood Safety: Major Felony Crimes Brooklyn is divided into 23 New York Police Department (NYPD) Precincts. Seven major felony crimes (murder, rape, robbery, felony assault, burglary, grand larceny, and grand larceny of a motor vehicle) have steadily declined since the year 2000, dropping by almost 50% since then. While auto thefts have recently trended upwards, violent crimes have recently fallen. These are committed most frequently in Brooklyn's most vulnerable communities as it relates to pub- lic health, including East New York, Brownsville, Flatbush, Bedford-Stuyvesant, and Bushwick. Since 2000, major felony crimes have remained below median crime rates except in the 75th Precinct (East New York). Neighborhood Safety: Perception With the exception of Sunset Park, the perception of neighbor- hood safety is markedly higher in the western part of the bor- ough than the eastern part, with residents of the southwestern corner of the borough self-reporting the highest perception of neighborhood safety. FEEDBACK UPDATE What we heard e Discussion of flooding often focuses on storm surge, and it is unclear what the City is doing about areas that experi- ence intermittent flooding outside of major storm events. e There is a need for better communication about the City's response to rat and vermin migration. e What can be done to mitigate minor crimes in neighbor- hoods throughout Brooklyn? Updates ¢ Added Patient Satisfaction Rate by Hospital and Primary Care Physicians map. ¢ Moved Schools, Day Care & Pre-Kindergarten, and Perception of Neighborhood Safety up from Appendix. 113 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Hospitals and Health Facilities Hospitals and Health B Hospitals and Long Term Care facilities (11) B Health Center, Child Center, Clinic (15) B nfirmary (12) [ Dispensary (I3) | Staff Facilities (14) [ Nursing Home (16) B Adult Care Facility (17) [ wmiscellaneous (19) "Dispensary" refers to a facility that dispenses medications or medical supplies, not cannabis. 0 0-0':25-0'5:H5:fM"es Map by Regional Plan Association based on MapPluto 21v4 building class codes assigned by Deparment of Finance. 114 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Hospital Patient Satisfaction 0o Significantly worse than NY average Woodhull Medical Wyckoff Heights & Mental Health Medical Center Center . Y ~ ¥ 4 S, 2 ey 5 O o Brooklyn Hospital 3 NYUWHealth Center G(J}bble Hil Interfaith 6 () Medical Center 8 New York Presbyterlan 5 6 Brooklyn Methodist 16 P' Hospital ' _ Kings County Hospital Center 7 University Hospital oNYU Langone Brooklyn 17 Hospital Brooklyn ® Maimonides Medical Center 14 12 18 Mount Sinai New(York Community §J Brooklyn Hospital of, Brooklyn 1" 15 5 @cConey Island Hospital 13 0 025 05 1 15 2 0 - Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center W\ Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based on NYS Department of Health Health Profiles, 2019. Patient Satisfaction Rate O O Insufficient data Not significantly better or worse than NY average Brookdale'FIospitaI Medical Center, N N / S m& .O" Y Ve N ' O 115 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 School Accessibility School BAP Accesibilty Rating @ Fully Accessible (9-10 rating) © Partially Accessible (1-8 rating) ® Not Rated ® 0 ° ' O o ® o ' ° - ..: o *® . ©e® 80 0les o & o 0.0..0. ® ° .:.o" 4 3'?. d_ o ¢ % o P ° 0 ° Urge 9 ® oo %o ¢ S . o 0o © '. ® o ' 0 ® ® o .: ® % e O o $. o0 .' 00 .. O " ® o ..'. o 0D o9} 9 % ® . o ° o0~ " 5 \ ] ..: 8 o ° ®* 0.° o,° © o =% .. % U 8 3 e .' 9 " - e Qo "" o N '. o ® :.. .. .' .z ..' = .. L ) of 9 °® ° P00 o © oY ©Oe ~.... 5 '.0.0 o ° o ° 0°® o o ® o o 0 * Q o '.. o Rl ae® Qe ° S tflfi o ° * o ° ° S TN ..0 eo?® '.... ¢ o0 6»! ° o o L. e oo ° S Y V4 ® 4 © = o ) '" o o 2 .. 2 A 3 % { D °© ¢ 4 .. 7 o8 5 o o O 000 % , © & e O Qe 0 0025 05 1 15 zmu Map by Brooklyn Brough Hall based on ACS 5-year 2021 data, S2401 116 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Public Assembly . - Public Assembly Bl Library B Museum & B Community Center [0 Concert Halls . YMCA [ Lodge Rooms [ Beach Club I Amusement Place and Bathhouse I Miscellaneous 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 0 B N N vies Map by Regional Plan Association based on MapPluto 21v4 117 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Total Number of School K-8 Seats Needed February 2022 Seats Needed Ty 00 501 -650 _ [ 651 - 1000 I 1001 - 1300 Jheleeing . I 1301 - 2000 East Williamsb'urg Bushwick Bed-Stuy ) Bed-Stuy Brownswe Bed-Stuy Crown Heights Brownsville DUMBO/ Fort Green Cypress : Hills/ East New York Prospect Heights/ Crown Heights East New York/ Starrett City Park Slope Sunset Park Flatbush/ Prospect Park South Canarsie Flatlands/ Midwood RO e 'L;.".,'%" | %" -2 = o Borough flj Park/Kensington, Begson NYC OpenData, New Jersey Office of GIS, Esri, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, 0 e E e 5 GeoTechnologies, Inc, METI/NASA, USGS, EPA, NPS, USDA 118 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 School Locations Total Number of Schools K-12 [ 20-32 []33-43 [ 44 -55 Bl 56 - 66 N 67 -78 @ Public Schools © Private Schools O Charter Schools Map by Brooklyn Borough Hall based NYC DOE school point locations as of June 2022 119 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 School Accessibility School BAP Accessibility Rating @ 9-10 (fully accessible) @ 1 -8 (partially accessible) ® 0 (no accessibility) 0 025 05 1 15 2 Mhes Map by Brooklyn Brough Hall based on NYC DOE accessibility rating for public schools, updated March 2023 120 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 S Day Care and Pre Klnderéa/rden . mm 54-77 Il 78-102 - I 103-176 Map by Regional Plawg;tion based on NYC Capital Planning Explorer, 2021 Day Care and Pre- Kindergarden 0-53 Universal Pre-Kindergardens, Group- and School-based Child O Care Centers, Preschools for Students with Disabilities, Head Start Programs 121 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 _ s TR &/ 4 ) Libraries and Cultural Programs. i Y &7 4 - H I T v Map by Regional Plan A iation based on NYC Capital Planning Explorer, 2021 L] Lt} PR e iy B LA DIO-- A o S 0 o i s ga g Libraries and Y 04 =g K / o {9*"' - Cultural Programs Y 2 T - i ol - " oG B o @ . mmo0-23 A w2449 S e U mmos0-95 ! I 96 - 290 Public Libraries, Academic and {. ° Special Libraries, Museums, | Historical Societies, and Other ' Cultural Institutions o 0 o O D i . { A - ™ g 122 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Median Number 629 - 1205 Median Number of 7 Major Felony Crimes 1206 . 1781 B 1752 - 2358 B 2359 - 2034 I 2935 - 3510 :] Precincts NYC OpenData, New Jersey Office of GIS, Esri, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, 0 025 0 1 15 @ GeoTechnologies, Inc, METI/NASA; USGS, EPA, NPS, USDA N ) 123 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 ~ Perception of Neighborhood Safety Perception of Neighborhood Safety Between 0% - 82.6% I Between 82.6% - 88.4% I Between 88.4% - 91.4% I Between 91.4% - 97.4% - ~ Map by Regional Plan Association based on NYC Community Health Survey, Perceptthorhood Safety, by United Hospital Fund neighborhoods, 2016 124 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 125 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 A '3 \?'\ é';{f.fl""'-'? 4 R DAL = EM N 'rr'?' ' ) 42 f'/,( 77 i 3L IE RIS ' VR LY/ Powers of the Brooklyn Borough President The Brooklyn Comprehensive Plan is a vision for a healthier, more equitable Brooklyn, but there are limitations to what the Borough President's Office can implement directly. The Plan categorizes its recommendations into four types of actions that correspond to the Borough President's responsibilities and powers: Advocacy, Land Use, Budget, and Outreach. ADVOCACY BUDGET Legislation, delivery of City services, and implementation of projects The Borough President has a role in legislation at the City level; although the Borough President does not vote on bills directly, he can sponsor and introduce legislation in partnership with the City Council. And as a voice for all of Brooklyn, the Borough President can use the position to advocate for legislation at the State and Federal levels. This advocacy extends beyond legislation; the Borough President can also push for the equitable delivery of City services and public works projects. These issues come in all sizes, ranging from advocating for programming at a specific library branch to a corridor-wide reconstruction of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway. LAND USE m Public review of rezonings, special permits, and appointments to public boards The Borough President has a hands-on role in land use decisions across the borough. This includes a Charter-mandated role to issue recommendations on rezoning applications through the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP), as well as the discretion to submit rezoning applications of his own and weigh in on non-ULURP changes such as changes to the City map, the siting of City facilities and office space, and applications to the Board of Standards and Appeals (BSA). The land use recommendations in this report are intended to provide consistency, predictability, and accountability. These recommendations will be a reference for ULURP applicants, community boards, the City Planning Commission, and City Council to know what to expect from ULURP recommenda- tions issued by the Brooklyn Borough President's Office. State, Federal, and grant funding, and advocating for allocations in the City budget. Direct allocation of BBPO funds, applying for Per the City Charter, Borough Presidents may propose modifi- cations to the Mayor's Preliminary and Executive Budgets. The Brooklyn Borough President also has an allotment of both capi- tal and expense funds to allocate through grants. These funds can be directed either to City-sponsored projects in need of additional funding, or to non-profit organizations that run pro- gramming that directly supports the borough's residents. Finally, the Brooklyn Borough President plays a role in the allocation of State economic development funds as an ex officio member of the New York State Regional Economic Development Council for New York City. OUTREACH fl, Constituent affairs, communications, ~ programming, and events The Borough President's Office helps connect Brooklynites to existing services, programs, and information through constitu- ent affairs, events, media, and programming across the borough. The recommendations in this chapter are organized into seven goals related to Health, Housing, Environment, Active Living and Transit, Community Services, Jobs, and Accessibility, and further into 23 objectives toward achieving these goals. Each objective is also labeled with at least one corresponding Framework, which is elaborated on in the following chapter. The frameworks are: Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management Healthy Streets & Environment Health & Wellness Economy Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs 127 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Goals, Objectives, and Recommendations GOAL: HEALTHCARE Increase access to quality, affordable health care and preventative services Objective 1.1: Reduce health care costs Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 1.1.1 Expand Neighborhood Health Centers and Health Action Centers in areas with a high concentration of uninsured and underinsured populations. fi a) Advocate for increased investment in the Health Action Center model, which co-locates partners that offer specialized medical services and social services aligned with needs highlighted in the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH)'s Community Health Profiles. b) Explore allocating capital funding for needed facility upgrades. 1.1.2 Ensure that the Mayor enacts the Office of Healthcare Accountability as required by Local Law 78 of 2023. Promote the office's website when it becomes active, which will provide transparency about cost of services at local hospitals. DEP 1.1.3 Advocate for City-run health task forces to include community-based health workers. = 1.1.4 Explore funding organizations, clinics, and local hospitals to offer preventative health work in conjunction with medical care in community facilities and through mobile services, in order to identify potential health issues early or prevent them altogether. e |§EADVOCACY [ibLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (]soumEAcul E 1.1.5 Support efforts to expand NYC and NYS health " coverage programs. Encourage education and aware- fl: ness through GetCoveredN'YC, the City's healthcare enrollment campaign, and NYC Care, NYC's no to low-cost health coverage program for the uninsured and underinsured. 1.1.6 Support basclined City funding for programs that provide wraparound legal, advocacy, and health services for individuals who are currently uninsured due to immi- gration status. 1.1.7 Explore funding nonprofit organizations that administer social service programs to help uninsured New Yorkers negotiate and lower healthcare bills. K o kP 1.1.8 Advocate for implementation of New York's Nurse Staffing Law across all hospitals. This law mandates safe patient-to-nurse staffing ratios (1 nurse to 4 patients). High nurse-to-patient ratios are statistically correlated to a 7% increase in hospital mortality for each additional patient, caused by unattended infections, cardiac arrest, and readmission that increase treatment costs. Safe staffing ratios also mitigate stress, anxiety, and burnout, reducing turnover and improving cost savings for recruitment and training that often total $82,000 to $88,000 per new hire. 128 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 High Rates of No Health Insurance Census tracts where over 20% of residents lack health insurance. (CDC 500 Cities Project, 2017.) Existing Neighborhood Health Centers and Health Action Centers o Neigborhood Health Centers (NYC Health + Hospitals) ©® Health Action Centers (NYC DOHMH) Existing Neighborhood Health Centers (NYC Health and Hospitals, 2023) and Health Action Centers (NYC DOHMH, 2023) AR 0f /N Objective 1.2: Remove barriers to health care Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 1.2.1 Ensure Brooklynites live within 2 half-mile of 2 quality health care facility. a) Encourage the administration to first fund and support existing facilities that communities trust first. If new needs are identified, encourage devel- opers to site new healthcare facilities in mixed-use development projects. b) Increase access to Neighborhood Health Centers and Federally-Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) in neighborhoods with low life expectancy and high uninsurance and underinsurance rates. c) Increase transportation access to critical safety net health care facilities by supporting the proposed Interborough Express (IBX) and advocating for further improvements to the B46-SBS bus line along Utica Avenue. Bl EIEr ElnfEr m d) Encourage property owners to site pharmacies, healthy food supermarkets, and senior or supportive housing units proximate to hospitals. 1.2.2 Support baselined City funding for existing and new school-based health clinics. 1.2.3 Explore funding community-based organizations to conduct multilingual public outreach campaigns to encourage eligible NYC residents to sign up for market- place health insurance, and encourage those who do not qualify for marketplace insurance or find it unaffordable to sign up for NYC Care. 1.2.4 Advocatc for the State to require all providers and institutional care team members to receive adequate training in recognizing implicit bias, providing culturally competent care, understanding ADA-accessibility guide- lines, and mental health first aid. Support professional programs to increase linguistic, cultural, and demographic representation among communities of color in healthcare and other related fields. 1.2.5 Support increased access to and expanded insur- ance coverage for visiting nurse and physician services for homebound patients. 1.2.6 Encourage healthcare facilities to create and imple- ment a continuum-of-care model that integrates preventa- tive care; medical, emergency and chronic disease care; rehabilitative, long-term care; and social services through- out an individual's lifetime. |§EADV00AC'1 [abLanpuse €E]BubceT (]EOUTREACHl 129 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Hospitals and Transit Opportunities - B6, B46-SBS, and B 82-SBS Bus Routes - Proposed IBX Route ® Hospitals Bolstering key bus routes and the proposed Interborough Express (I1BX) present opportunities to provide better transit to Brooklyn's hospitals. School-based Health Clinics School-based health clinics as of 2023 (NYC DOE, 2023) |§EADV0<:ACY [abLAnDuUse €E]BUDGET (]sourREAcul Objective 1.3: Reduce complications related to childbirth Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: o i P i 1.3.1 Work with all levels of government to increase transparency about maternal health indicators and make related data public and disaggregated across communities. including rates of c-section, episiotomies, breastfeeding uptake, and attending care team during childbirth, Work with State partners to require that hospitals report mater- nal health indicators in the N'YS Hospital Maternity Information Database. 1.3.2 Amplify the Brooklyn Borough President's maternal health education and awareness campaign across Brooklyn. Led by expert professionals on his Maternal Health Taskforce, the campaign features a maternal health gunide that provides information on preparing for a safe and healthy pregnancy, caring for emotional well- being, building a pregnancy care team, advocacy for one's own healthcare rights, and navigating the post-partum journey. 1.3.3 Create partnerships between higher education and medical institutions in Brooklyn to initiate career path- ways related to improving quality birthing experiences. Encourage the administration to provide baselined fund- ing to increase workforce representation for midwives, doulas, and mental health practitioners and diversify the healthcare workforce with childbirth education and expertise. 1.3.4 Continue to provide capital funding for existing and new birthing centers and facilities. 1.3.5 Connect expecting mothers to financial, food, and childcare resources, particularly within low-income communities. flé a) Conduct a citywide campaign regarding eligibility for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). m b) Work with developers to locate WIC offices in or near all local public hospitals and in neighborhoods with highest rates of low birth weight. 1.3.6 Advocate for hospitals to provide tailored, lin- guistically and culturally competent mental health and substance use recovery support to birthing people duting pregnancy and after childbirth. Encourage the adminis- tration to fund at least one maternal health psychologist to work within the maternal health departments of each local NYC Health and Hospitals (H+H) hospital. 130 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 1.3.7 Encourage DOHMH to develop coordinated infrastructure for cross-referrals between community- based organizations that support maternal health. This system would streamline referrals and track clients who may be accessing a variety of services, to ensure they receive quality and comprehensive care. A 1.3.8 Advocate for the City to provide baselined funding to increase access to mental health services and financial support for unhoused pregnant people and new parents living in the shelter system. Led by expert professionals on the BP's Maternal Health Taskforce, BBPO's maternal health campaign features a guide that provides information on preparing for a safe and healthy pregnancy, caring for emotional well-being, building a pregnancy care team, advocating for one's own healthcare rights, and navigating the port-partum journey. Find more info at: www.brooklynbp.nyc.gov/healthypregnancy/ Low birthweight at full term 1.5% - 2% m2.61%-3.3% 2.1% -2.6% m3.31% - 3.9% Low birthweight is defined as less than 5 Ibs, 8 oz at full term. Mapped by United Hospital Fund (UHF) neighborhood. (NYC DOHMH, 2013) Locations Providing WIC Services Locations offering services through the Special Supplemental Nutrition Pro- gram for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). (NYS DOH, 2023) |§EADV0CAC¥ [abLAnD use €E]BUDGET (¢OUTREACH 131 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 1.4: Address violence and its public health impacts Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management Healthy Streets & Environment Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: El&T 1.4.1 Expand social services and community-based programs. a) Work with the administration to expand the City's Crisis Management System to support Cure Violence organizations, especially those that host youth prevention programs, teen Relationship Abuse Prevention Programs (RAPP), and Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Programs (HVIPs). b) Support expansion of pilot programs such as the Brownsville Safety Alliance, in which NYPD and the District Attorney's Office defer to local organizations on how to combat low-level crime in their community. c) Fund training programs in community mental g health and de-escalation, as well as initiatives that fl< increase public awarcness about the consequences of violence, promoting empathy, tolerance, and non- violent communication through school curricula, community campaigns, and media initiatives. d) Encourage the administration to increase base- lined funding for support services including medical care, counseling, legal assistance, and advocacy for victims of violence. Empowering survivors and addressing their specific needs is crucial for their recovery and preventing future violence. E] ¢ Reduce incarceration by advocating for increased funding for Alternatives to Incarceration programs, as well as the programs and staff needed to reduce the time between arrest and trial, such as the Center for Justice Innovation's pilot program that signifi- cantly reduced felony case delays in Brooklyn. 1.4.2 Support community facility uses that increase access to affordable behavioral health, substance use, and interpersonal violence support. Encourage NYCHA to prioritize reopening community centers that are closed due to needed repairs or a lack of program providers. 1.4.3 Fund community-based organizations that address the social determinants leading to adverse health out- comes, including lack of quality education, housing, jobs, economic stability, and social cohesion. |§EADV0CACV [ibLAnpuse €E]BUDGET (]sourREAcul i AIREr EIRF El o kP 1.4.4 Work with the Office of the Brooklyn District Atrorney to provide more gun buyback programs in Brooklyn. 1.4.5 Work with the Department of Transportation and developers to add adequate lighting to streets to increase safety. 1.4.6 Support efforts to hold landlords accountable for warchousing vacant commercial spaces to encourage foot traffic and safety. 1.4.7 Support baselined funding for Department of Education (DOE)-based initiatives such as Project Pivot, which offers students resources such as counseling, mentoring, and programs including sports, recreation, and arts. Ensure that such intervention programs and strate- gies are evidence-based, and that parents are aware of these opportunities. 1.4.8 Advocate for expansion of restorative justice programs and services to all schools, as well as training for educators and staff in restorative justice practices. NYCHA Community Centers with Delayed Repairs (NYCHA Capital Projects Tracker, 2023) 132 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 1.5: Expand programs that provide support for behavioral health issues and substance use disorders Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 1.5.1 Explore providing funding for: a) community-based organizations working to reduce stigmas around mental and behavioral health and connect Brooklynites to treatment options; b) programs that provide mental health support for those working in healthcare, education and youth services, and violence interruption; c) partner organizations to conduct public outreach campaigns on mental health services offered through NYC Care; and d) mental health first aid training programs for staff of community-based organizations. 1.5.2 Urge the administration to create a more seam- less referral system from NYC Well and Crime Victim Advocates hotlines to tailored, long-term, community- based affordable mental health care options. =P o 1.5.3 Create and promote a directory of mental health provider organizations to uplift available care options. 1.5.4 Advocate for expansion of school-based mental health clinics to schools across the borough with emphasis on communities where data supports the highest need. GOAL 2: HOUSING Increase access to safe and healthy affordable housing Objective 2.1: Develop new affordable housing in keeping with fair housing principles, especially in areas where housing production has not kept pace with population growth Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management Recommendations: 2.1.1 Evaluate land use proposals through a fair housing lens, encouraging all parts of the borough to contribute their fair share. m a) The Borough President will consider re-filing applications that he supported but the devel- oper withdrew before the approvals process was completed. m b) Support proposed increases in density in areas where housing production is lagging. The Borough President will not support downzonings that restrict the potential for new housing production. E c) Support the landmarking of individual properties that contribute to Brooklyn's diverse and important m cultural heritage. Encourage the Department of City Planning (DCP) to conduct a review of exist- ing historic districts and their impact on housing production. E d) Encourage the Department of City Planning to amend Brooklyn's zoning districts to allow for multi- family housing in all residential zones. 'm) 2.1.2 In projects going through public review, work with applicants to explore adding more and deeper affordabil- ity than required by Mandatory Inclusionary Housing (MIH). 2.1.3 Advocate for increased Federal support and increased City capital funding for new affordable housing construction that is accessible to low-income New Yorkers. Support affordable housing construction with discretion- ary funding, m 2.1.4 Analyze the development potential of vacant and underutilized City-owned property in Brooklyn and pri- oritize developable sites for affordable housing. Encourage mapping higher density zoning districts on public sites where multiple public purposes could be achieved. | GFAbvocacy [ghLanpuse §EjBubcer (]sourREAcu| 133 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 2.1.5 Require 100% affordable housing in perpetuity Residential Density when housing development receives City subsides through an HPD term sheet. 2.1.6 Support mission-driven and faith-based projects m that further affordable housing development with techni- cal assistance and capital funding, fi 2.1.7 Support efforts to continue to build capacity of mission-driven non-profit and Minority and Women- Owned Business Enterprise (M/WBE) developers to receive City contracts. Encourage the administration to enforce its agencies' M/WBE commitments. 2.1.8 Support the development of more supportive housing, which provides permanent housing with on-site supportive services to people experiencing homelessness. Advocate for the administration to fill vacant supportive housing units quickly and efficiently using a "Housing First" model, which removes barriers to entry for street homeless to permanent housing, EI&T 2.1.9 Support zoning changes to allow Accessory Residential units per acre Dwelling Units (ADUs), especially in areas currently mES o Esan s aees Soesm ey zoned for low-density residential use. Residential units per acre of buildable land. "Buildable land" excludes open space, landmarks, military property, and Industrial Business Zones. 2.1.10 Support efforts to hold property owners account- (Analysis by BBPO based on NYC DCP MapPLUTO 22v3) able for warehousing vacant land. Income-restricted Housing 2014-2021 2.1.11 For projects requiring public approvals, request that developers have at least one public meeting before ULURRP certification and require developers to work with local groups on marketing affordable housing units. Encourage developers of as-of-right projects to conduct outreach during their predevelopment process to neigh- boring properties, nearby neighborhood organizations, and the local community board. QEE B E 2112 Afer a discretionary approval is granted, explore additional mechanisms to spur development to add housing supply, such as tax penalties or a sunset provision for zoning approval, if development does not commence within a set timeframe. =l Hezee Afcrmdabie Linkls Bul Afciriatds Lniw Fressraed T %o own 1w 1 10 =0 480 1000 Construction and preservation of income-restricted housing has been concentrated in the northern and central parts of the borough (HPD, 2023) |§EADV0<:ACY [ibLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (]sou'rmcul 134 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 2.2: Support Transit- Oriented Development R L A e R a2 aLY gl lnal]glE Recommendations: M 2.2.1 Eliminate residential parking requirements across the whole borough. 2.2.2 Proactively plan for higher manufacturingand residential densities around transit expansions, such as the proposed Interborough Express (IBX) and Select Bus Service (SBS)/express bus service on Utica and Flatlands Avenucs. 2.2.3 Prioritize transit-accessible locations when siting City services and public-facing City facilities through the Citywide Statement of Needs process. 2.2.4 When reviewing projects near transit, encourage developers to use all allowable Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and seck parking waivers to maximize housing unit production. 2.2.5 Support the development of more "missing mid- dle" housing such, as three- and four-family homes in the upcoming City of Yes for Housing Opportunity initiative. 2.2.6 Support new and existing community-led plans that add additional housing and jobs density and commu- nity facilities within a half-mile of transit. Transit Opportunities - Existing SBS routes === Proposed IBX route === Proposed 3 train extension Bolstering existing SBS routes and building the proposed IBX and 3 train exten- sions would close gaps in the borough's transit network. |§EADV0CAC¥ [abLAnD use €E]BUDGET (¢OUTREACH 135 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 2.3: Preserve and improve government-regulated housing, including rent-regulated, income- restricted, and public housing; and protect homeowners from foreclosure Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management Recommendations: ':]5 2.3.1 Encourage owners of multi-family properties to enter into or renew regulatory agreements to upgrade their properties while protecting existing tenants by keeping rents affordable. w 2.3.2 When rezoning proposals come to the Borough President's Office during the public review process, ask applicants to conduct outreach to other affected property owners (those who own property within the proposed rezoning area but are not the applicants) about potential changes to their property's underlying zoning and avail- able preservation programs. R 2 2.3.3 Support expansion of social housing models such as community land trusts and limited equity co-ops, and support legislation that gives tenants the opportunity to purchase their buildings o N 2.3.4 Advocate for full funding of NYCHA capital repair needs and increased staffing for maintenance and operations in public housing, and encourage the Comptroller to conduct more regular audits of NYCHA safety, maintenance, and repair practices. 2 2.3.5 Work with technical assistance providers to educate public housing residents on their options for modernization based on 2022 State legislation. Residents will have the opportunity to vote on whether to 1) join the Permanent Affordability Commitment Together (PACT) program, which converts public housing to Project-based Section 8 in partnership with a private or non-profit developer selected based on resident input; 2) opt-in to NYCHA''s Public Housing Preservation Trust, a State entity that issues bonds to fund building renovations; or 3) remain in the traditional Section 9 public housing program. 2.3.6 Explore funding local organizations to educate owners of 1-4 family homes about their obligation to accept rental vouchers and encourage owners to attend landlord training classes. Advocate for increased funding for the NYC Commission on Human Rights to enforce voucher discrimination, and for the Human Resource Administration's Homelessness Prevention Unit to con- nect voucher holders to housing opportunities. |§EADV0<:ACY [abLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (]sourREAcul 2.3.7 Support tenants through continued support of the City's Right to Counsel program and State-level Good Cause Eviction legislation. Encourage the City Council to fully fund the Anti-Harassment and Tenant Protection Program and remove the program's requirement that actions against NYCHA must be referred by the Family Justice Centers, the Office of Civil Justice, or the NYC Human Resources Administration (HRA). 2.3.8 Explore options to legalize basement apartments while allowing existing tenants to remain in their homes. 2.3.9 Create a borough-wide Housing Task Force to convene agencies that enforce safe building conditions. 2.3.10 Advocate for the creation of a Good Neighbor Tax Credit, which would provide tax incentives to owners of small, owner-occupied buildings who rent apartments to low-income tenants at below-market rate rents. 2.3.11 Encourage the State to designate all of Brooklyn as a Cease & Desist Zone to protect against predatory real estate practices. Property owners should be given the option to opt-out of the program, rather than requiring them to opt-in. 2.3.12 Help homeowners avoid foreclosure by increas- ing awareness of programs available through the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development and the Center for New York City Neighborhoods, such as the Homeowner Hub, the Landlord Ambassador Program, and Mortgage Assistance Program. 2.3.13 Support legislation to end the tax lien sale and create options for affordable housing preservation in prop- erties with municipal debt. 136 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 GOAL 3: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Reduce exposure to hazardous environmental conditions, including those exacerbated by climate change, that affect the most vulnerable Brooklynites Objective 3.1: Improve indoor and outdoor air quality Healthy Streets & Environment Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 3.2.1 Improve outdoor air quality through borough- wide mitigation strategies. The State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) is currently under- taking a Community Air Quality Monitoring project in Brooklyn. BBPO has convened a Community Advisory Group to work with DEC to develop substantive and implementable mitigation strategies based on the data col- lected and ongoing community-based monitoring efforts. 3.2.2 Expand tree cover to improve local air quality by: a) Working with the administration to create and fund a new Million Trees program to increase the tree canopy, especially in areas with high levels of air pollution. & ¥ b) Prioritizing capital funding and project imple- mentation for parks upgrades, new street trees, and existing street tree maintenance in areas of high heat vulnerability. Ea 3.2.3 Promote the Department of Environmental Protection's Citizens Air Complaint Program to encour- age more enforcement of vehicle idling regulations. E 3.2.4 Support legislation that will require the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to set indoor air quality standards and conduct real-time air quality monitoring in schools and City-owned buildings, and cre- ate pilot programs to monitor indoor air quality in private commercial and residential buildings. E 3.2.5 Support regularly scheduled Integrated Pest Management and more efficient response to tenant complaints regarding health hazards in public housing. Require City agencies to conduct outreach to private land- lords to increase awareness of their maintenance obliga- tions under the Housing Maintenance Code. Air Pollution: PM,, 58 g 18y Higher rates of fine particulate matter (PM, ) are located along the BQE corridor and industrial areas of the borough such as Newtown Creek. (NYC DOHMH, 2023) High priority areas for tree canopy growth Areas with the lowest tree canopy coverage in the borough, with less than 15% of land area covered by tree canopy. (NYC OTI, 2017) |§EADV0CAC¥ [abLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (¢OUTREACH 137 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 3.2: Complete remediation of toxic sites in the borough Healthy Streets & Environment Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs Recommendations: 3.2.1 Prioritize the completion of Brownfield and Superfund cleanups near the Army Corps of Engineers' NY & NJ Harbor & Tributaries Focus Area Feasibility Study (HATS) proposed flood mitigation sites. This project proposes a series of storm surge gates and miles of coastal barriers to protect communities from coastal flooding. Advocates have raised concerns that limiting the flow of water into Superfund sites such as Newtown Creek and the Gowanus Canal could negatively impact water quality further. Prioritizing cleanup of these waterways before the proposed HAT'S interventions is essential. fi 3.2.2 Ensure, when possible, that any remediation effort does not cause displacement of residents or businesses, and that residents, workers, and visitors are protected from exposure to toxins during the remediation process. Coordinate disclosure of environmental risks between the City, State, and the public. Properties with E-designations £ - . -- - . J.;.':i' , 1 Pl Wy . 2 e . RE -Er ! - T [ I- .Iu lt ..% ', y 2 5+ 4% i I 4 . o 4 / b e A .l . & ' L . - § A % 2 J . i * g » i M. N & « " % sl % g i Py £ X : Ve s . G _ : 2 " A -t I ane . P A property with an E-designation means that environmental conditions related to air, noise, or hazardous material must be addressed before being redeveloped. (NYC DCP, MapPLUTO 22v3) |§EADV0<:ACY [abLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (]sou'rmcul Sources of Toxic Waste ® Toxic Release Inventory e Superfund Class 2 ® Chemical Bulk Storage Facilities handling hazardous substances or toxic chemicals (NYS DEC, 2023) 138 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 3.3: Protect vulnerable populations from high heat Healthy Streets & Environment Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 3.3.1 Work with the administration to expand tree cover in areas of high heat vulnerability to reduce urban heat island effect. 3.3.2 Expand access to cooling systems such as air con- ditioning (AC) and air source heat pumps in both public and private buildings. W ¢ D a) Expand the number of cooling centers, especially in public housing and older adult centers, allocating capital funding when necessary. Work with NYC Emergency Management (NYCEM) to create an intensive public outreach plan to increase access and usage among vulnerable populations. Advocate for lowering the temperature threshold for cooling centers to open. b) Support the continued funding of School Construction Authority's (SCA) Air Conditioning Initiative under the SCA's 5-Year Capital Plan and expansion of the initiative to include areas of public assembly such as auditoriums, cafeterias, libraries, and gyms. c) Require cooling systems in new construction. m 3.3.3 Encourage new development to employ sustainable energy practices, such as utilizing Passive House design, and rooftop solar. 2 3.3.4 Increase awareness of the NYC CoolRoofs pro- gram, which provides low- or no-cost installation of cool roofs to help lower building temperatures, and the NYC Green Roof Property Tax Abatement Program. flg 3.3.4 Require developers to include window shades or blinds in new construction, and require NYCHA and all private landlords in high heat vulnerability areas to install window shades or blinds for tenants who request them. Heat Vulnerability Community districts with the highest "heat vulnerability index" (HVI). (NYC DOHMH, 2023) Households without Air Conditioning Areas with the most households without air conditioning. (NYC DOHMH, 2017) |§EADV0CAC¥ [abLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (¢OUTREACH 139 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 3.4: Plan for climate change and prepare for future disasters Healthy Streets & Environment Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs Recommendations: fw b b o =T 3.4.1 Support implementation of coastal flooding mitiga- tion strategies that maintain a connection to Brooklyn's waterfront, looking to best practices from across the globe. 3.4.2 Through a Zoning Text Amendment, require evacuation plans for new construction in floodplains. 3.4.3 Require new construction projects to follow the City's Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. 3.4.4 Encourage NYC Emergency Management (NYCEM) to promote and make it easier to sign up for NotifyNYC so more New Yorkers receive real-time alerts about extreme weather emergencies. 3.4.5 Encourage the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to upgrade sewer infrastructure in areas that experience persistent stormwater flooding, 3.4.6 Identify opportunities for nature-based solutions for stormwater capture in the public realm to mitigate flooding, m a) Advocate for more rain gardens in public spaces and encourage community members to maintain existing rain gardens and storm drains. m b) Encourage private developers to incorporate green infrastructure into building plans. m c) Encourage design of parks and open space to include stormwater capture. For example, build tennis courts below grade to hold floodwater. 3.4.7 Support the City's goal of sending zero recyclable/ reusable waste to landfills by 2030. a) Encourage developers to utilize AIA New York's Zero Waste Design Guidelines in new construction. ':]E b) Encourage Brooklynites to comply with manda- tory curbside organics collection regulations by sup- porting DSNY in conducting culturally responsive outreach and education throughout the borough. c) Support continued funding in the City budget for community-based composting and associated educa- tion programs. |§EADV0CACY [ibLanpuse €E]BUDGET (]sournEAcul d) Support expansion of on-street waste contain- erization for commercial corridors and residential buildings. 3.4.8 Support the green energy transition and imple- mentation of New York's Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA), which establishes targets for reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions and directs at least 35-40% of associated benefits to histori- cally disadvantaged communities. flé a) Increase awareness of financing and incentive programs available to property owners to increase energy efficiency and comply with Local Law 97 through the NYC Accelerator and NYSERDA. fi b) Support implementation of NYSERDA's 6G2 Energy Storage Roadmap, which seeks to expand energy storage from renewable sources statewide and reduce reliance on power plants and "peaker" plants that run on fossil fuels. E c) Support expansion of community-scale solar projects, especially where large-scale solar arrays (for example, on the roof of industrial buildings) can reduce utility costs for low-income tenants in adjacent communities. i E d) Support passage of the New York Home Energy Affordable Transition (HEAT) Act, which would require the Public Service Commission to phase out natural gas infrastructure and cap energy bills for low- to-middle income New Yorkers at 6% of their income. Sewer Capital Projects Funded capital sewer projects (NYC DCP Capital Planning Explorer, 2023) 140 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 GOAL 4: ACTIVE LIVING AND TRANSIT Encourage and facilitate a lifestyle that prioritizes physical activity in everyday routines to reduce chronic diseases through investments in transit and the public realm Objective 4.1: Strengthen Brooklyn's cycling, pedestrian, and bus infrastructure Healthy Streets & Environment Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 4.1.1 Strengthen Brooklyn's bicycle, pedestrian, and bus networks based on the NYC Streets Plan and Vision Zero goals. m a) Coordinate with developers to provide bicycle parking and facilities that make biking easier in Brooklyn. E b) Push the administration to comply with their legal mandate to build 50 miles of protected bike lanes a year across the city. fi ) Remove barriers to implementation of street safety projects, for example, remove the unnecessary required waiting period between when DOT pres- ents a project to a community board and when they can begin implementation. E d) Support bus priority infrastructure across the borough, recognizing that better street engineet- ing is more effective than relying on enforcement to improve bus travel times on key corridors such as Flatbush, Utica, and Flatlands Avenues. 4.1.2 Expand and increase access to Citi Bike. a) Advocate for the expansion of Citi Bike across the whole borough. m b) In an effort to create more accessible sidewalks, site future Citi Bike docks in the curb lane. E <) Support continuing the reduced fare Citi Bike membership program for NYCHA residents and SNAP recipients and free Citi Bike use for Summer Youth Employment Program participants. 4.1.3 Promote cycling skills and recreational opportuni- ties for all Brooklynites. a) Create bike-only infrastructure for recreational use in our parks and green spaces. (¢ b) Promote cycling athletics and recreational pro- gramming from a young age. Cycling priority areas Community Districts identified by NYC DOT as a priority for improving safe cycling infrastructure (NYC DOT, 2023) |§EADV0CAC¥ [abLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (¢OUTREACH 141 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 NYC Parks' "Walk to a Park" Objective 4.2: Foster healthy and active NYC Parks' analysis of how many Brooklynites are within walking distance to a park. Areas in light green are either within a quarter-mile of small parks (<6 acres) or a half-mile of a larger park (>6 acres), and excludes spaces that are often not accessible to the public, such as community gardens or cemeteries. Pedestrian priority areas Areas identified by NYC DOT as a priority for pedestrian safety in the borough (NYC DOT, 2023) |§EADV0<:ACY [ibLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (]sou'rmcul public spaces, including transforming public streets into public spaces Healthy Streets & Environment Recommendations: 4.2.1 Promote public spaces, such as open streets and public plazas, which make walking safer and more pleas- ant and facilitate the use of public spaces for community activities. OF] a) Explore funding arts and cultural project instal- lations such as murals, sculptures, and gardens that increase active pedestrian engagement, particularly in areas outside of Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) that may lack resources for implementation. fi b) Support expansion of NYC DOT's Open Streets and Summer Streets programs, including bringing additional Summer Streets to Brooklyn. Require a certain amount of street space to be dedicated to Open Streets based on the open space ratio in each community district. 4.2.2 Invest in public active recreation, especially in areas with chronic health disparities. a) Advocate for increased funding for active recre- ation programming and facilities, both within the Parks Department budget and community-based organizations. b) Advocate for the administration to provide more funding to reduce the cost of NYC Parks Department Summer Camps. 4.2.3 Prioritize public realm improvements near schools to create safer streets and foster community spaces in every neighborhood. Support and explore funding for capital projects that facilitate street closures, traffic calming, and the creation of dedicated pick-up and drop-off zones on streets directly outside of schools. 4.2.4 Establish a goal for every resident to have a park or green space within a 10-minute walk and access to free public active open space in their community district. Coordinate with developers to provide public open space and improve access to nearby existing open space in proj- ects under public review. 142 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 4.3: Better manage Brooklyn's curb space Healthy Streets & Environment Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs Recommendations: & 4.3.1 Adequately price public space devoted to car storage. E a) Urge the NYC Department of Transportation (DOT) to conduct a parking utilization study of on- street parking spaces and off-street parkinglots and garages. fi b) Support initiatives such as NYC DOT's Curb Management Action Plan that encourage higher turnover in commercial corridors, and encourage the use of off-street parking for longer-term car storage. fi <) Support a residential parking permit system, with the revenue from fees dedicated toward public realm improvements in the neighborhood. 4.3.2 Reserve on-street curb space for delivery trucks in €very community E a) Support expansion of NYC DOT's Local Delivery Hub pilot program. fi b) Support expansion of NYC DOT''s Neighborhood Loading Zones and Truck Loading Zones across the borough. 4.3.3 Reserve adequate space for trash and organics pickup in every community by supporting the expansion of DSNY's Clean Curbs pilot program, including expand- ing a residential pilot to Brooklyn, and prioritizing the placement of containerized trash in curb lanes. 4.3.4 Reserve on-street curb space for bicycle parking in every community to reduce sidewalk obstructions. 4.3.5 Improve enforcement of Brooklyn's curb lanes. fi a) Support expansion of automated traffic enforcement to deter vehicles from blocking the curb lane, which includes bike lanes, bus lanes, and loading zones. E b) Support legislation to reduce the number of park- ing placards issued by the City and create a civilian reporting program for misusc. 4.3.6 In areas where underground infrastructure is not limiting, explore the addition of plantings in the curb lane. Existing Loading Zones & Metered Parking ® Commercial metered parking ® Truck loading zones e Neighborhood loading zones Loading zones reserve space on the curb for delivery vehicles. Objective 4.4: Build a safer, more sustainable regional transportation and freight network Healthy Streets & Environment Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs Recommendations: w 4.4.1 Support regulation of last-mile delivery facilities, including oversight of delivery routes, regulation of labor standards, and incentives for use of green fleets. 4.4.2 Require the City to redesign the truck route net- work to improve safety and reduce emissions. 4.4.3 Support follow-up actions on NYC DOT's Red Hook Traffic and Truck Study that emphasize pedestrian and cycling safety in addition to reducing congestion. 4.4.4 Support a comprehensive, corridor-wide redesign of the Brooklyn Queens Expressway (BQE), rather than just the "triple cantilever" section near Brooklyn Heights fi a) Support the BQGreen, a proposal to deck over the BQE in Williamsburg to create new park space in an environmental justice community. |§EADV0CAC¥ [abLAnD Use €E]BUDGET (¢OUTREACH 143 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 b) Support implementation and expansion of auto- mated weight sensors on the BQE. 4.4.5 Support the implementation of the Central Business District Tolling Program, also known as "Congestion Pricing," without excessive carveouts. 4.4.6 Support expansions of public transit, particulatly in the transit deserts of southern and eastern Brooklyn. E a) Support the proposed Interborough Express (IBX) E b) Support expansion of Select Bus Service into a true Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) network, with dedi- cated rights-of-way separated from other traffic. fi c) Support transit improvements along Utica Avenue, either in the form of a true bus rapid transit line or rail expansion, pending further analysis of the corridor from the MTA's 20 Year Needs Assessment. fi d) Support the extension of the 3 train through the Livonia Yard to Spring Creek, pending further analysis from the MTA"'s 20 Year Needs Assessment. ¢) Encourage further integration between commuter and subway services through programs such as the MTA's CiryTicket. 4.4.7 Shift freight from road to water and rail, based on NYC EDC and DOT's Delivering Green plan. fi a) Support the development of the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal into a "freight village," including serving as a Project Cargo Hub for the Offshore Wind Industry. b) Support the renovation and improvement of Red Hook Piers 9A and 9B to increase containerized cargo usage and direct ocean-going ship calls to Red Hook. c) Support intra-harbor services between Sunset Park and New Jersey, such as improved barge floats or a cross-harbor freight tunnel. d) Support street redesigns and city map changes that provide improved access to rail yards in the Sunset Park Industrial Business Zone. e) Support the construction of new transload facilities along the Bay Ridge freight rail line to enable more cargo to be brought deeper into the borough by rail before being loaded onto a vehicle for last-mile delivery. eler EPF B EP |§EADV0CACY [abLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (]sourREAcul E f) Support the transition from larger trucks to smaller delivery vehicles, such as cargo bicycles through a permanent version of NYC DOT's commercial cargo bicycle pilot program. BQE Reconstruction and Environmental Justice === BQE "Triple Cantilever" section - BQE North and South Environmental justice areas A corridor-wide approach to the BQE would ensure environmental justice com- munities in northern and southern Brooklyn are served by a reconstruction plan. 144 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 4.5: Reduce food insecurity and increase access to healthy food Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: Bl Y 4.5.1 Advocate for the administration and private devel- opers to work with local organizations to develop local food hubs that deliver local produce to institutions and households to increase access to fresh and healthy food. 4.5.2 Explore allocating funding for community-based organizations to conduct multilingual and culturally sen- sitive nutrition and food budgeting education programs, as well as outreach to eligible Brooklynites about how to sign up for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). 4.5.3 Encourage the administration to increase funding for programs that provide access to healthy food, such as the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's (DOHMH) Health Bucks and Get the Good Stuff programs, as well as grassroots food pantries and soup kitchens. 4.5.4 Explore funding community-based organizations to create borough-wide partnership networks to rescue leftover food and distribute it to food pantries and soup kitchens. 4.5.5 Support school gardens and gardening education- programs with capital funding. 4.5.6 Advocate for the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to provide more access to culturally appropriate Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) and Farmers Market programs in communities with high food insecurity rates. 4.5.7 Encourage the Department of Education to co- locate food pantries on school campuses in areas of high food insecurity. SNAP Participation Areas with the highest participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); (ACS 2021 5-Year Estimates) |§EADV0CAC'1 [abLAnD use €E]BUDGET (¢OUTREACH 145 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 GOAL 5: COMMUNITY SERVICES Increase and support local community- based organizations that focus on reducing health disparities in Brooklyn Objective 5.1: Support community-based organizations through funding and advocacy Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 5.1.1 Support small non-profits in communities of color to acquire permanent space. a) Encourage developers to provide low-cost spaces for local community-based organizations in new construction. b) Allocate capital funds to community-based organizations for acquisition and provide technical assistance with completing the application. ) Advocate for restored staffing at the Department of Cultural Affairs to support cultural organizations in undertaking acquisitions. 5.1.2 Fund programming and staffing for small non- profits serving the borough. Support new non-profits with leadership development, technical assistance, and operational support in the first 3-5 years. Encourage and support existing nonprofits to implement sustainable lead- ership models to encourage their success through growth and transition periods. i P Objective 5.2: Ensure communities with a high number of foreign-born populations have access to translation services, health care facilities, and strong community services Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 5.2.1 Support creation of interpreter banks {non-profit hubs that recruit, train, and dispatch interpreters to City agencies and City-funded service providers when there is limited capacity) and language co-ops (workers coopera- tives offering language support in less-spoken dialects and indigenous languages) so that City agencies can adequately offer language support and translate materials in the top languages outlined by the Language Access Act. 5.2.2 Advocate for increased City funding for organiza- tions that offer pro bono immigration legal assistance and representation. |§EADV0CACY [ibLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (]soumEAcul 5.2.3 Encourage the administration to fully fund Adult Literacy programs with baselined funding, T 5.2.4 Work with the Mayor's Office of International Affairs (MOIA), the Office of Asylum Seeker Operations, and consulates to offer foreign-born populations a direc- tory of City-funded community service providers. Provide local resource guides to be shared with Adult Literacy and Youth Service providers through the Department of Youth and Community Development. (DYCD) 5.2.5 Work with local organizations to encourage immi- grants to apply to serve on community boards. Encourage the administration to fund community boards to provide translation at their monthly meetings. S Objective 5.3: Increase access to quality educational opportunities in Brooklyn Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 5.3.1 Encourage local higher-ed educational institutions to bring satellite facilities into communities that lack access. E 5.3.2 Support "microtransit" networks, such as the MTA's "Late Shift" pilot program, with an emphasis on providing access for students to and from public colleges and universities. m} 5.3.3 For projects going through public review, encour- age developers to consult with the School Construction Authority (SCA) and Department of Education (DOE) to construct non-residential space for schools, daycares, 3-Ks, or Pre-Ks, particularly in areas where a school seat need has been identified. E 5.3.4 Advocate for full basclined funding for the Brooklyn Public Library system to maintain and expand programming, E 5.3.5 Support existing and new alternative pathways for teacher certification, particularly in targeted subject areas where needs are most prominent across Brooklyn's school districts. E 5.3.6 Continue to advocate for and support enrollment/ admissions standards that integrate students across all public schools and address seat vacancies across the city. 146 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 GOAL 6: JOBS Increase access to employment opportunities and support pathways to well-paying jobs Objective 6.1: Maintain and expand opportunities for new manufacturing land Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs Recommendations: 6.1.1 Commit to never support Manufacturing-to- Residential rezoning proposals inside Industrial Business Zones (IBZs) and their surrounding ombudsman areas zoned for manufacturing uses. 6.1.2 Encourage the Department of City Planning to create new zoning tools that allow property owners in industrial districts to increase their manufacturing FAR without incentivizing or introducing additional non-man- ufacturing uses. El&T 6.1.3 Advocate to expand the number of Industrial Business Incentive Areas. These areas are designated by a Zoning Resolution Special Permit that allows for additional FAR of manufacturing uses with a mandatory inclusion of 20% manufacturing space. EIRT fi 6.1.4 Advocate for the State to remove the provision in the 2019 Loft Law that allows loft conversions within the Greenpoint/Williamsburg and North Brooklyn Industrial Business Zones. E 6.1.5 Encourage the Department of Buildings to increase enforcement against illegal manufacturing-to-residential conversations in areas zoned for industrial uses. Industrial Business Zones (IBZs) Created in 2005, IBZs aim to protect the city's manufacturing sector. (NYC DCP, 2023) Objective 6.2: Support and green Brooklyn's industrial business sector Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs Recommendations: 6.2.1 Encourage the wind energy supply chain to locate along Brooklyn's industrial waterfront and advocate for the industry to employ local, union labor. 6.2.2 Pursuc policies that balance the need for new bat- tery storage facilities with the need to preserve and expand green jobs in industrial districts. 6.2.3 Support the Brooklyn Health Enterprise Hub in creat- ing incubator and accelerator programs to localize the health care supply chain, create jobs, and provide workforce training, ough's Industrial Business Solutions Providers (IBSPs) to support local manufacturing businesses. 6.2.5 Support and uplift the goals of the Green Resilient Industrial District (GRID) 2.0 plan and Sunset Park Brownfield Opportunity Area to "operationalize a just transition through the green reindustrialization of the Sunset Park waterfront." 6.2.4 Ensure that the City adequately funds the bor- | GrAbvocacy [phLanpuse §Ejubcer (]EOUTREACH| 147 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Objective 6.3: Support existing and new workforce development programs that increase economic mobility Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs Recommendations: E 6.3.1 Continue to advocate for funding and expansion o of the Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP) with increased Career Ready slots in partnership with DOE. Focus recruitment efforts on target populations (for example, public housing residents, students with disabili- ties, and LGBTQIA+ youth). E 6.3.2 Encourage the Department of Education to bring Career-and-Technical Education (CTE)-certified schools and the Career and Connected Learning initiative to com- munities with high unemployment rates. 6.3.3 Identify and fund critical industry partners to establish and expand workforce training that provides pathways to high-paying and union jobs, with a focus on careers that support a transition to green energy. o kP 6.3.4 Hold NYCHA accountable for meeting its Section 3 requirements to hire local, low-income residents (including public housing residents) for at least 25% of labor hours for all projects. fi 6.3.5 Secure workforce commitments to advance diver- sity, equity, and inclusion in the trades and for commercial tenants. Objective 6.4: Retain and expand Brooklyn-based small businesses Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs Recommendations: flé 6.4.1 Promote resources that the City provides for small businesses, such as NYC Business Solutions Centers, the NYC Business online Dashboard, the Shop Your City directory, the Apex Accelerator for government contract- ing, professional development courses, legal assistance, financial counseling, and low-interest loans. 6.4.2 Support mapping special enhanced commercial districts along local commercial corridors, including a provision that would divide large commercial spaces into smaller floorplates in order to discourage big box retail from locating there. |§EADV0CACY [abLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (]sourREAcul E B E EP 6.4.3 Create new networking opportunities for free- lancers to engage with small business communities in Brooklyn. 6.4.4 Support creation and expansion of BIDs and Merchant Associations to support small businesses throughout the borough. 6.4.5 Support legislation that would create rent regula- tion for commercial tenants. 6.4.6 Require the Department of Citywide Administrative Services to give two years notice of lease expiration to commercial tenants in City-leased properties so they have adequate time to prepare to renew or relocate. Business improvement districts (BIDs) BiDs are largely concentrated in the northwestern part of the borough. (NYC DCP, 2023) 148 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 GOAL 7: ACCESSIBILITY Integrate planning for accessibility Objective 7.1: Ensure Brooklyn is a welcoming place to people with all abilities Healthy Streets & Environment Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: m 7.1.1 Encourage developers to fund MTA station improvements to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act, and encourage projects in public review to take advantage of zoning bonuses offered by the MTA's Zoning for Accessibility program. Ea 7.1.2 Encourage the Department of Small Business Services to conduct proactive outreach to small businesses regarding available incentives for building upgrades that increase accessibility. (Outreach) E 7.1.3 Support the creation or renovation of at least one accessible playground per community district with play- ground equipment that is available to children of all abilities. E 7.1.4 Convene City agencies on a yearly basis to review their capital projects, programs, and other initiatives to meet and exceed ADA accessibility requirements. Objective 7.2: Raise the standards for accessibility Healthy Streets & Environment Health & Wellness Economy Recommendations: 7.2.1 For projects in public review, require developers to disclose how they are meeting or exceeding ADA acces- sibility requirements. 7.2.2 Increase ADA accessibility on all Brooklyn side- walks and public spaces. fi a) Require DOB to conduct a survey of subpar side- walk conditions in Brooklyn. m b) Rationalize Builders' Pavement Plans to improve sidewalk conditions along an entire blockface when a project is in public review. E ) Require Parks to conduct regular surveys of all park entrances for accessibility. o &P 0% EP 2R P i I 7.2.3 Work with local organizations to increase access to in-home mobility systems for older adults and people with disabilities. 7.2.4 Support the expansion of Fully ADA accessible school buildings equitably across Brooklyn. 7.2.5 Advocate for expansion of the pilot program for on-demand Access-a-Ride service and increased fund- ing to improve paratransit and ensure that it remains affordable. 7.2.6 Support increased City funding for programs that increase digital accessibility and literacy for older adults, including an expansion of computer and technology classes, especially at local libraries. 7.2.7 Make public meetings and hearings more acces- sible by employing technology, such as live transcription services. ADA Accessible Subway Stations ® ADA Accessible Not accessible Only a handful of Brooklyn's subway stations are ADA accessible. (MTA, 2023) |§EADV°CAC¥ [abLAnDuse €E]BUDGET (¢OUTREACH 149 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Photo by Howie Mapson on Unsplash The Plan includes four frameworks that apply its recommendations spatially across the borough. Like the recommendations, the frameworks were derived from the data and maps outlined in the Existing Conditions chapter and further informed by public feedback. While the frameworks below provide guidance for the entire borough, each highlights a geography where its recommendations are most relevant. The frameworks are a tool for envisioning what kind of places each recommendations would be most relevant, and how each recommendation might relate or enhance each other. Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs BTNl LR Parking Demand Management Industrial job growth, multimodal freight, resilient waterfront Support development of South Brooklyn Marine Terminal into a "freight village," including serving as a Project Cargo Hub for the offshore wind |nc§fi§rg§ Support changes to allow Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) (21.9) Urge the adminstration to comply with the legal mandate to build 50 miles of protected bike lanes (41.1.b) 5 }-'I» o < r o o . by rail before being loaded onto a Support baselined City funding Support a residential vehicle for last-mile del(i;/4e7ry) 1 T .4./.8, for school-based health clinics parking permit s'zft;':; N (12.2) il Support the transition o . . . . i .I. Advocate for exapnsion of restorative justice ;ZR:?\%%?::IZZ programs and services to all schools (1.4.8) (4.4.7.f) Support expansion of Select Bus Service into a true Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) network, with dedicated rights-of-way (4.4.5.b) Transportation-oriented development, furthering fair housing growth, less congested streets Advocate for full funding of capital repair needs and increased staffing for public housing (2.3.4) Increase transit access to critical safety net health care facilities (1.21¢) Never support manufacturing- to-residential rezonings in Industrial Business Zones 6861 Support construction of new transload facilities to enable cargo to be brought deeper into the borough Health & Wellness Economy Healthy Streets & Environment Stronger community services, Complete streets, reduced barriers to care, accessible neighborhoods, better transit to hospitals & clinics fewer vehicle miles traveled 151 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management: With a focus on southern and eastern Brooklyn, where housing growth has not kept pace with population growth and lack of transit access leads to more vehicle miles traveled, this frame- work envisions furthering fair housing growth, transit-oriented development, and less congested streets. The city is growing, and new on-street parking space is not being (and should not be) cre- ated. As seen in the Existing Conditions, most Brooklynites do not own or tely on vehicles in their everyday lives. Yet much of the built environment and current zoning rules assume they do. It is critical to move beyond this car-centric framework, but this is not possible without providing convenient alternatives to driv- ing. By concentrating development along transit lines, the City can introduce additional housing without dramatically increas- ing the demand for new vehicles and parking. This framework highlights the southern and eastern part of the borough as fair share housing priority areas: parts of the borough where housing growth has lagged behind both the overall growth in population and the housing construction seen in the north and central parts of the borough. While the borough needs more housing growth overall, there is not a one-size-fits all solution. Higher residential densities should be planned in tandem with access to high quality transit. This framework identifies three tiers of transit-oriented develop- ment-transit nodes, residential core, and gentle density-for which BBPO supports increased density to increase the bor- ough's housing supply. In transit nodes, which are defined by being within % mile of a subway station, BBPO supports zoning for medium and high density. The introduction of new transit such as the proposed Interborough Express (IBX), extending the 3 train, and improved transit along Utica Avenue could close gaps in the transit network and establish new transit nodes in southern Brooklyn. The residential cores, within % mile of the subway, are approximately a 10-minute walk from transit, and therefore BBPO would support these areas for increased density, such as medium-density residential districts with commercial overlays where appropriate, as long as mapping new districts is not at the expense of losing land zoned for manufacturing and industrial uses. Further, mixed-use multifamily development that provides ground-floor space for goods and services helps alleviate resi- dents' use of private vehicles in the immediate area. Areas appropriate for gentle density are outside of a %-mile radius from public transit. To encourage density on a smaller but more widespread scale in these areas, BBPO supports relaxed regulations that would allow adding units to existing properties as-of-right and would clear red tape and administrative hurdles for owners of smaller properties to redevelop or enlarge their homes. The Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management framework strives for a Brooklyn with: e Anincrease in new building or enlargement permits within %-mile of subway, rail, and Select Bus Service stations. e Proactive planning for denser residential housing along the proposed IBX corridor and Utica Avenue. e 'The elimination of residential parking requirements in new construction. o More ""missing middle" housing, accessory dwelling units, and allowing multi-family residential buildings across the borough. e A public housing system in a state of good repair. e Increased protections for renters 152 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management - -- A framework recommending: * Transportation-oriented development * Furthering fair housing growth * Less congested streets Actual Walking Distance B Within /4 mile of subway station [ Within /2 mile of subway station Further than '/2 mile of subway station [ Fair share housing priority areas ===- Proposed IBX Route - Highlighted SBS Routes 0 025 05 1 1.5 2 Miles Walkshed analysis conducted based on NYCT Station Entrances (2018) and ArcGIS Pro Network Analysis tool. Transit-Oriented Development Transit node: High quality accessible transit, metered commercial parking Residential core: Housing, strong connections to neighborhood facilities, residential parking permits . Gentle Density Encourage accessory dwelling units (ADUs), enable multi-family residential construction across the borough g Building the proposed IBX, extending the 3 train, and improving transit along Utica I and Flatlands Avenues would close gaps in the borough's transit and land use networks. e 4 I]d D i Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on NYC DCP MapPLUTO 22v3; 1583 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Health & Wellness Economy: With a focus on eastern Brooklyn, where data shows disparate health outcomes compared to the rest of the borough, and southeastern Brooklyn, where many healthcare workers live, this framework envisions stronger community services, reduced bar- riers to care, and improved transit to healthcare facilities. Asillustrated in the Existing Conditions, the status quo is unac- ceptable: parts of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bushwick, Brownsville, Canarsie, Red Hook, and Coney Island report life expectancies some 20 years shorter than other parts of the borough. This framework identifies these neighborhoods as Health Priority Areas, with recommendations focused on improving commu- nity services and supporting existing, trusted community-based non-profits. At the same time, many Brooklynites working in public health face unnecessary barriers on their way to work, living beyond the reach of our current rail transit network and facing long com- mutes on the way to taking care of the borough. Better serving these communities means not only increasing investments in healthcare facilities, workers, and education and training, but also making major investments in areas such as transit, the urban tree canopy, and center of well-paying union jobs such as our Industrial Business Zones. The proposed Interborough Express (IBX) is an example of a transit investment with positive potential impact both for those in need of bolstered care, and those providing the care. While much of the existing rail network is centered on trips into Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn, many of Brooklyn's health centers are spread across the borough. The IBX's proposed route runs through both areas highlighted by this framework: Brooklynites living in Health Priority Areas and healthcare workers stand to benefit from improved transit connections to health, employment, and community resources throughout the region. The Health & Wellness Economy framework strives for a Brooklyn with: e Increased life expectancy, closing the gap between the bor- ough's healthiest and most under-served neighbrhoods. ¢ Reduced self-reported bad mental health days. ¢ Reduced maternal mortality and morbidity, often con- nected to metrics such as low birth weight. o Reduced vehicle miles traveled and increased transit trips, indicating a built environment that enables and encour- ages walking, rolling, cycling, and transit when moving throughout the borough. 154 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 \ \ \ Health & Wellness Economy B Health Priority Areas Areas with lower reported average r - life expectancy in the borough A framework recommending: " Healthcare Workers Areas where a signficant number of residents work in healthcare support occupations @ Safety Net Hospitals Based on NYS DOH's safety net determinations, last updated 2014 == Proposed IBX Line == Highlighted Bus/SBS Routes * Stronger community services * Reduced barriers to care ' * Better transit to hospitals & clinics Strengthening community health Recommendations focused on improving community services and supporting community- based non-profits are a priority in neighborhoods with disparate health outcomes such as East New York, Brownsville, and Bedford-Stuyvesant. | e Brooklyn Hospital Center O Q@ NYU Langone Cobble Hill Bed-Stuy [Te ' Ll New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist . East New York Hospital Brownsville NYU Langone Hospital Brooklyn Flatlands Connecting jobs, homes, and care Flatlands, Canarsie, and East Flatbush are home to a significant portion of Brooklyn's healthcare and education workers. Building the 12X and strengthening the STV B6, B82-SBS, and B46-SBS corridors is \ vital for connecting workers with jobs and residents with health care. Map by Brooklyn Borough President's Office based on o 025 05 ; 15 ) US Census ACS 2021 5-Year Estimates and CDC 500 Cities health data. 0 B O i The New York State Department of Health defines hospitals as safety net providers if they are a public hospital, Sole Community Hospital, or serve a certaom threshold of Medicaid, uninsured, or Dual Eligible Medicare/Medicaid patients. 185 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Healthy Streets & Environment: With a focus on northern and central Brooklyn, where crash rates are high and environmental justice is a pressing concern, this framework envisions complete streets, accessible neighbor- hoods, better air quality, and remediation of toxic sites. This framework focuses on the public realm -the space acces- sible to and owned by everyone - as an opportunity to cre- ate a healthier, greener, and livelier Brooklyn. This includes making changes within the roadbed by furthering the work of the NYC Streets Plan and Vision Zero Initiative and pushing further to recognize Brooklyn's streets as a public resource for open space rather than private car storage. The Department of Transportation's (DOT) Vision Zero Priority Areas designate communities and corridors where healthy streets and safe rights- of-way are a priority. Air pollution and ground contamination continue to burden Brooklynites. The western edge of the borough - approxi- mately following the path of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) - reports higher concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM, ), an air pollutant produced both by static indus- trial sources and from vehicle exhaust and tires. Many of the borough's ntoxic release sites and chemical bulk storage sites are located in the same corridor. Recommendations focused on remediation and the reduction of vehicle miles traveled are especially important in this part of the borough. The pink and purple highlighted areas in the framework that call out priority areas for improving street safety and environmen- tal conditions were identified and defined by several datasets: high rates of traffic violence [Map # Pedestrian Safety, Map # Cycling Safety], higher rates of air pollution, such as PM2.5 and Nitrous Dioxide, higher concentration of contamination sites, especially within the projected future floodplain [Map #, Future Floodplain]. The Healthy Streets & Environment framework strives for a Brooklyn with: e More protected bike lanes constructed; protected bus lanes; Pedestrian space added, as legally mandated by the NYC Streets Plan. e Reduced airborne pollutants such as PM, ,, Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone, and a subsequent reduction childhood asthma hospitalization rates. e Mitigated ground contamination, reflected by a reduction in number of E-designations, the completion of Brownfield Cleanup Programs, Voluntary Cleanup Programs, and Superfund sites e Greener, healthier streets, as reflected by a bigger, healthier urban tree canopy 156 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Healthy Streets & Environment rA framework envisioning: e Complete streets * Accessible neighborhoods * Fewer vehicle miles traveled ° > \ I Red Hook ) I : DOT-led traffic and truck study | examining impact of BQE, ® reight, and last-mile facilities J - / & fi \ 3 F 3 ulton Atlantic & 6 % % < Eastern Pkw| S S %, 2 Grand Army Plaza Major pedestrian, cycling, & recreation hub for the borough 11 % Church pioyped Utrecht Tioid Ue220 % oy Ues20 pue. 1)SON Adenue P pvenue U Emmon: - 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 Miles ® Farragut Vision Zero Pedestrian Priority Areas -- Vision Zero Priority Corridors = Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) ~_ - BQE "/4 Mile Corridor PM, . concentration > 7 pg/m?® ® Chemical Bulk Storage @® Superfund Class 2 Site ® Toxic Release Facilities Aventie D S , Broadway Junction The proposed IBX would bring additional pedestrian traffic to a key regional node 9 < "'e TPt 15 e Highlighted Projects A non-exhaustive selection of key public realm improvement projects and proposals. . McGuinness Blvd Redesign . Berry St Open Streets . Broadway Vision Zero . Flatbush Ave Bus Priority . Ashland-Navy Bike Lane . Grand Army Plaza Redesign . Vanderbilt & Underhill Open Streets . Atlantic Avenue Mixed Use Plan Corridor Streetscape Improvements 9. Bedford Bike Lane . 9th Street Bike Lane . Clarkson Ave . Eastern Parkway Vision Zero . New Lots Ave . Broadway Junction . Pennsylvania Ave . Cozine & Wortman Ave Bike Lanes NOoO O~ WN = oo 157 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs: With a focus on the borough's waterfront and industrial areas, this framework promotes industrial job growth, new multimodal options for freight delivery, and a resilient waterfront, all of which create opportunities to bolster Brooklyn's just transition to a green economy. This framework zooms out to take a more regional approach in how goods and people move across the borough. Brooklyn's waterfront, industrial areas, and freight rail infrastructure pres- ent an opportunity to simultaneously shift the borough toward a future with more green industrial jobs, fewer trucks on the road, and a forward-looking rolc in a green economy. Currently, a significant amount of freight moves by truck across the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) and through Brooklyn streets. Increasing the capacity and infrastructure of Brooklyn's ports and the Bay Ridge Branch rail line {the same right-of-way as the proposed IBX corridor) can allow more cargo to travel by ship, barge, rail, and cargo bike rather than the current prolifera- tion of oversized and polluting trucks. In order to do this, it is paramount to preserve and enhance the manufacturing land within the borough. Some of Brooklyn's Industrial Business Zones are along the Bay Ridge Branch rail line and are well situated to serve as the site of transload facili- ties. But they cannot serve this role if all the available land is converted into residential, commercial, and retail uses. The burgeoning offshore wind energy industry present an opportunity for Brooklyn's industrial waterfront. Thanks in large part to the shallow continental shelf extending hundreds of miles into the ocean, New York has a competitive advantage for developing offshore wind. While the City, State, and Federal government have gotten the ball rolling, the BBPO envisions a future where Brooklyn's industrial waterfront serves a vital role in the supply chain for offshore wind for the foreseeable future, beyond initial construction. The Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs framework strives for a Brooklyn with: o A healthy, thriving manufacturing sector adapted to a green economy. » No net loss in land utilized for manufacturing and indus- trial purposes in the borough. o More freight moved by rail and water, and less by truck. o A coastlinc fortified against the threats of climate change, both during major storm events and under blue skies. 158 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Industrial Business i Significant Maritime Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs D gt o e iy i Southwest Brooklyn Sunset Park A framework promoting: Heodaol ®© ® | ial i h gy~ Coeymans @ Brooklyn Navy Yard Red Hook * Industrial job growt - e Multimodal freight Il / @Greenpoint/WiIIiamsburg © Brooklyn Navy Yard * Resilient waterfront (@) North Brookiyn () Newtown Creek " Ty (®) Fiatiands/Fairfield ' East New York , ® 4 ' Newtown Creek £ P Storm Surge Barrier, to Astoria, Bronx, Seawall Upstate freight destinations Brooklyn-Queens Expressway Supporting a corridor-wide ] 1 I 1 [} solution to the BQE that also : I Shifting through-freight traffic to rail, I 1 I 1 1 reducing Long Island-bound truck traffic across the borough repairs environmental injustices in north & south Brooklyn rather than just replacing the triple cantilever Cross-Harbor 1 add Rail Tunnel ' 4 ' ! / \ to Jamaica IBZ, '(Proposedv) ! AN | Long Island freight - <% Barge destinations < carfloats ' /@ \ ~ N "_(existing) I o - ' . 1 Strategic siting of transload } L s - y Red Hook facilities near IBZs ' - AV ' Seawalls to maximize rail and o @ @ A " '\ * - micro-mobility connections \ A/ = b o D . 4 < ==t within the borough = '\\ }, = o = = m e N . ~ k ~ LA ) % ™ S i G2 to North Shore IBZ, 1 4 Port Newark 1 65th St Rail Yard: Opportunity area for jobs, transit, and freight. Being developed as a Project Cargo Hub for Tidal Gate Offshore Wind by EDC, oney Island Creek and identified as a site Tidal Gate with "excellent potential" 1 / for a freight village by 1 b NYMTC (2011). \ » /, =~ 1 -~ ' ' n . US Army Corps of Engineers . ) s Harbor Protection Interventions R Off-Shore Wind 1\ Storm Surge Supply Chain 1 % Barrier 1 \ \ 1 . o \ v - to Empire Wind, Sunrise Wind, Beacon Wind offshore wind projects 0 --- g . 3':,'"95 Map and concept by the Brooklyn Borough President's Office, based on NYS GIS Clearinghouse & NJGIN Open Data 159 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 - ST olle BN \\ \ ® ominguez on Unsplash ""'" (i wh | I | LTS . L I L L) L T oL 7 9P R . | . ' | ] t 1 I . oo ) \ n B R ™ = i <L . | ¢ ' ' ' : S S 5 - ' A SN . > \«n\' : 5 ; . s e - W - - ~ : B "i B . " . 1] \ 160 Pldhhirio for Public Hi@é'l'fihin Brooklyn | July,2023 1l 1) The Borough President will begin to use the plan immediately as a guiding document for all projects that come to his office during public review. And while the Plan's primary purpose is to guide his land use decisions, the Borough President recognizes the value in bringing residents, elected officials, and City agencies together to share information. In this spirit of building dialogue and consensus around common goals, the Borough President will share the Plan with elected officials and agencies in hopes that the data and recommendations shared in the document will be useful to their own work. Following the plan release, BBPO will work with health and research partners to continue to establish metrics for measuring the recommendations' outcomes. BBPO recognizes that much of this work is interconnected and could be difficult to measure- but the Borough President is striving for a data-driven process, both in how recommendations have been developed and how outcomes are measured. The Borough President is also committed to ongoing engage- ment and outreach to see that as many of our 2.73 million Brooklynites as possible are aware of the plan. BBPO will collect and review feedback from the public at: testimony@brooklynbp.nyc.gov. Based on receiving new public comments, as new research or datasets are released, and as legislation is passed, the Borough President has committed to review the plan and issue updates on a yearly basis, as well as take on special projects and work resule- ing from the recommendations. 161 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Pholflhy. Lo TSl Tk Unsplash (l Map Adult Cancer Adult Diabetes Adult Obesity Air pollution - Nitrogen Dioxide Air pollution - PM2.5 Asthma Hospitilizations (Children) Astma Hospitalizations (Adults) Avoidable Adult Hospitalizations Bicycle Routes BIDs and IBZs Broadband Broadband Adoption Brooklyn and Tri-State Arca Bus Network by Ridership Car Collision Fatalities Cash Assistance Cash Public Assistance Child and Youth Services and Programs Commute to Work by Driving Commute to Work by Transit Contours/DEM Coronary Heart Disease Cycling Safety Daycare and Pre-k Deaths from COVID-19 Displacement Risk Education and Health Care Workers Educational Attainment Fall-Related Emergency Department Visits Amoung Older Adults (65+) Fall-Related Hospitalizations Food Insecurity FRESH Food Future Floodplain/Toxic Waste Sites Heat Vulnerability Homeless Shelters Hospital Patient Satisfaction Hospitals and Health Facilites Houscholds With No Vehicles Available Housing Cost Burden Owners Housing Cost Burden Renters Housing Growth Housing Tenure Housing Unit Change Impervious Land Cover 163 Data Source CDC - 500 cities project CDC - 500 cities project CDC - 500 cities project DOHMH DOHMH DOHMH - Asthma dashborad DOHMH - Asthma Dashboard DOHMH - community health profiles DOT NYCDCP OTI NTC Internet Master Plan NLCD (national land cover database) MTA Vision Zero ACS 5-year (DP03) ACS 5-year (DP03) DCP - capital planning explorer ACS 5-year (DP04) ACS 5-ycar (DP04) NYC OTI Planimetric and Topobathymetric data CDC - 500 cities project Vizion Zero DCP - capital planning explorer NYC Health NYC Equitable Deveopment Reporting Tool ACS 5-year (DP03) ACS 5-ycar (DP02) NYC Environment and Health DOHMH - community health profiles Feeding America DCp DCP - Flood Hazard Mapper DOHMH MapPLUTO DOHMH - hospital health profiles MapPLUTO, DOF ACS 5-year (DP04) ACS 5-ycar (DP04) ACS 5-year (DP04) DCP - housing database ACS 5-year (DP04) DCP - housing database NYC LiDAR Year 2017 2017 2017 2023 2023 2018-2020 2018-2020 2022 2023 2023 2022 2021 2013 2020-2023 20212022 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2014,2017 2017 2012-2023 2021 2022 2022 2021 2020 2016 2022 2018 2022 2021 2023 2023 2019 2022 2021 2020 2020 2012-2022 2021 2010-2020 2017 Geography Census Tract Census Tract Census Tract Citywide Citywide Zip Code Zip Code Community District (CD) Citywide Borough Community District (CD) Neighborhood Tabulation Areas (NTAs) tri-state Citywide Borough Census Tract Census Tract Citywide, Community District (CD) Census Tract Census Tract Citywide Census Tract Citywide Citywide, Community District (CD) Zip Code Neighborhood Tabulation Areas (NTAs) Census Tract Census Tract Community District (CD) Community District (CD) Community District (CD) Citywide Citywide Neighborhood Tabulation Arcas (N'TAs) Citywide Borough Citywide Census Tract Census Tract Census Tract Citywide Census Tract Census Tract Citywide Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Improvement and Land Values Income Restricted Housing and Zoning Land Cover Land Use Landmarks and Historic Districts Language Spoken at Home Libraries and Cultural Programs Life Expectancy Limited English Proficiency Low Birth Weight at Full Term Market Pressure Median Age Median Household Income Median Number of 7 Major Felony Crimes Median Rent Mental Health Monthly Bicycle Use Neighborhoods No Health Insurance NYCHA Delayed Capital Projects Overcrowded Households Parks, Gardens, Historical Sites Pedestrain Safety Percent Change Jobs by Neighborhood: 2010-2019 Perception of Neighborhood Safety Population Change 2010-2020 Population Vulnerability to Displacement Poverty Premature Mortatlity Proposed IBX Route Public Assembly Public Housing Race and Ethnicity Rail Network and Use Ratio of Bodegas to Supermarkets Recent Alterations Recent Development Rent Burden Rent Stabilized Units Residents Who Have Received 1+ Dose of Any COVID-19 Vaccine Residentual Floor Area Ratio Residentual Units per Acre by Community District Road Network Safety Net Hospitals School Accessibilty Corelogic NYC and HPD GIS zoning features NYCLiDAR MapPLUTO LPC (Landmarks Preservation Commision) ACS 5-year (S1601) DCP - capital planning explorer CDC - Bureau of Vital Statistics ACS 5-year (DP02) United Hospital Fund - Community Health Survey DCP, HPD - NYC Equitable Development Report- ing Tool ACS S-year (DP05) ACS 5-year (DP03) NYPD ACS 5-year (DP04) CDC - 500 cities project DOHMH, United Hospital Fund Neighborhoods DCP CDC - 500 cities project NYCHA bi-annual capital letter ACS 5-year (DP04) DCP - capital planning explorer Vision Zero LEHD census United Hospital Fund - community health survey DCP - demographic and housing characteristics (census) HPD and DCP - equitable development repoting tool ACS 5-year (DP03) United Hospital Fund - community health survey MTA MapPLUTO MapPLUTO ACS 5-year (DPOS) MTA, MapPLUTO, Transitland DOHMH - community health profiles MapPLUTO MapPLUTO ACS 5-year NYC Housing and Vacancy Survey NYC Health MapPLUTO MapPLUTO, Office of the Govenor OpenStreetMap DOHMH DOE 2022 2022 2017 2022 2022 2021 2021 2017,2019 2020 2013 2022 2020 2021 2022 2021 2017 2020 2023 2017 2023 2021 2021 2012-2023 2010-2019 2016 2020 2022 2021 2016 2023 2022 2023 2020 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2023 2021 2016 2023 Borough Citywide Citywide Citywide Citywide Borough Citywide Census Tract Census Tract United Hospital Fund neighborhood (UHF34) Neighborhood Tabulation Areas (NTAs) Census Tract Census Tract Borough Census Tract Census Tract United Hospital Fund neighborhood (UHF34) Borough Census Tract Borough Census Tract Citywide, Community District (CD) Citywide Community District (CD) United Hospital Fund neighborhood (UHF34) Community District (CD) Neighborhood Tabulation Areas (NTAs) Census Tract United Hospital Fund neighborhood (UHF34) Citywide Citywide Citywide Citywide Citywide Community District (CD) Citywide Citywide Census Tract Zip Code Zip Code Borough Community District (CD) Citywide Borough Borough 164 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 School Locations Sclf-Reported Health Service Workers Scwersheds Sex Ratio Share of Foreign Born Population Shelter and Supportive Housing SNAP Assistance Social Vulnerability Stormwater Flooding Street Types by Use Tenure Total Number of Jobs Added by Neighborhood: 2010-2019 Total Number of School Seats Needed Transit Network Transit Zones Tree Canopy Change Truck Routes Two Family Conversions Unhealthy Food Access Vehicle Miles Traveled Walking Access to Parks Walking Distance to Subway Waterfront Access Wellness Doctor Visit Wotk Destination, Brooklyn Residents Zoning Zoning Changes Zoning Districts Frameworks Health & Wellness Economy Healthy Streets & Environment Housing Growth & Parking Demand Management Resilient Infrastructure & Jobs DOE United Hospital Fund - community health survey ACS 5-year (DP03) Open Sewer Atlas ACS 5-year (DP05) ACS 5-year (DP02) MapPLUTO ACS 5-year (DP03) DCP, HPD - NYC cquitable development reporting pool DEP, DCP - capital planning explorer RPA - Re-envisioning the right of way ACS 5-year (DP04) LEHD census SCA MTA, MapPLUTO LPC (landmarks preservation commision) OTIL, SBS DOT,DCP-LION MapPLUTO DOHMH - health data portal BTS (bureau of transportation statistics) - LATCH survey RPA,MAS NYCT, ArcGIS Network Analysis Tool DCP - watcrfront access map, DPR - forever wild areas CDC - 500 cities project US Census LEHD data - on the map NYC GIS Zoning features MapPLUTO NYC GIS Zoning features LEHD census, CDC 500 cities health data Vision Zero, DOHMH, Flood hazard mapper NYCT, MTA GIS Clearinghouse, NJGIN Open Data 2022 2020 2021 2022 2020 2020 2022 2020 2022 2021 2021 2021 2010-2019 2022 2021 2022 2010-2017, 2015 2023 2023 2016 2018 2020 2018 2023 2017 2020 2022 2023 2022 2022 2023 2023 2023 Borough/Community District (CD) United Hospital Fund neighborhood (UHF34) Census Tract Citywide Census Tract Census Tract Citywide Census Tract Zip Code Citywide Citywide Census Tract Community District (CD) Citywide Citywide Citywide Citywide Citywide Citywide Community District (CD) Census Tract Citywide Citywide Citywide Census Tract Zip Code Citywide Citywide Citywide Borough Citywide Citywide Citywide 165 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 Photo by Richard Lu on Unsplash Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) A smaller, independent dwelling unit that shares a zoning lot with a larger residential building. Examples include basement and garage apartments, as well as fully separated units. Area Median Income (AMI) The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) defines Area Median Income for all cities across the country using average incomes for the region and other fac- tors such as the High Housing Cost Adjustment (HHCA). City agencies use AMI to determine who qualifies for income- restricted housing. 2023 AMI for the New York City region is $127,100 for a family of three (100% AMI). Army Corps of Engineers New York-New Jersey Harbor and Tributaries Coastal Storm Risk Management Study (NYNJ HATS) A study in which the US Army Corps of Engineers is investigat- ing measures to manage future flood risk in ways that support the long-term resilience and sustainability of the coastal ecosys- tem and surrounding communities, and reduce the economic costs and risks associated with flood and storm events. The study for the New York-New Jersey Harbor is in the planning phase through 2024, and the Army Corps has a tentatively selected plan in place. Baselined Funding Funding that the administration includes in the City budget every year, which does not have to be negotiated with or added by the City Council. Blockface One side of a street between two consecutive features intersect- ing that street (e.g. other streets or boundaries). Brownfield Cleanup Programs Government-supported programs to clean up contaminated sites for redevelopment purposes. Builders Pavement Plans (BPP) Where a new building or alteration is underway, the side- walks and portions of the streets facing those new buildings or alteration lots must be improved or refurbished. These public rights-of-way are primarily under the jurisdiction of the NYC Department of Transportation, though other agencies may regulate different infrastructural systems and streetscape com- ponents. Changes to these public areas must be submitted to the Department of Buildings in a Builders Pavement Plan (BPP) application. Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) Public-private partnerships overseen by the NYC Department of Small Business Services and run by boards of local property owners, merchants, and elected officials. BIDs are funded by an annual assessment of all property owners in the district, with funds used to support improvement efforts such as street and sidewalk maintenance, public events, promotion of area busi- nesses, and beautification. Cease & Desist Zone Geographic areas designated by the New York Department of State, where soliciting the sale of real estate from any homeowner whose name(s) appear(s) on an opt-in list is prohibited. Real estate brokers, real estate salespeople, and other persons regularly engaged in the buying and selling of real estate are prohibited from soliciting homeownets included on the list. City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) As mandated by the State Environmental Quality Review Act, CEQR is the process by which NYC agencies determine what effect, if any, a discretionary action they approve may have upon the environment. CEQR is a disclosure process and not an approval process in and of itself. Completion of an environ- mental review supports other decisions made by agencies such as approvals of rezoning or variance applications, funding, or issuance of discretionary permits. Ministerial actions, such as the issuance of a building permit, are not subject to environmental review. Citywide Statement of Needs A process through which the NYC Department of City Planning involves the City Council, Borough Presidents, Borough Boards, and Community Boards in the siting of City facilities. Citizens Air Complaint Program A program from the NYC Department of Environmental Protection that allows New Yorkers to report idling violations and receive a percentage of the money recouped as compensation. Clean Curbs Pilot Program A pilot program from the NYC Department of Sanitation that dedicates curb space to containerized waste. Complete Streets Streets that are designed to prioritize safety, comfort, and connectivity to destinations for all people who use the street network. Common features of complete streets include wide sidewalks, bike lanes, designated bus lanes, and accessible trans- portation stops. Dissimilarity Index A demographic indicator measuring the percentage of an area's demographic group needing to move to another neighborhood to achieve complete integration for the area. Downzoning A zoning change that decreases the amount of density allowed in an area. 1G7 Compiehensive Plan for Brocklvn | October 2023 E-designation Provides notice of the presence of an environmental requirement pertaining to potential hazardous materials contamination, high ambient noise levels, or air emission concerns on a particular tax lot, as governed by the NYC Zoning Resolution. E-designations are established in connection with a change in zoning or an action pursuant to a provision of the Zoning Resolution that would allow additional development to occur on property or would permit uses not currently allowed. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) A report filed in the City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) process that details a project's executive summary, description, technical analyses, mitigation measures, and project alternatives. Federally-Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) Healthcare facilities that provide underserved populations with comprehensive services for a sliding scale fee and qualify for enhanced reimbursements from Medicare and Medicaid. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) An air pollutant comprised of tiny particles or droplets that are 2.5 micrometers or less in width (30 times smaller than the width of human hair). These particles reduce visibility, produce hazy conditions (smog), and are a concern to human health when levels in the air are high. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) The ratio of total building floor area to the area of its zoning lot, the principal bulk regulation controlling the size of New York City buildings. FRESH Zones The Food Retail Expansion to Support Health (FRESH) pro- gram was created in 2009 to bring healthy, affordable foods to underserved neighborhoods. FRESH Zones offer incentives to create and maintain grocery stores in "food deserts" where resi- dents lack sufficient access to fresh meats, fruits, and vegetables. Food Insecurity A lack of consistent access to enough food for every person in a household to live an active, healthy life. Industrial Business Zones (IBZs) A geographic designation created in 2005 to protect the city's manufacturing sector. Good Cause Eviction legislation Proposed legislation at the State level that would require land- lords to provide justification in order to raise rent more than 3% pet year and allow tenants to challenge evictions for which the landlord does not provide "good cause." Health Bucks and Get the Good Stuff Programs Programs from the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene that allow residents who receive food assistance benefits to receive fresh fruits and vegetables for free or at a reduced cost. Heat Vulnerability The NYC Heat Vulnerability Index measures how the risk of heat-related illness or death differs across neighborhoods. The City of New York defines neighborhood risk factors that increase heat vulnerability in NYC as: surface temperature, green space, access to home air conditioning, and the percentage of residents who are low-income or non-Latinx Black. Housing First An approach to addressing homelessness that connects people experiencing homelessness to permanent housing without condi- tions such as participation in treatment programs or employ- ment/service requirements. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, this model helps people exit homelessness quickly and remain housed, while saving cities money on the cost of hospitalization, incarceration, and emergency shelter. Industrial Business Solutions Providers (IBSPs) Local non-profit organizations funded by the NYC Department of Small Business Services to help industrial businesses with financing, accessing space, workforce development, and other services. Interborough Express (IBX) A proposed rapid transit project that will connect currently underserved areas of Brooklyn and Queens by building light rail along existing, underutilized rail lines stretching from Bay Ridge, Brooklyn to Woodside, Queens. Language Access Act Legislation passed by the City Council in 2017 requiring City agencies to translate their most commonly distributed docu- ments into the 10 designated citywide languages: Spanish, Chinese, Russian, Bengali, Haitian, Korean, Arabic, Urdu, French, and Polish. Late Shift Pilot Program A pilot program from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and ride hailing companies to help late-night com- muters get to the subway overnight. Local Law 97/Climate Mobilization Act Legislation passed by the City Council in 2019 that will require buildings over 25,000 sq.ft. to meet carbon emissions limits by 2024. Local Delivery Hub Pilot Program A pilot program from the NYC Department of Transportation that will designate curb space for delivery trucks to transfer items onto low- or no-emissions vehicles, cargo bikes, and hand carts, in order to reduce local truck traffic. Mandatory Inclusionary Housing (MIH) In 2016, the City adopted the Mandatory Inclusionary Housing (MIH) program, which requires any developer that receives a rezoning for more density (or is building in a neighborhood that was rezoned post-2016) to dedicate a percentage of new housing units as income-restricted housing. Neighborhood Health Centers 168 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 OfF-site clinics operated by NYC Health + Hospitals to provide convenient alternatives for pediatric, adult, and women's health services. Neighborhood Loading Zones Program from the NYC Department of Transportation meant to reduce double parking by designating curb space for com- mercial deliveries, loading and unloading personal vehicles, and pickups/dropoffs by taxis and car services. New York Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) New York State law passed in 2019, which establishes targets for reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions and directs at least 35-40% of associated benefits to historically disadvantaged communities. New York HEAT Act Proposed legislation at the State level that would require the New York Public Service Commission to phase out natural gas infrastructure and cap energy bills for low-to-middle income New Yorkers at 6% of their income. NYC Accelerator A City program to connect property ownets, property managers, and building workers with resources, training, and guidance to improve building energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions NYC Care NYC''s no- to low-cost health coverage program for the unin- sured and underinsured. NYC Well A 24-hour crisis phone, text, and chat service provided by the City of New York where New Yorkers can receive free, confiden- tial mental health support. NYSERDA The New York State Energy Research & Development Authority, commonly referred to by its acronym, is the lead agency working on greenhouse gas emissions reduction for the State. Open Streets and Summer Streets The NYC Open Streets program, overseen by the NYC Department of Transportation, turns residential streets into carfree public spaces in collaboration with community-based organizations, educational institutions, and local businesses. The Summer Streets program brings this concept to large corridors on a limited basis in the summer and includes programming, Passive house A voluntary building standard that uses design to dramatically reduce the amount of energy needed for heating and cooling. Peaker plants Power plants that run only at times of high energy demand, but often account for a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions due to their need to power up quickly. Permanent Affordability Commitment Together (PACT) program A program through which the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) leases its land and buildings to develop- ment partners, who conduct repairs and become the property manager. This process also involves conversion of the rental subsidy from traditional Section 9 to Project-Based Section 8, keeping the units permanently affordable. Premature Mortality The percentage of people who die before age 65. Project Pivot An NYC program intended to help students achieve academic success and social-emotional well-being by giving students access to additional resources in partnership with community-based organizations. Public Housing Preservation Trust A State (public) entity that issues bonds in order to fund build- ing renovations in public housing developments. NYCHA remains owner and enters into a long-term ground lease with the Trust and secures Tenant Protection Vouchers as a subsidy. Residents of Preservation Trust buildings will continue to pay 30% of their income toward rent. Rent Burden, Severe Rent Burden, and Owner Burden A household is considered rent burdened if rent costs more than 30% of household income, and is considered severely rent bur- dened if rent costs more than 50% of household income. Owner burden is when a homeowner pays more than 30% of their income toward their mortgage. Restorative Justice An approach to addressing criminal behavior that works to repair harm and reduce the likelihood of re-offense. Right to Counsel A NYC law that provides tenants facing evictions in housing court or NYCHA administrative proceedings access to free legal representation and advice. Select Bus Services Bus service that is designed to improve speed and reliability through features such as lane design, camera enforcement, off- board fare collection, and transit signal priority. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Provides supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non- breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age 5 who are found to be at nutritional risk. Social Housing Housing that has three primary goals: to become insulated from market forces, promote social equality, and ensure that residents have democratic control over their housing, 169 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023 State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) SEQR requires all local, regional, and state government agen- cies to equally examine the environmental impacts along with the social and economic considerations for a certain project, or action, during their discretionary review. Agencies must assess the environmental significance of all actions they have the power to approve, fund, or directly assume. If an action consists of multiple phases, sets of activities, or if separate agencies are involved, SEQR requires agencies jointly consider these cumula- tive impacts during their review. For the City's environmental review process, see "CEQR." Superfund Sites Contaminated sites designated by the US Environmental Protection Agency for clean up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Benefit administered by the NYC Human Resources Administration to assist people with limited income to purchase food. Supportive Housing Affordable housing with on-site social services for individuals and families who are homeless or at risk of homelessness. Transit-Oriented Development Compact, mixed-use communities near transit where people enjoy easy access to jobs and services. Transit Zones Areas of NYC designated in the Zoning Resolution where new income-restricted housing is exempt from providing parking. For a map of transit zones, see the Existing Conditions chapter. Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP) A standardized procedure whereby applications affecting NYC land uses are publicly reviewed, in order, by the Community Board, Borough President and/or Borough Board, City Planning Commission, City Council, and the Mayor. The City Charter requires ULURP for: e Zoning map changes and zoning special permits o Acquisitions and dispositions of City-Owned Property o Site selection for capital projects o Housing and urban renewal plans and projects pursuant to City, State and Federal laws e Revocable Consents, Request for Proposals, and other solicitations Urban Development Action Area Program (UDAAP) A tax exemption program for the rehabilitation or new construc- tion of housing on formerly City-owned land that has been designated by the City as an Urban Renewal Area. Urban Heat Island Effect The phenomenon in which urbanized areas experience higher temperatures than outlying areas, due to the fact that dense buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun's heat more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies. Variance Provides a property owner with the legal permission to build structures or use land in ways that are contrary to existing local zoning regulations. Variances are granted by the NYC Board of Standards and Appeals. Vision Zero An NYC initiative launched in 2014 to eliminate traffic deaths and change the culture on our streets through a comprehensive program of engineering, education, and enforcement. Voluntary Cleanup Program An NYC program managed by the Office of Environmental Remediation that supports developers in cleaning up contami- nated sites for redevelopment. Zoning The classification of land through restrictions placed on its use (Iand use) and development. Zoning governs the size and use of buildings and has a huge impact on how the city looks and operates. Zoning Text Amendment, Zoning Map Amendment Changes to the NYC Zoning Resolution can either be Zoning Text Amendments or Zoning Map Amendments. Zoning Text Amendments do not require the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP); however, in practice, the Department of City Planning refers Zoning Text Amendments to the commu- nity boards for review. A Zoning Map Amendment is a change in designation or a change in district boundaries for any zoning district on the NYC Zoning Map. Zoning Map Amendments are discretionary actions subject to ULURP. Zoning Resolution A document that establishes the zoning districts for the city and the regulations governing land use and development. The Zoning Resolution consists of 14 Articles, 11 Appendices, and 126 Zoning Maps, which together regulate the use, bulk, parking, and other regulations for zoning districts including residence districts, commercial districts, manufacturing districts, and Special Purpose Districts. 170 Comprehensive Plan for Brooklyn | October 2023