[...] [Music playing] [Family planning] [Family planning communication] [High-pitched shrill music] [Low Cost Media] [Crop field, camera zooms out] [Narrator:] Kenya. [Village workers preparing soil] [Mother holding her toddlerwith 3 other children nearby] An old country custom. [Mother puts toddler down to begin walk] As soon as a new childcan walk, the mother sends him to her husband. Ready now to receive him again. [Father holds out hand to child] Ready for a fresh conception,a further pregnancy. [Father lifts son and coddles him] [Father walks back to his wife] How to delay thatwalk is the challenge. How to convince the wife thatit is in her own interest to do so. [Tribal drumming] [Tribal Kenyan indigenous men dancing] The task is to change attitudesas old and as deeply rooted as tribal origins. Men must feel it's no longernecessary to have many children to prove that they are men. [Car travels down dirt road] This cannot be done froman office in the city. You must go out thereamongst them yourself. [Family planning worker] Direct, face-to-face contactand communication costs no more than your own presence,patience, and perseverance. Traditional ways offer you an immediately [Drumming] available and acceptablechannel of communication. [Tribal drumming] Planning for betterfamily living is the essence of the messageyou have to get across. Here this means, first ofall, a more healthy spacing of children. The lessons youhave to teach them are in health,hygiene, nutrition. None of which can be shown tobe possible with large families. How can low-cost materialshelp you in this situation? Farmers know that if you plantseedlings too close together, there's not enough roomfor them to grow properly. They have to be spread out. Then they will growtall and strong. [Corn field] If not, they willsicken and die. [Poster image: You'll get bad yields] You can show that thesame is true of families. [Poster image: An unhappy society] [Tribal music continues] [Zoom out to reveal a document] [Document with several pictures] [Zoom in to crop image] [Poster image: If you plant plants carefully] Everyone canunderstand a picture. Particularly if it is seen inrelation to his own experience and environment. [Corn field, vehicle approaches] [Field workers] But how can you make a posterif you yourself cannot draw? [Sheet of paper rustles] Not so very difficult.First, transparent tracing paper laid over the original. On the tracing paper, draw theoutline that shows through. Turn it over. [Paper rustles] [Drawing with an overlay] With a lead pencil, heavily shadethis outline on the reverse. [Man with pencil] Turn it over again ontoa sheet of blank paper. Go over the outline again. On the new heavy paperwill be a faint impression the right way around madethrough from the shading. Go over this again heavily. Shade and color. And there it is. As good, if not betterthan the original. Lettering if you cannot print? No problem. A stencil set. With which you paint the lettersthrough one after the other. [Stencil placed on paper] [Worker making a poster] Not everyone can read words. [Boy opens up a pamphlet] But with economic andsocial development, many children can do so now. [Woman speaking] Too many children in the landmeans that there cannot be enough good schools for a propereducation and future for them. How can you be sure you do nothave another baby too soon? By getting family planning help. [Young boy reading] [Mother:] [Non-English speech] [Narrator:] India. With a series ofpictures, flashcards, you can tell the wholestory in sequence. And you can adapt thecommentary to the pictures for the particular audienceyou've brought together in their own language and idiom. [Non-English speech] If one man has four sonsand each son in turn has four more sons, just seehow much less food and land there is then left for each. [Non-English speech] [Narrator:] Withjust two children, there can be a goodhome, plenty of food, good schooling, anda prosperous future. [Non-English speech] Always relate what you show,what you say, how you share it, how you say it, to the actuallives, environment, experience of your audience. [Audience listening to speaker] Flannel graphs,, cut-out picturesstuck onto flannel, are another way ofdoing this with pictures you can make yourself. A planned family, a good home. An unplanned family,a poor, unhappy home. [Cut-out pictures stuckonto flannel graph] [Bus moves down a city street] Like everythingwe're talking about, flannel graphs can bemade from simple, low-cost materials, easily obtainable. [Tharao General Store sign] [Folded flannel blanket] First of all, a blanket. Just an ordinary blanket. [Woman drapes blanket over an easel] [Figures cut out of paper] Draw pictures ofwell-known objects. Like the food we eatbut cannot afford we have toomany children. [Scissors cutting paper] Then glue them tosandpaper on their backs. [Woman applying glue then pressing image to the back of sandpaper] When dry, cut them out. The rough sandpaperon the other side holds them up on the blanket. [Cut-outs on blanket] You can build up an entirestory and pictures in this way, changing it as you talk. [Announcement banner] In India, flannelgraphs are widely used in familyplanning communication. [Non-English speech] [Large seated group of women] [Teaching/speaking continue] [Narrator:] Just twochildren, a happy family. [Graph showing a family of four] [Paper rustle] [Non-English speech] Too many, povertyand unhappiness. [Graph revealing a larger family] [Non-English speech] [Narrator:] The solution? Go to the clinic and seek familyplanning guidance and advice. [Drawing of an individual talking to clinic staff] [Non-English speech] [Image of a happy family of three] [Non-English speech] Flip books are another wayof teaching with pictures shown in sequence. And you don't haveto be an expert to speak the commentaryto the pictures. It's already there for you,printed on their backs. [Non-English speech] [Paper rustle] [Typewritten script] [Non-English speech] [Narrator:] Another wayof making pictures with the silk-screen process. Cut out a stencil of thepicture you want to copy. [Razor blade cutting out paper image] Iron it onto a piece ofsilk stretched over a frame. [Male worker with electric iron] A piece of paper placedon a board beneath it. [Frame board closing] [Thud] [Male worker dispenses ink onto the stencil] [Narrator:] Ink... [Puddle of dark ink] [Screen printing squeegee] rolled and squeezedall the way down. Then, just lift off. [Mother and child image] Pictures for your postersare already there, ready-made, if you look for them and cut them outfrom magazines. [Woman arranging images on a board] And most of us canget hold of a camera. [Man with camera taking a picture] [Shutter click] [...] So we can producepictures ourselves, which can then become aneffective part of the poster message. [Family planning poster] [Three human figure masks] Masks and models... [Giraffe model] in use to tell storiesfor thousands of years. [Ingredients for paper mache] You start with a mixture ofpaper and flour and water. Out of which you make a paste. [...] [Tap, tap, tap, tap, tap] [Mixing ingredients in a can] [Tap, tap, tap, tap, tap, tap, tap, tap, tap] [Paste resting on newspaper] [Paste being kneaded] Then a ball of papertied with string around the top of ahollow tube or stick. [Hands applying paste] Cover the paper ball littleby little with the paste. [Hands applying paste] [Puppet head] Model it into aface and features. [Pan to another puppet head] When dry, polishedsmooth, and paint. [Head figure getting flesh color paint applied] [Several painted puppets on rack] With yarn, hemp, or horsehair, make a little wig and glue it on their heads. Slipped on your hand,your fingers in their arms and in that hollow tube inthe center of their heads, puppets soon take on an identityand personality all their own. [Non-English speech] [Man practicing with puppet] [Poster: "A well planned familyis a happy family"] [Narrator:] Successful familyplanning communication requires a special unit, a unit to plan andcoordinate the work involved in the use ofvisual aids in the field. [Indiscriminate chatter] And this includes the costing,budgeting, and organization of low-cost media to arrangedisplays and exhibitions. [Photo of a Planned Parenthood exhibit booth] But all the aids in theworld are only aids, never substitutesfor human contact. [Non-English speech][Two women meeting at a table] [Non-English speech] [Village hut] [Small group seated] [Narrator:] Thelowest cost of all, the most effectivechannel of communication, comes face-to-face. [Non-English speech] [Family planning worker] [Non-English speech] [Drumming] [Worker discussing family planning with villagers] [Drumming continues] [Worker discussing family planning with villagers] [Toddler sucking thumb] [Drumming] [Fade to black] [Music playing] [Written and directed by: Peter Hopkinson] [Photographed by: Mohinder Dhillon] [Edited by: John Hackney] [Dubbing mixer: Richard King] [Sound recording and production management: World Wide Pictures] [A UNESCO film] [Produced by: Peter Hopkinson Associates 1973] [Fade to black] [...] [Tone] [...]