ee aan 8 ~ THSIR INTSLLIGSNCE AS RATED BY TESTS By Lawrence Kolb, puatee Surgeon, U. S. Pepate Health Service The U. S. immigration laws provide for the exclusion of persons with defective intelligence. In order to carry out the provisions of this law it is necessary to give prospective imnigrants a mental examination and decide which among those who apply are mentally defective. ‘The social history, in so far as &t is obtainable, is given due weight in the examination, but social adequacy alone is not sufficient to prove the absence of defect. Even in a complex envixennt the majority of mentally defective persons live within the law and provide for themselves with _ mere or less success outside of institutions. The proportion who can adjust satisfactorily in the simple environment from which a large proportion of our immigrants come, is of course much larger. Many who are obviously mentally defective give presumably good social histories. It is necessary, therefore, to depend on formal intelligence tests as the most reliable measure of the intelligence of prospective deri aekeite. Immigrants differ from one another in age, — language and cultural environment, and also from the Americans upon nom many valuable tests have been standardized. For these reasons some widely used tests are unsatisfactory for work with immigrants and the expected performance on all tests varies with the group examined. It is, therefore, desirable to find what tests are most useful and to determine the extent of wartation in test restlts due to factors other than native intel licence. | The work reported here was done to determine the suitability of certain tests and to find the standard expectation of different groups of imuigrants coming from Naples, It is part of a research problem ae designed to measure the effect of nationality, age, sex, edueation, occupation and other environmental factors on test performance, the ultimate purpose being to devise more accurate methods and standards for the diagnosis of mental deficiency in immigrants. In onier to avoid inaccuracies of translation and unfairness to illiterate or near illiterate people, no test was tried that required the subject to use verbal constructions in giving the solution of it. In some of the tests, like additions and naming the days of the week, it was necessary for him to whe a word or group of words, but nover @ sentence and the answer could not be misunderstood, | The tests were taken from various sources, but previous experience in the examination of immigrants determined the selection of them. There are_ 4 more or less comprehensive tests and 21 others that are less important when standing alone, but which have been combined in’ two groups for the purpose of expressing results in this series of cases, The four comprehensive tests are: | The Ferguson Form Board Test The Porteus Maze Test ‘The Kohs Block Design Test The Pintner Non-~-language Test The twenty~one other tests are divided as follows: First series: : "Healy Construction Test A Healy Construction Test B Gwyn Triangle Test | Mare and foal Test - Pintner and Paterson modification Cube Inmmitation Test - Pintner modification Second series: Copying aquare (Stanford Binet, year 4) | | > Mutilated pictures (Stanford Binet, year 6) Copying diamond (Stanford Binet, year 7) Counting 20 to 1 (Stanford Binet, year 8) O°” Sea tne oie awed ties: “Asa foots wore given and scored by the standard methods except-ee ee Kohs Block Designs Test: ‘hree trial designs were given in each ease before the test proper was started. : | Pintner Non-language est: Explanations were given in minute detei. for cash of the six divisions of this test so thet there could be mo misunderstanding as to what was required. | Counting 20 to 1: Mo time limit was used. Naming days of week: No checks required. Neming months of year: Mo checks required ent no tine Lint? used, ‘Ball and Field Test: Pocket book and field was used instead of ball and field because it was thought that some of the subjects would not be familiar with ball. It would, of course, have been necessary to have been walking in the field in order to lose the pocket book, and this introduced a@ new psychological element into the test#, tut this is not believed to have changed the results much one way or the other. | A lead pencil was used on all tests where pen or pencil was required. The persons included in this study were selected from among those who applied for immigration visas at the American Consulate General in Naples between August, 1929 and September, 1951. oo ees Wes & ur po ew 4 te Most applicants for immigration visas came to Naples a day or two bSfore the scheduled sailing of the ship upon which they have engaged passage for the United States. They are then put through the required examinations, which are completed by the time the ship sails. livery applicant is given some sort of mental examination, Wikhs ony cemntet of 0 few questions or one or more performance tests. The applicants wie this beforehand and for this reason those who were specially examined went through what to them was, at least in part, an expected routine procedure, A total of 1282 persons were given the special examination and all except 39 of these were from Southern Italy (not Sicily). The selection of cases was made accordin: to age and sex groups. Beyond thie there was. no selection except the occasional exclusion of a person with high etncntion, It was the original intention to exclude all who had more soem a public school education, but so few of these turned up that the bar against them was overlooked on five occasions. As a result, two mon with some high achool or college training are includes in the main group, °° ~) three women with such training are ine luded in the special Porteus, Kohs test group, and three men and one woman with such training are included in the Pintner non-language Vp Se The cases were sel. at random and ‘hey represent a fair cross section of imuigrants who come from southern Italy at present and who have come in the past. The groups are as follows: e Sl males ages 15 « 44 + general run 154 females " 15 ~ 44 = general run 85 males « 45 « 60 « illiterate or near illiterate 91 females * 45 « GO ~ illiterate or near illiterate | 100 mothers illiterate or near illiterate with literate children 101 literate children (male and female) of the 100 mothers +75 males ages 15 + (84 ~ specially literate - for Bintner Non-language ee Gest only 75 femles * 15 ~ 27 = specially literate « for Pintner Non-language Test only 186 females * 3D > 40 © Sine, Wie © for Partene amt Meta seety, 198 ha@. Kohs 35 fomales * 45 = 60 = illiterate or near illiterate for Porteus and R Kohs 67 males “ 15 - 94 = generel run « for Perteus ani Kohe, only 28 hate Kohs Trieste Group « General run ~ for Ferguson Fam Board only. 31 Total ‘is ssl Tee eek eae oe es entaen ones Sinaia The majority of adult immighants from Naples are between 15 and 44 years of ‘age and at present most of them are women. The general run ie, therefore, better represented by this age group, and by the women. It was originally decided not to examine anyone who had been to the States before, but this was changed in order to complete the age 15 to 44 ani age 45 to 60 mle groups. Forty-six of the 151 eases in the former and 54 of the 85 cases in the latter had been to the States, | The reason for the inclusion of the age 45 = 60 groups was a general observation that old imnigrants, especially illiterates, did very badly on intelligence tests, and 20 ws thought advisable to find the expectation for them, as well as to measure the effect of age on test performance. | It was necessary, however, to include 18 Literate women and 41 Literate | men in order to complete the two groups. The literates in these groups represent the general run of Iiterates of thatage. -6— The 100 illiterate or near illiterate mothers with Ol literate Children wore examined in order to get additional light on the effect of education on test performance. ‘Thirty-eight literate mothers were included, prt ‘Wat they were less literate than the average run of literates, There were, of course, many mothers among the other female groups, but they are not ineluded in the speeial croup of 109 whose children were also examined. The 75 literate males and 75 literate fenales for the Pintner Non- language Test wore selested in order to got « comparison with einilar groups Smother countries where the Pintner Test 1s generally applicable. These two groups wore more literate than the general run of literates, : The extra cases both me and fomale for the Portous Maze and the Kohs fests were average rum. They were included because test material for these two tosts was not available when parts of the main groups wore tested. Pa The Triests group of 59 women were givon the Ferguson Farm Boara Test | to get a comparison between women from this section and Southern Italy. Imigrants from Triest# are at the enniainte too short a time to permit a detailed special examination. They come in from Trieste to Napies on a ship bound for the United States and ere brought from the @ock to the consulate for the visa examination, As soon as wis is Pangan, arti are returned to the ship so that the enthing 35 net ‘delayed. . Because of the possible effect of schooling and other environmental factors on test results, data was ¢ollected on each case as follows: Mauber of years schooling Grade reached in school Ability to sign name (reads well Reading ability (reads fairly well _ (reads poorly : Reading habits « whether roads newspapers, books or both and how many | $imes per week Occupation (City « any place having more than 2500 inhabitants Residence (Small town « any plate having between 1000 and 2500 inhabitants (Countay « any piece havang less Wan 2000 dakebitente , ‘Size of home in whi Shay Aovek wwe sheis paren at | “Reading ability was measured by a test devised to approximate the Al “pame remults as a test used with prospective immigrants in Dublin, Cobh, J , and Belfast. In those places tho reading test fron the Stanford Seale, «year: 10, was used. fhe paragraph is given below. “New York, September Sth. - A fire npaRemeNena near the conter of the city. It took some time to put it out. y was fifty thousand dollars, and seventeen families lost their homes. =} saving a girl who was asleep im bed a firenan me burned on the hands,” This we stored as fellows: . Senin Gull « Ges se uae shen 40 ecnnete waseid ot ese oe Se OO Oe SP OR NEY Eee ee Re he mistake. Reads faizly well = Time fron 16 to 20 seconds inclusive ani more than one mistake. Time from 21 to 35 seconds provided there are no more - than three mistakes. Reade poorly - Tine between 21 and 35 sesonis inelusive vith nore then three mistakes. Any tine in exoess of 35 seconds whether or not there are mistakes. =e Im Naples the reading test was a simple paragraph from an Italian book, but & stop wateh was not used to record the time. The measure is, therefore, not strictly comparable with the mathematical measure given above. | | 3 15 - 44 age group The only. comparison on the basis of oseupation is within the male/ and the females who took the Perteus and Kohe teste, 80d Wie XS! px eR RAN No group of women has a sufficient nunber of skilled workers, to make separate tables for all the tests on the basis of eccupa~ ie | Worth while. For the purpose of this article an unskilled worker is a farmer, common laborer, basket maker, miner, chauffer, sailor, weaver or houseworker. A skilled worker is a clerical worker or one who follows some trade or profession. Examples are tailors, butchers, barbers, blackemiths, shownskers, Ganatiens masons, dressmakers, etc, Most of the women gave housework as their occupation, but some gave field work and some both house abd field work. Of the 154 women in the 15 = 4 age group, 36 worked in the fields and 26 were dressmakers, Thirty-one of the 100 mothers worked in the fields and only two were @ressmakers, Dressmakine is the only skilled occupation represented in these two groups. Nineteen of the 91 women,age 45 - 60, worked in the ficld°and only 4 were skilled workers, —_ | The Sricete wenen had no edvantage in point of cocupation over the Naphes 15 - 44 age group, ‘There was a slightly smaller percentage of field workers but the proportion of skilled workers was still smller. As contrasted with the women, 58 of the 151 men ages 15 - 44 and 17 of the 85 men ages 45 - 60 were skilled workers. “Je Place of Residence Information about the population of places of residence was secured from the applicants and the statement of many of them was, of course, a Guess. It is probable that more lived in cities and more in the country than the figures show, but they are approximately accurate. With the exception of the Trieste group a large majority of all persons examined , were from amall towns. The percentages Are given in the table below: Restdence Small town Country City Maples group «826018658 Triests group 35-5 $1.5 15.4 A fow of the applicants had lived in two places in Italy, In tie se Cases both places were ¢redited as his residence in caleulating the per- Centages given above, but mo account was taken of those who had been to ie the United States, Near ali of these Lived in eitjes while there | . the frrouteptd che tl : The mmber and-pereentaces who had lived in the United States,are shom el ak exon, Nis Residence in United States Mumiber Per.cent of a ae total - of pease Mon age 15 = 44 46 55,0. 8 Men age 45 - 60 54 65.5 6 Women age 45 « 60 6 6.6 4 0 6 All other groups 0 -l0= The proportion living in town, city and country is approximately the sane for the various buBdivisions of the Naples group couprising a total of 1002 cases, and there is an insufficient mumber of city people in basis of residence, ‘The comparative effect of residence on test results will be shown for a country in which the applicants are more nearly divided . between city and country. The snail town people mark chiefly in rural occupations and should for comparative purposes be considered rural. Most of the farm workers “Mvea in small townse Whether or ‘not residence in the United States with its aw life affected the results is shown in the tables. Size of Home Tue aise Of the hone is based on the mumber of rooms without the kitehens ‘he information was segared from euch applicent anh 0 tendency oy cr Ass lp be tonsihned, to exaggeration woxid-be-expocted. the average hone of the adult had yo” DL 2.8 rooms. A vey lange bene eos tad there tended to ren wp the ovecages More than 10 per cent of cvery group except the Trieste group lived in | one room homes and some of these one room homes had no kitchen, Sixty per cent of the illiterate men age 45 - 60, fifty per cent of the S2isteunte. vannn ge 06 ~ G0 tek Sestp yar tant Of Whe Ciddtenite aes age 15 = 44 lived in one room homes. ‘The average size home for the various groups is given in étux table Gas , along with the average years of schooling. The home is in the main larger or smaller as the schooling is greater or less. The A21itérates and ola people lived in the amller — en ee (Take in Table 1/ a TABLE 1 = SIZ{ OF HOME COMPARED WITH SCHOOLING OFBIOATT SO-8e StOTMON PeTTTHsmn 4} - ct wom] DSTITAS Hy - CT ue} % oy - og wemon| | ve - og uemon| & oe -st usw} & & u W-Te smmon) <1 @FELOATTIT O9-cr wom) “1 SAVIN TITT O9 - cp ueM| “| “epeaeasTTE se-ct womon| 3 fe-suesptto| = % vt -4uexptto| & SRBIOQTT 09-GP weMIOY O4GIe3TT 09 - OF Bey O4e2O3Tt YP-CT wemOY a OG-6T Wemtom egsezTy THOR CG - OF STOOW |. Te303 09 - Gh womOM TM03 09 - GF tEH THO 9) ~ ST Tomog | T8902 H = CT EH : gore - Avesoroomecin house-9}-3.3/3.5 [2.3/1.9 [2.6/5.5 [3.8 [5.1/2.5] 2.9 Ave. year schooling | 5.3/3.5 |1.7|0.9 [1.2 |5.6 [4.3 |5.5|4.0/5.1 «lin Size of Family:: | Qhe median number of brothers and sisters of the adults was five, “giving @ family of eight and there was only a slight aifference in the medians of the various Naples groups, The median for the Triesté group was Sever. The. men age 15 ~ “4, Ce women ge 15 + 86 ent the ole men ond women had « median of four, ae people forgot : to mention some of their brothers end sisters who had died. “No. significance as to test results can be attached to the slight @ifferences in the size of families, but a family of eight insures that the subject tested has had at least om mental stimulation brought about or content with others. | . o. | The tests wore given by @ well qualified assistant who spoke : English and Italian fluently and who was specially teninel for the woot. Been eb jeet wee tected intividunliy ant qpectel pains sure tate to insure that he was at sacd anf fully understood what was required of him, so that as far as possible his performance would be a reflection of his full mental, ability. It is to be noted, however, that some persons who apply for visas are apprehensive about the results and a few are fatigued by the trip to Naples. Others, especially among the illiterates, apparently do not put: eufficient effort in the test problem. These factors ‘tend %© affeet the score adversely in some éases, but the effect on the general result for any group is insignificant, This statement le mate on the basis of years of experience in the examination of immigrants, many of whom were examined on different days in order to obviate the effect of fatigue, apprehension and apm rent original poor effort. ale he with the equivalent mentel age where this has been worked out. For the remainder of the tests the results are expressed as percentages of success. . : The sixteen mistellancous tests in the second series are combined into one group by giving each test a point score, ‘The total score for any ease is the sum of the pointe mde on the 16 tests and a “percentile scale is made of these totel scores. The results in the tables and charts are given for the main groups and also for subdivisions of these groups in order to show the effect of certain factors or test results; for instance, the women age 15 = 44 “ame subdivided into three age groups and again into literate and dlliterate groups without regard to age. 7 shine. the ueb- groan Ue net afd wp to the sotel/ane ails que as with the literate and illiterate, and skilled and unskilled, the reason is that some mesbers of the main group do not properly fall in either of the sub-groups. If @ person who had not been te school, could beth sign his name and read, he was excluded from both literate and illiterate sub groups. If he could sign his name only he was included in the illiterate group. If he had beon to school and could not sign his name he was excluded from both groups. ‘There were very few " exelusions for these causes. Ten per gent of the illiterate could sign their names, | : , Ferguson ¥gm Board Test’ This test,consisting of 91x - 1164 form poards each containing six spaces filled by blocks, was given and scored according to the method #13= in use at the Judge Baker Foundation'+) (see appendix No. 1). The seoring (1) A Manual of Individual Mental Tests and Testing, pp» 126-127. Bronner, Healy, Lowe and Shimberg. in use there, referred to here as Shimberg scoring, is supplemented in this work by the original Ferguson scoring and by & percentile table showing the number of boards completed. The Shimberg scoring is very satisfactory for this group and is preferred to the Seren for general work with immigrants, but has no great advantage over it. The Shimberg scoring does not diserim- ciate between the upper ranges of intelligence in a bright group of people, | because a large percentage of them make the maximum score, 60 points. By the See storing, the maximum score, 30. points, is practically impossible to reach and it dieerinina tes somewhat but not sufficiently between different grades of higher intelligence, It is given because other national croups that make high scores are to be reported. These groups will be compared with om another and with the Italian groups and it is desirable to show a more accurate percentile comparison in the higher ranges of intelligence than can be shown by the Shimberg score. | / ‘The Shimberg score and age equivalents according to the Meehan shimberg (%) ee x Male norms followa: Age <6 2 22 os wu aS Points 12 168 2 30 86 42 #4 & It is noted that the test is not standardized below the nine and above the 16 year levels, but that two months are allowed for each point between 12 and 54. In this article the same ratio is followed in estimating equivalent mental ages for persons who make more than 54 or less ‘than 12 points, A person who makes only 6 points is credited with 8 years of mental loans 13a follows) -l3a- age and so on. ‘This extension of the schene upward ani downward ie uot s ih udaass is Wiesnlineies Send. it is approximately so and is used Ferguson‘) aia not standardize his results with age but presented them (1) Seana Ge. 0. (1920), A Series of Form Boarta, Sonia. Eps Pays, Vol. iil, No. de pp. 47 ~ 58, by school grade, Giuahes tnd bed oad 6 Go gel weiek tee 6 Se 1 nn, Sed Os ns A es a correspond to ages 6 and 15 and this should be born in mind im reading the eS Pp Ferguson tect was given before any of the otter form bean teste bint Gs ta cee @ Os, to ee she a, affected by practice with the others. The six Ferguson Boards ere 20 graded that the easter boards give practice for Goes that follow. No additional practice is necessary or desirable. 7 Table 3 shows the per@entile rating 6f the various groups by the three types of seoring together with the schooling and reading ability of each group. | | Table 2 shows the siding habits and school grade of the literate adults and the children. It, ‘onthe with the caption on ‘table Bs applies | to all the tests, except the Porteus Maze and Kohs Block Design Tost, and should be read in connection with the tables for then. | ; (fake in Tables 2 and 3) -lé- : By all thées methods of seoring the mon are better than the wonen of equal age, the young adults better than the old adults, the literate afulte better thas the illiterate adulta, the skilled better than the unekilled, the Trieste women better than the other women, and the adults better than the children, but the mothers axe only slightly better than their children and the illiterate mothers are about equal to the children age 8'to 9h years. An examination of all the environ- mamta date shows, however, that the @ifferonees in stores can not be taken to prove a difference in native mental ability between the “grewee, or tant age, upn ant comupation buve of theusslves Sxflaeneet the scores to the extent shown. The Literate sub groups with higher scores have been to school longer and can read better than those with _. Lower scores, Education seems to be en important factor. This is further indicated by the reading ability and the grades reached in higher school as shown in Table We Those who reach /greies and reat: more ‘ein Cees ee we os | “a . o Age apparently has some influence, but the only measure if its effect that is at all reliable is the comparison of the illiterate women. This comparison eliminates the sex and education feetors. By the Shimbefg scoring the median score of the illiterate women ages | (15 = 44 ds three points more than that of the women age 45 - 60. This $e euuel, to = Gifference of six mnths in mente) age. By the Forgusen _ seoring the difference is slightly more favorable to the younger group but on the basis of boards completed the older wonen are a shade | Rege YA TABLE & - READING HABITS AND SOHOOL GRADE OF LITERATE ADULTS AND CHILDREN, B | Men 15-44 Women Mothers Trieste Men mun- Women Women Women Women Men Child- Child~ skilled skilled 15-44 15-24 25-34 S8-44 45-60 45-60 group ren ren 15-44 L\44 ) : 9~14 8-98 Number 131 «88 ee oe ee ee ee ee ss) 19h Reads daily 28 is 8 4 o 1 3 1 0 0 3 SéHooL Reads 1 or more. noes | : sets ; times weekly 58 23 35 16 10 5 i 8 9 9 16 School Reads less than ps8 : : é once weekly 12 4 8 i i 0 =e - 4 0 } es, - School Never reads 33 13 80 a ae i. 20 oe School reads 28.8 82.4 28.4 83.1 79.2 87.8 92.3 85.0 100.0 07.4 45.7 Sehool Grade reached in : eee ees 2.5 2.8 school(averags) 3.6 4.5 3.3 #32 38.5 29 17 (1) Two of the total 39 not reco nied and 2 illiterate. (2) Baséd on 35. Grade of 6 of the 41 not recorded. 2.0” 1 2035 | 4.0 -15— The Alight @ifferonce in favor of the younger group of illiterates may be due in part to enviromental fastors. The younger group lived in larger homes, 2.4 rooms against 1.8 rooms, Table 1 shows that in “general. the size of hones rises and falls with the amount of schooling. It is, therefore, probably an index of other fastors that influence the skilled workers are Detter than the unskilled, tut they have more schooling and this may be in part responsible for the difference. The Trieste women do better than any other group of women. They had more schooling than any croup except the age 15-24 group, the best Naples group, but they read slightly better and more than any Neples group. They also reached a higher grade in school, but their hemes ‘were slightly smaller and a mh larger proportion lived in the country. These women are probably superior to the Naples women. The median score of the best group, the skilled workers, is lover than any american norms. Using 16 as the divisbrs gives this group an intelligence quotient of G.5- 4 striking feature about this low score is that it was mage by a who have been workine at competion that Prd Ctigl, lk ete Rina , Ae | give practice in tho meuhmutealyadjustnent ot ‘tnines; and who would, — therefore be expected, to- sine Neer mties lower, than 7. cali & qmahdading snes sin soon: hence it ts mulls alee : gharted opposite the equivalent mental age aceording to the voehan, es Shimberg male norms, The mental age of most groups is less than 9 years. — ee eee é wer ‘The Mare and Foi, Gwyn Triangle, Healy Construction A and Healy Construction B tests were given in the order named, but not immediately following the Ferguson Fom Boards. Some of the missellancous tests wore put in botwoon in order to avoid monotony and fatigue by varying the character of the tests and to diminish the possible effect of practice on construction tests successively La | ae 3 : the: tmeh ‘she Weal t008 coe etree eceneitng to te ialper sus Pencenh modification with the taingular and dienond shaped pieces already in place, : The Guyn Triangle test was given in the usual way with all the trimgles @& the top pointing one way. ‘The Healy Construction Test 4 was given with the five pieces arranged irregularly at the side, and the Healy’ Construction Test 5 was given with | the gomilunar space pointing avay fron the subject and the pieces arranged ieregularhy a+ the site so tint no two piesss belonging together were in ie On the tiret trial of each of these tests the pleces were removed out of sight of the subject so that the board was not seen with the picees in The seeond trial was given immediately after the first in the following manner: In the case of success, the pleese ware turned out and the subject was told to put them in again. in the @ase of failure to complete the test in the alloted five minutes on the first tridi the test was completed by the examiner while the subject looked on. The pieces were then turned out and he was asked to try again. 3 rs Tables 4, 5, @ and % show the first and second test perventile ratings (Of the different groups Qn the four tests and charte 2,/3 anit guekieiiiy Fe show the median scores on the faymifniumcim Healy A and Healy B teste. (fake in Tables 4,5,6 & 7) oLi~ Ba The Mare end {p20 test appears to be rather too casy to be of value as an intelligence test for adults. One gets the impression on watching some : poorly performing eases ant slemies in motor reaction rather than mental. aédliness is responsible for hts poor shoving, but this ean not be altogether — true because the relative standing of the various groups on this test is in 2 general the sane as on the other tests, sone of whieh do not require any manual manipulationss.. | : the beat queue ars: the chilled mun ond Vheir melian seere sckpacpeats to a test of age of betwen 12 ant 15 by tho Pintner and Paterson noms‘), the (1) Seale of Performance Tests, Pintner and Paterson, p. 20Gs Or Le mm _ kis ip non 1 eeniaage = eenna aE The Gwyn ‘Iriangle, the Healy A and the Healy B tests, have been used éxtonsively in the examination of imnigrants and have proved to be unreliable. Dull adults of apparently the same general intelligence may vary five or six © years in test age according to these teste an many fail to complete then in : five mimtes. This range of variation does not apply to bright people and it is extremely rare for one of these to fail. Sn 0 gute at-des iene examined wt:0sio only one failed on the Healy B, nome failed on the other two teats and vory few roquired as mch as 100 seconds to complete any of them. None of this group had more than a common school education. | : The unreliabliity of these tests as @ measure of the relative intelligence of @ull individuals almost 4isappears in the case of groups. It would probably @isappear entirely if the groups were large enough. 4 on Day my coma Fy ~-18- The groups here reported maintain their relative stending fatriy WeRl Was Shae Ape ecm Yersationns The skilled men are the best on the "Gwyn Triangle and they are the only group who do better then Pintner and Paterson) 13 yeattolés. The median of the unskilled laborers falls (2) ‘Seale of Performance Tests, Pintmer and Paterson, p> 116. ‘betwoon 10 and ll years and that of the total group of children falls at 7, giving them on intelligence quotient of 7%. : oe eA ae Meee Soeur fa sn ore ha : ae H@aly A. Their median gives them a test age between eves = 3 iw | aah Delbneeene tine”. and between i6 ani 17 by the noms of Lowe, (2) Seale of Performance Teste, Pintner and Pateveen, pe 125, shiners and vood'®) gatabiished in Boston on persons of @ifferent races (3) Further Standardisation of Construction Tests A and B. Journal of | Applied Psychology, 1924. pp. 524 - eS ae and nationalities, the majority of whon were recruited fran the ranks of Ea Juvenile. delinquents. By this same standard the unskilled mon have a ) test age betwoon 11 ant 124 The children have a test age between 6 ant 7 oe by the Pintner and Paterson tiorms. Lowe, Shimberg ani Wood do not report norms for children below nine years of age probably because too few of such children eome to the attention of the authorities as delinquents. ‘The skilled men de not have the best median with the Healy B test, but they have @ amaller percentage of failures than any other group. and om the second trial their position at the top is regained. The Aipergte cli on do Dotter than any othor group on the first tricl of thie toot, but they Mali back into their regular place on the second trials ‘ corresponding to a test age of seven do better than most of the afults on the eube test. : | shown in Table 10 ew malian of ofner adultt whcrant exoups(*) /forms « better basis 2a or a 72) Unpublished reports by author. | for comparison than the Pintner and Paterson Norms, (Take in Table 10) Pape 20 A Fahl v0 CUBE TEST, PINTNER MODIFICATION Fema les | Gili Males : oe Children Oslo Seuth- Cologne Dublin Naples Oslo South- Cologne Dublin Neples Cologne Naples a 15-44 amp ton ae" | - Sumber of cases 170 Mm -m wm, oe oe Lines correct | cs ze ; median 8 7 6 2 8 7 6 ee -Z1- Repeating Digits Forwaré, and Backward): ; sie et eeniewh inlet was approximately seven digits in five seconds. | Sueeess with one line in &@ series of three was counted as suscess for the mmber of Siacenis in that line and the next hicher series was inmediately givens The test was stopped when four (Lincs) fm suedeasion were failed. Thon @ subject failed ¥% to repeat two digite backwards, it was assumed that he did not get the ides because of unfamiliarity with such he exercises, and a special effort was made to teach him by examples repeatedly . given. If he did finally get the idea and then gueceeded with two or more figures eredit was given. he results are shown in Table Repeating Digits Forward Backward 641 374859 2 471952 352 521746 387 583294 4739 9285264 6528 4162593 2854 7231605 4837 3826475 7261 3857291 8629 9452837 31759 72534896 31879 42837 49853762 69482 (Take in Table uy Rie The median for most groups 1K five digits forward and two digits ‘backward. Five digits forward ond three digits backward are placed by Terman at the seven year level. The very poor showing fer these groups on this test is apparently not altogether if at ell due to the fact that “some of the Italian digits have two syllables. The ehildren maintain their "-poattion at about facven year level, and it 1s noted that the various groups rate about the same as they did with the Pintner Cube Test. A table of the median scores of other non-English speaking imigrant groups on this test is given as being moro reliable for comparative purposes than the Stanford Binet standards, TABLE 12 Repeating Digits, Medien Seore "Males Feusles | Children Oslo Gologne Naphes| Oslo Cologne Naples Cologne Naples _ Number of cases 10380= ss 134té—“‘) Norms: (tentative) 308 males, 171 females. (Mechan, Shimberg). smoothed denied by Sex and Age an anaemllhlhmt h UmS.lhUhlhUc.lhUc SC hUmhUhUeUllUl 16 M 12 1s 24 ' 89 36 42 48 54 -. - = | -— - a 34 38 4), ~49- ‘Ferguson Type of Scoring Zach board scored alikes sokre Dadi an Sete of eatann Taeiirat He complete as follows: “Seconds Points 0 + Bg 5 30 « 59 A 60 = 99 3 100 + 149 2 150 ~ 300. i ta giving the toot lPergusan G4 not turn the pieces or arrange then in any definite way. : Rein er al WE phic, a eae - e Gube Test (Pintner Modification) a * 123¢ Vth move ~ 13243 a « 123435 ~~ Sth * ww 143524 ous " o 12342 Oth “ « 13h 4th “* « 1324 10th " « 145124 Sth * «= 1452 llth “ «= 152415 6th “ « 1425 lZth "“ «+ 142341 (Take in photestats here) Appendix 4 Point Seore Value of 16 Miscellaneous Tests The store values, based on the performance of the 152 women, age 15-44, were worked out as follows:. If 100 per cent suceseded A If between 75 and 99 per cent succeeded if between 50 and 75 per cent succeeded If between 25 and 45 per cent succeeded If betwoen 1 and 24 per cent succseded #32 -§ & Ge © pectin RA EAE aR RANTES EAB AR Se ae mot _ Point Score Value of 16 iedellannls Tests ‘ f Points Copying square 4 Mutilated pictures & Copying diamond i Counting 20 to 1 i _ Maning Gays of wouk: Seward i * © packward 1 -” meathe of year Symvane ee ae * backwarad i satin stain | a Drawing Gesigns from memory 4 Geometric figures oe : Sed . ° 1 Ball and field —e : Repeating digits forward | & OF more 4 5 2 4 ue lese thanS oO Repeating digits backward 4 or 6 & 3 2 2 1 Additions 8 or 9 correct 4 9 * 3 Ser6é * 2 iteo4 * i 9 correet 8 Voré * 2 i to 6 * i Total points possible 35 Values 33g 633 §33 93g g8 2% 823 22% $28 288 gee Bed $85 922 328 383 | |ese 238 2% 393 2°28 §* oe ae: a “s 238 295 ? 278 #3 #3 83 | 5 222588 925 £85 Beg ese | 885 333 833 g22 983 9832) |QSe 83d 883 388 892 B85 gaa eee 828 gg 885 32g R28 S88 838 428 28a §23 | Board I Board II g|°82.°88 ose oss oss O88 | Sprooes UT suy, a Pid.