Letter from Prof. BAKER 
ON THE 
CHEMISTRY 
OF 
BROMO-CHLORALUM, 
TO 
SURGEON WELLS OF U. S. NAVY. 
ALSO, IN KBOARD TO ITS 
'??/■’y" 
DISINFECTING AND DEODORIZING PROPERTIES 
FROM 
Physicians and Surgeons. Letter from Prof. Baker to Surgeon Wells, of U. S. Wavy. 
Williamsburgh, N. Y., Dec. 18th, 1871 
Dear Sir—The subjects presented in jour letter invite ex tended discus- 
sion and if the consideration they merit was accorded to them, it would 
furnish sufficient matter to torm a very voluminous work. 
As the action induced in the process of ‘‘deodorizing,” “disinfecting” 
&c., varies according to the agent employed, it is impossible to make a 
general rule applying to all substances possessing such characters, but 
one may acquire a general knowledge of their mode of operation upon spe- 
cial well known principles. 
It is a theory of chemistry that any body of organic constitution (espec- 
ially if one of its elements be nitrogen) is subject to enter into spontan- 
eous decomposition under mild influences, such as a certain range of tem- 
perature, the presence of moisture, the action of direct, or diffused light, 
or contact with another body of like feeble structure. 
The reason for such properties is founded upon the fact that, for the most 
part, the greater the number of chemical elements existing in combination 
to form a particular body, the more feeble becomes the chemical affinity 
that compels such combination, and should nitrogen be one of those ele- 
ments, then the chemical constitution is rendered very much less stable, 
because nitrogen is very feeble in all its affinities. 
Those bodies which emit foul odors are of organic structure and u is 
during the progress of what we call “ spontaneous decomposition” that 
these odoriferous compounds are evolved ; so that any substance placed in 
contact with the decomposing matter, which arrests chemical dissolution, 
or putrefaction by displacement, substitution, elimination, direct combination, 
mutual decomposition, or by inducing a change of molecular structure, or Cat- 
alysis, thereby forming a new and stable compound, may justly be styled a 
“Deodorizer.” 
The bodies of most frequent occurrence, and that exist in excessive 
quantities, which exhale offensive odors during decomposition, are the an- 
imal and vegetable tissues, as Albumen, Gelatine, Fibrine, Caseine and a 
vast number of nitrogenous compounds from the blood, bile and excrem- 
entitious substances at slaughter-houses and provision stores, and also 
foecal and urinary matter in water-closets, urinals, &c., besides the unex- 
amined products of decomposition in cesspools, sinks, offal barrels, casks 
and the like. 
The term “disinfectant” is often employed as though it indicated, or 
implied Anti-infection, but it seems that its meaning might with propriety 
be extended to substances which induce the chemical destruction of, or 
removal from, infected tissues of virulent matte*. Some infections are of local and others of a general character and may 
be communicated by contact, but many contagions are supposed to be 
transmitted by the atmosphere to the lungs, where the poisonous matter 
meets the blood, and thereby tinds food which it appropriates to its own 
growth, against thetaithlul protest of the vital powers. 
The power of virus is chemical in its character; so if the vital forces 
are in a depressed condition, it is most probable the chemical forces will 
acquire the mastery, although an active strife exists between ihe two. 
No positive knowledge prevails as to the origin of infecting bodies, 
nor any proofs of distinct characteristics except in the effects manifested. 
The venom of the reptile differs from the virus of rabies and variola, 
and these three again from the Carcinoma of the cancer. 
An “Anti-ivfrctant” cannot be indicated through the aid of reason 
until a sufficient quantity of the isolated contagious matter can be procur- 
ed for the investigation of its properties; so we must content ourselves with 
the employment of those agents which experiment and observation pro- 
claim most trustworthy. 
A 1‘Disinfectant” should possess the property of destroying the chemical 
structure of virus and thereby produce in its stead, a body with inert charac- 
ters, and consequently afford the natural chemical and vital forces an oppor- 
tunity to pursue their regular vocation, or function of removing effete mat- 
ter, and replenishing the exhausted tissues, unobstructed. 
To convey an intelligent idea of the mode of changing a chemical struc- 
ture, recourse must be had to illustration and allusion. 
If a bottle of water saturated with Chlorine gas be subjected to the ac- 
tion of sunlight, the water will be decomposed, the hydrogen thereof com- 
bining with the chlorine to form hydrochloric acid, while the oxygen is 
set free. 
This same change occurs in diffused, but more slowly than in direct 
light. 
I1 he same change also occurs when a saturated solution of chlorine gas 
in water is put in contact with other bodies where one of the elements oi 
such bodies has an affinity for oxygen 
Now suppose a case of local infection so situated that chlorine water 
may be applied thereto. 
If the infecting virus be a chemical body willing to surrender an equiv- 
alent of its hydrogen to the oxygen of the chlorine water, thereby forming 
water by the combination of said gases, while the chlorine and hydrogen 
of the chlorine water unite and form hydrochloric acid, then we have pro- 
duced three new compounds neither of which existed at the outset. 
Thus, the virus has parted with one chemical equivalent of its hydro- 
gen, consequently is not the same body as before, and hence has lost the 
character it previously possessed, while the oxygen has entered into com- 
bination with the eliminated hydrogen of the virus, and the chlorine with 
the hydrogen of the chlorine water, the resulting products being hydro- 
chloric acid, water and transformed virus. t & 
All these newly formed substances are still in contact with the tissues 
to which the chlorine water was applied, but the question suggests itself, 
whether these new products are detrimental to the natural processes which 
should go on in the healthy tissues ? If the appropriate agent for the case 
has been selected, they are not. 
Suppose another case of local infection, with the employment of the same agent, but a difference in chemical structure of the infecting virus. 
In this case, the virus is unwilling to surrender any of its hydrogen, but 
has a strong desire for oxygen which the chlorine water yields up to it 
Here the action is different from the former case, and so also are the pro- 
ducts, except one, namely, hydrochloric acid. 
It may also occur that the product of recomposition from the virus and 
the newiy formed hydrochloric acid may combine at the instant of being 
formed (in the nascent state), and produce a new body, possessing healing 
qualities. 
From the foregoing, one may observe that the baneful influence of the 
offensive matter is not only removed, but an agent invested with salubrious 
properties is brought into contact with the previously injured tissues. 
It is the nature of virus to appropriate organic tissues to its own growth, 
under certain temperatures, and in the presence of moisture, which con- 
ditions animal bodies supply, and it operates more rapidly in an abund- 
ance of light, but its progress is all the time opposed by the vital forces, 
and should these forces exceed those of the virus, they will prevail, and 
“ vice versa.” 
The term “ Zymotic” is now applied to “ epidemic” maladies, and implies 
fermentable diseases, hence it is inferred that the action of the virus in 
contagious affections is very similar to that of yeast in the presence of su- 
gar and nitrogenous bodies, so that any substance which alters the consti- 
tution of “ infectio purulentia”, or interrupts its progress by “ catalysis” is 
a disvnfectant. 
Catalysis may be illustrated, in a comprehensive manner, by what occurs 
in distilleries, where it is desirable to arrest fermentation in the “ fermenting 
tuns,” before it reaches the Lactic and Acetic stages. 
If a few drops of tallow from a candle in a melted state, be dropped into 
fermenting “ wort,” the fermentation immediately ceases, notwithstanding 
many thousand gallons are acted upon. 
It is therefore apparent that one body by its presence may render 
another one inert, as well as excite to activity. 
A catalytic Disinfectant should therefore be a body of strong chemical 
constitution, while one that acts by transformation should be of feeble struc- 
ture, and always ready to make an interchange or exchange of one or more 
of its elements, or disposed to take from, surrender to, or directly combine 
with, the obnoxious matter that propagates and subsists at the expense of 
the animal economy. To more fully explain this view it may be men- 
tioned that Chlorine desires a union with Hydrogen, and when the oppor- 
tunity is afforded, seizes and holds it with considerable force, and thereby 
becomes an element in a comparatively permanent compound. 
In its combinations with the chloroxides, chlorites and chlorates, its con- 
stant desire is to yield up the oxygen which is held feebly, and become a 
chloride by combination with the metal of the base, under slight disturbing 
influences. The liberated oxygen combines with or eliminates from the 
virus, in either case inducing a change of structure, and consequently of 
character. 
Sulphites act differently, as they need oxygen to transform them to sul- 
phates, in which condition they become permanent So it will be seen that 
the former agents dehydrogenize, and the latter deoxidize. 
Sulphurous acid seeks oxygen to transform it to sulphuric acid, and 
when it attains this stage of oxidation, its appetite for that element is 
appeased. Some sulphates act in the same manner from their propensity to become 
sulphates of peroxides and persulphates. 
Iodine, Iodides, Iodites and Iodates, Bromine, Bromides, Bromites, Bro- 
mates, and a large class of organic salts are always ready to acquire a more 
neutral condition, under the circumstances set forth, so that a powerful 
agent is necessary to disturb that state of repose when once attained. 
Many of these bodies, after their transformation, possess an entirely dif- 
ferent set of properties, thus: If sulphurous acid becomes sulphuric in 
contact with animal tissues, it then acquires stimulant, astringent, and in 
the stomach, tonic properties, if dilute; but at a certain degree of concentra- 
tion it becomes an escharotic, and if anhydrous is quite inert in the absence 
of moisture or water, but should water be present or some inorganic salts, 
it assumes a catalytic action. 
It will therefore be observed, that a complication of effect may arise, 
from the employment of the same agent in different degrees of concentra- 
tion. 
As nearly all putrescent matter is composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Ox- 
ygen and Nitrogen, and in most instances, Sulphur and Phosphorus, any 
element invested with a powerful affinity for either one of these, when 
brought into contact therewith, disorganizes the putrid body and it no 
longer exists. 
The disorganizing element may be very poisonous itself, if in a free state, 
so it is important to combine it with another body to neutralize such influ- 
ence; but that other body must retain it, with a force so moderate that it 
may, at all times, be at liberty to leave and combine with any of the above 
named elements (forming the constituents of a putrid mass), when brought 
in contact therewith. 
To ascertain that u Bromo Chloralum ” exhibited the character of being 
easily decomposed as just described, it was subjected to analysis, and 
found to be an aqueous solution of the double Bromide and Chloride of 
Aluminium with unimportant traces of Iron, Magnesium and Calcium. 
The Chlorine and Bromine are chemical elements vested with powerful 
and wide ranges of affinity, while the Aluminium is of feeble and limited 
propensities in all its relations, if in aqueous solution. 
The Bromine and Chlorine being both volatile and poisonous, in a free 
state, it is necessary to combine them with some body possessed with only 
sufficient affinity therefor to detain them and render their transportation, 
as well as use, safe and convenient, and that will yield them up without 
reluctance to other elements in putrescent and infected organizations. Such 
a body is found in Aluminiumt or its oxide. 
These conclusions were attained by subjecting the Bromo Chloralum to 
the action of such chemical influences as are well known to exert feeble 
powers. 
The first experiment was made by submitting a portion of the Bromo- 
Chloralum to distillation in a retort immersed in an oil-bath at a tempera- 
ture of 205° Fahr. 
This comparatively low temperature was sufficient to break up the com' 
pound and decompose a portion of the water. 
The Hydrogen of the decomposed water united with the Bromine ana 
Chlorine forming Hydrobromic and Hydrochloric Acids which were ex- 
pelled and passed to the receiver, while the oxygen of said water combined 
with the Aluminium forming Alumina, and this was left behind in the 
retort. Now suppose the Bromine and Chlorine above named, had been com- 
bined with Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Grluneinum, Barium, Strontium, 
&c., and subjected to the same treatment, it would have also been neces- 
sary to use either Sulphuric, Nitric, Phosphoric, Arsenic, or Oxalic acids, 
to expel them. 
In the former case, simple application of the temperature produces the 
effect; in the latter, a displacing agent of strong power is necessary in 
addition thereto 
This experiment, however, sustains no relation to the application of the 
Bromo-Chloralum in securing salutary effects; so the next experiments 
were conducted to obtain assurance that its equipoise would be disturbed 
by more mild and ordinary influences. 
Some vegetable fibre immersed in Bromo-Chloralum undiluted, for five 
minutes, then rinsed in water dried and pressed with a hot iron, was found 
to have its fibrinous structure entirely destroyed, which was known by 
subjecting the same to slight attrition in the fingers. 
Here the structure of the fibre and the chemical constitution of “Bromo- 
Chloralum” were changed. Starch, Sugar, woodv-fibre and many other 
organic compounds were transformed in like manner, but it was necessary 
to examine the resulting products to trace the transformations, a des- 
cription of which would be irksome in its details. 
Other and more delicate tests were made by the employment of veg- 
etable colors, a number of which have their chemical structure entirely 
destroyed by contact with the “ Bromo-Chloralum,” which became known 
by the fact that it was impossible to regenerate the original tint by any 
process of neutralization, and when neutrality was attained, the tinctorial 
body became changed to one of new hue, or was colorless. 
These tests were so delicate and the transformations so marked that the 
impression was forced upon us that the “ Bromo-Chloralum” must be a 
mixed Hypobromite and Hypochlorite of Aluminium, but a strict chem- 
ical examination did not exhibit these characters. 
To establish the effectiveness of Bromo-Chloralum as a deodorizer and 
disinfectant, putrefaction was induced in pieces of animal fibrine, gelatine 
and caseine. 
Each was placed under an inverted glass jar, upon plates with sufficient 
water and exposure to sunlight, and a fermentable temperature, to sup- 
port and accelerate putrefaction after it was induced. 
When it was determined that the process of dissolution was thoroughly 
established, a quantity of “Bromo-Chloralum” was injected in and upon 
the decaying, or fermenting mass, and the evolution of offensive gases and 
fermentation ceased at once, or within five minutes. 
Animal fibrine; gelatine, caseine, and a vast number of organic substan- 
ces, are prone to undergo decomposition from the effect of mild influences, 
when water is present, but in the absence of that fluid and when quite 
dry, may be kept for an indefinite period entirely without change. 
A- favorable illustration of this statement may be observed in gelatine, 
or glue. It is known to keep for years, so long as moisture or water is 
excluded, but when mixed with that substance to the consistency of a lim- 
pid fluid or concentrated syrup, and exposed to ordinary temperatures, is 
sure to enter into decomposition before the third day thereafter. 
This suggests a convenient mode of preparing a putrescent body, with 
which to test the relative disinfecting powers of “ Bromo Chlorahim” or 
other agents of that class. In rotten eggs and other animal products, as carrion and the like, where 
some of the products of decomposition are phosphuretted and sulphuret- 
ted hydrogen, phosphohydride, and sulphohydride of ammonium, experi- 
ments were made by placing the putrescent masses under the bell glass, tu- 
bulated at the top, and supporter! by wedges on the plate to admit of a free 
circulation of air. Above the putrefying mass was suspended porous coke 
which had been previously treated with hot dilute hydrochloric acid, and 
subsequently washed with hot water, to remove extraneous matter. 
This coke was saturated with Bromo Chloralurn,'’ and the escape of 
offensive gases from the “tubulaire” (tubular opening) ceased altogether 
after about two minutes, but fermentation was visible below. Bromo- 
Chloralum to excess of saturation, was then injected upon the coke, so it 
might drip upon the decaying body, and after about five minutes, the fer- 
mentation ceased, notwithstanding the conditions favorable thereto were 
maintained. Here three effects were manifested ; namely, deodorizing, dis- 
infection and absorption. 
These experiments were repeated with the substitution of “ Pumice 
Stone” for coke, and with equally favorable results. (Would not Coke or 
Pumice be available agents tor absorption, suspension, distribution and dif- 
fusion in Hospitals?) 
In all the foregoing experiments, it is more conclusive to work in sun- 
light, for, as that agent favors dee unposition, it also assists disinfection, 
besides affording a more perfect observation. 
In this connection it seems proper to make an observation upon the 
method of testing “ Bromo Chloralurn” as an absorbent of sulphohydric 
and phosphohydric acids, sulphohydride and phosphohydride of ammon- 
ium. 
The proper way is to expose the Bromo-Chloralum in extended surfaces 
upon Coke, Pumice or cloths, in such a position, in a comparatively close 
vessel, as to intercept the sulphur compound in its transit, and not by driv- 
ing sulphuretted hydrogen through it. because it is injected therein by its 
own pressure as generated, and passes through in bubbles, or spheres, and 
being of low specific gravity, its flight through the liquid is so rapid, that 
the opportunity of contact is prevented, except upon the exterior surface 
of each bubble, or sphere. 
We made this mistake ourselves at the outset, and reasoned that a com- 
pound of sulphide of aluminium was formed in the first instance, and this 
was at once decomposed in the presence of water, and the sulphuretted hy- 
drogen reproduced. A more accurate study of the subject showed that 
the sulphide of aluminium could not be formed in the presence of the wa- 
ter, and the escape of sulphohydric acid was due to its rapid generation, 
and want of proper contact with the absorbent. 
It is well known to chemists that an aqueous solution of sulphide of 
aluminium cannot exist, as it decomposes water, and is itself immediately 
decomposed when placed in that menstrum, the products being alumina, 
and sulphohydric acids, but a mixture of bromide and chloride of alumin- 
ium will decompose a certain percentage of sulphohydric, and phosphohy- 
dric acids, and their ammonium compounds. 
The effort was made to trace the transformations and to assign a reason 
therefore, representing the rhanges by equations. 
No satisfactory proofs of the order of transitions were adduced, but the 
inference that the sulphur and phosphorus compounds induced the forma- tion of an aluminium chloride of alumina, and set the bromine free, seemed 
justifiable, because Aether would take up bromine when the compound 
which had been acted upon was agitated with it, and a small quantity of 
starch immersed therein was changed to an orange hue. 
The bromide and chloride of aluminium used for these experiments 
were made chemically pure and as a quantity of sulphur was recovered from 
the sulphuretted hydrogen acted upon, that compound must have been de- 
composed to produce it. 
Bromide of aluminium is capable of dehydrogenizing sulphuretted and 
phosphuretted hydrogen, with the deposition of sulphur and phosphorus, 
and will also dehydrogenize ammonia, with liberation of nitrogen. Chlor- 
ide of aluminium does not seem to exert this power, but manifests a pe- 
culiar behavior toward sulphurous and phosphorous acids, and many cop- 
ulated volatile compounds. 
In all these experiments with sulphur and phosphorus compounds, the 
amount of effectiveness was estimated by the quantity of recovered Phos- 
phorus or Sulphur, either as elementary bodies, or as Phosphoric and Sul- 
phuric acids to which they were converted. 
Experiments demonstrated the fact, that “ Bromo-Chloralum” is a com- 
pound of feeble constitution, consequently is capable of acting by dis- 
placement, substitution, mutual decomposition, alteration of molecular 
structure in, or upon (and in many instances by direct combination with) 
other substances of like feeble structure. 
Hence, I have no hesitation in recommending it as a very efficient agent 
for arresting putrefaction and as a “deodorizer.” 
In all cases of “ Purulentia”, “Bromo-Chloralum”, from the nature of 
its chemical relations, is entitled to an exalted position as a “disinfectant,” 
and as it is also an absorbent, the title of “anti-infectant” should also be 
accorded to it 
The next consideration of the Bromo-Chloralum is as an antiseptic. 
This term implies opposition to putrefaction, and as the action of “deodor- 
izing” and “disinfecting” includes the character, it becomes unnecessary to 
further discuss the relation. 
As an “alterative”, it is difficult to infer to what extent the “ Bromo- 
Chloralum” possesses such properties, without very extended observation, 
particularly as the term itself is employed in so many senses ; but that ap- 
plication of it which is most generally accepted, implies that an alterative 
is a body capable of inducing salutary effects, without increased secretion 
or evacuation. As the action by which such effects are secured is not well 
understood, it is impossible to predicate for, or appoint to, any body such 
characters, therefore its reputation as an “alterative” must become estab- 
lished through observation. 
The relations of the “Bromo-Chloralum” as an astringent and styptic, 
were inferred from its behavior upon freshly drawn blood, and upon a solu- 
tion of albumen from an egg. 
It possesses the power of coagulating albumen, and it may also be judged 
by its effect upon the membranes of the mouth when tasted, inasmuch as 
it produces nervous irritation and contractibility of that tissue. 
.Regarded as a “styptic” no objection to the “Bromo Chloralum” can be 
offered, when the same is employed of full strength for that purpose. 
Styptic and astringent are nearly synonomous terms in their general ap- 
plication, but there is this distinction, that an astringent produces contract- ility of the fibrous tissues by nervous irritation, and the absorption of 
water, or fats therefrom, while a styptic exerts a similar action, and at the 
same time coagulates certain compounds contained in the fluids enclosed 
in the cells of all animal tissues. 
The results of my investigation accord both properties to Bromo Chlor- 
alum.” Hayden M. Baker, Chemist, Industrial Laboratory. 
Bromo-Chloralum as a Deodorizer and as a Useful Application in 
Small Pox. 
Peoria, April 12, 1872. 
Gentlemen.—Before I shall enter the fulfillment of a promise I have 
made to Mr. Pett, a long time ago, regarding my success in using your 
Bromo-Chloralum during the Epidemic of Variola from January the 12th, 
to the present day, 1872,1 beg leave to acknowledge the receipt of several 
letters, and of Xylol, which you had the kindness to forward to me. 
Gentlemen, whatever I shall have to sav in giving you my experience 
made with about eighty patients down with Small Pox in our community, 
I beg you to understand, and all whoever afterwards may hear of my 
opinion regarding this subject, that it is the result of close observation of 
such as have been treated when on their sick beds, with the disease; or 
such as had to fill the position of nurses or were members of the family 
in which I had the opportunity of making my trials. 
Appreciating your production, the Bromo Chloralum, I consider it 
first as a Deodorizer, and feel bound to say that it has surpassed my most 
sanguine expectation, and the expectation of all. The quarters of many of 
whom I found narrow and oppressive, and who were compelled to live 
with their sick, inhale over and over again their exhalations both from 
the respiratory organs, general integuments, and dejections. 
I do not hesitate to confess that many a place was an abhorence the 
first time to pay a visit to, but no sooner had the party in charge been 
taught the use of your Deodorizer, than all smell and stench was gone, 
the nostrils opened and bieathing went on as in open air without nausea; 
sick and well ones testifying to this fact. In the same way the contents 
of vessels were made inoffensive to the olfactory nerves of such as were 
called to dispose of them. 
Thus the deodorizing quality of the Bromo-Chloralum being proven to 
one of the several organs, faith in its disinfecting quality and virtue could 
not fail to be established, the way of argument being a simple one. For 
what is able to destroy in the atmosphere we inhale, elements communi- 
cating an offensive, unwholesome smell, must have the power to destroy 
in the same way, other agents adverse to health when contained in the 
air; and this I judge your Bromo-Chloralum is not only calculated to do, 
but is, in fact, realizing; each and every one of the articles entering by 
chemical process into union, being a powerful agent in itself, and an 
effective means in the hand of a physician against ailments and suffering 
of the human race of serious character, touching the organism not on its 
surface only, but in its inmost constitution. 
What the medical world, up to the new era of your discovery, had in 
the line of disinfectants, is now justly antiquated, for who would like to 
resort to Guyton Morveau fumigations, or even those of Smyth, either of 
which not only were destructive to contagious agents, but the infected 
articles at the same time, if particular care and forethought was not taken for the latter. More creditable and less objectionable was Labarraques 
chlorine, but unlike yours, it is irritating to the nostrils, like carbolic acid, 
or carbolate of lime. 
I freely confess, for sick rooms, I shall henceforth use no other Disin- 
fectant and Deodorizer than your Bromo Chloralum. 
So much for it in this respect Now some words as regards its value 
as an application or wash in Small Pox'. There is no controversy what- 
ever amongst all my patients during our last epidemic in regard to its 
soothing influence, when applied by means of moistened cloths to tne face 
or any part of the burning and itching surface. 
Its influence was such, that after the first application had been made, 
they would be easy, and fall asleep, after nights of discomfort, asking 
when awake forthwith for renewal of the application. Besides this sooth- 
ing influence, the eruption came hardly to suppuration ; the pustules, at 
an early period, commenced to exsiccate and the scabs came off in the 
shortest period imaginable, and what in almost every case I am able to 
exhibit, is—no pitting is traceable in any of the faces having been thus 
protected against the combined influences of light and air. My honored 
colleagues, Doctors Robert Roskaten and George Lucas, who on my 
recommendation have made experiments wiih cases in their charge, testi- 
fying to the same effect. 
I have even used it as a prophylactic for my own person, and advised 
my friends to follow my example, by taking from 10 to 15 drops, four 
times a bay, diluted with sweetened water and brandy, a tablespoonful 
each. But its charming influence did not end with its application to the 
face or as a means of bathing the external surface where it was applied in 
proportion of 1 to 10 parts. I directed its use also as a wash both for the 
nostrils and fauces, wherever by copious eruption the passages had become 
impaired. In every case its application has been successful, in these cases 
its strength (original) was reduced by J5 or 20 parts of water added. 
Having thus far given you my observations concerning the results of 
Bromo-Chloralum in cases of Small Pox, under my care, I feel bound to 
add some words in r* gard to Xylol as a means of treating this disease 
with decided success I am indebted for its knowledge to a Daily in 
which its use was reported in the clinic of the Charity Hospital in the 
City of Berlin, where Doctor and Professor Wm. Zuilger during the last 
Epidemic there achieved the best results. In imitation of him, I exhibited 
it in doses of 10 to 15 drops for adults, and 3 to 5 drops for children, 
every 2 or 3 hours, as need might be, and covered its taste in an emul- 
sion made of Pulverized Salep, one scruple to a four or six ounce mixture, 
made pleasant for the palate by adding flavor and suitable syrup. 
In my judgment all cases from the time I had received- it by the kind- 
ness of Messrs. Tilden & Co., were just half as short in their duration as 
before I was in possession thereof. Of course I should not forget to men- 
tion that during the earlier stages of the disease, the bowels were a par- 
ticular object of attention, the inact vity of which was prompted by 
Electuarium of Senna, whilst at a later period when the scales had come 
off, gentle diuretic and diaphoretic means were resorted to. 
With the assistance of these means the mortality ratio of 16 to 110 or 
115, as were under treatment all over the wards infected, is a very favor- 
able one, and I consider it to a great extent due to the agents obtained 
from Messrs. Tilden & Co., to whom I hereby express my heartfelt thanks. 
Dr. J. N. Nig las. Health Officer. Bromo-Chloralum as a Disinfectant in Typhoid Fever, and other 
Contagious Diseases; also, as a General Deodorizer and Disin- 
fectant. 
Peekskill, August 10th, 1871. 
Gentlemen—The package of Bromo Chloralum which you favored me 
with some time ago, has been carefully used by myself, and some of my 
medical friends, with the following results: 
1. As a certain, perfect and prompt deodorizer, it is far superior to any 
article of the kind we have ever employed, not excepting carbolic acid. 
The most noisome and disagreeable odors are instantly destroyed by its 
application; while itself leaves no unpleasant smell behind. I find that a 
solution, made by adding one part to 20 of' water, placed in sinks, water- 
closets, sewers, cesspools, &c., immediately removes all unpleasant smell. 
2. As a disinfectant 1 have used it successfully in typhoid fever and other 
infectious diseases. I have no doubt it is destined to take the precedence 
of chloride of lime, zinc, soda, carbolic acid, the poisonous mineral salts, 
and all other agents hitherto introduced for this purpose. The experience 
of my medical friends, also, coincides with my own on this point One 
great advantage it possesses over all other agents I have ever used is, that 
its inhalation causes no feeling of irritation in the air-passages and lungs. 
It is not only safe and non-poisonous, but absolutely free from all disagree- 
able effects whatever. 
3. As a general deodorizer and disinfectant for all manufactories where 
decomposing animal or vegetable materials are used, it must prove invalu- 
able—also as a Sanitary agent lor Boards of Health, in our large towns and 
cities, who will, I believe, find it both more efficient as well ?fs more 
economical, than most other articles hitherto employed. 
4. For Hospital Ust, also, I think it must prove very useful for 
various purposes; among others as a wash for offensive sores and ulcers, 
sloughing gangrene, cancers, and offensive discharges of all kinds; also 
for disinfecting clothes and be 1-elothmg, bedding, and for general deodorant 
and disinfecting purposes. 
5. Regarding then the Bromo-Chloralum as altogether the most valu- 
able article of the kind hitherto introduced into pracfieal medicine and 
hygiene, I most cheerfully and confidently recommend its use to the pro- 
fession and the public. Chas. A. Lee, M. D., 
Professor of Hygiene and Materia Medica. 
Bromo-Chloralum in Asiatic Cholera, Yellow Fever, and other Con- 
tagious Diseases. 
The following is taken from a work on Asiatic Chain a, written by Dr. 
L. P. Brockett? 
“ In Cholera, yellow fever, and other contagious diseases, the use ol 
“ Bromo-Chloralum ” in all the vessels before they are required, the ap- 
plication of cloths dipped in a diluted preparation of it, around the bed 
and suspended in the room, will effectually remove the possibility of con- 
tagion. The floors, walls, carpets and furniture may be sprinkled with it 
freely, without injury; and all the privies, vaults, kitchens and pantries, 
should be fully disinlected by it In tenement houses, meat and fish mar- 
kets, vegetable markets and green groceries, and in the neglected streets of 
our great cities, it will be found invaluable. With a good supply of it on 
hand, ana thoroughly distributed, most of our towns in the Mississippi 
valley, may successfully combat the inroads of either cholera or yel- low fever. These statements are not mere theories based on the abstract 
knowledge of the disinfecting power of Bromine and Chlorine, but the re- 
sults of its subjection to the severest tests by men whose authority’in all 
these matters is indisputable. On any question of Hygiene, no name in 
this country stands higher than that of Dr. Charles A. Lee, a professor, 
and an author of several able works, on the subject of Hygiene and Mate- 
ria Medica, and after subjecting it to the most rigid tests in a variety of 
ways, Dr. Lee says, ‘Regarding the “ Bromo Chloralum ” as altogether the 
most valuable article of the kind hitherto introduced into practical medi- 
cine and hygiene, I most cheerfully and confidently recommend its use to 
the profession and the public.’ Our own observation of its effects, leads 
us to endorse the Doctor’s opinion most heartily.” 
MISCELLANEOUS TESTIMONIALS. 
Bromo-Chloralum as a Disinfectant in Public Buildings. 
Post Office Department, Washington, D. C., Oct. 17, 1871, 
Gentlemen.—An experiment with your new Disinfectant, Bromo- 
Chloralum, was made yesterday, and more than confirmed my previous 
impression of the great value of this article for general use in large Pub- 
lic Buildings. 
We took three pints of the Bromo Chloralum, adding three gallons of 
water, this dilution was applied in one of the rooms of this Building, hav- 
ing five urinals, and the same number of water-closets. The odor from 
this room was such as to be noticeable outside in the hall, and inside, was 
always very disagreeable in spite of all proper means of ventilation, etc. 
I witnessed the first application of the disinfectant, and with others 
present, expressed my surprise at the almost magical results obtained in 
less than five minutes, and within thirty minutes, on going out and com- 
ing back, could not detect any of the foul odor, and the atmosphere was 
pronounced as sweet and pure as the office rooms. 
I cheerfully recommend the use of this article to officers of Public 
Buildings generally. Aug’s Jordan, Chief Engineer, P. 0. Building. 
Bromo-Chloralum as an Efficient and Pleasant Disinfectant and 
Deodorizing Agent in Residences and Hotels. 
Chicago, Nov. 24,1871. 
Gents.—I take pleasure in commending, after frequent observations of 
its effects, your preparation of “ Bromo Chloralum as an exceedingly 
efficient and pleasant disinfectant and deodorizing agent. 
It is entirely devoid of odor or of irritant effects, so that it can be freely 
used in residences, hotels, etc., at the same time it is very useful as a lo- 
cal application in many cases of wounds, etc , when, from causes readily 
appreciated by physicians, the solution of Carbolic Acid proves injurious. 
I remain with high respect, yours, etc., J. Adams Allen, M. D. 
Editor and Proprietor of Chicago Medical Journal. 
Bromo-Chloralum Recommended by the Board of Health, for Purify- 
ing Offensive, Poisonous or Noxious Odors and G-aseo. 
By Commissioner Aikenhead: Eoehester, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1871. 
Resolved, That having tested and tried the Bromo-Chloralum, non- 
poisonous disinfectant, and this Board being satisfied of its utility as a dis- 
infecting agent, do hereby recommend the health inspectors to use, and recommend the same to those having occasion to purify any offensive, 
poisonous or noxious odors and gases, in and about any dwellings, barns, 
stables, drains, kitchens, cellars, water closets, &c. The foregoing is a true 
copy from the minutes. [seal] Wm. F. Morrison, City Clerk. 
Bromo-Chloralum as a Disinfectant in the Dissecting Rooms. 
Mobile, Ala., Feb. 18, 1872. 
This is 1o certify that the “Bromo-Chloralum” is of the most valuable 
aid in our dissecting rooms, as a “ Disinfectant.” 
All our students who have used it, were highly delighted with the same; 
for if applied to their hands diluted, it cleansed them perfectly. 
Joseph H. Scott, Janitor, Ala. Medical College. 
Bromo-Chloralum Endorsed and Recommended as an Efficient and 
Reliable Disinfectant and Deodorizer in the Dissecting Rooms 
and Hospital. 
Chicago, February 26, 1872. 
Gentlemen.—We take pleasure in forwarding to you the following ex- 
tract from the minutes of the meeting of the Chicago Academy of Medi- 
cine, held February 19th, 1872. 
“ The committee appointed to test the samples of “ Bromo-Chloralum,” 
(kindly furnished by your agent, Mr. A. M Pett,) reported that they had 
tried the article in dissecting room, and also in the hospital, with gratifying 
success, and offered the following, which was adopted : 
“Resolved, That the Chicago Academy of Medicine endorse the 
Bromo-Chloralum, and recommend it as an efficient and reliable disinfect- 
ant and deodorizer.” W. Danforth, M. D., President. 
E. A Ballard, M. D., Treasurer. 
Bromo-Chloralum as a Disinfectant and Deodorizer in the Public 
School Rooms. 
Baltimore, June 5, 1872. 
Gentlemen.—I take pleasure in certifying to the great value of Bromo- 
Chloralum as a Deodorizer and Disinfectant. I have used it in the Pub- 
lic School Rooms of our city, and in sick rooms where the patient was 
suffering from Small Pox, with very gratifying results. All offensive 
odors are removed by its use. As a sty))tic, I prefer it to persulphate of 
iron. Its decided superiority over all other Disinfectants consists in the 
certainty of its action, and from its being inodorous and non-poisonous. 
I am, Gentlemen, ver) respectfully, your obedient servant, 
A. W. Dodge, M. D., Commissioner of Public Schools. 
Bromo-Chloralumras a Disinfectant of the City Dumps. 
Health Office, Baltimore, May 24, 1872. 
Gents.—We gave the Superintendent of one of the City Dumps, a pint 
bottle of the Bromo, and instructed him to use it on a night cart that had 
been in immediateuse, and to select one that was most offensive; he did so, 
and asserted that after the application of the Bromo, he could insert his 
head into the trap of the cart without any inconvenience or discomfort as 
far as his olfactories were concerned. Yours with regard, 
Geo. W. Benson, M. D., Commissioner of Health. Bromo-Chloralum an Acknowledged Success in Deodorizing the 
Market and Destroying Foetid Odors. 
Fulton Fish Market, New York, July 17, 1871. 
Gentlemen—We take pleasure in acknowledging the success of your 
experiment, yesterday, in deodorizing this market by the use of your 
“Bromo-Chloralum.” The small quantity of the article employed, was 
largely diluted, and vet in a few minutes, after sprinkling the floors, all 
foetid odors were destroyed. 
At three o’clock this morning an officer of the company was here to test 
the condition at the opening of the market, and found the premises free 
from all bad smells, a condition never before presented during the warm 
season. Yours, respectfully, 
W. P Clark, 
A. C. Rogers, 
Executive Comm*.tier. 
For FultO'i Fish Mongers Association. 
Bromo-Chloralum in Chronic Ulcers, Congestive CUeet, Gonorrhoea, 
The interest manitested in reference to this agent evinces that it 
possesses a high place among remedial agents and is recognized as one of 
the most important of our recent additions to the healing art. N twitli 
standing the opposition it has encountered it has been tested by very 
many of our best and most conscientious physicians with very general 
satisfaction. As an injection in uterine diseases ii which there existed 
offensive discharge , it lias very often contributed a blessing in overcom- 
ing the od t and rendered loathsome and incurable diseases more endura- 
ble. In vaginal leucorrhoea, the result has been far better than anything 
else that I am acquainted with. I could easily cite a dozen cases which 
had defied the lead, iron, zinc and vegetable as.trii gents, become obedient 
to the persuasive influence ot the Bromo-Chloralum. As an injection in 
gonorrhoea, both in the male and female, I have found it superior to all 
injections, in fact in my hand it has superseded them. It can ever be 
used with freedom without the slightest degree of stricture. Recently I 
used it in a case of congestive gleet, with perfect relief after the disease 
had defied external and internal medicines. As a lotion to obstinate 
chronic ulcers, it not only dissipates the disagreeable emanations, but ex- 
cites healthy action and often induces granulation. As a disinfectant it is 
par excellence, without replacing the impure air with irritating and offen- 
sive emanations, it overcomes the noxious and perhaps poisonous effluvia, 
and leaves the atmosphere pure and wholesome. I find that when used 
in infectious diseases it modifies, when it fails to destroy entirely, the 
virus. In the treatment of Scarlatina this is very strongly evident. Every 
case contracted in an atmosphere subjected to the Bromo-Chloralum 
has been mild and not a single case has proved unfortunate. 
While it is to be regretted that the formula has never been published, 
we can scarcely refuse so valuable an agent on ethical grounds. What- 
ever be its constituents it does not alter the least its therapeutical worth 
or in the least diminish it in the esteem of those who have tried it and 
realized its great antiseptic properties. Chas. G. Polk, M. D. 
Bromo-Chloralum in Chronic Diarrhrea and Ulceration of the Bowels 
by Enemas. 
Having had a very severe case of Chronic Diarrhoea, and Ulceration of 
the Bowels, under my care for several months,.and not being able with all the usual remedies to afford only temporary relief, I resorted to injections 
of Bromo Chloralum 5 i, warm water oj, immediate relief followed the first 
application; the patient had had ten or eleven passages during the night, 
and was very much reduced; but affer using the above, there were no 
passages until the following morning, only three injections were given, and 
those two and three days apart: and three weeks from the first, the patient 
reports a perfect recovery. This was the only treatment used. 
M. Y. B. Saunder, Jackson Mich. 
Bromo-Chloralum in the Sore Throat of Scarlet Fever. 
Gentlemen—I wish to call your attention to the prompt action of 
your Bromo-Chloralum in the sore throat of Scarlet Fever. Not long 
since I was called upon to treat 5 cases of Scarlatina Anginosa, all in one 
family ; the throats were all very bad from the beginning more particu- 
larly so in the case of the oldest patient, aged 17, which bordered on 
Scarlatina Maligna. In this particular case, there was so much putridity 
of the throat and tonsils that 1 prescribed a gargle of Bromo-Chloralum 
diluted. I prescribed this more from its known powers as a disinfectant 
than anything else, but upon visiting my patients next day I was so sur- 
prised to see the improvement in the appearance that I prescribed a weaker 
dilution for all the other cases, and the rapidity with which they all got 
well was truly astonishing. I think it Physicians will give this a trial 
they will find it “just the thing,” in all cases of sore throat of Scarlet 
Fever. E. A. Hull, M. D., Berlin, Bensselaer Co., New York. 
Bromo-Chloralum in Malarial Fever, Cancer of the Face, &c 
Since my attention wi s caiied by you to the new disinfectant,Brc mo Chlor- 
al um, I have used it considerably, and with the most satislactory results. 
During an epidemic of malarial fever in September last. I am quite 
certain that I saw its effects in counteracting the influence of malarial 
poison, in several instances, also in removing to a great extent the peculiar 
fever odor which accompanies such diseases. 
I have also used it in one case of cancer of the face, where its disinfect- 
ing properties were most gratefully acknowledged. 
I. have put it to a new use which I had not previously seen recommend- 
ed, but which struck me as being rational, that is its therapeutical powers 
in the last stage of gonorrhoea, forming an injection of this kind; 
Bromo Chloralum, - - - 1-2 ounce. 
Glycerine, - - - - ■> 1 ounce. 
Aquae, 8 ounces. 
It is used without pain, therefore is perfectly harmless as regards pro- 
ducing stricture, and it seems to cleanse the mucuous membrane, and as- 
sist the parts to heal faster than any thing I have ever tried. I can there- 
fore say that so far as I have experimented, as a disinfectant it has no 
equal, and am also led to believe that it has undiscovered properties which 
will give it rank among our most valuable articles of Materia Medica. 
D. A. Stewart, M. D., Winona, Minn. 
Bromo-Chloralum as a Gargle for Diphtheria and Scarlet Fever. 
Your preparation of Bromo-Chloralum has been used freely in my prac- 
tice for the last six months. It is to be commended in almost unqualified terms,—whether as a styptic, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant, alterative 
or deodorizer, it has been successtul in accomplishing the purposes for 
which it has been used; as a gargle in diphtheria, or scarlatina, as a nasal 
douche in catarrh, for inhalation in chronic bronchitis, for injections in 
leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea. For all sanitary purposes, whether in private 
families or for hygienic public uses, it is unsurpassed in efficiency. The 
great advantage it has over other preparations designed for the same pur- 
pose is, that while its efficacy is greater, the objections to it are less, on ac- 
count of its unirritating, non corrosive, and odorless qualities. 
W. W. D. Richardson, M. D., Winona, Minn. 
Bromo-Chloralum in Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria. 
The prevalence of Scarlet Fever, and Diphtheria, as an epidemic 
in many sections, induces us to call attention to the use of Bromo Chlor- 
alum as an agent for purifying the air of the Dwellings and Sick Rooms, 
by neutralizing and destroying at once all noxious odors and gases, as 
well as germs of disease, and septic (putrescent) particles floating imper- 
ceptibly in the air. 
It is a concentrated solution of Aluminium Chloride and Bromide, in- 
odorous and non poisonous and after repeated trials, has been found to be 
both agreeable and potent. It promptly absorbs and decomposes all 
ammoniacal and noxious gases, and renders the atmosphere and surround- 
ing objects sweet and wholesome. It has been tested in such a variety of 
cases with such uniform success, that we feel warrante 1 in recommending 
it to the public for general use, in all places or circumstances that give 
rise to unhealthy, bad odors. 
A Striking Merit of Bromo-Chloralum is, that it operates by removal 
and not by creating an odor greater than the one sought to be removed. 
Can be applied in the most simple manner, diluting it according to the 
object or locality to be purified. Indeed one great element of its success is 
the capability of free diffusion, causing it to purify the air as well as the 
walls, ceilings and floors. 
For Scarlet Fever and other Contagious diseases suspend towels in the 
room moistened with it diluted. Use freely on all bedding and in the 
chamber utensils, previous to use, as by this method the poison of excre- 
tion is neutralized. 
Also when the throat is ulcerated or inflamed, gargle with it diluted one 
to ten of water. We aje advised that patients feel much comfort from 
the use of a dilution of one part to twelve or sixteen of water as a wash; 
all speak of its soothing influence when applied to the burning, itching 
surface. It neutralizes the poison, limits the spread of the disease. 
Attendants should use the same freely upon their clothes and person. 
For Diphtheria, Sore Throat, Ac., dilute one part to ten of water, or 
stronger according to circumstances, and gargle the throat when advisable, 
also swallow 5 to 10 drops in a teaspoonful of water. The general direc- 
tions as to purifying the air of the house and room should be observed 
fully. TILDEN & CO., Chemists, 176 William St N. Y.