Fathers Advancing Community Together Findings from a Participant Survey Bryce Peterson Lindsey Cramer Paige Thompson January 2021 It’s a great program if you are determined in life to do better for yourself and want better for yourself. – FACT PARTICIPANT urban.org Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey Contents Introduction1 Perceptions of Parenting 3 Cooperation and Collaboration with Coparents 7 Finances and Employment 9 Notes and References 12 About the Authors and Acknowledgments 13 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey Introduction Research has shown that greater involvement (an office of the US Department of Health and from fathers in their children’s lives can yield Human Services’ Administration for Children and better academic, social, health, and emotional Families) provided funding to several Healthy outcomes for children (Finocharo and Vann 2019). Marriage and Responsible Fatherhood programs.1 However, fathers living in poverty face numerous barriers that limit their ability to actively engage With funding from the Healthy Marriage and with their children and families, barriers such as a Responsible Fatherhood initiative, Rubicon lack of employment and income, stress related to Programs implemented the Fathers Advancing finding employment, limited access to resources, Community Together (FACT) program for low- child support and custody issues, and histories of to moderate-income custodial and noncustodial justice-system involvement (Coley 2001; Swisher parents of minor children (including mothers and Waller 2008). To help fathers overcome these and fathers) residing in Contra Costa County, barriers and remain engaged with their children California. FACT participants were interested and families, the Office of Family Assistance in achieving long-term financial mobility. Program Recruitment and Enrollment Rubicon received referrals for the FACT program to a community partner, STAND! For Families through word of mouth, through walk-ins, and from Free of Violence. Rubicon also implemented an other partner agencies. Program staff also recruited “alignment” process that it developed to help FACT participants directly at shelters in the Contra ensure that prospective participants were ready Costa area and through presentations at local to engage in program activities by the time they monthly Parole and Community Team meetings enrolled and to ensure the program would meet for people recently released from incarceration. their needs. Prospective participants were deemed After being recruited, prospective participants “not ready yet” for FACT if they faced barriers to met with an ambassador and impact coach to learn program engagement, such as untreated mental more about the program. Impact coaches met with health challenges and active acute alcohol and each prospective participant at least three times other substance use issues. Alignment meetings to begin fostering a transformational relationship convened all program staff to discuss prospective and to complete necessary intake paperwork. participants and potential concerns about their As part of the enrollment process, Rubicon also readiness. Prospective participants deemed not a completed an assessment to identify any issues good fit for FACT were referred to another service related to domestic violence or intimate partner provider in the community for additional support; violence. Should a participant demonstrate the these participants were then reconsidered for need for additional services, Rubicon refers them enrollment in FACT at a later time. 1 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey Through the program, Rubicon provided services facilitators of effective implementation, assess in three core areas—responsible parenting, healthy the degree to which the program led to better relationships, and economic stability—at its two outcomes among participants, and assess whether program sites in Antioch and Richmond, California. it provided an effective model for parents with In each of these areas, Rubicon offered workshops, low incomes in Contra Costa County. In this brief, case management, and linkages to Rubicon we present outcomes from a two-wave survey we comprehensive services and external supports. administered to FACT participants. This is one of a series of publications released as part of Urban’s In partnership with Rubicon, the Urban evaluation of the FACT program and builds on Institute evaluated FACT to document program survey findings presented in a previous brief. implementation, describe the barriers to and Participant Survey As part of Urban’s evaluation of FACT, we surveyed baseline to the follow-up surveys. These questions FACT participants at enrollment (baseline), which fall under the following categories: perceptions of occurred between March 2017 and February parenting (including relationships and activities 2019, and six months after enrollment (follow-up), with children), cooperation and collaboration with which occurred between September 2017 and coparents, and finances and employment. We also August 2019. A total of 106 people participated broke out the findings by age group (18 to 24, 25 to in both rounds of surveys. In the rest of this brief, 45, and 46 and older) and by whether participants we draw on this sample to examine changes in were custodial or noncustodial parents. participants’ responses to key questions from the Empowerment Plans and Support Services After participants were enrolled in FACT, impact coaches facilitated a collaborative process to develop an empowerment plan with each participant, intended to identify personal development goals and needed services. Impact coaches also connected participants to internal Rubicon supports, such as legal guidance from staff attorneys, health and wellness services, community connections and activists, and men’s and women’s support groups. The coaches also referred participants to external services, such as housing, public assistance, child support, family reunification, visitation and custody support, and anger management classes. 2 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey Perceptions of Parenting One of the primary goals of FACT was to instill participants with the knowledge and tools they needed to succeed as parents by providing Responsible Parenting responsible parenting services. The first group Services of survey questions we examined asked about participants’ perceptions around parenting. Rubicon partnered with Centerforce, Overall, more than two-thirds believed they were a nonprofit community-based equipped with the necessary skills to be good organization, to facilitate responsible parents (figure 1). A larger share agreed or strongly parenting workshops and provide case agreed with this statement six months after management around participants’ enrolling in FACT (73 percent) than at baseline barriers to successful parenting. (66 percent), though there were differences Centerforce’s fatherhood coaches between subgroups. For example, younger parents facilitated daily parenting workshops (ages 18 to 24) demonstrated similar levels of using its Back to Family curriculum, agreement at baseline and follow-up, whereas which focused on teaching participants parents ages 46 and older were less confident that parenting skills, discipline, and parent- they had the skills necessary to be a good parent child communication. The Back to Family six months later. We found the largest increases workshops were two hours, four days a between baseline and follow-up on this question week, and lasted three weeks. In addition in noncustodial parents (an increase from 68 to to facilitating the workshops, fatherhood 76 percent) and parents ages 25 to 45 (an increase coaches provided participants with from 64 to 75 percent). case management around parenting, child support, child protective services, custody, and visiting plans. Rubicon changed my ways and put me in a better spot as a father. – FACT PARTICIPANT 3 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey  Baseline   Follow-up We also asked participants whether they were meeting their own personal expectations in caring FIGURE 1 for their child/children (figure 2). The majority Shares of Parents Who Agreed or Strongly Agreed That They Had the agreed or strongly agreed with this statement, and Parenting Skills Necessary to Be Good Parents more held these opinions at follow-up (58 percent) 6673+ 068+ 760+ 6368+ 057+ 0+ 6475+ 0100+ 91 than at baseline (46 percent). This trend was 100% consistent across all subgroups, except for young 91% parents (ages 18 to 24): only 35 percent of young 76% 75% parents reported that they were meeting their own 73% 66% 68% 68% 64% expectations as parents at follow-up, down from 63% 57% 57% 43 percent at baseline. The increases in agreement between enrollment and follow-up (which would have occurred after participants completed the responsible parenting workshops) suggest that FACT’s services equipped participants with parenting skills and instilled Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ self-belief and motivation in them to care for and Parental status Age group forge relationships with their children. Despite these increases, six months after enrollment, more than 40 percent of parents noted that they were 4658+ 041+ 570+ 5359+ 043+ 350+ 4563+ 055+ 73 FIGURE 2 still not meeting their own expectations in caring Shares of Parents Who Agreed or Strongly Agreed They Were for their children. A couple reasons may help Meeting Personal Expectations in Caring for Their Child/Children explain this finding. First, parents may have set high expectations for themselves and desired to 73% be better parents for their children, causing them 63% 58% 57% 59% to feel they had not improved as parents. Second, 53% 55% 46% 45% this finding highlights that FACT participants need 41% 43% 35% ongoing parental support, and it underscores the complex needs of parents living in poverty. Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ Parental status Age group FACT has given me tools and skills in understanding and assisting both [of] my children in more productive ways. – FACT PARTICIPANT 4 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey  Baseline   Follow-up Relationships and Activities with Children FIGURE 3 Shares of Parents Who Agreed or Strongly Agreed That They Shared In addition to the questions about participants’ 8892+ 087+ 0+ 8897+ 086+ 920+ 8892+ 082+ an Affectionate, Warm Relationship with Their Child/Children perceptions of their own parenting skills and expectations, we asked survey respondents about 97% 92% 92% 92% their relationships with their children. We found 88% 87% 87% 88% 86% 88% 82% 82% that a large majority of parents at baseline and follow-up reported having an affectionate and warm relationship (e.g., positive, loving) with their children (figure 3); these perceptions increased between baseline (88 percent) and follow-up (92 percent). There was, however, variation among subgroups. Responses among older parents (ages 46 and older) and noncustodial parents did not change from baseline to follow-up, whereas the 1013+ 08+ 130+ 1211+ 07+ 140+ 413+ 027+ 9 Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ remaining subgroups had increases of between Parental status Age group four and nine percentage points on this measure. We also asked whether parents were experiencing FIGURE 4 conflict with their children (figure 4). Only a small Shares of Parents Who Agreed or Strongly Agreed That They and share of parents agreed or strongly agreed that Their Child/Children Always Seemed to be Struggling with Each Other they and their child were struggling with each other, though this share increased slightly from baseline 27% (10 percent) to follow-up (13 percent). Notably, at six months after enrollment, there was a two-thirds 13% 14% 13% 10% 13% 8% 12% 11% 7% 9% decline in agreement with this statement for parents 4% ages 46 and older (from 27 to 9 percent); agreement Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ among most other subgroups increased. Parental status Age group This measure may be a by-product of participants learning new parenting techniques and engaging FIGURE 5 more with their families after participating in Shares of Parents Who Played, Spent Time, Talked and Listened, FACT programming. For example, the program’s 5560+ 048+ 460+ 6679+ 046+ 500+ 5562+ 064+ 50 Fed or Shared a Meal, Read or Told Stories, and Watched TV with fatherhood coaches emphasized the importance of Their Child/Children parental involvement in children’s lives, of learning when and how to appropriately discipline children, 79% and of asking “difficult” questions. It is possible that 66% increases in some of these activities created strain 62% 64% 60% or conflict in parent-child relationships where 55% 55% 48% 46% 50% 50% these activities were previously absent. 46% We also asked survey respondents questions about whether they participated in a variety of activities with their children. Figures 5 through 7 depict the share of parents who engaged in all Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ these activities on a weekly basis, divided into Parental status Age group three categories: fun or general (six total activities), rule-setting (two total activities), and school- 5 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey  Baseline   Follow-up related (three total activities). Between baseline (55 percent) and follow-up (60 percent), a slightly 3947+ 019+ 310+ 6968+ 029+ 430+ 3943+ 055+ 73 FIGURE 6 larger share of parents reported participating in Shares of Parents Who Put Limits on Who Their Child/Children Could six fun or general activities on a weekly basis with Hang Out with and on How Late They Could Stay Up or Stay Out their children, including talking, playing, sharing a meal, reading or telling stories, and watching 73% 69% 68% television (figure 5). Notably, more custodial 55% parents reported engaging in these activities with 47% their children at both baseline and follow-up than 43% 43% 39% 39% noncustodial parents. 31% 29% 19% When asked about examples of rules they had set for their children (figure 6), more FACT parents reported limiting who children could hang out with 7+200+ 520+ 010+ 200+ 714+ 07+ 180+ 1027+ Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ and setting curfews at follow-up (47 percent) than Parental status Age group at baseline (39 percent). This was consistent across nearly all subgroups. Again, custodial parents were more likely to report engaging in these activities FIGURE 7 with their children at both baseline and follow-up Shares of Parents Who Participated in School Events, Attended than noncustodial parents. Older parents (ages Afterschool or Weekend Activities, and Talked about the Importance 46 and older) were also more likely to report of Grades or Graduation participating in rule-setting activities than parents in the other two age groups. 27% 20% 20% 20% 18% 14% Lastly, we asked FACT parents whether they 10% 7% 7% 10% 7% 5% participated in their children’s school-related events, Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ attended afterschool or weekend activities, and Parental status Age group discussed the importance of academic performance and graduation (figure 7). From baseline to follow- up, the share of parents who reported participating in all these activities on a weekly basis nearly tripled (from 7 percent to 20 percent). Similar trends were present among all subgroups. Spotlight on Participant Satisfaction FACT participants expressed positive views of the program, compromising, child rearing, and coparenting. Participants and 80 percent of surveyed participants reported being described program staff as caring and having created a satisfied or very satisfied with it. Participants reported nonjudgmental environment where they felt welcomed. that FACT staff helped change their mindsets and thought In particular, participants attributed this to their initial processes, and participants felt confident and focused interactions with the impact and fatherhood coaches, whose while in FACT. Participants also noted that the workshops regular communication and contact they appreciated. helped them develop skills in communication, listening, 6 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey Cooperation and Collaboration with Coparents Another key component of the FACT program was healthy relationship services, which focused on improving communication and collaboration Healthy Relationships between coparents and other caregivers. Services The survey included questions about these relationships. For example, we asked participants In addition to parenting classes, the whether they agreed that they share information Centerforce fatherhood coaches about their child/children with their caregivers facilitated healthy relationship (figure 8). Roughly two-thirds agreed or strongly sessions. Centerforce used its Couples agreed, although slightly fewer agreed at follow-up Enhancement curriculum, which focuses (65 percent) than at baseline (68 percent). More on topics such as healthy relationships, noncustodial parents and parents ages 25 to 45 communication, coparenting, and reported sharing information about their children conflict resolution. The workshops at follow-up than at baseline. were held daily for three weeks, as part of the Back to Family workshops. The In addition to asking about information sharing, fatherhood coaches also provided case we surveyed FACT participants about the degree management to participants and couples. to which they make joint decisions with their children’s coparents or caregivers. Overall, participants’ responses did not change between baseline and follow-up; at both survey periods, 53 percent of parents indicated that they agreed or noncustodial parents (46 percent). This suggests strongly agreed with the statement. Older parents that custodial status was a stronger indicator of were more likely than any other subgroup to parents’ ability to make joint decisions about their report making joint decisions with their children’s children than participation in FACT. In other words, caregivers: 73 percent responded affirmatively at though the program may have taught participants enrollment and 90 percent after six months. coparenting techniques, these would only be effective if caregivers were willing to cooperate. Interestingly, both noncustodial and custodial Participants with custody of their children appeared parents’ agreement with this statement remained to have been better positioned than noncustodial the same from baseline to follow-up, though parents to collaborate with their coparents and custodial parents (63 percent) were much more make joint decisions about their children. likely to report making joint decisions overall than 7 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey  Baseline   Follow-up 6865+ 061+ 620+ 7872+ 057+ 560+ 6670+ 082+ 80 FIGURE 8 Shares of Parents Who Agreed or Strongly Agreed That They Share Information about Their Child/Children with Their Caregivers 82% 80% 78% 72% 70% 68% 66% 65% 61% 62% 57% 56% They made sense of things Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ I have gone through in my Parental status Age group life and helped support me in ways to get through FIGURE 9 things now. Shares of Parents Who Agreed or Strongly Agreed That They Make 53+ 046+ 0+ 63+ 050+ 430+ 4750+ 073+ 90 Joint Decisions about Their Child/Children —FACT PARTICIPANT 90% 73% 63% 63% 53% 53% 50% 50% 46% 46% 47% 43% Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ Parental status Age group 8 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey Finances and Employment A primary service provided by Rubicon focused on financial skill building and employment. To measure the impact of these services on Financial Skill Building and participants, we asked them about perceptions of Employment Services their finances, financial practices, and employment status at enrollment and follow-up. A large majority A core component of FACT was a reported at both periods that they believed in three-week Foundations Workshop the importance of saving money (figure 10). Few series that included services around differences existed between subgroups, though financial skill building and employment. respondents ages 18 to 24 were less likely to agree The Foundations Workshops with this sentiment at follow-up (64 percent) than occurred for five hours daily and at baseline (93 percent), whereas respondents in used a curriculum developed by the other age categories were slightly more likely Rubicon. Rubicon’s coaches facilitated to agree after six months. educational workshops on topics such as the structural causes of Despite recognizing the importance of saving poverty, growth mindsets, budgeting, money, most FACT participants still worried about securing public assistance, and having adequate finances (figure 11). Fewer than managing bank accounts. Furthermore, 25 percent overall at baseline and follow-up employment services involved a suite indicated that they rarely worried about being of employment readiness services, able to meet normal living expenses. Again, such as career exploration, a job club, there was some variation between subgroups. résumé writing, interview preparation, Noncustodial parents were more likely to indicate subsidized employment, and referrals that they were not concerned about meeting these to job opportunities.   expenses at follow-up (26 percent) than at baseline (14 percent), whereas the opposite was true for custodial parents (23 percent at follow-up versus 32 percent at baseline). There were also wide variations among the three age groups (figure 11). 9 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey Though there were few changes in FACT  Baseline   Follow-up participants’ perceptions of their finances from baseline to follow-up (figures 10 and 11), figures FIGURE 10 12 and 13 show that participants’ financial Shares of Parents Who Agreed or Strongly Agreed It Is Important to 8789+ 087+ 890+ 8689+ 093+ 640+ 8693+ 091+ 82 practices did improve between the two periods. For Save Money Every Paycheck example, although only 21 percent of people overall 93% 93% reported using a budget at baseline, 28 percent 91% 87% 89% 87% 89% 86% 89% 86% reported using a budget at follow-up. This trend 82% was consistent across most subgroups and was 64% particularly noticeable among noncustodial parents, of whom only 11 percent reported using a budget at baseline (compared with 25 percent at follow-up). Another positive finding was that the share of people who reported putting money into a savings or retirement account more than doubled from baseline (6 percent) to follow-up (14 percent), though these 2224+ 014+ 260+ 3223+ 029+ 140+ 2425+ 0+ 27 Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ numbers remained low overall (figure 13). Notably, Parental status Age group younger adults (those ages 18 to 24) were much less likely to report using a budget and to report automatically putting money away than adults in FIGURE 11 other age groups. This could be because younger Shares of Parents Who Agreed or Strongly Agreed That They Rarely parents were newer to the workforce and therefore Worry about Being Able to Meet Normal Living Expenses not in a position to start putting money into savings or retirement accounts. Conversely, parents in their 32% 26% 29% 27% prime earning years (those ages 25 to 45) were much 22% 24% 23% 24% 25% 14% 14% more likely to regularly save money after completing Rubicon’s Foundations Workshops. 0% Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ Perhaps the strongest indicator of FACT’s success Parental status Age group was the improvement in participants’ employment 2128+ 011+ 250+ 3433+ 014+ 230+ 1926+ 045+ 55 status (figure 14) and earnings (figure 15). Between baseline and follow-up, the percentage of participants FIGURE 12 with a job increased from 32 to 54 percent. This Shares of Parents That Reported Using a Written Budget to Plan trend was consistent across all subgroups, with Spending at the Time of the Survey a particularly large increase among noncustodial parents (27 percent at baseline versus 52 percent at 55% follow-up) and those ages 46 and older (18 percent at 45% baseline versus 55 percent at follow-up). 34% 33% 28% 26% 25% 23% 21% 19% Notably, it does not appear that these increases 14% 11% in employment were from minimum-wage or low-paying jobs. In fact, figure 15 shows that Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ of the subset of people who were employed at Parental status Age group each survey period, the average monthly wages increased by more than $700 overall (from $1,033 to $1,758). Again, the increase in wages was experienced among people in all subgroups, with noncustodial parents receiving the largest increase in wages between baseline and follow-up ($996 at baseline versus $1,961 at follow-up). 10 6+140+ 816+ 02+ 90+ 0+ 7+ 170+ 90+ Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey  Baseline   Follow-up Our findings indicate that although participants’ perceptions of financial practices did not change FIGURE 13 between survey periods, they were more likely Shares of Parents That Put Money into a Savings or Retirement to engage in good financial practices (e.g., using Account Automatically a written budget and saving money), more likely to be employed, and made more money overall at 14% 16% 17% follow-up than at baseline. Despite this success, 6% 8% 9% 7% 9% 2% these findings underscore the unique challenges 0% 0% 0% involved in providing services to underresourced Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ populations and the need to further reform Parental status Age group 3254+ 027+ 520+ 3855+ 029+ 360+ 3657+ 018+ 55 inequitable systems to fully mitigate the impacts of poverty. For example, although participants were engaging in good financial practices FIGURE 14 more six months after enrolling in FACT, rates Shares of Parents with Legal Jobs at the Time of the Survey remained low overall, as only 14 percent of parents reported automatically putting money 55% 57% 55% 54% 52% into a savings or retirement account. Though rates of employment (as reported by participants) 38% 36% 36% 32% increased substantially, nearly half of participants 27% 29% were still unemployed at follow-up.2 Furthermore, 18% of those employed, parents only made an average of $1,758 a month. Though this is much higher than Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ the average wages at baseline, it is well below the Parental status Age group estimated monthly living wage in Contra Costa County, even the estimated living wage ($3,170.27 per parent) for people with one child in a household FIGURE 15 with two working parents.3 Our findings emphasize the ongoing need for organizations like Rubicon Average Wages in the Past Month for Respondents with Legal Jobs 5288+ 050+ 980+ 5376+ 060+ 830+ 5391+ 048+ 84 to provide employment services and financial resources in low-income communities. $1,961 $1,758 $1,826 $1,651 $1,678 $1,524 $1,200 $1,033 $1,068 $1,054 $996 $950 Overall Noncustodial Custodial 18–24 25–45 46+ Parental status Age group 11 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey Notes References 1. The Healthy Marriage and Responsible Coley, Rebekah Levine. 2001. “(In)visible Men: Fatherhood initiative is a discretionary grant Emerging Research on Low-Income, Unmarried, program originally authorized under the Deficit and Minority Fathers.” American Psychologist 56 (9): Reduction Act of 2005 and reauthorized under 743–53. the Claims Resolution Act of 2010. Karberg, Elizabeth, Jane Finocharo, and Nigel 2. This does not account for fluctuation in Vann. 2019. Father and Child Well-Being: A Scan of participant employment during the six-month Current Research. Washington, DC: US Department follow-up period. Participants may have gained of Health and Human Services, Office of Family and lost jobs during this time. This finding is Assistance, National Responsible Fatherhood based on participants’ reported employment Clearinghouse. status at the time of taking the baseline and follow-up surveys. Swisher, Raymond R., and Maureen R. Waller. 2008. “Confining Fatherhood: Incarceration and Paternal 3. Amy Glasmeier and the Massachusetts Institute Involvement among Nonresident White, African of Technology, “Living Wage Calculator for American, and Latino Fathers.” Journal of Family Contra Costa County, California,” accessed Issues 29 (8): 1,067–88. September 29, 2020, https://livingwage.mit. edu/counties/06013. 12 Fathers Advancing Community Together: Findings from a Participant Survey About the Authors Acknowledgments Bryce Peterson is a principal research associate in This brief reflects work conducted under grant the Justice Policy Center at the Urban Institute. His 90FK0062-05-00 from the US Department of work focuses on correctional policies, the impact Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration of the justice system on children and families, for Children and Families (ACF), Office of Family program evaluation, and technology. Assistance (OFA) to Rubicon Programs. The views expressed in this brief are those of the authors and Lindsey Cramer is a senior research associate in do not necessarily represent the official views of the Justice Policy Center, where her research OFA, ACF, or HHS; the views of the authors should focuses on the impact of the justice system on not be attributed to the Urban Institute, its trustees, fathers, children, and families, as well as the or its funders. Funders do not determine research correctional and community-based interventions findings or the insights and recommendations of designed to mitigate the effects of parental Urban experts. Further information on the Urban justice involvement. Institute’s funding principles is available at urban.org/fundingprinciples. Paige Thompson is a research analyst in the Justice Policy Center where her research focuses The authors wish to thank Rubicon Programs on responsible fatherhood, police technology, and the Fathers Advancing Community Together community perspectives of police legitimacy program partners for their collaboration on the and procedural justice, human trafficking, and evaluation of the program. We are also grateful for interventions and policies focused on preventing the time and assistance of program staff who played and reducing gun violence. a critical role in recruiting participants to take the survey. The authors also thank Jocelyn Fontaine, former senior research fellow and principal investigator at Urban, for her leadership on the development and administration of the survey. 13 500 L’Enfant Plaza SW  |  Washington, DC 20024