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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE




          Bethesda, Maryland 
 
 
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       A
               t
BOTANICAL
 DICTIONARY,
              BEING
A TRANSLATION FROM THE  FRENCH
or
       LOUIS-CLAUDE RICHARD,
PROFESSOR OE BOTANY AT THE MEDICAL SCHOOL IN PARIS J

       WITH EXTENSIVE ADDITIONS FROM

MARTIN, SMITH, MILNE, WILLDENOW, ACHARIUS,
   MUHLENBERG, ELLIOTT, NUTTALL, PURSH,
               AND OTHERS.
         BY AMOS EATON, A. M.
LECTURER ON BOTANY, GEOLOGY, &C. CORRESPONDING MEMBER
   OP THE NEW-YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
           SECOND EDITION,
WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS,  AND THE TERMS
ACCENTUATED.
        NEW-HAVEN:
PUBLISHED BY HOWE & SPALDING.
     Clark k Lyman, Middletoren... Print
1819. 
                                  District of Connecticut, ss.
 >wm    BE IT REMEMBERED;  That on the thirteenth
          day of January, in the forty-first year of the independ-
          ence of the United States of America, Hezekiah Howe,
          of the said District,  hath deposited in this office the title
of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Proprietor, in the words
following, to wit;

  " A Botanical Dictionary, being a translation from the French of
Louis-Claude Richard, Professor of Botany at the Medical School
in Paris; with additions from Martin, Smith, Milne, Willdenow,
Acharius, &c."

  In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, en-
titled, " An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing
the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprie-
tors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned."

                                 H. W. EDWARDS,
                           Clerk of the District of Connecticut.

    A true copy of Record, examined and Sealed by me,
                          H. W. EDWARDS,
                         Clerk  of the District of Connecticut.
|l.s.| 

&
                        TO

               ELI  IVES,  M. D.

     PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND MATERIA MEDICA IN

                 YALE  COLLEGE.

  Although this Dictionary has not received the benefit
of any corrections immediately from your hand, I have
been governed by your opinions in all cases of doubt.
  Your liberal explanations in answer to my numerous in
quiries, together with free access  to your extensive libra-
ry, have left me almost without excuse for my errors.
  I beg permission to place the work under your protec-
tion ;  with the hope that my strenuous exertions to exe-
cute it in an acceptable manner will be received  as  an
apology for its defects.
           I am, with gratitude and esteem,
                Your obedient humble servant,
                                 THE  AUTHOR
  yew-Haven, Sept. 16,  1816. 
 
PREFACE
  In a book like this, where its usefulness depends whol-
ly on the faithfulness with which the opinions of others
are given, it is desirable to know from what authorities
and by what course of proceeding it was compiled.
   1. The terms contained in Richard's Bulliard, and not
in Martyn's Language of Botany, were interlined  in the
open spaces,  or inserted in the broad margin of Martyn,
with their definitions as translated from Richard.  When
there was not sufficient room, slips of paper were attach-
ed.  Then the  definitions of the terms  common to both
authors were made, principally from Richard, and insert-
ed as before.
   2. All the terms and definitions in  Willdenow's Princi-
ples of Botany were compared with the above, and addi-
tions and corrections made.
   3. All the  terms and definitions in Smith's Elements of
Botany were compared,  and additions  made from  that
also.
   4. Milne's Botanical Dictionary  was then compared
with the  compilation throughout;  and such  additions
were made from it, as were admissible upon the plan of
this work.
   5. To all this was added the new  nomenclature of Li-
chens by Professor Acharius, as translated by President
Smith of London.  All the modern terms  of Willdenow,
Persoon,  and others, relating to  Cryptogamous  plants,,
were also inserted in their proper places. 
VI
PREFACE.
  6. All these  materials thus combined,  were then co
pied for  the  press, with  occasional remarks,  from the
hints of able  botanists.
  Notwithstanding the diminutive size of the book, the
author almost ventures to hope,  that all the terms used
by botanical writers in Latin or English,  who follow the
Linnean System, will be found here satisfactorily defined
and illustrated. 
        PREFACE

TO THE SECOND  EDITION.
  The fir3t edition  having been favorably received by
the public, no essential alterations have been made.  The
Systematic Terminology has been enlarged, by including
the substance of a pamphlet, entitled, " First Lessons in
Botany," compiled by Mr. Edwin James of Albany.  The
new terms introduced by Nuttall, Barton, and some others,
have been carefully denned and arranged in their proper
places.
  The improvement, which will be most valued, is the
accentuation.   For this the reader is indebted to Dr.
Amatus  Robbins,  Corresponding Secretary of the Troy
Lyceum of Natural History, and late Tutor in William's
College.   Perhaps no botanist  in our country is more
competent to perform this great desideratum.
  N.  B.  When the accent is  annexed to a vowel, it is
to be pronounced long; but when it is annexed to a con-
sonant, the accented syllable is to be pronounced short
  Albany, Feb. 11, 1819. 
 
SYSTEMATIC  TERMINOLOGY.
The  principal elementary terms,  together with the
  Classes and Orders, should be  fixed in the  memory,
  previous to entering upon the exercises of a practical
  botanist.  The student must therefore be directed  to
  commit to  memory the definitions of the  following
  terms, according to this arrangement.  All other terms
  may be looked out occasionally.

Every plant is either  Phenogamous, or Cryptg-
gamous.
   Phenogamous plants have their stamens and pistiU
sufficiently manifest for examination.
   Cryptogamous plants either lose the staminate
organs  before  they become manifest,  or  they  are
too minute for inspection.
   The  Classes, Orders, and Genera of .the Linne.in'
system, are founded wholly on the seven elementa-
ry organs of fructification.
                    These  are,
 l. Calyx.  The outer  or lower part of the  flower,
   generally not coloured*.
 2. Corol.  The coloured blossom, within or above
   the calyx.
 3. Stamens. The mealy or gluttinous knobs, gene-
   rally on the ends of filamentous organs.

   * In the language of  Botany, any part of a plant is not colour-
 ed when it is green; as the calyx of the apple is said not to be co-
 loured, because it is green; and that of the nasturtion is coloured,
 because it is not green. 
 10         SYSTEMATIC  TERMINOLOGY.

 4. Pistil. The central organ  of the flower,  whose
   base becomes the pericarp and seed.
 5. Pericarp. The  covering of  the  seed,  whether
   pod, shell, bag, or pulpy substance.
 6. Seed.  The  essential  part  containing the  rudi-
   ment of a new plant.
 7. Receptacle.  The  base which  sustains the  other
   six parts, being at the end of the flower-stem.

          Subdivisions  of  the Calyx.

   Every Calyx is either monophyllous,  consisting
 of one leaf; or polyphyllous, consisting of more than
 one leaf.

 1. Perianth.  That  calyx which adjoins and sur-
  rounds  the  other  parts of the flower, as of the
  apple, rose,  &c.   About two thirds of ell plants
  have perianths.
 2. Involucre.   That  calyx which comes out at some
  distance below the flower, and never encloses it.
  It  is  commonly at the  origin of the peduncles of
  umbels, and sometimes attached to other aggre-
  gate flowers.
     Involucres are either universal, placed at the
  origin of  the universal umbel, as in caraway, lo-
  vage, &c.; or partial,  placed  at  the origin of  a
  particular  umbel, as  in  coriander;  or proper,
  placed beneath a single flower.
3. Spathe.   That kind of calyx,  which at first en-
  closes the flower, and after it expands is  left at a
  distance below it,  as daffodil,  onion, Indian tur-
  nip.
4. Glume.   That kind of calyx  which is compos-
  ed of one, two, or three valves or scales, com-
  monly transparent at the margin, and often ter- 
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOCY.
11
   minated by a long  awn or  beard.   All  grasses
   have glume calyxes.
5.  Ament.   An  assemblage   of  flower-bearing
   scales,  arranged on a slender  thread  or recep-
   tacle ;  each  scale generally constituting  the la-
   teral calyx of a flower, as in the willow, chesnut,
   pine, &c.
C. Calyptre.   The cap or hood of  pistillate mosses,
   resembling  in  form and  position an extinguish-
   er set on a candle.  Conspicuous in the common
   hair-cap moss.
7. Volva.  The ring  or wrapper  at first enclosing
   the  pileus or head of a fungus; and which, after
   the plant has arrived  to maturity,  contracts and
   remains on the stem or at the root.

          Subdivisions  of  the Corol.

   Every  corol is either monopetalous, consisting
of one petal; or polypetalous, consisting of more
than one.

            Monopetalous Corols  are,

1. Bell-form.   Hollowed out  within the base,  and
   generally diverging upwards, as Canterbury bells,
   gentian, &c.
2. Funnel-form.  With  a tubular base, and  the
   border  opening gradually  in the form  of a  tun-
   nel,  as thorn-apple,  morning-glory.
3. Salver-form.   Having a flat spreading limb or
   border, proceeding  from the top  of  a tube, as
  lilac, trailing arbutus, &c.
4. Wheel-form.   Having a  spreading border with-
  out a tube, or with an exceeding short one, as
  borage, laurel. 
12
systematic  terminology.
5. Labiah.   A labiate corol is divided into two ge-
   neral parts,  somewhat resembling the lips o? a
   horse or other animal.  Labiate corols are either
   personate, (with the throat muffled,) as snap-dra-
   gon ; or ringent, (with the throat open,) as  mint,
   motherwort, catnip, monkey-flower.

             Polypetalous Corols are,

1.  Cruciform.    Consisting of  four equal  petals
   spreading out in the  form of  a cross,  as  radish,
   cabbage,  mustard, &c.
2. Caryophylleous,  Having five single petals, each
   terminating in a long claw,  enclosed in a  tubular
   calyx, as pink, catchfly, cockle, &c.
3. Liliaceous.  A corol with  six petals, spreading
   gradually from the  base, so as altogether to ex-
   hibit a bell-form  appearance,  as  tulip, lily, &c.
4. Rosaceous.  A corol formed of roundish spread-
   ing petals without claws, or with  extremely  short
   ones, as rose, apple, strawberry, &c.
5.  Papilionaceous.  A flower which consists of a
   banner, two wings and a keel,  as  pea, clover, &c.
   If a corol agrees with none of  the above descrip-
   tions it is called anomalous,             *

         Subdivisions of  the  Stamen.

1. Anther.   The  knob of the  stamen, which  con-
   tains the pollen; very conspicuous in the  lily,
   &c.
2. Pollen.  The dusty or mealy substance contain-
   ed in the anthers.
3. Filament,  That part of the  stamen which con-
   nects the anther  with the  receptacle, calyx, or
   pistil. 
systematic terminology.
13
          Subdivisions of the Pistil.

I. Stigma,  The organ which terminates the pistil;
  very conspicuous in the lily,  and hardly distin-
  guishable in the Indian corn.
2. Germ.   That part of the pistil which in  maturi-
  ty becomes the pericarp and  the seed, as in the
  cherry,  pompion.
3. Style.  That part of  the  pistil  which connects
  the stigma and the germ;- very conspicuous in
  the lily, wanting in  the tulip.

        Subdivisions of  the Pericarp.

1. Silique.  That kind  of pod which has a lon-
  gitudinal  partition, with the  seeds  attached al-
  ternately  to its opposite edges, as  radish,  cab-
  bage, &c.
2. Legume.  A pod  without a  longitudinal parti-
  tion,  with the seeds attached to  one suture only,
  as the pea, &c.
3. Capsule.  That kind of pericarp which opens
  by valves or pores and becomes  dry when ripe,
  as the  poppy, which  opens by  pores, and the
  mullein  by valves.
4. Drupe.   That  kind of pericarp which consists
  of a thick fleshy or cartilaginous coat  enclosing
  a nut or  stone, as in  the  cherry, in which it is
  said to  be berry-like, and in the walnut, where it
  is dry.  ■
5. Pome.   A pulpy pericarp without valves, which
  contains within it a capsule, as apples,  quinces,
  &c.
6. Berry.   A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds with-
  out any capsule,  as currant, grape,  cucumber,
  melon.
a 
14         systematic  terminology.

7. Strobile.  An ament with  woody  scales, as the
  fruit of the pine.

          Subdivisions of the  Seed.

1.  Cotyledon.  The thick fleshy lobes  of seeds ;
  very manifest in  beans, whose  cotyledons  grow
  out of the ground in  the form of two large su-
  culent  leaves.   Many  plants,  as Indian  corn,
  wheat, the  grasses,  &c.  have but  one  cotyle-
  don.
2. Corcle.  The rudiment of the future  plant, al-
  ways  proceeding  from the cotyledon: easily dis-
  tinguished in chesnuts, acorns, &c.
3. Tegument.  The skin or bark of seeds, it se-
  parates  from peas, beans, Indian corn,  &c. on
  boiling.
1. Hilum.  The external  mark or scar on seeds,
  by  which  they  were  affixed to their pericarp.
  In beans, and the  like, it is called the eye.

      Subdivisions of the Receptacle.

1. Proper,  That  which  belongs  to  one  flower
  only.
2. Common.   That which  connects several dis-
  tinct florets, as in the  sunflower, daisy, teasel.
3. Rachis,   The  filiform  receptacle,  connecting
  the florets in a spike, as  in Jieads of wheat.
4. Columella.  The central  column in a capsule  to
  which the seeds are attached.
5. Spadix.  An  elongated  receptacle proceeding
  from a spathe, as  Indian turnip.

       General  divisions of Flowers.

1. Simple.  Having a single flower on a receptacle,
  as in the quince, tulip, &c. 
systematic terminology.
15
2. Aggregate,   Having on  the  same  receptacle,
  several flowers, whose anthers are not united, as
  teasel, button-bush, &c.
3. Compound,  Having several florets on the same
  receptacle,  with their anthers united, as sun-
  flower, china-aster, &c.
4.  Staminate.  Having stamens  only,  as those in
  the tassels of Indian corn.
5.  Pistillate.   Having  pistils  only,  as the  ferjtile
  flower of the cucumber.
6. Perfect,   Having both stamens and pistils.

                 Inflorescence.

 The  manner  in  which Flozoers are  situated on
                     Plants.

 1.  Whorl.  In which the  flowers grow around the
   stem in rings one above another, as motherwort,
   catnip.
 2.  Raceme,  Having the florets  on short pedicels,
   arranged  along  a  general  peduncle, as cur-
   rants.
 3.  Panicle. Having some of the pedicels, along the
   general peduncle of the raceme,  divided, as in
   oats.
 4.  Thyrse.  A panicle contracted into a compact,
   somewhat ovate form, as in  lilac.
 5.  Spike,  Having  the florets  sessile, or nearly so,
   on the elongated general receptacle, as  wheat,
   mullein, &c.
 6.   Umbel.   Having   the  flower-stems  diverging
   from one  place like the  braces of an  umbrella,
   bearing florets  on  their  extremities, as  carrot,
   dill, fennel,  &c. 
16
SYSTEMATIC  TERMINOLOGY.
7. Cyme.   It  agrees  with  the  umbel in having its
  general flower-stems spring from one centre, but
  differs in having those stems irregularly subdivid-
  ed, as elder, &c.
8. Corymb.   In the corymb the  peduncles take their
  rise from different heights  along the main stem,
  but, the lower ones  being longer, they form near-
  ly a level top, as yarrow.
9. ^Fascicle.   In   general  external appearance it
  resembles the umbel, but the  foot-stalks are irre-
  gular in their origin and  subdivisions, as sweet-
  william.
10.  Head.  In this the flowers are heaped together
  in a  globular form without  peduncles, or  with
  very short ones, as clover.

              Roots and Herbage.
  The substance of Roots and  Herbage consists of:

1. Cuticle.  The   thin outside  coat of  the  bark,
  which seems to be without life, and often transpa-
  rent.  Very conspicuous  on some kinds of birch,
  cherry, currant-bushes, &c.
2. Cellular integument.   The parenchymatous sub-
  stance between  the  cuticle  and bark,  often
  green.  Easily  seen in the elder,  &c. after re-
  moving the  cuticle.
3. Bark.   The inner strong fibrous part of the
  covering of vegetables.
!. Camb.   The mucilaginous  or  gelatinous  sub-
  stance, which, in the spring of the  year, abounds
  between the bark and the wood of  trees.
'. Wood.   The most  solid  part of the trunks and
  roots of herbs and trees.
1. Pith.  The spongy substance  in the centre of
  the stems and roots of most  plants.   Large in
  fhe elder. 
           systematic terminology.          IT

Roots are the descending parts of vegetables, and
  are annual,  biennial, or perennial.   They are of
  seven kinds.

1. Branching.   Having the whole root divided into
  parts as it proceeds downwards, as the  oak, ap-
  ple-tree, &c.
2. Fibrous.  The  whole root consisting of filiform
  parts,  originating immediately  from the base of
  the stem, as many of the grasses.
3.  Creeping.   Extending  itself horizontally, and
  sending  out fibrous  radicles, as  gill-overground,
  mint, &c.
4. Spindle.  Thick at the top, and tapering down-
  ward, as carrot, parsnip, &c.
5.  Tuberous.  Roots which are  thick  and  fleshy,
  but not of any regular globular form.   They
  are knobbed, as  the potatoe; oval, as those of or-
  chis ;  abrupt, as  the  birdsfoot-violet;  or fasci-
  cled, as asparagus.
6.  Bulbous.  Fleshy  and  spherical.   They  are
  either solid, as the turnip ;  coated, as the  onion ;
  or  scaly, as the  garden lily.
7. Granulated.  Consisting of several  little knobs
  in  the  form of grains,  strung  together along
  the sides of a filiform radicle, as the wood-sor-
  rel.

Herbage  is  all  the  plant  except  the  root  and
  fructification.    It includes  stem, leaves  and ap-
  pendages.
                   Stems are,
 1.  Tidge.  The ascending herbage-bearing trunk
  or  stem of all  phenogamous plants, except the
  grasses, as the  trunk of  the oak, the grape vine,
  the mullein stalk.
                       2* 
18
systematic  terminology.
2. Culm, The stalk or stela of the grasses, as wheat-
  straw, sugar-cane, &c.
3. Scape. That kind of flower-bearing stem which
  springs immediately from the root, and is destitute
  of leaves, as  dandelion.
4. Peduncle. The flower-bearing stem which springs
  from any part of the stem or branches,  as  apple,
  cucumber, &c.
5. Petiole,  The foot-stalk of the leaf.
6. Frond, Applied entirely to cryptogamous plants.
  It includes the herbaceous, leathery, crustaceous,
  or gelatinous substance, from which the fruit is
  produced.
7. Stipe. The  stem  of a fern,  of  a  fungus,  of
  compound egret, and  of  a pericarp when ele-
  vated from the  receptacle, as of  maiden-hair;
  of a mushroom ; of a dandelion; and of spurge-
  caper.

        Leaves are evergreen or deciduous,

               Simpte leaves are,
i. Orbicular, Nearly circular, as the leaves of red
  clover, of cabbage, &c.
2. Ovate, Resembling the longitudinal section of an
  egg, the  base being  broader than the extremity.
  One of the most common forms of leaves.
3. Oval. Differing from ovate in having both ends
  equal in  breadth.
4. Oblong.  The length more  than, twice the breadth,
  and the sides somewhat parallel.
5. Obovate. Ovate  with the  narrowest end  to-
   wards  the   stem,   as  those  of  primrose  and
   daisy.
6.  Cordate,  Heart-shaped,  the  hind-lobes  being
   rounded, as lilac. 
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.
19
7. Obcordate. Cordate, with the apex or narrowest
  end towards the stem.
8.  Kidney-form.  Hollowed in at  the  base,  with
  rounded lobes and rounded ends, as mallows.
9. Lanceolate.  In the form of the ancient lance, ta-
  pering from near the base to the apex, and of some
  length, as the leaves of most of the willows, of rib-
 . wort, &c.
10. Linear.  Continuing of  the same width  through
  nearly the whole  length; usually pointed  at one
  or both ends.
11. Awl form.  Linear at  the  base, and becoming
  more or less curved at the point.
12. Awl-pointed. Any kind of leaf terminating more
  or less suddenly in a point turned towards one edge
   of the leaf.
 13. Arrow-form, Shaped like an arrow-head;  differ-
   ing from  cordate  in having  the hind-lobes more
   or less acute.
 14. Halbert-form,  Hastate.  Shaped like a halbert,
   as field sorrel, creeping snapdragon.
 15. Guitar-form, Oblong,  broadish near the base
  and contracted at the sides.
 16. Lobed.  Deeply parted, and the divisions large,
   with rounded sides or ends.
 17. Palmate. Resembling the hand with the fingers
   spread, as horse-chesnut.
 18. Pedate. Resembling a bird's foot.
 19.  Sinuate, Having  the margin hollowed  with
   deep sinuses or bays.
 20.  Pinnatifid. Divided transversely by deep inci-
   sions, not extending to the midrib.
 21. Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the  largest division at
   the apex, and diminishing from thence to the base,
   as hedge-mustard.
 22. Runcinate. Pinnatifid, with the divisions point-
   ing backwards, as dandelion. 
20
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.
23.  Serrate,  Having  sharp  notches  resembling
   saw-teeth  along  the  margin, and pointing  to-
   wards the  apex, as  those of cherry-trees,  roses,
   &c.
24.  Toothed, Having  projections from the  margin
   of its own substance, which are neither serratures,
   nor crenatures, as those of blue-bottle.
25. Crenate.  Having uniform notches on the margin
   of the leaf, which do not incline either towards
   the apex, or the base, as gill-overground.
26.  Emarginate. Notched at the termination of  the
   midrib.
27.  Retuse. Emarginate  with a shallow sinus.
28.  Obtuse. Having the apex of the leaf more or less
   rounded.
29.  Acute. Terminating in an angle, that  is  not
   rounded.

              Compound leaves are,
1. Ternate, Having three  leafets proceeding from
   the end  of one petiole.
2. Biternate.  Twice ternate ;  when  the petiole is
   ternate,  and each division bears three leafets.
3. Triternate. Three times ternate.
4. Pinnate. With distinct leafets arranged on oppo-
   site sides of the same petiole, as  locust.
5. Bipinnate. Twice pinnate.
6. Tripinnate. Thrice pinnate.
7. Interruptedly-pinnate.  Having smaller leafets dis-
   persed among the larger,  as potatoe.
              Surfaces of leaves are,
1. Hairy. Having distinct strait hairs.
2. Downy, Covered with fine cotton-like  down.
3. Silky. Covered with soft close-pressed hairs.
4. Bristly, Set with stiff  hairs. 
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.          21
5. Ciliate.  Edged with parallel hairs or bristles, re-
  sembling eye-lashes.
6. Nerved, Furnished with  midrib-like fibres run-
  ning from the base to the apex.
7.  Veined.   Having  tendinous  fibres  variously
  branched.

              Positions of leaves are,
1.  Decurrent.  When two edges of  the  leaf ex-
  tend along the stem below the place of insertion.
2. Clasping.   Sessile with the base  more or less
  heart-form, so as entirely or in part to surround
  the stem.
3. Sheathing. With the leaf prolonged down the stem,
  so  as to cover it,  in the manner of the grasses.
4.  Perfoliate.  Having the stem passing through the
  leaf.
5. Connate. Leaves opposite, with their bases united.
6.  Peltate. With the foot-stalk attached to the low-
  er side of the leaf, so as to resemble a shield.
7.  Opposite.  Standing at  the same height with base
  against base.
8.  Whorled.  Surrounding the stem  in  horizontal
  rings  or rows.
9.  Imbricate. Lying over each other like shingles on
   a roof.
 10. Fascicled.  Growing  in bunches  from the same
   point.
 11. Radical.  Proceeding immediately from the root.

                 Appendages are,
1.  Stipule, A leafet  or scale at or near the base of a
   petiole.
2.  Bract.  A leaf among  or near the flowers, differ-
   ent from the other leaves of the plant.
3.  Thorn. A sharp  process from the  woody part of
   a plant. 
22
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.
4. Prickle.  A sharp process from the bark, as those
  on raspberry bushes, &c.
5. Sting.  Hair-like  processes mostly   from  the
  leaves, as nettles.
6. Gland. A roundish, generally minute, appendage
  to different parts of plants.
7. Tendril. The filiform appendage by which climb-
  ing plants support themselves on  other  bodies.

                 NUMERALS.
  The Latin and  Greek numerals  are so frequently
compounded with other words by botanical writers,
that an English student ought to commit them to
memory, as here laid down.  Eis, Duo, Treis, ire.
are not used.
     Latin.
U'nus
Bis          twice,
Tres
Quat'uor
Quin'que
Sex
Sep'tem
Oc'to
Nov'em
Dec'em
Un'decim
Duod'ecim
Tred'ecim
Quatuor'decim
Quin'decim
Sex'decim
Septen'decim
Octo'decim
Noven'decim
Vigin'ti
Mul'tus
  Nos.        Greek.
    1   Mon'os         single.
    2  Dis            twice.
    3  Treis          thrice.
    4  Tes'sares
    5  Pen'te
    6  Hex
    7  Hep'ta
    8  Ok'to
    9  En'nea
   10  Dek'a
   11  En'deka
   12  Do'deka
   13  Deka'treis
   14  Dekates'sares  -
   16  Dekap'ente
   16  Dek'aex
   17  Deka'epta
   18  Decaok'to
   19  Decaen'nea
   20  Ei'kosi
Many  Pol'us 
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.
23
  PHYSIOLOGICAL terms, general  remarks and
directions, to be read in the following order.
  Seed, cotyledon, vitellus, albumen, tegument, hi-
lum, corcle,  plumula, rostel.   Root, bulb,  scion.
Stem, cuticle, cellular integument, bark, camb, wood,
pith, sap, vessels,  tracheae, shoot, tree, shrub, dex-
trorsum, sinistrorsum.   Leaf, bud, gemmation, leaf-
ing season.   Appendages, thorn, prickle, sting, galls.
Fructification, flower, sexus, pollen,  perfect,  imper-
fect, fovilla, fertilization, chorion, caprificalion,  hy-
brid, efflorescentia,  monstrous, florist, full-flowered,
ergot or spurred rye.   Elementary heads ; natu-
ral history, partes primariae, gentes, plant, phytolo-
gy, system, vegetable, vegetable kingdom, vegetable
substance, herbage.  Durability;  ephemerus, an-
nual, biennial, perennial, caducous,  deciduous, per-
manent,  evergreen.   Qualities;  medicinal,  qua-
lities of plants, natural orders,  sapor, poisons, poi-
sonous vegetables.  Directions ;  botanical exer-
cises, botanical garden, herbarium.   Terms;  rela-
tive proportions, synonyms, terminations, compound
 terms.  Miscellaneous;  analysis,  analogy, habit,
 ages, irritability, sleep of plants, temperature, light,
 varieties, indigenous, anomalous, phanerogamous. 
24
SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.
     LINNEAN SYSTEM OF VEGETABLES.

   All Vegetables  are  divided into twenty-two*
classes.   These classes are divided into orders.
Orders are divided into genera.  Genera  are di-
vided into species.   Species are frequently chang-
ed into varieties.  Varieties, however, are more pro-
perly within the province of the Gardener, than of
the Botanist;  at least the method of procuring va-
rieties.
  When a Botanist finds a plant which he  never saw
before, and wishes  to know its name and uses ; he
proceeds as follows.
   1. He takes the unknown flower in his hand, (no
unknown plant can  be ascertained without the flow-
er,) and compares its parts  with the description of
each class, until he finds the class to which it belongs.
  2. He then  goes  to the orders of that  class  and
finds its order in the same way.
  3. Next he  goes  to the genera of that order, and
reads their descriptions, until he finds the genus to
which  it belongs.
  4. At last he looks over the species of that genus,
until he finds the exact description of his plant,
  5. Thus he finds the  Apple to be Class  12, Or-
der 5, Genus Pyrus, Species Malus,

  * Linneus divided them into 24 classes.   But farther discoveries,
since his death have proved the classes Polyadelphia and Polygamia
to be too uncertain and variable to be any longer retained   Per-
soon, therefore, and other eminent botanists have rejected them.
See these classes in the Dictionary. 
systematic  terminology.
25
              LINNEAN CLASSES.
 1. Monan'dria, one stamen, or one sessile anther in
   the flower.
 2.  Dian'dria, 2 stamens, f)r 2 sessile anthers.
 3.  Trian'dria, 3 stamens, or 3 sessile anthers.
 4.  Tetran'dria, 4 stamens, or 4 sessile anthers.
 5.  Pentan'dria, 5 stamens, or 5 sessile anthers.
 6.  Hexan'dria, 6 stamens, or 6 sessile anthers.
 7.  tfEr-TAN'DRiA, 7 stamens, or 7 sessile  anthers.
 8.  Octan'dria, 8 stamens,  or 8 sessile anthers.
 9.  Ennean'dria, 9 stamens, or 9 sessile anthers.
10.  Decan'dria, 10 stamens, or 10 sessile anthers.
11.  Dodecan'dria, 12tol 9 stamens or sessile anthers.
12.  Icosan'dria, about 20, or more, standing on the
   calyx.
13.  Polyan'drja, always 20 or more, on the recep-
    tacle.
14.  Didyna'mia, 4 stamens,  2 of them uniformly the
    longest.
15.  Tetradyna'mia, 6 stamens, 4 of them uniformly
    the longest.
16.  Monadei/phia, stamens united  by their  fila-
    ments in one set, anthers remaining separate.
17.  Diadel'phia, stamens united by their filaments
    in two sets, (sometimes in one set,) flowers papi-
    lionaceous.
18.  Syngene'sia, stamens 5, united by their anthers
    in one set, flowers  compound.
19.  Gynan'dria stamens, stand  on the germ, style,
    or stigma, separate from the base of  the calyx
    and corol.
20. Monoe'cia, stamens and pistils in separate flow-
    ers, on the same plant.
21. Dice'cia, stamens and pistils on separate plants.
22. Cryptoga'mi a, stamens and pistils so obscure that
    the plants can only be classed by natural families.
                       3 
                                                              K3
ORDERS OF  EACH  CLASS.                                   ^
         1st.
Class 1  Mon.
     2  Mon.
     3  Mon.
     4  Mon.
     5  Mon.
     6  Mon.
     7  Mon.
     8  Mon.
     9  Mon.
    10  Mon.
    11  Mon.
    12  Mon.
    13  Mon.
    14  Gym.
    15  Silic.
    16  -----
    17  -----
    18  JEq.      Sup.      Frus.      Nee.     Seg.------------------------------
    19  Mon.     Dia.-----------------Pen.      Hex.-----------------------
    20  Mon.     Dia.      Tri.       Tet     Pen.      Hex.--------------Pol.  Mon.
    21  -------- Dia.      Tri.       Tet.     Pen.      Hex.   ---- Oct. ---- Pol.  Mon.
    22  Filices.   Musci.    Hepaticae. Algae.   Lichenes. Fungi.-----------------------
Note.  The numbers at the head of this page are used to  express the orders directly  under them. 
systematic  terminology.
27
EXPLANATIONS  FOR  THE  PRECEDING PAGE.

Mon. Monogynia, 1 style, or 1 sessile stigma.
Dig. Digynia, 2 styles, &c.
Tri. Trigynia, 3 styles,  &c.
Tet. Tetragynia, 4 styles, &c.
Pen.  Pentagynia, 5 styles, &c.
Hex. Hexagynia,  6 styles, &c.
Hep. Heptagynia, 7 styles, &c.
Dec. Decagynia,  10 styles, &c.
Pol. Polygynia, more than 10 styles, &c.
Gym. Gymnospermia, seeds  naked.
Aug. Angiospermia, seeds in capsules.
Silic. Siliculosa,  having pods whose length  and breadth
     are nearly  equal.
Siliq. Siliquosa, having pods whose lengths are more than
     double their breadths.
   In the 16th,  17th, 19th, 20th, 21st classes, the names
and characters of preceding classes, are taken for orders.
In which, Mon. Monandria.   Dia. Diandria.  Tri.  Tri-
andria.    Tet.   Tetrandria.    Pen.  Pentandria.  Hex.
Hexandria.   Oct.  Octandria.   Dec.  Decandria.  Pol.
Polyandria.  Mon. Monadelphia.
   In the 18th class.  I. Mq. Polygamia iEqualis.   2.
Sup.  Polygamia  Superflua.   3.  Frus. Polygamia Frus-
tranea.   4. Nee. Polygamia Necessaria.   5. Seg. Poly-
gamia Segregata.
   The  1st order in  the 18th class  is distinguished  by
having all the fiorets perfect.  The 2d, by having those
of the disk perfect, while those of the ray are pistillate.
The 3d, by having those of the disk perfect, while those
of the ray are neutral.  The 4th, by having those of the
disk staminate,  while  those of the  ray are  pistillate.
The 5th, by having  the florets all perfect,  while each
floret has a perianth of its own.
   In the 22d class, the orders  are  distinguished by na-
tural family characters.   1. Filices,  (ferns)  which bear
fruit on  the back of the leaves, or in which some part
of the leaves seem as  it were  metamorphosed into a 
 28          systematic  terminology.

kind of fruit-bearing-spike.  The appendix to thisoruet
include* the  Pterioides,  which bear fruit on a peculiar
appendage.   2.  .Musci,  (mosses) which  bear,  on leafy
sterns and branches, one-celled capsules, opening at the
top, where they are covered by a peculiar lid.   3.  He-
paticae, (liverworts) which bear, on herbaceous  fronds,
four-celled capsules opening with four valves.   4. Algae,
(seaweeds, &c.) which  bear in an  aquatic or gelatinous
frond,  vesiculous or filamentous fruit.   5.  Lickenes, (li-
chens) which bear fruit, on fibrous,  compact or gelati-
nous fronds ;  contained in clefts, spangles, puffs, buttons,
tubercles, hollows, cellules, globules, shields, targets,
orbs, or knobs.   6.  Fungi,  (mushroom,  &c.) which are
destitute  of  herbage, consisting of  a spongy,  pulpy,
leathery, or woody  substance, and bear fruit  in a naked
dilated membrane, or within the substance of the plant. 
A
BOTANICAL  DICTIONARY.
Latin names are printed in Italics.  But when the Latin
  and English differ only in a terminal letter or two, the
  Latin  is often  omitted.  The orders are in Italic
  CAPITALS, and the classes  in Roman CAPITALS.


                      A,
Abbre'viated pe'rianth.  Shorter in  proportion to
  its breadth, than is generally observed in other
  plants.
Abbrevia'tions.  Although  any botanist may em-
  ploy such abbreviations as best suit his purpose,
  by explaining their import; yet the following are
  in such general use, that it is convenient to know
them:	
Rad. root.	Fr. fruit.
Fol. leaf.	Ph. leafet of calyx, or leaf.
Stip. stipule.	Per. Pericarp.
Flo. flower.	Mas. staminate flower.
Cal. calyx.	Fern, pistillate flower.
Cor. corol.	Neu. neutral flower.
Pet. Petal.	Her. perfect flower.
Stam. stamen.	O annual.
Fil. filament.	t biennial.
Anth. anther.	U perennial.
Pist. pistil.	h woody.
Stig. stigma.	3*
 
30
A C 1
     Words which  are numerical are expressed by
   figures : as quadrifid, 4-cleft; quinquefid, 5-cleft;
   quinquangular, 5-angled, &c.
     Two Latin words are often contracted into one,
   as incurtus for introrsum curvus.
 Abbreviatus.  See  abbreviated,
 Abor'tiens.  See abortive.
 Abor'tive flower.  Not arriving to perfection; the
   proof of which is the want of perfect seed.
 —^— seed.  Not increasing, or not becoming perfect
   for want of  the reception of pollen by way of the
   stigma.
 ----pistil.   Defective in its external form.
 ----stamens.  Not furnished with anthers ; or  with
   those  which  have no opening  cells, or which
   are mere sketches or rudiments of anthers.
 Abrupt' leaf.  A pinnate leaf, which has  not an  odd,
   or terminal  leafet.
    - root.   Appearing as if bitten off;, as  bird-foot
   violet.
 Abrup'le,  Abruptly.   See abrupt*
 Acatyc'intts.  Without a calyx.
 Acau'lis. «See stemless.
 Ac'cessorv.   Additional.  Annexed and  of a differ-
   ent kind, when applied to the border, &c. of the
   receptacle of a l;chen.
 Acero'se  leaf.  Needle-form.  Generally  inserted
   on the sides of branches, as in the pines.
 Acero'sus.   See acerose.
 Acicula'ris.  Form of a small needle.
 Acinac'iform  leaf.   Sabre-form.   One  edge sharp
   and convex, the  other thicker and  strait or  con-
   cave.  Cutlass-form.
Acinacifor'mis.   See acinaciform.
 Ac'ine.   One  of the  little  globules constituting a
   compound berry  ; as the raspberry.
 ic'inus.  See acine. 
A Q U                 31
Acotyled'onous plants.   Having no cotyledons, or
  seed-lobes :  and consequently no seminal leaves.
  See Cotyledon and Seed-leaves.
Aculea'tus.   See prickly.
Acu'leus.  See prickle.       «
Acu'minate.   When the leaf, calyx, &c. terminate
  suddenly in  a point, which is more or less curved
  towards one edge of the leaf.
Acumina'tus.   Awl-pointed.   See acuminate.
Acutangula'ris.  Sharp-cornered.
Acu'te.  Any part of a plant terminating without a
  curved, or rounded termination.  An obtuse angle
  or any other  angle  in  mathematics, is acute in
  botanical language.
Acu'te.  Acutely. As acute-dentatus, sharply toothed.
Acutius'cuius.  Acutish.  That is, the  apex, corner,
   &c. is hardly rounded so as to be called obtuse, and
   is rather too nearly round to be denominated acute.
   The termination ish as a diminutive  is  now suffi-
   ciently authorised by President Smith, and others.
Adna'te.  Adhering.   Any two or more  parts of a
   plant being attached to each other, in cases where
   analogous parts are separate in other plants.  As
   the bulbous offsets of Daffodil.  The  stipule in
   some cases  is detached from the petiole, in others
   it is adnate, &c.
Adna'tus.  Growing together.  See adnate.
Adpres'sus.  See appressed.
Adscen'dens.  See ascending.
Ad'verse leaf.  Presenting  its upper surface to the
   sun.   One  edge presented towards the stem.
JEQUA'LIS POLYGAMIA.  The 1st order of the
   class Syngenesia.  The florets of the disk and of
   the ray are all  perfect.   Examples; Leontodon,
   (dandelion) Lactuca  (lettuce) Hieracium (hawk-
   ^eed) Arctium (Burdock) Eupatorium (boneset.) 
32
AGE
AZquival'vis.   Valves of  a capsule equal  among
  themselves.  It is also  applied to valves (chaffs)
  of a glume calyx.
JErugino'sus.  Light bluish green, verdigris colour.
JEslivcitio.  Summer residence.   See Estivation.
Estiva'tion.  The manner in which petals lie in the
  flower-bud, before it opens.   1.  Convolute, petals
  rolled all one way like  a roll of paper or cloth.
  2. Imbricate, petals lying over each other so  as to
  break joints, like shingles on a roof.  3. Condupli-
  cate, each petal having its edges rolled in, till the
  two opposite rolls meet on the midrib.  4. Valvale,
  when, just before they open, they stand like the
  husks of an ear of Indian corn.  5. Unequal-valved,
  when the petals differ in size.
Affi'nis,   Having relation, or affinity, to something
  supposed to be previously known.
Aga'mia.  (a without, gamia matrimony,) Necker's
  name for the class cryptogamia.
A'ges of plants.   Some plants spring   up, flower,
  ripen seed, and die in a few hours or a day, which
  are called ephemeral.  Others live a  few months,
  or a  summer, which are called  annual.  Others
  spring up in one summer and  ripen  and die the
  next,  which are called biennial.  Others live an in-
  definite  period,  either with the  whole stem  and
  branches, or only by the root,  which are called
  perennial.
    The ages of trees may be known by counting
  the concentric rings, or  grains.  Our author, Ri-
  chard, supposes  that trees  have three ages.   1.
  The age of increase, or  growth.  2.  The age of
  maturity, when there is no increase.  3. The age
  of decay.   But is there not sufficient proof, that
  all trees, while in a living state, continue to deposit
  new layers of wood every year? If so, the age of
  maturity must be rejected. 
A  L G
33
Ag'gregate.   Many springing from the same point
  or from the same receptacle.  Sometimes this term
  is rather loosely applied to heaps or bundles.
     Aggregate flowers are those where several stand
  on the  same receptacle without united anthers.
  •These flowers have rarely any inclination to yel-
  low colour like compound flowers; but are  blue,
  purple, or white.  See Smith, page 308.
Ai'grette, Egret.  The flying, feathery or hairy
  crown of seeds ; as the down of  thistles and dan-
  delions.   It includes whatever remains on the top
  of the seed after the corol is removed.
---- stiped (stipulatus) when it is supported on a
  foot-stem.                                  ..
----simple (simplex) when  it consists of a bundle
  of simple hairs, without branches.
----plumose (plumosus) when each hair  has  other
  little hairs arranged along its sides, like the beards
  on a feather.
----membranous, thin transparent leaves.
     Martyn recommends this term under the word
  pappus; Barton adopts it, and Ives  approves.
  On these authorities, it is introduced  here  from
  the French botanists.
 Ai'gretted.   Bearing egret.
 A'la.  See wing.
 Ala'ted, Ala'tus.  Having wings.
 Albicans.  Whitish, growing white.
 Albu'men.  The farinaceous, fleshy, or horny sub-
    stance, which constitutes  the chief bulk of mono-
    cotylcdonous seeds; as wheat, r>e, &r.   bmith
    says they  are more properly seeds without any
    cotyledons.
 Alburnum.  See Aubier.
 AllGJE.  The fourth order of the  class cryptoga-
    mia; containing those sea-weeds  and aquatics of 
34                  A M E
   fresh waters, which are apparently mere pellicles
   or membranes ; or branching leaves with  bubbles
   along their substance; or mere formless fibres in
   appearance.   The definition of this order is :  The
  fruit is  vesiculous or filamentous, in an aquatic or
   gelatinous frond.
     Linneus comprised the  plants of the orders
   Hepaticae and Lichenes under this order.
A'lienated.  When the first organs, as the stamens,
   leaves,  &c. give place to others different from the
   natural habit of the plant.
Al'fine.  Growing  most naturally on high moun-
   tains.
Alter'nate.   Branches, leaves,  flowers, &c.  are
   alternate, when arranged upon  opposite sides of
   the stem,  or  whatever supports  them ; beginning
   at different distances from its base, and continuing
   in nearly  equal series.   Sometimes they are  in 3
   series.
Alternating.   When one organ is arranged alter-
   nately respecting another; as the stamens, in the
   first ten classes, mostly alternate with the  petals,
   or divisions of petals.
Alter'ne pinna'ta.  Alternately pinnate.
Alve'olate receptacle.  Having  cells so as to re-
   semble  a  honey-comb, with  more or less  of each
   seed imbedded in it.
Alveola'tus.   See alveolate.
A'ment.  An assemblage  of  small  flower-bearing
   scales,  which serve as lateral   calyces.   These
   are  arranged along  a  kind  of  rachis, and each
   encloses either the stamens or pistils  of flowers,
   if not abortive.   The pine,  willow, oak, chesnut,
   walnut and nettles are good  examples.
Amenta'ceus.  Growing in aments, amentaceous.
Amentum.   See ament. 
A  N G
«iJ
Amplexicau'lis.   See clasping.
Am'plius.   Enlarged, abundant.
Ampul'lus.   See utriculus.
Anal'ogy.   In  botany, it is frequently necessary to
  reason from  analogy.   That is,  after becoming
  acquainted with those organs which usually ac-
  company each other,  if we discover one of them
  in analysing  plants,  we frequently  assume  the
  existence of others when  the  latter are too  mi-
  nute for  inspection.  This  principle becomes in-
  dispensable in most cryptogamous plants.
Anal'ysis.   To analyse a plant botanically, is to
  search out the number, form, position, &c. of its
  organs, as they exist in a natural state.   But to
  analyse chemically, the parts must be decomposed,
  combined with tests, &c.
An'ceps,  See ancipital,
Ancip'ital.  Two-edged.   Having two opposite
  edges or angles.
Androg'ynous plants.   Bearing staminate and pis-
  tillate flowers on the same root without any per-
  fect ones ; as the Indian corn.
---- spike, has both staminate and pistillate flowers
  distinct on different parts of it.
----flower,  has stamens or pistils only,  and is  on
  the same plant with other flowers having different
  organs from itself.
Androg'ynus.  See androgynous.
Anfrac'tuous.   Winding inwards by angular turn-
  ings.
Angiocar'pus.   Fungi bearing seeds internally.
ANGIOSPER'MIA.  The second order of the class
  didynamia.   The seeds are inclosed in  a capsule.
  (Aggos capsule, sperma seed.) Antirrhinum (snap-
  dragon.)   Scrophularia (fig-wort.)  Pedicularis
  (louse-wort) are examples. 
36
APE
An'gular.  By means of intervening grooves,  the
  stems, calyces, capsules,  &c. often have ridges
  running lengthwise, which give them this appel-
  lation.  Sometimes the angles project considera-
  bly ;  particularly the  side-points  or projections
  of leaves, which are also called angles.
Angula'tus.   See angular.
Angustifol'ius.  Narrow leaved.
An'notine.   Of one year.
Annual.  Which springs up, perfects fruit, and dies,
  in the same year.   The herbage is often annual
  with a perennial root.   But the root is always in-
  tended, unless the other parts be particularly men-
  tioned.
Annula'tus.   Having  a ring around the capsules in
  ferns ; or a fungus with a ringed stipe.  See ring.
An'nulus.   See ring.
An'nuus.  See annual.
Anom'alous.  {a without, nomos law.)  Whatever
  forms an exception to the  assumed  rules or  sys-
  tems.   In the attempts of old botanists at natural
  arrangement, many  plants were necessarily thrown
  into anomalous classes.
An'ther.   The essential part of the stamen ; being
  composed of one or more delicate capsules, con-
  taining a powdery  or glutinous  substance called
  pollen.
     The  forms of anthers  are frequently used in
  generic and specific descriptions.   For these, see
  the several forms of leaves, &c. under the respec-
  tive terms.
Antherid'ium.   Used by Nuttall for the cell of an
  anther.
Antherif'erous, Antherifera.  Flowers bearing ses-
  sile anthers ; that is, anthers without filaments.
Antho'dium.   See perianth calyx.
Aper'tio.  See blooming. 
ARC
37
 Apet'alous.  A flower without a corol.   See sta-
  mineus.
 Ap'ex.   The tip or end.
 Aphyl'lous.  Leafless.
 Apicula'tum. Covered with fleshy, erect, short points.
 Apoph'ysis.  A process from the base of the theca of
  mosses.
 Apothe'cium.  The  receptacle of lichens, being the
  part whereon the  seeds are  formed and ripened.
  The saucer-form cups on those greenish leathery
  scabs on fences  and stones, are examples.  See
  Border of Lichens.
 Appen'dage.  See fulcrum.
 Appendic'ulate. Appendaged.  Having something
  attached to a leaf, corol, &c. as a  wing on a peti-
  ole, a  nectary at the end of  a petal as in  some
  species of Polygala, &c.
 Appen'dicule.  Appendiculate.  Nutt.
 Appres'sed.  -Closely pressed; as leaves against
  the stem, &c.
 Approximate.  Growing near each other, or near
  to a different part.
 Ap'terous.  Without wings.
 Aqu at ic   Growing most naturally in or near water.
 Arachnoi'deus,  Covered with interwoven  hairs, so
  as to resemble a spider's web.
 Araneo'sus.  See arachnoideus.
 Ar'bor,   See tree.
 Arbo'reous.  Tree-like ; not bushy or shrubby.
 Arbores'cent.  Becoming woody when approach-
  ing  maturity.
 Arbus'cuta,  See suffrutex.
 Arbusti'vus.  Bush-like.
 Arch'ed.  Curving above.   See vaulted.
 Ar'cuate, Arcua'lus. Bent like a bow.  See bowed.
Arcua'tim.   Archwise.
                          4 
38                  ASP
Arena'rius.  Growing in sand.
Areola'tus,  Raised a little so as to resemble a gar-
  den-bed.
Argen'teus.  Silver-coloured.
Argu'tus.   See sharp.
Argyroc'omus.  Silky and silvery white.
Ar'id, A'ridus.  Dry and rough.
Aril, Aril'lus.  The outer coat of a seed, which, not
  contracting with it in ripening, falls off.   Scopoli
  calls it Theca, but this name is now exclusively
  appropriated to the capsule of mosses.
Aris'tate, Aris'ta and Arista'tus.   See awn and
  awned.
Arms.  The spines and prickles of  plants.
Aromat'icus.  Aromatic, sweet scented.
Ar'row-form.  Shaped like an arrow-head.  It dif-
  fers from heart-form in having the side-lobes acute.
Artic'ulus.  See joint.
Artic'ulated.  Jointed ; which see.
Articula'te.  Jointedly.
Artificial Arra'ngement. The bringing together
  of many plants  under one head by the number,
  figure, situation, connection, and proportion of as-
  sumed parts, without any regard to their natural
  affinities.  Such is the Linnean artificial system.
  It is absolutely essential in  finding out unknown
  plants.  Then  his Natural orders and those of
  Jussieu, bring us  back  to the natural affinities.
  See Natural Orders.
Arundina'ceus.  Resembling reeds.
Arven'sis.  Growing in cultivated fields.
Ascen'ding,  Rising gradually between a horizontal
  and vertical position.
Ascid'ium.  Bottle-form leaf or appendage ; as on
  the Sarracenia,
A Operate, As'per.  See rugged. 
A  X I                  39
Asperifol'ius,   Rough-leaved.
Assur'gent, Assur'gens,  Rising in a curve from a
  declined base.
Asti'ped.  Pappus or a  fungus  without a stem, or
  stipe.
Atropurpu'reus,  Dark Purple.                 "   v
Attenuated, Attenua'tus.   Tapering gradually till '<
  it becomes slender.
Au'bier.   Sap-wood, the last year's deposit.
Auc'tus cal'yx.  Having an outer row of leafets; as
  the Dandelion.
Ave'nium.  Veinless.
Auranti'acus.   Orange-coloured.
Aure'us.   Gold-coloured.
Auricula'tus, or auri'tus.  See eared.
Autumna'lis.  Coming to maturity in autumn.
Autumna'tio.   The effect of autumn on plants.
Awl'-form.   Linear at, and adjoining,  the  base;
   and becoming sharp and more or less curved to
   one side at the point.
 Awl'-pointed.  Acuminate.
 Awn.  A short slender process, or stiff beard, pro-
   ceeding from the top or back  of glumes, or chaff.
   Processes  resembling  awns  are  called by  this
   name, which proceed from anthers or any other
   parts  of vegetables.
 Awn'ed.  Having awns.
 Awn'less.  Without  awns; sometimes it means a
   blunt pointless awn.
 Ax'e-form.   Nearly cylindric towards the base, with
   one side projecting towards the end; which pro-
   jection is sharp-edged.
 Axil.  The arm-pit. Applied to vegetables, it means
   the angle formed by the meeting of  a leaf or pe-
   tiole  with the stem, or of a branch with the main
    stem. 
40
BEL
Ax'illary.   Any thing growing from the axils.
Azu'reus,   See Coeruleus.


                      B.

Bac'ca.  See berry.
Baccif'erus.  Berry-bearing.
Baccil'lum.   Pedicel of lichens.
Ba'dius.   Liver-brown.
Ban'ner.   The upper petal  in  a papilionaceous.
  flower.
Barb.  A strait process  armed with teeth pointing
  backwards.
Bar'ba,  See beard.
Barba'ius,   See bearded.
Bark.  Properly the inner strong fibrous part of the
  covering of vegetables.  But in a more extended
  sense it includes also the  cuticle and cellular in-
  tegument ; which see.  Also see cortex.
HJar'ren.   Producing no ripe seed.  See staminate,
  neutral and abortive.
Bas'is.  Base.  The part of a stem, leaf, flower, &c.
  nearest  to the place  through which it derives its
  nutriment.
Beak'ed.   Terminated by a process, formed like a
  bird's bill.
Beard.  Parallel hairs. It is applied to the filamen-
  tous nectaries on the petals  of Iris.   The lower
  lips of ringen! corols are sometimes called beard.
Be'ardless.  Destitute of beard.
Bell'foum.   Swelling out at  the base and without
  a tube.   Properly applied to monopetalous corols
  only; but it  is  frequently extended  to liliaceous
  flowers,  and some others.
Bel'lying.  See Ventricose. 
                     BIN                   41

Berry.  A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds without
  covering them with capsules, or themselves ever
  splitting  into valves.  As currant, grape, cucum-
  bers, gourd, orange.  Raspberries are compound
  berries;  being  made up of an  assemblage  of
  smaller berries or globules, called acines,
Bib'ulus.   Sucking water.
Bicap'sular.  Two capsules to one flower.
Bicor'nis.   Anthers with two  horns, or two horn-
  form processes.
Bicus'pidate.  Having two lengthened points, each
  terminated with a small bristle.
Bid'ens.  Having two teeth.
Bien'nial.   Springing up  one summer,  flowering
  and dying the next, as wheat.
Bifa'rius.   Facing two ways,  presenting two oppo-
  site series.
Bif'erous.   Bearing twice in  a year.   Common in
  hot climates.
Bi'fid.   Two cleft, split into two divisions.
Bif'idus.  Bifid.
Bifio'rus.  See two flowered.
Bif'orus.  Having two openings or holes.
Bifurca'tus or Bifur'cus.  Forked.
Bigem'inate.  Twin-forked.   Having a forked stem
  with two leaves on each part.
Biglan'dulous.   Having two  glands.
Bij'ugous.   A pinnate leaf with two pairs  of leaves
  on each part.
Bila'biate.  Corol  with  two lips;  as in most of the
  class didynamia.
Bilam'ellate.  Composed of two  lamellae; it  ap-
  plies to a flattened stigma split lengthwise.
Bilo'bate.   Divided into two lobes.
Biloc'ular.   Two-celled.
Bi'nate.  Two standing up together on the top of 
42
B O R
  one stalk.  If they spread out horizontally, they
  are called conjugate.
Biner'vis.   Two-nerved.
Sipart'ible, or  Bipar'tile.  Naturally  divisible
  into two parts.
Biparti'lus.  Divided into  two parts  to the base,
  but still remaining in one piece; as the petals of
  stellaria.
Bipin'nate. Doubly pinnate.  The general petiole
  with a second range,  bearing pinnate leafets ar-
  ranged each side of them.
Bipinnat'ifid.   Doubly pinnatifid.   When the di-
  visions of a pinnatifid leaf are cut in, or pinnatifid
  again.
Biros'trate.   Having two beaks.
Biseria'lis.  See Lamella.
Bistri'ate.  Having two slender lines.
Bisul'cal.  Having two furrows or grooves.
Biter'nate.  Doubly-ternate.  When  the  petiole
  is ternate, and each division of it has three leaf-
  ets.
Bi'valve.  When a  capsule is composed of two
  pieces, or valves; or when  the glume  calyx of
  grass, &c. consists of two chaffs, or husks.
Bivascula'ris. With two horn-form or cup-form cells.
Blis'tered.  See bullate.
Bloom'ing.  The precise time when all parts of the
  flower are completely developed.
Blos'som.  The corol.
Blunt.   Round-obtuse. -
Boat'-form.  Hollowed one side  with a compress-
  ed longitudinal ridge on the opposite  side.
Bole.  The naked trunk of a tree.
Bor'der in Lichens.   The  edging of  their recep-
  tacles  (apothecium.)   It is proper, when of the
  same substance and colour of the receptacle.   It 
BOT                  43
  is accessory, when of a different substance  or co-
  lour from the disk of the receptacle.
Bor'der of corols, leaves, funguses, &c. The spread-
  ing brim.
----tennis.  Thin border of a fungus.
----colorata.  Coloured border.
----equalis.  When  the stem of a fungus is in the
  centre.
----crassa.   Thick border, &c.
Bos'sed.  Bunched up  in the centre; as in some
  agarics,
Bot'any.   (Botane, an herb.)   The science  which,
  by the  aid of systematic  arrangement, enables
  us;  1st, to find out  the name of any plant before
  unknown  to us; 2,  to ascertain its general  medi-
  cal and economical uses.   Whether the physiolo-
  gy of vegetation is strictly a part of the science
  of Botany or of Natural Philosophy, we will leave
  to school-men to decide.
     Though Materia Medica comes not under this
  head, no one can study it with satisfaction to him-
  self without a knowledge of botany.
 Botan'ical Exercises.   Learners should be exer-
  cised in the application of botanical  terms, after
   having  committed to  memory the  elementary
   names and definitions, or the grammar of botany.
   This should be done by question and  answer  as
   follows.
     Let each pupil have a specimen of some com-
   mon simple flower.  The teacher must point to
   each part of it and ask its name; to which the pu-
   pil must answer from these definitions.  After the
   application of the  names of the various parts of
   fructification  is understood, all the other parts of
   plants must be attended to in the same manner.
   In a few  weeks, the  pupils may enter upon that 
14                  BOT
  practical part of the science, which leads to the
  discovery of the names of plants.  Exercises in
  that part should be repeated in the following man-
  ner, with every plant, which  pupils can procure.
    Common apple flower.
  Teacher. To what class does it belong ?
  Pupil. Icosandria.
  T.  Why?
  P.  It has 20 or more stamens fixed on the calyx.
  T.  To what order does it belong ?
  P.  Pentagynia.
  T.  Why?
  P.  It has 5 styles.
  71  To what genus does it belong ?
  P.  Pyrus.
  T.  Why?
  P.  It has a 5-cleft superior calyx ; corol 5-petall-
    ed ; pome 5-celled ;  each cell about 2-seeded.
  T.  What species is  it ?
  P.  Malus.
  T.  Why?
  P.  The  flowers are in sessile  umbels;  leaves
    ovate, serrate.
  T.  What are its qualities ?
  P. It belongs to the Natural order Pomaceae, which
    contains mostly refrigerants.   See  Nat. Ord.
    It will be  perceived, that a suitable system de-
  scribing the  plants of the  country where pupils
  are taught, is essential.
    Though the lecturer's chair is a more dignified
  place than that of one in such a schoolmaster-like
  employment; yet the pupils will derive  more be-
  nefit from a  season spent in this way, and in col-
  lecting and preserving plants, than from half a do-
  zen courses of formal lectures.   See herbarium.
Botan'ical Garden.  A few rods of ground enclos* 
B  R I
45
  ed, comprising the border of an old garden or rub-
  bish  ground,  will produce many species of wild
  native plants.   If to  this be added  all the wild
  roots which show a little herbage in April, as well
  as the wild shrubs in  the neighbouring woods; a
  very amusing and instructive wild botanic garden
  in miniature may be had, containing two or three
  hundred species of plants, at a very cheap rate.
Botan'ical names of plants.  They should always
  have a Latin termination, in  order to be equally
  convenient for all nations.
Bot'rus.  A cluster, like grapes.
Bough.  See branch.
Bow'ed.  Curved over downwards.
Bowl'-form.  About half of a hollow sphere.
Brac'hiate.   Branches nearly horizontal and de-
  cussate.
Brach'ium.   See Measures.
Bract. Brae'tea.   Floral leaf.   A leaf near  or
  among flowers,  which differs in shape, or colour,
  or both, from the other leaves of the plant; as on
  the bass-wood, (lilia.)
Bractea'tus.   Bracted, having bracts.
Bracteifor'mis.   ResetrK.ng bri-■"♦s.
Branch.  A division d the main:,  n, or main root.
Branch'ed.  ,Divided   ».■'') bram .; >s.   Applied to
   roots of trees.
Branch-leaves.   Leaves £.">v wig on branches.
Branch'let.  Subdivision »»t a branch ; a twig.
Branch-pe'duncle.  A peduncle  proceeding from
   a branch.
Brev'is.  Short.
Brevis'simus.  Very short.
Brist'les.   Very stiff hairs.  They are simple or
   hooked.
Brist'le-form.   Nearly  proportioned  to a bristle
   in length and breadth. 
46
BUT
Brist'ly.  Set with  bristles.
Bruma'lis.   See Hyemalis.
Brun'neus.   Brown, dusky, dun.
Bud.   The  winter residence of leaves and flowers.
  Generally wanting in hot countries.   They  are
  defended  by imbricate scales and mostly by  a
  clammy glutinous substance also.  They are :
    1.  Leaf bearing.  Which are more slender and
  sharp.
    2.  Flow'er-bearing.  Which are thicker, not so
  hard nor so sharp.
    3.  Leaf and Flow'er-bearing.  Which are gene-
  rally smaller than either of the other kinds.  See
  foliation.
Bulb.   Bulbus.  Bulbous  roots.   Though  we call
  the turnip, the onion,  &c.  roots, they are strictly
  buds;  or the winter residence of the future plants.
  Some bulbs are borne above ground, as on seve-
  ral species of onion, (allium.)
Bulbif'erous.  Producing bulbs above ground.
Bulbo'sus.   Bulbous.  Growing  from bulbs.
Bulb'ous root.  Fleshy and spherical.
Bul'bulus.  Small lateral bulbs shooting from larger
  ones.
Bul'late.   Raised in bunches or blisters ; as when
  the  parenchymatous substance of a leaf rises up
  between the veins.
Bundle.  See fascicle.
But'terfly-form.  See papilionaceous.
But'tons, Tri'cce. That kind of receptacle of lichens
  which when magnified resembles a  coiled horse-
  hair.   They are roundish,  sessile, unexpanding,
  compact, black, and solid ;  continued  along their
  whole surface.  Upper side they are in concentric,
  or coiled, plaited and twisted folds ; covered every
  where with the same membrane;  containing seeds
  without cells, or cases.   Smith. 
C  A L
47
                       c.

Cadu'cous.  Any part of a plant is caducous, which
   falls off earlier, compared with other parts of the
   same plant, than is usual for similar parts in most
   plants.  As the calyx of the poppy falls off before
   the corol is hardly expanded.
Cozru'leo-purpur'eus.  Blue-purple, violet colour.
Cozrii'leus.  Blue.
Ca'sius.   Sky-blue, pale-blue.
Ces'pitose.  Turfy. Several plants growing toge-
   ther, or from the  same root, forming a turf.
Cal'amus.   Reed-like.
Cal'car.   A conic spur.   See Spur.
Cal'carate.  See spurred.
Calic'iform.   See Calyciform.
Calic'ulate,  Calicula'tus.   Having a smaller outer
   calyx.   See auctus.
Ca'lix.   See Calyx.
Calyc'iform.  Resembling a perianth calyx.
Ca'lycine.   Appertaining to a calyx.
Calyc'inus or Calic'inus.   See Calycine.
Ca'lycle.  The outer calyx-like  part of the crown
   of some seeds.  Also  see auctus.
Ca'lycled.  See auctus.
Calyc'ulus.  See calycle.
Calyp'tra.   Calyptre, or veil.  The cap or hood of
   pistillate mosses; resembling in form and position
   an extinguisher  set on a candle.  It is  ranked
   among calyxes, and so used in  descriptions.   But
   in reality it is the corol closed ; which after being
   detached at the base like other corols, its form still
   keeps it on the capsule a while.   See viIlose,also
   Perichalium, which is the true calyx of mosses.
Cetlyptra'tus.   Having a calyptre. 
84
CAM
Ca'lyx.   (Kalux, Gr.)   That/floral organ,  which
  proceeds  from the germ, receptacle,  or  pedun-
  cle, below all the other organs.  It  is generally
  green ;  or, in botanical  language, not coloured.
  When the calyx  or corol is  wanting,  it  is often
  difficult to determine  which is present.  Our au-
  thor, Richard, says:  when but one is  present, it
  ought  always to be called the calyx.  But as no
  one can change the language of botanists, which
  is already  adopted in descriptions of  plants, we
  must endeavour to understand it as it is.
     If the stamens alternate with the leafets  or divi-
  sions, Linneus calls it a corol;  and if the stamens
  stand opposite to the  leafets or divisions, he calls
  it a calyx, without regarding the colour  or tex-
  ture.   Where the stamens are numerous, this rule
  cannot apply; neither has  Linneus made it ne-
  cessary in his descriptions.
     Wilidenow's rule.  The Calyx is hardly as long
  as the stamen ; the corol quite as long  or longer ;
  the calyx green and firm ; the corol coloured and
  tender.   This rule is to apply where but one of the
  organs  is  present; and  he allows a few  excep-
  tions to this.
----double.  When one calyx is outside  of ano-
  ther ; as in the holly-hock, (althea.)
----common.  When one calyx includes many flo*
  rets, as the thistle.
----proper.  When florets, included  in  a  general
  calyx, have calyxes of their own.
     There are  seven kinds of calyx :  1. Perianth.
  2. Involucre.   3. Spathe.  4. Glume.  5.  Ament.
  6. C»l«-rptre.   7. Volva.   See  each.
Camb, t" n'bium   Du  Hamel's name  for the mu-
  cilagiin■" s  or gf latinous substance between the
  wood ana bark. 
CAP                  49
   At the time of the year'when the camb is most
 abundant, many farmers in North America have
 peeled off all the bark from the body of bark-bound
 apple-trees ;  it  is  soon replaced,  especially if
 carefully wound up in swingling-tow, &c.   But
 the slightest  scratch upon the camb will cause a
 large opening in the new bark, and  leave a large
 spot of dry dead wood.  The same is always ob-
 served in the operation of inoculating trees.
    Every one, who is accustomed to observe Ame-
 rican forest trees, has  frequently seen trees which
 are injured by the  frequent fires in the woods,
 whose whole bole is totally dead,  leaving a mere
 thin sheet alive next to the bark, on the side op-
 posite the course of the fire; and still these trees
  continue to grow, flourish and bear fruit as usual.
  Then if all outside of the camb  may be  taken off,
  and all inside destroyed, and the tree still survive,
  it is  evident that it is by means of the  camb that
  the tree is supported.  More especially as the least
  removal of  camb is always succeeded by  dead
  wood; all other parts remaining undisturbed.
Campan'ulate, Campanula'tus.  See bell-form.
Campes'tris.  Growing  in uncultivated fields.
Canalicula'tus.  See channelled.
Can'cellate, Cancella'tus.   See latticed.
Capilla'ceus.  See capillary.
Capillary,  Capilla'ris,  Capilla'ceus.  Hair-form ;
  longer than bristle-form in proportion  to its thick-
  ness.
Capil'lus.  Hair.  See  pilus.
Cap'itate,  Capita'tus.    Head-form;   growing  in
  heads.
Capit'ulum.  See head.
Capre'olus,   See tendril.
Caprifica'tion.  The fertilizing of pistillate flowers
                        5 
50                  C A U
   by sprinkling pollen "upon them.   This isimpoi-
   tant in raising figs.
Cap'sule,  (cap'sula, a little chest.)   That kind  of
   pericarp, which opens by valves and becomes dry
   when ripe ;  not including  siliques nor legumes.
   When it is  one-valved,  it  is  called a follicle,
  folliculus, which see.  It consists  of valves, par-
   titions, columella, and cells, which see.   One kind
   of capsule never opens and is  called samara,
Cari'na.   See keel.
Car'inate.   See keeled.
Carina'tus.  See keeled.
Car'neous,  Car'neus.  Flesh-coloured. Nuttall uses
   it for fleshy.
Carno'se, Carno'sus.  Fleshy.
Car"pogena'tion.   (Karpos, fruit ; gennao, to bring
   forth.)  A substitute for the  word fructification.
   A multiplication of terms is very injurious to the
   science.  But in teaching botany  to young per-
   sons, a word so  often to  be repeated and so very
   difficult to pronounce, is extremely troublesome.
   This term is  both easy and perfectly  applicable.
   In a synopsis presented to Professor Mitchill of
   New-York, this  substitute was proposed  and re-
   ceived his approbation.
Cartilag'inous.  Hard and somewhat flexible.   It
   applies to a leaf, when it is bound around  with a
   strong margin, different from  the disk of the leaf.
Caryophyl'leous.  Pink-like, as to the corol; hav-
   ing five petals with long claws, all regular and set
   in a tubular calyx.
Castra'ta.   Filaments being without anthers.
Cate'nula.  A thread in some mosses, serving to unite
   or chain together the seeds.
Cat'kin, Cat'ulus.   See ament.
Cau'date, Cau'da.   See tail.
Cau'dex.  The main body of a tree or roof. 
C  E  R
51
Caules'cent, caules'cens.   Having a caulis, or stem,
  besides the peduncle or scape.
Cau'line, cau'linus.  Growing on the main stem.
Cau'lis.   The  main herbage-bearing stem of all
  plants, except of the grassy kind ; as trees, weeds,
  &c.  We have  no English name for this stem ;
  neither can any English termination assimilate this
  term with our idiom.   It has been usual in  such
  cases  to look into some modern language  for a
  suitable term.   How would the French word Tige
  be received ?  (Pronounced tidge in English.)
Cell.  The hollow part, or cavity of a pericarp or
  anther.  It is more generally applied to the cavi-
  ties of pericarps, where seeds are lodged.   Ac-
  cording to the numbers of  these the pericarps are
  called one-celled, two-celled, &c.
Cellular integument. The parenchymatous sub-
  stance  between the cuticle and bark.   This sub-
  stance is generally green.  It constitutes the most
  considerable part of leaves; in which the juices
  are operated upon by air  and light, and the pe-
  culiar secretions of vegetables principally elabo-
  rated.
Cel'lules, cis'tulee.   That  kind  of receptacle  of
  lichens, which is globose, terminal, and formed of
  the substance of the frond.   It is  filled with un-
  coated seeds, intermixed with fibres ; at length it
  bursts irregularly.  Smith.
Cetlulosus. Cellular. Having cavities within, which
  are small and irregular; and  in which sometimes
  granules are nested.
Co'tra'lis.  In the centre.
Cephalo'dia.   See knobs.
Cerealis.  (Cer'es, goddess of corn.)   Any grain oi
  which bread is  made.
Cer'nuus.  When the  apex  or top only  droops  or 
o%                  C I N
  bends down.   See nutans, and the difference in
  the two terms.
Ces'pitose.  See Caespitose.
Chaff.  Thin membranous covering of the seeds of
  grass, grain, &c.   See glume.   It is also applied
  to whatever resembles chaff; as the substance left
  on the receptacles of some compound flowers, af-
  ter the seeds are removed; to the crown of some
  seeds, &c.
Chaf'fy.   Bearing chaff.
Channelled.  Hollowed  out longitudinally  with a
  rounded groove of considerable depth.
Char'acter. That description of a plant, vvhich dis-
  tinguishes it from  all others.   In making out the
  character,  Situation,  Proportion,  Connection,
  Number and  Figure,  are considered.  The two
  last are not so constant as the other three.
     Generic characters are limited to the flower and
  fruit.
     Specific  characters are restricted no farther,
  than to avoid running into the characters of the
  genus.
Gho'rion. A clear limpid liquor contained  in a
  seed in the time of flowering.   This liquor,  after
  the pollen is received, becomes a perfect embryo
  of a new plant, and takes the consistence usual ia
  perfect seeds.   But without the  reception  of the
  pollen, neither any thing like  the embryo or per-
  fect seed, is ever formed.  Malpighi.
Qhrysoc'omus.  Golden locks; or  a yellow bundle
  of threads.
Cic'atrice, Cica'trix.   The  mark or natural scar
  from whence the leaf has fallen.
Cil'iate, cilia'tus.   Edged with parallel hairs or
  bristles, resembling eye-lashes.
Gine'reous.  Of the colour of wood-ashes. 
C  L A
&3
Cin'gens.   Surrounding, girding around.
Cir'cinal.  Rolled  in spirally  beginning with  the
  tip,  which continually occupies the  centre;  as
  ferns.
Circina'tus.  Circinal.  Also compassed about.
Circumcisus.   Cut round.  Opening  transversely,
  not lengthwise ; as the capsules of purslain.
Circnmscrip'tio.  The circumference of a leaf.
Cirrif'erus.  Bearing tendrils.
Cirro'se, cirro'sus.   Terminating in a tendril.
Cir'rus.   (Curled bushy hair.)  See tendril.  This
  term is also  applied  to that kind of clouds which
  resembles flax, as it  is  pulled from  the  distaff.
  This kind of clouds ascends 4 or 5  miles high;
  much higher than any other kind.
 Cis'lulce.   See Cellules.
 Clam'my.   See viscid.
 Clas'per.  See tendril.
 Clas'ping.  The base  of the  leaf being more or less
   heart-form and sessile, so that the two hind lobes
  partly surround the stem.
 Class, clas'sis.   The highest division of plants in a
   system.  Each class is defined to be  the  agree-
   ment of several genera in  the parts  of fructifica-
   tion, according to the principles of nature, distin-
   guished by art. Linneus divided all plants by their
   stamens and pistils, into  24 classes ; but Persoon
   and other approved systematic writers have distri-
   buted  the  plants  of the  18th  and  23d  classes
   among the  others, and rejected  these  two; leav-
   ing but 22  classes.   These  are  rejected  on  ac-
   count of the liability of  their characters  to  per-
   petual variations.  See  each ciass in its proper
   place,  also system.
 Cla'vate,  clava'tus.  Club-form.   Growing larger
   towards the end.
                        •3* 
54
C  L  O
Clavic'ula,  See tendril.
Clau'sus.  Closed, shut up.
Cla'vus,   See spurred rye.
Claw.  The lower narrow part of a petal by which
  it is fixed on the calyx or receptacle.   It can ex-
  ist only in Polypetalous corols.
Cleft.   Split down, not exceeding half way to the
  base;  with nearly strait edges on  both sides of the
  fissure.   The  parts into which it is split are num-
  bered in descriptions; as once split making two
  divisions, is called 2-cleft;  two splits, 3-cleft, &c.
Clefts,  lirel'lot.  That kind of receptacle of li-
  chens,  which  is open,  elongated, sessile,  black,
  very narrow or linear, with a somewhat spongy
  disk ; the border is parallel on each side and pro-
  per.  Sometimes it has an  accessory border from
  the crust besides.  The clefts  are  either  simple
  and solitary;  or aggregate, confluent and branch-
  ed.  Smith.
Climbing.   Ascending by means of tendrils, as
  grapes: by leaf-stalks, as virgin's bower; by
  cauline radicles, or rootlets, as the creeping Ame-
  rican ivy, (rhus radicans.)  It differs from twining,
  which see.
Clouds.  (Though this article does not relate to the
  subject of  this dictionary,  it was thought  proper
  to introduce it here; because the Natural History
  of clouds is not of sufficient extent to form an in-
  dependent work, and it is not to be found in  any
  book of a portable size.   For an extensive view
  of this  subject,  see Rees' Cyclopaedia,   article
  Clouds.)
    Clouds may be divided  into the  Regular  and
  Anomalous. 
C  L  O
55
              Regular Clouds.

   1. Strato'se clouds.  They are those stratified
horizontal ranges of vapour, which often appear
in  the  morning, near and adjoining  the earth ;
usually called fog.  When the sun shines  upon
them,  they ascend  gradually in a highly rarified
state;  and at length re-unite in another form, and
take the name of
   2. Cumulo'se  clouds.  They are  those bright
shining  clouds, which have their bases straitish
with their upper sides in roundish brilliant heaps.
They mostly float  awhile  near the horizon in de-
tached masses, and then gradually break up and
ascend still  higher in fine flakes or sprays, and
 form
   3. Cirro'se clouds.  They  are  those fibrous
 clouds which resemble  flax when  it is gradually
 pulled from  the distaff.   They are the highest of
 all clouds ; often forming at the height of five or
 six miles.   After a few hours,  they generally set-
 tle down gradually and become
   4.  Cir'ro-cumulo'se clouds.   They  are  those
 which are formed  by the knotting  or curdling of
 cirrose clouds.   When first forming, they exhibit
 rows of small heaps, often in long regular curved
 lines very near each other.  Sometimes they be-
 come  confluent, and  at length cover the  whole
 sky.   This  last variety  furnishes the materials
 for long steady rains.  But they generally  break
 up in  fair weather in the afternoon, and out of
 their fragments are made
    5.  Cir'ro-strato'se clouds. They are those stra-
 tified  patches,  seen near the  horizon, mostly at
 evening;  generally disappearing  entirely  after
 dark. 
SC
C  L  U
    Remark.  This is the usual process during the
  pleasant part of spring, summer and autumn.   In
  the year 1815. I kept an exact diary of clouds at
  Greenwich, in New York, more than five months.
  I found this to be their  regular course more than
  half of that period.

              Anomalous Clouds.

    6. Nimbo'se  Clouds.   They arc  those  dense
  clouds, which  ascend from the horizon, at first
  with heads like  the cumulose,  which  soon  shcot
  into cirrose branches  extending towards the ze-
  nith.   They are usually called  thunder-clouds,
  and almost always bring showers.
    7.  Vello'se  clouds.   They are those  fleecy
  clouds, which  fly swiftly about  the  sky,  of an
  open texture, without any defined  sides or bases.
  One variety of these clouds is called scud.
    8. Cu'mulo-slrato'se clouds.   They are the most
  rare, as well as the most remarkable of clouds.
  But one appeared in the  year 1815,  and I have
  observed but two since, (three years.)  A cumu-
  lous-like cloud seems to rise up from  the horizon
  in a compressed channel, and to  become united
  with a cirro-stratose cloud. Soon after this union,
  the  cloud spreads out to great  extent, and finally
  covers a  great proportion of the hemisphere ;
  while  its base or stem remains as at the com-
  mencement.   Its  form  and  sudden  growth has
  given  it the appellation of Mushroom-cloud.  I
  have never seen this cloud exept  at six or seven
  o'clock in  the afternoon.
Clo'ven.  See cleft.
Club'-form.  See  clavate.
Clus'tkrid.  See racemed. 
COL                  57
Cly'peate,  Clypea'tus.   Form of a  buckler.   See
  peltate.
Coad'unate.   With united  bases.
Coaeta'neous, Coaeta'nus.   Existing  at the same
  time.  Applied to willows  and to some other
  plants, it implies that  the flowers  and leaves ap-
  pear at the same time.
Co'alit, Coali'tus.  Thickened,  increased, as the
  anthers of potatoe flowers.
Coarc'tate.  Compact.  Pressed or squeezed close
  together.
Coat'ed.  Consisting of concentric coats,  layers
  or skins, as the bulbous root of onions.
Cob'webbed.  See arachnoideus.
Coccin'eus.   Scarlet-coloured.
Coc'cum.  A grain or seed.   Tricoccous, 3-seeded;
   pentacoccous,  5-seeded, &c.
Coch'leate,  cochlea'tus.   Coiled spirally,  like a
   snail-shell.
Cohe'rtns.   Cohering, attached.
Coil'ed. Twisted like a rope ; or rather resembling
   the  form  of one thread of a rope, after the other
   threads are removed.
Colli'nus.   Growing on  hills. _
Col'oured.   Of any hue except green; but in the
   language of botanists green parts are not colour-
   ed.   See temperature, also glaucous.
 Colora'tus.   Coloured.
 Columel'la.   That which connects the seeds to the
   inside of a pericarp.   It is generally applied to a
   central  pillar  in a capsule; which takes its rise
   from the receptacle, and has seeds attached to it
   on  all sides.   In  mosses  it is called sporangidium
   by  Willdenow; and  he sometimes applies this
   term as a substitute for columella;  and says it i«
   found only in  2-valved capsules. 
51
COM
 Colum'nar.   See terete.
 Columnif'era. Stamens and pistils disposed in the
   form of a column.
 Com'a.  (Kom'e, a head of hair.)  A  tuft of bracts
   on the top of a spike of flowers.
 Commis'sure.  The place  where one thing or part
   is joined to another.  Nuttall applies it to sides
   or edges of two seeds, growing on  umbelliferous
   plants, where they are joined  together;  as  those
   of the carrot and fennel.
 Com'mov.  Any part is common,  which serves  to in-
   clude or sustain  several parts,  similar among
   themselves.
 ----perianth.  Including several florets;  as in the
   thistle.
 ----involucre.  Surrounding the base of the pedun-
   cles, in an umbel, which are subdivided above.
     This term is often used for frequent also.
 Commu'nis.   See common.
 Como'se.   Having a coma.
 Compac't.   See coarctus.
 Comple'te, comple'tus.   Having both calyx and co-
  rol.   When the corol is wanting, the flower  is in-
  complete.   When the calyx is wanting, the flower
  is naked, if it has a corol.
Complicate, complica'tus.   Folded together.
Compos'itus.  Compound.
Com'pound.   One whole, formed of many  similar
  parts.
----flowers.   Those comprised  in the class synge-
  nesia, with  several florets on one receptacle, each
  with united anthers.
     Compound flowers are  divided into five kinds
  by the relations and kinds of florets ; upon which
  divisions  are founded the five orders of the synge
  nesia class, 
C  O  M                  59
    1. The florets are all perfect, each having 5
  stamens and one pistil.  The anthers are all unit-
  ed into one set, forming a tube around the  pistil.
  See ajqualis.
    2. The florets of the disk are all perfect;  but
  those of the ray, or the edging-florets, are  pistil-
  late.  See superflua.
    3. The florets of the disk all perfect; but the
  florets of the ray neutral, having neither stamens
  nor pistils ;  except in some cases they have abor-
  tive pistils.  See frustranea.
    4. The florets of the disk staminate; but those
  of the ray pistillate.  See necessaria.
    5. The florets all  perfect as those of the 1st
  kind ; but differ from them in each floret's having a
  little perianth of its own, which is wanting in all
  the four preceding kinds.  See segregata.  This
  last kind is not so common as the others.
----leaf.  When several leafets grow on one petiole.
----raceme.  When several  racemes  grow  along
  the side of a peduncle.
----spike.  When  several  spikelets  grow  along
  the side of a fruit-stalk, or general spike.
----umbel.  Having the peduncles subdivided into
  peduncles of lesser umbels, &c.
----petiole.  A  divided leafstalk.
----peduncle.   A divided flower-stalk.
Compound  terms.  When any part of  a plant  is to
  be described, which does not agree with the defi-
  nition of any  term  in use; two or  more  terms
  must be compounded, so as to convey to the mind
  correct  information.   For example  the chesnut
  leaf has notches on the margin pointing  towards
  the apex, which answers to the description  of ser-
  rate leaves;  excepting that  the notches  are hol-
  lowed out.   But these hollowed notches are not 
GO
CON
  deep enough for sinuses ; therefore the two terms
  are compounded, making sinuate-serrate.  Com-
  pound terms are always united by a hyphen.
Compres'sed,  compres'sus.  Flattened, as if squeez-
  ed or pressed.
Con'cave, con'cavus. Hollowed a little on one side.
  It is sometimes applied to deeper hollows ; though
  rarely.
Concepta'culum.  See follicle.
Con'color.  The same colour in all parts.
Conden'sed.   See coarctate.
Condu'plicate.  That kind of foliation where the
  leaf, while in the bud, has its two sides shut to-
  gether, like  two  leaves in a book.
Cone, co'nus.   See strobile.
Confer't,  confer'tus.  Thick-set; leaves,  flowers,
  &c. standing so  closely together, as to seem to
  crowd each  other.
Con'fluent.  Running together.  It is applied more
  particularly  to the receptacle of  some  lichens,
  which run together in disorder and become indis-
  tinct.
Conge'neres.   Plants of very similar habits, &c.
Conges'tus.   See heaped.
Conglomerate.   See glomerate.
Con'ic  With a broad base and approaching a point
  towards the  top.
Conif'era.  Bearing cones.
Conjugate.   See binate.
Conna'te.  Leaves being opposite with their bases
  growing  together, so as  to form the appearance
  of a single leaf.   Anthers are sometimes connate
  also.
Conni'vent, Conni'vens.  See converging,
Consim'ilis.  Resembling.
Contig'uus.   Near, next, 
COR                  «i
Continuous.   Uninterrupted.
Contor'ted, contor'tus. Twisted.   It is also applied
  to corols, which have the edge of one petal lying
  obliquely over the next.
Contrac'tus.  Close, narrow.
Contra'rium.  See partition.
Conver'ging.  Approaching, or  bending  towards
  each other.
Con'vex.   Swelling out in a roundish form.
Convex'us,  Convex.
Con'volute, convolu'tus.   Rolled into  a cylindric
  form, like a roll of paper, lengthwise with the mid-
  rib.  Applied to the situation of leaves in the bud.
Cor'cle,  cor'culum.  (Cor, the  heart.)   The em-
  bryo of the new plant in a seed, situated between
  the cotyledons in dicotyledonous seeds.   It con-
  sists of the plume and rostel, which show  them-
  selves  soon  after vegetation commences.   See
  plume and rostel.
Cor'date.  Heart form ;  so called from its suppos-
  ed resemblance to the heart.  It i~ hollowed be-
  hind with the  side-lobes rounded at the base.
  "See arrow-form.
Cor'dateob'long, cor'date-lance'olate, &c. par-
  take of the formation of both compounds.
Coria'ceoos.  Leathery or parchment-like.
Cor'nered.  Having angles or corners.  Three-
  cornered, four-cornered, &c. is often  expressed
  trigonus, &c.
Cor'niform.  Horn-form.
Cor'nu.   A horn or spur.
Cornu'te, Cornu'tus.  Horn-form, or having horns
  or spurs.
Co'rol, corolla.   (A diminutive of corona, a crown.)
  The inner delicate covering of the flower, which
  constitutes its principal ornament in most cases.
                       6 
£2
COT
  In a few cases, as the bartsia coccinea, the corol is
  dull and unsightly, while the calyx is  gaily  co-
  loured.   See petal and nectary.
Corol'let, corol'lula.  A little corol.
Corollif'erus.  Bearing the corol.
Corol'linus. Resembling, or appertaining to, a corol.
Coro'na.  See crown.
Corona'rius.  Forming a crown.
Corona'tus.  Crowned; as the thistle seed is crown-
  ed  with down.
Coro'nula.  A little crown.
Cor'rugated,  Corruga'tus.   Wrinkled.   Applied
  also to ridges, in some measure resembling  wrin-
  kles.
Cor'tex.   The bark, which see.  It consists of a
  number of layers equal to the number of years the
  tree has been growing ; though they are often too
  thin to be numbered.   The inmost layer is called
  the liber,
Cor'tical, Cor'ticate.  Having its origin from the
  bark, or having  bark.
Coryda'lis,   (Kor'os, a helmet.)   Plants  with hel-
  met-form corols.
Co'rymb, Corym'bus.  Flowers umbel-like in their
  general external appearance, but their peduncles
  or supporting stems stand  at  different distances
  down the main stem ;  as yarrow.
Corymbif era.   Bearing corymbs.
Cos'tate, cosla'tum.   Ribbed.
Cot'tony.  See tomentose.
Cotyle'don.  The thick fleshy lobes of seeds. Very
  manifest  in beans  at the first  commencement of
  germination. These lobes soon become thick suc-
  culent leaves, after they rise out of the ground.
    Jussieu's  Natural Orders are founded princi-
  pally upon the cotyledon.   He makes three great 
C  R U
63
  tribes, or divisions, of plants.  1. Acotyle'dones,
  plants without cotyledons ; as mushrooms, mosses,
 ferns, &c.   2.  Monocotyle'dones, plants with
  one cotyledon ; as wheat, grass, Indian corn, cat-
  tail,  sweet-flag, sedge, Solomon's seal, onion,  iris,
  ladies'1  slipper, pond-lily, &c.   3.  Dicotyle'-
  dones, plants with  two cotyledons;  as beans,
  pease, dock, plantain, lilac, sage, tobacco, milkweed,
  dandelion, &c.  See Natural Orders.
Cow'led.   When the edges meet below and expand
  above, and generally separate; as the spathe of
  the arum, Indian turnip.
Cras'sus.  Thick.
Cree'ping.   Running  along the ground,  or along
  old logs, &c. nearly in a horizontal direction, and
  sending off rootlets.
Cre'nate. Scolloped, on the rim or edge. Notches
  on the margin  of a leaf, which do not point or
  incline towards  either the apex or base.  When
  large crenatures have smaller ones on them, they
  are doubly-crenate.
Cre'nulate.   Very finely crenated.
Cres'cent-form.  Resembling the form of the moon
  from its change to half fulled.
Crest'ed.   Having an  appendage  somewhat re-
  sembling a cock's comb in form.
Cre'la.  Growing on chalky land.
Crini'tus.   Long-haired.
Cris'pus.  See curled.
Cris'tate, Crista'tus.   See crested.
Cross'-armed.  See brachiate.
Crowd'ed.   See confert.
Cr<>wn.   The calycle, hair, or feathers  on the top
  of some seeds ; as the dandelion.
Crown'ed.   See coronatus.
Cruciate.  Cruciform, or resembling the cruciform. 
64
CRY
Crucia'tim. Crosswise.  Opposite pairs of branched
  or leaves  successively crossing each other.  See
  decussate:
Cru'ciform.   (Crux,  a cross.)   Corols  with four
  petals, whose  lamina form a cross.   Plants with
  such corols belong to the class telradynamia.
Crusta'ceous.  Leafy  appearance, but  consisting
  of small crusty substances lying one  upon  an-
  other.
CRYPTOGA'MIA.  (Kruptos,  concealed; gamos,
  marriage.)   The name of the last class in the Lin-
  nean Artificial system.  It includes  those plants,
  whose stamens and pistils are too minute or ob-
  scure to be used as classic characters. This class
  is therefore distinguished by natural  affinities;
  and cannot be said to be artificial, though arrang-
  ed with the other classes in the artificial  system.
  It includes the natural families of 1. Filices, ferns;
  as brakes,  polypods, maidenhair,  ground-pine,
  scouring-rush, &c.  2. Musci, mosses ;  as water-
  moss,  earth-moss, fork-moss,  great  or hair-cap
  moss,  &c.   3.  Hepatica,  liverworts; less  com-
  mon,  except a few species.  4. Alga, seaweeds,
  &c. as the common weed about docks with  blub-
  bery swellings,  and the green threadform sub-
  stance in brooks, which is not much like  a ve-
  getable substance in appearance.  5. Lichens;
  as the  light green patches on  fences and stones,
  the whitish spots on  stones with black spangles
  appearing like fly-dirt, the long fibrous  substance
  common on trees, which is  erroneously called
  iree-moss, &c.  6. Fungi; as the common mush-
  room and toadstool, puff-ball, touchwood, mould,
  blight or rust on grain, smut,  &c.  All  these are
  organized substances bearing seeds, and are high-
  ly interesting subjects for the microscope. 
C  Y A
65
Cbyptog'amous.  Belonging  to  the class crypto-
  gamia.  See phanerogamous.
Cu'bit.  A  measure from the  elbow to the end ot
  the middle finger.
Cucul'late.  See cowled.
Cucurbita'ceous.   Resembling gourds or melons.
Cu'linary.   Suitable for kitchen cookery.
Culm, Cul'mus.  The stem of grain and grass, when
  dry it is usually called straw.  It is applied to all
    trassy plants; as Indian corn, sedge, sugar-cane,
    x.
Culmif'erous.  Having culms.
Culmin'eous.  Having an affinity  to grasses, or
   culmiferous plants.
 Cum'ulus.   Heaped.   This term is also applied to
   that kind of  clouds, which have a strait base and
   roundish heaped upper side.   See Vellus.
 Cuneiform, Cune'iforme.  See wedge-form.
 Cup'-form.   Hollow within, resembling a little cup.
 Cupula'ris. Cup-form.
 Curl'ed.  When the periphery of a leaf is too large
   for the disk, it becomes waved or curled.
 Curv'ed.  Bent inwards.  See incurved.
 Cusp.  The bristle of a cuspidate  leaf, calyx, &c.
   Nuttall.
 Cus'pidate.  Having a sharpened point and that
   tipped with  a bristle,  a  prickle,  or lengthened
   apex, not curved.   See mucronate and observe the
   distinction ;  also acuminate.
 Cu'ticle.   The thin outside coat of the bark, which
   has no life and is  very durable, often transparent.
   It greatly resembles  the scarf-skin of animals.
   Very distinct on elder, currant and birch; on one
   species of birch it resembles paper.
 Cya'neus.   Blue.
  J                    6* 
66
DEC
Cyathifor'mis.   Wineglass-form.  Cylindric, widen
  ing gradually upwards, margin not revolute.
Cylin'dric  A circular  shaft, of nearly equal di-
  ameter throughout its whole extent.
Cymbifor'mis.   See boat-form.
Cyme, cy'ma.   Flowers umbel-like in their general
  external appearance.   It agrees with an umbel in
  having ifs common stalks spring from one centre;
  but differs in having those stalks variously and al-
  ternately  subdivided;  as the elder, (sambucus.)
  Smith.
Cymo'sus, cymo'se.  Being in cymes.
Cyphel'lm.   See pits.


                      D.

Dadal'eus.  The end broad,  waving and torn.
Dagger-pointed.  See cuspidate.
De'bilis.   Weak, feeble,  lax.
DECAGYN'IA.  (Deka, ten; gune, female.)  Ten-
  styled.   The name of  the  tenth order in each of
  the first thirteen classes.  Let the class be which-
  ever of these it may, if the pistil consists of ten
  styles or sessile stigmas, it is of the  10th order.
  In North  America  there is not a native  plant in
  this order, excepting poke-weed, (phytolacca,) and
  in England there is none.
DECAN'DRIA.  (Deka, ten ; an'er, male.)  Ten-
  stamened.  The name of the tenth class.   It com-
  prises  all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with
  ten stamens in each,  which are  not, united by
  their filaments in one or two sets.
     It is also the name of the  tenth order in those
  classes, where the characters of the first 13 classes
  are taken for orders; as the geranium in the class 
D E F
67
  monadelphia,  the pea (pisum) in the class dia del'
  phia,  &c.
Decaphyl'lus.  Ten-leaved.
Decernfidus.  Cut into ten parts, or 10-cleft.
Decemlocula're.   Ten-celled.
Decid'uous.   Falling  off in the usual season for
  similar parts to fall; as leaves falling at the de-
  cline  of the year;  corols falling off at the time
  the stamens fall, &c.  See caducous and perma-
  nent.
Decli'nate, DECLi'NED,declina'tus,  Carved down-
  wards archwise.
Decompoun'd,  Decompos'ilus.   Doubly-compound.
  When a  compound,  or divided, petiole has a com-
  pound leaf on  each part, the  whole is  a decom-
  pound leaf.   The same  with  umbels,  &c.   See
  supra-decompositus.
Decortica'bilis.  Easily peeled.
Decum'bent,  decum'bens.   When the base is erect,
  and the  remainder is procumbent.   It applies to
  stems, stamens, &c.
Decur'rent.   When the two edges of a leaf extend
  downwards below the points of insertion and be-
   come projecting wings to the stem.  The  gills of
   agarics are decurrent, when  they run  down the
   stipe in  a single ridge.
 Decursi've,  Decurrently.
 Decur'sively pin'nate.  When the leafets  of a pin-
   nate leaf run along  the petiole with their extend-
   ed bases.
 Decus'sate, decussa'tus.  When  leaves or branches
   are opposite in pairs, and each pair stands at right
   angles with the next pair above or below on the
   same stem.
 Deflec'ted, defiex'us.   Bending down archwise.
 Deflora'tus.  Having discharged the pollen. 
68                  D E P
Defoliation, defolia'tio.  The shedding of leaves iri
  the proper season.
Defolia'tio no'tha.   The shedding of leaves before
  the proper time, on account of injuries received.
Dehis'cent, dehiscen'tia.  The  natural opening of
  capsules in the proper season.
Deliq'uium.   See debilis.
Del'toid, deltoi'deus.  A leaf with four corners ;  that
  is, one at  the stem, one at the apex, and one each
  side ; but the side ones are nearer to the base than
  to the apex.  When  the side  angles are about as
  near to  the apex  as  to the  base, it is called  a
  rhomboid leaf.   Both kinds are called diamond-
  form in English.  Willdenow considers a  deltoid
  leaf as a thick 3-sided leaf, a transverse section of
  which he supposes intended, as giving the deltoid
  form.  See page 155.
Demer'sus.   See submersed.
Dense, den'sus.   Close, compact.  A panicle with
  abundance of flowers very close is dense.  See
  thyrse.
Den'tate,  denta'tus.   Toothed.
----leaf.  (This  term is of  such almost unlimited
  extent, it is best defined negatively.)  Projections
  from the margin of a leaf, which  are  of  its own
  substance ; and not serratures, nor crenatures.
____. root.   That kind of granulated root, which re-
  sembles teeth strung  together.
Dentic'ulate. Having very small teeth.
Den'toid.  Remotely  resembling teeth, or having pro-
  cesses somewhat of that form.
Den'ture.   A tooth.
Denu'date.  Plants whose flowers appear before tht
  leaves, consequently  have  a  naked appearance.
Deor'sum.   Downwards.
Depaupera'tus,  Few-flowered. 
D E  X
69
Depen'dens.   Hanging down.
Depressed.  When the upper surface of a succu-
  lent leaf is a little concave.  It applies to seeds
  also.
Descen'dens,    The entering of  a root into the
  ground.   The  direction is vertical, as  the beet;
  horizontal, as the mint; oblique, as the branching
  roots of most trees.
Descriptions of plants.  In writing a complete de-
  scription of a plant, begin with the fructification,
  and describe:  1. Calyx.  2.Corol.   3.Stamens.
  4. Pistil.   5.  Pericarp.   6. Seed.   7. Recepta-
  cle.  Then go through with the root and herbage,
  thus:  1. Root.   2. Stem and branches.  3. Buds,
  including the foliation.   4. Leaves.  5. The ap-
  pendages ; that is, Stipules, Bracts, Thorns, Pric-
  kles, Stings, Glands, Tendrils.   To  this add the
   Inflorescence.
     Then add the general appearance and size  of
  the plant, and what well  known plant it most  re-
   sembles.  Give an account of the soil and situa-
   tion where it grew ; whether high or low,  wet or
  dry; the precise time of flowering, colour of all
   parts, whether  annual,  biennial  or  perennial.
  Then close with the name of the town, country, &c.
   and what quantity  of the same kind of plant is  to
   be found there ; and what name the common peo-
   ple call  it by, if any.  Accompany this descrip-
   tion with several specimens; so selected as to  ex-
   hibit the plant in all its parts.
      There can be no better exercise for students,
   than to write several such descriptions every day.
   See Diagnosis.
 Desicca'tio.  Dryness.
 Desi'nens,  Terminating.
 Dextror'sum,  Twining from left to  right;  that is, 
70                   DIA
  with the apparent motion of the sun; as the hop-
  vine.
DIADEL'PHIA.   (Dis, twice ; adtlphos, brother.)
  Two brotherhoods.  The name of the seventeenth
  class.  It comprises all plants, whose flowers are
  perfect, with the stamens united by their filaments
  in two sets.  This  was the  character  given  the
  class by Linneus.   But Lupines and others of this
  class have the stamens united in  one set;  which
  is the character of  the Monadelphia class.   The
  form of the corol  has therefore been  taken into
  the description by some writers, thus:
     Stamens united by their filaments in one,  or two
  sets, corols papilionaceous.
Diadel'phous.  Belonging to,  or varying into, the
  class diadelphia.
Diagno'sis.   A short description containing only
  what is  essential.    Linneus made it his rule,
  never to let a specific description exceed twelve
  Latin words.  Willdenow says more must be ad-
  ded  if necessary.   It should extend no  farther
  than to express  the difference between  that, and
  the other  species.
Di'amond-form.   See Deltoid.
DIAN DRIA.   (Dis, twice;  aner, male.)  Two
  stamened.   The name  of the second class.  It
  comprises  all plants, whose flowers are perfect,
  with two stamens in each not growing on the pi^ti!.
     It is also the name  of the second order in those
  classes where the characters of the first 13 classes
  are taken for  orders; as the ladies' slipper (cyp-
  ripedium)  in the class gynandria,  thr  duck-meat
  (lemna) in the class monacia, willow (salix) in the
  class diozcia.
Diaphanous.  Admitting the transmission of light
  obscurely. 
D I  D
71
Dichot'omous.   Forked.   Stem,  &c. parted  in
  pairs, each branch parted in pairs again, and so
  on.  When it is parted but once it is more pro-
  perly called forked, furcatus.
Diclin'ia.   (Dis, twice; kline,  bed,)  stamens in
  one flower and pistils in another,  whether on the
  same or on different plants.   This is the name of
  a class in Pursh's Flora, comprising most of the
  plants of the classes Monoecia and Dicecia.
     This class is subdivided into three orders.  1.
  Segregatce.  This includes plants, whose  flowers
  are  monoecious  or   dioecious; but are  not in
  aments  or strobiles.   2.  Amentacea.   This in-
  cludes plants, whose flowers are in aments which
  are  not strobiles.  3. Coniferce.   This includes
  plants, whose flowers  arc in strobiles.
Dicoc'cous.  Two-grained.   Consisting of two co-
  hering grains, or cells with one seed in each.
Dicotyled'onous.   Plants with two cotyledons.
  See  Cotyledon.
Did'ymous, di'dyma.  Twinned.
DIDYNAM'IA.   (Dis,  twice;  dunamis,  power.)
  Two overtopping or overpowering  others.  The
  name of  the  fourteenth class.   It comprises all
  plants, whose flowers are  perfect, with 4 stamens,
  two of which are regularly  longer than, or  over-
  topping, the  other two.  Plants of this class have
  labiate corols.  But on account of adhering rigid-
  ly to the character of the class, some ringents are
  placed in the 2d class.   The  student  should be
  directed to look in the second class, under the
  sections of  irregular  corols,  when he has a rin-
  gent flower,  whose generic character  he does not
  readily find in the 14th class.
Didyn'*mous.   Belonging to, or varying  into the
  class didyuamia. 
72                   DIP
Diffor'mis.  Applied to a monopetalous corol whose
  tube widens  above gradually, and is divided into
  irregular  or unequal parts.—Willdenow.    It is
  also applied to any distorted parts of a plant.
Diffu'sed, diffu'sus.  Spreading.   Expanded in an
  open loose manner.
Dig'itate.   Fingered.   When the  base of several
  leafets rest on the  end of one  petiole; as the
  strawberry and fivefinger.
DIGYN'IA.  (Dis, twice;  gune,  female.)   Two-
  styled.   The name of the second order in each
  of  the  first thirteen classes.   It comprises  all
  plants in each class respectively, whose flowers
  have two  styles in each: or, if the styles are
  wanting, two  sessile stigmas : as the blite, (bli-
  tum,) in the  class monandria ; the sweet-scented
  grass (anthoxanthum) in the class  diandria;  wheat
  (triticum) in the class triandria;  witch-hazel (ha-
  mamelis) in the  class  tetrandria; rice (oryza) in
  class hexandria ; pink  (dianthus) in the class de-
  candria ;  agrimony (agrimonia) in the class dode-
  candria.
Dilata'tus.  Expanded, widened.
Dilu'te.  Prefixed to a colour implies, that it is re-
  duced ; as dilute-purpureus, pale purple.
Dimidia'tus.  See halved.
DICE'CIA.  (Dis, twice ;  oikos, house.)  The name
  of the 22d class, or the 21st if the 18th be reject-
  ed.  It includes  those  plants whose flowers are
  not perfect;  but the stamens and pistils grow on
  different plants of the same species.  The Hemp,
  Hop, Willow, and Poplar,  are good examples.
Dke'cious, dioi'ca.   Belonging to, or varying into,
  the class diacia.
Dipet'alous.   Having 2 petals.
Diphyl'lous.'  Having 2 leaves. 
D  O D                  73
Dipteryg'ia.  See wings.
Discoid.  Having a disk without rays.  Such com-
  pound flowers as are wholly made up of tubular
  florets ; that  is, though they may have marginal
  florets differing  from  those in  the disk in the es-
  sential organs, yet the corols will be  all tubular,
  and not capitate.
Disk, dis'cus.   The  whole surface of a leaf, or of
  the top of a compound  flower, as  opposed to its
  edge  or periphery.  This term is also applied to
  the aggregate florets of an umbel.
Disper'mus.  Containing but two seeds.
Dissec'tus.   Gashed in  deeply.
Dissep'iment, Dissepimen'turn.   See partition.
Dissiliens.  A pericarp is dissilient, when it bursts
  open with a spring; as the  touch-me-not, (impa-
  tiens.)
Dis'tans.  Standing off remotely.
Dis'tichally.   See distichus.   This is a very odd
  adverb introduced by Nuttall.
Di'stichus.  (Dis, twice ;  slichos, row.)  Two rank-
  ed.   When branches, leaves,  or flowers are ar-
  ranged along  opposite sides of the stem or spike,
  so as to  point two opposite ways; as the leaves
  of the hemlock tree, (pinus canadensis.)
Distinc't, distinc'lus.  Separate, opposed  to con-
  nate  or confluent.
Divar'icate, divarica'lus.  Branches spreading out
  from the stem so far, as to form more than a right
  angle with it  above.
Diver'oing,  Diver'gens.   Branches spreading out
  from the stem so far, as to form almost a right an-
  gle with it.
Diur'nus.  Enduring but  a day.
Divi'ded, divisus.  Severed into parts.
DODECAN'DRIA. (Dodeka, twelve ;  aner, male.) 
7/1
D R  U
  Twelve stamened,  The name of  the eleventh
  class.  It comprises all plants, whose flowers arc
  perfect, with from 12 to 19 stamens  which are not
  united by their filaments in one or two sets.   En-
  decandria would seem to be the proper name for
  the 11 th class.  But there has not only never been
  a plant found, whose flowers uniformly contained
  11 stamens ; but it is so contrary to ail analogy of
  parts, it is presumed there is no such plant.
Dodecan'drous.  Belonging to, or varying into, the
  class dodecandria.
Dodecaphyl'lus.  Having twelve leafets.
Do'drans.  Long span.   Distance between the ends
  of the thumb and little finger, both being extend-
  ed.
Dolabrifor'me.   See axe-form.
Dor'sal, dorsa'lis.   Fixed to  the  back.  Awns are
  dorsal, when proceeding from the  outside of a
  glume and not from the tip.
Dorsif'erous.   Bearing the fruit on  the back ; as
  ferns.
Dot'ted.  Besprinkled  with  dots.   See punctate
  and perforated.
Doub'le.   Two in the place where most plants have
  but one ; as the double calyx of the holly-hock,
  (althea.)
Doub'le-flow'ered.  See full-flowered.
Doub'ly.   See duplicate.  In English it has its com-
  mon appropriate  meaning;  as  doubly-crenate,
  when the crenatures are crenated, &c.
Doub'ly-pin'nate.   See bipinnate.
Down or down'y.  See tomentose.
Droop'ing.   See ccrnuus.
Drupe, drup'a.   That kind of  pericarp which con-
  sists of a thick, fleshy, succulent or  cartilaginous
  coat,  enclosing a nut or stone.   It is  berry-lil >: 
E  F F                   75
  (baccata) as in the cherry, or dry (exsucca) as in
  the walnut (Juglans.)
Drupa'ceous.  Bearing drupes, or fruit resembling
  them.
Dub'ius.   Doubtful.
Dul'cis.  Sweet.
Dumo'sus.  Bushy, or resembling bushes.
Duodecem'fidus.   Cleft in 12 divisions.
Du'plex.   Double.
Duplica'to.  Doubly. This term is often prefixed to
  others, in all which cases it simply means doubly.
  As duplico-ternatum, doubly-ternate or biternate.
Duplica'tus.  Doubled.
D'jra'tion.  Sec ages.


                      E.


Eared.   This term applies;  1st, to tHe round ex-
  tended, or appendaged lobes of a heart-form leaf:
  2d, to the side lobes near the base of some leaves :
  and 3d,  to twisted parts, in  some ferns and some
  liverworts, which are supposed to resemble the
  conchus, or passage into the ear.
Ebractea'ius.   Without bracts.
Ebur'neus.   Ivory white ; as the whole plant mono-
  tropa, called beechdrops, or birdsnest.
Ecalcara'tus.   Without a spur.
Echi'nate, echina'tus.  Hedge-hog-like. Beset with
  erect prickles.
Ecos'tate.  Nerveless or ribless.
Ffflores'cence.   The powdery substance on some
  Lichens, composed of minute deciduous  globules.
Efflorescen'tin.  Flowering season of different sorts of
  plants.   More simple flowers come  out in June 
76
ENN
  than in any other month in North America.  Very
  few compound flowers appear before August.
Effolia'tion.  Unnatural falling of leaves by mean?
  of improper culture, worms, ozc.
Egg'-form.  See ovate.
Eglandulo'sus.  G landless.
Egret.  See aigrette.
Elas'tic   See dissiliens.
Elip'tic   Longer  than wide, rounded  at or near
  both ends, and nearly equal in breadth towards
  both base and apex.
Elon'gated.  Lengthened  out, as if extended be-
  yond what is usual in similar parts.
Emar'cidus.   See withering.
Emar'ginate.   Notched in  the end  at the termina-
  tion of the midrib.  See Retuse.
Embra'cing.  See clasping.
Em'bryon.   See hilum.
Empa'lement.  See calyx.
End'-bitten.   See praemorsus.
Ener'vate.   Nerveless.
ENNEAN'DRIA. (Ennea,nine;aner, male.) Nine-
  stamened.   The  name of  the  ninth  class.   It
  comprises all plants,  whose flowers  are perfect,
  with 9 stamens in each.   The number of stamens
  are very  variable in most plants in  this class;
  particularly in the genus  laurus, including the
  common sassafras and spice-bush.
     It may also be the name of the ninth order in
  those classes where the characters of the  first 13
  classes are taken  for orders ; should any discove-
  ries  hereafter require it.  Linneus's system is so
  contrived, that it  not only provides for all known
  plants;  but also assigns  a  place  for all possible
  discoveries. 
E  R i                   77
Lnnean'drous.   Belonging to, or varying into, the
  class enneandria.
Enneapet'alus.  Nine-petalled.
Eno'dis, eno'de.  Knotless. '  Having no joints; as
  the bulrush.
En'sate, ensa'tus.  Having sword-form leaves.
En'siform.  Sword-form. Two-edged, tapering from
  base to apex mostly, and a little arching towards
  one edge; as flag and cat-tail, (Iris and Typha.)
Enti're.   Continued without interruption.  A mar-
  gin  of a leaf, calyx, corol,  &c. is entire,  when it
  is neither serrate, toothed, notched,  nor in any
  manner  indented.
Ephe'merus.   Of very short duration.
Epicar'peus.   On the germ.   See superior.
Epider'mis.  See cuticle.
Epiphrag'ma.  A thin membrane stretched over the
   mouth of the moss,  polylrichum.
E'qual.  Similar parts equal  among themselves.
   The calyx, corol, &c. are equal, when the leafets,
   petals, or subdivisions, are similar in form, size
   and direction.   Opposed to unequal.
Equinoc'tial flow'ers.   Opening at stated hours
   each day.
 Eq'uitant.   Opposite leaves embracing each other,
   so  that  they  alternately  enclose  each others
   edges ;  as  the leaves near the roots  of the Iris
   and yellow garden lilies, (hemerocallis ;) also the
   position of the leaves in some unopened  buds.
 Erec't, erec'tus.  Upright.  Not so perfectly strait
   and unbending as strictus.   When applied to any
   thing laterally attached to the stem, as leaves, &c.
   it implies that it makes a very acute angle with it.
 Erectius'cuius.   Erectish.
 Er'got.   See spurred rye.
 Erina'ceus.  Hedge-hog-like.   See echinatus.
                        7* 
78
EYE
Ero'se, ero'sus.  Gnawed.   Unequally sinualed, as
  if the sinuses had been eaten by insects.
Es'culent.   Eatable.
Essential character.  See diagnosis.
Essen'tials.  The stamens and pistils.
Ev'ergreens.  Such  plants as retain their leaves
  throughout the year; as white pine,  laurel, &c.
Ev'ergreen.  Verdant throughout the year.
Exan'nulate.  Ferns  whose capsules are without
  rings.   This  comprises  one section of ferns.
  Those which  have an  apparent  vestige of, but
  not  in reality,  a  ring, form  another section.
  Those with a ring, another.   See annulatus.
Exara'tus.   See  sulcate.
Exaspera'tus.  See roughened.
Excava'lus.   Hollowed out.
Gxot'ic, exot'icus.  Plants not growing spontaneous-
  ly in a wild stale in that particular country, or
  section of  a country.
Expan'ded, expan'sus.   Spread.
Explana'tus.   Unfolded.
Exsert', exser'tus.   Standing out.  Stamens are ex-
  sert  when  protruded out of  the corols.  Pedun-
  cles  of spikes in culmiferous plants  are exsert,
  when protruded out of the sheaths; as carex fol-
  Hculata and pubescens.
IOxstip'ulate.   Without stipules.
Exsic'cu*.  Juiceless.
Ex'timus.  At the very top, or extreme end.
Extra folia'ceous.  Outside of the leaf.  A stipule
  is extrafoliaceous when  it comes out a little lower
  than the  leaf does.
Extror'sum.  Outwardly.
Rye.  See hilum. 
F  AS                  79
                      F.

Fac'ies.  The general external appearance of a plant.
Factit'ious character. An essential character, where
  the number of parts or some other circumstance,
  not of essential importance, are taken into it—Will-
  denow.  Artificial marks distinguishing one genus
  from  another—Martyn.   What is not  natural—
  Richard.  It admits of  fewer or  more  characte-
  ristic marks, than are absolutely necessary—Milne.
  It serves to  discriminate genera  that happen to
  come together in the same artificial order or sec-
  tion.   It can  never stand alone,  but may some-
  times commodiously enough be added to more es-
   sential distinctions.—Smith.
 Fal'cate.  See acinaciform.
 Fam'ilies.  See gentes.
 Fan form.  Spread  out, or tapering towards  the
   base like a fan.
 Farc'tus.   Stufled,  full.  It is opposed to fistulous,
   hollow.
 Fari'na.   See pollen.
 Farino'sus.  Mealy, powdery.
 Fascia'tus.  Having  parallel bands,  or coloured
   stripes.
 Fas'cicle, fascic'ulus.  A bundle.   Flowers level-
   topped, umbel-like in the general external appear-
   ance, with footstalks irregular in  their  origin and
   subdivision.  The fascicle differs but  little from
   the  corymb, excepting Jn  having shorter foot-
   stalks,  which do not extend so far down the main
   stem.   Sweet-william (dianthus)  is a good exam-
   ple.
      A bundle of tuberous roots is called  a fascicle ;
   as the asparagus roots.   Also a bundle of leaves;
   as of the white pine. 
80
F  I G
 Fascic'ulate.   An unnatural bundle of branchlets.
 Fastiq'iate, fastigia'tus.  Level-topped.   Applied
   to aggregate flowers,  which  are  elevated  to  an
   equal height or nearly so ; forming a level, convex,
   or concave top, differing but little from a plane.
   It is also applied to leaves ; as the hog-weed (am-
   brosia artemisifolia.)
 Favo'sus.  See alveolate.
 Faux.   Jaws.   The throat or opening  into a corol.
   That precise spot, where the tubular  part of a rin-
   gent corol begins to separate or expand into lips
   or mouth, is the faux.
 Feat'her.   See Aigrette.   The plumose  crown of
   seeds.
 FE'MALE,/ewHn'ews.   See pistillate.
 Fence.  Involucre of Withering.
 Fen'ced.  Walled around, as the stamens are by the
   scales in brookweed (samolus.)
 Fe're.  Almost.
 Ferns.   See Alices.
 Ferru'ginous, ferrugin'eus.   The colour of iron-
   rust.  See glaucous.
 Fer'tile.  See pistillate.
 Fertilization.   The  application  of the pollen,
   which is formed in the cells of anthers, to the stig-
   ma ;  which is essential to the production of  per-
   fect seed.  See chorion.   Richard  is too lengthy
   upon this subject for the plan of this  Dictionary;
   which is intended for definitions and illustrations,
   but not for physiological discussions.
 Fi'bre, fi'bra.   Any  thread-form part.   The small
   flexible thread-form roots  of  grasses  and many
   other plants,  are called fibres.
Fi'brous.  Composed of fibres.
Fid'dle-form.   See panduriformis.
Figu'ra.   See icones. 
FLA                  81
 Figura'tum.   This term is applied to the mouth of
   the capsule of a moss, when it is set round  with
   membranaceous teeth.
 Fil'ament, filamen'tum.  That part  of  the stamen
   which is between  a.xl connects together the an-
   ther and the recep acle, calyx or  pistil.  When
   the filament is wanting, the anther is sessile.   In
   monopetalous corols, the filaments are generally
   inserted into, or are attached to, their bases.
 FIL'ICES, ferns.  The first order of the class cryp-
   togamia.  It  includes all  that natural  family of
   plants, whose fruit grows on the backs of leaves,
   on a peculiar appendage, or on a leaf (frond)
   wholly metamorphosed into a kind of fruit-bearing
   spike.   Seecryptogamia, annulatus, and exannu-
   lalus.   Brake,  polypod,  and maidenhair belong
   to this order.
 Fil'iform.   Thread-like.  Of nearly equal  thick-
   ness throughout, round and cylindric.   It is ap-
   plied to spikes which are very long in proportion
   to their  diameters.  But it is generally  confined
   to smaller parts.
 Fimbria'tus.  Fringed.  Differs from ciliate in being
   less regular and of coarser parts.
 Fimeta'rius.  Growing naturally on manure-heaps.
 Fin'gered.  See digitate.
 Fis'sure.  A cleft or slitted aperture.
 Fis'sus.  See cleft.
 Fis'tulous.   Hollow like a pipe, flute or reed.
 Flab'elliform.  See Fanform.
 Flxc'cid, fiae'eidus.  Too lax or limber to support
   its own weight.   See lax.
 Flagel'lwn.  See runner.
 Flagellifor'mis.  Resembling a whip-lash.
Flam'mcus.   Flame-coloured.
 Flat.  See planus. 
82                  FLO
Fla'vus.   Yellow.
Flesh't.  Thick and filled with pulp  within.
Flex'iblv, flex'ilis.   Easily bent.
Flexuo'se.  Bending and frequently changing direc-
  tion.   A stem is flexuose, or zigzag, which uni-
  formly bends at regular  intervals;  as from joint
  to joint, branch to branch, leaf to leaf, &c.
Fhx'us.   Bent.   This relates to but  one  bending.
  See  geniculate.
Flo'ating.   See natant.
Flocco'se.   Woolly, or resembling the flocks shear-
  ed from cloth.
Flo'ral.   Relating to a flower.
----bud.  Containing an unopened flower.
----leaf.  See  bract.
Florescen'tia.  See efflorescentia.
Flo'ret.   Little flower.   Whether  the  flower is
  large or small, it is a floret, if it is one of a num-
  ber all  of which constitute an aggregate or com-
  pound.  As the little flowers which make up the
  head of a thistle, a head  of wheat, the umbel of a
  carrot, &c.
Floribun'dus.  Abounding in flowers.
Florif'erous.   Bearing flowers.  A  leaf is florife-
  rous  when a flower grows out of its disk or mar-
  gin.
Flo'rist.  One  whose employment is that of creat-
  ing monsters ; that is, double and various  colour-
  ed corols ; as carnations, double roses, &c.  These
  meet a more ready sale than the most interesting
  plants in their native state, among  persons of- a
  coarse unscientific taste.  Such persons, to be con-
  sistent, should prefer the high coloured  daubings
  of a sign painter, to the delicate touches of a Sa-
  vage, a Trumbull,  or a Vanderlin.
Flos.   See flower. 
F  O  L                   83
Flos'cvl/lr, flosculo'sus.   See tubulous.
Flos'culus.   Tubular  floret.  Nuttall  applies it to
  the florets of grasses ; but ought not  to be follow-
  ed.
Flow'er. The stamens and pistils with their cover-
  ing.  These two organs,  or rather  their anthers
  and stigmas, are essential to all plants.   But the
  calyx, corol, and even nectaries when present, are
  parts of the flower.  The flower is perfect with a
  single stamen and pistil.  But if either of these be
  wanting, it is imperfect,  however splendid and gay
  the corol, &c. as it can never bring  forth perfect
  seed nor in any manner produce its kind.   Raising
  plants from bulbs, roots, &c. is now  known to be
  only  an extension  of the same  individual, which
  will cease to grow, when  it  arrives to its stated
  limits.  For this reason grafts from a kind of tree
  long known and often transferred from tree to tree,
  sooner die of old age, than those taken from a
  kind  later  from the seed.  It  is for this reason
  also,  that any kind of potatoe, however excellent,
•  ceases to produce good crops, after  being for 20
  or 30 years extended by planting the  root.  It
  must be renewed from the seed from time to time,
  or become extinct.  Smith says," all other modes
  of propagation (excepting by the seed) are but the
  extension  of an individual,  and  sooner or later
  terminate in its  total extinction."  See page 240.
Flow'ering se'ason.  See  efflorescentia.
Flow'er stalk.   See pedunde.
Fluvia'tilis. Growing naturally in rivers and brooks.
Foe'tidus.  Smelling disagreeably.
Fold.   Annexed to numerals denoting so often com-
  bined ; as 5-fold leaves, growing in  fives, &c,
Folia'ceous.  Sec leafy.
Folia'ris cir'rus.   A tendril on a  leaf. 
£4
FRO
■----gemma.  A bud containing leaves only.
Folia'tion,/o/ifl'/io.  The manner in which unopen-
   ed leaves are situated within the bud.   The modes
   of foliation are : 1.  Involute.   2. Revolute.   3.
   Obvolute.    4.  Convolute.   5.  Imbricate.   6.
   Equitant.  7. Conduplicate.  8. Plaited.  9.  Re-
   clinate.   10. Circinal.   See  each in  its proper
   place.
Folia'tus.  Leafy.
Foliif'crus. Particularly adapted to bearing leaves.
Fol'iole, foli'olum.   See leafet.
Folio'sus. See leafy.
Folium.  See leaf.
Follicle, Follic'ulus.  A pericarp with one valve,
   which opens lengthwise on one side only ;  as milk-
   weed (asclepias.)
Fontina'lis. Growing  naturally  about springs.
Foot'stalk.   See peduncle and petiole, it is put for
   both.
Fora'men.   A hole.
Foraminulo'sus.  Pierced with  many small holes.
Fork'ed.  See dichotomous.
Fornica'tus.  Arched.  See vaulted.
Fov'ea.  A nectariferous cavity for the reception of
   honey.
Fovil'la.  The fine substance contained in the parti-
   cles of pollen.   When the  ripe pollen comes in
   contact with the moist stigma, it explodes and dis-
   charges the fovilla.
Frag'ilis.   Breaking  easily and not bending.
Free.   See libera.
Freq'uens.  Very common, or frequent.
FH'gidus.  Growing naturally  in  cold countries.
Fain'ged.  Sec fimbriatus.
Frond.  An herbaceous, a leathery, a crustaceous,
   or gelatinous leaf, or somewhat of a leaf-like sub- 
F R  U
85
  stance, from  which or  within which the fruit is
  produced.  It is applied exclusively to the class
  cryptogamia—Smith.   But formerly it was also
  applied to palms.
Frondescen'tia.   See leafing.
Frondo'se.   Frondo'sus.  Leafy, or leaf-like.  It is
  applied to mosses  to distinguish  them from liver-
  worts by  Willdenow; who  retains  them in  thr
  same order.
Frons.  See frond.
Frutescen'tia.  Applied to palms and such others as
  have a simple stem,  and leaves  only at  top.
  Willdenow, page 268.
     It is applied by  Martyn to the time when vege-
  tables scatter their ripe seeds.
Fructif'erous.  Bearing, or becoming,  fruit.
Fructifica'tion, fructifiedtio.   " The  temporary
  part of vegetables, which is destined  for the re-
  production of the  species, terminating the old in-
  dividual and  beginning the new."—Linneus.  It
  consists of seven parts ;  1. Calyx.   2.  Corol.  3.
  Stamen.  4.  Pistil.  5. Pericarp.   6.  Seed.   7.
  Receptacle.   See each in its proper place.
Fruit, fruc'tus.   The seed with its  enclosing peri-
  carp.   If the seed grows naked, the seed alone is
  the fruit; as  of the sage.
Fruit'-dots. Assemblages of capsules on the backs
  of ferns.  Also small assemblages of powdery bo-
  dies on the fronds of lichens, called soredia.
Fruit'-stalk.   See peduncle.
FRUSTRA'NEA.   (Frustra, in vain,) polygamia.
  The 2d order of the class syngenesia.  The florets
  of the disk are perfect, of the ray neutral.  Ex-
  amples.   Helianthus   (sunflower.)    Centaurea
  (bluebottle.) 
G6
FUN
 Frutes'cent, frutes'cens.  Woody;  or from herba-
   ceous becoming woody.
 Frut'ex.  A shrub, which see,
 Frutico'sus.  See shrubby.
 Fug'ax.  Fugacious.   Soon disappearing.   Flying
   off.   See ring.
 Fulcra'tus,  Having appendages.
 Fulcrum.  These are seven—1. Stipule. 2. Bract.
   3. Thorn. 4. Prickle.  5. Sting.  6. Gland.  7.
   Tendril.  See each in its proper place.
 Full-flowered. When  the petals of the corol are
   so multiplied as to exclude the stamens; which is
   effected by the stamens becoming petals; as the
   peony, rose, &c.   This rarely takes  place in mo-
   nopetalous corols.   Double flowers are totaly un-
   fit subjects for botanical exercises.  See florist.
 Ful'vous, Ful'vus.  Yellowish, rust-colour.
 FUN'GI,  funguses.  The sixth order  of the  class
   cryptogamia.  It comprises that natural family of
   plants which is totally destitute of all herbage or
   herbaceous substance, but is of a spongy, pulpy,
   leathery or woody texture.  See Angiocarpus and
   gymnocarpus, also cryptogamia.
    They are now known to be organized bodies,
   propagating their kind by seeds, like other vege-
   tables.   However unsightly a common toadstool,
   the  mould on old  scraps of leather in  damp
   places, or the blight in grain, may appear to the
   careless observer;  they are  all beautifully  or-
   ganized, and highly interesting to the student in
   Natural History.   But  "  their  sequestered and
   obscure habitation, their short duration, their mu-
  tability of form and substance, render them indeed
  more difficult of investigation than common plants."
  Smith, page 500.
Fungo'se.  Fleshy and spongy. 
GAS
87
Fun'gus.   This term is sometimes put for pileus.
Fu'nicule,  Funiculus umbilica'lis.    The  thread
  by which a seed is fastened at the hilum.
Fun'nel-form.  A corol  with a tubular base, and a
  border  opening gradually  into the form of a re-
  versed cone.
Furca'tus.  See dichotomous.
Fur'rowed.   See sulcate.
Fus'cus.   Sooty-yellow, dark-yellow.
Fu'siform, fusifor'mis.   Spindle-form. A root thick
  at the top and tapering downwards to the point
   is fusiform; as the beet and carrot.


                      G.

 iial'ea.   See  labiate.
 Ga'leate, Galea'tus.  Resembling a helmet.
 Galls, gal'lce.  Excresences produced by the stings
   of insects.   The balls found on oaks which  are
   used in  dyeing, the common large green oak-balls,
   the singular green lumps  found on the  wild  ho-
   ney-suckle, &c. are  examples.   The irritation
   upon the delicate sap-vessels, produced by the
   sting and egg of the insect, causes a greater flow
   of sap  in that direction.  This  pressure of  sap
   distends and distorts the capillary tubes and mem-
   branes, until those excresences are formed around
   the egg.   In due time the egg becomes  a larva,
   or maggot, which after feeding a while upon the
   gall,  changes into the pupa, or chrysalis, and at
   last escapes a perfect insect, or fly.  Each fly pro-
   duces  a gall of a peculiar form.  Willdenow.
 Gape.   The opening between two lips of a labiate,
   or irregular, corol.
 Gap'ing.  See hians.
 Gas'hbd.  See incisus. 
88
GEN
Gem'inus.   See double.   It is also used for paired,
  in pairs or twins.
Geni'ma.   See bud.
Gemma'tio.   Budding.   The  gemmation  of plants
  comprehends the  developement of a new plant
  from the  bud, as well as the foliation ; according
  to Richard.  See foliation. Buds are of four kinds.
  I. Bud, properly so called, which see.  2.  Turion,
  the  radical  bud, or tender shoot which rises from
  :he  root in the spring, before it expands its leaves ;
  ;4s the early asparagus shoots.  3. Bulb, which
  see.  4.  Propago, a longish round body proceed-
  ing from  the mother plant in mosses, which itself
  becomes a new plant.   This is placed among the
  buds by Richard : but Linneus calls  it  the seed ;
  and Gaertner applies it to the seed of lichens also.
Gemmip'arous.  Producing buds in the  axils  of
  leaves.
Gen'eral.  See partial.
Gen'eral fence.   Universal involucre.
Gener'ic char'acter.  The  definition of a genus.
  It is confined entirely to the flower and fruit.  It
  is essential, factitious, or natural; which see.
Gene'ric name.  The name  of a genus.   Milne
  enumerates 21 rules respecting the naming of ge-
  nera ; which with his examples, occupy 40 pages.
  The principal names are founded upon some sup-
  posed  virtues of plants, expressed in Latin or
  Greek—the habit, place of  growth, &c. express-
  ed in the same manner—given in honour of some
  distinguished botanist—or borrowed  from the fa-
  bles of poets.
    It seems  to be an established modern rule, that
  no  genus shall have the name of a politician, or
  ©f any  other character  however  distinguished, 
GEN                   89
  unless liberal patronage, or skill in the science of
  Botany, will warrant it.
Genic'ulate.  Kneed.  Forming a very obtuse an-
  gle, like a moderate bending of the knee.
Gen'tes.   Nations.  Linneus divided plants into nine
  great natural tribes or casts.  1. Palms (palmae;)
  as the  date and cocoa-nut.  2. Grasses (gramina;)
  as Wheat,  Indian-corn, sugar-cane, rice, timothy-
  grass,  &c.  3.  Lilies (lilia;) as lily, tulip, daffo-
  dil, &c.   4.  Herbs  (herbae;) as thistles, nettles,
  pease, mint, potatoes, hemp, plantain, beets, and
  all other herbaceous plants except the above.  5.
  Trees (arbores;) as  oak, chesnut, pine, willow,
  dogwood, currants, lilac, whortleberry, cranberry,
  and all other plants with a  woody stem. 6.  Ferns
  (filices ;)  as brake, polypod, maidenhair, ground
  pine, and all other plants of this order, which see.
  7. Mosses (musci.)   See  the order.   8.  Alga:.
  This tribe  includes the plants of  the orders, he-
  paticce, alga and lichenes,  which see.  9. Fungi.
  As  mushroom,  toadstool, puff-ball, mould, blight,
  &c.
Ge'nus,  (plural gen'era.)  A  number of plants which
  agree with one another in the structure of the flow-
  er and fruit.—Willdenow.  The classes are divided
  into orders, and then the orders are divided into
  genera, the genera into species.  This is the ana-
  lytic method.  The species are united into their
  respective genera by rejecting the specific dis-
  tinctions; genera are united into their respective
  orders, by rejecting  the  generic distinctions ; or-
  ders are united under their respective classes by
  rejecting  the taxinal character.  This is the syn-
  thetic method.  Thus it will be readily perceived,
  that scientific botany is practical logic.
    Plants of the same genus  possess similar medical
                       8* 
90
G  L  A
  powers, though in very different degrees.—Milne.
  This rule is certainly liable to some exceptions.
Germ, ger'men.  That part of the pistil, which, after
  the pollen is received, soon contains the rudimen*
  of one young plant, or more.  Its whole substance
  becomes the pericarp and seed, as it enlarges itself.
     When the calyx comes out below the germ, the
  germ is superior, and the calyx inferior ; when the
  calyx comes out of the upper part of the germ, the
  germ is inferior, and the calyx superior.
     The mirabilis and sanguisorba, have the germ
  between the calyx  and corol.   But Smith says,
  the corol can be traced to the base of the germ in
  the sanguisorba; and Dr. Ives  showed the wri-
  ter of this article a sanguisorba media wherein he
  had distinctly separated the corol from the germ
  entirely to its base.   It is therefore very doubtful,
  whether there is a plant,  whose germ is between
  the calyx and corol.
Ger'minate.   Appertaining to the germ.
Germina'tion.   The swelling of a seed, and the un-
  folding of its embryo.
Gib'bous.  Bunched out.  When one  or both sides
  are swelled out.
Gills.  See lamella.
Gil'vus.   Iron-grey.
Glabcflus.   Bald.  Without hairs.
Gla'brous, glab'er. Sleek.  Having no pubescence.
  Glaber is often translated smooth, which in most
  cases conveys a correct idea; or at least does not
  lead to error.   But a leaf with soft cottony pubes-
  cence is smooth, though it is not glabrous.
Gladia'tus.  A  Sword-form  legume  is sometimes
  called gladiate.  See ensiform.
$land, glan'dula.   A round, or roundish appendage
  which   serves  for  transpiration  and  secretion. 
GLO
01
  They are situated on leaves, stems, calyxes, and
  particularly at the base of stamens in some cruci-
  form  flowers; as mustard.  Glandular hairs,  or
  hairs  with glandular heads, are very abundant  oa
  the common  hazlenut  calyx of  North America.
  (corylus americana.)
Glan'dular, Glan'dulous,  glandulosus.   Having
  glands.
Glandulif'erous.  Bearing glands.
Glass'-form.   See Cyathiform.
Glas'sy.  See  hyaline.
Glau'cous.   Clothed with a seagreen mealineas,
  which is easily rubbed off.  It  is sometimes put
  for a  greenish-grey colour.  This colour, ferru-
  ginous and hoary, are  so constant,  that they are
  used  in specific descriptions.  All other colours
  are excluded on account of their being too varia-
  ble to be relied on.
Globo'se, Globo'sus.  Spherical, round on all  sides
  like a ball.  This term is often applied in cases
  where the part is rather roundish than  perfectly
  globular.
Glob'ules.   That  kind   of receptacle  of lichens,
  which is globose, solid and crustaceous, formed of
  the substance  of the  frond, and terminating  its
  points or branches ;  from whence they fall off en-
  tire, leaving  a pit or cavity.  They are supposed
  to be covered all over  with a coloured seed-bear-
  ing membrane.  Smith.
Glob'uli.  Globules.
Glo'chis.  See  barb.
Glome.  A roundish head of flowers.
Glom'erate, glomera'tus.  When many branchlets
  are terminated by little heads—Richard.  A spike
  is  glomerate when  it consists of a  collection of
  sperical heads—Willdenow. 
92
G  R A
Glom'erule, glomerulus.  The small heads consti-
  tuting a glome, or a small glome.
Gluma'ceous.   Glume-like, or bearing glumes.
Glume, glu'ma.  Consists of the scales  or  chaffs
  which surround or enclose the stamens and pistils
  in the flowers of grasses.   The outer ones are
  called the calyx, the inner ones the corol.
     Each scale, chaff, or  husk, is  called  a valve;
  which gives  the  names bivalve, with 2 husks or
  chaffs ; univalve, with one, &c.
     When several flowers  are arranged along a ra-
  chis in a spikelet  with a valve or two,  or more,
  below the lowest flower,  these are called the com-
  mon or general calyx (gluma communis;) and the
  glume  to each  floret on the  spikelet  above is
  called partial (gluma partialis.)
     Richard says, glumes ought to be called bracts ;
  as they are not properly  either calyx or corol.
Glumo'se.   Having glumes.
Glu'tinous.  Having on some part more or less of
  adhesive moisture.
Gnaw'ed.  See erose.
Gon'gulus.   A knot.  It is applied to a round, hard
  body, which falls off upon the death of the mother
  plant, and becomes a  new one; as in the fucus.
  Willdenow.
Gonop'terides.   Angle-fruit fern.  One of the new
  orders  of Ferns.  It  is  adopted by Pursh, Tor-
  rey, and a few other writers on American botany.
  The receptacles of the fruit are polygons;  as of
  the genus  Equisetum.
Gram'ina.   The family  of grasses.   See gentes.
  But in a limited  sense, the  sedges, rush-grasses,
  &c. are not included.  See Natural Orders.  Cul-
  miferous is the most extensive term;  and most of
  this vast family have three stamens  in each flower, 
G  Y  N                  93
  though many of them are monoecious.  The rice,
  star-grass and rush-grass have six stamens to the
  flower.
Graminifol'ius.  Having leaves resembling tfiose of
  grasses.
Grandiflo'rus.  Having large flowers.
Granif'erus.   Bearing  grains or kernels;  as those
  on the valves of dock-flowers.
Gran'ulate,  granula'tus.   In  the  form of grains.
  A granulate root  consists  of several little knobs
  strung together  along the side of a filiform radicle.
  It differs from the knobbed tuberous roots in this;
  that the latter are  strung together by rootlets
  which proceed  from near the middle of one knob
  to another.
Granulations.   Grain-like substances.
Gravt'olens.  Having a strong odour or scent.
Groov'ed.  See sulcate.
Grossifica'tion.   The enlarging of the fruit after
  the florescence.
Guitar'-form. See panduriformis.
Gymnocar'pi fun'gi.  Such as bear  seeds in a naked
  hymenium,  which see.
Gymnosper'mus.   (Gumnos, naked; sperma,  seed.)
  With seeds naked, or growing without pericarps.
G YMNOSPER'MIA.   The name of the first order in
  the class didynamia.  It  includes  those plants,
  whose seeds have no pericarps ; as mint, mother-
  wort, pennyroyal, hyssop, catnip, thyme, heal-all,
  &c.  The rudiments of  the four naked seeds may
  be  seen around the base of the pistil, as soon as
  the flower opens.
GYNAN'DRIA.   (Gune, female ; aner, male.) Sta-
  men and pistil  united.   The name of the 20th
  class, or of the 19th if the 18th be rejected.  It in-
  cludes all plants whose stamens  are inserted on 
94
HAM
  the germen,  style,  or stigma,  separate from  the
  base of the corol.  Formerly  plants were placed
  here, as the passion flower, &c.  whose  stamens
  wereiiUached to an elongated receptacle.
    The pollen in most plants of this class is glutin-
  ous.  Many of them have the anther on a movea-
  ble lid on the top of a style.   Plants formerly in
  the second order of this class are  mostly removed
  to the first by Swartz.  What was formerly consi-
  dered as two anthers is founr-,to be 2 cells of  one
  anther.  The pollen is often in  stalked  masses,
  which might appear to a student like so many an-
  thers.


                     H.

(labita'tio.  The native residence of  plants; or the
  situation wherein they grow most naturally.
Hab'it,  hab'itus.   The  external appearance of a
  plant by a general  view of which  we know it with-
  out attending to  any of its essential characters.
    A  knowledge of the habit of plants  is to be
  acquired; by first  seeing them in a growing state,
  and then by repeatedly reviewing them in an her-
  barium, which see.
Hair.  See pilus.
Hair'-like.   See  capillary.
Hair'y.  See pilose.
Hal'bert-form.   See hastate.
Halv'ed.   One-sided, as if one half had been taken
  off; as the halved spathe of some Indian-turnips,
  one-sided involucres, &c.
Ha'mus.   A hook, as the hooked spines on  burdock.
Hamo'sus.   Hooked.
Hamulo'sus.  With very small hooks. 
H E R                  95
IIand'-form.   See palmate.
Hang'ing.  See pendent.
Has'tate.  Halbert-form, or shaped like an espon-
  toon.  A leaf with processes near the base from
  each edge,  which are acutish ;  as common sorrel
  leaves.  When these processes point considerably
  backwards the leaf is sagittate.
Hatch'et-form.   See axe-form.
Head.  Flowers heaped together in a roundish form
  with no peduncles or very short ones \ as clover-
  heads.  This term is applied  to a globular stig-
  ma also.
Heap'ed.  Compact, but hardly so close as dense.
Heart.  See corcle.
 Heart'-form.  See cordate.
 Hedg'e-hogged.   See erinaceus.
 Helmet.  See labiate.
 Hemisphere.  Half a sphere.
 HEPAT'ICM.   See cryptogamia.
 HEPTAGYN'IA.  Seven-styled.  The name of the
   7th order  in each of the first 13 classes.
 HEPTAN'DRIA.  (Hepta,seven; aner, male.)  Se-
   ven-stamened.   The name of the seventh class.
   It comprises all the  plants whose flowers are per-
   fect, with  7 stamens in each.
      It may also become the name of the seventh or
   der in those classes where the characters of the
   first 13 classes are  taken for orders  should future
   discoveries require  it.   See enneandria.
 Heptan'drous.   Belonging to, or varying into, the
   class heptandria.
 Herb, her'ba.  Any plant which has not  a woody
   stem.  But when applied  to the 9  families  (see
   gentes) it includes neither grasses nor lilies.
 Herba'ceous.   Not woody.  Also applied to planti
   which perish annually down to the root. 
96
HER
Herb'age.   All that  part of a vegetable which is
  bounded by the root below, and by the fructifica-
  tion above.   It comprises all parts of every plant,
  except the root and fructification, whether herba-
  ceous or woody.  See partes.
Herba'rium.   A collection  of  dried plants.   No
  person can ever become a good practical botanist
  without an  herbarium.   See  habit.   A man  of
  science may acquire a knowledge of the physiology
  of plants, and obtain a general view of the science
  of botany from books.  But to become a  practi-
  cal botanist, so far as to be  able to apply the
  principles of the science to any  useful  purpose,
  an herbarium is essential.
     The uses of an herbarium are principally these :
     1.  To acquire a knowledge of plants.  Any per-
  son of either sex,  who is desirous to  know the
  names of all the plants in any  neighbourhood,
  (which in  the compass of three or four miles, will
  amount to 6 or 7 hundred species  in most parts of
  North America, exclusive of cryptogamous plants)
  should make an herbarium according to the fol-
  lowing directions.   Let this be sent to the near-
  est practical botanist; who will readily annex to
  each its generic and specific name.  Make an in-
  dex to these names ; and frequently look over the
  plants and compare others with them,  in a grow-
  ing state ;  which is all that is required to  obtain
  the object desired.
    2. To revive in the memory the names and habits
  of plants.  No memory is sufficiently retentive to
  permit nothing to slip, relating to several hundred
  species of plants ; unless they are frequently pre-
  sented to the eye.
    3.  Whe?i plants are not in  flower, they often
  want some of their most striking habits  also.   It is 
HER
97
.herefore very convenient and satisfactory to com-
pare the more minute parts, in order to insure cor-
rectness in relation to plants, which we have oc-
casion to examine at various seasons of the year.

     Directions for making an herbarium.
   Those, who are desirous to know all the various
modes of performing^ this  interesting task, are re-
ferred to Smith's Elements, page  504.  Willde-
now's Principles, p. 4.  Richard under the word
herbier.   But the object of the author being to
give an account of the most simple and conven-
ient method; a detail of the  various plans pro-
posed will not be proper here.
   1. Provide yourself with about 100 old  news-
papers ;  or other coarse paper about equal to that
in  quantity and  texture.   Let  these  papers be
very thoroughly dried.  This will  be a sufficient
stock for the season.
   2. Procure two smooth  inch-boards of the size
of half of a  paper; also a weight of lead, stone,
or other substance, of twenty pounds.
   3. Gather 3 or 4 specimens of each plant,  as it
comes in flower.  If  you collect but few  speci-
mens, and wish to preserve them in the most beau-
tiful form, put them  between the leaves of a  port
folio in the field.  Let the specimens be so large
as to include the various parts of the plant.  If it
be a small  plant, take the root also.  If large
take it in two  pieces; one to include the flower
and parts adjoining, the other the  root-leaves, if
any, and those near  the root.  Place  these be-
tween the folds of the papers, as nearly in their
natural state as possible.   If the  plant curved,
let it curve in the papers ;  if the flower drooped
in the lieM or woods,  let it droop  in the papers. 
70
HER
 &c.  Lay  the papers  between the boards  with
 the weight upon them.  If 20 or 30 filled papers
 lie upon each other,  it is all the same.
   4.  Twice  or three times each week lay your
 papers, containing plants, separately in the  sun,
 with small stones  on  the corners, for three or four
 hours.  When taken in, put them in press again.
 This exposure to the sun is not necessary, however,
 with single specimens of small  plants. Or if seve-
 ral leaves of paper be allowed to each specimen.
   5.  As fast as your plants become dry, put them
 up in books  made of the same paper, with about
 a dozen sheets in each.  Most plants will be fit
 to put up, after sunning five times, and  pressing
 two weeks.   When the roots are taken up, if bul-
 bous, they should  be immersed  in boiling water, or
 they will  be very long in drying.  Most ever-
 greens  and  succulent plants, except  aquatics,
 should be immersed in boiling  water, or they will
 drop their flowers, &c.
   6. After the season is past, (which is about the
 end of November,) make a large book of stiff print-
 ing paper; and fasten one or  more of your  best
 specimens  of each species  to the first  page of
 each leaf.  Put as many specimens on a leaf as
 will fill it up; leaving room for names, &c. under
 each.  Some  glue  them on ; others cut through the
 papers and raise up slips, like  loops, and run the
 specimens under these loops.   The latter method
 is best and cheapest.
  Your herbarium will now be ready to send to
the practical  botanist, as before mentioned.
  ft may be proper to observe, that if a long  sea-
son of wet weather occur, or if you have not time
or convenience for drying your papers in the  sur.
while  containing the  plants, you  may effect the 
HEX
99
  same object by drying other papers thoroughly by
  a fire, and then shifting your plants into them.
    Plants should never be dried so as to become
  brittle.   They should resemble the state of well
  dried hay.   The object in drying them between
  papers is ;  to prevent their crisping, and to retain
  more of their natural colour and texture, than can
  be  done openly.  But still many plants cannot
  possibly be made to retain their natural colours.
    Simple and woods flowers  abound in the fore
  part of  the season ; compound and  field  flowers
  come most after the  middle of July.   An  indus-
  trious collector will have 400 species by the  first
  of July; and  will find 250  species afterwards,
  before the season closes.   See efflorescentia, tem-
  perature, and  species.
Herba'rius.  An  herbist.  One who collects and sells
  plants.
Hermaph'rodite.   See perfect.
Hexag'onal, hexago'nus.  Six-cornered.
HEXAGYN'IA.    (Hex, six; gune, female.)  Six-
  styled.   The  name of the sixth order in  each of
  the first thirteen classes.   Plants of either of these
  classes with six styles or sessile stigmas are of the
  6th order of such class ; as Wendlandia is of the
  6th order of the 6th class.
HEXAN'DRIA.   (Hex, six ; aner, male.)  Six-sta-
  mened.  The name of the sixth class.   It com-
  prises all plants, whose flowers are perfect; with
  six stamens in each, not united by their filaments
  in one or two sets, nor regularly with 4  longer
  than the other 2.  Liliaceous plants  belong here.
    It is  also the  name of the  6th order in those
  classes, where the characters of the first thirteen
  classes are taken for orders ; as fumaria and cory-
  dalis in  the class diadelphia,  aristolochia (birth- 
100                 HOO
   wort) in the class  gynandria, wild-rice (zizania)
   in the class monozcia, green-briar (smilax) in the
   class diozcia.
 Hexan'drous.  Belonging to, or  varying into, the
   class hexandria.
 Hexapet'alous.  Six-petalled.
 Ilexapelaloi'des.  A one-petalled corol so deeply di-
   vided as to appear 6-petalled,
 Hexaphyl'lus.   6-leaved.
 Hi'ans.  See gaping.
 Hi'lum.  The external  scar or mark  on a seed,
   where the funicle, or thread, is attached to it and
   conveys its nutriment till ripe.
 IIirsu'te,  hirsu'lus.   Rough-haired.  Covered with
   stiffish hairs,  but hardly stiff enough to be called
   bristles.
 Hir'tus.  Covered with short stiff hairs.   Nearly the
   same as  hirsute.
 His'pid, His'pidus. Bristly.  Beset with stiff hairs,
   or  rather  with bristles, which  are  very short.
   Perhaps it differs from hirtus only in having the
   hairs shorter and slifter.   It seems to be applied
   in some  cases, however, where  the  bristles are
   not very short.
 Hiul'cus.   Cracked open ; a gaping chink.
 Ho'ary.  Whitish coloured, arising  from  a scaly
   mealiness.  See glaucous.
 Holera'ceous.   Suitable for a pot-herb.
 Hol'lows, (thalamia.)  That kind of receptacle of
  lichens, which is spherical, nearly closed, lodged
  in the substance of the frond, lined with its pro-
  per coat, under  which are cells  2 or 4-seeded.
  Each hollow  finally opens by an orifice in the
  surface of the frond above.  Smith.
Hon'ey-cup.   See nectary.
 Hood'ed.  See  cowled. 
HYE
101
Hoof'-form.   See ungulatus.
Hook.  See hamus.
Hora'rius.  Continuing but an hour.
Horizontal.   Parallel to  the  horizon.   Leaves
  are horizontal, when they form right angles with
  erect stems.
Horn.  See spur.
Horn'-form.   Shaped like a horn, or rather like a
  cock's spur.  See spur.
Horolog'ium.   A botanist, who watches the progress
  of vegetables as they approach maturity, parti-
  cularly  the  developement of  flowers, through
  every hour of  the  day.   A  table  kept of such
  progress is called,  by the French, horologue.
Hu'midus.  Moist, humid.
Hu'mifuse, humifu'sus.   Spread  over the ground.
  Richard defines  it; spread on the ground and not
  rooting.
Hum'ilis.   Low, humble.
Husk.  The  larger kind of glume ;  as the husks of
  Indian-corn.
Hyaline, hyali'nus.   Colourless.  Transparent like
  glass or water.
Hyber'nicle, hybernac'ulum.  See bud.
Hyberna'lis.  Growing in the winter season.
Hy'brid, hy'brida.  A mule.  A vegetable produc-
  ed by the mixture  of two different species.  The
  seeds of hybrids will not propagate.   They are
  produced by  sprinkling the stigma with the pollen
  of a  different species.   Care must be taken in
  such cases  to prevent any pollen of its own spe-
  cies from falling on it first.
Hydrop'terides.  Water fern.   A  new order of
  Ferns.  It is adopted by Pursh,  Torrey,  &c.
  Isoetes, Azolla and Salvinia are placed here.
Hyema'lis, Growing in the winter season-
                      •9* 
102
I M M
Hyme'nium.   An exposed or naked, dilated, appro-
  priate membrane  of gymnocarp fungi, in which
  the seeds are imbedded.
Hypocraterifor'mis.  See salver-form,
Hypog'ynus,  Under the style.

                      I.

Jag'ged.  See  laciniate.
Jaws.  See faux.
I'cones planta'rum.  Figures or drawings of plants.
ICOSAN'DRIA.    (Eikosi,  twenty;   aner,  male.)
  Twenty-stamened.  The name of the 12th class.
  It comprises all plants, whose flowers are perfect,
  with 20 or more  stamens growing  on the inside
  of  the calyx, not on the receptacle.  Some au-
  thors say, any number of stamens  over 12, pro-
  vided they grow to the calyx. Lithrum, however,
  has the stamens on the calyx ; also agrimonia, and
  they  are not always constant in the number of
  stamens.  Perhaps  the better way is to leave this
  class as Linneus  left it;  and annex the genera,
  which vary from it,  to the  end  of  orders in the
  usual way.
     The  calyx  is  always  monophyllous  and the
  claws of the petals fixed into the inside of it along
  with the stamens.
Icosan'drous.  Belonging to, or  varying into, the
  class icosandria.
Ic'terus.  The change of colour in leaves in autumn..
hnber'bis.  Beardless.  See beard.
Im'bricate, imbrica'tus.  Leaves,  scales, &c. lying
  over each other, or one covering the place  where
  two others  meet,  like the shingles  or tyles- on a
  roof.
Ibmar'ginate, Haying *o border or peculiar margin. 
INC                  103
(mmer'sed.  See submersed.
Im'pari-pinna'tus.    Unequally  pinnate.   When  a
  pinnate leaf is terminated by a single or odd leafet.
Imper'fect, imperfec'tus.   Wanting the stamen or
  pistil.   No flower is perfect without both organs ;
  but with an anther and stigma the  flower is per-
  fect, though destitute of calyx and corol.
Impunc'tate.   See punctate.
Ineequa'lis.  Unequal, which  see.
Inaquivaha'tus. Valves of capsule or glume unequal.
Ina'nis.  Having a spongy  pith.
Inaper'tus.  Hollow, but  without any opening.
Inca'nus.  See hoary.
Incama'tus.  Flesh-coloured.
Inci'sed, Inci'sus.  Cut in like a gash with a knife,
  but not deep enough to be called a cleft.  If the
  crenatures or serratures of a leaf are cut down, to
  appearance, with a slit or gash, this terra applies.
Incli'ned, inclina'lus.  Bent towards  each  other.
  Also bent towards something different.
Inclu'ding, inclu'dens.  One thing  containing an-
  other within it; as the calyx shutting up the seed,
  capsule or corol.
tnclu'sus.   Enclosing.  Opposed to exsert.
Incomple'te.   See complete.
Inconspic'uus.   Not apparent without the  aid of a
  magnifier.
Incras'sate.  Thickening.  When  a flower-stem
  grows thicker upwards towards the flower.
In'crement.   The quantity of increase.
Incum'bent, incumbens.  Leaning  upon or against.
  When an anther lies, as  it were, somewhat hori-
  zontally upon the top of the filament.
Incur'ted, incurva'tus.  Bent inwards.  As  a leaf
  bent in at the point towards the  stem, a filament
  towards the pistil, a prickle towards the stem. 
104                  INF
Indig'enous.  Plants, growing naturally  and origi-
   nally in a country,  are indigenous to  that coun-
   try.  It is often very difficult to determine, whe-
   ther a plant is  exotic  or indigenous.  Who can
   say, whether the chess (bromus secalinus) stone-
   seed (lithospermum arvense)  and cockle (agros-
   temma githago) are native or exotic ?
Indivi'sus.   Undivided.   Not  cleft into  parts.  It
   may however be serrate, crenate or toothed ; it
   is therefore not the same as entire.
In'durated, indures'cens.  Becoming hard, tough, or
   leathery.
Indu'sium.   A shirt.   It is used by some authors for
   the thin membranous covering on the fruit of ferns.
   But Smith prefers retaining the old name, involw-
   ere, which see.
Iner'mis.  See unarmed.
Infer'ne.  Downwards.   Towards or near the base
   or root.
Infe'rior, in'ferus.  Below.   A calyx or corol is
   inferior when it comes out below the germ.  See
   germ.
In'fimus.   At the  very bottom or base,  lowest.
Infla'ted, infla'tus.  Appearing as if blown up with
   wind.  A very small degree of inflation is some-
   times noticed in descriptions; as the calyx in si-
   lene.
Inflex'ed, inflex'us. The same as incurved.  Smith.
Inflores'cence,  inflorescen'tia.   The  mode by
   which flowers are connected  to the plant  by the
   peduncle.  It is of 10 kinds.   1. Whorl.   2. Ra-
   ceme.  3. Panicle.   4. Thyrse.  5. Spike.   6.
   Umbel.  7. Cyme.   8.  Corymb.  9.  Fascicle.
   10. Head.  See each in its place.
Infrac'lus.  Bent in with such an acute angle as  to
   appear as if broken. 
I N  T
105
Infundibilifor'mis.   See funnel-forrn.
Inodo'rus.  Having no smell.
Inser'tus.   Inserted, fixed to or on.
Insi'dens.   Sitting upon.
Insigni'tus.   Marked.
Instruc'tus.   Furnished with.
In'teger.  See entire.
Integer'rimus.   Very  entire, having  no dentation
  whatever.
Tnterfolia'ceous.  Situated along the stem be-
  tween the origin of the  leaves, not opposite to
  them.
Intermed'ius.  Between two extremes.
Interno'de,  interno'dius.  The space between joints
  or knots.
Inter'nus.  Within the inside.
Interpos'itus.  Placed between.
Interrup'te.  Interruptedly.
Interrupted, interrup'lus.  A spike is interrupted,
  when leaves or smaller flowers are interposed at
  intervals.
Interrup'tedly pin'nate.  When smaller leafets
  are interposed  among  the larger; as the potatoe
  and agrimony leaves.
Inti'mus.   Entirely  within.
I.vtor'sion, intor'sio.  Twisting, twining or bending
  from a strait  upright position.  See twining con-
  torted and twisted.
Intor'tus.  Twisted inwards.
Intrafolia'ceous.  Within the leaf.   A  stipule is
   intrafoliaceous, when it originates a  little above
   the origin of the petiole, which brings  it, as it
   were, within the bosom of the leaf.
Introduced.  Not originally native.  Brought froua
   some other country.
Intror'sum.  Inwardly. 
lt>6                 1 R R
Inversely heart'-form.  See obcordate.
Inunda'tus.  See submersus.
Involu'crate. See involucred.
Involucre, involu'crum.   That kind of calyx which
  comes out at a distance below the flower, and ne-
  ver encloses it like the spathe.   It is further dis-
  tinguished from the spathe in being of a leafy tex-
  ture and colour,  whereas the spathe is generally
  membranaceous  or  coloured.   It is generally
  found at the origin of the peduncles  of umbels ;
  and sometimes attached  to  other aggregate flow-
  ers.  When it is all on one side it is  called dimi-
  diate, halved.   See partial.
    Involucres of ferns  generally lie on the tops of
  the capsules, like a piece of linnen spread out to
  dry;  hence  they are called indusium,  a  shirt.
  They are denominated corniculatum,  when cylin-
  dric, hollow and enclosing the  seed.
Involu'cred, involucra'tus.  Having  involucres.
Involu'cel. A partial involucre, or a little, involucre.
lnvol'vens.  Arching over.
Involute, involu'tus.  Rolled inwards.  A term in
  foliation; applied to leaves  whose opposite mar-
  gins are rolled  in and continued rolling, till  the
  two rolls meet on the midrib and parallel to it.
Joints.   Swelling knots, rings, or narrowed inter-
  stices, at regular intervals along  glumes, pods,
  spikes,  leaves, &c.
Joint'ed.   Having joints.
Irid'eous, Irides'cent.  Reflecting light somewhat
  like a rainbow.
Irreg'ular, irregida'ris.   Differing  in figure, size,
  or proportion of  parts, among themselves.
Irritabil'ity.  The  power of being excited  so as
  to produce contractile motion.  That there is such
  a thing as vegetable irritability is evident to every 
KNO
107
  one, who examines the common barberry  flower.
  Touch the  inside of a stamen near its base  with
  the end of a horse-hair, or any thing about the
  same  size,  and it will instantly strike its anther
  against the pistil and shoot a quantity of pollen
  upon the stigma, or in that direction.
Ish.  See Acutiusculus.
Isthmus.  Long narrow joints in legumes or loments.
Jug'um.  Yoke.   In pairs.
Julus.   See ament.


                      K.

Keel.   The lower  petal of a papilionaceous corol.
   The stamens and pistils lie enclosed in it.
Keel'ed.  Having  a ridge resembling the keel of a
   boat or ship.  A leaf, capsule, calyx, &c. is keel-
   ed when it has the midrib, angle, or peculiar pro-
   cess, running along the back of a compressed
   form, and attached by one  edge.
Ker'nel.  See nucleus.
Kid'ney-form. Hollowed in at the base with round-
   ed lobes and  rounded end.   Its breadth  is  gene-
   rally, as great as its length.
Kne'ed.  See geniculate.
Knob'bed.   In thick lumps; as potatoes.
Knobs.   (Cephalo'dia.)   That  kind of receptacle
   of lichens, which is convex, more or less globular.
   covered externally with a coloured  seed-bearing
   crust, and placed generally at the extremities ot
   stalks, originating  from the  frond, permanent;
   rarely sessile.   Sometimes they are at first span
   gles  on filamentous lichens,  and  afterwards be-
   come convex irregular knobs.  They are simple,
    compound or conglomerate.  Smith. 
.08                 LAM
 Knot.   A swelling joint.  See joints.
 Knot'ted.   Having swelling joints.
 Knot'less.  Without swelling joints.  See enode.


                       L.

 La'biate.  Having lips ; or a calyx or corol divid-
   ed at top into two  general parts, somewhat re-
   sembling the lips of a horse  or other animal.
     Labiate corols are  divided into ringent and per-
   sonate.
     Ringent, such as have the lips open or  gaping.
     Personate, such as have the lips closed or muffled.
 Labyrinthifor'mis.  Winding and turning by various
   involutions and contortions like a labyrinth.
 Lac'erated, lac'erus.   Torn.  Cut,  or  apparently
   torn, into irregular segments.
 Lacin'ia.   The division of a calyx, corol, leaf, &c.
   into which they are cleft,  torn or divided.
 Lacin'iate,  lacinia'tus.  Jagged.   Irregularly  di-
   vided and subdivided,  cut or torn. Hardly dif-
   ferent from lacerated.
 Lactes'cence, lactescen'tia.  Milkiness.  The milky
  juice of some plants ;  as the milkweed (asclepias.)
   It is also  called by  this name,  when the  juice is
  red ;  as in the  bloodroot (sanguinaria.)
Lac'teus.  Milk-white.
Lacu'nose, Lacuno'sus.  Hollow between the veins
  of a leaf.   When the blisters  are under side of the
  leaf instead of  the upper.  See bullate.
Lacu'stris.  Growing most  naturally in  or about
  lakes.
Las'vis.   Smooth,  even, polished; not  striate, or
  wrinkled.
Lamel'la.  A thin plate.   Applied  to the  gills or 
L  A T
109
  vertical plates under the hat or pileus of the aga-
  ric fungus, or toadstool.
----equa'lis.   When all the gills reach  from the
  stem to the margin of the hat.
----inequa'lis, or interrup'tus.   When some reach
  but part of the way.
----biseria'lis. When a long and short gill alternate.
----triseria'lis.   When 2 long and 2 short gills al-
  ternate in pairs.
----ramo'sa.   When several gills unite in one, so
  as to appear branched.
----decur'rens.  When  they run down  the  stem
  more or less.
----veno'sce.   When so narrow as to have the ap-
  pearance of  veins.
Lamel'late.   In  the form of thin plates, or having
  thin plates.
Lam'ina.  The broad upper part of the petal of a
  polypetalous corol.   See petal.
La'nate, lana'tus.  Woolly.  Covered with curly,
  crooked, close, thick pubescence.   Not so fine,
  nor so closely matted together as tomenlose.
Lance'olate, lanceola'tus.   In the form of the lance
  of the  ancients.  When  the  length  greatly ex-
  ceeds  the  breadth; and it  tapers gradually from
  near the base to the apex.
Lance-o'vate, &c. lanceola'to-ova'tus,fyc.   Pertak-
  ing of the lanceolate form and of that with which
  it is compounded.
Lanu'go.   Down.
Lappula'ceus.   Burr-like.
Laterifol'ius.   Side-leaved.
Lat'eral, lateralis.   On one side.
Latifol'ius.   Broad-leaved.
Lateri'tius.   Brick-coloured.
Lat'itans.  Hidden, concealed.
                        10 
110                 LEA
Lat'ticed.   Resembling network.
Lax, lax'us.  Limber.  See flaccid.
Leaf.   That part of most vegetables, which  pre
  sents more surface to the atmosphere, than all
  other parts ; and consists principally of the cellu-
  lar integument covered with the cuticle.  Leaves
  imbibe and give out moisture; generally more
  with one surface than the other.   Aquatic leaves
  perspire faster than dry-land leaves ; which is the
  reason  for their drying so much  sooner.  Some
  leaves imbibe sufficient moisture from  the  atmos-
 ■ phere for  their support  for a long  time;  as  the
  common liveforever will  grow, if broken off and
  stuck up in a dry place.
     Leaves are divided into  simple, when one leaf
  grows on one petiole ; and compound  when seve-
  ral leafets grow on one petiole.
     They are ev'ergreen, remaining through  the
  winter; or decid'uous, falling off at the close of the
  year.
     They are farther distinguished by their forms,
  surfaces, and positions.  All of which are describ-
  ed under their peculiar names.
Le'afing  season.  That time in the year  when
  most leaves come  out.   In North  America  the
  proper leafing season  is in April.
Le'afet, or le'aflet.  One of the lesser  leaves
  which, with others, constitute a compound leaf.
  A simple leaf is never a leafet, however small.
Le'afless.   Destitute of leaves,  naturally.  This
  term does not apply in cases of defoliation, which
  see.
Le'af-stalk.  See petiole.
Le'afy.   Furnished  with  leaves.    Abounding  ;..
  leaves.   Leaves intermixed with  flowers on  <
  spike. 
L  I G                 111
Leathery.   See coriaceous.
Legume, legu'men.  A pod,  without a longitudinal
  partition, with its enclosed seeds attached to one
  suture only; as the pea.   Those with tranverse
  partitions are usually called loments, which see.
Leguminous.  Bearing legumes.
Lentic'ular, lenticula'ris.  Lentil-form.  It is ap-
  plied to a kind of glandular roughness on the sur-
  face of some plants.   Form of a convex lens.
Lepan'thium.  Used as a substitute for nectary by
  Nuttall.
Lev'el-top'ped.   See fastigiate.
Li'ber.  The innermost  layer  of the bark, or the
  last year's deposit.  Smith, page 25.
Li'bera.  Free, not adnate, or attached.
LICHENES.  See cryptogamia.
Lid of mosses.  See operculum.
Light.  Various motions and inclinations of plants
  prove the effect of light upon them.  Trees pre-
  sent their leaves outward in  quest of light, be-
  cause it  is darkest  in the centre.  Plants in a
  green-house all present the upper surfaces of their
  leaves towards the enlightened side of it.  Wheat-
  heads hang towards the sun.  Most  compound
  flowers follow  the sun  through  the day.   Plants
  deprived of the light lose their green hue ;  as po-
  tatoe tops growing in a dark cellar.
Ligno'se, ligno'sus.  Woody.
Lig'num.  See wood.
Lig'ula.   A strap or strap-form organ.  It is gene-
   rally applied to the membrane or stipule at the
   top of the sheath of a grass-leaf.
Lig'ulate, ligula'tus.   That kind of floret, in some
   compound  flowers,  which consists of a  single
   strap-like petal which becomes tubular at the base 
  112                L  O M

   only;  as all the florets in a dandelion, and the ray
   florets in a sunflower.
  Li'lia, lil'ies.   The family of lilies.  See gentes.
  Lilia'ceous.  A corol with six petals  spreading
     Gradually from the base, so as altogether to exhi-
     it a bell-form appearance.
 Limb, lim'bus.   The broad spreading part of the pe-
   tal of a monopetalous corol.
 Line, li'nea.   The breadth of  the  crescent  at the
   root of the finger nail.
 Lin'ear,  linea'ris.   Continuing of the same breadth
   throughout most of the extent.  Linear leaves al-
   ways, or with very few exceptions, become nar-
   rowed  or pointed at one or both ends.
 Lin'eate, linea'tus.  Marked with lines.
 Lin'guiform.   Tongue-like.  Thick,  fleshy,  linear,
   blunt at the end.
 Li'on-tooth'ed.  See runcinate.
 Lip, or lip'ped.   See labiate.
 Lirel'lce.   See clefts.
 Littora'lis.   Growing on  the sea-coast;  also on the
   shores  of rivers.
 Li'vidus.   Dark  grey, inclining to violet.
 Lobe, lob'us.  Divisions, which are rounded, or part-
   ed by  rounded or  curved incisions.  Sometimes
   it seems to be applied  to cases where  it has no-
   thing to distinguish it from a segment cut off by
   a  cleft incision, except  by its  being larger.
Lo'bed, loba'tus.  Divided into lobes.  Deeply part-
   ed, with the segments  distant or spreading and
   large.
Loculamen'tum.   See cell.
Loc'ulus.  The little cell of an  anther, which con-
   tains pollen.
Lo'ment, lomen'tum.  A legume pod with transverse 
MAR
113
  partitions.   This terra is generally applied to the
  legumes in the Natural Order Lomentacae.
Longifol'ius.  Long-leaved.  See relative proportions,
Longis'simus.   Very long.
Lon'gus.  Rather  long.  See relative proportions.
Loose.  Open, not compact.
Lo'rula.  The long threads of Usnea.  This lichen,
  so common on trees, is erroneously called moss
  by most people.
Lu'cidus.  Bright, shining.  Nearly  the same as ni-
  tidus.
Lu'nulate,   lunula'tus.   Shaped  like a crescent,
  which see.
Lu'rid, lu'ridus.   Of a palish, dull, deathly  colour.
  Most plants  with lurid petals  are more  or  less
  poisonous; as tobacco, henbane,  thorn-apple.
Lutes'cent,  lutes'cens.  Approaching to a  yellow
  colour.
Lu'teus.  Yellow.
Luxu'riant,  luxur'ians.  See  full-flowered.
Ly'rate,  lyra'tus,   Pinnatifid, with  the division at
  the apex largest.
Ly'rate pin'nate.   Pinnate with the odd terminal
  leafet largest.


                      M.

Macula'lus,   Spotted.
Male.  See  staminate.
Manifes'tus.  Very apparent.
Ma'ny.  Whenever there are more than are  usually
  numbered  of that kind;  as we say,  1-seeded, 2-
  seeded, 3-seeded, 4-seeded, many-seeded.
Marces'cent, marces'cens, or moir'cidus.  See with- 
114
M E A
Mar'ginated,  margina'tus.   Having a margin  dif-
  fering in some measure from the disk.
Mar'gin, mar'go.  The circumference or edge.  See
  border.
Marit'imus.  Growing naturally near the sea-board.
  It may be extended several miles from  the water.
Mar'row.  See pith.
Mas'culus.  See staminate.
Mas'ked.  Personate.   See labiate.
Matu're, matu'rus.  Full-grown, but not entered
  upon a state of decay.
Meas'ures.  Proportion between parts is better than
  any  measure.   But when measures are adopted,
  they should be taken  from parts of the hand and
  arm.  Because the parts of plants vary about as
  much  as the hand; and in adopting these mea-
  sures the same allowance should be made.
     1. Line,  the crescent at the root of the nail.
  About one-twelfth  of  an inch.   2. Nail (unguis.)
  Length of the nail.  About half an inch.  3. Inch
  (pollex.)   Length of  the first joint of the thumb.
  4. Palm. * Breadth of the four fingers.   About 3
  inches. 5.  Short'-span (spithama.) Distance be-
  tween  ends of thumb and fore-finger.   About 7
  inches.
     Long'-span (dodrans.)   Distance between ends
  of thumb and little finger.   About 9 inches.
     Foot (pes.)   Distance between  the point of the
  elbow and the second joint of the  thumb.   About
   12 inches.
     Cu'bit (cub'itus.)  Distance between the point
  of the  elbow and of the middle finger.   About 18
  inches.
     Arm (brachium.)   Distance between  armpit
   and the end of middle finger.  About 24 inches.
     Fathom  (orgya.)  Distance between the ends 
MET
116
  of the middle fingers, when the arms are extend-
  ed.
Medic'inal, medicina'lis.  Plants possessing princi-
  ples sufficiently  active to entitle them to a  place
  in  the  materia  medica.   Many  physicians dai-
  ly trample under  foot plants, which  possess si-
  milar qualities with those which they  purchase
  from Europe, and often the very same plants ;  but
  being ignorant of those botanical principles by
  which the names and properties of plants are as-
  certained, they  are  consequently ignorant  of the
  absurdity.   See qualities.
Medio'cris. Averaging in dimensions compared with
  other parts.   See relative proportions.
Med'ius.  In the middle.  This  term is used  when
  one part is between the other parts, though some-
  times much nearer one than the other; as a bract is
  in the middle of the peduncle, when it is much near-
  er the  flower than to  the base of the peduncle.
  This name is sometimes given to species holding
  a middle place between extremities, expressed
  by the  names of other species of  the same genus.
 Medulla.  See  pitb.
 Mellif'erous, mellifera.   Producing or containing
   honey.
 Melli'go.   Honey-dew on leaves.
 Membranaceous.  Made up, apparently, of the two
   plates  of the cuticle, without any cellular integu-
   ment between  them.   Nearly transparent, very
   thin and colourless.
 Membrana'tus.  Flattened and  resembling a mem-
   brane.
 Mensu'ra.  See measures.
 Meth'od, method'us.  A mode  of  arranging  plants
   in classes, orders, &c.  Richard has 14 pages on
   this head; in which he gives the methods of Tour- 
1 ie*                 MON
  nefort and Linneus  at length.   But as we  have
  given the method of Linneus under Systematic
  Terminology, and throughout the Dictionary ; and
  as Tournefort's method is no where adopted in
  this country; this article is principally omitted.
    It may be observed that:
              Tournefort's method
  Divides plants into herbs and trees.   The Herba-
  ceous plants are  divided into 17 classes.  Four-
  teen of these are  distinguished by the form of the
  corols;  as,  1.  Infundibiliformis.  2. Personate,
  &c.   The other  3 classes are apetaloue and  dis-
  tinguished by having stamens, no apparent 'flowers,
  and  no apparent  seed.  The Tree kinds are di-
  vided into 5 classes.
Mid'rib.  The main or middle rib of a leaf running
  from the stem to the apex.
Milia'ris.   In the form  of millet seed.
Minia'tus.  Scarlet, vermillion colour.
Minutis'simus.  Extremely small or minute.
Mi'tre-form.   Terminating in two divisions, in
  some measure resembling a bishop's mitre.
Molendina'cea.  Many  winged.
Mollis.   Seft.
MONADEL'PHIA.  (Monos,  one;  adelphos,  bro-
  ther.)  One brotherhood.  The name of the 15th
  class.  It comprises  all  plants, whose flowers are
  perfect with the stamens united by their filaments
  in one set and the flowers not papilionaceous.
    It is also  the name of the 16th order in those
  classes, where the characters of the first 13 classes
  are taken for orders.  Though this is not of the
  first 13 classes, yet it is  adopted upon  the same
  principle in  the class monozcia and diozcia ; as the
  pine,  white-cedar, cucumber, squash, &c. in the
  former ; and red-cedar,  yew, &c. in the  latter* 
MON                 117
Monadel'phous.  Belonging to, or varying into, the
  class monadelphia.
MONAN'DRIA.   (Monos, one;  aner, male.)   One-
  stamened.   The name of the first class.   It com-
  prises all plants, whose flowers  are perfect, with
  one stamen in each, not growing on the pistil.
     It  is also the name of  the first order in  those
  classes, where the characters of the first 13 classes
  are taken for orders  ; as the  orchis and arethusa
  in the class gynandria.
Monil'iform.  See granulate.
Monocotyle'dones.  See cotyledon.
MON(E'CIA.   (Monos, one; oikos,  house.)   The
  name of the 21 st class ; or the  20th, if the 18th
  be rejected.   It includes those plants whose flow-
  ers are not perfect, but the stamens and  pistils
  grow  in different flowers  on the same plant.  As
  in the Indian-corn, the stamens are  in the tassels,
  and  the pistils are the silks of the ear.
Monce'cious, monoi'cus.  Belonging to, or varying
  into,  the class monoecia.
MONOGYN'IA.  (Monos, one ; gune, female.) One-
  pistilled.   The  name of the first order in each of
  the first 13 classes.  It  comprises  all plants in
  each  class, respectively, whose  flowers have one
  style  in each ; or, if the style is wanting, one ses-
  sile stigma; as samphire (salicornia)  in the class
  monandria,  lilac  (syringa) in  diandria, Iris in
  triandria, plantain in tetrandria, mullein in pentan-
  dria,  lily in hexandria, horse-chesnut in heptandria,
  laurel (kalmia) in decandria, purslane in dodecan-
  dria,  cherry in icosandria, poppy in polyandria.
Monopet'alous.   The  whole corol in one  piece.
  Sometimes it is so deeply parted, that it appears
  to be polypetalous until it is pulled off and close-
  ly examined at the  base.   In most monopetalous 
118                 M  U L
  corols, the stamens are attached to the tube. They
  are divided into Bell-form, Funnel-form, Salver-
  form, Wheel-form, and Labiate, which see.
Monophyl'lous.   (Mon'os, one; phullon,  a  leaf.)
  One-leafed.  A  calyx all in one piece.   All  the
  calyxes in  the  class icosandria  are of this kind.
  They are often so deeply divided, that a student
  may mistake them for polyphyllous, without par-
  ticular attention.
Monopteryg'ia.  See wings.
Monopyre'nus.  Enclosing but one nut or stone.
Monosper'mus.  One seed to a flower.
Monostac'hyos.  (Monos, one; stachus, spike.)  Sin-
  gle spiked.
Mon'strous.  Plants producing any  part  different
  from the same part, when growing wild.  As  the
  rose has but five petals in  a  wild state; but, by
  rich cultivation in gardens, the stamens are most-
  ly changed to petals.   Carnations and peony are
  examples  also.   These are  all monsters.   See
  florist and full-flowered.
Monta'nus.  Growing most naturally on mountains.
Moon-form.   See crescent-form.
Mos'ses.  See musci.
Mouth.   See faux.
Mu'cidus.  Resembling  mouldiness, or mucor.
Mu'cronate, mucrona'tus.   Having a rounded end,
  tipped with a prickle; which often appears rather
  an extension of the midrib.
Mule.   See hybrid.
Multangula'ris.  Many-angled.  Having several  cor-
  ners or ridges.
Multicapsula'ris.   Many-capsuled.  Several capsules
  to each flower.
Multicau'lis.   Producing many stems.
Multidenta'tus.  Many-toothed. 
NAT
119
iVIul'tifid, Multif'idus.   Many-cleft.
Multiflo'rus.  Many-flowered.
Mullil'obus.   Many-lobed.
Multilocula'ris.  Many celled.
Multipar'tite, Multipart^tus.   Many-parted.
Multiplex.  Many-fold.  Having petals lying over
  each other in two rows.
Multiplied, multiplied tus.   See full-flowered.
Multisiliquo'sus.  Many pods proceeding  from the
  same point.
Multival'vis.   A glume with many chaffs or valves.
Multot'ies.  Often times.
Mu'niens.  Leaves drooping down and hanging over
   the  stem, &c. at night.
Muni'tus.  See fenced.
Mu'ricate, murica'tus.  Armed with sharp spines.
   Covered with subulate prickles.
MUSCI, mosses.  The  second  order of the class
   cryptogamia.  All mosses have lids on the cap-
   sules.  See cryptogamia.
Mut'icus.  See awnless.
Mutilated, mutila'tus.   Not producing parts with
   their full complete forms.


                      N.

 Na'ked.  Wanting a covering analagous to that of
   most plants.  As stem without leaves, leaves with-
   out pubescence, corol without a calyx, seed with-
   out a pericarp, receptacle without chaff,  pubes-
   cence, &c.
 Ka'nus.  Dwarfish, very small.
 Nap.   See tomentose.
 Nqpifor'mis.   Resembling a turnip.
 Na'tant, nat'ans.   Floating.  When the plant is 
120                 NAT
  fixed by the root at the bottom and its leaves float
  on the top of the water, as the pond lily, (nym-
  phaea.)
Na'tions.   See gentes.
Na'tive.  Originally of that country.   Not intro-
  duced.
Nat'ural char'acter.   The  description  of  the
  parts  of fructification at large ;  without regard to
  any method : or at least so given as to be capa-
  ble of being used under any method. See descrip-
  tions.
Nat'ural class.   See natural orders.
Nat'ural his'tory.   That department of Science,
  which treats of the productions of nature as they
  come from the hand of the Creator :  without any
  decomposition or chemical analysis.
     It is generally divided into four branches.
     1.  Zool'ogy.  Which includes all animals ; as
  Beasts, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes,  Insects,  Snails,
  Clams, Worms and Corals.
     2.  Bot'any.  Which  includes all  plants.  As
  Palms,  Grasses,   Lilies, Herbs, • Trees,  Ferns,
  Mosses, Liverworts, Seaweeds and Mushrooms.
     3.  Mineral'ogy.  Which includes the unorga-
  nized mass  of our  globe.  As Pit-coal, Common
  salt, Flint, Lime, Clay, Iron-ore, Silver-ore, Lead-
  ore, with  the ore of 26 other metals, &c.
     4.  Aerol'ggy. Which includes the atmosphere
  and whatever floats in it.  This takes in the natu-
  ral history  of lightning, meteors, &c.   But it is
  more  particularly concerned with clouds as it re-
  spects systematic arrangement.
Nat'ural Orders.   An arrangement of plants ac-
  cording to their natural affinities, without regard-
  ing their  artificial characters.  Such an arrange- 
NAT
121
          NATURAL orders OF LIX.N'F.U*

snent is of great  use  both in finding out a plant,
and examining its relations and qualities.
   It is considered advisable to insert here the two
celebrated systems of Linneus and Jussieu.  For
this Dictionary is intended as an assistant in read-
ing any system, which  may fall into the hands of
a student; and after he  has found out a plant, he
may be desirous  to examine it by these systems.
   Linneus supposes, (Rose, Milne  and others fol-
low his opinions, and  Cullen in some measure,)
that plants of the same natural order possess si-
milar medical qualities.  But  the scent of plants
must certainly be taken into consideration;  as
all nauseous-scented umbelliferous plants are poi-
sonous, while the sweet-scented are pleasant sto-
machics, &c.  See qualities.   The medicinal qua-
lities are annexed from Milne, Woodville, Thorn-
ton and others, that the student  may  avail him-
self of whatever advantage can  be derived from
such natural affinities.   " Several  plants charac-
terized by a particular virtue, possess it to such
a degree  of strength or weakness, that we may
reasonably expect  very different effects from this
difference of intensity in the same quality."  Milne.

         Natural Orders of  Linneus.
   1. Pal'm.s.  Palms and their relatives;  as Co-
coanut, Frog's bit.   Farinaceous diet.
   2.  Piperi't^:.   Pepper and its  relatives.   In
crowded  spikes;  as  Indian-turnip,  sweet-flag.
Tomes and stomachics.
   3.  Calama'rije. Reed-like grasses, with culms
without joints;  as cat-tail,  sedge.   Coarse cattle
fodder.
                     11 
122
NAT
         natural  orders of linneus.

   4. Gra'mina.  The proper grasses with jointed
culms;  as Wheat, Rye, Oats, Timothy-grass, In-
dian-corn.   Farinaceous diet and cattle fodder.
   5. Tripetaloi'de.e.  Corol 3-petalled  or ca-
lyx 3-leaved; as Water-plantain, Rush-grass, Ar-
row-head.   Tonics and rough cattle fodder.
   6. Ensa'tje.   Liliaceous  plants with  sword-
form leaves; as Iris, Blue-eyed grass, Virginian
spiderwort.   Antiscorbutics and Tonics.
   7. Orchid'e^:.   With fleshy roots, stamens on
the pistils,  pollen glutinous, flowers of  singular
structure with the germ inferior; as Ladies' slip-
per, Arethusa.   Farinaceous  diet and  Stomachics.
   8. Scitamin'e.e.  Liliaceous corols, stems her-
baceous, leaves broad, germen  blunt-angular; as
Ginger, Turmeric.   Warming  stomachics.
   9. Spatha'ce^e. Liliaceous plants with spathes ;
as Daffodil, Onion, Snow-drop.   Secernant stimu-
lants.
   10.  Corona'ri^:.   Liliaceous  plants without
spathes; as Lily,  Tulip,  Star-grass.   The nau-
seous-scented and bitter are  antiscorbutic and ca-
thartic,  the others Emollient.
   11.  Sarmenta'ce^:.  Liliaceous  corols with
very weak  stems; as Smilax, Asparagus, Bell-
wort.   Tonics and Secernant stimulants.
   12. Olera'ceje, or Holera'ceje. Having flow-
ers destitute of beauty, at least  of  gay colouring ;
as Beet, Blight, Pig-weed, Dock, Pepperage.   It
nauseous, Cathartic;  others, mild stimulants and
nutrientics.
   13.  Succulen'tje.   Plants  with  very  thick
succulent  leaves; as  Prickly-pear,  House-leek,
Purslain.  Antiscorbutic and Emollient. 
NAT
123
         NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS.

  14. Gruina'les.   Corols with five petals, cap-
sules beaked; as Flax, Wood-sorrel, Cranes-bill.
Tonics and Refrigerants.
  15. Inunda'tje.   Growing under water and hav-
ing flowers destitute of  beauty; as  Hippuris,
Pond-weed.  Astringents.
  16.  Calyciflo'rje.   Plants  without  corols,
with the stamens on the calyx ;  as Poet's casia,
Seed buckthorn.  Astringents and Refrigerants.
   17.  Calycan'them/e.  Calyx on  the germ or
growing to it, flowers beautiful; as Willow-herb,
Ludwigia,  Oenothera.   Astringents.
   18.  Bicor'nes.  Anthers with two strait horns;
as Whortleberry, spicy and bitter Winter-green,
Laurel.  Astringents.
   19.  Hesper'ides.  Sweet-scented, leaves ever-
green; as  Myrtle,  Cloves, Mock-orange.   As-
tringent and stomachic.
   20. RoTA'cEiE.  Corols wheel-form; as Gen-
tian, St. John's wort.   Tonics.
   21. Prec'ije.  Plants with  early spring flowers
of an elegant specious appearance ;  as  Primrose.
Astringents.
   22. Caryophyl'leje.  Plants  with caryophyl-
 lous corols ; as Pink, Cockle.   Astringent and Se-
 cernant  stimulants.
   23. Trihila't-e. Flowers with 3 stigmas, cap-
 sules inflated and winged, and generally 3-seeded
 with distinct hilums; as Nasturtion, Horse-ches-
 nut.   Tonics and Nutrientics.
   24. Coryd'ales.  Corols  spurred or  anoma-
 lous ;  as  Fumatory,   Touch-me-not.  Narcotic
 and Antiscorbutic*
   25.  Putamin'ea.    Plants  which bear shell- 
124                 NAT
         natural  orders of linneus.

fruit; as Caperbush.   Detergent  and Antiscorbu-
tic.
   26. Multisil'iquje.   Having several pod-form
capsules to each  flower; as Columbine, Lark-
spur, Rue,  American cowslip.    Cathartic and
Caustic.
   27. Rhcea'deje.  Plants with caducous calyx-
es, and capsule or siliques ; as Poppy, Blood-root,
Celandine.  Anodyne and Antiscorbutic.
   28. Lu'rid^.   Corols lurid, mostly monopeta-
lous ; flowers  Pentandrous, or Didynamous with
capsules; as Tobacco,Thorn-apple, Nightshade,
Foxglove.   Narcotic and  Antiscorbutic.
   29. Campana'ceje.  Having  bell-form  corols,
or those whose general aspect is  somewhat bell-
form ;   as   Morning-glory,  Bell-flower,  Violet,
Cardinal flower.   Cathartics and Secernant stimu-
lants.
   30. CoNTOR'TiE.   Corols twisted or contorted ;
as Milk-weed, Periwinkle, Choak-dog.   Cathar-
tics and  Antiscorbutics.
  31. Vepre'culje.   Having monophyllous ca-
lyxes, coloured  like  corols;  as  Leatherwood,
Thesium.  Antiscorbutic and Emetic.
  32. Papiliona'ce^;.   Having  papilionaceous
flowers;  as Pease, Beans, Locust-tree,  Clover.
Emollient, Diuretic, Nutrientic.
  33.  Lomenta'ce;e.  Having  legumes  or fo-
ments, but not perfect papilionaceous flowers; as
Cassia,  Sensitive plant.   Emollient, Astringent,
Cathartic.
  34. Cucurbita'ceje.  Fruit pompion-like, an-
thers mostly united ; as Melons, Cucumbers, Pas
sion-flower.   Cathartic and Refrigerant. 
N  A T
125
         natural orders of linneus.

  35. Sentico'sje.  Prickly or hairy, with Poly-
petalous corols and a number of seeds either nak-
ed  or  slightly covered;  as Rose,  Raspberry,
Strawberry.  Astringent and Refrigerant.
  36. Poma'ceje.  Having many stamens on the
calyx, and drupaceous or  pomaceous  fruit;  as
Pear, Currant, Cherry, Peach.   Refrigerants.
  37. Columnif'er^.   Stamens united in the
form of a column ;  as Hollyhoc, Mallows, Cotton.
Emollient.
  38. Tricoc'cje.  Having 3-celled capsules ; as
Castor-oil plant, Spurge, Box.   Cathartic.
  39. SiLiquo'siE. Having silique pods ; as Cab-
bage, Mustard, Shepherd-purse.   Diuretic, Amis*
corbutic, Nutrientic.
  40.  Persona't.e.   Having  personate corols ;
as  Snapdragon, Monkey-flower.    Deobstruents
and Cathartics.
   41.  Asperifol'ijE.  Corols monopetalous, with
5 stamens, seeds 4, naked, leaves rough; as Com-
frey, Stone-seed,  (lithospermum.)   Astringents
and Deobstruenls.
   42.  Verticilla't/e.   Having  Labiate  flow-
 ers ;  as Sage,  Thyme, Catmint,  Motherwort.
 Stomachics and Astringents.
   43. Dumo'sje.  Bushy pithy plants with small
 flowers,  petals in 4 or  5  divisions; as Sumac,
 Elder, Holly.  Tonic and Cathartic.
   44. Sepia'rije.   Having mostly tubular  divid-
 ed corols with few stamens; being ornamental
 shrubs ;  as Lilac, Jasmine.  Astringent.
    45. Umbella'tje.   Flowers in umbels with 5-
 oetalled  corols, stamens 5, styles 2 and 2  naked
                     11* 
116
N A  T
         natural orders of linneus.

seeds; as Fennel, Dill,  Carrot, Poison-hemlock.
Stomachic and Narcotic.
  46. HEDEKA'cEiE.  Corols  5-cleft, stamens 5 to
10, fruit, berry-like on a compound raceme; as
Grape,  Ginseng, Spikenard.  Tonics and Refri-
gerants.
  47. Stella'™.   Corols 4-cleft, stamens 4,
seeds 2,  naked,  leaves mostly whorled; as Bed-
straw, Dogwood, Venus's pride.   Tonics and De-
obstruents.
  48. Aggrega't^:.  Having aggregate  flowers;
as  Button-bush,   Marsh-rosemary.   Tonics  and
Secernant stimulants.
  49. Compos'itjE.  All the compound  flowers ;
as Sun-flower, Boneset, Tansey, Thistle.   Tonics
and Secernant stimulants.
  50. Amenta'ceje  Bearing pendent aments; as
Hazle, Oak, Chesnut, Willow.  Astringents.
  51. Conif'era:.  Bearing  strobiles; as  Pine,
Juniper, Cedar.   Tonics and Stoma'chics.
  52.  Coaduna't^e.   Several Berry-like peri-
carps, which are adnate ; as  Tulip-tree, Magno-
lia.   Tonics.
  53. Sca'bridje.  Leaves  rough, flowers desti-
tute of beauty; as Nettle, Hemp, Hop, Elm.  As-
tringents.
  54. Miscellanea.   Plants  not  arranged  by
any particular  character;  as  Pond-lily,  Poke-
weed, Amaranth.  Their qualities are various.
  55. Fil'ices.   All ferns; as Brakes,  Maiden-
hair.  Secernant stimulants.
  56*  Mus'ci.   All mosses;  as  Polytrychum.
Cathartics and Secernant stimulants.
   57. Ai/gjb. All Liverworts, Lichens and Sea* 
NAT
127
         NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSS1EU.

weeds;  as Jungermannia,  Fucus, Usnea.   To-
nics.
  58.  Fun'gi;   All fungusses;  as  Mushroom,
Toad-stool, Puff-ball, Touchwood, Mould.  To-
nics and Cathartics.

        Natural Orders of  Jussieu.

  Jussieu's System is a very great improvement
upon that of Linneus. But I have  seen no attempt
at giving the medical qualities of each order.  Ac-
cording to the maxim of Linneus  and  others, the
student has only to acquaint himself with the vir-
tues of one or two plants in order to be able to
form some general opinion  of all other plants in
that order.
1st Division.  Seeds without lobes or  cotyledons.
   1. Fun'gi.   All  fungusses.   As  Mushroom,
Toad-stool, Puff-ball.
   2. Al'gje.  Lichens and Seaweeds.   As Ulva,
Usnea.
   3. Hepat'ice.  Liverworts.   AsAAnthoceros,
Jungermannia.
   4. Mus'ci.  Mosses.  As  Hypnum.
   5. Fil'ices. Ferns.  As Polypod, Brake, Mai-
denhair.
   6. Nai'ades.  Water plants.  As  Pondweed,
Maretail.

2d Division.  Seeds with a single lobe, or one
                  cotyledon.
   7. Aroi'deje.  Indian-turnip-like.  As Skunk-
 cabbage, Sweet-flag.
   8. Ty'phje.   Cat-tail-like.  As the Burr-red. 
128
NAT
           natural  orders  of  jussieu.

    9. Cyperoi'deje.   Cyperus-like.   As Sedge7
  Club-rush, Bog-rush.
    10.  Gramin'e*.   The proper  grasses.  As
  Wheat, Oats, Timothy-grass, Indian-corn.
    H.Pal'ma.  Palm-like. As Cocoa-nut, Ground-
  rattan, Palmetto.
    12. Aspar'agi.  Asparagus-like.  As  Smilax,
  Solomon-seal,  Yam.
    13. Junc'i.  Rush-like. As Arrow-grass, Vir-
  ginian Spiderwort.
    14. Lilia'ce*.   Lily-like.  As Tulip,  Dog-
  tooth-voilet.
    15. Brome'lia.   Pine-apple-like.  As Agave,
  False moss.
    16. Asphod'eli.  Asphodel-like. As Hyacinth,
  Onion, Star-of-Bethlehem.
    17. Narcis'si.   Daffodil-like.   As Star-grass,
  Pickerel-weed, Sea-Daffodil.
    18. I'rides. Iris-like. As Blue-eyed-grass, Ixia.
    19. Mu'SiE.   Banana-like.   No  common  ex-
  ample.
    20. Can'nje.  Indian-reed-like.  As  Ginger.
    21. Orchi'deje. Orchis-like. As Ladies'Slip-
  per, Neottia, Cymbidium.
    22. Hydrochar'ides.  Frogbit-like.  As Wa-
  ter-lilly, Pond-lily.
3d Division.   Seeds with two lobes, or two cotyledons.
    23. Aristoloc'hle.   Birth wort-like.  As Asa-
  rum.
    24. jEleag'ni.  As Pepperage, Sea-buckthorn.
    25. Thymel'ej:.   As Leatherwood.
    26.  Pro'teje.  Silver-tree like.  No  common
  example. 
NAT                 129
         NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEV.

  27. Lau'ri.  Camphor-like.   Sassafras, Spice-
bush.
  28. Polygon'eje. Buck-wheat-like.  As Water-
pepper, Dock.
  29. Atrip'lices.  Orache-like.  As Pigweed,
Pokeweed, Blite, Saltwort.
  30. Amaran'thi.  Cockscomb-like.  As Chaff-
weed, False-knotgrass.
  31. Planta'gines.  Plantain-like.  As Ribwort.
  32. Nycta'gines.  As Hogweed.
  33. Plumba'gines.  Leadwort-like.   As Marsh-
rosemary.
  34. Lysimac'hle.  Loose-strife-like.  As Prim-
rose, Brookweed.
  35. Pedicula'res.  Lousewort-like.  As Milk
wort,  Speedwell, Painted-cup.
  36. Acan'thi.   Bearbreach-like.  As Malabar-
nut.
  37. Jaskin'e*:.   Jasmine-like.  As Lilac>Ash.
  38. Vi'tices.  Chastetree-like.   As Vervain.
  39.  Labia't^e.   Rigent-flowered  plants.  As
Sage, Mint, Motherwort.
  40. Scrophula'rle.   Figwort-Iike.   As Hedge-
hyssop, Snapdragon.
  *41. Sola'ne*;.   Nightshade-like.   As Tobac-
co, Thorn-apple.
  42. Boragin'e*:.  Borage-like.  As Comfrey,
Stoneseed, Turnsole.
  43. Convol'vuli.   Bindweed-like.  As Dod-
der, Cypress-vine.
  44.  Polemo'nia.   Greek-valerian-like.   As
Phlox, Cantua.
  45. Bigno'ni*. Trumpet-flower-like.  As Ca-
talpa-tree,  Snakehead. 
130                NAT
         NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU.

  46. Gentia'nje.   Gentian-like.   As Pinkroot,
False-gentian.
  47. Apocyn'eje.  Dogbane-like.  As Milkweed,
Choak-dog.
  48. Sapo'tje.   As Bromelia.
  49. Guaiaca'n.e.  Lignum-vitae-like.  As Date-
plumb, Silver-bell.
  50. Rhododen'dra.  Rosebay-like.  As Laurel,
Wild-honeysuckle.
  51.Eri'c*.  Heath-like. As Spicy-wintergreen,
Bearberry, Crowberry.
  52. Campanula'ceje.  Bellflower-like.   As Car-
dinal-flower.
  53. Cichora'ce*.  (Compound.)  Endive-like.
As  Lettuce, Dandelion,  Hawkweed.
  54. Cinarocep'halje.  (Compound.)   Bearing
head-form flowers.   As Burdock,  Thistle, Blue-
bottle.
  55.  Corymbif'erje.   (Compound.)  Corymb-
bearing.  As Yarrow, Wormwood, Fleabane.
  56. Dipsac'e*.  Teazel-like.  As  Valerian.
  57. Rubia'ce*.  Madder-like.  As Button-bush,
Bed-straw,  Partridge-berry.
   58. Caprifol'ia.  Honeysuckle-like.  As Dog-
 wood, Elder, Snow-ball.                  •
   59. Ara'lle.  Spikenard-like.   As  Ginseng.
   60. Umbellif'er*. Bearing umbels.  As Fen-
 nel, Angelica, Carrot, Celery.
   61. Ranuncula'ce*:.  Crowfoot-like.  As Wind-
 flower, Larkspur, Virgin's bower.
   62. Papaverace*.  Poppy-like. As  Fumatory,
 Bloodroot,  Celandine.
   63. Crucif'er*.   Bearing cruciform  flowers,
 As Mustard, Watercress, Shepherds-purse. 
N  A T                 131
NATURAL ORDERS OF JTSSIEt.
  64. Cappari'des.  Caperbush-like.  As Sundew,
Parnassus-grass.
  65. Sapin'di.   Soapberry-like.  As Heart-seed.
  66. Ac'era.   Maple-like.  As  Horse-chesnut.
  67. Malpig'hi*.  As Mylocarium.
  68. Hyperi'ca. John's-wort-like.  As Asarum.
  69. Guttif'er*.  Bearing secreted drops. As
the Balsam tree.
  70. Auran'tia.  Orange-like.   As  the  Lime
tree.
  71. Mel'ive.   Beadtree-like.   As Mahogany
tree.
   72. Vi'tes.   Grape-like.   As American  ivy
vine.
   73. Geran'ia.  Cranes-bill-like. As Wood-sor-
rel.
   74.  Malva'ce*.  Mallows-like. As Hollyhock,
Cotton.
   75.  Magno'li*.   Magnolia-like.    As White-
 wood,  Anise-tree.
   76. Anno'n*.  Pa paw-like.  As Porcelia.
   77. Menisper'ma.   Moonseed-like.  As bchi-
 sandra, Wendlandia.
   78. Berber'ides.   Barberry-like.  As Witch-
 hazel,  Poppose-root.
   79.  Tilia'ce*.  Basswood-hke.    As  Linden-
 tree.
   80.  Cis'ti.  Rockrose-like.   As violet.
   81.  Ruta'ce*.   Rue-like.  As Caltrop^
    82.  Caryophyl'leje.   Pink-like.   As  Cockle,
 Flax,  Catchfly, Sandwort.
    83.  Sempervi'vJe. Liveforever-hke.  As Stone -
 crop, Virginian orpine. 
132
NEC
    84.  Saxif'raga.  Saxifrage-like.   As  Alum-
  root, Tiarella.
    85.  Cac'ti.  Prickly-pear-like.   As Currant.
    86. Portulac'e*.  Purslane-like.  As Knawel,
  Claytonia.
    87. Ficoi'de*.  Fig-like.  As Sesuvium.
    88.   On'agr*.   As  Enchanter's  Nightshade,
  Willowherb.
    89. Myr'tus.  Myrtle-like.  As Mock-orange,
  Pomegranate.
    90. Melas'tomje.  As Deergrass.
    91. Salica'rias. As grass-poly, Isnardia, Glaux.
    92. Rosa'ce.e.  Rose-like.  As Thorn,  Plumb,
  Pear. Strawberry.
    93. Legumino's*.   Bearing Legumes.  As Pea,
  Clover, Locust-tree.
    ■ 94. Terebinthi.   Turpentine-like.  As Wal-
  nut, Sumac.
    95.  Rham'ni.   Buckthorn-like.  As New-Jer-
  sey-tea.
    96. Euphor'bije.  Spurge-like.  As Box, Pal-
  ma-christi.
    97. CucuRBiTA'cEiE.  Pompion-hke.  As Melon,
  Balsam-Apple.
    98.  Ur'ticje.   Nettle-like.  As  Hemp, Hop,
  Mulberry-tree.
    99.  Amenta'ce.e.    Bearing - pendant  aments.
  As  Oak, Willow, Beach.
    100.  Conif'ere.  Bearing strobiles, or cones.
  As  Pine, Juniper, Cedar.
Na'velled.  See umbilicatus.
Navicular, navicula'ris.   See boat-form.
NECESSA'RIA, polygamia.  The fourth  order  of
  the class syngenesia.   Florets of the disk stami-
  nate, of the ray pistillate.  The disk florets seem
  to be perfect  at first view; but on a close exami- 
N  O  T
133
  nation they are found without  stigmas.  The iva
  (a salt marsh plant) is a good  example.
Neck.  The upper part of the tube of a corol.
Nectarif'erous.   Bearing   nectaries.   Producing
  honey.
Nec'tary, necla'rium.   That part of a flower, which
  secretes honey.   It  is  either a  distinct horn,
  gland, spur, scale, cup, &c. or the  claw or some
  other part of  the  corol  secreting honey.  This
  name is applied to any appendage  to the  flower,
  which has no other name.
Nemoro'sus.   Growing  naturally in groves, where
  the under brush is cleared away.
Nervo'si., ner'ved, nervo'sus.  Leaves are nerved,
  when they have rib-like fibres running from the
  base towards the apex.   In numbering nerves for
  a specific character,  the  midrib  is counted  with
  the lateral nerves.
Neu'tral.  Having neither stamens nor pistils, con-
  sequently barren ;  as the  ray-florets of the Sun-
  flower.
Nick'ed.  See emarginate.
Ni'dulans.   Nesting.   When seeds are placed in
  cotton, &c. as in a nest.
Nig'er.   Black.
Nig'ricans.  Blackish, sooty.
Ni'gro-cozrul'eus.   Dark-blue.
Ni'sus formati'vus.   That principle of vital energy,
  which tends to restore lost or injured parts.
Nit'idus.  Glossy, glittering.
Niv'eus.   Snow-white.
Nod'ding.  See nutans.
Node, No'dus.   See knot.   Used by Barton for in-
  ternode.  Fl. Ph. p.  61.
No'men, name. See generic name and specific name.
:\totch'f».  See crcnate.
                       12 
134
0  6 L
       Nu'bilus.   Grey  and white,  cloudy.   Resembling
         cumulous clouds.  See cumulus.
       Nucamen'tum.  See Ament.
       Nu'ciform.  Resembling a nut.
       Nuc'leus.   Nut or Kernel.  The inner seed or ker-
         nel is properly the nucleus ; and its hard shell is
         the pulamen.   But the whole  including both pu-
         tamen and nucleus, is the nut, nux.
       Nu'dus.  See naked.
       Nudius'culus.   Nakedish.
       Nul'lus.  None.
       Numero'si.   Many.   An indefinite number.
       Num'erus.   A determinate number.
       Nut, nux.   See nucleus.
       Nu'tant, Nu'tans.  Nodding.  When aboVe half of
^      whatever it is applied  to, droops or hangs down.
     *    See pendulus.
       Nuta'tio.   The various inclinations of the parts aris-
         ing from the effect of the Sun's rays.


                            o.

       Ob, obvers'e.  Reversed  or  inversed.  Often com-
         bined  with ovate,  cordate, &c. as obcordate, in-
         versely heart-form.
       Obcon'ic   Conic with  the  point, or apex, down-
         wards.
       Obcor'date.   Heart-form, with the apex next to
         the stem, or place of insertion.
       Oblance'olate.  Lanceoalate  with the  base the
         narrowest.
       Qili'que,  obli'quus.  A position between horizontal
         and vertical; or between  perpendicular and the
         plane  of the base.  It  is  also applied to leaves,
         petals, calyxes, &c. which are, as it were, cut ob- 
OCT
135
  liquely;  or whose bases  are shorter on one side
  than on the other.
Ob'long, oblon'gus.   Having  the length twice or
  more than that of the  breadth, with the opposite
  sides somewhat  parallel.
Oblongius'cuius.  Somewhat oblong.
Obo'val, obova'lis.  If it differs at all from obovate,
  it must be more nearly oval—having the  ends
  nearer equal in  width.
Obo'vate.   Ovate, with the narrowest end towards
  the stem or place of insertion.
Obscu're.   Obscurely.
Ob'solete, ob'soletely, obsole'tus, obsole'te.  When
   teeth, notches,  serratures, &c. are  obscure  and
   appear as if worn  out.
Obtu'se.  Obtusely.
Obtu'se.   See obtusus.
Obtu'se-acumina'tus.  Blunt with a small point.
Ob tusius'cuius.  Obtusish,
Obtu'sus, obtu'se.  Ending bluntly, or in an apex
   more or less rounded.
Obver'sus, obvers'e.   See ob.
Ob'volute, obvolu'tus.  A term in foliation ; applied
   to leaves where two opposite  ones are condupli-
   cate, with  one  edge of each  leaf between the
   edges of the other.
 Occlu'sus.  Closed.
 Oc'hrea.   A cylindric sheath  or stipule.  It  is ap-
   plied to  the membranaceous stipules of most of
   the species  of  Polygonum ;  also of some species
   of Cyperus.
 OCTAN'DRIA.  (Oclo, eight; aner,male.)  Eight-
   stamened.   The name  of the  eighth class.  It
   comprises all  plants  whose flowers are perfect,
    with eight  stamens in each, not growing on the 
136
OPE
   pistil nor united  by their filaments in one  or two
   sets.
     It is also the name of the eighth  order in those
   classes, where the characters of the first thirteen
   classes are taken for orders.   As polygala in the
   class Diadelphia.
Octan'drous.   Belonging to, or varying into, the
   class octandria.
Octo'fidus.   Eight-cleft.
OCTOGYN'IA. (Oclo,eight; gune,female.)  Eight-
   styled.   The name of the  eighth order in each of
   the first thirteen classes.   It comprises all plants
   in each class respectively, whose flowers  have 8
   styles in each ; or if the styles are wanting, 8 ses-
   sile stigmas.  But there are no plants of this or-
   der yet discovered.
Octolocula'ris.   8-celled.
Octopel'alus.   8-petalled.
Octophyl'lus.  8-leaved.
Odora'tus.   Scented, odorous.
Officinalis.   Such plants as are sold in the shops for
   some use, either in medicine or the arts.
Oid, Oi'dcs.   When this terminates  a  word it im-
   ports resemblance to the  part  or plant to whose
   name it is annexed.   Petaloid, resembling a pe-
   tal ;  thalictroides, resembling a Thalictrum, &c.
Oligosper'tmts.   Few-seeded.
One-si'ded.   Flowers, &c. on  one  side of a stem, &c.
Opa'que, opa'cus.  Neither transparent nor shining.
Oper'culate, opercula'lus.   Having a lid.
Oper'culum.  The lid or covering on the capsules of
   mosses.   This is generally covered by the calyp-
   tre when young.  After the calyptre is gone and
   the seeds are ripe,  the lid  falls also.   This  term,
   is also applied to  the covering  of other capsules,
   resembling the lid? of mosses. 
OVA
137
Opposite, oppos'itus.   Standing at the same height
  with base against base, on different sides of a stem.
Oppos'ite.  Oppositely.
Oppositifol'ius.   Set opposite to the base of a leaf;
  as some peduncles and stipules are placed.
Oppos'ite-pinna'tus.  Leafets  of a pinnate leaf set
  opposite to each other.
Orbicularis.   Nearly circular.
Orbil'loz.   See orb.
Orbs.  That kind of receptacle of lichens, which it
  flat, orbicular and dilated, of the substance of the
  frond, terminal, peltate,  without a border, but of-
  ten surrounded with radiating shoots.  The mem-
  brane, or disk, under which the seeds are lodged,
  is  smooth, nearly of the colour  of the frond.
  Spurious orbs bordered  like  shields  or spangles
  when  young, are sometimes found in the genus
  cornicularia.  Smith.
Orchid'eous co'rol.  Like  the orchis ;  having  4
  arched petals, and the fifth longer.
Or'gya.   Fathom.  See measures.
Or'ifice.  Any hole or opening into a capsule, co-
  rol, &c.
Os.  See  faux.
Os'seous.  Bony, hard.
O'val, ova'lis.   The length  exceeding the breadth
  in any proportion,  with the two ends of an equal
  breadth, curvature  and form, or nearly so; the
   sides curving from end to end.
Ova'rium.  Used by Nuttall for an ovate germ.
O'vate.   Egg-form.  The  length  exceeding the
   breadth in any  proportion,  the end  next to the
   stem, exceeding  the other in breadth; the. sides
   curving from end to end.
         °             12* 
138
PAP
                      P

Pa'gina.   The surface of a leaf.  The Upper sur-
  face is pagina superior;  the lower surface, pagina
  inferior.
Pal'ate.  A prominence, process or elevation in
  the lower  lip of a  labiate corol,  which  tends
s  more or less to close the throat.
Pal'ea.  See chaff.
Palea'ceous.  See chaffy.
Palma'ris.  Hand's breadth.
Pal'mate, palma'tus.   Divided deeply and spread-
  ing, so as to resemble the hand with spread fingers.
  When the divisions are very narrow and almost
  down to the  stem of a  leaf, it is  called pedate,
  from its supposed resemblance to a bird's  foot.
  Some pedate leaves are hardly  connected at  all
  at the  base,  and almost run into  the compound
  digitate leaf.
Palu'stris.  Growing  naturally  in swamps  and
  marshes.
Pandurifor'mis.  Guitar-form, or fiddle-form.   Ob-
  long, broadish near the base and contracted near
  the sides.
Pan'icle, panic'ula.  When the peduncles along the
  sides of the main peduncle of a raceme, are divid-
  ed, it  takes the name of panicle ; as oats.   But
  if it is still in a close, compact form, it is called a
  thyrse, as the lilac.
Pan'jcled, panicula'tus.  Disposed in the form of a
  panicle ; or bearing panicles.
Papiliona'ceous.  (Papilio,  a butterfly.)  Butter-
  fly-form ; as the pea-flower.   When complete, it
  consists of the banner, the upper  petal which ge- 
PAR
136
  nerally  spreads over or above the others ; the
  wings, the two side  petals, next below the ban-
  ner; the keel, the lower boat-form petal, general-
  ly enclosing the stamens and  pistil.  It is some-
  times called the pea-bloom  flower.
Pavillo'se, papillo'sus.  (Papilla, a nipple.)   Co-
  vered with fleshy points or protuberances.   See
  verrucose.
Pappo'se, pappo'sus.  Bearing pappus or aigrette.
Pap'pus.  See aigrette.
Papulo'se, papulo'sus.  (Papula, a pimple.)   Pim-
  ply, bladdery or blistered.
Parabol'ic  Conic, with the top rounded oft', con-
  siderably below where it  would terminate in the
  apex, if completed in the conic form.
Par'allel,  parallel lus.  Two lines  or opposite
  sides,  running nearly  equal distances from  each
  other.  The opposite edges of a leaf are parallel
  when the leaf is linear.
Parasit'ic  Drawing support  from another plant.
  Growing out of another; as the dodder.
Paren'chyma.   A succulent vegetable substance ; as
  the  thick part of leaves   between the opposite
  cuticles, the substance around the pith  of herbs,
  the pulpy part of apples, &c.
Pari'etal, parieta'lis.  Walled   around.    Having
  an enclosing or encircling  ring.
Par'tes prima'ria.  The three  primary  parts  of a
  vegetable are :  1. The root, or descending part.
  2.  The herbage, or ascending  part, except;  3.
  The fructification, comprising the  flower and fruit.
Par'tial, partialis.  Particular, not general.   Ap-
  plying to an entire part of a general whole.   The
   perianth, involucre, petiole, &c. of one floret, or
  of a separate part  of all  the florets, which with
  others constitute a compound  or aggregate.   The 
140
P E D
  perianth, involucre, &c. to the whole is called ge-
  neral or universal.
Par'tible, parti'bilis.  Easily separating into parts.
  Bipartible, into 2 parts.  Tripartible, into 3 parts,
  &c.
Partit'ion.  The  membrane, &c.  which  divides
  pericarps into cells.   It is parallel, when it unites
  with the  valves, where they unite with each other.
  It is contrary or tranverse, when it meets a valve
  in the middle, or  in any part not at its  suture, or
  juncture  with another.
Par'ted, parti'tus.   Deeply divided, almost to the
  base.
Patel'lulat.   See spangles.
Pat'ens.   Spreading so  as to form  a  moderately
  acute angle ; considerably  less than a  right one,
  or a square.
Patentis'simus.   Spreading  almost to a right angle.
Pat'ulus.   Somewhat spreading.   Open, loose.
Pau'ci.   Few in number.
Pauciflo'rus and  paucifolius.   Few-flowered  and
  few-leaved.
Pe'a-bloom.   See papilionaceous.
Pec'tinate,  pec'tinated,  peclina'lus.    So finely
  pinnate or pinnatifid as to resemble the teeth of a
  comb.
Pedalis.  About a foot high.
Pe'date, peda'tus.   See palmate.
Pedat'ifid, pedatif'idus.  Nearly  the same   as pe-
  date ; perhaps hardly so deep-cut.
Ped'icel, pedicellus.   A partial peduncle.
Ped'icelled, Pedicel'late, pedicella'tus.  Having
  a pedicel.
Pe'duncle.  See pedunculus.
Pe'duncled, peduncula'tus.   Having a peduncle. 
PEN
141
Peduncula'ris.  Appertaining to, or fixed on, a pe-
  duncle.
Pedun'culus, pe'duncle. The stem bearing the flow-
  er and  fruit,  which does not spring naked from
  the root.   Those which spring immediately from
  the root without leaves, are called scape.  As the
  dandelion has a scape, the apple a peduncle.
Pel'licle, pellicula.  A thin  membrane-like sub-
  stance.   The close covering of some seeds; some-
  times it is a little mucilaginous or downy.
Pel'tce.  See targets.
Pel'tate, pelta'tus.  Having the petiole attached to
  the under side of the leaf.  In all cases of leaves
  and flat  stigmas, when the petiole  or style is at-
  tached to the  disk instead of the margin, they are
  peltate; as the leaf  of nasturtion and the stigma
  of the yellow water-lily.
Pen'dant.  Hanging down.
Pen'dulous.  When the  whole of the part droops,
  or hangs down.
Pen'cil-form, pennicil'lifor'mis.   Shaped like  a
  painter's pencil, or little rqund paint-brush.
Pentacoc'cus.  A 5-grained capsule.
Pentag'onal, pentago'nus.   Five-cornered.
PENTAGYNIA.  (Pente, five ; gune, female.) Five-
  styled.  The name of the sixth order in each of
  the  first  thirteen  classes.   Plants of either of
  these classes with five styles or sessile stigmas are
  of  the  fifth order  of such class.  As Spikenard
  and Flax of the 5th class, Woodsorrel and Cockle
  of  the 10th class,  Apple of the 12th class, Colum-
  bine of the 13th class.
PENTANDR1A. (Pente, five; aner, male.) Five-
  stamened.  The name of the fifth class.  It com-
  prises all plants, whose flowers are  perfect and do 
142                 PER
  not grow on the pistil, and have five  stamens to
  each flower.
Pentan'drous.  Belonging to, or  varying  into, the
  class penlandria.
Pentapet'alus.  5-petalled.
Pentapteryg'ia.   See wings.
Pentaphyllus.   5-leaved.
Peregri'nus.  Exotic, foreign, strange,  wandering.
Peren'nial, peren'nis.  Continuing more  than two
  years.
Perexilis.  Slender.
Per'fect flow'er.  Having both stamens and pis-
  tils.
Perfoliate, perfolia'tus. Perforating a leaf.  Hav-
  ing the stem running through  the leaf.   But the
  leaf is not formed by the union  of opposite bases,
  as in  the boneset (eupatorium;) for in  this case
  the leaves are connate.
     Perfoliate is sometimes the specific name where
  the leaves are nearly connate (as eupatorium per-
  foratum ;)  and even where the leaves are merely
  clasping (as companula perfoliata.)
Per'forate,  Per'forated, perfora'tus.   Having
  holes  as if pricked through.   Punctate may dif-
  fer in  presenting spots like points, which  are not
  holes.  Pertuse perhaps is synonymous with per-
  forated.   These dots may be seen by holding St.
  John's wort and many other leaves to the light.
  This term is applied to stigmas, drupes, &c.
Per'ianth, perian'thium. (Peri, about; anthos, flow-
  er.)   That kind of calyx, which is immediately
  adjoining the  corol, stigmas and pistil, or to such
  of these organs as are  present.   It is superior
  when  it grows on the germ; it is inferior, when
  it grows out from below the  germ.  See mono-
  phyllus and polyphyllus. 
PET                 U3
Pericarp,pericarpium. (Peri,about; karpos, fruit.)
  Seed-case.  Any bag, shell, pod, pulp, berry, or
  other substance, enclosing the seed.
Pericheth, perichoz'tium.  (Peri, about;  chaiie,
  crest.)  An involucre surrounding the base of the
  peduncle  of mosses, among the leafets, but differ-
  ing from them in form.  See calyptra.
Perid'inm.   A round membraneous dry case, enclos-
  ing the seeds in some angiocarp fungusses.
Per'igone.   A perianth calyx.  Raf.
Per'isperm.  A substitute for pericarp.  Nuttall.
Perispor'ium.   Capsule.   Nuttall  uses  it to ex-
  press a chaffy covering to seed.
Peristom'ium.   The  fringe, teeth,  or  membrane,
  around the mouth of the capsules of mosses, un-
  der the lid.
Permanent.  Any part of a plant is  permanent,
  which remains longer compared with other  parts
  of the same plant, than is usual for similar  parts
  in most plants.  As the calyx of the  quince re-
  mains on the end of the fruit,  till it ripens.
Perpusillum.  Very  little.
Persis'tens.   See permanent and ring.
Per'sonate, persona'lus.  See labiate.
Pertu'se, pertu'sus.   Punched.   See perforated.
Pes.  See measures.
Petal, pet'alum.  The coloured leaf or leaves of the
  corol.  The petal of a monopetalous corol is di-
  vided into the tube and limb ;  which  see.   Each
  petal  of  a polypetalous corol is divided into  the
   claw and lamina;  which see.
PE'TAL-FORM^efa/i/br'mts.  Resembling a  petal iu
   shape.
Petal'inus.   Attached to, or being part of, a petal.
Pe'taloid,  petaloi'des.  Having petals,  resembling
   petals. 
M4
V  I M
Pe'tiole, peti'olus.   The footstalk of a leaf. Leaves
   which have no footstems are sessile.
Petiola'te,  pe'tioled, peliola'tus.   Having a pe-
   tiole.
Petiol'ulus.   A partial petiole, which  connects the
   leafet to the main petiole ; as the  butternut.
Phanerog'amous, Phosnog'amous.   Having the sta-
   mens and pistils sufficiently apparent for classifi-
   cation.   Applied to all plants, not included in the
   class cryptogamia.  M'Bridc.
     Though  phanerogamous  is correctly  derived
   from phaneroo, to make manifest;  yet as phenoga-
   mous (of phaino, to shew,) is  perfectly  appropri-
   ate, there seems to be no necessity for encumber-
   ing the language  of botany with another term of
   greater length.  Ives.
Phozni'ceus.   Purple, dark-red.
Phytol'ogy.   (Phute, a plant; logos, a treatise or
   discourse.)  The science which treats of the prin-
   ciples  of vegetables.   It  is  nearly synonymous
   with the physiology of vegetables.
Pic'eus.   Blueish-black, resembling dark pitch.
Pi'leus.  The hat of  a fungus.  The top and most
   spreading  part.  It may be  without  stype, and
   thus constitute the whole ascending part.   It al-
   ways contains the  seeds, though it  requires  the
   highest magnifiers to discover them in most cases.
Pilid'ia.   See puffs.
Pilif'erous.   Bearing hairs.
Pilo'se, pilo'sus.   Hairy.  Having distinct straitish
   hairs.   Pappus is pilose, hairy or simple,  when
   each hair is without any  lateral branches.  See
   aigrette.
Pil'us.  A hair.  An excretory duct of a  bristly
   form, leading off a fluid.  See sting.
Pim'pled.  See papulose. 
«
                     P  I T                  145

Pinna.   A wing-feather.   It is applied  to  leafets,
  which resemble feathers by their positions.
Pin'nate, pinna'tus.  Winged, or feathered.  Leaves
  are pinnate, when distinct leafets are arranged
  along  opposite sides of a simple  petiole.   See
  bipinnate and  tripinnate.
Pinnat'ifid, pinnatif'idus.   Cut-winged.   Leaves
  are pinnatifid,  when, instead of leafets as in pin-
  nate  leaves, segments or divisions of a leaf are
  along opposite sides of the midrib.  Pinnate are
  compound, but pinnatifid are simple ;  because the
  divisions  never reach  the midrib.  When pin-
  natifid  leafets  are on a pinnate leaf, it is called
  pinnale-pinnatifid.
Pis'tillate flow'er.   Having pistils only, without
  stamens ; as the flower of the fertile cucumber.
Pis'til, pislillum.  The central organ of a perfect
  flower.  It generally consists of the germen, style
  and stigma.   But the style is frequently wanting;
  then the stigma is seated on the germ, or sessile.
  The stigma receives pollen from the anther, and,
  in some manner not yet discovered, fertilizes the
  germ.  Without this operation, no perfect  seeds
  are produced.   See flower, style and stigma.
Pislillif'erus.  See pistillate.
Pitch'er-form.   See urceolate.
Pith.  The spongy substance in the centre of the
  stems and roots of  most plants.   Most woody
  stems have no appearance of a pith after they be-
  come old.
Pits, (cyphellae.) That kind of receptacle of lichens,
   which consists of open, cup-like, naked,  white or
  yellow little spots, on the under side of the frond ;
   which is generally downy.   They  are at  first im-
  mersed, globose, minute dots, which at length burst
   with an irregular margin, and discharge a powder.
                        13 
[46
P O I
Pit'ted.  See lacunose.
Placen'ta.  Fleshy receptacle.
Placenta'tion.  The disposition of the cotyledons
  in the germination of the seeds.
Pla'ited.  Folded somewhat like a fan, when nearly
  full spread.  In foliation it is more closely folded.
Plane.   Flat, with an even surface.
Pla'no-con'vex.   Convex  or  roundish  one side
  and flat the other.
Plant.   Any substance growing  from seed.  As
  trees, grass, puff-ball, mould.  See vegetable.
Ple'nus-flos.   See full-flowered.
Plica'tus.  Sec plaited.
Plumo'se.  Feather-like,
Plumo'se  pap'pus.   Feather-like down.   When  a
  hair has other hairs arranged on  opposite sides
  of it.
Plu'mula.   The ascending part of a plant  at its first
  germination.
Plu'rimus.  Very many.
Pod.   That kind of pericarp which  is composed of
  two valves  with the seeds attached to one or both
  sutures, or a longitudinal partition at the edges im-
  mediately  adjoining the  sutures.   The pod is
  either a legume or silique.
Pede'tia.   The peduncles of lichens, whether hol-
  low  or solid.
Poin'tal.  See pistil.
Poi'sons.   The definition of poisons and  the man-
  ner, of their operation has not yet been satisfac-
  torily made  out.   It will here be no farther no-
  ticed, than as  it respects  vegetables, and then not
  physiologically.
Poi'sonous Veg'etables.   Persons of all descrip-
  tions have frequent occasion to make some use of
  plants, when they  are not in a situation minutely 
P O I
147
to investigate their nature and qualities.  As many
plants are narcotic and injurious to  the  human
constitution,  it  is very convenient to have  at
hand, or in the memory, a few concise rules on
this  subject.   The following have been selected
with great care from the authors whose  name?
are given at the  end of each rule.
     GKNERAL RULES FOR AVOIDING  POISONS.
            Plants not poisonous.
   1. Plants with a glume calyx, never poisonous.
As Wheat, Indian-corn,  Foxtail-grass,  Sedge-
grass, Oats.  Linneus.
   2. Plants whose stamens stand on  the calyx,
never  poisonous.   As Currant, Apple,  Peach,
Strawberry, Thorn.  Smith, page 392.
   3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely  if ever
poisonous.  As  Mustard,  Cabbage, Watercress,
Turnip.   Smith, page 487.
   4. Plants with papilionaceous flowers, rarely if
ever poisonous.  As Pea, Bean, Locust-tree, Wild-
indigo, Clover.  Smith, page 446.
   5. Plants with labiate corols bearing seeds with-
out pericarps,  never poisonous.    As  Catmint,
Hyssop,  Mint,  Motherwort, Marjoram.   Smith,
page 434.
   6. Plants with compound flowers, rarely poison-
ous.    As  Sunflower, Dandelion, Lettuce, Bur-
dock.  Milne.

             Poisonous plants.
   1. Plants with 5 stamens and one pistil,  with a
dull-coloured lurid corol, and of a  nauseous sickly
smell, always  poisonous.  As Tobacco, Thorn-
apple,  Henbane, Nightshade.   The  degree of
poison is diminished where the flower is brighter 
M8
POL
  coloured and the smell is less nauseous.  As  po-
  tatoes are less poisonous, though of the same ge-
  nus with nightshade.   Smith, page 415.
    2. Umbelliferous plants of the aquatic kind and
  a nauseous scent are always poisonous.  As Wa-
  ter-hemlock, Cow-parsley.  But  if the smell is
  pleasant, and they grow in  dry  land, they are  not
  poisonous. As Fennel, Dill, Coriander, Sweet-
  nicely.  Smith, page  416.
    3. Plants with labiate corols, and seeds in cap-
  sules, frequently poisonous. As Snapdragon, Fox-
  glove.
    4. Plants from which issues a milky juice on  be-
  ing broken are poisonous, unless they bear com-
  pound flowers.  As Milkweed, Dogbane. Milne's
  Contortae and Lactescentia.
    5. Plants having any appendage to the calyx or
  rorol, and eight or more stamens, generally  poi-
  sonous.   As Columbine, Nasturtion.  Linneus.

               Most general rule.
    Plants with few stamens, not frequently poison-
  ous, except the number be five;  but if the number
  be  12 or more, and the smell nauseous,  heavy
  and sickly, the plants  are generally  poisonous.
  Milne's Multisiliquoe and Sapor.
    Note,  Many plants possess some degree of  the
  narcotic  principle, which are  still by no means
  hurtful.   But the use of such plants is to be  de-
  ferred, till fully investigated.  See qualities.
Pol'len. Meal.  The dusty or mealy substance con-
  tained in the cells  of anthers.   In the anthers of
  most of the plants in the gynandria class, the pol-
  len is glutinous.   And even the dry pollen is al-
  ways moistened by a peculiar liquid on the stigma,
  before it fertilizes the germ.  These dry globules 
POL                 149
  always explode on touching the moist stigma.  On
  being viewed through a magnifier, they are found
  of various forms.   In the sunflower, it is a prick-
  ly ball;  in  geranium, perforated; in comfrey,
  double ;  in mallows, a toothed  wheel; in violet,
  angular ; in daffodil, kidney-form, &c.
Pollin'ia.   Rolls or masses of pollen, not included
  in cells of anthers of  the common form and  tex-
  ture ; as of the Orchis, Asclepias, &c. Nuttall.
Pollinif'erous.  Bearing  pollen.
POLYADELPHIA.  (Polus, many; adelphos,bro-
  ther.) Many brotherhoods.  The name of the eigh-
  teenth class  as first established by Linneus. This
  class includes all plants with perfect flowers, whose
  stamens  are united  by their filaments in three or
  more sets, or brotherhoods.  As St. John's wort
  Orange, St. Peter's wort.  This class is still re-
  tained by the translators  of Linneus, Willdenow,
  and others.   But it is rejected by Persoon and
  others,  on account of the extreme  uncertainty in
  its character.  Very few species of the genera ar-
  ranged under it are constant in their character. Of
  the late American writers, Muhlenberg, Bigelow,
  and Elliot, have retained it;  Pursh, Nuttall, Bar-
  ton, the author of the American  Genera, &c. have
  rejected it.
Polyadel'phous.  Belonging to, or varying into, the
  class  polyadelphia.
POLYAN'DRIA.   (Polus, many;   aner, male.)
  Many  stamened.  The  name  of  the thirteenth
  class.   It comprises all plants, whose  flowers are
  perfect,  with  twenty  or more  stamens in each,
  growing to  the receptacle.  It is  distinguished
  from the 11th class by having more stamens, and
  from the 12th  by their not growing to the calyx.
     It is also  the  name of the thirteenth order in
                     13 * 
150                 POL
  those classes, where  the  characters  of the  first
  thirteen classes are taken for orders.  But the
  character of the 13th class is not rigidly adhered
  to in this order.  If the  number of stamens  ex-
  ceed ten, the plant  is placed in  this order."' And
  those which are very variable in number are ge-
  nerally placed in it; as the  Arum  has sometimes
  6 or 8 stamens.  Some of the examples of this or-
  der are Mallows and Hollyhock  in  the class mo-
  nadelphia, Indian turnip,  Oak, Chesnut, Button-
  wood in the  class  monozcia, Poplar in the class
  diozcia.
Polyan'drous.   Belonging to, or varying into, the
  class polyandria,
Polycotyled'onous.  Plants with more than  two
  cotyledons.   See cotyledon.
POLYGAMIA.   (Polus, many; gamos, marriage.)
  Many unions.   The name  of  the twenty-third
  class as established by Linneus.  It comprises all
  plants,  which  have  some  perfect flowers,  and
  others which are staminate and pistillate, or both
  kinds.  This class is divided into  three  orders.
  I. Monozcia,  having  perfect flowers  and either
  staminate or  pistillate ones  or both on the same
  plants.  2.  Diozcia, having peTfect  flowers on
  some  plants, and  either staminate or pistillate
  Howers, on others of the same species.. 3.  Trice-
  <ia, having perfect flowers on some plants, stami-
 *nate on others, and  pistillate on  others  of the
  same  species.  This class like the  18th, is  abo-
  lished  by Persoon and others, and the plants un-
  der it distributed  among  the other  classes.   Pre-
  sident Smith thinks it ought to be discarded.   See
  page 485.
Polyg'amous.   Varying into, or inclining to, the
  class polygamia. 
PRiE
151
Polygo'nus.   Many cornered, or many-angled.
POLYGYN'IA.    (Polus,  many; gune,  female.)
  Many-styled.   The name of the thirteenth order
  in each of the first  thirteen classes.  Plants of
  either of these classes  with any number of styles
  or sessile stigmas over 12, are of the 13th order of
  that class.   But we have no writer on North Ame-
  rican plants, who has adopted the order Dodeca-
  gynia;  therefore we may here take  this order for
  all  plants in the first 13 classes, whose  flowers
  contain over 10 styles or sessile stigmas.   Exam-
  ples. Yellow-root in the class pentandria, Water-
  plantain in the class hexandria, Strawberry in the
  class icosandria, Crowfoot in the class polyandria.
 Polymorphous.  Presenting various  forms and ap-
   pearances.
 Polypet'alous.   Many-petalled.   If the corol con-
   sists  of more than one petal, it is  polypetalous.
 Polyphyl'lous.   Many-leaved.  A calyx of more
   than  one distinct piece is polyphyllous.
 Polypre'nus.   Enclosing more than one nut, or stone.
 Polysper'ma.  Many-seeded.
 Polystach'ius.  Many-spiked.
 Pome,  po'mum.  A pulpy pericarp without valves,
   which contains within it a capsule.  See berry and
   note the  difference.   Apples, quinces,  &c. are
   pomes.
 Pomif'erus.   Bearing pomes.
 Po'rous, poro'sus.   Full of holes, cellules, or tubu-
   lar openings.
 Porrec'tus.   Lengthened out,  stretched, straitened.
 Proz'cox.  Rathe-ripe. Coming to maturity early in
   the season.   Flowering before leafing.
 Prjemor'se,  Prozmor'sus.  Bitten off.   Terminating
   bluntly, as if  bitten off.  As the root of the pe-
   date or birdfoot violet. 
1*2                  P S I:
Pras'inus.  Green, like a leek.
Praten'sis.   Growing naturally in meadow land.
Prem'ens.  Pressing.
Prick'le.  A sharp process fixed to the bark only:
  not to the wood ; as on the Raspberry, Rose, Bar
  berry.
Prismat'ic,/m'sma*'icus.  Linear, with several flat-
  tish sides.  A cylinder with flat sides.
Probos'cides.  Proboscis-like.   Resembling  a  pro-
  jecting horn.
Procerus.  Tall, elevated.
Proc'ess.  A projecting part.
Procum'bent, procum'bens.   Lying on the ground,
Profun'de.   Deeply.
Proliferous, prolifer.  Putting forth branches or
  flowers from the centre of the top of a preceding
  one.
Prom'inent, pro'minens.   Standing out more or less
  beyond what is usual in other plants.
Promin'ulus. A little prominent.
Pro'nus-dis'cus.  The under side, or back of a  leaf.
Prop.   See fulcrum.
Propagation.   See flower.
Propa'go.  See gemmatio.
Propa'gula.  See efflorescence.
Propen'dens.  Apparently on the point of falling.
Prop'er, prop'erus.  See partial.
Pros'tr ate, prostra'tus.   See procumbent and humi-
  fuse.
Protru'ded.  See exsert.
Prox'imus.   Very near.
Prui'na.  The  mealiness  or hoariness on  plumbs,
  peaches, &c.
Pru'riens.   Hairs which excite itching.
Pseu'do.  When prefixed  to a  term,  it implies the
  same as  obsolete. 
QUA
153
Pubes'cent, pubes'cens.   Hairy, having hairs, wool,
  down, glandular hairs, &c.
Puffs, (pilidia.)   That kind of  receptacle of  li-
  chens, which consists of little round bordered
  knobs, whose disk finally turns  to powder.  It is
  at first covered with a membrane-and often cloth-
  ed with a fine grey hoariness.   These receptacles
  are elongated below into a stalk fixed to the crust,
  but totally different from it.
Pul'lus.   Dull brownish colour.
Pulp'y, pulpo'sus.   Filled with a tenacious kind of
  parenchyma.
Pulver'ulent, pulverulen'tus.  Turning to dust.
Pulvi'nuli, (garden  beds.)   Excresences found on
  the  surface of  the  fronds of some lichens, some-
  times clustered or branched.  Their use is unknown.
Pu'milus.  Small, low.
Punch'ed.   See perforated.
Punc'tate.   Dotted or sprinkled with coloured,
  generally diaphanous, specks.   See perforated.
Punctic'ulate.   Having minute punctures.
Pus'GEtiT,pun'gens.  Sharp, piercing, pricking.
Punic'eus.   Scarlet-coloured.
Purpuras'cens.  Inclining to a purple colour.
Purpur'eus.  Purple.
Pusillus.  Low, small, diminutive.
Puta'men.   Nut-shell.  See nucleus.
Pyramida'lis.  Conic, pyramid-form.
Pyrifor'mis.   Pear-shaped.


                      Q.

Quadran'gular, quadrangula'ris. Having four coi-
   ners, or angles.
Quadricap'sular.  Having 4 capsules.
Quadridenta'tus.   Four-toothed. 
154                  QUI
 Quadrifa'rius.   Facing 4 ways.
 Quad'rifid, quadrif'idus.   Four cleft-
 Quadriflo'tus.  Four-flowered.
 Quadrij'ugus.  Four-paired.
 Quadrilobus.   Four lobed.
 Quddrilocula'ris.  Four-celled.
 Quadriner'vis.   Four-nerved.
 Quadriparti'tus.  Four-parted.
 Quadrival'vis.   Four-valved.
 Quadrivascula'ris.  Four cup-form cells.
 Qual'ities of plants.   Richard says that plants oi
   the same taste and odour, arc generally possessed
   of similar qualities.  Also that the smell and taste
   are  always the same.   He divides the odours of
   plants into,  1. Fragrant.  2. Aromatic.  3. Am-
   brosiac (resembling amber.) 4. Alliaceous (resem-
   bling garlic.) 5. Fetid (asasafoetida,&c.)  6. Nav-
   seous (causing the stomach to heave.)   As the fra-
   grant, the aromatic and ambrosiac, are always free
   from all  hurtful qualities, and as the fetid and nau-
   seous are generally poisonous ; it seems that man-
   kind have in some measure an instinctive princi-
   ple by which food is to be  selected.
Quater'nus.  Four together in a whorl.
Qui'nus.  Five together in a whorl.
Qui'nate,  quina'tus.  Five leafets on one petiole.
Quinquangula'ris.   Five-cornered.   When  a leaf
   has five  points ; as the cucumber.
Quinquecapsula'ris.   Having 5 capsules.
Quinquecos'tate.   Five-nerved.
Qwnquefidus.   Five-cleft.
Quinqueflo'rus.   Five-flowered.
Quinquej'ugus.   Five-paired.
Quinquel obus.  Five-lobed.
Quinquelocula'ris.   Five-celled.
Quinquener'vis.  Five-nerved. 
RAM
;55
t^n.u'jiuparii lu:.   I- tve-parted.
i^iiiieqwrculvis.  Five-valved.
ijuinqucv'.iscularis.  Five cup-form cells.


                       R.

Raceme, race'mus.  (Rax, a bunch of grapes.) That
  kind of inflorescence, wherein the florets have un-
  divided pedicels arranged along the sides of a
  general peduncle.   As currants, grapes.
Race'med, racemo'sus.   Flowers in racemes.
Rac'his, (Rachis, the back-bone.)  The filiform re-
  ceptacle connecting the florets in a spike.   As in
  wheat-heads.  It is sometimes put for the midrib
  in ferns.
Ra'dial.  Belonging to the ray.
Ra'diate, radia'tus.   The spreading florets around
  the margin  of a compound flower.   As the Sun-
  flower.  See Compound.
Rad'ical, radicalis.  Proceeding from the root with-
  out the intervention of a stalk.   As the leaves of
  plantain.
Ra'dicans.   See rooting.
Radica'tus.   Sending on roots.
Rad'icle, radic'ula.  The little  fibrous branches
  proceeding  from the main root;  which imbibe
  the moisture and other nourishment for the plant.
Radius,  See ray.
Ra'dix.   Sec root.
Rag'ged.  See Squarrose.
Ramen'tum.   Applied to the loose scales frequently
  in the  angles of petioles, &c. called in English,
  raments.           w
Ra'meum folium.  See branch leaves.-
Ramifcrus.  Producing branches. 
156
R  E C
Ramosis'simus.  Very branching.
Ramo'sus, ramose.   Branching.
Ra'mulus.  See branchlet,
Ra'mus.  See branch.
Rariflo'rus.  Flowers few and distant.
Rarifolius.  Leaves few and distant.
Ray.   The  outer  margin or  circumference  of a
  compound flower.  It is also applied to the pe-
  duncles and outer florets of an umbel;  particu-
  larly when they differ in  any respect  from the
  inner, or disk, florets.
Ra'yed.   Having rays.
Recep'tacle,  recepta'culum.   The base by which
  the other parts of the fructification are connected
  and supported; being the end, or at the end, of
  the peduncle.  It is  considerably  used  in the
  generic characters of compound flowers;  but very
  little noticed in  any  others.  Perhaps this part
  may hereafter be noticed on account of the change,
  it in some way produces on the vegetable secre-
  tions.   Dr. Smith mentions the wholesomeness of
  some fruits, while the other parts of the plant are
  poisonous.   See page 392.   Every one has no-
  ticed the delicate  flavour of the pond-lily, (Nym-
  phea odorata,) while all back of the receptacle is
  extremely different.  Numerous similar instances
  may be cited to  prove the very  great change in
  some  way effected  by the  receptacle.   When
 »Persoon applies  receptacle (receptaculum) to a
  capsule, he intends the columella.
Recli'ned, reclina'tus.  Bent down so  that the apex
  of a leaf, &c. is lower than the base. Applied to
  the stem it implies that it is bowed towards the
  earth.                  fc
Recompos'itus,   Twice compound.
Recon'ditus.  Concealed. 
RET
15?
Rectius'cuius,  Straitish.
Ruc'tus.  Strait.
Recur'ved, recurva'tus.  Curved downwards.
R>i:utitus.   Appears as if peeled.
Reflex'ed, reflex'us.  Bent back, nearly or quite
  to touch  the stem or peduncle.
Refrac'ted, refrac'tus.  Bent  back  in an  angular
  form, so  as to appear as if broken.
Reg'num vegeta'bile.   The vegetable kingdom as tak-
  en into view with the animal and mineral.
Reg'ular,  regula'ris.   See equal.
Rel'ative  proportions.  When dimensions are ex-
  pressed  indefinitely,  as long,  very long, short,
  large, &c. such expressions are to  be  understood
  as long, &c. compared with the proportion which
  similar parts usually bear to other parts, in plants
  generally.   But when such terms are used for spe-
  cific names, the proportion  between the parts of
  species  of the  same genus,  which were known
  when the names were given, are compared.   Thus
  Kalmia  latifolia has a broader leaf than Kalmia
  angustifolia ; but it has a narrow leaf compared
  with any species of trillium.
Remo'te, remo'tus.  See relative proportion.
Re'niform.  See kidney-form.
Repand', repan'dus. Having small sinuses, separated
  by teeth in the form of segments of small circles.
Re'pens.  See creeping.
Rep'lans.   See creeping and runner.
Res'tans.   See permanent.
Resupina'tus.  Upside down.
Retic'ulate.  Netted.   Having veins  crossing
  each other like net-work.
Re'tiform.  Net-form, net-like.
Ret'roflex,  retroflex'us.  Bending in various  di-
  rections.
                       1 i 
,58                 R o  o
Retrofrac'tus.  See refracted.
Retror'so-denla'tus.   See runcinate.
Retu'se, refu'sus.   Ending in a sinus generally hol-
  lowed out but very little.   See emarginate.
Rever'sed.  Bent back towards the base.
Rev'olute, revolu'lus.   Rolled outwards.  A term
  in foliation ; applied to leaves whose opposite mar-
  gins are rolled outwards and continued rolling, til
  The two rolls meet on the  back of the midrib and
  parallel to it.   It is the reverse of involute.
Rhizosper'ma.   Fruit on the root of some ferns.
Rhom'bic, rhom'bens.   See deltoid.
Rhomboi'deus.   See deltoid.
RlB.  A nerve-like support to a leaf.
Rib'bed.   When  the midrib sends off lateral ribs
  nearly strait  to the margin.   It is  sometimes put
   for nerved.
Ric'tus.   See gape.      . „  ...             ,. ,,
Rig'id, rig'idus.  Stiff, inflexible, or  not  pliable;
   or if attempted to be bent, will rather break.
Rimo'se,  rimo'sus.  Chinked, abounding in cracks,
   as the outer surface of the pitch-pine tree.
 Ring.  The  band  around  the  capsules   of  ferns,
   which is elastic.  See exanulatus.
     It is  also  the  thin  membrane attached  to the
   stem of a fungus.  When young  it is attached to
   the pileus.   It is erect when the upper edge is not
   fastened—inverse when the lower edge is not fas-
   tened— sessile, when it  is attached by  one side
   only_-^mobile,  when it may be pushed up  and
   t\ovvn—persistent, when  it is as  durable  as  the
   pileus—fugacious, when  it disappears at  the open-
    ing of the fungus.
  Rin'gent, rin'gens.  See labiate.
  Ri'sing.  See assurgens.
  Root.  The descending part of a vegetable, wine.« 
RUN
159
  enters the earth, or other substance, in search of
  nourishment for the plant.   Roots are annual, bi-
  ennial, or perennial. See ages.  They are Branch-
  ing,  Fibrous, Creeping, Spindle-form,  Tuberous,
  Bulbous, or Granulated. See each term in its place.
Root'ing.   Bending or  extending to the earth and
  striking root.
Root'-leaf.  See  radical.
Root'let.   A fibre of a root.
Ro'ridus. Humid. Appearing as if covered with dew.
Rosa'ceous.   A corol formed of roundish spreading
  petals, without claws or with extremely short ones.
Ros'eus.  Rose-coloured.
Ros'tel, rostellum.  That pointed part, which tends
  downwards  at the first germination of the seed.
  See  corclc.
Rostra'tus.   See beaked.
Rotate, rota'lus.   See wheel-form.
Rotun'dus.   Round.  Without angles.
Rough.  Covered with dots, which are harsh to the
  touch, but not apparent to the naked  eye.  See
  rugged.
Round.  See  rotundus.
Ru'bra.  Red.
Rubigino'sus.  Rust-coloured.
Rudera'lis.   Growing among rubbish about build
  ings, &c.
Rug'ged.  Covered with invisible dots,  which are
  harsh to  the touch.  See rough.
Rugo'se.   Wrinkled.  Veins more contracted  than
  the  disk, so that the intermediate pyrenchyma
  rises up  between them.
Rufous.  Reddish yellow.
Run'cinate.  Pinnatifid, with the divisions point
  ing  backwards; as the Dandelion.
Ripn'ner.  A  shoot producing roots and leaves &( 
 160                  SAP

  the end only, and from that place giving rise to
  another plant.
 Rupe«'tris.   Growing naturally among rocks.


                      s.

Sa'bre-form.  Sec  acinaciform.
Sac'cate.  Furnished with a little bag.   Bag-like.
Sac'ittate, sagitta'tus.   See arrow-form.
S(z\:cs.   Salt-tasted.
Sal'ver-form.  A monopetalous  corol  with  a flat
  spreading limb proceeding from  the top of a lube.
Sat'ara.  A winged pericarp not opening by valves ;
  as the Maple.
■-iAtfAr.oi'D.  Resembling a samara.
Sap.  The watery fluid contained in the tubes, and
  cellules of vegetables, which furnishes the means,
  or is  itself, the  support of their growth and life,
  and their preservation from decay.   That part of
  iiie sap which supplies materials for the  growth,
  foliage  and  fructification, evidently ascends by
  way of the camb.   See camb.   But that, which
  fills the insterstices among the woody  fibres, and
  serves to preserve them from decay, is probably
  raised by capillary  attraction.   Freezing and
  thawing in some way or other suspends for a day
  or two the effect of capillary attraction.  It then
  descends by its natural gravity; at which season
  only can the sap be obtained from the  sugar ma-
  ple.   That it descends is  evident from the fact,
  that no sap is obtained from below the incision,
  except a few  drops at the first  moment alter it is
  made.  That the  sap descends  from  the woody
  fibres and not from the camb appears from inspec-
  tion.   That this sap  serves only to preserve the 
S C A
161
  wood appears from the rapid decay of the wood
  in the  sugar maple  directly above  the  incision
  to the whole extent of the bole; while the in-
  cision  produces  but  little effect below it.   And
  the herbage of  the  tree  with the outer layers
  of wood continue as flourishing after the  tree has
  been  drained of its sap annually for half a centu-
  ry, as  its neighbours,  which have never  lost any
  sap.   It  may be observed further ;  that sap  can
  never be drawn  from the same vessels above the
  incision where it has been drawn in any preced-
  ing year; unless a new incision be made several
  feet above the old one.  Nor even then if the pre-
  ceding draining had been very considerable; or,
  in other words, if the  sugar-making  season had
  been very favourable, and the  incision large.
Sapin'dus.  Having some kind of taste.
Sap'or.   Having a relish, pleasant tasted, any taste.
  Colour sometimes indicates  the taste.   White
  berries are generally  sweet; red,  sour;  blue,
  sweet  and  sour;  black, insipid and  poisonous.
  Willdenow.  But certainly our spicy wintergreen
  (gaultheria,)  partridge-berry   (mitchella,)   and
  whortleberries (vaccinium,) are exceptions to
  Willdenow's" rules.
Sarmento'se, sarmenfo'sus.   A running shoot, which
  strikes root at the knots or joints only.   Generally
  applied to shrubs.  See runner.
Sau'cer-form.  Shaped like a common tea-saucer.
Scab'er, scabrous.   See  rough.
Scabrit'ies.   Roughness.
Scal'lopped.   See repand.
Sca'ly.   Covered   more  or less with  scaly appen-
  dages, as Fern roots ; or consisting of substances,
  in some  measure  resembling  coarse fish-scales;
  as the scales of Lily roots.
                      14* 
162                 SEE
Scan'dens.  See climbing.
Scape, scap'us.   See peduncle.
Sca'rious, scario'sus.  Dry and membranous, ge-
  nerally transparent.
Scat'tered.   Standing without any regular order;
  that is, neither opposite, alternate, nor in any de-
  finable series.
Schismatop'terides.  Dehiscent ferns.   One of
  the new orders of  ferns.   It is adopted by Pursh,
  Torrey, &c.   Osmunda, Lygodium and Schizaea
  are placed here.
Sci'on.   Shoots proceeding laterally from the  roots
  or bulb of a root.
Sco'red.  Sec sulcate.
Scrobic'ulate, scrobicula'tus.   Deep round pits on
  the receptacle gives it this name.
Scutellaz.  See shields.
Sculellatus.  See saucer-form.
Scym'itar-form.  See acinaciform.
Scyph'ifer, Scyph'us.  Cup-bearing.  See eyathiform.
Sec'tion.  The genera of some orders and the spe-
  cies of some  genera are divided into sections.
  Sections judiciously constructed greatly facilitate
  the investigation of  plants.   But they often mis-
  lead ;  and  must be  sometimes disregarded, and
  the whole order read over ; especially under those
  orders  which are made  up of natural families.
  See the orders siloquosa in the  class Tetrady-
  namia of Linneus's system.
Secun'dus. Turned  to one side.  One-sided, one-
  ranked.
 ^eed.  The matured part of fructification, destined
  for the reproduction of the species.   It contains
  Jhe rudiment of a new plant and is  analogous  to
  'he  egg of animals.  It consists of the corcle,
   cotyledons, tegument and hilum; which see. 
S E M
163
See'd-bud.   See germen.
See'd-coat.   See aril.
See'd-leaves.    The cotyledons  expanded  into
  leaves.
See'd-lobes.  See cotyledons.
See'd-vessels.   See pericarp.
Seg'ment.   The parts into which a calyx, corol,
  leaf, &c. is divided or  cut.
SEGREGA'TA polyga'mia.  The 5th order of the
  class syngenesia.  The florets are all perfect like
  those of the first order ;  but it differs from that in
  having a  partial perianth to each  floret.  In all
  other plants of this class, the florets are  destitute
  of partial perianths.  The elephant-foot (elephan-
  topus) is the only native of  North America in thi?
  order.
Se'jugus.   Six-paired.
Se'men   The seed.
Semiamplexicaulis.  Half  clasping the stem.
Semicolum'nar.   See semiterete.
Semicylindra'ceus.  Half-cylindric.  In  form of a
  round ruler split lengthwise.
Semiflos'cuius, semi-flo'ret.  See ligulate.
Semi-in'ferus. Half-inferior.  When the calyx grows
  on the side of the germ, so that it is  neither su-
  perior nor inferior.
Seminalis.   See seed-leaves.
Scmina'tio.   The sowing of seeds.
Seminif'era.   Bearing the  seed.
Semiorbic'ular, semiorbicula'tus.   In form of a half
  sphere.
Semiquinquef'idus.  Half 5-cleft.
Semisagitta'tus.   Half-arrowform.   That is, one side
  wanting; as in the vicia pusilla.
Semisex'fidus.  Half 6-cleft.
Semiter'ete, semiter'es.   Half terete.  See terete, 
164
SEX
Semper'virens.   Living through the  winter  and re-
   taining the leaves.
Se'nus.   Six-fold.  Growing in sixes.
Sen'silis,  sensitive.   Moving on  being touched.
   See irritability.
Sep'als.  The divisions of a calyx.  Raf.
Septif'erous.  Supporting partitions.
Seria'tus.  In a row, or in rows.
Seric'eus.  Silky.   Covered with soft close-pressed
   hairs.
Serotinus.  Coming  to maturity late  in the  season.
   Applied to  willows, and to some  other plants, it
   implies, that the time  of flowering is  after the
   leafing.
Ser'pentine mar'gin.  See repand.
Ser'rate, serra'tus.  (Scrra, a saw.)  Having sharp
   notches, appearing as  if cut, about the edge or
   margin, pointing towards the apex.
Ser'rulate, serrula'tus.   When a serrate leaf has
   the teeth  serrate again.  It is also applied to any
   serratures, which are very fine.
Sesquial'ter.   When a large fertile  floret is  accom-
   panied by a small abortive one.
Ses'sile.  Sitting down.  When a leaf, flower, seed-
   down, pileus of a fungus,  receptacle of a lichen,
   &c. are destitute of a petiole, peduncle, stipe, &c.
Sela.  A bristle.
Seta'ceus.  Bristle-form.
Setig'erous.   Bearing bristles.
Seto'sus,  seto'se.   Bristly.  Having the surface set
   with bristles, or stiff strait hairs.
Sexangula'ris.   Six-angled.
Sex'fidus.  Six-cleft.
Sexfio'rus.  Six-flowered.
Sex'jugus.  Six-paired.
Sexlocula'ris.   Six-celled, 
S H I
165
Six'us, Sex.  When  Linneus first adopted  the sta-
  mens and pistils as the organs of classification, he
  addressed his arguments to physicians, who were
  conversant with animal anatomy.   He therefore
  took advantage of the analogy between  animals
  and vegetables in the reproduction of their kind,
  in order to illustrate his theory.  He called the
  stamens males, and the pistils females, &c.  But
  nothing can be more  ridiculous  and disgusting
  than to keep up these references at this day. Dr.
  James Edward Smith, President  of the Linnean
  Society at London, has totally discarded all sexual
  allusions.  Under the  word Clitoria, in Rees' Cy-
  clopedia, he has treated the subject with great se-
  verity. Dr. Bigelow, in his incomparable descrip-
  tion of the plants  about Boston, as  far as it goes,
  has no where defiled his work with  a single allu-
  sion of the  kind.
Sexval'vus.   Six-valved.
Shaft.  See style.
Shaggy.  See hirsute.
Sharp.  Tapering to a point.  Acute difters from
  sharp, as it may apply to  the tip of a leaf, which
  becomes broad immediately back of the point.
Sheath.   The  prolongation of  a leaf down  the
  stem,  which it encloses ;  as in most culmiferous
  plants.
Sheathed.  Having a sheath.
Shields, scutella.   That kind of receptacle of li-
  chens, which is open, orbicular, saucer-like. The
  underside and border are of the substance and co-
  lour of the frond.   The disk is of a different co-
  lour and substance from the border and frond, con-
  taining  the seeds  in  extremely  minute  vertical
  cells.  The shields are thick and tumid, when they
  are  sessile; and  membranous  when stalked  or 
166                  S I L

  elevated.   Very rarely they are perforated in the
  centre.   Smith.
Shining.   See lucidus.
Shoot.   Each tree and shrub sends forth annually
  a  large shoot in the spring, called  the spring
  shoot; and  from  the end of that a  smaller  one
  about the 24th of June,  called St. John's shoot.
  There is always the appearance of a joint where
  the latter  springs out,  very perceptible after the
  whole shoot is matured.
Shriv'elling.  See withering.              .
Shrub.   A  vegetable with a woody stem.   It is ge-
  nerally  put  for that  kind of woody plant, whose
  stem  divides into branches near the ground, with-
  out being elevated by a bole, like trees.   Sec tree
  and suffrutex.
Shrub'by.  Having woody stems or branches.
Sic'cus.   Dry, neither humid nor succulent.
Sick'le-form.   A very much curved keel.
Sil'icle,  siiic'ula*  A little  siliquc, whose  length
  and breadth are nearly equal.
SILICULOSA.  The name of the first order of the
  class  tetradynamia.   It  includes  those  plants
  which have a silicle, whose length is never twice
   that  of its  breadth.  As  the  Shepherd's  purse,
   Ilorse-raddish, Pepper-grass.
 Si'lique, siliqua.   That kind of pod,  which has a
   longitudinal partition  with the seeds attached to
   both edges of it alternately.  As the radish.
 Si'lique-form.  Shaped like a  siliquc  without its
   essential character.
 SILIQUO'SA.  The name  of the second order of the
   class tetradynamia.  It includes those plants, which
   have a  silique, whose length is more than twice that
   of its breadth.  As Mustard, Cabbage, Watercress.
 ^ii.'ky.  See sericeus. 
S O M          '       167
Sim'ple, sim'plex.  Undivided.   Single, opposed to
  compound, or aggregate.
Simplicis'simus.  Very simple.
Sin'gle.   Only one.   Also opposed to full-flowered.
Sinistror'sum.   Twining  from right to left, that is,
  contrary to the  apparent  motion of the sun ;  as
  the pole-bean.
Sin'uate, sinua'lus.  (Sinus,  a bay.) Having round-
  ed incisions.  The margin hollowed out, resemb-
  ling a  bay ; as the white-oak leaf.
Sin'uate-ser'rate.   Having serratures  hollowed
  out ; as the Chesnut.
Sin'us.  A roundish incision into the edge of a leaf
  or other organ.
Sit'ting.  See sessile.
Sit'us.  Situation ; as opposite, alternate, &c.
Sleek.  See glabrous.
Sleep of plants.  The effect of night upon  the
   external appearance of some plants ; as the leaves
   of Pease  closing over the very young flowers.
Slen'der.  See tenuis.
Smarag'dinus.   Grass-green.
Smooth.  Sometimes put for glabrous, but not syno-
   nymous with it.  For glabrous means sleek or slip-
   pery ; whereas  smooth may be applied  to  fine
   chamois leather.
Sobolif'erous.  Bearing shoots.           4
Solid, solidus.  Of an  uniform substance, not na-
   turally partible ; as the turnip.  See coated and
   scaly.
Sol'itary, solita'rius.  Standing alone, or very dis-
   tant from others of the same kind.
Solu'tus.  Disengaged.   Not adnate.
 Somewhat.   Used  as  a diminutive; implying  in
   some  degree, not  fully.   President Smith trans-
   lates  sub,  by  somewhat, when combined with 
166       *         S  P E
   an adjective;  as  subtrifidus,  somewhat three-
   cleft.
Som'nus planta'rum.   See sleep of plants.
Sor'dide albicans.   Dirty white.
So'rus and Sore'dia.  See fr iit-dots.
Spadi'ceus.  Chesnut brown.
Spa dix.  An elongated receptacle proceeding from
   a spathe,  or resembling such in texture and ap-
   pearance.
Span'gles, patellula.   Open  and orbicular, like
   shields, but sessile, and not formed of any part of
   the crust,  from which they differ in colour,  being
   most usually  black.   The  seeds are lodged be-
   neath the membrane that covers their disk,  as in
   the former, and  the disk is  surrounded by a pro-
  per border.   Their seeds  are  observed to  be
   naked in  the cellular substance of the disk, not
   enclosed in cases.  Disk  sometimes  concave or
   flat, oftener convex,  and  even  globose  without
   any apparent border when  in an advanced  state.
Spatha'meus.  A span high, or a span long.
Spa'the.  That kind of calyx, which first encloses
  the flower and after it expands is left at a distance
  below it.  As Daffodil, Onion, Indian Turnip.
Spa'the-form.   Resembling a spathe.
Spat'ulate, spatula'tus, or spathula'tus.  Roundish
  and diminishing  into a long, narrow, linear  base.
Spe'cies.  The lowest division of vegetables. There
  have been about thirty thousand species described.
  In North  America  about  four thousand  species
  have been described ; of these about twenty-five
  hundred are found to the  north  and  northeast of
  Virginia.   About one thousand species have  been
  examined  by  Professor Ives in a v-ild state, with-
  in five miles of Yale College.   Very few places
   of the same extent will afford more than eight hun- 
s r i
169
  eired, and few less than six hundred, in the North-
  ern States.  Phelps gives a catalogue of thirteen
  hundred and forty species as a complete  list of all
  the British plants.  In all these calculations,  re-
  lating to America and Great  Britain,  the crypto-
  gamous plants are left out.
Specif'ic char'acter.  See diagnosis and descrip-
  tions.
Specif'ic name.   In common use we apply this to
  what Linneus called the trivial name.   The spe-
  cific name he calls all those several  descriptive
  words, which express the essential difference, or
  diagnosis.
     The rage for changing specific  names has be-
  come a great nuisance to the science.   Richard
  proposes  the establishment of a literary tribunal,
  having authority to fix the names in every depart-
  ment of science for the whole globe ;  in order to
  check the growth of  this chilcf of  vanity and  ig-
  norance.
Spha'celate.  Withering, becoming blackened.
Sphagno'se.  Wet, mossy, swampy.
Spi'culus.   See spikelet.
Spike, spi'ca.   Having  florets  arranged along the
  sides of a general elongated peduncle or recepta-
  cle, without  partial peduncles  or with extremely
  short ones.   As a Wheat-head, or  Mullein.
Spi'kelet, spi'cula.  One of the subdivisions of a
  spike.
Spin'dle-form.   See fusiform.
Spine, spi'na.  See thorn.
Spines'cent, spines'cens.  Becoming thorny.
Spino'se, spino'sus.  Thorny.
Spi'ral, spiralis.  Twisted like a tcrew.
Spit-poin'ted.  Barton substitutes  this for cuspi*
  da'p.
                       15 
170
S  P U
Spith'ama.   Short span.  See measures.
Spongio'sus.  Spongy.
Spor'ce.   The seeds of lichens.
Sporan'gium.  A  name given  to the pericarp by
  Hedwig.
Sporangid'ium.  Willdcnow's name for the columel-
  la of mosses.  See columella.
Spot'ted.   Having spots differing in colour from
  the principal part.
Spreading.  See patens.
Spur.  An elongated process from the base, or from
  near the  base of the calyx or corol  or nectary,
  somewhat resembling a horn or cock's spur.   As
  the Larkspur, Orchis and Nasturtion.
Spur'red.   Having a spur.
Spur'red-ry'e,  or spur'red  gra'in.  An enlarged,
  elongated seed, projecting out of  a glume, of a
  black or violet colour, brittle  texture,  somewhat
  spur-form.  It is that morbid swelling of the seed,
  called Ergot  by the French.   The black or dark
  coloured  kind  is called  the Malignant  ergot.
  " Large doses of which cause  head-ache and fe-
  brile symptoms.  Under proper regulations it may
  be considered a valuable addition to the present
  stock of medicinal agents.   The dose usually ad-
  ministered is  from ten grains to half a drachm, in
  decoction."   Bigelow.    The pale violet kind,
  called  simple ergot, is harmless  .tnd  inactive.
  Willdenow.
    Grain  growing in low  moist ground, or new
  land is most subject to it.   Also spring graii;
  more than winter grain; and rye more than wheat,
  barley  or oats.
    When  crops  are  so much infected with it o.
  greatly to injure them, the loss may be in a greai
  measure made up by collecting the ergot, and seli 
S T E
171
  ing it to druggists.  It should be thoroughly win-
  nowed out of the grain, as it is said to be very in-
  jurious in bread.   The ergot may then be collect-
  ed  from the chaff.
Squamulo'se, squamo'sus, or squama'tus.  See scaly.
Squarro'se, squarro'sus. Ragged.  When the points
  of scales, &c. bend outwards, so  as to  make a
  ragged appearance.  It is also used for scurfy, or
  when covered with a bran like scurf.
Stachyop'terides.   Spiked  ferns.    One  of  the
  new order  of Ferns.  It is adopted by  Pursh,
  Torrcy,  &c.  Lycopodium,  Botrychium, Bern-
  hardt and Ophioglossum are placed here.
Stalk.  See stem.
Stamen.   The part of the fructification next to the
  central organ.   It consists of a knob of one or
  more cells containing pollen.  It is  either elevat-
  ed on a filament;  or sessile upon the germ, style,
  stigma, receptacle, calyx or corol.
Stam'inate.   Having stamens only, without a pis-
  til ; consequently barren.   As the flowers in the
  tassels of Indian-corn.
Stamin'eus.   Having no corol, the stamens  serving
  in its stead.  Ray.
Staminif'erus.  See staminate.
Stan'dard.  See banner.
Stel'la i-r, stella'tus.  Spreading out in  a radiate
  manner.  Leaves are stellate, when three or more
  surround the stem in a whorl.   Flowers  and  the
  volva of a fungus  are stellate, when the petals or
  segments spread out, so as to resemble the vulgar
  representation of a star.
Stem.  The  main base or supporter of the fructifi-
  cation and  herbage.  It is either  Tidge, Culm,
  Scape, Peduncle, Petiole, Frond, or Stipe; which
  see. 
172
S  T  R
Stem-clas'ping.   See clasping.
Stem'-leaf.   Inserted on the stem:   See caulinc.
Stem'less.  Having no stem.
Stzr'he, ster'ilis.  Barren flower. Staminate flower.
Stiff.   See rigid.
Stig'ma.  The top of the pistil.  It is  generally
  moist when in full perfection, for the better recep-
  tion  of the  pollen.  See pollen.  Some  care is
  required in numbering sessile stigmas.  No more
  must be numbered, than can be  found quite dis-
  tinct on the  germ.
Stings, stim'uli.  Hair-like processes, which excite
  itching punctures;  as  on the Nettle.   They are
  generally hollow with a sack  at the base, contain-
  ing an acrid  liquor.   By  pushing  against their
  points, the sacks are compressed, and thrust out
  the liquid.
Stipe,  sti'pes.   The lower part of  the midrib of a
  fern; the stem of a fungus; or  the stem of  the
  down on the seeds of Dandelion; the stem of a
  germ elevating  it above the receptacle; or any
  other stem-like organ,  not otherwise  particularly
  named.
Stip'itate, sti'ped, slipita'ius.   Having a stipe.
Stip'ole, stip'ula.   A leafet or scale at or near the
  base  of a petiole, which in  some respect differs
  from the leaves.
Stip'ular, stipula'ris.  Formed of, or connected with,
  stipules.
Stip'uled, stipula'tus, or slipula'ceous.   Having sti-
  pules.
Slol'o.   See sucker.
Stolonif'erus.  Putting forth suckers.
Strad'dling.   See divaricate.
Straight, or strait.  In nearly a eight line*. 
ST  i
173
Straitish.  A little curving, but not sufficiently to
  take the appellation of curved.
Stramin'eus.  Straw-coloured ; straw-like.
Strap'-form.   See ligulate.
Stra'tum prolig'erum.  The seed-bearing disk of the
  receptacles of  lichens.
Stri'ate, stre'aked, stria'tus.   Marked or grooved
  with slender lines.
Stric'tus.   Both  stiff and strait,  or perfectly strait.
  See erect.
Strictis'simus.   Very stiff and strait.
Strigo'se, strigo'sus.    Armed  with small, close,
  rigid bristles, which are thickest below.   Willde-
  now.
Strobila'ceus.   In form resembling a strobile.
Stro'bile, strob'ilus.  An ament with woody scales ;
  as  the fruit of pine.
Strobilifor'mis.    See strobilaceus.
Style, stylus.   (Stulos, a column.) That part of a
  pistil, which is between the germ and stigma.  It
  is often  wanting; as in the Tulip.
     There is  frequently  a difference  in  opinion
  among authors in fixing the orders of some plants,
  on  account  of their numbering the  styles differ-
  ently.   As  in the  Mountain rice  (Oryzopsis.)
  Richard  made it the first  order,  because  the
  two  styles   seemed to unite  a  little above  the
  germ.   But  Muhlenberg  makes it the second or-
  der,  because they are at least separable, if not
  always separate in perfect maturity.  It grows in
  abundance about New-Haven, with styles  per-
  fectly separate in all stages.  From this example
  the student will perceive the importance of look-
  ing through all  the orders, where his plant can
  possibly b^ found, before he determines  in diffi-
  cult cases.
                       !5* 
174
SUP
Styloid.  Resembling a style.
Sua'vis.  Sweet, agreeable.
Sub.  Used in  combination as  a diminutive.   See
  somewhat.
Subero'se, subero'sus.  Corky.
Submer'sed,  submer'sus.   Growing under water.
Subterra'neus. Growing and flowering under ground.
  This may be applied to the shoots of the Polygala
  rubella.
Sub'tus.  Beneath.
Sub'ulate, subula'tus.  See awl-form.
Subunifio'rus.  Generally one flowered,  but some-
  times more.
Succulen'tus, suc'culent.  Juicy, abounding in juice.
  It is also  applied to a pulpy  leaf, whether juicy
  or not.
Suc'cus.  See sap.
Suc'ker.  A shoot from the root, by  which the
  plant may be  propagated.
Suffru'ticose,  suff'rutex.   An under-shrub.   A
  plant whose branches annually die, but the lower
  part of the stem  is woody and remains; as the
  Spireaalba, white steeple-bush; also Sage.
Suffrutico'sus.   Undershrubby.
Sul'cate, sulca'tus.  Furrowed*   Marked with deep
  lines.
Sulphur'eus.  Sulphur-coloured.
Sup'erans.  Exceeding in height.
Superax'illary.  Above the axil.
Superdecompound'.  See supradecompositus.
Superfic'ies.   See pagina.
SUPERFLUA polyga'mia.   The second order of
  the class syngenesia.   The florets of the disk are
  perfect, of the ray  pistillate.  As  Life-everlas-
  ting, Wormwood, Tansey, Elecampane, Yarrow,
  Mayweed. 
S Y N                  175
Super'ne.   Upwards, towards the top.
Supe'rior, sup'erus.   A  calyx  or  corol is superior
  when it proceeds from the upper part of the germ.
  See germ.
Supi'nus.   Face upwards.  Seeresupinu*.
Suppo'rt.  See fulcrum.
Supra-axilla'ris.  See suprafoliaceus.
Supradecompos'itus. More than decompound; which
  see.   When a petiole is divided and the divisions
  divided at least once more, and  the last divisions
  have leafets.
Suprafolia'ceus*   Inserted above the axil, or  base
  of the leaf.
Sur'culus.  A little branch or twig.  Applied to the
  stem or shoot which bears the leaves of mosses.
Su'ture, sutu'ra.  A seam-like appearance  at the
  meeting of two parts ;  as the valves of pea-pod.
Swim'ming.  See natant.
Sword'-form.   See ensiform.
Sylvaficus.  Growing  in woods.
Sylves'tris.   Altogether  wild;  growing in  wild
  woods.
SYNGENE'SIA.  (Sun,  together; ge7iesis,  spring-
  ing up.)   Anthers growing up together in an unit-
  ed tubular set.  The name of the eighteenth class,
  if polyadelphia be rejected, or  the nineteenth as
  established by Linneus.  It comprises all those
  plants, whose flowers  are compound, having the
  anthers in each floret  with more or less of  their
  edges adnate; so that the whole (which are always
  5) form a tube.  Formerly the  union of  the an-
  thers was  the only circumstance noticed in defin-
  ing this  class; which brought the  violet, the car-
  dinal flower, &c. into it.  But now the flower be-
  ing compound is taken into consideration; which
  makes a perfectly natural class.  The order me- 
176
SYS
  nogamia, which was allotted to the simple flower^
  is of course rejected.   The  present orders are
  Polygamia cequalis, superflua, frustranea, necessa-
  ria and segregata; which see.
Syno'nyms,  synon'yma.   Different names  for the
  same plant.   A list of synonyms has now become
  essential to every publication, containing descrip-
  tions of plants ;  on account of the vast multipli-
  cation of names.   This  is  ascribable  to  two
  causes.   1.  A Botanist with but little knowledge
  of plants, falls in with a plant  which  he cannot
  find  out;  though it is familiar to practical Bota?
  nists.  He immediately gives it a name, and puffs
  himself into  the  face of the public as  the disco-
  verer.  2. Vanity is often a quality of the indo-
  lent.  And we find many vain men, who, feeling
  a strong desire to be  cited as the authors of some-
  thing, sit down at home, and split  up and  new-
  name genera and species ; which they at length
  crowd into  books to the great injury of the
  science.
Synop'sis.   A condensed systematic view of a sub-
  ject, or science.
Sys'tem, syste'ma.   An arrangement of natural bo-
  dies  according  to assumed characters;  for the
  purpose  of aiding the mind and memory in ac-
  quiring and retaining a knowledge of them.  Sys-
  tems have been proposed in abundance.  And we
  are still infested  with system-makers and reform-
  ers, which are among the greatest evils incident to
  Natural Science.  Any man of ordinary talents
  may make a tolerable system in half a day ;  that
  is, sixty systems per month.  But why not adhere
  to that which is universally known  and  establish-
  ed ?   There may be improvements in the Linnean
  system.   But let them be  adopted  with caution, 
T  E  M
177
and on the authority of the oldest and most expe
rienced  botanists.
                      T.

Taznia'nus.   Ribbon-form.
Tail.   A filiform process terminating a seed, &c.
  As the Virgin's bower.
Tale'a.   Sucker.
Tapering.   See attenuatus.
Targets,/?*/'**.  That kind of receptacle of lichens
  which is flat, close-pressed, and attached to the
  frond by its whole underside, as if glued; some-
  times  attached to the bark of  the frond.   It is
  broad, kidney-form, or oblong, rarely irregular ;
  covered with a thin coloured disk, with no border
  except occasionally a very minute accessory one,
  which  seems  to  circumscribe  it.   In an early
  stage it is concave, and concealed by a thin  gela-
  tinous fugacious, membrane, or veil.   Smith.
Tar'oet-form.   See peltate.
Taste.  See sapor.
Tec'tus.   Covered.
Teeth of mosses.  The outer fringe of the peristo-
  mium is generally in 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 divisions,
  which are called teeth.  See peristomium.
 Teg'ens.  Covering.
 Teo'ument.   The skin or bark of seeds; as appears
   very distinct on a boiled pea or bean.
 Tem'perature.   The degree of heat  and cold to
   which anv place  is subject.  This is not limited
   to  degrees of latitude;  as high  mountain* in
   Pennsylvania produce many plants,  most natural
   about Hudson's bay.   In cold regions white and 
178                 T E R
  blue petals principally prevail;  in warm region
  red and other bright strong colours.
     In the  spring season white petals predominate ;
  towards  autumn the yellow are most prevalent.
  Willdenow.
Tendril.  That kind of appendage, which is fili-
  form and reaches out to grasp bodies to climb by.
  As the climbers of grapes and pease.
Tenellus.   Tender, delicate and fragile.
Tenuifol'ius.  Slender-leaved.
Ten'uis,  Thin  and slender.
Teres.  See terete.
Ter'ete.  Round, columnar, and tapering from the
  base to the other end.
Teretius'cuius.  Somewhat terete.
Tergem'inus,  tfrgem'inate.   Thrice-paired.   The
  petiole is forked, these branches forked, and the
  last branches with paired leafets.
Terminal,  termindlis.   Proceeding from or occu-
  pying the end of a stem,  branch, style, &c.
Terminations.   In  expressing  resemblances  it
  would greatly lengthen descriptions to introduce
  words  drawing  full-length comparisons.  As a
  leaf resembling the form of an arrow.   To avoid
  (this, terminations united to the  substantive word
  by a hyphen  have been used ;  as arrow-shape,
  or arrow-form.  1 prefer the termination form,
  making the whole a compound  adjective noun.
  There are cases where like becomes a convenient
  termination;   as  petal-like  stigma  in the  Iris.
  Here form or shaped would be inadequate; as its
  resemblance consists rather in texture and gene-
  ral appearance, than in shape.
Ter'nate.   Three-fold.  In threes.  This term i.-i
  also applied to compound leaves, where 3 leafets
  proceed  from the  end  of one petiole; as in the
  Strawberry.   See biternate and triternate. 
                     TET                 179

Terra'neus.   Appertaining to the earth.
Ter'reus.  Earth-coloured.
Tes'selate, tessela'tus.  Chequered.
Te'ter.  Having a disagreeable smell.
TETRADYNA'MIA.   (Tessares,  four; dunamis,
  power.)  Four stamens overpowering, or over-
  topping the other two.  The name of the fifteenth
  class; including all  plants whose flowers contain
  six stamens, four of which are uniformly longer
  than the other  two.   The corols of this class are
  always cruciform.  This class is divided into two
  orders, siliculosa, and siliquosa ; which see.
Tetradyn'amous.  Belonging to the  class tetrady-
  namia, or varying into it.
Tetrago'ntis.   Four-cornered.
TETRAGYNIA.   (Tessares, four; gune,  female.)
  Four-styled.  The fourth order  of each of the
  first thirteen classes.   It contains all the plants of
  those classes,  whose flowers have  four styles or
  four sessile stigmas.  As Holly (ilex,) Pearlwort
  (sagina,)  Ponuweed  (potamogeton,) in the class
  tetrandria.  Parnassus grass in the class pentan-
  dria.   Lizardtail (saururus) in the class heptan-
  dria.
TETRAN'DRIA.   (Tessares, four; aner, male.)
  Four-stamened.  The name of the fourth class.
  It comprises all plants with perfect flowers, hav-
  ing 4 stamens in each ;  which are not united nor
  regularly two long and two short.
Tetran'drous.   Belonging to, or varying into, the
  class tetrandria.
Tetrapet'alous.  Four petalled.
Tetraphyl lus.  Calyx with 4 leafets.
Tetrapteryg'ia.   See wings.
Tet rasper'mus.  Having 4 seeds to a flower 
180                 TOR
Tetra'dra.  A 4-sided pod.
Thalam'ia.   See hollows..
The'ca.   The hidden capsules of mosses.
The'cce.   The  frond, or whole  herbage of lichens,
  The cases or cells containing the seeds in the disk
   of scutellae and some other receptacles of lichens.
Thorn, or spine.  A sharp process from the woody
  part of a plant.  It is an indurated imperfect bud,
  which,  when  the plant grows in  a rich  soil,
  changes to a branch.   Pears bear thorns in a poor
  soil, which disappear in  richer  Willdenow.
Thkead'-form.  See filiform.
Three-fold.  See ternate.
Thrice-pin'nate.   See tripinnate.
Thrice-pinnat'ifid.  See tripinnatifid.
Throat.  See faux.
Thyrsioi'des.   Flowers disposed in  the  form of a
  nosegay.
Thyrse, thyr'sus.   See panicle.
Tidge,  or tige.  See caulis.
Tincto'rius.   Plants suitable for dyeing or pigments.
Tomento'se, tomento'sus.  Covered with fine downy
  or  cottony  substance matted together.  See  la-
   nate.
Tong'ue-form.   See linguiform.
Tooth'ed.   See dentate.
Tooth'letted.   See denticulate.
Top'-form.  See turbinate.
Torn.   See lacerated.
Toro'se, toro'sus.   Protuberant.  Raised in bunches
   or  vein-like protuberances or ridges.
Tor'sio.  See intorsion.
Tor'tilis.  See coiled.
Torulo'se, torulo'sus.   With swelling ridges, like
   the muskmelon. 
T  R  I
181
 Trac'heoz.  The  air-vessels  of Grew.   They  are
  spiral  channels supposed by Grew to be designed
  for receiving and distributing air in the vegetable.
Trailing.  See procumbent.
Translu'cent.   Transmitting light faintly.
Trans'verse, transver'sus.   Crosswise.  It is  ap-
  plied to a partition when it meets the valves of a
  pericarp in any other part  than  at the sutures.
Trapezifor'mis.  Having four unequal sides.
Tree, (arbor.)  A  large woody plant.  The word
  large  is  very  indefinite;  but the  distinction be-
  tween tree and shrub is very difficult to express.
  Perhaps large and small, interpreted according to
  the  rules relating to parts  under Relative  propor-
  tions, will serve to distinguish trees and shrubs as
  well as an  elaborate definition.   These terms are
  not used in specific descriptions.  See shrub and
  suffrutex.
TRI AN DRIA.  (Tris, thrice ; oner, male.)  Three-
  stamened.   The  name of  the third class.  It in-
  cludes all plants  whose flowers  are perfect, with
  three stamens in  each, not growing to the pistil.
  This class  includes most of the grasses.
Trian'drous.  Belonging to, or varying into,  the
  class triandria.
Trian'gular, triangularis.    Having  3 angles  or
  corners.   It is applied to  a leaf with 3 points or
  corners.
Tribes,  trib'us.  See gentes  and cotyledon.
Tribrac'teate.  Having three bracts.
Tri'ca.  See buttons.
Trichot'omus.   Three-forked.  See forked.
Tricoc'cus.   A  3-seeded capsule; or rather 3-grain-
  ed.   It is applied to capsules,  which appear as
  if three, of  one  cell  and  one  seed each,  were
  grown together.
                        16 
182
T  R 1
 Tricuspida'tus.  Three pointed.   See cuspidate-
 Triden'tate.  Three-toothed.
 Trid'uus.  Enduring 3 days.
 Trifa'rius.  Facing 3 ways.
 Trif'idus.   Three-cleft.  See cleft.
 Triflo'rus.   Three-flowered.
 Trifolia'tus.   Three-leaved.
 Triglo'chis.  Three-barbed.  See barb.
 Trigo'nus.   Three-cornered.   See triangular.
 TRIGYN'IA.  (Tris,thrice; gune, female.)  Three-
   styled.  The name of the third order in each of
   ihe  first  thirteen  classes;  comprising all the
   plants in those  orders,  whose  flowers contain 3
   styles or three sessile stigmas in each. As Carpet-
   weed (mollugo)  in the 3d, Alder in the 5th, Dock
   in the 6th, Buckwheat in  the 7th, Rhubarb in the
   3th, Sandwort in the 10th,  Spurge in the  11th,
   classes.
Trij'ugus.   Three-paired.
Triloba'ceous, trilobus.  Three-lobed.  Seelobed.
Triloc'ular,  trilocula'ris.   Three-celled.
Triner'vis.   Three-nerved.   See nerved.
Tri'nus.  Leaves in  threes.
Triparti'tus.   Deeply divided into three parts.
Tripet'alus.   Three-petalled.
Triphyllus.  Three leafets to a calyx.
Tripin'nate, tripinnalus.   Having the petiole pin-
   nated  with other petioles; and  this second range
  of petioles supporting a third range with leafets.
Tripinnat'ifid, tripinnatifidns.   A pinnatifid leaf,
  with the divisions pinnatifid, and those  latter di
  visions pinnatifid again.  See  pinnatifid and hi
  pinnatifid.
Tripliner'vis.  See trinervis.
Triply-compound.   See Supradecompositus.
Trip'teris.   Three-winged. 
TUB                  183
Trique'trous, trique'ter.   Three-sided.
Trisper'ma.   Three-seeded.
Tris'tis.  Dull-coloured, melancholy.
Triter'nate, triterna'tus.   When a petiole is divid-
  ed  into three branches ; and the branches again
  divided, each in three parts; and on each of the
  last divisions three leafets.   See biternate.
Trivalvis.   A pericarp with 3  valves.
Trivascula'ris.   Having three cup-form cells.
Triv'ial name, trivia'lia no'mina.  The  name  of a
  species,   not  including the descriptive terms.
  President Smith says, trivial name  is now super-
  fluous ; as specific name is no longer used for the
  descriptive terms.  See specific name.
Truncate,  trunca'tus.  The end appearing as  if
  cut off.   Terminating in a strait edge, either  per-
  pendicularly or obliquely transverse.
Trunk, trun'cus.  The bole of a tree.  See bole.
  It is also applied to the  stem of plants not  woody;
  and sometimes to the caudex of a root.
Tube.  The lower hollow cylinder of a monopeta-
  lous corol.
Tu'bercles, tuber'cula.   That kind of receptacle
  of  lichens, which is spherical  or slightly conic,
  nearly closed, crustaceous, black;  more or less
  immersed in the surface of the  crustaceous frond,
  which it  elevates; or  sometimes it is  exposed,
  being  merely sessile.  Each contains  a  ball, or
  mass, of connected seeds, destitute of cells,  en-
  veloped  in a common  membrane.  The whole
  mass of seeds is  at  length  discharged together
  by an orifice at the top of the  tubercle.   We
  often find these tubercles after  the seeds are  dis-
  charged.
Tuber'culate,  tuber'cula.  See   tubercles.  This 
184
V  A G
   word is sometimes applied to rough points on
   leaves,  &c.
 Tu'berous, tubero'sus.   Roots, which are thick and
   fleshy,  but not of any  regularly globular  form.
   They are knobbed, as potatoe ;  oval as Orchis and
   some Anemones; Abrupt, as the Bird-foot voilet;
   Fascicled, as the Asparagus.
 Tubular, tubula'tus.   Having a lube, or being in
   the form of a tube.
 Tu'bulous, tubulo'se, tubulo'sus.  That corol of a
   compound  flower, which forms a whole tube, not
   a ligulate floret.   It is also  applied to a perianth,
   if the whole or the lower part is a hollow  cylin-
   der.
 Tuft'ed.   See fascicle.
 Tu'nicate.   See coated.
 Turbinate, turbina'tus.   Top-form.   A cone with
   the point downwards.
 Tur'gid, tur'gidus.   Thickened,  swollen, but not
   inflated.
 Tu'rion, tu'rio.  See gemmation.
 Twin.  Two connected or growing together.
 Twining.   Ascending  spirally.   Se«  dcxtrorsum
  and sinistrorsum.
Twisted.  See coiled.
 Two-rank'ed, or two-row'ed.  See dislichus.


                      V.

 Vagina.  Sheath.   That  prolongation of a  leaf,
  which forms a cylinder  around  the  stem.   See
  sheath.
 Valva'tus.   Resembling the valves of a glume.
Vaginans.   Sheathing. 
V E  G                 185
Vaginalus.   Sheathed.
Valve, val'va.  The several pieces of a pericarp,
  which separate naturally on ripening, are called
  valves.  Also the leaves, or chaffs, of a glume.
  Each  piece  is called a valve.  This name is
  sometimes applied to  the scales, which close the
  tube in some corols.
Val'velet, val'vula.  Little valve.
Variega'tus.   Variously coloured.
Vari'ety, varietas.  The changes produced among
  plants of  the same species by accidental causes;
  as by soil, situation, culture, climate, &c.   These
  changes respect  magnitude,  fulness of flowers,
  crisping of leaves, colour, taste and smell.  If the
  same kind of plant can possibly be produced from
  the seed of other kinds*, these are but varieties of
  the same species.   All apples are but varieties of
  the same species ; because if the seeds of a sour
  apple be planted, they will produce trees bearing
  sour, sweet, tart,  red, green,  large and small ap-
  ples promiscuously.   But the  Quince  is a differ-
  ent species;  because  it cannot possibly  be pro-
  duced  from apple seeds.
Va'sa, vessels.   The sap-vessels  of vegetables
  have formed  the subject of much inquiry and dis-
  cussion.  The best summary of the various theo-
  ries may be found in Smith's Elements: beginning
  at the 43d page.  See sap and camb.  By cutting
  very  thin  transverse  segments of aquatic plants
  and holding them to the Tight,  considerable prac-
  tical knowledge may be obtained on this subject.
Vaul'ted.  Arched over  like the roof of the mouth;
  as the upper  lip of some labiate corols.
Veg'etable.   Ah organized substance, whose pro-
  creative organs decay before  the individual dies.
  As in the  pea; the stamens and pistils decay bs-
                      16* 
186
V  E  G
  fore the rest of the plant.  It is divided into the
  fructification, root and herbage.   See natural his-
  tory.
Veg'etable  king'dom.    This is  the  name Lin-
  neus  gives  to  all the subjects of the science of
  botany.  See natural  history.
Vegetable substance.  The elementary principles
  of vegetables are  principally carbon,  hydrogen,
  and oxygen ; some contain nitrogen.
     The proximate principles are very complicated.
  1. Gum  is a mucillaginous substance ; as Cherry
  gum,  Arabic  gum, &c.   Most gums are softening
  and sheathing to the stomach, but not very active.
  Professor Silliman found the gum  of sassafras
  (laurus sassafras)  the most  effectual remedy for
  his eyes, after they had been greatly  injured by
  the explosion of fulminating silver.  2. Resin, is
  found in  most pines.   In a more refined and vo-
  latile   state it  becomes  the true balsam ; but the
  substance usually called balsam  is a coarse mix-
  ture  of  resin and  volatile oil.   Resin and gum
  combined was the substance burned, when frank-
 ' incence offerings were  made  by the  Jews.  3.
  Starch, is the most nutritious part of vegetables.
  The Potatoe consists almost entirely of starch
  crystals.  The starch should be  washed  out of
  flour  in making paste;  which can be done best
  nfter  the paste is raised by a  little yeast.  It
   hen  leaves the gluten  almost  pure,  and very
  strongly  adhesive.  [Extract from MS. notes ta-
  ken  at Professor  Silliman's  lectures  in March,
  1816.]
     Incipient germination seems  to  increase the
  proportion  of  gluten and diminish that of the
  starch.  For flour made of grain, which had be- 
V  I  G                  187
  gan to sprout in the field during a wet harvest, is
  very adhesive,  when manufactured into dough.
Veil.   See calyptra.
Vellus.   Fleecy, or  a  fleece.  This term  is  also
  applied to that kind of clouds which  float swiftly
  about  the sky, without any  strait side,  and re-
  semble an open fleece of wool.   See cirrous and
  natural history.
Vein'ed, veno'se, veno'sus.   A leaf with the ribs or
  tendinous fibres variously branched.
Ventrico'se, ventrico'sus.   Swelling out as if blown
  up with wind.   Or rather  bellied out.  See in-
  flated.
Ventriculo'sus.  A little ventricose.
Vernalis.  Coming forth early in  the spring.
Verna'tion, verna'tio.   See foliation.
Verru'coz.  Variously formed  protuberances, solid
  and usually smooth, on the crust of some lichens.
  Sometimes the receptacles grow on them.
Verruco'se,  verruco'sus.  Warty.   Having  little
  warty knob-like substances on the surface.
Versatile,  versa'tilis.    Lying  horizontally and
  moving freely  on a point.  Particularly  applied
  to anthers lying on the point of the filament.
Ver'tex.   The summit.
Ver'tical, vertica'tis.  Standing or hanging up and
  down at right  angles with the horizon ; or paral-
  lel to  the  stem.
Verticilla'tus.  See  whorled.
Vesic'ular, vesicula'ris.  Containing, or consisting
  of, a cellular substance.
Ves'sels.   See vasa.
 Vexillum.   See  banner.
 Vigilice planta'rum.  The determined  hours of the
  day,  when certain plants expand and shut their
   flowers.   See  sleep. 
188
U  M  B
Villo'se, villo'sus.  Having a superficial covering.
  of long soft whitish hairs.   The calyptra of some
  mosses consists wholly of a mat of hairs.
Villus.  Fine soft hairs.
Vi'men.   A withe.  A  twig which  is  slender and
  flexible.
Viola'ceous.  Violet coloured.
Vires'cens.  Inclining to green.
Vir'gate, virga'tus.  Wand-like.  Slender rod.
Vir'idis.   Green.
Virgul'tum.  Small twig.
Viro'sus.  Nauseous disgusting smell.
Vis'cid, vis'cidus.   Covered superficially with a te-
  nacious juice.
Viscid'iTy, visco'sitas.   Clamminess.   Possessing
  an adhesive quality.
Vitel linus.  Yellow with a tinge of red.
Vitellus.  A thin substance in the seeds of some plants,
  closely  connected with the embryo, but never ris-
  ing out of the ground with it in germination.  It is
  never  in plants  with genuine  ascending cotyle-
  dons; and  perhaps it may  serve  to perform  the
  functions of cotyledons. It is between the albumen
  and embryo, when albumen  is present.  It com-
  poses the bulk of the seeds of mosses and  ferns.
  Smith.
Vit'reus.   Glassy, colourless.   See  hyaline.
Vivip'arous.  Producing its  offspring alive, either
  by bulbs instead of seeds or by  seeds germinat-
  ing on the  plant.
Uligino'sus.   Growing in damp places.
Ulna.   Arm's length.
Umbel, umbel la.  That kind of inflorescence, where
  several flower-stems diverge from  one place, like
  the braces of an umbrella;  bearing florets on their 
U N  I
189
  extremities.  If these flower-stems are subdivid-
  ed, a partial umbel is formed.
Umbellif'erous.  Bearing umbels ; as Carrot, Dill,
  Fennel.
Um'bellet, umbellula.   A partial or lesser umbel.
Umbilicus.  A navel.
Umbil'icate,  umbilica'tus.  Navelled.   Having a
  kind of central roundish hollow or protuberance ;
  as on the end  of an apple, or of a pompion.
Umbona'tus.  See bossed.
Unangula'tus.  One-angled.
Unarm'ed.  Having no thorns nor prickles.
Uncialis.   As long as the thumb-nail.
Un'cinate, uncina'tus.  Hooked  at  the end.  See
  hamus.
Unctuo'sus.  Greasy, unctuous.
Un'dulate, undula'tus or unda'tus.  Wavy.  Ris-
  ing and falling, or extending  and receding  in
  waves.
Un'dershrub.   See suffrutex.
Undivided.   See indivisus.
Une'qual.  The parts ^not corresponding in size,
  form and duration.
Unguic'ulate, unguicula'tus.  A  petal with a claw.
Un'guis.   A claw, which see.
Un'gulate, ungula'tus.   In  the  form of a horse's
  hoof; as the  common  touch-wood, (boleteus ig-
  niarius.)
Unicapsula'ris.   Having one capsule to each flower.
U'nicus.   Single.  Only one.
Uniflo'rus.  One-flowered.
Unifor'mis.  All  parts alike, or corresponding.
Unilabia'tus.   One-lipped.
U.vilat'eral,  unilateral lis.  See one-sided.
Unilocula'ris.  One-celled.
Uniner'vial.  One-nerved. 
190
W II O
Unisex'us.  Either  staminate  or pistillate, not per-
  fect.
Univalv'i,   One-valved.
Univascula'ris.   Having one cup-form cell.
Universal, universalis.  See partial.
Vol'va.   The ring or wrapper of  some fungous
  plants, which  contracts  in size as the plant grows
  older; as the  mushroom.   Willdenow  calls that
  the volva only, wuich encloses  the  fungus in  the
  young state, and  remains close  upon  the  ground
  ever after.   The  ring around the stem above, he
  calls annulus.   See ring.
Volu'bilis.  See  twining.
Upri'ght.   See erect.
Urceola'te,  urceola'tus.    Bellying out  like a
  pitcher, and not contracting much at top.
U'rens.  Stinging, armed with stings.
Urn'-form.  Swelling in  the  middle  and contract-
  ing at the top; as the calyx of the  Rose.
Ustila'go.   Smut in grain.
U'tricles.  The little  bag-like reservoirs for sap.
Utric'ulus.   A little bladder.
Utrin'que acu'tus.   Sharpening at both ends.
---- glab'er  villo'sus,  Sic. sleek, downy, &c. both
  sides.
                      w.

Wand-like.   See virgatiis.
Wa'ved, or wa'vy.   See undulate.
Wedge-form.  Obovate with straitish sides.
Wheel'-form.   A  monopetalous  corol  with  a
  spreading border and an extremely short tube.
Whorl'bd.   Surrounding the stem  in  numbers  at 
Z 1 G
191
  intervals •,  as  the leaves  of Bedstraw, and the
  flowers of Motherwort.
Wings.  The two side  petals in  a papilionaceous
  corol.
     It is  also applied to the membranes affixed to
  seeds or  pericarps.   Monopterygia,  1-winged.
  Dipterygia, 2-winged.   Trypterygia,  3-winged.
  Tetrapterygia, 4-winged.   Pentapterygia, 5-wing-
  ed.  Polypterygia, many-winged.  .
Withe.   See Vimen.
With'ering.   Having  a shrivelled  and decaying
,  appearance, though not actually in a state of de-
  cay ; as the flowers of elm, (ulmus.)
Wood.  The most solid part of trunks and roots of
  trees and shrubs.  It  is also applied to  the part of
  herbaceous plants between the bark and pith.
Wood'y.  Not  herbaceous.
Wool'ly.   See lanate.
Wrink'led.  See rugose.
Wri thed.   See coiled.


                       z.

 Zigzag.   See flexuose. 
 
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