August 2019 | Issue Brief The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review Larisa Antonisse, Rachel Garfield, Robin Rudowitz, and Madeline Guth A substantial body of research has investigated effects of the Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on coverage; access to care and related measures (including utilization, quality of care and health outcomes, provider capacity, and affordability and financial security); and various economic measures. This issue brief summarizes findings from 324 studies of the impact of state Medicaid expansions under the ACA published beginning in January 2014 (when the coverage provisions of the ACA went into effect) and updates earlier versions of this brief with studies through June 2019.1 More recent studies continue to support earlier findings but provide additional findings in key areas, including expansion’s effects on health outcomes, access to services and medications for behavioral health – including opioid use disorder -- and other needs, providers’ financial stability, and employment and the labor market. Key Findings Research indicates that the expansion is linked to gains in coverage; improvements in access, financial security, and some measures of health status/outcomes; and economic benefits for states and providers.  Coverage: Studies show that Medicaid expansion states experienced significant coverage gains and reductions in uninsured rates among the low-income population broadly and within specific vulnerable populations. States that implemented the expansion with a waiver have seen coverage gains, but some waiver provisions appear to compromise coverage.  Access to care and related measures: Most research demonstrates that Medicaid expansion has improved access to care, utilization of services, the affordability of care, and financial security among the low-income population. Studies show improved self-reported health following expansion and an association between expansion and certain positive health outcomes. A small subset of study findings showed no effects of expansion on certain specific measures within these access-related categories. Findings on expansion’s effect on provider capacity are mixed, with studies showing increases, decreases, or no effects on measures like appointment availability or wait times.  Economic measures: Analyses find effects of expansion on numerous economic outcomes, including state budget savings, revenue gains, and overall economic growth. Multiple studies suggest that expansion can result in state savings by offsetting state costs in other areas. The federal government covered 100% of the cost of the expansion in the early years of the ACA, and will cover 90% over time. There is limited research examining the fiscal effects of the Medicaid expansion at the federal level. Additional studies show that Medicaid expansions result in reductions in uncompensated care costs for hospitals and clinics, and a growing number of studies show an association between expansion and gains in employment as well as growth in the labor market (with a minority of studies showing neutral effects in this area). This literature review includes studies, analyses, and reports published by government, research, and policy organizations using data from 2014 or later. This brief only includes studies that examine impacts of the Medicaid expansion in expansion states. It excludes studies on impacts of ACA coverage expansions generally (not specific to Medicaid expansion alone), studies investigating potential effects of expansion in states that have not (or had not, at the time of the study) expanded Medicaid, and reports from advocacy organizations and media sources. Findings are separated into three broad categories: Medicaid expansion’s impact on coverage; access to care and related measures (including utilization, quality of care and health outcomes, provider capacity, and affordability and financial security); and economic outcomes for the expansion states. The Appendix at the end of the brief provides a list of citations for each of the included studies, grouped by the three categories of findings. Recently published studies from late 2018 through June 2019 support earlier findings while using the additional years of experience with expansion to deepen findings in many areas, including expansion’s effects on health outcomes, access to services and medications for behavioral health and other needs, providers’ financial stability, and employment. Among other findings, new studies in these areas show that expansion is associated with increases in cancer diagnosis rates (especially early-stage diagnosis rates) and access to and utilization of certain types of cancer surgery; increases in access to and Medicaid coverage of treatment (including medication assisted treatment) for opioid use disorder and opioid overdose; a reduction in the US poverty rate; and improvements in employment and the labor market. Recently published studies in many areas have looked at more narrow population groups (e.g., individuals with a specific disease diagnosis or patients hospitalized for a specific condition). We will continue to monitor and update these findings as additional studies and state experiences provide insight into how various factors shape coverage, access to care, and costs in Medicaid expansion states and as states continue to consider expansion and reshape Medicaid coverage. Multiple recent policy changes, including the repeal of the ACA’s individual mandate penalty, shifting immigration policies including proposed “public charge” policies, and new waiver provisions recently approved by or pending approval from the Trump administration, may have implications for the effects of expansion demonstrated in studies to date. In addition, the effect of expansion on state budgets could change as states have to shoulder an increased share of the cost. Future research can help policymakers better understand how these policy shifts affect state experiences with Medicaid expansion. Impacts on Coverage Uninsured Rate and Medicaid Coverage Changes States expanding their Medicaid programs under the ACA have seen large increases in Medicaid enrollment. These increases have been driven by enrollment of adults made newly eligible for Medicaid under expansion. Enrollment growth also occurred among both adults and children who were previously eligible for but not enrolled in Medicaid (known as the “woodwork” or “welcome mat” effect). Recent research found that Medicaid coverage gains occurred even in some states that had relatively generous Medicaid eligibility levels prior to the ACA, either among the low income population broadly or among certain specific population groups. Some, but not all, research finds evidence of reduced coverage churn The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 2 in expansion compared to non-expansion states.2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 Numerous analyses demonstrate that Medicaid expansion states experienced large reductions in uninsured rates that significantly exceed those in non-expansion states. Declines began in 2014, and some studies showed that expansion-related enrollment growth in Medicaid and declines in uninsured rates in expansion states continued in 2015, 2016, and 2017 and that the gap between coverage rates in expansion and non-expansion states continued to widen in the years after 2014. The sharp declines in uninsured rates among the low-income population in expansion states are widely attributed to gains in Medicaid coverage.40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87, , , , 88 89 90 91 Several studies identified larger coverage gains in expansion versus non-expansion states for specific vulnerable populations, including young adults, prescription drug users, people with substance use disorders, people with HIV, low-income adults who screened positive for depression, cancer patients, adults with a history of cardiovascular disease or two or more cardiovascular risk factors, women diagnosed with a gynecologic malignancy, veterans, parents, mothers, women of reproductive age (with and without children), children, lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults, low-income workers, low-educated adults, justice-involved individuals, noncitizens, early retirees, and childless adults with incomes under 100% FPL. An additional study found no significant differences in coverage gains for people in mixed- status-households (those that likely include undocumented immigrant(s)) relative to non-mixed-status households in expansion states, whereas coverage gains were significantly lower for people in mixed- status relative to non-mixed-status households in non-expansion states.92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124 Most analyses that looked at rural/urban coverage changes find that Medicaid expansion has had a particularly large impact on Medicaid coverage or uninsured rates in rural areas. For example, one study found that the Medicaid expansion closed the small gap in the uninsured rate among nonelderly adults living in urban vs. rural locations. Another study found that Medicaid expansion narrowed the disparity in Medicaid insurance rates between rural and urban childless adults. However, as noted below, research on coverage effects in rural versus urban areas was mixed. 125,126,127,128 Studies show larger Medicaid coverage gains and reductions in uninsured rates in expansion states compared to non-expansion states occurred across most or all of the major racial/ethnic categories. Additional research also suggests that Medicaid expansion has helped to reduce disparities in coverage by income, age, marital status, and, in some studies, race/ethnicity.129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144 A minority of coverage studies show no effect or mixed results of expansion in certain areas. Many of these findings were included in studies that had additional findings related to coverage or disparity improvements and are also cited above. Some findings within two studies did not support the findings that showed greater coverage benefits of expansion in rural areas. One study found that the The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 3 expansion did not result in differential changes for rural vs. urban childless adult populations for overall insurance coverage. An additional study found higher Medicaid growth rates in metropolitan counties compared to rural counties in both expansion and non-expansion states, but the geographic differential in growth rates was much less dramatic in expansion states and analysis at the state level showed much variability across the states. A few studies showed that the broader trend of larger uninsured rate reductions and Medicaid coverage gains in expansion compared to non-expansion states did not occur within some specific racial/ethnic groups, or that there was no effect of Medicaid expansion on coverage disparities by gender or race/ethnicity. Findings within two studies suggested that expansion was associated with an increase in coverage disparities (by gender in one study and by race/ethnicity in another). In addition, one study showed no significant differences in churn rates among low-income adults between 2013 and 2015 based on the state’s expansion policy.145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154 Private Coverage and Waiver Implications Some studies exploring the effects of Medicaid expansion on private insurance coverage found no evidence of Medicaid expansion coverage substituting for private coverage, while other studies showed declines in private coverage associated with expansion overall or among certain specific population groups. These declines in private coverage may occur if individuals previously covered through employer-sponsored or self-pay insurance opt in to Medicaid given Medicaid’s typically lower out-of-pocket costs and more comprehensive benefit packages, or if employers alter their offering of coverage in response to the expansion of Medicaid. Private coverage changes in studies that include states that expanded later than January 2014 may also reflect people above 100% FPL transitioning from subsidized Marketplace coverage to Medicaid after their state adopts the expansion.155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169 States implementing the expansion with a waiver have seen similar or larger gains in coverage as states not using waivers, but research finds that some provisions in these waivers present barriers to coverage.  Studies show that some states initially expanding Medicaid with Section 1115 waivers experienced coverage gains that were similar to gains in states implementing traditional Medicaid expansions. Research comparing Arkansas (which expanded through a premium assistance model) and Kentucky (which expanded through a traditional, non-waiver model) showed no significant differences in uninsured rate declines between 2013 and 2015 in the two states. An analysis of expansion waiver programs in Michigan and Indiana showed that both states experienced uninsured rate reductions between 2013 and 2015 that were higher than the average decrease among expansion states as well as large gains in Medicaid enrollment.170,171,172,173  A growing body of research suggests that certain Section 1115 waiver provisions that target the expansion population have caused coverage losses or presented barriers to enrollment, particularly in Arkansas related to the implementation of a Medicaid work requirement and in Indiana related to the Healthy Indiana Plan (HIP) 2.0 monthly contribution requirements.174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 4 Impacts on Access and Related Measures Access to Care and Utilization Most research demonstrates that Medicaid expansion improves access to care and increases utilization of health care services among the low-income population. Many expansion studies point to improvements across a wide range of measures of access to care as well as utilization of a variety of medications and services. Some of this research also shows that improved access to care and utilization is leading to increases in diagnoses of a range of diseases and conditions and in the number of adults receiving consistent care for a chronic condition.184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 , , , , , , , , , , , , , 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 , For example:  Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Multiple studies found that expansion was associated with significantly greater increases in overall or Medicaid-covered cancer diagnosis rates and/or early- stage diagnosis rates. Multiple studies found an association between expansion and increased access to and utilization of certain types of cancer surgery, with one study finding a decreased disparity in expansion states between Medicaid and privately-insured patients in the odds of undergoing surgery for certain types of cancer. 271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279  Transplants. Additional studies found a correlation between expansion and increased heart transplant listing rates for African American adults (both overall and among Medicaid enrollees) and increased lung transplant listings for nonelderly adults.280,281  Smoking Cessation. Additional research found decreased cigarette and other nicotine product purchases and increased access, utilization, and Medicaid coverage of evidence-based smoking cessation medications post-expansion in expansion states relative to non-expansion states.282,283,284 ,285  Behavioral Health. Recent evidence demonstrates that Medicaid expansion states have seen improvements in access to medications and services for the treatment of behavioral health (mental health and substance use disorder (SUD)) conditions following expansion, with many national and multi-state studies showing greater improvements in expansion compared to non- expansion states. This evidence includes studies that have shown that Medicaid expansion is associated with increases in overall prescriptions for, Medicaid-covered prescriptions for, and Medicaid spending on medications to treat opioid use disorder and opioid overdose.286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310 o Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Multiple studies have found increases in medication assisted treatment (MAT) drug prescriptions (either overall or Medicaid-covered prescriptions) associated with expansion. Some of these studies also found that in contrast, there was no increase in opioid prescribing rates (overall or Medicaid-covered) associated with expansion over the same period. One study found that expansion was associated with an 18% increase in aggregate opioid admissions to specialty treatment facilities, nearly all of which was The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 5 driven by a 113% increase in admissions from Medicaid beneficiaries.311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319 Multiple recent studies have also found expansion to be associated with improvements in disparities by race/ethnicity, income, education level, insurance type, and employment status in measures of access to and utilization of care.320,321,322,323,324,325 Studies point to changes in patterns of emergency department (ED) utilization. Some studies point to declines in uninsured ED visits or visit rates and increases in Medicaid-covered ED visits or visit rates in expansion states compared to non-expansion states, compared to pre-expansion, or compared to other populations within expansion states. Studies show inconsistent findings about how Medicaid expansion has affected ED volume overall or among specific populations (e.g., Medicaid enrollees or frequent ED users), with some studies showing increases, no change, or declines. Studies also showed decreased reliance on the ED as a usual source of care and a shift in ED use toward visits for higher acuity conditions among individual patients who gained expansion coverage, compared to those who remained uninsured in non-expansion states.326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335 Evidence suggests that beneficiaries and other stakeholders lack understanding of some waiver provisions designed to change utilization or improve health outcomes. Multiple studies have demonstrated confusion among beneficiaries, providers, and advocates in expansion waiver states around the basic elements of the programs or requirements for participation, as well as beneficiary reports of barriers to completion of program activities (including internet access and transportation barriers). These challenges have resulted in increased costs to beneficiaries, beneficiaries being transitioned to more limited benefit packages, low program participation, or programs not operating as intended in other ways.336,337,338,339,340,341,342 Some study findings did not show that expansion significantly improved some measures of access, utilization, or disparities between population groups. Many of these findings were included in studies that also found related improvements in access, utilization, or disparities measures and are also cited above. Authors of some early studies using 2014 data note that changes in utilization may take more than one year to materialize. Consistent with this premise, a longer-term study found improvements in measures of access to care and financial strain in year two of the expansion that were not observed in the first year.343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367 Quality of Care, Self-Reported Health, and Health Outcomes Several studies show an association between Medicaid expansion and improvements in quality of care. These include studies focused on the low-income population broadly, academic medical center or affiliated hospital patients, or community health center patients and look at outcomes including receipt of recommended screenings or recommended care for a particular condition.368,369,370,371,372 Additional studies show effects of expansion on measures of quality hospital care and outcomes. A few studies found that Medicaid expansion was associated with declines in hospital length of stay and increases in hospital discharges to rehabilitation facilities, and one study found an association between expansion and declines in mechanical ventilation rates among patients hospitalized for various conditions. Additional analyses found that, contrary to past studies associating Medicaid insurance with The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 6 longer hospital stays and higher in-hospital mortality, the shift in payer mix in expansion states (increase in Medicaid discharges and decrease in uninsured discharges) did not influence length of stay or in- hospital mortality for various types of patients.373,374,,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382 Multiple studies have found improvements in measures of self-reported health following Medicaid expansions. Additional research has documented provider reports of newly eligible adults showing improved health or receiving life-saving or life-changing treatments that they could not obtain prior to expansion.383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392 A growing body of research has found an association between Medicaid expansion and improvements in certain measures of health outcomes. Studies in this area find an association between expansion and improvements in cardiovascular mortality rates, cardiac surgery patient outcomes, 1-year mortality among end-stage renal disease patients initiating dialysis, and perforated appendix admission rates among hospitalized patients with acute appendicitis. 393,394,395,396,397 Additional notable findings related to health outcomes include:  One study suggests that expansion may contribute to infant mortality rate reductions, finding that the mean infant mortality rate rose slightly in non-expansion states between 2014 and 2016, compared to a decline in expansion states over that period (this effect was particularly pronounced among the African-American population). Another study did not find a significant association between expansion and differences in rates of low birth weight or preterm birth outcomes overall, but did find significant improvements in relative disparities for black infants compared with white infants in states that expanded vs. those that did not. 398,399  A 2018 study found no evidence of expansion affecting drug-related overdoses or fatal alcohol poisonings. Two studies found expansion was associated with increased odds of tobacco cessation (among adult CHC patients in one study and childless adults in the other). 400,401,402 Some studies did not find significant changes associated with expansion on certain measures of quality of care, self-reported health status, or health outcomes.  Some studies did not find an association between Medicaid expansion and quality outcomes; many of these studies focused on very narrow population groups and/or found a link between expansion and improvements in quality of care for some of the patient/population groups studied. One study found no significant association between Medicaid expansion and changes in quality of care delivered through Medicaid managed care plans. The authors suggest that this finding shows that the health system has generally been able to absorb new expansion enrollees without sacrificing care for existing enrollees.403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410  Some studies on specific hospital patient groups found no significant changes associated with expansion in measures of hospital care and outcomes, including rates of emergent admission, admissions from clinic, diagnosis category at admission, admission severity, rapid discharges, lengthy hospitalizations, unplanned readmissions, or failure to rescue. One study found that expansion was associated with an increase in length of stay for adult trauma patients.411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 7  A small number of studies did not find significant changes in certain measures of self-reported health status or health outcomes, or in disparities between certain population groups in these measures. Given that it may take additional time for measureable changes in health to occur, researchers suggest that further work is needed to provide longer-term insight into expansion’s effects on self-reported health and health outcomes.425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433 ,434 Provider Capacity Many studies conclude that providers have expanded capacity or participation in Medicaid following expansion and are meeting increased demands for care. Studies in this area include findings showing an association of expansion with increases in primary care appointment availability, the likelihood of accepting new patients with Medicaid among non-psychiatry specialist physicians, and Medicaid acceptance and market entry among select medication assisted treatment (MAT) providers. One study found improvements in receipt of checkups, care for chronic conditions, and quality of care even in areas with primary care shortages, suggesting that insurance expansions can have a positive impact even in areas with relative shortages. A survey of Medicaid managed care organizations found that over seven in ten plans operating in expansion states reported expanding their provider networks between January 2014 and December 2016 to serve the newly-eligible population.435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456 Some studies on measures of provider availability showed no changes associated with expansion. Authors note that findings of no changes may, in some cases, be viewed as favorable outcomes indicating that provider availability is not worsening in expansion states despite the increased demand for care associated with expansion. 457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464 Other studies found expansion was linked to problems with provider availability. These include studies showing that Medicaid expansion was associated with longer wait times for appointments or increased difficulty obtaining appointments with specialists.465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474 Affordability and Financial Security Research suggests that Medicaid expansion improves the affordability of health care. Several studies show that people in expansion states have experienced reductions in unmet medical need because of cost, with national and multi-state studies showing those reductions were greater than reductions in non-expansion states. Research also suggests that Medicaid expansion results in significant reductions in out-of-pocket medical spending, and multiple studies found larger declines in trouble paying as well as worry about paying future medical bills among people in expansion states relative to non- expansion states. One study found that previously uninsured prescription drug users who gained Medicaid coverage in 2014 saw, on average, a $205 reduction in annual out-of-pocket spending in 2014. A January 2018 study that focused on the 100-138% FPL population in expansion and non-expansion states also found that Medicaid expansion coverage produced greater reductions than subsidized Marketplace coverage in average total out-of-pocket spending, average out-of-pocket premium spending, and average cost-sharing spending.475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 8  Studies have found that Medicaid expansion significantly reduced the percentage of people with medical debt, reduced the average size of medical debt, and reduced the probability of having one or more medical bills go to collections in the past 6 months.502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512  A study in Ohio showed lower medical debt holding levels among continuously-enrolled expansion enrollees compared to those who unenrolled from expansion and those who had a coverage gap, suggesting that medical debt levels rose even after a relatively short time without Medicaid expansion coverage.513,514 Research also suggests an association between Medicaid expansion and improvements in broader measures of financial stability.515,516,517,518,519,520 For example:  A 2019 national study found an association between Medicaid expansion and a reduction in the rate of poverty by just under 1 percentage point, which the authors estimate corresponds to 690,000 fewer Americans living in poverty. 521  Studies have found that Medicaid expansion significantly reduced the average number of collections, improved credit scores, reduced over limit credit card spending, reduced public records (such as evictions, bankruptcies, or wage garnishments), and reduced the probability of a new bankruptcy filing, among other improvements in measures of financial security. 522,523,524,525,526  A Michigan study found an association between expansion and improvements across a broad swath of financial measures.527 Multiple studies have found expansion to be associated with improvements in disparities by income or race/ethnicity in measures of affordability of care or financial security. 528,529,530,531,532 Some study findings did not show significant effects of expansion on measures of affordability or financial security. Several of these studies did not identify statistically significant differences in changes in unmet medical need due to cost between expansion and non-expansion states, though authors note that some of these findings may have been affected by study design or data limitations. Other studies did not find changes associated with expansion in trouble or worry about paying medical bills. One study did not find improvements in disparities by race/ethnicity associated with expansion in a measure of unmet care needs due to cost.533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544 Economic Effects State Budgets and Economies Analyses find effects of expansion on multiple state economic outcomes, including budget savings, revenue gains, and overall economic growth. These positive effects occurred despite Medicaid enrollment growth initially exceeding projections in many states and increases in total Medicaid spending, largely driven by increases in federal spending given the enhanced federal match rate for expansion population costs provided under the ACA (the federal share was 100% for 2014-2016 and phases down after that to 90% by 2020 and for subsequent years). As of Summer 2018, a number of expansion states reported using new or increased provider taxes/fees or savings accrued as a result of the expansion to fund all or part of the state share of expansion costs. While studies showed higher The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 9 growth rates in total Medicaid spending (federal, state, and local) following initial expansion implementation in 2014 and 2015 compared to the previous few years, this growth rate slowed significantly in 2016. There is limited research examining the fiscal effects at the federal level from the additional expenditures for the Medicaid expansion or the revenues to support that spending.545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562  National research found that there were no significant increases in spending from state funds as a result of Medicaid expansion and no significant reductions in state spending on education, transportation, or other state programs as a result of expansion during FYs 2010-2015. During this period, the federal government paid for 100% of the cost expansion. State spending could rise as the federal matching for the expansion phases down to 90%. 563  Single-state studies in Louisiana and Montana showed that expansion resulted in large infusions of federal funds into the states’ economies and significant state savings. For example, a Louisiana annual report showed that expansion saved the state $199 million in FY 2017 due to multiple factors, including the higher federal match rate for Medicaid populations that were previously funded at the regular state match rate, additional revenue from a premium tax on managed care organizations, and a decrease in state disproportionate share payments to hospitals as the uninsured population decreased. Another Louisiana study found that as a result of the federal infusion of Medicaid expansion dollars into the state’s economy, Louisiana derived an additional $103.2 million in overall state tax receipts (which exceeded the state dollars budgeted for the Medicaid expansion program by close to $50 million) and local governments derived an additional $74.6 million in local tax receipts. A study in Montana found positive financial effects for businesses due to infusion of federal dollars to fund health coverage for workers.564,565,566,567 Multiple studies suggest that Medicaid expansion resulted in state savings by offsetting state costs in other areas, including state costs related to behavioral health services and crime and the criminal justice system. For example, a study on Montana revealed that as Medicaid’s role in financing substance use disorder (SUD) services has grown under the state’s decision to expand Medicaid, federal Medicaid dollars have replaced federal block grant and state dollars previously used to fund services for uninsured Montanans with SUD. Similarly, a study on California found that the Medicaid expansion almost completely replaced funds flowing through county run safety-net programs in California, representing a transfer of financing responsibility from local taxpayers (mostly counties, which previously bore these costs) to federal taxpayers. Limited research also indicates possible federal and state savings due to decreased SSI participation associated with expansion.568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578 Medicaid Spending Per Enrollee Studies have found lower Medicaid spending per enrollee for the new ACA adult eligibility group compared to traditional Medicaid enrollees (including seniors and people with disabilities in some studies and excluding those populations in others) and that per enrollee costs for newly eligible adults have declined over time since initial implementation of the expansion.579,580,581,582,583  One analysis found that in 2014, among those states reporting both spending and enrollment data, spending per enrollee for the new adult group was much lower than spending per enrollee The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 10 for traditional Medicaid enrollees. Similarly, an analysis of 2012-2014 data from expansion states found that average monthly expenditures for newly eligible Medicaid enrollees were $180, 21% less than the $228 average for previously eligible enrollees. 584,585  A June 2017 study showed that per enrollee Medicaid spending declined in expansion states (- 5.1%) but increased in non-expansion states (5.1%) between 2013 and 2014. Researchers attributed these trends to the ACA Medicaid expansion, which increased the share of relatively less expensive enrollees in the Medicaid beneficiary population mix in expansion states.586 Marketplace Effects Studies suggest that Medicaid expansion supports the ACA Marketplaces and may help to lower Marketplace premiums. Two national studies showed that Marketplace premiums were significantly lower in expansion compared to non-expansion states, with estimates ranging from 7% lower in 2015 to 11-12% lower in a later study that looked at 2015-2018 data. Another study found that the state average plan liability risk score was higher in non-expansion than expansion states in 2015 (higher risk scores are associated with sicker state risk pools and likely translate to higher premiums). A study in Arkansas showed that the “private option” expansion has helped to boost the number of carriers offering Marketplace plans statewide, generated a younger and relatively healthy risk pool in the Marketplace, and contributed to a 2% drop in the average rate of Marketplace premiums between 2014 and 2015. A study of New Hampshire’s Premium Assistance Program (PAP) population (Medicaid expansion population enrolled in the Marketplace), however, showed higher medical costs for the PAP population compared to other Marketplace enrollees.587,588,589,590,591 Impacts on Hospitals and Other Providers Research shows that Medicaid expansions result in reductions in uninsured hospital, clinic, or other provider visits and uncompensated care costs, whereas providers in non-expansion states have experienced little or no decline in uninsured visits and uncompensated care. One study suggested that Medicaid expansion cut every dollar that a hospital in an expansion state spent on uncompensated care by 41 cents between 2013 and 2015, corresponding to a reduction in uncompensated care costs across all expansion states of $6.2 billion over that period.592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 ,  Some studies point to changes in payer mix within emergency departments (EDs), specifically. Multiple studies found significant declines in uninsured ED visits and increases in Medicaid- covered ED visits following expansion implementation (the multi-state or national studies found much smaller changes on these measures in the non-expansion states). In addition, one study found that expansion was associated with a 6.3% increase in ED physician reimbursement per visit in states that expanded coverage for adults from 0% to 138% FPL compared to non- expansion states (however, there were no significant differences from non-expansion states in changes in this measure over time when looking at expansion states that had some pre-ACA coverage for adults).642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 11  Multiple studies found an association between expansion and significant increases in Medicaid coverage of patients/treatment at specialty substance use disorder (SUD) treatment facilities or treatment programs, with two studies also showing associated decreases in the probability that patients at these facilities were uninsured. An additional study found large shifts in sources of payment for SUD treatment among justice-involved individuals following Medicaid expansion in 2014, with significant increases in those reporting Medicaid as the source of payment.650,651,652,653,654  Numerous recent studies found an association between expansion and payer mix (decreases in uninsured patients and increases in Medicaid patients) among patients hospitalized for certain specific conditions, including a range of cardiovascular conditions and operations; diabetes- related conditions; traumatic injury (among adults in one study and young adults in another); cancer surgery; and operative intervention for benign gallbladder disease. Another analysis found expansion was associated with increases in Medicaid patient admissions for five of the eight types of cancer included in the study, but the study did not look at changes in uninsured cancer patient admissions. Additional studies found that expansion was associated with increases in the proportion of lung transplant listings, pre-emptive listings for kidney transplantation (especially among racial and ethnic minorities), and liver transplant listings with Medicaid coverage, as well as increases in the chances of enrolling in Medicaid during post-liver transplant care (among those who received a pre-ACA liver transplant funded by private insurance).655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671  Two studies found larger decreases in uncompensated care and increases in Medicaid revenue among hospitals that treat a disproportionate share of low-income patients (DSH hospitals) compared to those that do not. A third study found no significant association of Medicaid expansion with changes in charge-to-cost ratio for certain surgical procedures in safety net hospitals vs. non-safety net hospitals, suggesting that safety net hospitals did not increase charges to private payers in response to expansion-related payer mix changes.672,673,674 Additional studies demonstrate that Medicaid expansion has significantly improved hospital operating margins and financial performance. A study published in January 2018 found that Medicaid expansion was associated with improved hospital financial performance and significant reductions in the probability of hospital closure, especially in rural areas and areas with higher pre-ACA uninsured rates. Another analysis found that expansion’s effects on margins were strongest for small hospitals, for-profit and non-federal-government-operated hospitals, and hospitals located in non-metropolitan areas. A third study found larger expansion-related improvements in operating margins for public (compared to nonprofit or for-profit) hospitals and rural (compared to nonrural) hospitals. 675,676,677,678,679,680  A study of Ascension Health hospitals nationwide found that the decrease in uncompensated care costs for hospitals in expansion states was greater than the increase in Medicaid shortfalls between 2013 and 2014, whereas for hospitals in non-expansion states, the increase in Medicaid shortfalls exceeded the decrease in uncompensated care. 681 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 12  A survey of Medicaid managed care organizations found that nearly two-thirds of plans in expansion states reported that the expansion has had a positive effect on their financial performance.682 Some research suggests that savings to providers following expansion may be partially offset by increases in Medicaid shortfalls (the difference between what Medicaid pays and the cost of care for Medicaid patients). One recent study found that while expansion led to substantial reductions in hospitals’ uncompensated care costs, savings were offset somewhat by increased Medicaid payment shortfalls (increases were greater in expansion relative to non-expansion states).683 Employment and Labor Market Effects State-specific studies have documented significant job growth resulting from expansion. A study in Louisiana found that the injection of federal expansion funds created and supported 19,195 jobs (while creating and supporting personal earnings of $1.12 billion) in sectors throughout the economy and across the state as of SFY 2017. A study in Colorado found that the state supported 31,074 additional jobs due to Medicaid expansion as of FY 2015-2016.684,685,686 Some studies found expansion was linked to increased employment. National research found increases in the share of individuals with disabilities reporting employment and decreases in the share reporting not working due to a disability in Medicaid expansion states following expansion implementation, with no corresponding trends observed in non-expansion states; other research found a decline in participation in Supplemental Security Income, which requires people to demonstrate having a work-limiting disability and limits their allowable earned income. Another national study found evidence that for many of the demographic groups included in the analysis, expansion was associated with an increase in labor force participation and employment. The study also found a significant decrease in involuntary part-time work for both the full population sample and the sample of those with incomes at or below 138% FPL. A multi-state study found that by the fourth year of expansion, growth in total employment was 1.3 percentage points higher and employment growth in the health care sector was 3.2 percentage points higher in the expansion states studied than in non-expansion states.687,688,689,690 Multiple studies showed that expansion supported enrollees’ ability to work, seek work, or volunteer. Single-state studies in Ohio and Michigan showed that large percentages of expansion beneficiaries reported that Medicaid enrollment made it easier to seek employment (among those who were unemployed but looking for work) or continue working (among those who were employed). The Michigan study found that 69% of enrollees who were working said they performed better at work once they got expansion coverage. Another study found that 46% of primary care physicians surveyed in Michigan reported that Michigan’s Medicaid expansion had a positive impact on patients’ ability to work. In addition, a national study found an association between Medicaid expansion and volunteer work (both formal volunteering for organizations and informally helping a neighbor), with significant increases in volunteer work occurring among low-income individuals in expansion states in the post-expansion period (through 2015) but no corresponding increase in non-expansion states. The researchers connect this finding to previous literature showing an association between improvements in individual health and household financial stabilization and an increased likelihood of volunteering. 691,692,693,694 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 13 Some studies found no effects of expansion on some measures of employment or employee behavior; no studies have found negative effects of expansion on these measures. Measures in this area that showed no changes related to expansion in some studies include measures of employment rates, transitions from employment to non-employment, the rate of job switches, transitions from full- to part-time employment, labor force participation, usual hours worked per week, self-employment, and Supplemental Security Income applications.695,696,697,698,699,700 Conclusion and Implications As a whole, the large body of research on the effects of Medicaid expansion under the ACA suggests that expansion has had largely positive impacts on coverage; access and related measures, including utilization, quality of care and health outcomes, and affordability and financial security; and economic outcomes, including impacts on state budgets, uncompensated care costs for hospitals and clinics, and employment and the labor market. A small subset of study findings showed no effects of expansion on certain specific measures within some of these categories. Findings on expansion’s effect on provider capacity are mixed, with some studies showing improvements, some showing difficulties, and some showing no effect on measures like appointment availability or wait times. Overall, these findings suggest potential for gains in coverage and access as well as economic benefits to states and providers in the remaining non-expansion states that may be considering adopting the expansion in the future. A limited and still emerging body of literature has looked at measures of expansion effects that do not fit into the coverage, access, and economic categories above. For example, one 2019 study found that Medicaid expansion was associated with a statistically significant decrease in reported cases of neglect for children younger than six years, but no significant change in rates of physical abuse for children under six. A 2017 study found that expansion was negatively associated with the prevalence of divorce among those ages 50-64 and infers that this likely indicates a reduction in medical divorce. An additional group of studies suggests that Medicaid expansion may have significant effects on measures related to individuals’ political activity and views. Specifically, studies show associations between Medicaid expansion and increases in voter registration, ACA favorability, and gubernatorial approval. One study found that the increase in Medicaid enrollment following Medicaid expansion was associated with increases in voter turnout for U.S. House races in 2014 compared to 2012 (i.e., a reduction in the size of the usual midterm drop-off in turnout), but another study showed only weak evidence of a potential turnout effect of expansion in the 2014 election, and a consistent lack of any impact on turnout in 2016. 701,702,703,704,705,706,707 Multiple recent policy changes, including the repeal of the ACA’s individual mandate penalty, shifting immigration policies including proposed “public charge” policies, and new waiver provisions recently approved by or pending approval from the Trump administration, may have implications for the effects of expansion demonstrated in studies to date. In addition, the effect of expansion on state budgets could change as states have to shoulder an increased share of the cost. Key questions for future consideration include how new Medicaid expansion-related restrictions and requirements will impact states, beneficiaries, and providers, and whether additional states will adopt the expansion and under what conditions. Future research will examine how these policy shifts affect state experiences with Medicaid expansion, and emerging research is building on the literature reviewed in this brief (such as a recent study examining mortality effects of the ACA Medicaid expansion). 708 We will continue to monitor and update findings on this body of literature as additional studies and state experiences provide insight into The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 14 how various factors shape coverage, access to care, and costs in Medicaid expansion states and as states continue to consider expansion and reshape Medicaid coverage. Methods This literature review summarizes findings from 324 studies of the impact of state Medicaid expansions under the ACA published beginning in January 2014 (when the coverage provisions of the ACA went into effect). This version of the brief updates earlier versions and includes studies published through June 2019. It includes studies, analyses, and reports published by government, research, and policy organizations using data from 2014 or later and only includes studies that examine impacts of the Medicaid expansion in expansion states. This review excludes studies on impacts of ACA coverage expansions generally (not specific to Medicaid expansion alone), studies investigating potential effects of expansion in states that have not (or had not, at the time of the study) expanded Medicaid, and reports from advocacy organizations and media sources. To collect relevant studies, we conducted keyword searches of PubMed and other academic health/social policy search engines as well as websites of government, research, and policy organizations that publish health policy-related research. We also used a snowballing technique of pulling additional studies from reference lists in previously pulled papers. While we tried to be as comprehensive as possible in our inclusion of studies and findings that meet our criteria, it is possible that we missed some relevant studies or findings. For each study, we read the final paper/report and summarized the population studied, data and methods used, and findings. In instances of conflicting findings within a study, or if a reviewer had questions about specific findings, multiple reviewers read and classified the study to characterize its findings. In the issue brief text, findings are broken out and reported separately in three broad categories: Medicaid expansion’s impact on coverage; access to care and related measures; and economic outcomes for the expansion states. Studies may be cited in multiple of these categories or in multiple places within a category. The authors thank Eva Allen from The Urban Institute for her assistance with reviewing recently published studies included in this update. The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 15 Endnotes 1This is an update to four earlier versions of this issue brief that covered studies published through May 2016, January 2017, June 2017, and February 2018. 2Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Four Years Later: Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Continue to Diverge between ACA Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 2019): 327-333, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20191046 3Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz, Daniela Zapata, and Ishtiaque Fazlul, “The Three‐Year Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Insurance Coverage,” Health Services Research (October 2018), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.13077 4Laura Skopec, John Holahan, and Caroline Elmendorf, Changes in Health Insurance Coverage 2013–2016: Medicaid Expansion States Lead the Way, (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, September 2018), https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/98989/changes_in_health_insurance_coverage_2013- 2016_medicaid_expansion_states_lead_the_way_1.pdf 5 Stephen Barnes, Mike Henderson, Dek Terrell, and Stephanie Virgets, 2017 Louisiana Health Insurance Survey (Louisiana Department of Health, Prepared by the Louisana State University E.J. Ourso College of Business, August 2018), http://ldh.la.gov/assets/media/2017-Louisiana-Health-Insurance-Survey-Report.pdf 6Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, Medicaid Expansion Report, (Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, January 2017), http://www.dhs.pa.gov/cs/groups/webcontent/documents/document/c_257436.pdf 7 Seth Freedman, Lilliard Richardson, and Kosali Simon, “Learning From Waiver States: Coverage Effects Under Indiana’s HIP Medicaid Expansion,” Health Affairs 37, no. 6 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1596 8 Abeer Alharbi, M. Mahmud Khan, Ronnie Horner, Heather Brandt, and Cole Chapman, “Impact Of Medicaid Coverage Expansion Under The Affordable Care Act On Mammography And Pap Tests Utilization Among Low- Income Women,” PLOS One (April 2019), https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0214886 9Alina Denham and Peter Veazie, “Did Medicaid Expansion Matter in States with Generous Medicaid?” The American Journal of Managed Care 25, no. 3 (March 2019): 129-134, https://www.ajmc.com/journals/issue/2019/2019-vol25-n3/did-medicaid-expansion-matter-in-states-with-generous- medicaid 10 Kevin Callison and Paul Sicilian, “Economic Freedom and the Affordable Care Act: Medicaid Expansions and Labor Mobility by Race and Ethnicity,” Public Finance Review 46, no. 2 (March 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091142116668254 11 Helen Levy, Thomas Buchmueller, and Sayeh Nikpay, “The Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Household Consumption,” Eastern Economic Journal 45, no. 1 (January 2019): 34-57, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41302-018-0124-7 12 Michael Dworsky and Christine Eibner, The Effect of the 2014 Medicaid Expansion on Insurance Coverage for Newly Eligible Childless Adults (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2016), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1736.html 13Colleen M. Carey, Sarah Miller, and Laura R. Wherry, The Impact of Insurance Expansions on the Already Insured: The Affordable Care Act and Medicare, (National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series No. 25153, October 2018), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25153 14Frederic Blavin, Michael Karpman, Genevieve Kenney, and Benjamin Sommers, “Medicaid Versus Marketplace Coverage for Near-Poor Adults: Effects on Out-Of-Pocket Spending and Coverage,” Health Affairs 37 no. 2 (January 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1166 15 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 16Louisiana Department of Health, Medicaid Expansion 2016/17 (Baton Rouge, Louisiana Department of Health, June 2017), http://dhh.louisiana.gov/assets/HealthyLa/Resources/MdcdExpnAnnlRprt_2017_WEB.pdf 17 Joshua Clinton and Michael Sances, “The Politics of Policy: The Initial Mass Political Effects of Medicaid Expansion in the States,” American Political Science Review 112, no. 1 (February 2018): 167-185, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/politics-of-policy-the-initial-mass- political-effects-of-medicaid-expansion-in-the-states/246AA0F10B44EFD62A7B27C661730823 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 16 18 Sandra Decker, Brandy Lipton, and Benjamin Sommers, “Medicaid Expansion Coverage Effects Grew in 2015 With Continued Improvements in Coverage Quality,” Health Affairs 36 no. 5 (May 2017): 819-825, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/5/819.full 19 Abigail Barker, Kelsey Huntzberry, Timothy McBride, and Keith Mueller, Changing Rural and Urban Enrollment in State Medicaid Programs (Iowa City, IA: Rural Policy Research Institute, May 2017), https://cph.uiowa.edu/rupri/publications/policybriefs/2017/Changing%20Rural%20and%20Urban%20Enrollment%20in %20State%20Medicaid%20Programs.pdf 20George Wehby and Wei Lyu, “The Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansions on Health Insurance Coverage through 2015 and Coverage Disparities by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12711/abstract 21 Robin Rudowitz, Laura Snyder, and Vernon Smith, Medicaid Enrollment & Spending Growth: FY 2015 & 2016 (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, October 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/medicaid-enrollment-spending-growth-fy-2015-2016/ 22Deloitte Development LLC, Commonwealth of Kentucky Medicaid Expansion Report, (Deloitte Development LLC, February 2015), http://jointhehealthjourney.com/images/uploads/channel-files/Kentucky_Medicaid_Expansion_One- Year_Study_FINAL.pdf 23 Samantha Artiga, Jennifer Tolbert, and Robin Rudowitz, Year Two of the ACA Coverage Expansions: On-the- Ground Experiences from Five States (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, June 2015), http://kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/year-two-of-the-aca-coverage-expansions-on-the-ground-experiences- from-five-states/ 24 Laura Wherry and Sarah Miller, “Early Coverage, Access, Utilization, and Health Effects Associated with the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions: A Quasi-experimental Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine, Epub ahead of print (April 2016), http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2513980 25 Anne Martin et al., “National Health Spending: Faster Growth in 2015 As Coverage Expands and Utilization Increases,” Health Affairs 36 no. 1 (January 2017): 166-176, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/1/166.full?sid=982b20c0-0a17-4dc4-a35a-b0302d4ec289 26 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, and E. John Orav, “Both the ‘Private Option’ And Traditional Medicaid Expansions Improved Access To Care For Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs 35, no. 1 (January 2016): 96-105, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/96.abstract 27 Robin Rudowitz, Allison Valentine, and Vernon Smith, Medicaid Enrollment and Spending Growth: FY 2016 & 2017 (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, October 2016), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/medicaid-enrollment-spending-growth-fy-2016-2017/ 28 Jessica Vistnes and Joel Cohen, “Gaining Coverage in 2014: New Estimates of Marketplace and Medicaid Transitions,” Health Affairs 35 no. 10 (October 2016): 1825-1829, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/10/1825.full?sid=cc385dd5-9c95-4ee1-9c58-888408d49c54 29Pauline Leung and Alexandre Mas, Employment Effects of the ACA Medicaid Expansions (Working Paper No. 22540, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2016), http://www.nber.org/papers/w22540 30Kamyar Nasseh and Marko Vujicic, Early Impact of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion on Dental Care Use (Health Services Research, November 2016), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12606/full 31 Christian Wolfe, Kathryn Rennie, and Christopher Truffer, 2017 Actuarial Report on the Financial Outlook for Medicaid (Office of the Actuary, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, September 2018), https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and- Systems/Research/ActuarialStudies/Downloads/MedicaidReport2017.pdf 32 Aparna Soni, Michael Hendryx, and Kosali Simon, “Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act and Insurance Coverage in Rural and Urban Areas,” The Journal of Rural Health epub ahead of print (January 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12234/full 33 Molly Frean, Jonathan Gruber, and Benjamin Sommers, Premium Subsidies, the Mandate, and Medicaid Expansion: Coverage Effects of the Affordable Care Act (Working Paper No. 22213, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2016), http://www.nber.org/papers/w22213?utm_campaign=ntw&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ntw 34 Stan Dorn, Norton Francis, Laura Snyder, and Robin Rudowitz, The Effects of the Medicaid Expansion on State Budgets: An Early Look in Select States (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, March 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-effects-of-the-medicaid-expansion-on-state-budgets-an-early-look- in-select-states/ The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 17 35 Stacey McMorrow, Genevieve Kenney, Sharon Long, and Nathaniel Anderson, “Uninsurance Among Young Adults Continues to Decline, Particularly in Medicaid Expansion States,” Health Affairs 34, no. 4 (April 2015): 616-620, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/4/616.full 36 Brendan Saloner, Sachini Bandara, Emma McGinty, and Colleen Barry, “Justice-Involved Adults With Substance Use Disorders: Coverage Increased but Rates of Treatment Did Not in 2014,” Health Affairs 35 no. 6 (June 2016), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0005 37Julie Hudson and Asako Moriya, “Medicaid Expansion for Adults Had Measureable ‘Welcome Mat’ Effects on Their Children,” Health Affairs, 36 no. 9 (September 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0347 38 Sarah Gordon, Benjamin Sommers, Ira Wilson, Omar Galarraga, and Amal Trivedi, “The Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Continuous Enrollment: a Two State Analysis,” Journal of General Internal Medicine epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-019-05101-8 39Jessica Vistnes and Joel Cohen, “Duration of Uninsured Spells For Nonelderly Adults Declined After 2014,” Health Affairs 37, no. 6 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1638 40Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Four Years Later: Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Continue to Diverge between ACA Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 2019): 327-333, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20191046 41 Hyunjung Lee and Frank Porell, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Access to Care and Health Status,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (October 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558718808709?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=mcrd 42Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz, Daniela Zapata, and Ishtiaque Fazlul, “The Three‐Year Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Insurance Coverage,” Health Services Research (October 2018), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.13077 43 Laura Skopec, John Holahan, and Caroline Elmendorf, Changes in Health Insurance Coverage 2013–2016: Medicaid Expansion States Lead the Way, (Washington, DC: The Urban 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Ourso College of Business, August 2018), http://ldh.la.gov/assets/media/2017-Louisiana-Health-Insurance-Survey-Report.pdf 45 Robin Cohen, Emily Terlizzi, and Michael Martinez, Health Insurance Coverage: Early Release of Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 2018 (National Center for Health Statistics, May 2019), https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/insur201905.pdf 46Christina Goe, 2018 Report on Health Coverage and Montana's Uninsured (Montana Helathcare Foundation, prepared by Christina Lechner Goe, May 2018), https://mthcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Uninsured- Report_FINAL-Design_5.17.18.pdf 47Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, Medicaid Expansion Report, (Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, January 2017), http://www.dhs.pa.gov/cs/groups/webcontent/documents/document/c_257436.pdf 48 Seth Freedman, Lilliard Richardson, and Kosali Simon, “Learning From Waiver States: Coverage Effects Under Indiana’s HIP Medicaid Expansion,” Health Affairs 37, no. 6 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1596 49John Cawley, Aparna Soni, and Kosali Simon, “Third Year of Survey Data Shows Continuing Benefits of Medicaid Expansions for Low-Income Childless Adults in the U.S.,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2018): 1495-1497, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-018-4537-0 50Kosali Simon, Aparna Soni, and John Cawley, “The Impact of Health Insurance on Preventive Care and Health Behaviors: Evidence from the First Two Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 36, no. 2 (March 2017), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.21972 51Sameed Ahmed Khantana et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion with Cardiovascular Mortality,” JAMA Cardiology epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2734704 52 Michael Dworsky and Christine Eibner, The Effect of the 2014 Medicaid Expansion on Insurance Coverage for Newly Eligible Childless Adults (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2016), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1736.html The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 18 53Frederic Blavin, Michael Karpman, Genevieve Kenney, and Benjamin Sommers, “Medicaid Versus Marketplace Coverage for Near-Poor Adults: Effects on Out-Of-Pocket Spending and Coverage,” Health Affairs 37 no. 2 (January 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1166 54 Thomas Selden, Brandy Lipton, and Sandra Decker, “Medicaid Expansion and Marketplace Eligibility Both Increased Coverage, With Trade-Offs in Access, Affordability,” Health Affairs 36 no. 12 (December 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0830 55 Susan Hayes, Sara Collins, David Radley, and Douglas McCarthy, What’s at Stake: States’ Progress on Health Coverage and Access to Care, 2013-2016 (The Commonwealth Fund, December 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/dec/states-progress-health-coverage-and-access 56 Sharon Long, Lea Bart, Michael Karpman, Adele Shartzer, and Stephen Zuckerman, “Sustained Gains in Coverage, Access, and Affordability Under the ACA: A 2017 Update,” Health Affairs 36 no. 9 (September 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0798 57Kevin Griffith, Leigh Evans, and Jacob Bor, “The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Care Access,” Health Affairs 36 no. 8 (August 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083 58 Aaron Sojourner and Ezra Golberstein, “Medicaid Expansion Reduced Unpaid Medical Debt and Increased Financial Satisfaction,” Health Affairs (July 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170724.061160/full/ 59Sunha Choi, Sungkyu Lee, and Jason Matejkowski, “The Effects of State Medicaid Expansion on Low-Income Individuals’ Access to Health Care: Multilevel Modeling,” Population Health Management epub ahead of print (September 2017), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pop.2017.0104 60Dahai Yue, Petra Rasmussen, and Ninez Ponce, “Racial/Ethnic Differential Effects of Medicaid Expansion on Health Care Access,” Health Services Research (February 2018), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475- 6773.12834/abstract 61 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 62 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 63 Sandra Decker, Brandy Lipton, and Benjamin Sommers, “Medicaid Expansion Coverage Effects Grew in 2015 With Continued Improvements in Coverage Quality,” Health Affairs 36 no. 5 (May 2017): 819-825, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/5/819.full 64Sandra Decker and Brandy Lipton, “Most Newly Insured People in 2014 Were Long-Term Uninsured,” Health Affairs 36 no. 1 (January 2017): 16-20, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/1/16.full?sid=982b20c0-0a17-4dc4- a35a-b0302d4ec289 65George Wehby and Wei Lyu, “The Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansions on Health Insurance Coverage through 2015 and Coverage Disparities by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12711/abstract 66Kelsey Avery, Kenneth Finegold, and Amelia Whitman, Affordable Care Act Has Led to Historic, Widespread Increase in Health Insurance Coverage (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, September 2016), https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/207946/ACAHistoricIncreaseCoverage.pdf 67Eric Seiber and Micah Berman, “Medicaid Expansion and ACA Repeal: Evidence from Ohio,” American Journal of Public Health epub ahead of print (April 2017), http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303722 68Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), Impacts of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion on Insurance Coverage and Access to Care (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, June 2016), https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/205141/medicaidexpansion.pdf 69Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article- abstract/2542420 70 Joseph Benitez, Liza Creel, and J’Aime Jennings, “Kentucky’s Medicaid Expansion Showing Early Promise on Coverage and Access to Care,” Health Affairs (February 2016), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2016/02/16/hlthaff.2015.1294 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 19 71 Sara Collins, Petra Rasmussen, Michelle Doty, and Sophie Beutel The Rise in Health Care Coverage and Affordability Since Health Reform Took Effect: Findings from the Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2014 (The Commonwealth Fund, January 2015), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/issue- brief/2015/jan/1800_collins_biennial_survey_brief.pdf?la=en 72 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, and E. John Orav, “Both the ‘Private Option’ And Traditional Medicaid Expansions Improved Access To Care For Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs 35, no. 1 (January 2016): 96-105, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/96.abstract 73 Benjamin Sommers, Munira Gunja, Kenneth Finegold, and Thomas Musco, “Changes in Self-Reported Insurance Coverage, Access to Care, and Health Under the Affordable Care Act,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 314 no. 4 (July 2015): 366-374, http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2411283&resultClick=3 74 Stacey McMorrow, Genevieve Kenney, Sharon Long, and Nathaniel Anderson, “Uninsurance Among Young Adults Continues to Decline, Particularly in Medicaid Expansion States,” Health Affairs 34, no. 4 (April 2015): 616-620, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/4/616.full 75 Barbara DiPietro, Samantha Artiga, and Alexandra Gates, Early Impacts of the Medicaid Expansion for the Homeless Population (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, November 2014), http://kff.org/uninsured/issue-brief/early-impacts-of-the-medicaid-expansion-for-the-homeless-population/ 76Benjamin Sommers, Thomas Musco, Kenneth Finegold, Munira Gunja, Amy Burke, and Audrey McDowell, “Health Reform and Changes in Health Insurance Coverage in 2014” The New England Journal of Medicine 371 (August 2014): 867-874, http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1406753 77Jessica Smith and Carla Medalia, Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2014 (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2015), https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p60-253.pdf 78 Thomas Buchmueller, Zachary Levinson, Helen Levy, and Barbara Wolfe, “Effect of the Affordable Care Act on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Insurance Coverage,” American Journal of Public Health (May 2016), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196653 79Kelsey Avery, Kenneth Finegold, and Amelia Whitman, Affordable Care Act Has Led to Historic, Widespread Increase in Health Insurance Coverage (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, September 2016), https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/207946/ACAHistoricIncreaseCoverage.pdf 80Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article- abstract/2542420 81 Barbara DiPietro, Samantha Artiga, and Alexandra Gates, Early Impacts of the Medicaid Expansion for the Homeless Population (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, November 2014), http://kff.org/uninsured/issue-brief/early-impacts-of-the-medicaid-expansion-for-the-homeless-population/ 82Benjamin Sommers, Thomas Musco, Kenneth Finegold, Munira Gunja, Amy Burke, and Audrey McDowell, “Health Reform and Changes in Health Insurance Coverage in 2014” The New England Journal of Medicine 371 (August 2014): 867-874, http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1406753 83Manatt Health, Medicaid Expansion: How It Affects Montana’s State Budget, Economy, and Residents (Montana Healthcare Foundation, prepared by Manatt Health, June 2018), https://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/Manatt-MedEx_FINAL_6.1.18.pdf 84 Anne Martin et al., “National Health Spending: Faster Growth in 2015 As Coverage Expands and Utilization Increases,” Health Affairs 36 no. 1 (January 2017): 166-176, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/1/166.full?sid=982b20c0-0a17-4dc4-a35a-b0302d4ec289 85 The Ohio Department of Medicaid, 2018 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment: A Follow‐Up to the 2016 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment, (The Ohio Department of Medicaid, August 2018), https://medicaid.ohio.gov/Portals/0/Resources/Reports/Annual/Group-VIII-Final-Report.pdf 86 Arkansas Health Reform Legislative Task Force, Health Care Task Force Preliminary Report, (Arkansas Health Reform Legislative Task Force, December 2015), http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/Meeting%20Attachments/836/I14218/Task%20Force%20report%2012- 17-15%20sent%20to%20Jill.pdf The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 20 87Deloitte Development LLC, Commonwealth of Kentucky Medicaid Expansion Report, (Deloitte Development LLC, February 2015), http://jointhehealthjourney.com/images/uploads/channel-files/Kentucky_Medicaid_Expansion_One- Year_Study_FINAL.pdf 88Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz, and Daniela Zapata, Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage in Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States (Working Paper No. 22182, The National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2016), http://www.nber.org/papers/w22182 89 Brendan Saloner, Sachini Bandara, Emma McGinty, and Colleen Barry, “Justice-Involved Adults With Substance Use Disorders: Coverage Increased but Rates of Treatment Did Not in 2014,” Health Affairs 35 no. 6 (June 2016), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0005 90Amy Davidoff et al., “Changes in Health Insurance Coverage Associated With the Affordable Care Act Among Adults With and Without a Cancer History: Population-based National Estimates,” Medical Care 56, no. 3 (March 2018), https://journals.lww.com/lww- medicalcare/Abstract/2018/03000/Changes_in_Health_Insurance_Coverage_Associated.5.aspx 91 Molly Frean, Jonathan Gruber, and Benjamin Sommers, Premium Subsidies, the Mandate, and Medicaid Expansion: Coverage Effects of the Affordable Care Act (Working Paper No. 22213, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2016), http://www.nber.org/papers/w22213?utm_campaign=ntw&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ntw 92Mark Olfson, Melanie Wall, Colleen Barry, Christine Mauro, and Ramin Mojtabai, “Impact Of Medicaid Expansion On Coverage And Treatment Of Low-Income Adults With Substance Use Disorders,” Health Affairs 37 no. 8 (August 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0124 93 Carrie Fry and Benjamin Sommers, “Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Adults With Depression,” Psychiatric Services 69, no. 11 (November 2018), https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201800181 94 Jim Stimpson and Fernando Wilson, “Medicaid Expansion Improved Health Insurance Coverage For Immigrants, But Disparities Persist,” Health Affairs 37, no. 10 (October 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0181 95 Xuesong Han, Robin Yabroff, Elizabeth Ward, Otis Brawley, and Ahmedin Jemal, “Comparison of Insurance Status and Diagnosis Stage Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Cancer Before vs After Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,” JAMA Oncology 4, no. 12 (August 2018): 1713-1720, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2697226 96 Michael Cohen and William Schpero, “Household Immigration Status Had Differential Impact On Medicaid Enrollment In Expansion And Nonexpansion States,” Health Affairs 37, no. 3 (March 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0978 97 Vikki Wachino and Samantha Artiga, How Connecting Justice-Involved Individuals to Medicaid Can Help Address the Opioid Epidemic (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, June 2019), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/how-connecting-justice-involved-individuals-to-medicaid-can-help-address-the-opioid-epidemic/ 98Ankit Agarwal, Aaron Katz, and Ronald Chen, “The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Private and Medicaid Insurance Coverage among Patients Under 65 with Newly Diagnosed Cancer,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics (May 2019), https://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(19)30783-7/pdf 99Ameen Barghi, Hugo Torres, Nancy Kressin, and Danny McCormick, “Coverage and Access for Americans with Cardiovascular Disease or Risk Factors After the ACA: a Quasi-experimental Study,” Journal of General Internal Medicine epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-019-05108-1 Emily Brown, Michelle Garrison, Hao Bao, Pingping Qu, Carole Jenny, and Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, “Assessment of 100 Rates of Child Maltreatment in States With Medicaid Expansion vs States Without Medicaid Expansion,” JAMA Network Open 2, no. 6 (June 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2735758 Brandy Lipton, Sandra Decker, and Benjamin Sommers, “The Affordable Care Act Appears to Have Narrowed 101 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Young Adults” Medical Care Research and Review 76, no.1 (April 2017): 32–55, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29148341 102 Jose Mesquita-Neto, Peter Cmorej, Hassan Mouzaihem, Donald Weaver, Steve Kim, and Francis Macedo, “Disparities In Access To Cancer Surgery After Medicaid Expansion,” The American Journal of Surgery epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002961019306889 Lindsey Dawson, Jennifer Kates, and Anthony Damico, The Affordable Care Act and Insurance Coverage 103 Changes by Sexual Orientation (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2018), The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 21 https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/the-affordable-care-act-and-insurance-coverage-changes-by-sexual- orientation/ 104Aparna Soni, Lindsay Sabik, Kosali Simon, and Benjamin Sommers, “Changes in Insurance Coverage Among Cancer Patients Under the Affordable Care Act,” Journal of the American Medical Association 4, no. 1 (January 2018): 122-124, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2657670?redirect=true&redirect=true 105 Fumiko Chino, Gita Suneja, Haley Moss, S. Yousuf Zafar, Laura Havrilesky, and Junzo Chino, “Healthcare Disparities in Cancer Patients Receiving Radiation: Changes in Insurance Status After Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology (December 2017), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360301617341883 106 Emily Johnston, Andrea Strahan, Peter Joski, Anne Dunlop, and E. Kathleen Adams, “Impacts of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion on Women of Reproductive Age,” Women’s Health Issues, 28, no. 2 (February 2018), http://www.whijournal.com/article/S1049-3867(17)30242-6/pdf 107Ahmedin Jemal, Chun Chieh Lin, Amy Davidoff, and Xuesong Han, “Changes in Insurance Coverage and Stage at Diagnosis Among Nonelderly Patients with Cancer after the Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 35 (December 2017), http://ascopubs.org/doi/pdf/10.1200/JCO.2017.73.7817 108Haley Moss, Laura Havrilesky, and Junzo Chino, “Insurance Coverage Among Women Diagnosed with a Gynecologic Malignancy Before and After Implementation of the Affordable Care Act,” Gynecologic Oncology 146, no. 3 (September 2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28641821 109 Samantha Artiga, Barbara DiPietro, and Petry Ubri, The Role of Medicaid and the Impact of the Medicaid Expansion for Veterans Experiencing Homelessness, (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, October 2017), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-role-of-medicaid-and-impact-of-the-medicaid-expansion-for-veterans- experiencing-homelessness/ 110 Michael Dworsky, Carrie Farmer, and Mimi Shen, Veterans’ Health Insurance Coverage Under the Affordable Care Act and Implications of Repeal for the Department of Veterans Affairs, (RAND Corporation, 2017), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1955.html 111 Jennifer Haley, Robin Wang, Matthew Buettgens, and Genevieve Kenney, Health Insurance Coverage among Children Ages 3 and Younger and Their Parents in 2016 (The Urban Institute, January 2018), https://www.urban.org/research/publication/health-insurance-coverage-among-children-ages-3-and-younger-and- their-parents-2016 112 Kevin Griffith, Leigh Evans, and Jacob Bor, “The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Care Access,” Health Affairs 36 no. 8 (August 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083 113Jennifer Kates and Lindsey Dawson, Insurance Coverage Changes for People with HIV Under the ACA (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, February 2017), http://kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/insurance- coverage-changes-for-people-with-hiv-under-the-aca/ 114Jennifer Haley, Genevieve Kenney, and Jason Gates, Veterans Saw Broad Coverage Gains Between 2013 and 2015 (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, April 2017), http://www.urban.org/research/publication/veterans-saw- broad-coverage-gains-between-2013-and-2015 115Stacey McMorrow, Jason Gates, Sharon Long, and Genevieve Kenney, “Medicaid Expansion Increased Coverage, Improved Affordability, and Reduced Psychological Distress for Low-Income Parents,” Health Affairs 36 no. 5 (May 2017): 808-818, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/5/808.full?sid=29f7e3de-89cd-489f-9fe0- 18f04188d8a4 116 Stacey McMorrow, Genevieve Kenney, Sharon Long, and Jason Gates, The ACA Medicaid Expansion Led to Widespread Reductions in Uninsurance Among Poor Childless Adults (The Urban Institute, April 2017), http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/89536/2001222- aca_medicaid_expansion_led_to_widespread_reductions_in_uninsurance_among_poor_childless_adults.pdf 117 George Wehby and Wei Lyu, “The Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansions on Health Insurance Coverage through 2015 and Coverage Disparities by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12711/abstract 118Stacey McMorrow, Genevieve Kenney, Sharon Long, and Nathaniel Anderson, “Uninsurance Among Young Adults Continues to Decline, Particularly in Medicaid Expansion States,” Health Affairs 34, no. 4 (April 2015): 616- 620, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/4/616.full The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 22 119Andrew W. Mulcahy, Christine Eibner, and Kenneth Finegold, “Gaining Coverage Through Medicaid Or Private Insurance Increased Prescription Use and Lowered Out-Of-Pocket Spending,” Health Affairs 35, no. 9 (September 2016), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2016/08/16/hlthaff.2016.0091.full 120 Michael Karpman, Jason Gates, Genevieve Kenney, Stacey McMorrow, How Are Moms Faring under the Affordable Care Act? Evidence Through 2014, (The Urban Institute, May 2016), http://www.urban.org/research/publication/how-are-moms-faring-under-affordable-care-act-evidence-through-2014 121Genevieve Kenney, Jennifer Haley, Clare Pan, Victoria Lynch, and Matthew Buettgens, Children’s Coverage Climb Continues: Uninsurance and Medicaid/CHIP Eligibility and Participation Under the ACA, (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, May 2016), http://www.urban.org/research/publication/childrens-coverage-climb-continues- uninsurance-and-medicaidchip-eligibility-and-participation-under-aca 122Alanna Williamson, Larisa Antonisse, Jennifer Tolbert, Rachel Garfield, and Anthony Damico, ACA Coverage Expansions and Low-Income Workers (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, June 2016), http://kff.org/report-section/aca-coverage-expansions-and-low-income-workers-issue-brief/ 123 Helen Levy, Thomas Buchmueller, and Sayeh Nikpay, Health Reform and Health Insurance Coverage of Early Retirees (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper, September 2016), http://www.mrrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/papers/pdf/wp345.pdf Robert Kaestner, Bowen Garrett, Anuj Gangopadhyaya, and Caitlyn Fleming, Effects of ACA Medicaid 124 Expansions on Health Insurance Coverage and Labor Supply (Working Paper No. 21836, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2015), http://www.nber.org/papers/w21836 125Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz, Daniela Zapata, and Ishtiaque Fazlul, “The Three‐Year Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Insurance Coverage,” Health Services Research (October 2018), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.13077 126Julia Foutz, Samantha Artiga, and Rachel Garfield, The Role of Medicaid in Rural America (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, April 2017), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-role-of-medicaid-in-rural-america/ 127 Aparna Soni, Michael Hendryx, and Kosali Simon, “Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act and Insurance Coverage in Rural and Urban Areas,” The Journal of Rural Health epub ahead of print (January 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12234/full Ankit Agarwal, Aaron Katz, and Ronald Chen, “The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Private and 128 Medicaid Insurance Coverage among Patients Under 65 with Newly Diagnosed Cancer,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics (May 2019), https://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(19)30783-7/pdf 129 Hyunjung Lee and Frank Porell, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Access to Care and Health Status,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (October 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558718808709?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=mcrd 130Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz, Daniela Zapata, and Ishtiaque Fazlul, “The Three‐Year Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Insurance Coverage,” Health Services Research (October 2018), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.13077 131 Xuesong Han, Robin Yabroff, Elizabeth Ward, Otis Brawley, and Ahmedin Jemal, “Comparison of Insurance Status and Diagnosis Stage Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Cancer Before vs After Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,” JAMA Oncology 4, no. 12 (August 2018): 1713-1720, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2697226 132 Fumiko Chino, Gita Suneja, Haley Moss, S. Yousuf Zafar, Laura Havrilesky, and Junzo Chino, “Healthcare Disparities in Cancer Patients Receiving Radiation: Changes in Insurance Status After Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology (December 2017), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360301617341883 133 Susan Hayes, Pamela Riley, David Radley, and Douglas McCarthy, Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care: Has the Affordable Care Act Made a Difference? (The Commonwealth Fund, August 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/aug/racial-ethnic-disparities-care 134Kelsey Avery, Kenneth Finegold, and Amelia Whitman, Affordable Care Act Has Led to Historic, Widespread Increase in Health Insurance Coverage (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, September 2016), https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/207946/ACAHistoricIncreaseCoverage.pdf 135 George Wehby and Wei Lyu, “The Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansions on Health Insurance Coverage through 2015 and Coverage Disparities by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12711/abstract The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 23 136Dahai Yue, Petra Rasmussen, and Ninez Ponce, “Racial/Ethnic Differential Effects of Medicaid Expansion on Health Care Access,” Health Services Research (February 2018), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475- 6773.12834/abstract 137Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz, and Daniela Zapata, Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage in Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States (Working Paper No. 22182, The National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2016), http://www.nber.org/papers/w22182 138 Thomas Buchmueller, Zachary Levinson, Helen Levy, and Barbara Wolfe, “Effect of the Affordable Care Act on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Insurance Coverage,” American Journal of Public Health (May 2016), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196653 139 Sergio Gonzales and Benjamin Sommers, “Intra-Ethnic Coverage Disparities among Latinos and the Effects of Health Reform” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (June 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12733/full Ankit Agarwal, Aaron Katz, and Ronald Chen, “The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Private and 140 Medicaid Insurance Coverage among Patients Under 65 with Newly Diagnosed Cancer,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics (May 2019), https://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(19)30783-7/pdf 141John Heintzman, Steffani Bailey, Jennifer DeVoe, Stuart Cowburn, Tanya Kapka, Truc-Vi Duong, and Miguel Marino, “In Low-Income Latino Patients, Post-Affordable Care Act Insurance Disparities May Be Reduced Even More than Broader National Estimates: Evidence from Oregon,” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (April 2016), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27105630 142 Kevin Griffith, Leigh Evans, and Jacob Bor, “The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Care Access,” Health Affairs 36 no. 8 (August 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083 143 Michael Dworsky and Christine Eibner, The Effect of the 2014 Medicaid Expansion on Insurance Coverage for Newly Eligible Childless Adults (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2016), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1736.html Brandy Lipton, Sandra Decker, and Benjamin Sommers, “The Affordable Care Act Appears to Have Narrowed 144 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Young Adults” Medical Care Research and Review 76, no.1 (April 2017): 32–55, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29148341 145 Aparna Soni, Michael Hendryx, and Kosali Simon, “Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act and Insurance Coverage in Rural and Urban Areas,” The Journal of Rural Health epub ahead of print (January 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12234/full 146 Abigail Barker, Kelsey Huntzberry, Timothy McBride, and Keith Mueller, Changing Rural and Urban Enrollment in State Medicaid Programs (Iowa City, IA: Rural Policy Research Institute, May 2017), https://cph.uiowa.edu/rupri/publications/policybriefs/2017/Changing%20Rural%20and%20Urban%20Enrollment%20in %20State%20Medicaid%20Programs.pdf 147 Hyunjung Lee and Frank Porell, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Access to Care and Health Status,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (October 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558718808709?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=mcrd 148 George Wehby and Wei Lyu, “The Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansions on Health Insurance Coverage through 2015 and Coverage Disparities by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12711/abstract 149 Rene Flores and Robert Vargas, “Medicaid Expansion And Ethnoracial Disparities In Health Insurance Coverage,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43, no. 12 (June 2017), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1323451?needAccess=true 150 Michael Dworsky and Christine Eibner, The Effect of the 2014 Medicaid Expansion on Insurance Coverage for Newly Eligible Childless Adults (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2016), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1736.html 151Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz, Daniela Zapata, and Ishtiaque Fazlul, “The Three‐Year Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Insurance Coverage,” Health Services Research (October 2018), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.13077 152Dahai Yue, Petra Rasmussen, and Ninez Ponce, “Racial/Ethnic Differential Effects of Medicaid Expansion on Health Care Access,” Health Services Research (February 2018), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475- 6773.12834/abstract The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 24 153 Benjamin Sommers, Rebecca Gourevitch, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, and Arnold Epstein, “Insurance Churning Rates for Low-Income Adults Under Health Reform: Lower Than Expected but Still Harmful for Many,” Health Affairs 35 no. 10 (October 2016): 1816-1824, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/10/1816.full?sid=f4835910-ffd0-4864-a76a-b4f207ccd018 154 Sergio Gonzales and Benjamin Sommers, “Intra-Ethnic Coverage Disparities among Latinos and the Effects of Health Reform” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (June 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12733/full 155 Adele Shartzer, Frederic Blavin, and John Holohan, “Employer-Sponsored Insurance Stable For Low-Income Workers In Medicaid Expansion States,” Health Affairs 37, no. 4 (April 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1205 156 Molly Frean, Jonathan Gruber, and Benjamin Sommers, Premium Subsidies, the Mandate, and Medicaid Expansion: Coverage Effects of the Affordable Care Act (Working Paper No. 22213, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2016), http://www.nber.org/papers/w22213?utm_campaign=ntw&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ntw 157Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Four Years Later: Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Continue to Diverge between ACA Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 2019): 327-333, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20191046 158 Michael Dworsky and Christine Eibner, The Effect of the 2014 Medicaid Expansion on Insurance Coverage for Newly Eligible Childless Adults (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2016), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1736.html 159Stacey McMorrow, Genevieve Kenney, Sharon Long, and Nathaniel Anderson, “Uninsurance Among Young Adults Continues to Decline, Particularly in Medicaid Expansion States,” Health Affairs 34, no. 4 (April 2015): 616- 620, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/4/616.full 160 Sandra Decker, Brandy Lipton, and Benjamin Sommers, “Medicaid Expansion Coverage Effects Grew in 2015 With Continued Improvements in Coverage Quality,” Health Affairs 36 no. 5 (May 2017): 819-825, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/5/819.full 161 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 162Pauline Leung and Alexandre Mas, Employment Effects of the ACA Medicaid Expansions (Working Paper No. 22540, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2016), http://www.nber.org/papers/w22540 163 George Wehby and Wei Lyu, “The Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansions on Health Insurance Coverage through 2015 and Coverage Disparities by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12711/abstract 164Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz, and Daniela Zapata, Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage in Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States (Working Paper No. 22182, The National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2016), http://www.nber.org/papers/w22182 165 Vivian Wu et al, “Early Impact of the Affordable Care Act Coverage Expansion on Safety-Net Hospital Inpatient Payer Mix and Market Shares,” Health Services Research (January 2018), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12812/full 166 Seth Freedman, Lilliard Richardson, and Kosali Simon, “Learning From Waiver States: Coverage Effects Under Indiana’s HIP Medicaid Expansion,” Health Affairs 37, no. 6 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1596 167 Joanna Woronkowicz, Aparna Soni, Seth Freedman, and Kosali Simon, “How Have Recent Health Insurance Expansions Affected Coverage Among Artist Occupations In The USA?,” Journal of Cultural Economics (May 2019), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10824-019-09352-5 Ankit Agarwal, Aaron Katz, and Ronald Chen, “The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Private and 168 Medicaid Insurance Coverage among Patients Under 65 with Newly Diagnosed Cancer,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics (May 2019), https://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(19)30783-7/pdf 169 Aparna Soni, Michael Hendryx, and Kosali Simon, “Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act and Insurance Coverage in Rural and Urban Areas,” The Journal of Rural Health epub ahead of print (January 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12234/full Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health 170 Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 25 Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2542420 171 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, and E. John Orav, “Both the ‘Private Option’ And Traditional Medicaid Expansions Improved Access To Care For Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs 35, no. 1 (January 2016): 96-105, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/96.abstract 172 Jocelyn Guyer, Naomi Shine, MaryBeth Musumeci, and Robin Rudowitz, A Look at the Private Option in Arkansas (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, August 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/a-look-at-the-private-option-in-arkansas/ 173 MaryBeth Musumeci, Robin Rudowitz, Petry Ubri, and Elizabeth Hinton, An Early Look at Medicaid Expansion Waiver Implementation in Michigan and Indiana (Washington, DC: The Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2017), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/an-early-look-at-medicaid-expansion-waiver-implementation-in-michigan-and- indiana/ 174Benjamin Sommers, Anna Goldman, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Medicaid Work Requirements – Results from the First Year in Arkansas,” The New England Journal of Medicine Special Report (June 2019), https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1901772 175 MaryBeth Musumeci, Robin Rudowitz, and Barbara Lyons, Medicaid Work Requirements in Arkansas: Experience and Perspectives of Enrollees (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, December 2018), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/medicaid-work-requirements-in-arkansas-experience-and-perspectives-of- enrollees/ 176 MaryBeth Musumeci, Robin Rudowitz, and Cornelia Hall, An Early Look at Implementation of Medicaid Work Requirements in Arkansas (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, October 2018), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/an-early-look-at-implementation-of-medicaid-work-requirements-in-arkansas/ 177Robin Rudowitz, MaryBeth Musumeci, and Cornelia Hall, February State Data for Medicaid Work Requirements in Arkansas (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2019), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/state- data-for-medicaid-work-requirements-in-arkansas/ 178 MaryBeth Musumeci, Disability and Technical Issues Were Key Barriers to Meeting Arkansas’ Medicaid Work and Reporting Requirements in 2018 (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, June 2019), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/disability-and-technical-issues-were-key-barriers-to-meeting-arkansas- medicaid-work-and-reporting-requirements-in-2018/ 179 The Lewin Group, Healthy Indiana Plan 2.0: POWER Account Contribution Assessment, (The Lewin Group, prepared for the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, March 2017), https://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Waivers/1115/downloads/in/Healthy- Indiana-Plan-2/in-healthy-indiana-plan-support-20-POWER-acct-cont-assesmnt-03312017.pdf 180 The Lewin Group, Indiana Healthy Indiana Plan 2.0: Interim Evaluation Report (The Lewin Group, Prepared for Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, July 2016), https://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program- Information/By-Topics/Waivers/1115/downloads/in/Healthy-Indiana-Plan-2/in-healthy-indiana-plan-support-20-interim- evl-rpt-07062016.pdf 181 Emily Zylla, Colin Planalp, Elizabeth Lukanen, and Lynn Blewett, Section 1115 Medicaid Expansion Waivers: Implementation Experiences, (Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission, February 2018), https://www.macpac.gov/publication/section-1115-medicaid-expansion-waivers-implementation-experiences/ 182 MaryBeth Musumeci, Robin Rudowitz, Petry Ubri, and Elizabeth Hinton, An Early Look at Medicaid Expansion Waiver Implementation in Michigan and Indiana (Washington, DC: The Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2017), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/an-early-look-at-medicaid-expansion-waiver-implementation-in-michigan-and- indiana/ 183 Benjamin Sommers, Carrie Fry, Robert Blendon, and Arnold Epstein, “New Approaches in Medicaid: Work Requirements, Health Savings Accounts, and Health Care Access,” Health Affairs 37, no. 7 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0331 Ameen Barghi, Hugo Torres, Nancy Kressin, and Danny McCormick, “Coverage and Access for Americans with 184 Cardiovascular Disease or Risk Factors After the ACA: a Quasi-experimental Study,” Journal of General Internal Medicine epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-019-05108-1 185 Hyunjung Lee and Frank Porell, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Access to Care and Health Status,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (October 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558718808709?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=mcrd The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 26 186 Rebecca Myerson, Tianyi Lu, Ivy Tonnu-Mihara, and Elbert Huang, “Medicaid Eligibility Expansions May Address Gaps In Access To Diabetes Medications,” Health Affairs 37, no. 8 (August 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0154 187 Carrie Fry and Benjamin Sommers, “Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Adults With Depression,” Psychiatric Services 69, no. 11 (November 2018), https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201800181 188 Elham Mahmoudi, Alicia Cohen, Jason Buxbaum, Caroline Richardson, and Wassim Tarraf, “Gaining Medicaid Coverage During ACA Implementation: Effects on Access to Care and Preventive Services,” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 29, no. 4 (November 2018): 1472-1487, https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/39355 189Ausmita Ghosh, Kosali Simon, and Benjamin Sommers, “The Effect of Health Insurance on Prescription Drug Use Among Low-Income Adults: Evidence from Recent Medicaid Expansions,” Journal of Health Economics 63 (January 2019): 64-80, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629617300206 190 Alana Sharp, Austin Jones, Jennifer Sherwood, Oksana Kutsa, Brian Honermann, and Gregorio Millett, “Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Access to Opioid Analgesic Medications and Medication-Assisted Treatment,” American Journal of Public Health 108, no. 5 (May 2018): 642-648, https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304338?journalCode=ajph 191Angelica Meinhofer and Allison Witman, “The Role Of Health Insurance On Treatment For Opioid Use Disorders: Evidence From The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” Journal of Health Economics 60 (June 2018): 177- 197, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167629617311530 192 Chad Cotti, Erik Nesson, and Nathan Tefft, “Impacts Of The ACA Medicaid Expansion On Health Behaviors: Evidence From Household Panel Data,” Health Economics 28, no. 2 (February 2019): 219-244, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hec.3838 Richard Frank and Carrie Fry, “The Impact of Expanded Medicaid Eligibility on Access To Naloxone,” Addiction 193 epub ahead of print (April 2019), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14634 194 Michael Hendryx and Juhua Luo, “Increased Cancer Screening for Low-income Adults Under the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” Medical Care 56, no. 11 (November 2018): 944-949, https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/mcar/2018/00000056/00000011/art00009 195Cheryl Zogg et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion With Access to Rehabilitative Care in Adult Trauma Patients,” JAMA Surgery epub ahead of print (January 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article- abstract/2719270?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=ja masurg.2018.5177 196 Emanuel Eguia et al., “Impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid Expansion on Cancer Admissions and Surgeries,” Annals of Surgery 268, no. 4 (October 2018): 584-590, https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Abstract/2018/10000/Impact_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act__ACA__Medicai d.6.aspx 197 Jonathan Routh et al., “Early Impact of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on Delivery of Children’s Surgical Care,” Clinical Pediatrics 58, no. 4 (January 2019) 453-460, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0009922818825156?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=cpja 198 Andrew Crocker et al., “The Affordable Care Act's Medicaid Expansion And Utilization Of Discretionary Vs. Non- Discretionary Inpatient Surgery,” Surgery 164, no. 6 (December 2018): 1156-1161, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039606018302186 Brendan Saloner, Jonathan Levin, Hsien-Yen Chang, Christopher Jones, and G. Caleb Alexander, “Changes in 199 Buprenorphine-Naloxone and Opioid Pain Reliever Prescriptions After the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” JAMA Network Open 1, no. 4 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2696873 200 Cheryl Zogg et al., “Impact of Affordable Care Act Insurance Expansion on Pre-Hospital Access to Care: Changes in Adult Perforated Appendix Admission Rates after Medicaid Expansion and the Dependent Coverage Provision,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 228, no. 1 (January 2019): 29-43, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(18)32078-7/fulltext 201 Xuesong Han, Robin Yabroff, Elizabeth Ward, Otis Brawley, and Ahmedin Jemal, “Comparison of Insurance Status and Diagnosis Stage Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Cancer Before vs After Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,” JAMA Oncology 4, no. 12 (August 2018): 1713-1720, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2697226 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 27 202Manzilat Akande Peter Minneci, Katherine Deans, Henry Xiang, and Jennifer Cooper, “Association of Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act With Outcomes and Access to Rehabilitation in Young Adult Trauma Patients,” JAMA Surgery 153, no. 8 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article- abstract/2682872?widget=personalizedcontent&previousarticle=2719270 203 J.W. Awori Hayanga et al., “Lung Transplantation and Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion in the Era of Lung Allocation Score” Transplant International epub ahead of print (February 2019), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tri.13420 204 Susan Dorr Goold et al., “Primary Care Clinicians’ Views About the Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Michigan: A Mixed Methods Study,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 8 (June 2018): 1307-1316, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4487-6 205 Michelle Moniz et al., “Association of Access to Family Planning Services With Medicaid Expansion Among Female Enrollees in Michigan,” JAMA Network Open 1, no. 4 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2698636 Benjamin Cher, Nancy Morden, and Ellen Meara, “Medicaid Expansion and Prescription Trends: Opioids, 206 Addiction Therapies, and Other Drugs,” Medical Care 57, no. 3 (March 2019): 208-212, https://journals.lww.com/lww- medicalcare/fulltext/2019/03000/Medicaid_Expansion_and_Prescription_Trends_.6.aspx 207 Robert Sandstrom, “Increased Utilization of Ambulatory Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy After Medicaid Expansion” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation epub ahead of print (March 2019), https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(19)30161-3/fulltext 208 The Ohio Department of Medicaid, 2018 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment: A Follow‐Up to the 2016 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment, (The Ohio Department of Medicaid, August 2018), https://medicaid.ohio.gov/Portals/0/Resources/Reports/Annual/Group-VIII-Final-Report.pdf 209 Matthew Present, Aviva Nathan, Sandra Ham, Robert Sargis, Michael Quinn, and Elbert Huang, “The Impact of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment: A National Survey of Physicians,” Journal of Community Health epub ahead of print (May 2019), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10900-019-00637-6 210Bryce Ward and Brandon Bridge, The Economic Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Montana: Updated Findings (Bureau of Business and Economic Research, January 2019), https://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/Economic-Impact-of-MedEx-in-MT_1.28.19-FINAL.pdf 211 Tong Gan et al., “Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Colorectal Cancer Screening, Incidence, and Survival in Kentucky,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 228, no. 4 (April 2019): 342-353.e1, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(19)30046-8/fulltext 212 Vikki Wachino and Samantha Artiga, How Connecting Justice-Involved Individuals to Medicaid Can Help Address the Opioid Epidemic (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, June 2019), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/how-connecting-justice-involved-individuals-to-medicaid-can-help-address-the-opioid-epidemic/ 213Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, Medicaid Expansion Report, (Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, January 2017), http://www.dhs.pa.gov/cs/groups/webcontent/documents/document/c_257436.pdf 214 Steffani Bailey et al., “Tobacco Cessation in Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion States Versus Non- expansion States,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research epub ahead of print (May 2019), https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntz087/5498071 215 Ramin Mojtabai, Christine Mauro, Melanie Wall, Colleen Barry, and Mark Olfson, “The Affordable Care Act and Opioid Agonist Therapy for Opioid Use Disorder,” Psychiatry Online (April 2019), https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900025 216 Andrew Crocker et al., “Expansion Coverage And Preferential Utilization Of Cancer Surgery Among Racial And Ethnic Minorities And Low-Income Groups,” Surgery epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://www.surgjournal.com/article/S0039-6060(19)30198-9/fulltext 217Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Four Years Later: Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Continue to Diverge between ACA Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 2019): 327-333, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20191046 218 Jose Mesquita-Neto, Peter Cmorej, Hassan Mouzaihem, Donald Weaver, Steve Kim, and Francis Macedo, “Disparities In Access To Cancer Surgery After Medicaid Expansion,” The American Journal of Surgery epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002961019306889 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 28 219 Nicolas Ajkay et al, “Early Impact of Medicaid Expansion and Quality of Breast Cancer Care in Kentucky,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, epub ahead of print, February 2018, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107275151830022X 220Sunha Choi, Sungkyu Lee, and Jason Matejkowski, “The Effects of State Medicaid Expansion on Low-Income Individuals’ Access to Health Care: Multilevel Modeling,” Population Health Management epub ahead of print (September 2017), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pop.2017.0104 221 Aparna Soni, Kosali Simon, John Cawley, and Lindsay Sabik, “Effect of Medicaid Expansions of 2014 on Overall and Early-Stage Cancer Diagnoses,” American Journal of Public Health epub ahead of print (December 2017), http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304166 222Tyler Winkelman and Virginia Chang, “Medicaid Expansion, Mental Health, and Access to Care Among Childless Adults With and Without Chronic Conditions,” Journal of General Internal Medicine epub ahead of print (November 2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29181792 223Andrew Loehrer et al., “Association of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion with Access to and Quality of Care for Surgical Conditions,” Journal of the American Medical Association Surgery, epub ahead of print (January 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/2670459?redirect=true 224 Susan Hayes, Pamela Riley, David Radley, and Douglas McCarthy, Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care: Has the Affordable Care Act Made a Difference? (The Commonwealth Fund, August 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/aug/racial-ethnic-disparities-care 225 Samantha Artiga, Barbara DiPietro, and Petry Ubri, The Role of Medicaid and the Impact of the Medicaid Expansion for Veterans Experiencing Homelessness, (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, October 2017), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-role-of-medicaid-and-impact-of-the-medicaid-expansion-for-veterans- experiencing-homelessness/ 226Dahai Yue, Petra Rasmussen, and Ninez Ponce, “Racial/Ethnic Differential Effects of Medicaid Expansion on Health Care Access,” Health Services Research (February 2018), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475- 6773.12834/abstract 227 Michael Dworsky, Carrie Farmer, and Mimi Shen, Veterans’ Health Insurance Coverage Under the Affordable Care Act and Implications of Repeal for the Department of Veterans Affairs, (RAND Corporation, 2017), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1955.html 228 Kevin Griffith, Leigh Evans, and Jacob Bor, “The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Care Access,” Health Affairs 36 no. 8 (August 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083 229 Thomas Selden, Brandy Lipton, and Sandra Decker, “Medicaid Expansion and Marketplace Eligibility Both Increased Coverage, With Trade-Offs in Access, Affordability,” Health Affairs 36 no. 12 (December 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0830 Jacqueline Fiore, The Impact of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion on Medicaid Spending by Health 230 Care Service Category (Tulane University, July 2017), http://econ.tulane.edu/RePEc/pdf/tul1706.pdf 231 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 232Louisiana Department of Health, Medicaid Expansion 2016/17 (Baton Rouge, Louisiana Department of Health, June 2017), http://dhh.louisiana.gov/assets/HealthyLa/Resources/MdcdExpnAnnlRprt_2017_WEB.pdf 233Nirosha Mahendraratnam, Stacie Dusetzina, and Joel Farley, “Prescription Drug Utilization and Reimbursement Increased Following State Medicaid Expansion in 2014,” Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy 23 no. 3 (March 2017): 355-363, http://www.jmcp.org/doi/10.18553/jmcp.2017.23.3.355 234 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 235 James Kirby and Jessica Vistnes, “Access to Care Improved for People Who Gained Medicaid or Marketplace Coverage in 2014,” Health Affairs 35 no. 10 (October 2016): 1830-1834, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/10/1830.full 236Khadijah Breathett et al., “The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion Correlated with Increased Heart Transplant Listings in African Americans but Not Hispanics or Caucasians,” JACC: Heart Failure 5 no. 2 (January 2017): 136-147, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28109783 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 29 237 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), Medicaid Expansion: Behavioral Health Treatment Use in Selected States in 2014 (Washington, DC: GAO Report to Congressional Requesters, June 2017), https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/685415.pdf 238 Lisa Clemans-Cope, Marni Epstein, Victoria Lynch, and Emma Winiski, Rapid Growth in Medicaid Spending and Prescriptions to Treat Opioid Use Disorder and Opioid Overdose from 2010 to 2017 (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, March 2019), https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99798/rapid_growth_in_medicaid_spending_and_prescriptions_to _treat_opioid_use_disorder_and_opioid_overdose_from_2010_to_2017_2.pdf 239Hefei Wen, Jason Hockenberry, Tyrone Borders, and Benjamin Druss, “Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Medicaid-covered Utilization of Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment,” Medical Care 55 no. 4 (April 2017): 336-341, http://journals.lww.com/lww- medicalcare/Fulltext/2017/04000/Impact_of_Medicaid_Expansion_on_Medicaid_covered.5.aspx 240 Megan Cole, Omar Galarraga, Ira Wilson, Brad Wright, and Amal Trivedi, “At Federally Funded Health Centers, Medicaid Expansion was Associated with Improved Quality of Care,” Health Affairs 36 no. 1 (January 2017): 40-48, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/1/40.full?sid=a3089120-6f4b-428b-bba8-5f005b444e19 241Eili Klein et al., “The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Utilization in Maryland Emergency Departments,” Annals of Emergency Medicine epub ahead of print (June 2017), http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(17)30784- 9/pdf Aabha Sharma, Scott Dresden, Emilie Powell, Raymond Kang, Joe Feinglass, “Emergency Department Visits and 242 Hospitalizations for the Uninsured in Illinois Before and After Affordable Care Act Insurance Expansion,” Journal of Community Health 42 no. 3 (June 2017): 591-597, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10900-016-0293-4 243 Daniel Gingold, Rachelle Pierre-Mathieu, Brandon Cole, Andrew Miller, and Joneigh Khaldun, “Impact of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Emergency Department High Utilizers with Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions: A Cross-Sectional Study,” The American Journal of Emergency Medicine (January 2017), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675717300141 Gary Pickens et al., “Changes in Hospital Inpatient Utilization Following Health Care Reform,” Health Services 244 Research epub ahead of print (June 2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664983 Jeremy Holzmacher et al., “Association of Expanded Medicaid Coverage with Hospital Length of Stay After Injury,” 245 JAMA Surgery published online (June 2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658482 246Mary Anderson, Jeffrey Glasheen, and Debra Anoff, “Impact of State Medicaid Expansion Status on Length of Stay and In-Hospital Mortality for General Medicine Patients at US Academic Medical Centers,” Journal of Hospital Medicine Epub ahead of print (August 2016), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/jhm.2649/citedby 247 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2542420 248 Megan Hoopes, Heather Angier, Rachel Gold, Steffani Bailey, Nathalie Huguet, Miguel Marino, and Jennifer DeVoe, “Utilization of Community Health Centers in Medicaid Expansion and Nonexpansion States, 2013-2014,” Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 39 no. 4 (October 2016): 290-298, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26765808 249 Sara Collins, Munira Gunja, Michelle Doty, and Sophie Beutel, Americans’ Experiences with ACA Marketplace and Medicaid Coverage: Access to Care and Satisfaction (The Commonwealth Fund, May 2016), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/may/aca-tracking-survey-access-to-care-and- satisfaction 250 Astha Singhal, Peter Damiano, and Lindsay Sabik, “Medicaid Adult Dental Benefits Increase Use Of Dental Care, But Impact Of Expansion On Dental Services Use Was Mixed,” Health Affairs 36 no. 4 (April 2017): 723-732, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/4/723.short 251 Angela Fertig, Caroline Carlin, Scote Ode, and Sharon Long, “Evidence of Pent-Up Demand for Care After Medicaid Expansion,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (March 2017), http://journals.sagepub.com/eprint/wDsfA74fuA3BIw5ZWyYT/full 252Anne DiGiulio et al., “State Medicaid Expansion Tobacco Cessation Coverage and Number of Adult Smokers Enrolled in Expansion Coverage – United States, 2016,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65, no. 48 (December 2016), https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6548a2.htm The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 30 253 Ausmita Ghosh, Kosali Simon, and Benjamin Sommers, The Effect of State Medicaid Expansions on Prescription Drug Use: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act (Working Paper No. 23044, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2017), http://www.nber.org/papers/w23044?utm_campaign=ntw&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ntw 254 Joseph Benitez, Liza Creel, and J’Aime Jennings, “Kentucky’s Medicaid Expansion Showing Early Promise on Coverage and Access to Care,” Health Affairs (February 2016), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2016/02/16/hlthaff.2015.1294 255 Adele Shartzer, Sharon Long, and Nathaniel Anderson, “Access To Care and Affordability have Improved Following Affordable Care Act Implementation; Problems Remain,” Health Affairs (December 2015), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2015/12/14/hlthaff.2015.0755.full Kamyar Nasseh and Marko Vujicic, Early Impact of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion on Dental Care 256 Use (Health Services Research, November 2016), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12606/full 257 MaryBeth Musumeci, Robin Rudowitz, Petry Ubri, and Elizabeth Hinton, An Early Look at Medicaid Expansion Waiver Implementation in Michigan and Indiana (Washington, DC: The Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2017), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/an-early-look-at-medicaid-expansion-waiver-implementation-in-michigan-and- indiana/ 258 Jeffrey Horn et al., “New Medicaid Enrollees See Health and Social Benefits in Pennsylvania’s Expansion,” INQUIRY: the Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 53 (October 2016): 1-8, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0046958016671807# 259 Benjamin Sommers, Munira Gunja, Kenneth Finegold, and Thomas Musco, “Changes in Self-Reported Insurance Coverage, Access to Care, and Health Under the Affordable Care Act,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 314 no. 4 (July 2015): 366-374, http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2411283&resultClick=3 260IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics, Medicines Use and Spending Shifts: A Review of the Use of Medicines in the US in 2014 (IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics, April 2015), http://www.imshealth.com/en/thought- leadership/ims-institute/reports/medicines-use-in-the-us-2014 261 Government Accountability Office, Behavioral Health: Options for Low-Income Adults to Receive Treatment in Selected States (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, June 2015), http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/670894.pdf 262 Barbara DiPietro, Samantha Artiga, and Alexandra Gates, Early Impacts of the Medicaid Expansion for the Homeless Population (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, November 2014), http://kff.org/uninsured/issue-brief/early-impacts-of-the-medicaid-expansion-for-the-homeless-population/ 263 Josh Gray, Anna Zink, and Tony Dreyfus, Effects of the Affordable Care Act Through 2015, (athenaResearch and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ACA View Report, March 2016), http://www.athenahealth.com/~/media/athenaweb/files/pdf/acaview_tracking_the_impact_of_health_care_reform 264 Laura Wherry and Sarah Miller, “Early Coverage, Access, Utilization, and Health Effects Associated with the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions: A Quasi-experimental Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine, Epub ahead of print (April 2016), http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2513980 265 Josh Gray, Iyue Sung, and Stewart Richardson, Observations on the Affordable Care Act: 2014 (athenaResearch and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ACA View Report, February 2015), http://www.athenahealth.com/~/media/athenaweb/files/pdf/acaview_year_end_2014.pdf Deloitte Development LLC, Commonwealth of Kentucky Medicaid Expansion Report, (Deloitte Development LLC, 266 February 2015), http://jointhehealthjourney.com/images/uploads/channel-files/Kentucky_Medicaid_Expansion_One- Year_Study_FINAL.pdf 267John Cawley, Aparna Soni, and Kosali Simon, “Third Year of Survey Data Shows Continuing Benefits of Medicaid Expansions for Low-Income Childless Adults in the U.S.,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2018): 1495-1497, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-018-4537-0 Kosali Simon, Aparna Soni, and John Cawley, “The Impact of Health Insurance on Preventive Care and Health 268 Behaviors: Evidence from the First Two Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 36, no. 2 (March 2017), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.21972 Harvey Kaufman, Zhen Chen, Vivian Fonseca, and Michael McPhaul, “Surge in Newly Identified Diabetes Among 269 Medicaid Patients in 2014 Within Medicaid Expansion States Under the Affordable Care Act,” Diabetes Care 38, no. 5 (May 2015): 833, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2015/03/19/dc14-2334.full.pdf+html The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 31 270 De-Chih Lee, Leiyu Shi, and Hailun Liang, “Primary Care Utilization And Clinical Quality Performance: A Comparison Between Health Centres In Medicaid Expansion States And Non-Expansion States,” Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 24, no. 1 (January 2019): 19-24, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1355819618788592 271 Aparna Soni, Kosali Simon, John Cawley, and Lindsay Sabik, “Effect of Medicaid Expansions of 2014 on Overall and Early-Stage Cancer Diagnoses,” American Journal of Public Health epub ahead of print (December 2017), http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304166 272 Nicolas Ajkay et al, “Early Impact of Medicaid Expansion and Quality of Breast Cancer Care in Kentucky,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, epub ahead of print, February 2018, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107275151830022X 273 Xuesong Han, Robin Yabroff, Elizabeth Ward, Otis Brawley, and Ahmedin Jemal, “Comparison of Insurance Status and Diagnosis Stage Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Cancer Before vs After Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,” JAMA Oncology 4, no. 12 (August 2018): 1713-1720, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2697226 274 Jose Mesquita-Neto, Peter Cmorej, Hassan Mouzaihem, Donald Weaver, Steve Kim, and Francis Macedo, “Disparities In Access To Cancer Surgery After Medicaid Expansion,” The American Journal of Surgery epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002961019306889 275 Tong Gan et al., “Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Colorectal Cancer Screening, Incidence, and Survival in Kentucky,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 228, no. 4 (April 2019): 342-353.e1, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(19)30046-8/fulltext 276Andrew Loehrer et al., “Association of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion with Access to and Quality of Care for Surgical Conditions,” Journal of the American Medical Association Surgery, epub ahead of print (January 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/2670459?redirect=true 277 Andrew Crocker et al., “Expansion Coverage And Preferential Utilization Of Cancer Surgery Among Racial And Ethnic Minorities And Low-Income Groups,” Surgery epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://www.surgjournal.com/article/S0039-6060(19)30198-9/fulltext 278 Emanuel Eguia et al., “Impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid Expansion on Cancer Admissions and Surgeries,” Annals of Surgery 268, no. 4 (October 2018): 584-590, https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Abstract/2018/10000/Impact_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act__ACA__Medicai d.6.aspx 279 Andrew Crocker et al., “The Affordable Care Act's Medicaid Expansion And Utilization Of Discretionary Vs. Non- Discretionary Inpatient Surgery,” Surgery 164, no. 6 (December 2018): 1156-1161, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039606018302186 280Khadijah Breathett et al., “The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion Correlated with Increased Heart Transplant Listings in African Americans but Not Hispanics or Caucasians,” JACC: Heart Failure 5 no. 2 (January 2017): 136-147, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28109783 281 J.W. Awori Hayanga et al., “Lung Transplantation and Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion in the Era of Lung Allocation Score” Transplant International epub ahead of print (February 2019), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tri.13420 282 Chad Cotti, Erik Nesson, and Nathan Tefft, “Impacts Of The ACA Medicaid Expansion On Health Behaviors: Evidence From Household Panel Data,” Health Economics 28, no. 2 (February 2019): 219-244, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hec.3838 Johanna C. Maclean, Michael F. Pesko, and Steven C. Hill, “Public Insurance Expansions and Smoking Cessation 283 Medications,” Economic Inquiry (May 2019), https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12794 284 Steffani Bailey et al., “Tobacco Cessation in Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion States Versus Non- expansion States,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research epub ahead of print (May 2019), https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntz087/5498071 Kosali Simon, Aparna Soni, and John Cawley, “The Impact of Health Insurance on Preventive Care and Health 285 Behaviors: Evidence from the First Two Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 36, no. 2 (March 2017), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.21972 286 Alana Sharp, Austin Jones, Jennifer Sherwood, Oksana Kutsa, Brian Honermann, and Gregorio Millett, “Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Access to Opioid Analgesic Medications and Medication-Assisted Treatment,” American Journal of Public Health 108, no. 5 (May 2018): 642-648, https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304338?journalCode=ajph The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 32 287Angelica Meinhofer and Allison Witman, “The Role Of Health Insurance On Treatment For Opioid Use Disorders: Evidence From The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” Journal of Health Economics 60 (June 2018): 177- 197, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167629617311530 Benjamin Cher, Nancy Morden, and Ellen Meara, “Medicaid Expansion and Prescription Trends: Opioids, 288 Addiction Therapies, and Other Drugs,” Medical Care 57, no. 3 (March 2019): 208-212, https://journals.lww.com/lww- medicalcare/fulltext/2019/03000/Medicaid_Expansion_and_Prescription_Trends_.6.aspx 289 Chad Cotti, Erik Nesson, and Nathan Tefft, “Impacts Of The ACA Medicaid Expansion On Health Behaviors: Evidence From Household Panel Data,” Health Economics 28, no. 2 (February 2019): 219-244, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hec.3838 Brendan Saloner, Jonathan Levin, Hsien-Yen Chang, Christopher Jones, and G. Caleb Alexander, “Changes in 290 Buprenorphine-Naloxone and Opioid Pain Reliever Prescriptions After the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” JAMA Network Open 1, no. 4 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2696873 291Richard Frank and Carrie Fry, “The Impact of Expanded Medicaid Eligibility on Access To Naloxone,” Addiction epub ahead of print (April 2019), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14634 292 Ramin Mojtabai, Christine Mauro, Melanie Wall, Colleen Barry, and Mark Olfson, “The Affordable Care Act and Opioid Agonist Therapy for Opioid Use Disorder,” Psychiatry Online (April 2019), https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900025 293 Christina Andrews et al., “Medicaid Coverage In Substance Use Disorder Treatment After The Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment epub ahead of print (April 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740547218305750 294 Carrie Fry and Benjamin Sommers, “Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Adults With Depression,” Psychiatric Services 69, no. 11 (November 2018), https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201800181 295 The Ohio Department of Medicaid, 2018 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment: A Follow‐Up to the 2016 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment, (The Ohio Department of Medicaid, August 2018), https://medicaid.ohio.gov/Portals/0/Resources/Reports/Annual/Group-VIII-Final-Report.pdf 296Manatt Health, Medicaid Expansion: How It Affects Montana’s State Budget, Economy, and Residents (Montana Healthcare Foundation, prepared by Manatt Health, June 2018), https://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/Manatt-MedEx_FINAL_6.1.18.pdf 297Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, Medicaid Expansion Report, (Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, January 2017), http://www.dhs.pa.gov/cs/groups/webcontent/documents/document/c_257436.pdf 298 Brendan Saloner, Rachel Landis, Bradley Stein, and Colleen Barry, “The Affordable Care Act in the Heart of the Opioid Crisis: Evidence from West Virginia,” Health Affairs 38, no. 4 (April 2019), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05049 299 Ramin Mojtabai, Christine Mauro, Melanie Wall, Colleen Barry, and Mark Olfson, “Medication Treatment For Opioid Use Disorders In Substance Use Treatment Facilities,” Health Affairs 38, no. 1 (January 2019), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05162 300 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), Medicaid Expansion: Behavioral Health Treatment Use in Selected States in 2014 (Washington, DC: GAO Report to Congressional Requesters, June 2017), https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/685415.pdf 301 Lisa Clemans-Cope, Marni Epstein, Victoria Lynch, and Emma Winiski, Rapid Growth in Medicaid Spending and Prescriptions to Treat Opioid Use Disorder and Opioid Overdose from 2010 to 2017 (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, March 2019), https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99798/rapid_growth_in_medicaid_spending_and_prescriptions_to _treat_opioid_use_disorder_and_opioid_overdose_from_2010_to_2017_2.pdf 302 Lisa Clemans-Cope, Victoria Lynch, Marni Epstein, and Genevieve Kenney, Medicaid Coverage of Effective Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder, (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, June 2017), https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/90461/2001287_medicaid_coverage_of_effective_treatment_for_ opioid_use_disorder.pdf 303Hefei Wen, Jason Hockenberry, Tyrone Borders, and Benjamin Druss, “Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Medicaid-covered Utilization of Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment,” Medical Care 55 no. 4 (April 2017): 336-341, http://journals.lww.com/lww- medicalcare/Fulltext/2017/04000/Impact_of_Medicaid_Expansion_on_Medicaid_covered.5.aspx The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 33 304 Brendan Saloner, Sachini Bandara, Emma McGinty, and Colleen Barry, “Justice-Involved Adults With Substance Use Disorders: Coverage Increased but Rates of Treatment Did Not in 2014,” Health Affairs 35 no. 6 (June 2016), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0005 305 Government Accountability Office, Behavioral Health: Options for Low-Income Adults to Receive Treatment in Selected States (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, June 2015), http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/670894.pdf 306 Barbara DiPietro, Samantha Artiga, and Alexandra Gates, Early Impacts of the Medicaid Expansion for the Homeless Population (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, November 2014), http://kff.org/uninsured/issue-brief/early-impacts-of-the-medicaid-expansion-for-the-homeless-population/ Deloitte Development LLC, Commonwealth of Kentucky Medicaid Expansion Report, (Deloitte Development LLC, 307 February 2015), http://jointhehealthjourney.com/images/uploads/channel-files/Kentucky_Medicaid_Expansion_One- Year_Study_FINAL.pdf 308 Samantha Artiga, Barbara DiPietro, and Petry Ubri, The Role of Medicaid and the Impact of the Medicaid Expansion for Veterans Experiencing Homelessness, (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, October 2017), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-role-of-medicaid-and-impact-of-the-medicaid-expansion-for-veterans- experiencing-homelessness/ 309Johanna Maclean and Brendan Saloner, “The Effect of Public Insurance Expansions on Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 38, no. 2 (2019): 366-393, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30882195 Johanna C. Maclean, Michael F. Pesko, and Steven C. Hill, “Public Insurance Expansions and Smoking Cessation 310 Medications,” Economic Inquiry (May 2019), https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12794 311 Alana Sharp, Austin Jones, Jennifer Sherwood, Oksana Kutsa, Brian Honermann, and Gregorio Millett, “Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Access to Opioid Analgesic Medications and Medication-Assisted Treatment,” American Journal of Public Health 108, no. 5 (May 2018): 642-648, https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304338?journalCode=ajph Benjamin Cher, Nancy Morden, and Ellen Meara, “Medicaid Expansion and Prescription Trends: Opioids, 312 Addiction Therapies, and Other Drugs,” Medical Care 57, no. 3 (March 2019): 208-212, https://journals.lww.com/lww- medicalcare/fulltext/2019/03000/Medicaid_Expansion_and_Prescription_Trends_.6.aspx Brendan Saloner, Jonathan Levin, Hsien-Yen Chang, Christopher Jones, and G. Caleb Alexander, “Changes in 313 Buprenorphine-Naloxone and Opioid Pain Reliever Prescriptions After the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” JAMA Network Open 1, no. 4 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2696873 314 Lisa Clemans-Cope, Marni Epstein, Victoria Lynch, and Emma Winiski, Rapid Growth in Medicaid Spending and Prescriptions to Treat Opioid Use Disorder and Opioid Overdose from 2010 to 2017 (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, March 2019), https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99798/rapid_growth_in_medicaid_spending_and_prescriptions_to _treat_opioid_use_disorder_and_opioid_overdose_from_2010_to_2017_2.pdf 315 Lisa Clemans-Cope, Victoria Lynch, Marni Epstein, and Genevieve Kenney, Medicaid Coverage of Effective Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder, (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, June 2017), https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/90461/2001287_medicaid_coverage_of_effective_treatment_for_ opioid_use_disorder.pdf 316Angelica Meinhofer and Allison Witman, “The Role Of Health Insurance On Treatment For Opioid Use Disorders: Evidence From The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” Journal of Health Economics 60 (June 2018): 177- 197, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167629617311530 317Johanna Maclean and Brendan Saloner, “The Effect of Public Insurance Expansions on Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 38, no. 2 (2019): 366-393, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30882195 318Hefei Wen, Jason Hockenberry, Tyrone Borders, and Benjamin Druss, “Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Medicaid-covered Utilization of Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment,” Medical Care 55 no. 4 (April 2017): 336-341, http://journals.lww.com/lww- medicalcare/Fulltext/2017/04000/Impact_of_Medicaid_Expansion_on_Medicaid_covered.5.aspx 319 Brendan Saloner, Rachel Landis, Bradley Stein, and Colleen Barry, “The Affordable Care Act in the Heart of the Opioid Crisis: Evidence from West Virginia,” Health Affairs 38, no. 4 (April 2019), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05049 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 34 320 Emanuel Eguia et al., “Impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid Expansion on Cancer Admissions and Surgeries,” Annals of Surgery 268, no. 4 (October 2018): 584-590, https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Abstract/2018/10000/Impact_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act__ACA__Medicai d.6.aspx 321 Kevin Griffith, Leigh Evans, and Jacob Bor, “The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Care Access,” Health Affairs 36 no. 8 (August 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083 322 Shiho Kino and Ichiro Kawachi, “The Impact Of ACA Medicaid Expansion On Socioeconomic Inequality In Health Care Services Utilization,” PLoS ONE 13, no. 2 (December 2018), https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0209935 323Manzilat Akande, Peter Minneci, Katherine Deans, Henry Xiang, Deena Chisolm, and Jennifer Cooper, “Effects Of Medicaid Expansion On Disparities In Trauma Care And Outcomes In Young Adults,” Journal of Surgical Research 228 (August 2018): 42-53, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022480418301562 324 Susan Hayes, Pamela Riley, David Radley, and Douglas McCarthy, Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care: Has the Affordable Care Act Made a Difference? (The Commonwealth Fund, August 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/aug/racial-ethnic-disparities-care 325 Cheryl Zogg et al., “Impact of Affordable Care Act Insurance Expansion on Pre-Hospital Access to Care: Changes in Adult Perforated Appendix Admission Rates after Medicaid Expansion and the Dependent Coverage Provision,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 228, no. 1 (January 2019): 29-43, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(18)32078-7/fulltext 326Eili Klein et al., “The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Utilization in Maryland Emergency Departments,” Annals of Emergency Medicine epub ahead of print (June 2017), http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(17)30784- 9/pdf Aabha Sharma, Scott Dresden, Emilie Powell, Raymond Kang, Joe Feinglass, “Emergency Department Visits and 327 Hospitalizations for the Uninsured in Illinois Before and After Affordable Care Act Insurance Expansion,” Journal of Community Health 42 no. 3 (June 2017): 591-597, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10900-016-0293-4 328Rahul Ladhania, Amelia Haviland, Arvind Venkat, Rahul Telang, and Jesse Pines, “The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on the Nature of New Enrollees’ Emergency Department Use,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (May 2019), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558719848270 Gary Pickens et al., “Changes In Hospital Service Demand, Cost, And Patient Illness Severity Following Health 329 Reform,” Health Services Research (May 2019), https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13165 330 Mark Duggan, Atul Gupta, and Emilie Jackson, The Impact of the Affordable Care Act: Evidence from California's Hospital Sector (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 25488, January 2019), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25488.pdf 331Manatt Health, Medicaid Expansion: How It Affects Montana’s State Budget, Economy, and Residents (Manatt Health, prepared for the Montana Healthcare Foundation, June 2018), https://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/Manatt-MedEx_FINAL_6.1.18.pdf 332 Shannon McConville, Maria Raven, Sarah Sabbagh, and Renee Hsia, “Frequent Emergency Department Users: A Statewide Comparison Before And After Affordable Care Act Implementation,” Health Affairs 37, no. 6 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0784 333 Daniel Gingold, Rachelle Pierre-Mathieu, Brandon Cole, Andrew Miller, and Joneigh Khaldun, “Impact of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Emergency Department High Utilizers with Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions: A Cross-Sectional Study,” The American Journal of Emergency Medicine (January 2017), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675717300141 334Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article- abstract/2542420 335 Paul Jacobs, Genevieve Kenney, and Thomas Selden, “Newly Eligible Enrollees In Medicaid Spend Less And Use Less Care Than Those Previously Eligible,” Health Affairs 36, no. 9 (September 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0252 336 Benjamin Sommers, Carrie Fry, Robert Blendon, and Arnold Epstein, “New Approaches in Medicaid: Work Requirements, Health Savings Accounts, and Health Care Access,” Health Affairs 37, no. 7 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0331 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 35 337 MaryBeth Musumeci, Robin Rudowitz, Petry Ubri, and Elizabeth Hinton, An Early Look at Medicaid Expansion Waiver Implementation in Michigan and Indiana (Washington, DC: The Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2017), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/an-early-look-at-medicaid-expansion-waiver-implementation-in-michigan-and- indiana/ 338Natoshia Askelson, Brad Wright, Suzanne Bentler, Elizabeth Momany, and Peter Damiano, “Iowa’s Medicaid Expansion Promoted Healthy Behaviors But Was Challenging to Implement and Attracted Few Participants,” Health Affairs 36 no. 5, (May 2017): 799-807, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/5/799.full 339 The Lewin Group, Indiana Healthy Indiana Plan 2.0: Interim Evaluation Report (The Lewin Group, Prepared for Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, July 2016), https://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program- Information/By-Topics/Waivers/1115/downloads/in/Healthy-Indiana-Plan-2/in-healthy-indiana-plan-support-20-interim- evl-rpt-07062016.pdf 340 The Lewin Group, Healthy Indiana Plan 2.0: POWER Account Contribution Assessment, (The Lewin Group, prepared for the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, March 2017), https://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Waivers/1115/downloads/in/Healthy- Indiana-Plan-2/in-healthy-indiana-plan-support-20-POWER-acct-cont-assesmnt-03312017.pdf 341 Brad Wright et al., “Completion of Requirements in Iowa's Medicaid Expansion Premium Disincentive Program, 2014–2015,” American Journal of Public Health 108, no. 2 (February 2018): 219-223, http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304178 342 Emily Zylla, Colin Planalp, Elizabeth Lukanen, and Lynn Blewett, Section 1115 Medicaid Expansion Waivers: Implementation Experiences, (Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission, February 2018), https://www.macpac.gov/publication/section-1115-medicaid-expansion-waivers-implementation-experiences/ 343Ahmedin Jemal, Chun Chieh Lin, Amy Davidoff, and Xuesong Han, “Changes in Insurance Coverage and Stage at Diagnosis Among Nonelderly Patients with Cancer after the Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 35 (December 2017), http://ascopubs.org/doi/pdf/10.1200/JCO.2017.73.7817 344 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 345Joseph Labrum et al., “Does Medicaid Insurance Confer Adequate Access to Adult Orthopaedic Care in the Era of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act?” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 475 no. 6 (June 2017): 1527-1536, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11999-017-5263-3 346 Laura Wherry and Sarah Miller, “Early Coverage, Access, Utilization, and Health Effects Associated with the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions: A Quasi-experimental Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine, Epub ahead of print (April 2016), http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2513980 347 Adele Shartzer, Sharon Long, and Nathaniel Anderson, “Access To Care and Affordability have Improved Following Affordable Care Act Implementation; Problems Remain,” Health Affairs (December 2015), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2015/12/14/hlthaff.2015.0755.full 348 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, and E. John Orav, “Both the ‘Private Option’ And Traditional Medicaid Expansions Improved Access To Care For Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs 35, no. 1 (January 2016): 96-105, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/96.abstract 349Mark Olfson, Melanie Wall, Colleen Barry, Christine Mauro, and Ramin Mojtabai, “Impact Of Medicaid Expansion On Coverage And Treatment Of Low-Income Adults With Substance Use Disorders,” Health Affairs 37, no. 8 (August 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0124 350Abeer Alharbi, M. Mahmud Khan, Ronnie Horner, Heather Brandt, and Cole Chapman, “Impact Of Medicaid Coverage Expansion Under The Affordable Care Act On Mammography And Pap Tests Utilization Among Low- Income Women,” PLOS One (April 2019), https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0214886 351 Jevay Grooms and Alberto Ortega, “Examining Medicaid Expansion and the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 2019): 187-192, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20191090 352Nathalie Huguet et al., “Cervical And Colorectal Cancer Screening Prevalence Before And After Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” Preventative Medicine (May 2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.003 353John Cawley, Aparna Soni, and Kosali Simon, “Third Year of Survey Data Shows Continuing Benefits of Medicaid Expansions for Low-Income Childless Adults in the U.S.,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2018): 1495-1497, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-018-4537-0 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 36 Kosali Simon, Aparna Soni, and John Cawley, “The Impact of Health Insurance on Preventive Care and Health 354 Behaviors: Evidence from the First Two Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 36, no. 2 (March 2017), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.21972 355 Yasmin Zerhouni et al., “Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates,” Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 62, no. 1 (January 2019): 97-103, https://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal/Abstract/2019/01000/Effect_of_Medicaid_Expansion_on_Colorectal_Cancer.16.a spx 356 Carrie Fry and Benjamin Sommers, “Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Adults With Depression,” Psychiatric Services 69, no. 11 (November 2018), https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201800181 357 Xuesong Han, Robin Yabroff, Elizabeth Ward, Otis Brawley, and Ahmedin Jemal, “Comparison of Insurance Status and Diagnosis Stage Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Cancer Before vs After Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,” JAMA Oncology 4, no. 12 (August 2018): 1713-1720, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2697226 358 Michael Hendryx and Juhua Luo, “Increased Cancer Screening for Low-income Adults Under the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” Medical Care 56, no. 11 (November 2018): 944-949, https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/mcar/2018/00000056/00000011/art00009 Brandy Lipton, Sandra Decker, and Benjamin Sommers, “The Affordable Care Act Appears to Have Narrowed 359 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Young Adults” Medical Care Research and Review 76, no.1 (April 2017): 32–55, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29148341 360 Stacey Fedewa, K. Robin Yabroff, Robert Smith, Ann Goding Sauer, Xuesong Han, and Ahmedin Jemal, “Changes in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Screening After Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine epub ahead of print (May 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379719301163 361 Tong Gan et al., “Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Colorectal Cancer Screening, Incidence, and Survival in Kentucky,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 228, no. 4 (April 2019): 342-353.e1, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(19)30046-8/fulltext 362 Dmitry Tumin et al., “Medicaid Participation among Liver Transplant Candidates after the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 225, no. 2 (August 2017): 173-180.e2, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(17)30454-4/fulltext 363 Christina Andrews et al., “Medicaid Coverage In Substance Use Disorder Treatment After The Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment epub ahead of print (April 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740547218305750 364Manzilat Akande, Peter Minneci, Katherine Deans, Henry Xiang, Deena Chisolm, and Jennifer Cooper, “Effects Of Medicaid Expansion On Disparities In Trauma Care And Outcomes In Young Adults,” Journal of Surgical Research 228 (August 2018): 42-53, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022480418301562 365 Shiho Kino and Ichiro Kawachi, “The Impact Of ACA Medicaid Expansion On Socioeconomic Inequality In Health Care Services Utilization,” PLoS ONE 13, no. 2 (December 2018), https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0209935 366 James McDermott et al., “Affordable Care Act's Medicaid Expansion and Use of Regionalized Surgery at High- Volume Hospitals,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 227, no. 5 (November 2018): 507-520.e9, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(18)31993-8/abstract 367 Andrew Crocker et al., “Expansion Coverage And Preferential Utilization Of Cancer Surgery Among Racial And Ethnic Minorities And Low-Income Groups,” Surgery epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://www.surgjournal.com/article/S0039-6060(19)30198-9/fulltext 368Andrew Loehrer et al., “Association of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion with Access to and Quality of Care for Surgical Conditions,” Journal of the American Medical Association Surgery, epub ahead of print (January 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/2670459?redirect=true 369 Megan Cole, Omar Galarraga, Ira Wilson, Brad Wright, and Amal Trivedi, “At Federally Funded Health Centers, Medicaid Expansion was Associated with Improved Quality of Care,” Health Affairs 36 no. 1 (January 2017): 40-48, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/1/40.full?sid=a3089120-6f4b-428b-bba8-5f005b444e19 370 Megan Cole, Brad Wright, Ira Wilson, Omar Gallarraga, and Amal Trivedi, “Medicaid Expansion And Community Health Centers: Care Quality And Service Use Increased For Rural Patients” Health Affairs 37, no. 6 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1542 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 37 371 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2542420 372 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 Gary Pickens et al., “Changes in Hospital Inpatient Utilization Following Health Care Reform,” Health Services 373 Research epub ahead of print (June 2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664983 Jeremy Holzmacher et al., “Association of Expanded Medicaid Coverage with Hospital Length of Stay After Injury,” 374 JAMA Surgery published online (June 2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658482 375 Andrew Admon, Thomas Valley, John Ayanian, Theodore Iwashyna, Colin Cooke, and Renuka Tipirneni, “Trends in Hospital Utilization After Medicaid Expansion,” Medical Care 57, no. 4 (April 2019): 312-317, https://journals.lww.com/lww- medicalcare/Abstract/publishahead/Brief_Report__Trends_in_Hospital_Utilization_After.98489.aspx 376Cheryl Zogg et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion With Access to Rehabilitative Care in Adult Trauma Patients,” JAMA Surgery epub ahead of print (January 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article- abstract/2719270?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=ja masurg.2018.5177 377 Andrew Admon, Michael Sjoding, Sarah Lyon, John Ayanian, Theodore Iwashyna, and Colin Cooke, “Medicaid Expansion and Mechanical Ventilation in Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Heart Failure,” Annals of the American Thoracic Society epub ahead of print (February 2019), https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201811-777OC 378Neal Bhutiani, Brian Harbrecht, Charles Scoggins, and Matthew Bozeman, “Evaluating The Early Impact Of Medicaid Expansion On Trends In Diagnosis And Treatment Of Benign Gallbladder Disease In Kentucky,” The American Journal of Surgery (January 2019), https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002- 9610(18)30894-8/fulltext 379Manzilat Akande Peter Minneci, Katherine Deans, Henry Xiang, and Jennifer Cooper, “Association of Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act With Outcomes and Access to Rehabilitation in Young Adult Trauma Patients,” JAMA Surgery 153, no. 8 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article- abstract/2682872?widget=personalizedcontent&previousarticle=2719270 380Manzilat Akande, Peter Minneci, Katherine Deans, Henry Xiang, Deena Chisolm, and Jennifer Cooper, “Effects Of Medicaid Expansion On Disparities In Trauma Care And Outcomes In Young Adults,” Journal of Surgical Research 228 (August 2018): 42-53, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022480418301562 381 Ramiro Manzano-Nunez et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion Policy with Outcomes in Homeless Patients Requiring Emergency General Surgery,” World Journal of Surgery 43, no. 6 (June 2019): 1483-1489, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-019-04932-0 382 De-Chih Lee, Leiyu Shi, and Hailun Liang, “Primary Care Utilization And Clinical Quality Performance: A Comparison Between Health Centres In Medicaid Expansion States And Non-Expansion States,” Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 24, no. 1 (January 2019): 19-24, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1355819618788592 383 Renuka Tiperneni et al., “Changes in Health and Ability to Work Among Medicaid Expansion Enrollees: a Mixed Methods Study,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 34, no. 2 (February 2019): 272-280, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4736-8 384 Hyunjung Lee and Frank Porell, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Access to Care and Health Status,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (October 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558718808709?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=mcrd 385 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health 386 Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 38 Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2542420 387John Cawley, Aparna Soni, and Kosali Simon, “Third Year of Survey Data Shows Continuing Benefits of Medicaid Expansions for Low-Income Childless Adults in the U.S.,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2018): 1495-1497, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-018-4537-0 388 Barbara DiPietro, Samantha Artiga, and Alexandra Gates, Early Impacts of the Medicaid Expansion for the Homeless Population (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, November 2014), http://kff.org/uninsured/issue-brief/early-impacts-of-the-medicaid-expansion-for-the-homeless-population/ Kosali Simon, Aparna Soni, and John Cawley, “The Impact of Health Insurance on Preventive Care and Health 389 Behaviors: Evidence from the First Two Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 36, no. 2 (March 2017), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.21972 390Tyler Winkelman and Virginia Chang, “Medicaid Expansion, Mental Health, and Access to Care Among Childless Adults With and Without Chronic Conditions,” Journal of General Internal Medicine epub ahead of print (November 2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29181792 391 The Ohio Department of Medicaid, 2018 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment: A Follow‐Up to the 2016 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment, (The Ohio Department of Medicaid, August 2018), https://medicaid.ohio.gov/Portals/0/Resources/Reports/Annual/Group-VIII-Final-Report.pdf 392 Susan Dorr Goold et al., “Primary Care Clinicians’ Views About the Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Michigan: A Mixed Methods Study,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 8 (June 2018): 1307-1316, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4487-6 Sameed Ahmed Khantana et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion with Cardiovascular Mortality,” JAMA 393 Cardiology epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2734704 394 Tong Gan et al., “Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Colorectal Cancer Screening, Incidence, and Survival in Kentucky,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 228, no. 4 (April 2019): 342-353.e1, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(19)30046-8/fulltext Eric Charles et al., “Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Cardiac Surgery Volume and Outcomes,” The Annals of 395 Thoracic Surgery (June 2017), http://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/S0003-4975(17)30552-0/pdf 396 Shailender Swaminathan, Benjamin Sommers, Rebecca Thorsness, Rajnish Mehrotra, Yoojin Lee, and Amal Trivedi, “Association of Medicaid Expansion With 1-Year Mortality Among Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease,” Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) 320, no. 21 (December 2018): 2242-2250, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2710505?guestAccessKey=ea3a8641-320b-4afd-b96e- dc59fbd90b20&utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=J_Am_Med_TrendMD_1&utm_content=ol f&utm_term=102518 397 Cheryl Zogg et al., “Impact of Affordable Care Act Insurance Expansion on Pre-Hospital Access to Care: Changes in Adult Perforated Appendix Admission Rates after Medicaid Expansion and the Dependent Coverage Provision,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 228, no. 1 (January 2019): 29-43, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(18)32078-7/fulltext 398 Chintan Bhatt and Consuelo Beck-Sague, “Medicaid Expansion and Infant Mortality in the United States,” American Journal of Public Health 108, no. 4 (April 2018): 565-567, https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304218 399 Clare Brown et al., “Association of State Medicaid Expansion Status With Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth” Journal of the American Medical Association 321, no. 16 (April 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2731179 400Johanna Maclean and Brendan Saloner, The Effect of Public Insurance Expansions on Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 23342, April 2017), http://www.nber.org/papers/w23342.pdf 401 Steffani Bailey et al., “Tobacco Cessation in Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion States Versus Non- expansion States,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research epub ahead of print (May 2019), https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntz087/5498071 402Jonathan Koma, Julie Donohue, Colleen Barry, Haiden Huskamp, and Marian Jarlenski, “Medicaid Coverage Expansions and Cigarette Smoking Cessation Among Low-Income Adults,” Medical Care 55, no. 12 (December 2017): 1023-1029, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5688008/ The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 39 403Andrew Loehrer et al., “Association of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion with Access to and Quality of Care for Surgical Conditions,” Journal of the American Medical Association Surgery, epub ahead of print (January 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/2670459?redirect=true 404 Megan Cole, Brad Wright, Ira Wilson, Omar Gallarraga, and Amal Trivedi, “Medicaid Expansion And Community Health Centers: Care Quality And Service Use Increased For Rural Patients” Health Affairs 37, no. 6 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1542 405 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 Rishi Wadhera et al., “Association of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion With Care Quality and 406 Outcomes for Low-Income Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure,” Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 11, no. 7 (June 2018), https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004729 407 Rishi Wadhera et al., “Association of State Medicaid Expansion With Quality of Care and Outcomes for Low- Income Patients Hospitalized With Acute Myocardial Infarction,” JAMA Cardiology 4, no. 2 (January 2019): 120-127, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article- abstract/2720425?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=ja macardio.2018.4577 408 Chima Ndumele, William Schpero, and Amal Trivedi, “Medicaid Expansion and Health Plan Quality in Medicaid Managed Care,” Health Services Research 53, no. 4, Part II (August 2018), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-6773.12814 409 Megan Cole, Omar Galarraga, Ira Wilson, Brad Wright, and Amal Trivedi, “At Federally Funded Health Centers, Medicaid Expansion was Associated with Improved Quality of Care,” Health Affairs 36 no. 1 (January 2017): 40-48, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/1/40.full?sid=a3089120-6f4b-428b-bba8-5f005b444e19 410 De-Chih Lee, Leiyu Shi, and Hailun Liang, “Primary Care Utilization And Clinical Quality Performance: A Comparison Between Health Centres In Medicaid Expansion States And Non-Expansion States,” Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 24, no. 1 (January 2019): 19-24, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1355819618788592 Gary Pickens et al., “Changes in Hospital Inpatient Utilization Following Health Care Reform,” Health Services 411 Research epub ahead of print (June 2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664983 Jeremy Holzmacher et al., “Association of Expanded Medicaid Coverage with Hospital Length of Stay After Injury,” 412 JAMA Surgery published online (June 2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658482 413Mary Anderson, Jeffrey Glasheen, and Debra Anoff, “Impact of State Medicaid Expansion Status on Length of Stay and In-Hospital Mortality for General Medicine Patients at US Academic Medical Centers,” Journal of Hospital Medicine Epub ahead of print (August 2016), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/jhm.2649/citedby 414 Andrew Admon, Thomas Valley, John Ayanian, Theodore Iwashyna, Colin Cooke, and Renuka Tipirneni, “Trends in Hospital Utilization After Medicaid Expansion,” Medical Care 57, no. 4 (April 2019): 312-317, https://journals.lww.com/lww- medicalcare/Abstract/publishahead/Brief_Report__Trends_in_Hospital_Utilization_After.98489.aspx 415 Andrew Admon, Michael Sjoding, Sarah Lyon, John Ayanian, Theodore Iwashyna, and Colin Cooke, “Medicaid Expansion and Mechanical Ventilation in Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Heart Failure,” Annals of the American Thoracic Society epub ahead of print (February 2019), https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201811-777OC Ehimare Akhabue, Lindsay Pool, Clyde Yancy, Philip Greenland, and Donald Lloyd-Jones, “Association of State 416 Medicaid Expansion With Rate of Uninsured Hospitalizations for Major Cardiovascular Events, 2009-2014,” JAMA Network Open 1, no. 4 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2698077 417 Donald Likosky, Devraj Sukul, Milan Seth, Chang He, Hitlander Gurm, and Richard Prager, “The Association Between Medicaid Expansion and Cardiovascular Interventions: The Michigan Experience,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 71, no. 9 (March 2018): 1050-1051, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718300056?via%3Dihub 418Neal Bhutiani, Brian Harbrecht, Charles Scoggins, and Matthew Bozeman, “Evaluating The Early Impact Of Medicaid Expansion On Trends In Diagnosis And Treatment Of Benign Gallbladder Disease In Kentucky,” The American Journal of Surgery (January 2019), https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002- 9610(18)30894-8/fulltext The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 40 Rishi Wadhera et al., “Association of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion With Care Quality and 419 Outcomes for Low-Income Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure,” Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 11, no. 7 (June 2018), https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004729 420 Rishi Wadhera et al., “Association of State Medicaid Expansion With Quality of Care and Outcomes for Low- Income Patients Hospitalized With Acute Myocardial Infarction,” JAMA Cardiology 4, no. 2 (January 2019): 120-127, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article- abstract/2720425?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=ja macardio.2018.4577 421Manzilat Akande Peter Minneci, Katherine Deans, Henry Xiang, and Jennifer Cooper, “Association of Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act With Outcomes and Access to Rehabilitation in Young Adult Trauma Patients,” JAMA Surgery 153, no. 8 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article- abstract/2682872?widget=personalizedcontent&previousarticle=2719270 422Manzilat Akande, Peter Minneci, Katherine Deans, Henry Xiang, Deena Chisolm, and Jennifer Cooper, “Effects Of Medicaid Expansion On Disparities In Trauma Care And Outcomes In Young Adults,” Journal of Surgical Research 228 (August 2018): 42-53, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022480418301562 423Cheryl Zogg et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion With Access to Rehabilitative Care in Adult Trauma Patients,” JAMA Surgery epub ahead of print (January 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article- abstract/2719270?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=ja masurg.2018.5177 424 Ramiro Manzano-Nunez et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion Policy with Outcomes in Homeless Patients Requiring Emergency General Surgery,” World Journal of Surgery 43, no. 6 (June 2019): 1483-1489, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-019-04932-0 425 Laura Wherry and Sarah Miller, “Early Coverage, Access, Utilization, and Health Effects Associated with the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions: A Quasi-experimental Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine, Epub ahead of print (April 2016), http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2513980 426 Benjamin Sommers, Munira Gunja, Kenneth Finegold, and Thomas Musco, “Changes in Self-Reported Insurance Coverage, Access to Care, and Health Under the Affordable Care Act,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 314 no. 4 (July 2015): 366-374, http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2411283&resultClick=3 427 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 428Charles Courtemanche, James Marton, Benjamin Ukert, Aaron Yelowitz, Daniela Zapata, Early Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Health Care Access, Risky Health Behaviors, and Self-Assessed Health (National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper no. 23269, March 2017), http://www.nber.org/papers/w23269 429Manzilat Akande, Peter Minneci, Katherine Deans, Henry Xiang, Deena Chisolm, and Jennifer Cooper, “Effects Of Medicaid Expansion On Disparities In Trauma Care And Outcomes In Young Adults,” Journal of Surgical Research 228 (August 2018): 42-53, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022480418301562 430 Hyunjung Lee and Frank Porell, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Access to Care and Health Status,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (October 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558718808709?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=mcrd 431John Cawley, Aparna Soni, and Kosali Simon, “Third Year of Survey Data Shows Continuing Benefits of Medicaid Expansions for Low-Income Childless Adults in the U.S.,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2018): 1495-1497, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-018-4537-0 Kosali Simon, Aparna Soni, and John Cawley, “The Impact of Health Insurance on Preventive Care and Health 432 Behaviors: Evidence from the First Two Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 36, no. 2 (March 2017), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.21972 433 Nimish Valvi, Neomi Vin-Raviv, and Tomi Akinyemiju, “Current Smoking and Quit-Attempts Among US Adults Following Medicaid Expansion,” Preventive Medicine Reports epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335519300981 Bernard Black, Alex Hollingsworth, Leticia Nunes, and Kosali Simon, The Effect of Health Insurance on Mortality: 434 Power Analysis and What We Can Learn from the Affordable Care Act Coverage Expansions, (National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series No. 25568, February 2019), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25153 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 41 435Angelica Meinhofer and Allison Witman, “The Role Of Health Insurance On Treatment For Opioid Use Disorders: Evidence From The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” Journal of Health Economics 60 (June 2018): 177- 197, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167629617311530 436Rachel Garfield, Elizabeth Hinton, Elizabeth Cornachione, and Cornelia Hall, Medicaid Managed Care Plans and Access to Care: Results from the Kaiser Family Foundation 2017 Survey of Medicaid Managed Care Plans (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2018), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/report/medicaid-managed- care-plans-and-access-to-care-results-from-the-kaiser-family-foundation-2017-survey-of-medicaid-managed-care- plans 437 Hannah Neprash, Anna Zink, Joshua Gray, and Katherine Hempstead, “Physicians’ Participation In Medicaid Increased Only Slightly Following Expansion” Health Affairs 37, no. 7 (July 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1085 438 Susan Dorr Goold et al., “Primary Care Clinicians’ Views About the Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Michigan: A Mixed Methods Study,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 8 (June 2018): 1307-1316, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4487-6 439Sara Rosenbaum, Jennifer Tolbert, Jessica Sharac, Peter Shin, Rachel Gunsalus, and Julia Zur, Community Health Centers: Growing Importance in a Changing Health Care System (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2018), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/community-health-centers-growing-importance-in-a-changing- health-care-system/ 440 Hefei Wen, Adam S. Wilk, and Benjamin G. Druss, “Medicaid Acceptance by Psychiatrists Before and After Medicaid Expansion,” JAMA Psychiatry epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2735109?resultClick=1 441 Molly Candon et al., Primary Care Appointment Availability and the ACA Insurance Expansions (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, March 2017), https://ldi.upenn.edu/brief/primary-care-appointment-availability-and-aca-insurance-expansions 442 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2542420 443 Xinxin Han, Quian Luo, and Leighton Ku, “Medicaid Expansion and Grant Funding Increases Helped Improve Community Health Center Capacity,” Health Affairs 36 no. 1 (January 2017): 49-56, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/1/49.full?sid=a3089120-6f4b-428b-bba8-5f005b444e19 444 Nathalie Huguet et al., “Medicaid Expansion Produces Long-Term Impact on Insurance Coverage Rates in Community Health Centers,” Journal of Primary Care & Community Health epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2150131917709403 445 Josh Gray, Anna Zink, and Tony Dreyfus, Effects of the Affordable Care Act Through 2015, (athenaResearch and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ACA View Report, March 2016), http://www.athenahealth.com/~/media/athenaweb/files/pdf/acaview_tracking_the_impact_of_health_care_reform 446 Josh Gray, Iyue Sung, and Stewart Richardson, Observations on the Affordable Care Act: 2014 (athenaResearch and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ACA View Report, February 2015), http://www.athenahealth.com/~/media/athenaweb/files/pdf/acaview_year_end_2014.pdf 447 The Ohio Department of Medicaid, 2018 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment: A Follow‐Up to the 2016 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment, (The Ohio Department of Medicaid, August 2018), https://medicaid.ohio.gov/Portals/0/Resources/Reports/Annual/Group-VIII-Final-Report.pdf 448 MaryBeth Musumeci, Robin Rudowitz, Petry Ubri, and Elizabeth Hinton, An Early Look at Medicaid Expansion Waiver Implementation in Michigan and Indiana (Washington, DC: The Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2017), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/an-early-look-at-medicaid-expansion-waiver-implementation-in-michigan-and- indiana/ 449Samantha Artiga, Jennifer Tolbert, and Robin Rudowitz, Year Two of the ACA Coverage Expansions: On-the- Ground Experiences from Five States (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, June 2015), http://kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/year-two-of-the-aca-coverage-expansions-on-the-ground-experiences- from-five-states/ 450 Government Accountability Office, Behavioral Health: Options for Low-Income Adults to Receive Treatment in Selected States (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, June 2015), http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/670894.pdf The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 42 451 Samantha Artiga and Robin Rudowitz, How Have State Medicaid Expansion Decisions Affected the Experiences of Low-Income Adults? Perspectives from Ohio, Arkansas, and Missouri (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, June 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/how-have-state-medicaid-expansion- decisions-affected-the-experiences-of-low-income-adults-perspectives-from-ohio-arkansas-and-missouri/ 452 Peter Shin, Jessica Sharac, Julia Zur, Sara Rosenbaum, and Julia Paradise, Health Center Patient Trends, Enrollment Activities, and Service Capacity: Recent Experience in Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, December 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/health-center-patient-trends-enrollment-activities-and-service-capacity-recent-experience-in-medicaid- expansion-and-non-expansion-states/ 453 Renuka Tipirneni et al., “Primary Care Appointment Availability and Nonphysician Providers One Year After Medicaid Expansion,” The American Journal of Managed Care 22 no. 6 (June 2016): 427-431, http://www.ajmc.com/journals/issue/2016/2016-vol22-n6/primary-care-appointment-availability-and-nonphysician- providers-one-year-after-medicaid-expansion 454 Sara Collins, Munira Gunja, Michelle Doty, and Sophie Beutel, Americans’ Experiences with ACA Marketplace and Medicaid Coverage: Access to Care and Satisfaction (The Commonwealth Fund, May 2016), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/may/aca-tracking-survey-access-to-care-and- satisfaction 455 Renuka Tipirneni et al. “Primary Care Appointment Availability For New Medicaid Patients Increased After Medicaid Expansion In Michigan,” Health Affairs (July 2015), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2015/07/15/hlthaff.2014.1425.full 456 De-Chih Lee, Leiyu Shi, and Hailun Liang, “Primary Care Utilization And Clinical Quality Performance: A Comparison Between Health Centres In Medicaid Expansion States And Non-Expansion States,” Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 24, no. 1 (January 2019): 19-24, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1355819618788592 457 Jevay Grooms and Alberto Ortega, “Examining Medicaid Expansion and the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 2019): 187-192, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20191090 458 Hefei Wen, Adam S. Wilk, and Benjamin G. Druss, “Medicaid Acceptance by Psychiatrists Before and After Medicaid Expansion,” JAMA Psychiatry epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2735109?resultClick=1 459 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” i epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 460 Nathalie Huguet et al., “Medicaid Expansion Produces Long-Term Impact on Insurance Coverage Rates in Community Health Centers,” Journal of Primary Care & Community Health epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2150131917709403 461 Megan Cole, Omar Galarraga, Ira Wilson, Brad Wright, and Amal Trivedi, “At Federally Funded Health Centers, Medicaid Expansion was Associated with Improved Quality of Care,” Health Affairs 36 no. 1 (January 2017): 40-48, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/1/40.full?sid=a3089120-6f4b-428b-bba8-5f005b444e19 462 Renuka Tipirneni et al., “Primary Care Appointment Availability and Nonphysician Providers One Year After Medicaid Expansion,” The American Journal of Managed Care 22 no. 6 (June 2016): 427-431, http://www.ajmc.com/journals/issue/2016/2016-vol22-n6/primary-care-appointment-availability-and-nonphysician- providers-one-year-after-medicaid-expansion 463 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 464 Hilary Barnes, Michael Richards, Matthew McHugh, and Grant Martsolf, “Rural And Nonrural Primary Care Physician Practices Increasingly Rely On Nurse Practitioners,” Health Affairs 37, no. 6 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1158 465 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 43 466Jenny Nguyen, Nidharshan Anandasivam, Daniel Cooperman, Richard Pelker, and Daniel Wiznia, “Does Medicaid Insurance Provide Sufficient Access to Pediatric Orthopedic Care Under the Affordable Care Act?,” Global Pediatric Health epub ahead of print (February 2019), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381430/ 467 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 468 MaryBeth Musumeci, Robin Rudowitz, Petry Ubri, and Elizabeth Hinton, An Early Look at Medicaid Expansion Waiver Implementation in Michigan and Indiana (Washington, DC: The Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2017), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/an-early-look-at-medicaid-expansion-waiver-implementation-in-michigan-and- indiana/ 469Samantha Artiga, Jennifer Tolbert, and Robin Rudowitz, Year Two of the ACA Coverage Expansions: On-the- Ground Experiences from Five States (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, June 2015), http://kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/year-two-of-the-aca-coverage-expansions-on-the-ground-experiences- from-five-states/ 470 Government Accountability Office, Behavioral Health: Options for Low-Income Adults to Receive Treatment in Selected States (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, June 2015), http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/670894.pdf 471 Samantha Artiga and Robin Rudowitz, How Have State Medicaid Expansion Decisions Affected the Experiences of Low-Income Adults? Perspectives from Ohio, Arkansas, and Missouri (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, June 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/how-have-state-medicaid-expansion- decisions-affected-the-experiences-of-low-income-adults-perspectives-from-ohio-arkansas-and-missouri/ 472 Peter Shin, Jessica Sharac, Julia Zur, Sara Rosenbaum, and Julia Paradise, Health Center Patient Trends, Enrollment Activities, and Service Capacity: Recent Experience in Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, December 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/health-center-patient-trends-enrollment-activities-and-service-capacity-recent-experience-in-medicaid- expansion-and-non-expansion-states/ 473 Renuka Tipirneni et al., “Primary Care Appointment Availability and Nonphysician Providers One Year After Medicaid Expansion,” The American Journal of Managed Care 22 no. 6 (June 2016): 427-431, http://www.ajmc.com/journals/issue/2016/2016-vol22-n6/primary-care-appointment-availability-and-nonphysician- providers-one-year-after-medicaid-expansion 474 Renuka Tipirneni et al. “Primary Care Appointment Availability For New Medicaid Patients Increased After Medicaid Expansion In Michigan,” Health Affairs (July 2015), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2015/07/15/hlthaff.2014.1425.full 475 Carrie Fry and Benjamin Sommers, “Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Adults With Depression,” Psychiatric Services 69, no. 11 (November 2018), https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201800181 476 Hyunjung Lee and Frank Porell, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Access to Care and Health Status,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (October 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558718808709?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=mcrd 477Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Four Years Later: Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Continue to Diverge between ACA Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 2019): 327-333, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20191046 478Sunha Choi, Sungkyu Lee, and Jason Matejkowski, “The Effects of State Medicaid Expansion on Low-Income Individuals’ Access to Health Care: Multilevel Modeling,” Population Health Management epub ahead of print (September 2017), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pop.2017.0104 479 Susan Hayes, Pamela Riley, David Radley, and Douglas McCarthy, Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care: Has the Affordable Care Act Made a Difference? (The Commonwealth Fund, August 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/aug/racial-ethnic-disparities-care 480 Susan Hayes, Sara Collins, David Radley, and Douglas McCarthy, What’s at Stake: States’ Progress on Health Coverage and Access to Care, 2013-2016 (The Commonwealth Fund, December 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/dec/states-progress-health-coverage-and-access 481 Emily Johnston, Andrea Strahan, Peter Joski, Anne Dunlop, and E. Kathleen Adams, “Impacts of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion on Women of Reproductive Age,” Women’s Health Issues, 28, no. 2 (February 2018), http://www.whijournal.com/article/S1049-3867(17)30242-6/pdf The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 44 482 Thomas Selden, Brandy Lipton, and Sandra Decker, “Medicaid Expansion and Marketplace Eligibility Both Increased Coverage, With Trade-Offs in Access, Affordability,” Health Affairs 36 no. 12 (December 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0830 483 Kevin Griffith, Leigh Evans, and Jacob Bor, “The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Care Access,” Health Affairs 36 no. 8 (August 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083 484 Sharon Long, Lea Bart, Michael Karpman, Adele Shartzer, and Stephen Zuckerman, “Sustained Gains in Coverage, Access, and Affordability Under the ACA: A 2017 Update,” Health Affairs 36 no. 9 (September 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0798 485 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 486Bryce Ward and Brandon Bridge, The Economic Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Montana: Updated Findings (Bureau of Business and Economic Research, January 2019), https://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/Economic-Impact-of-MedEx-in-MT_1.28.19-FINAL.pdf Ameen Barghi, Hugo Torres, Nancy Kressin, and Danny McCormick, “Coverage and Access for Americans with 487 Cardiovascular Disease or Risk Factors After the ACA: a Quasi-experimental Study,” Journal of General Internal Medicine epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-019-05108-1 488 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 489 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2542420 490 Sara Collins, Munira Gunja, Michelle Doty, and Sophie Beutel, Americans’ Experiences with ACA Marketplace and Medicaid Coverage: Access to Care and Satisfaction (The Commonwealth Fund, May 2016), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/may/aca-tracking-survey-access-to-care-and- satisfaction 491 Joseph Benitez, Liza Creel, and J’Aime Jennings, “Kentucky’s Medicaid Expansion Showing Early Promise on Coverage and Access to Care,” Health Affairs (February 2016), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2016/02/16/hlthaff.2015.1294 492 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, and E. John Orav, “Both the ‘Private Option’ And Traditional Medicaid Expansions Improved Access To Care For Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs 35, no. 1 (January 2016): 96-105, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/96.abstract 493 Samantha Artiga and Robin Rudowitz, How Have State Medicaid Expansion Decisions Affected the Experiences of Low-Income Adults? Perspectives from Ohio, Arkansas, and Missouri (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, June 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/how-have-state-medicaid-expansion- decisions-affected-the-experiences-of-low-income-adults-perspectives-from-ohio-arkansas-and-missouri/ 494John Cawley, Aparna Soni, and Kosali Simon, “Third Year of Survey Data Shows Continuing Benefits of Medicaid Expansions for Low-Income Childless Adults in the U.S.,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2018): 1495-1497, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-018-4537-0 495 Aaron Sojourner and Ezra Golberstein, “Medicaid Expansion Reduced Unpaid Medical Debt and Increased Financial Satisfaction,” Health Affairs (July 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170724.061160/full/ 496Frederic Blavin, Michael Karpman, Genevieve Kenney, and Benjamin Sommers, “Medicaid Versus Marketplace Coverage for Near-Poor Adults: Effects on Out-Of-Pocket Spending and Coverage,” Health Affairs 37 no. 2 (January 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1166 497 Sherry Glied, Ougni Chakraborty, and Therese Russo, How Medicaid Expansion Affected Out-of-Pocket Health Care Spending for Low-Income Families (The Commonwealth Fund, August 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/aug/medicaid-expansion-out-of-pocket-spending- low-income Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health 498 Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 45 Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2542420 499Andrew Mulcahy, Christine Eibner, and Kenneth Finegold, “Gaining Coverage Through Medicaid Or Private Insurance Increased Prescription Use and Lowered Out-Of-Pocket Spending,” Health Affairs 35, no. 9 (September 2016), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2016/08/16/hlthaff.2016.0091.full 500Anna Goldman, Steffie Woolhandler, and David Himmelstein, “Out-of-pocket Spending and Premium Contributions After Implementation of the Affordable Care Act,” Journal of the American Medical Association epub ahead of print (January 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2669908 501 Helen Levy, Thomas Buchmueller, and Sayeh Nikpay, “The Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Household Consumption,” Eastern Economic Journal 45, no. 1 (January 2019): 34-57, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41302-018-0124-7 502Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Four Years Later: Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Continue to Diverge between ACA Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 2019): 327-333, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20191046 Kenneth Brevoort, Daniel Grodzicki, and Martin Hackmann, Medicaid and Financial Health (National Bureau of 503 Economic Research, Working Paper No. 24002, November 2017), http://www.nber.org/papers/w24002 504Kyle Caswell and Timothy Waidmann, The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions and Personal Finance (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, September 2017), https://www.urban.org/research/publication/affordable-care- act-medicaid-expansions-and-personal-finance 505 Sharon Long, Lea Bart, Michael Karpman, Adele Shartzer, and Stephen Zuckerman, “Sustained Gains in Coverage, Access, and Affordability Under the ACA: A 2017 Update,” Health Affairs 36 no. 9 (September 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0798 506 Aaron Sojourner and Ezra Golberstein, “Medicaid Expansion Reduced Unpaid Medical Debt and Increased Financial Satisfaction,” Health Affairs (July 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170724.061160/full/ 507 Thomas Selden, Brandy Lipton, and Sandra Decker, “Medicaid Expansion and Marketplace Eligibility Both Increased Coverage, With Trade-Offs in Access, Affordability,” Health Affairs 36 no. 12 (December 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0830 508 Benjamin Sommers, Bethany Maylone, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Three-Year Impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved Medical Care and Health Among Low-Income Adults,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/05/15/hlthaff.2017.0293 509Stacey McMorrow, Jason Gates, Sharon Long, and Genevieve Kenney, “Medicaid Expansion Increased Coverage, Improved Affordability, and Reduced Psychological Distress for Low-Income Parents,” Health Affairs 36 no. 5 (May 2017): 808-818, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/5/808.full?sid=29f7e3de-89cd-489f-9fe0- 18f04188d8a4 510 Benjamin Sommers, Robert Blendon, E. John Orav, and Arnold Epstein, “Changes in Utilization and Health Among Low-Income Adults After Medicaid Expansion or Expanded Private Insurance,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 176 no. 10 (October 2016): 1501-1509, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2542420 511 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 512Sarah Miller, Luojia Hu, Robert Kaestner, Bhashkar Mazumder, and Ashley Wong, The ACA Medicaid Expansion in Michigan and Financial Health, (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 25053, September 2018), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25053.pdf 513 The Ohio Department of Medicaid, 2018 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment: A Follow‐Up to the 2016 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment, (The Ohio Department of Medicaid, August 2018), https://medicaid.ohio.gov/Portals/0/Resources/Reports/Annual/Group-VIII-Final-Report.pdf 514Sarah Miller, Luojia Hu, Robert Kaestner, Bhashkar Mazumder, and Ashley Wong, The ACA Medicaid Expansion in Michigan and Financial Health, (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 25053, September 2018), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25053.pdf 515Naomi Zewde and Christopher Wimer, “Antipoverty Impact Of Medicaid Growing With State Expansions Over Time,” Health Affairs 38, no. 1 (January 2019), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05155 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 46 Kenneth Brevoort, Daniel Grodzicki, and Martin Hackmann, Medicaid and Financial Health (National Bureau of 516 Economic Research, Working Paper No. 24002, November 2017), http://www.nber.org/papers/w24002 517Kyle Caswell and Timothy Waidmann, The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions and Personal Finance (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, September 2017), https://www.urban.org/research/publication/affordable-care- act-medicaid-expansions-and-personal-finance 518 Aaron Sojourner and Ezra Golberstein, “Medicaid Expansion Reduced Unpaid Medical Debt and Increased Financial Satisfaction,” Health Affairs (July 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170724.061160/full/ 519 Luojia Hu, Robert Kaestenr, Bhashkar Mazumder, Sarah Miller, and Ashley Wong, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Financial Wellbeing,” Journal of Public Economics 163 (July 2018): 99-112, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272718300707 520 The Ohio Department of Medicaid, 2018 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment: A Follow‐Up to the 2016 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment, (The Ohio Department of Medicaid, August 2018), https://medicaid.ohio.gov/Portals/0/Resources/Reports/Annual/Group-VIII-Final-Report.pdf 521Naomi Zewde and Christopher Wimer, “Antipoverty Impact Of Medicaid Growing With State Expansions Over Time,” Health Affairs 38, no. 1 (January 2019), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05155 522Sarah Miller, Luojia Hu, Robert Kaestner, Bhashkar Mazumder, and Ashley Wong, The ACA Medicaid Expansion in Michigan and Financial Health, (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 25053, September 2018), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25053.pdf 523 Luojia Hu, Robert Kaestenr, Bhashkar Mazumder, Sarah Miller, and Ashley Wong, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Financial Wellbeing,” Journal of Public Economics 163 (July 2018): 99-112, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272718300707 Kenneth Brevoort, Daniel Grodzicki, and Martin Hackmann, Medicaid and Financial Health (National Bureau of 524 Economic Research, Working Paper No. 24002, November 2017), http://www.nber.org/papers/w24002 525 Aaron Sojourner and Ezra Golberstein, “Medicaid Expansion Reduced Unpaid Medical Debt and Increased Financial Satisfaction,” Health Affairs (July 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170724.061160/full/ 526Kyle Caswell and Timothy Waidmann, The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions and Personal Finance (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, September 2017), https://www.urban.org/research/publication/affordable-care- act-medicaid-expansions-and-personal-finance 527Sarah Miller, Luojia Hu, Robert Kaestner, Bhashkar Mazumder, and Ashley Wong, The ACA Medicaid Expansion in Michigan and Financial Health, (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 25053, September 2018), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25053.pdf 528 Kevin Griffith, Leigh Evans, and Jacob Bor, “The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Care Access,” Health Affairs 36 no. 8 (August 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083 529 Shiho Kino and Ichiro Kawachi, “The Impact Of ACA Medicaid Expansion On Socioeconomic Inequality In Health Care Services Utilization,” PLoS ONE 13, no. 2 (December 2018), https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0209935 530 Susan Hayes, Sara Collins, David Radley, and Douglas McCarthy, What’s at Stake: States’ Progress on Health Coverage and Access to Care, 2013-2016 (The Commonwealth Fund, December 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/dec/states-progress-health-coverage-and-access 531 Susan Hayes, Pamela Riley, David Radley, and Douglas McCarthy, Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care: Has the Affordable Care Act Made a Difference? (The Commonwealth Fund, August 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/aug/racial-ethnic-disparities-care 532 Aaron Sojourner and Ezra Golberstein, “Medicaid Expansion Reduced Unpaid Medical Debt and Increased Financial Satisfaction,” Health Affairs (July 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170724.061160/full/ 533 Thomas Selden, Brandy Lipton, and Sandra Decker, “Medicaid Expansion and Marketplace Eligibility Both Increased Coverage, With Trade-Offs in Access, Affordability,” Health Affairs 36 no. 12 (December 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0830 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 47 534 Sarah Miller and Laura Wherry, “Health and Access to Care During the First 2 Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions,” The New England Journal of Medicine 376 no. 10 (March 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1612890 535 Joseph Benitez, Liza Creel, and J’Aime Jennings, “Kentucky’s Medicaid Expansion Showing Early Promise on Coverage and Access to Care,” Health Affairs (February 2016), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2016/02/16/hlthaff.2015.1294 536 Laura Wherry and Sarah Miller, “Early Coverage, Access, Utilization, and Health Effects Associated with the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions: A Quasi-experimental Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine, Epub ahead of print (April 2016), http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2513980 537 Adele Shartzer, Sharon Long, and Nathaniel Anderson, “Access To Care and Affordability have Improved Following Affordable Care Act Implementation; Problems Remain,” Health Affairs (December 2015), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2015/12/14/hlthaff.2015.0755.full 538 Benjamin Sommers, Munira Gunja, Kenneth Finegold, and Thomas Musco, “Changes in Self-Reported Insurance Coverage, Access to Care, and Health Under the Affordable Care Act,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 314 no. 4 (July 2015): 366-374, http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2411283&resultClick=3 Kenneth Brevoort, Daniel Grodzicki, and Martin Hackmann, Medicaid and Financial Health (National Bureau of 539 Economic Research, Working Paper No. 24002, November 2017), http://www.nber.org/papers/w24002 540 Aaron Sojourner and Ezra Golberstein, “Medicaid Expansion Reduced Unpaid Medical Debt and Increased Financial Satisfaction,” Health Affairs (July 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170724.061160/full/ 541Stacey McMorrow, Jason Gates, Sharon Long, and Genevieve Kenney, “Medicaid Expansion Increased Coverage, Improved Affordability, and Reduced Psychological Distress for Low-Income Parents,” Health Affairs 36 no. 5 (May 2017): 808-818, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/5/808.full?sid=29f7e3de-89cd-489f-9fe0- 18f04188d8a4 542 Luojia Hu, Robert Kaestenr, Bhashkar Mazumder, Sarah Miller, and Ashley Wong, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Financial Wellbeing,” Journal of Public Economics 163 (July 2018): 99-112, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272718300707 543 Hyunjung Lee and Frank Porell, “The Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Access to Care and Health Status,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (October 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558718808709?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=mcrd 544 Helen Levy, Thomas Buchmueller, and Sayeh Nikpay, “The Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Household Consumption,” Eastern Economic Journal 45, no. 1 (January 2019): 34-57, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41302-018-0124-7 545 James Richardson, Jared Llorens, and Roy Heidelberg, Medicaid Expansion and the Louisiana Economy (Louisiana Department of Health, March 2018), http://gov.louisiana.gov/assets/MedicaidExpansion/MedicaidExpansionStudy.pdf 546Bryce Ward and Brandon Bridge, The Economic Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Montana: Updated Findings (Bureau of Business and Economic Research, January 2019), https://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/Economic-Impact-of-MedEx-in-MT_1.28.19-FINAL.pdf 547Manatt Health, Medicaid Expansion: How It Affects Montana’s State Budget, Economy, and Residents (Montana Healthcare Foundation, prepared by Manatt Health, June 2018), https://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/Manatt-MedEx_FINAL_6.1.18.pdf 548 Mark Duggan, Atul Gupta, and Emilie Jackson, The Impact of the Affordable Care Act: Evidence from California's Hospital Sector (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 25488, January 2019), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25488.pdf 549Louisiana Department of Health, Medicaid Expansion 2016/17 (Baton Rouge, Louisiana Department of Health, June 2017), http://dhh.louisiana.gov/assets/HealthyLa/Resources/MdcdExpnAnnlRprt_2017_WEB.pdf 550April Grady, Deborah Bachrach, and Patti Boozang, Medicaid’s Role in the Delivery and Payment of Substance Use Disorder Services in Montana, (Manatt Health, March 2017), http://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/03/Medicaid-Role-in-Substance-Use-Disorder-Services-in-Montana_Final.pdf 551The Colorado Health Foundation, Assessing the Economic and Budgetary Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Colorado, (The Colorado Health Foundation, March 2016), http://www.coloradohealth.org/studies.aspx The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 48 552 Lee A. Reynis, Economic and Fiscal Impacts of the Medicaid Expansion in New Mexico, (The University of New Mexico Bureau of Business and Economic Research, February 2016), http://bber.unm.edu/media/publications/Medicaid_Expansion_Final2116R.pdf 553 Benjamin Sommers and Jonathan Gruber, “Federal Funding Insulated State Budgets From Increased Spending Related To Medicaid Expansion,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (April 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1666 554 Abby Evans, John Folkemer, Joel Menges, Amira Mouna, Nick Pantaleo, Emily Ricci, and Poornima Sigh, Assessment of Medicaid Expansion and Reform, Initial Analysis (The Menges Group, January 2016), http://lba.akleg.gov/download/publications/Initial%20Analysis%20Assessment%20of%20Medicaid%20Expansion%20 and%20Reform,%20January%2015,%202016%20Prepared%20by%20The%20Menges%20Group.pdf 555Chris Brown and John Bennett, Economic Impacts of the Arkansas Private Option (Regional Economic Models, Inc., August 2015), http://www.arkhospitals.org/Misc.%20Files/August2015APOEconomicImpacts.pdf 556 Robin Rudowitz, Laura Snyder, and Vernon K. Smith, Medicaid Enrollment and Spending Growth: FY 2015 & 2016 (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, October 2015), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/medicaid-enrollment-spending-growth-fy-2015-2016/ 557 Deborah Bachrach, Patricia Boozang, Avi Herring, and Dori Glanz Reyneri, States Expanding Medicaid See Significant Budget Savings and Revenue Gains, (Manatt Health Solutions, prepared by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s State Health Reform Assistance Network, March 2016), http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2016/rwjf419097 558 Stan Dorn, Norton Francis, Laura Snyder, and Robin Rudowitz, The Effects of the Medicaid Expansion on State Budgets: An Early Look in Select States (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, March 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-effects-of-the-medicaid-expansion-on-state-budgets-an-early-look- in-select-states/ Deloitte Development LLC, Commonwealth of Kentucky Medicaid Expansion Report, (Deloitte Development LLC, 559 February 2015), http://jointhehealthjourney.com/images/uploads/channel-files/Kentucky_Medicaid_Expansion_One- Year_Study_FINAL.pdf 560Robin Rudowitz, Elizabeth Hinton, and Larisa Antonisse, Medicaid Enrollment and Spending Growth: FY 2018 & 2019 (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, October 2018), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/medicaid- enrollment-spending-growth-fy-2018-2019/ 561 Micah Hartman et al., “National Health Care Spending in 2016: Spending and Enrollment Growth Slow After Initial Coverage Expansions,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (December 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1299 562 Vikki Wachino and Samantha Artiga, How Connecting Justice-Involved Individuals to Medicaid Can Help Address the Opioid Epidemic (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, June 2019), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/how-connecting-justice-involved-individuals-to-medicaid-can-help-address-the-opioid-epidemic/ 563 Benjamin Sommers and Jonathan Gruber, “Federal Funding Insulated State Budgets From Increased Spending Related To Medicaid Expansion,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (April 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/04/10/hlthaff.2016.1666.full 564Louisiana Department of Health, Medicaid Expansion 2016/17 (Baton Rouge, Louisiana Department of Health, June 2017), http://dhh.louisiana.gov/assets/HealthyLa/Resources/MdcdExpnAnnlRprt_2017_WEB.pdf 565 James Richardson, Jared Llorens, and Roy Heidelberg, Medicaid Expansion and the Louisiana Economy (Louisiana Department of Health, March 2018), http://gov.louisiana.gov/assets/MedicaidExpansion/MedicaidExpansionStudy.pdf 566Manatt Health, Medicaid Expansion: How It Affects Montana’s State Budget, Economy, and Residents (Montana Healthcare Foundation, prepared by Manatt Health, June 2018), https://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/Manatt-MedEx_FINAL_6.1.18.pdf 567 Aaron McNay, Amy Watson, Barbara Wagner, and Chris Bradley, Montana Medicaid and Montana Employers (Montana Department of Revenue and Montana Department of Labor & Industry, January 2019), http://lmi.mt.gov/Portals/193/Publications/LMI-Pubs/Special%20Reports%20and%20Studies/MT-Medicaid_Report.pdf 568April Grady, Deborah Bachrach, and Patti Boozang, Medicaid’s Role in the Delivery and Payment of Substance Use Disorder Services in Montana, (Manatt Health, March 2017), http://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/03/Medicaid-Role-in-Substance-Use-Disorder-Services-in-Montana_Final.pdf The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 49 569 Jacob Vogler, Access to Health Care and Criminal Behavior: Short-Run Evidence from the ACA Medicaid Expansions (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, November 2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3042267 570 Vikki Wachino and Samantha Artiga, How Connecting Justice-Involved Individuals to Medicaid Can Help Address the Opioid Epidemic (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, June 2019), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/how-connecting-justice-involved-individuals-to-medicaid-can-help-address-the-opioid-epidemic/ 571 Deborah Bachrach, Patricia Boozang, Avi Herring, and Dori Glanz Reyneri, States Expanding Medicaid See Significant Budget Savings and Revenue Gains, (Manatt Health Solutions, prepared by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s State Health Reform Assistance Network, March 2016), http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2016/rwjf419097 572 Stan Dorn, Norton Francis, Laura Snyder, and Robin Rudowitz, The Effects of the Medicaid Expansion on State Budgets: An Early Look in Select States (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, March 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-effects-of-the-medicaid-expansion-on-state-budgets-an-early-look- in-select-states/ 573 Lee A. Reynis, Economic and Fiscal Impacts of the Medicaid Expansion in New Mexico, (The University of New Mexico Bureau of Business and Economic Research, February 2016), http://bber.unm.edu/media/publications/Medicaid_Expansion_Final2116R.pdf Deloitte Development LLC, Commonwealth of Kentucky Medicaid Expansion Report, (Deloitte Development LLC, 574 February 2015), http://jointhehealthjourney.com/images/uploads/channel-files/Kentucky_Medicaid_Expansion_One- Year_Study_FINAL.pdf 575 Abby Evans, John Folkemer, Joel Menges, Amira Mouna, Nick Pantaleo, Emily Ricci, and Poornima Sigh, Assessment of Medicaid Expansion and Reform, Initial Analysis (The Menges Group, January 2016), http://lba.akleg.gov/download/publications/Initial%20Analysis%20Assessment%20of%20Medicaid%20Expansion%20 and%20Reform,%20January%2015,%202016%20Prepared%20by%20The%20Menges%20Group.pdf 576Johanna Maclean and Brendan Saloner, “The Effect of Public Insurance Expansions on Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 38, no. 2 (2019): 366-393, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30882195 577 Mark Duggan, Atul Gupta, and Emilie Jackson, The Impact of the Affordable Care Act: Evidence from California's Hospital Sector (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 25488, January 2019), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25488.pdf 578 Amanda Abraham et al., “Changes in State Technical Assistance Priorities and Block Grant Funds for Addiction After ACA Implementation,” American Journal of Public Health epub ahead of print (May 2019), https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305052 579 Paul Jacobs, Genevieve Kenney, and Thomas Selden, “Newly Eligible Enrollees In Medicaid Spend Less And Use Less Care Than Those Previously Eligible,” Health Affairs 36, no. 9 (September 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0252 580 David Lassman et al., “Health Spending by State 1991-2014: Measuring Per Capita Spending by Payers and Programs,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (June 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/06/13/hlthaff.2017.0416 581Laura Snyder, Katherine Young, Robin Rudowitz, and Rachel Garfield, Medicaid Expansion Spending and Enrollment in Context: An Early Look at CMS Claims Data for 2014 (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, January 2016), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/medicaid-expansion-spending-and- enrollment-in-context-an-early-look-at-cms-claims-data-for-2014/ 582 Christian Wolfe, Kathryn Rennie, and Christopher Truffer, 2017 Actuarial Report on the Financial Outlook for Medicaid (Office of the Actuary, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, September 2018), https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and- Systems/Research/ActuarialStudies/Downloads/MedicaidReport2017.pdf 583Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, Medicaid Expansion Report, (Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, January 2017), http://www.dhs.pa.gov/cs/groups/webcontent/documents/document/c_257436.pdf 584Laura Snyder, Katherine Young, Robin Rudowitz, and Rachel Garfield, Medicaid Expansion Spending and Enrollment in Context: An Early Look at CMS Claims Data for 2014 (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, January 2016), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/medicaid-expansion-spending-and- enrollment-in-context-an-early-look-at-cms-claims-data-for-2014/ The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 50 585 Paul Jacobs, Genevieve Kenney, and Thomas Selden, “Newly Eligible Enrollees In Medicaid Spend Less And Use Less Care Than Those Previously Eligible,” Health Affairs 36, no. 9 (September 2017), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0252 586 David Lassman et al., “Health Spending by State 1991-2014: Measuring Per Capita Spending by Payers and Programs,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (June 2017), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/06/13/hlthaff.2017.0416 587 Aditi Sen and Thomas DeLeire, The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Marketplace Premiums (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, August 2016), https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/206761/McaidExpMktplcPrem.pdf 588 Aditi Sen and Thomas DeLeire, “How Does Expansion Of Public Health Insurance Affect Risk Pools And Premiums In The Market For Private Health Insurance? Evidence From Medicaid And The Affordable Care Act Marketplaces,” Health Economics 27 (July 2018): 1877–1903, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hec.3809 589Ashley Semanskee, Cynthia Cox, and Larry Levitt, Data Note: Effect of State Decisions on State Risk Scores (Kaiser Family Foundation, October 2016), https://www.kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/data-note-effect-of-state- decisions-on-state-risk-scores/ 590 Jocelyn Guyer, Naomi Shine, MaryBeth Musumeci, and Robin Rudowitz, A Look at the Private Option in Arkansas (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, August 2015), http://kff.org/medicaid/issue- brief/a-look-at-the-private-option-in-arkansas/ 591Bela Gorman and Jenn Smagula, 2016 Actuarial Analysis of NH Premium Assistance Program, (Gorman Actuarial, Inc., August 2017), https://www.nh.gov/insurance/reports/documents/08-28-17-ga-nh-pap-analysis-final.pdf 592Kurt Gillis, Physicians’ Patient Mix – A Snapshot from the 2016 Benchmark Survey and Changes Associated with the ACA (American Medical Association, October 2017), https://www.ama-assn.org/sites/default/files/media- browser/public/health-policy/PRP-2017-physician-benchmark-survey-patient-mix.pdf 593 Seth Freedman, Sayeh Nikpay, Aaron Carroll, and Kosali Simon, “Changes in inpatient payer-mix and hospitalizations following Medicaid expansion: Evidence from all-capture hospital discharge data,” PLoS ONE 12 no. 9, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183616 594 Allen Dobson, Joan DaVanzo, Randy Haught, and Phap Hoa Luu, Comparing the Affordable Care Act’s Financial Impact on Safety-Net Hospitals in States that Expanded Medicaid and Those That Did Not (The Commonwealth Fund, November 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/issue- brief/2017/nov/dobson_impact_medicaid_expanion_safety_net_hosps_ib.pdf 595 Richard Lindrooth, Marcelo Perraillon, Rose Hardy, and Gregory Tung, “Understanding the Relationship Between Medicaid Expansions and Hospital Closures,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (January 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0976 Heather Angier et al., “Uninsured Primary Care Visit Disparities under the Affordable Care Act,” Annals of Family 596 Medicine, 15 no. 5 (September 2017): 434-442, http://www.annfammed.org/content/15/5/434.full.pdf+html 597Andrew Loehrer et al., “Association of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion with Access to and Quality of Care for Surgical Conditions,” Journal of the American Medical Association Surgery, epub ahead of print (January 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/2670459?redirect=true 598Sayeh Nikpay, Seth Freedman, Helen Levy, and Tom Buchmueller, “Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Emergency Department Visits: Evidence From State-Level Emergency Department Databases,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 70, no.2 (August 2017), http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(17)30319- 0/pdf 599Johanna Maclean and Brendan Saloner, “The Effect of Public Insurance Expansions on Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 38, no. 2 (2019): 366-393, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30882195 600 Monique Barakat et al., “Affordable Care Act and Healthcare Delivery: A Comparison of California and Florida Hospitals and Emergency Departments,” PLoS ONE 12 no. 8 (August 2017), http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0182346 601Eili Klein et al., “The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Utilization in Maryland Emergency Departments,” Annals of Emergency Medicine epub ahead of print (June 2017), http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(17)30784- 9/pdf The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 51 Aabha Sharma, Scott Dresden, Emilie Powell, Raymond Kang, Joe Feinglass, “Emergency Department Visits and 602 Hospitalizations for the Uninsured in Illinois Before and After Affordable Care Act Insurance Expansion,” Journal of Community Health 42 no. 3 (June 2017): 591-597, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10900-016-0293-4 603 Vivian Wu et al, “Early Impact of the Affordable Care Act Coverage Expansion on Safety-Net Hospital Inpatient Payer Mix and Market Shares,” Health Services Research (January 2018), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6773.12812/full 604 David Dranove, Craig Garthwaite, and Christopher Ody, The Impact of the ACA’s Medicaid Expansion on Hospitals’ Uncompensated Care Burden and the Potential Effects of Repeal, (The Commonwealth Fund, May 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/may/aca-medicaid-expansion-hospital- uncompensated-care 605 Fredric Blavin, How Has the ACA Changed Finances for Different Types of Hospitals? Updated Insights from 2015 Cost Report Data (The Urban Institute, April 2017), http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2017/rwjf436310 606Craig Garthwaite, Tal Gross, Matthew Notowidigdo, and John Graves, “Insurance Expansion and Hospital Emergency Department Access: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act,” Annals of Internal Medicine 166 no. 3 (February 2017): 172-179, http://annals.org/aim/article/2593599/insurance-expansion-hospital-emergency- department-access-evidence-from-affordable-care 607 Nathalie Huguet et al., “Medicaid Expansion Produces Long-Term Impact on Insurance Coverage Rates in Community Health Centers,” Journal of Primary Care & Community Health epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2150131917709403 608Susan Camilleri, “The ACA Medicaid Expansion, Disproportionate Share Hospitals, and Uncompensated Care” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475- 6773.12702/abstract 609 Natalia Chalmers, Jane Grover, and Rob Compton, “After Medicaid Expansion in Kentucky, Use of Hospital Emergency Departments for Dental Conditions Increased,” Health Affairs 35, no. 12 (December 2016), http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/12/2268.full#xref-ref-32-1 610 Arkansas Health Reform Legislative Task Force, Health Care Task Force Preliminary Report, (Arkansas Health Reform Legislative Task Force, December 2015), http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/Meeting%20Attachments/836/I14218/Task%20Force%20report%2012- 17-15%20sent%20to%20Jill.pdf 611Arkansas Hospital Association, “Survey Reveals Private Option Impact on Hospitals,” The Notebook 21, no. 33 (November 2014), http://www.arkhospitals.org/archive/notebookpdf/Notebook_11-03-14.pdf 612Mary Anderson, Jeffrey Glasheen, and Debra Anoff, “Impact of State Medicaid Expansion Status on Length of Stay and In-Hospital Mortality for General Medicine Patients at US Academic Medical Centers,” Journal of Hospital Medicine Epub ahead of print (August 2016), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/jhm.2649/citedby 613 The University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation, The Healthy Michigan Plan: 2015 Report on Uncompensated Care and Insurance Rates (The University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation, prepared for the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services and the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services, December 2016), http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdhhs/2015_Report_on_Uncompensated_Care_and_Insurance_Rates- HMP_547720_7.pdf 614Laurie Felland, Peter Cunningham, Annie Doubleday, and Cannon Warren, Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Safety Net Hospitals (Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, prepared for the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, November 2016), https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/255491/SafetyNetHospital.pdf 615 Sayeh Nikpay, Thomas Buchmueller, and Helen Levy. “Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion Reduced Uninsured Hospital Stays in 2014,” Health Affairs 35, no.1 (January 2016): 106-110, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/106.full 616 Fred Hellinger, “In Four ACA Expansion States, The Percentage of Uninsured Hospitalizations for People With HIV Declined, 2012-14,” Health Affairs 34, no. 12 (December 2015): 2061-2068, http://search.proquest.com/docview/1749932806/627DA95CDEA44BE7PQ/77?accountid=39486# 617 Deborah Bachrach, Patricia Boozang, and Mindy Lipson, The Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Uncompensated Care Costs: Early Results and Policy Implications for States, (Manatt Health Solutions, prepared by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s State Health Reform Assistance Network, June 2015), https://www.manatt.com/uploadedFiles/Content/5_Insights/White_Papers/State-Network-Manatt-Impact-of-Medicaid- Expansion-on-Uncompensated-Care-Costs-June-2015.pdf The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 52 618Peter Cunningham, Rachel Garfield, and Robin Rudowitz, How Are Hospitals Faring Under the Affordable Care Act? 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Zepeda, Simone Singh, and Sara Rosenbaum, “Impact of ACA Medicaid Expansion on Hospitals’ Financial Status” Journal of Healthcare Management 64, no. 2 (March 2019): 91–102, https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00115514-201904000-00007 630Nathalie Huguet et al., “The Impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid Expansion on Visit Rates for Diabetes in Safety Net Health Centers,” Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 31, no. 6 (November 2018): 905-916, https://www.jabfm.org/content/31/6/905.full 631 Susan Dorr Goold et al., “Primary Care Clinicians’ Views About the Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Michigan: A Mixed Methods Study,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 8 (June 2018): 1307-1316, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4487-6 632Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, Medicaid Expansion Report, (Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, January 2017), http://www.dhs.pa.gov/cs/groups/webcontent/documents/document/c_257436.pdf 633 Megan Cole, Brad Wright, Ira Wilson, Omar Gallarraga, and Amal Trivedi, “Medicaid Expansion And Community Health Centers: Care Quality And Service Use Increased For Rural Patients” Health Affairs 37, no. 6 (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1542 634 Mark Duggan, Atul Gupta, and Emilie Jackson, The Impact of the Affordable Care Act: Evidence from California's Hospital Sector (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 25488, January 2019), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25488.pdf The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 53 635Sara Rosenbaum, Jennifer Tolbert, Jessica Sharac, Peter Shin, Rachel Gunsalus, and Julia Zur, Community Health Centers: Growing Importance in a Changing Health Care System (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2018), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/community-health-centers-growing-importance-in-a-changing- health-care-system/ 636 Michel Boudreaux, Yoon Choi, Liyang Xie, and Daniel Marthey, “Medicaid Expansion at Title X Clinics: Client Volume, Payer Mix, and Contraceptive Method Type,” Medical Care epub ahead of print (April 2019), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30973473 637 Christina Andrews et al., “Medicaid Coverage In Substance Use Disorder Treatment After The Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment epub ahead of print (April 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740547218305750 638 Jesse Pines, Rahul Ladhania BTech, Bernard Black , Christopher Corbit, Jestin Carlson, and Arvind Venkat, “Changes in Reimbursement to Emergency Physicians After Medicaid Expansion Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 73, no. 3 (March 2019): 213-224, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019606441831374X 639Heather Angier et al., “Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health Insurance and Differences in Visit Type for a Population of Patients with Diabetes after Medicaid Expansion” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 30, no.1, (March 2019) 116–130: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6429963/ Gary Pickens et al., “Changes In Hospital Service Demand, Cost, And Patient Illness Severity Following Health 640 Reform,” Health Services Research (May 2019), https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13165 641 Ramiro Manzano-Nunez et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion Policy with Outcomes in Homeless Patients Requiring Emergency General Surgery,” World Journal of Surgery 43, no. 6 (June 2019): 1483-1489, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-019-04932-0 642 Shannon McConville, Maria Raven, Sarah Sabbagh, and Renee Hsia, “Frequent Emergency Department Users: A Statewide Comparison Before And After Affordable Care Act Implementation,” Health Affairs 37, no. 6, (June 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0784 643Sayeh Nikpay, Seth Freedman, Helen Levy, and Tom Buchmueller, “Effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Emergency Department Visits: Evidence From State-Level Emergency Department Databases,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 70, no.2 (August 2017), http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(17)30319- 0/pdf 644 Monique Barakat et al., “Affordable Care Act and Healthcare Delivery: A Comparison of California and Florida Hospitals and Emergency Departments,” PLoS ONE 12 no. 8 (August 2017), http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0182346 645Rahul Ladhania, Amelia Haviland, Arvind Venkat, Rahul Telang, and Jesse Pines, “The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on the Nature of New Enrollees’ Emergency Department Use,” Medical Care Research and Review epub ahead of print (May 2019), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1077558719848270 646Eili Klein et al., “The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Utilization in Maryland Emergency Departments,” Annals of Emergency Medicine epub ahead of print (June 2017), http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(17)30784- 9/pdf Aabha Sharma, Scott Dresden, Emilie Powell, Raymond Kang, Joe Feinglass, “Emergency Department Visits and 647 Hospitalizations for the Uninsured in Illinois Before and After Affordable Care Act Insurance Expansion,” Journal of Community Health 42 no. 3 (June 2017): 591-597, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10900-016-0293-4 Gary Pickens et al., “Changes In Hospital Service Demand, Cost, And Patient Illness Severity Following Health 648 Reform,” Health Services Research (May 2019), https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13165 649 Jesse Pines, Rahul Ladhania BTech, Bernard Black , Christopher Corbit, Jestin Carlson, and Arvind Venkat, “Changes in Reimbursement to Emergency Physicians After Medicaid Expansion Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 73, no. 3 (March 2019): 213-224, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019606441831374X 650Johanna Maclean and Brendan Saloner, “The Effect of Public Insurance Expansions on Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 38, no. 2 (2019): 366-393, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30882195 651 Christina Andrews et al., “Medicaid Coverage In Substance Use Disorder Treatment After The Affordable Care Act,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment epub ahead of print (April 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740547218305750 The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 54 652 Ramin Mojtabai, Christine Mauro, Melanie Wall, Colleen Barry, and Mark Olfson, “The Affordable Care Act and Opioid Agonist Therapy for Opioid Use Disorder,” Psychiatry Online (April 2019), https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900025 653Angelica Meinhofer and Allison Witman, “The Role Of Health Insurance On Treatment For Opioid Use Disorders: Evidence From The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion,” Journal of Health Economics 60 (June 2018): 177- 197, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167629617311530 654 Brendan Saloner, Sachini Bandara, Emma McGinty, and Colleen Barry, “Justice-Involved Adults With Substance Use Disorders: Coverage Increased but Rates of Treatment Did Not in 2014,” Health Affairs 35 no. 6 (June 2016), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0005 Rishi Wadhera et al., “Association of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion With Care Quality and 655 Outcomes for Low-Income Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure,” Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 11, no. 7 (June 2018), https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004729 656 Donald Likosky, Devraj Sukul, Milan Seth, Chang He, Hitlander Gurm, and Richard Prager, “The Association Between Medicaid Expansion and Cardiovascular Interventions: The Michigan Experience,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 71, no. 9 (March 2018): 1050-1051, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718300056?via%3Dihub 657 Rishi Wadhera et al., “Association of State Medicaid Expansion With Quality of Care and Outcomes for Low- Income Patients Hospitalized With Acute Myocardial Infarction,” JAMA Cardiology 4, no. 2 (January 2019): 120-127, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article- abstract/2720425?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=ja macardio.2018.4577 658 Andrew Crocker et al., “Expansion Coverage And Preferential Utilization Of Cancer Surgery Among Racial And Ethnic Minorities And Low-Income Groups,” Surgery epub ahead of print (June 2019), https://www.surgjournal.com/article/S0039-6060(19)30198-9/fulltext Ehimare Akhabue, Lindsay Pool, Clyde Yancy, Philip Greenland, and Donald Lloyd-Jones, “Association of State 659 Medicaid Expansion With Rate of Uninsured Hospitalizations for Major Cardiovascular Events, 2009-2014,” JAMA Network Open 1, no. 4 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2698077 660 Favel Mondesir et al., “Medicaid Expansion and Hospitalization for Ambulatory Care–Sensitive Conditions Among Nonelderly Adults With Diabetes,” Journal of Ambulatory Care Management epub ahead of print (May 2019), https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=31107800 661 Cheryl Zogg et al., “Impact of Affordable Care Act Insurance Expansion on Pre-Hospital Access to Care: Changes in Adult Perforated Appendix Admission Rates after Medicaid Expansion and the Dependent Coverage Provision,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 228, no. 1 (January 2019): 29-43, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(18)32078-7/fulltext 662 Andrew Admon, Michael Sjoding, Sarah Lyon, John Ayanian, Theodore Iwashyna, and Colin Cooke, “Medicaid Expansion and Mechanical Ventilation in Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Heart Failure,” Annals of the American Thoracic Society epub ahead of print (February 2019), https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201811-777OC 663Cheryl Zogg et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion With Access to Rehabilitative Care in Adult Trauma Patients,” JAMA Surgery epub ahead of print (January 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article- abstract/2719270?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=ja masurg.2018.5177 664Manzilat Akande Peter Minneci, Katherine Deans, Henry Xiang, and Jennifer Cooper, “Association of Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act With Outcomes and Access to Rehabilitation in Young Adult Trauma Patients,” JAMA Surgery 153, no. 8 (August 2018), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article- abstract/2682872?widget=personalizedcontent&previousarticle=2719270 665Neal Bhutiani, Brian Harbrecht, Charles Scoggins, and Matthew Bozeman, “Evaluating The Early Impact Of Medicaid Expansion On Trends In Diagnosis And Treatment Of Benign Gallbladder Disease In Kentucky,” The American Journal of Surgery (January 2019), https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002- 9610(18)30894-8/fulltext 666 Emanuel Eguia et al., “Impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid Expansion on Cancer Admissions and Surgeries,” Annals of Surgery 268, no. 4 (October 2018): 584-590, https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Abstract/2018/10000/Impact_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act__ACA__Medicai d.6.aspx The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 55 667 J.W. Awori Hayanga et al., “Lung Transplantation and Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion in the Era of Lung Allocation Score” Transplant International epub ahead of print (February 2019), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tri.13420 668 Meera Harhay et al., “Association between Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act and Preemptive Listings for Kidney Transplantation,” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13 (July 2018), https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/13/7/1069 669 Dmitry Tumin et al., “Medicaid Participation among Liver Transplant Candidates after the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 225, no. 2 (August 2017): 173-180.e2, https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(17)30454-4/fulltext 670 Dmitry Tumin, Don Hayes Jr., Kenneth Washburn, Joseph Tobias, and Sylvester Black, “Medicaid Enrollment after Liver Transplantation: Effects of Medicaid Expansion,” Liver Transplantation (May 2016), https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lt.24480 671 Ramiro Manzano-Nunez et al., “Association of Medicaid Expansion Policy with Outcomes in Homeless Patients Requiring Emergency General Surgery,” World Journal of Surgery 43, no. 6 (June 2019): 1483-1489, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-019-04932-0 672Susan Camilleri, “The ACA Medicaid Expansion, Disproportionate Share Hospitals, and Uncompensated Care” Health Services Research epub ahead of print (May 2017), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475- 6773.12702/abstract 673Jordan Rhodes, Thomas Buchmueller, Helen Levy, and Sayeh Nikpay, “Heterogeneous Effects Of The Aca Medicaid Expansion On Hospital Financial Outcomes,” Contemporary Economic Policy epub ahead of print (April 2019), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/coep.12428 674Tyler McClintock, Ye Wang, Mahek Shah, Benjamin Chung, and Steven Chang, “How Have Hospital Pricing Practices for Surgical Episodes of Care Responded to Affordable Care Act-Related Medicaid Expansion?” Urology 125 (March 2019): 79-85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2018.10.034 675 Richard Lindrooth, Marcelo Perraillon, Rose Hardy, and Gregory Tung, “Understanding the Relationship Between Medicaid Expansions and Hospital Closures,” Health Affairs epub ahead of print (January 2018), https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0976 676 Allen Dobson, Joan DaVanzo, Randy Haught, and Phap Hoa Luu, Comparing the Affordable Care Act’s Financial Impact on Safety-Net Hospitals in States that Expanded Medicaid and Those That Did Not (The Commonwealth Fund, November 2017), http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/issue- brief/2017/nov/dobson_impact_medicaid_expanion_safety_net_hosps_ib.pdf 677Jordan Rhodes, Thomas Buchmueller, Helen Levy, and Sayeh Nikpay, “Heterogeneous Effects Of The Aca Medicaid Expansion On Hospital Financial Outcomes,” Contemporary Economic Policy epub ahead of print (April 2019), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/coep.12428 678 Fredric Blavin, How Has the ACA Changed Finances for Different Types of Hospitals? Updated Insights from 2015 Cost Report Data (The Urban Institute, April 2017), http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2017/rwjf436310 679 Mark Duggan, Atul Gupta, and Emilie Jackson, The Impact of the Affordable Care Act: Evidence from California's Hospital Sector (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 25488, January 2019), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25488.pdf 680Peter Cunningham, Rachel Garfield, and Robin Rudowitz, How Are Hospitals Faring Under the Affordable Care Act? Early Experiences from Ascension Health (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, April 2015), http://kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/how-are-hospitals-faring-under-the-affordable-care-act- early-experiences-from-ascension-health/ 681Peter Cunningham, Rachel Garfield, and Robin Rudowitz, How Are Hospitals Faring Under the Affordable Care Act? Early Experiences from Ascension Health (Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, April 2015), http://kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/how-are-hospitals-faring-under-the-affordable-care-act- early-experiences-from-ascension-health/ 682Rachel Garfield, Elizabeth Hinton, Elizabeth Cornachione, and Cornelia Hall, Medicaid Managed Care Plans and Access to Care: Results from the Kaiser Family Foundation 2017 Survey of Medicaid Managed Care Plans (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2018), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/report/medicaid-managed- care-plans-and-access-to-care-results-from-the-kaiser-family-foundation-2017-survey-of-medicaid-managed-care- plans The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 56 683 Gary Young, Stephen Flaherty, E. Zepeda, Simone Singh, and Sara Rosenbaum, “Impact of ACA Medicaid Expansion on Hospitals’ Financial Status” Journal of Healthcare Management 64, no. 2 (March 2019): 91–102, https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00115514-201904000-00007 684 James Richardson, Jared Llorens, and Roy Heidelberg, Medicaid Expansion and the Louisiana Economy (Louisiana Department of Health, March 2018), http://gov.louisiana.gov/assets/MedicaidExpansion/MedicaidExpansionStudy.pdf 685The Colorado Health Foundation, Assessing the Economic and Budgetary Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Colorado, (The Colorado Health Foundation, March 2016), http://www.coloradohealth.org/studies.aspx 686 John Ayanian, Gabriel Ehrlich, Donald Grimes, and Helen Levy, “Economic Effects of Medicaid Expansion in Michigan,” The New England Journal of Medicine epub ahead of print (January 2017), http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1613981 687 Aparna Soni, Marguerite Burns, Laura Dague, and Kosali Simon, “Medicaid Expansion and State Trends in Supplemental Security Income Program Participation,” Health Affairs 36 no. 8, (August 2017): 1485-1488, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/8/1485.full?sid=982b20c0-0a17-4dc4-a35a-b0302d4ec289 688 Jean Hall, Adele Shartzer, Noelle Kurth, and Kathleen Thomas, “Medicaid Expansion as an Employment Incentive Program for People With Disabilities,” American Journal of Public Health epub ahead of print (July 2018), https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304536 689 Kevin Callison and Paul Sicilian, “Economic Freedom and the Affordable Care Act: Medicaid Expansions and Labor Mobility by Race and Ethnicity,” Public Finance Review 46, no. 2 (March 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091142116668254 690Bryce Ward and Brandon Bridge, The Economic Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Montana: Updated Findings (Bureau of Business and Economic Research, January 2019), https://mthcf.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/Economic-Impact-of-MedEx-in-MT_1.28.19-FINAL.pdf 691 The Ohio Department of Medicaid, 2018 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment: A Follow‐Up to the 2016 Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment, (The Ohio Department of Medicaid, August 2018), https://medicaid.ohio.gov/Portals/0/Resources/Reports/Annual/Group-VIII-Final-Report.pdf An older version of this Ohio report (see citation below) found that as of 2016, 74.8% of expansion enrollees who were unemployed but looking for work reported that Medicaid enrollment made it easier to seek employment and 52.1% of expansion enrollees who were employed reported that Medicaid enrollment made it easier to continue working. The Ohio Department of Medicaid, Ohio Medicaid Group VIII Assessment: A Report to the Ohio General Assembly (The Ohio Department of Medicaid, January 2017), https://medicaid.ohio.gov/Portals/0/Resources/Reports/Annual/Group-VIII-Assessment.pdf 692 Renuka Tipirneni et al., “Changes in Health and Ability to Work Among Medicaid Expansion Enrollees: a Mixed Methods Study” Journal of General Internal Medicine 34, no. 2 (February 2019): 272-280, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4736-8 693 Susan Dorr Goold et al., “Primary Care Clinicians’ Views About the Impact of Medicaid Expansion in Michigan: A Mixed Methods Study,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33, no. 8 (June 2018): 1307-1316, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-018-4487-6 694Heeju Sohn and Stefan Timmermans, “Social Effects of Health Care Reform: Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act and Changes in Volunteering,” Socius: Socialogical Research for a Dynamic World 3 (March 2017): 1-12, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2378023117700903 695 Kevin Callison and Paul Sicilian, “Economic Freedom and the Affordable Care Act: Medicaid Expansions and Labor Mobility by Race and Ethnicity,” Public Finance Review 46, no. 2 (March 2018), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091142116668254 696Pauline Leung and Alexandre Mas, Employment Effects of the ACA Medicaid Expansions (Working Paper No. 22540, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2016), http://www.nber.org/papers/w22540 697 Angshuman Gooptu, Asako Moriya, Kosali Simon, and Benjamin Sommers, “Medicaid Expansion Did Not Result in Significant Employment Changes or Job Reductions in 2014,” Health Affairs 35, no. 1 (January 2016): 111-118, 1- 12, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/111.short 698 Bowen Garrett and Robert Kaestner, Recent Evidence on the ACA and Employment: Has the ACA Been a Job Killer? (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, August 2015), http://www.urban.org/research/publication/recent-evidence-aca-and-employment-has-aca-been-job- killer/view/full_report The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 57 Robert Kaestner, Bowen Garrett, Anuj Gangopadhyaya, and Caitlyn Fleming, Effects of ACA Medicaid 699 Expansions on Health Insurance Coverage and Labor Supply (Working Paper No. 21836, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2015), http://www.nber.org/papers/w21836 700Priyanka Anand, Jody Schimmel Hyde, Maggie Colby, and Paul O’Leary, “The Impact of Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Applications to Federal Disability Programs,” Forum for Health Economics and Policy (February 2019), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30796844 Emily Brown, Michelle Garrison, Hao Bao, Pingping Qu, Carole Jenny, and Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, “Assessment of 701 Rates of Child Maltreatment in States With Medicaid Expansion vs States Without Medicaid Expansion,” JAMA Network Open 2, no. 6 (June 2019), https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2735758 702 David Slusky and Donna Ginther, Did Medicaid Expansion Reduce Medical Divorce? (Working Paper No. 23139, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2017), http://www.nber.org/papers/w23139?utm_campaign=ntw&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ntw 703 Joshua Clinton and Michael Sances, “The Politics of Policy: The Initial Mass Political Effects of Medicaid Expansion in the States,” American Political Science Review 112, no. 1 (February 2018): 167-185, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/politics-of-policy-the-initial-mass- political-effects-of-medicaid-expansion-in-the-states/246AA0F10B44EFD62A7B27C661730823 704 Jake Haselswerdt, “Expanding Medicaid, Expanding the Electorate: The Affordable Care Act's Short-Term Impact on Political Participation,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 42, no. 4 (August 2017), https://read.dukeupress.edu/jhppl/article-abstract/42/4/667/130386/Expanding-Medicaid-Expanding-the-Electorate- The?redirectedFrom=fulltext 705 Daniel Hopkins and Kalind Parish, “The Medicaid Expansion and Attitudes toward the Affordable Care Act: Testing for a Policy Feedback on Mass Opinion,” Public Opinion Quarterly 83, no. 1 (April 2019): 123-134, https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-abstract/83/1/123/5430239 706 Michael Sances and Joshua Clinton, New Policy, New Politics? The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Public Support for the Affordable Care Act, (University of Memphis and Vanderbilt University, February 2017), https://csap.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/apppw_jc2_3-8-17.pdf 707Richard Fording and Dana Patton, “Medicaid Expansion and the Political Fate of the Governors Who Support It,” Policy Studies Journal 47, no. 2 (January 2019), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/psj.12311 708Sarah Miller, Sean Altekruse, Norman Johnson, and Laura R. Wherry, Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data (National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 26081, July 2019), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25488.pdf The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review 58