INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE MILITARY AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATISTICS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE MILITARY AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATISTICS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS This is a volume in the Arno Press Collection THE AMERICAN MILITARY EXPERIENCE Advisory Editor Richard H. Kohn Editorial Board Bernard Brodie Edward M. Coffman Morris Janowitz Russell F. Weigley See last pages of this volume for a complete list of titles. INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MILITARY AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATISTICS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS. BENJAMIN APTHORP GOULD ARNO PRESS A New York Times Company New York • 1979 Editorial Supervision: RITA LAWN Reprint Edition 1979 by Arno Press, Inc. Reprinted from a copy in the University of Virginia Library AMERICAN MILITARY EXPERIENCE ISBN for complete set: 0-405-11850-3 See last pages of this volume for titles. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gould, Benjamin Apthorp, 182 4-18 96. Investigations in the military and anthropological statistics of American soldiers. (American military experience) Reprint of v. 2 of the 1869 ed. of the U.S. Sanitary Commission's Sanitary memoirs of the War of the Rebellion, published for the commission by Hurd and Houghton, New York. 1. United States-History-Civil War, 1861-1865- Medical and sanitary affairs-Statistics. 2. United States. Army-Statistics. 3. Soldiers-United States -Statistics. 4. Anthropometry-United States. I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: United States Sanitary Commission. Sanitary memoirs of the War of the Rebellion ; v. 2. E631.G68 1979 973.7'75 ' ISBN 0-405-11857-0 SANITARY MEMOIRS OF THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. COLLECTED AND PUBLISHED THE UNITED STATES SANITAEY COMMISSION. INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MILITARY AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATISTICS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS. BENJAMIN APTHORP GOULD, BY PH. DR. ; MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ; PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE; MEMBER OR CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMIES OR SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES OF BOSTON, CHERBOURG, GOTTINGEN, MARBURG, NASHVILLE, NEW ORLEANS, PHILADELPHIA, ETC. ; ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, ETC. J ACTUARY TO THE U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED FOR THE U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION, BY HURD AND HOUGHTON. 1869. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by the United States Sanitary Commission, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE: STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY II. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY. UNITED STATES SANITARY COMMISSION. DATE OF APPOINTMENT. Rev. H. W. Bellows, D. D. . . New York .... June 9, 1861. Alexander Dallas Bache, LL. D. Washington, D. C. . " William H. Van Buren, M. D. . New York .... " Wolcott Gibbs, M. DCambridge, Mass. . . " * Robert C. Wood, M. D., U. S. A " (• George W. Cullum, U. S. A " J Alexander E. Shiras, U. S. A " Samuel G. Howe, M. D. ... Boston, Mass. ... " Elisha Harris, M. DNew York .... June 12, 1861. Cornelius R. Agnew, M. D. . . New York .... " George T. Strong, Esq. . . . New York .... June 13, 1861. John S. Newberry, M. D. . . . Cleveland, O. . . . June 14,1861. Frederick Law Olmsted, Esq. New York . . . June 20, 1861. Rt. Rev. Thomas M. Clark . . Bro vide nee; R. I. . . July 30, 1861. Horace Binney, Jr., Esq. . . . Philadelphia, Pa. . . July 30, 1861. § Hon. R. W. Burnett .... Cincinnati, O. . Dec. 5, 1861. Hon. Mark SkinnerChicago, Ill. . . . De'c. 7, 1861. § Hon. Joseph HoltWashington, D. C. . Jan. 23, 1863. Rev. James H. Heywood . . . Louisville, Ky.. . . Jan. 23, 1863. || Fairman Rogers, Esq. . . . Philadelphia, Pa. . . Feb. 6, 1863. J. Huntington Wolcott, Esq. . Boston, Mass. . . . June 13, 1863. Charles J. Still£, Esq. . . . Philadelphia, Pa. . . Jan. 15, 1864. Ezra B. McCagg, EsqChicago, Bl. . . . Mar. 9, 1864. * Resigned, December, 1864. t Resigned, December 17th, 1864. I Resigned, February, 1864. § These gentlemen never took their seats. || Resigned, 1864. PREFACE. The discussions and inferences submitted in the present volume are offered with the diffidence and distrust which must necessarily accompany the results of investigations in a field entirely new to the inquirer, and regarding subjects with which the tenor of his previous pursuits had left him comparatively unacquainted ; and the author is not without apprehensions lest the magnificent range of the statistics here embodied may serve to render the short-com- ings in their discussion more prominent. A very unexpected invitation, from the Sanitary Commission in June 1864, to take charge of their statistics, was placed upon such grounds and urged in such a way that it became difficult to persist in declining; and the temptation to connect one's name, however remotely, with an institution so deeply rooted in a nation's affec- tions, and of which the name is so thoroughly interwoven with memories and associations of philanthropy, wisdom, and self-sacri- fice, was. irresistible. The statistical investigations, already made or undertaken by the Sanitary Commission, under the superintendence of Mr. Elliott, indicated directions in which such inquiries might be effectively prosecuted; and the field for useful research appeared almost boundless. An examination into the class of investigations already begun confirmed this impression, and the uniformly ready and most gratifying acquiescence, by the Commission and its officers, in all the recommendations made for the development and furtherance of these researches has afforded unfailing support and encourage- ment. Other lines of investigation would have been pursued, and those here presented would have been elaborated more thoroughly, had continued access to the archives of the War Department and VI PREFACE. other opportunities for the collection of information, been permit- ted by Mr. Stanton, then Secretary of War. The discussion of the Hospital Statistics, both in their military and their medical re- lations, the collection of regimental returns from the rolls of tbe Adjutant General, the statistics of colored troops, and the physical characteristics of the prisoners of war, are among the inquiries which it thus became necessary to abandon. The data here dis- cussed form, consequently, only a portion of those which the Sani- tary Commission had hoped to present as an incidental contribution to military and anthropological knowledge. They may fairly claim whatever merit belongs to an exhaustive collection of facts, wherever this has been possible, or to laborious and continued effort for their acquisition in other cases. These statistics greatly surpass in amount all that has been previously gathered on the same subjects, and it may be long before opportunity again offers for an equal collection of similar material. On the other hand, the proper reduction, elaboration, and discussion of this grand store of numerical data demands special training and peculiar gifts. No pains have been spared in their elaboration, and the enormous amount of work bestowed on the materials will be apparent only to those who are in some degree familiar with arithmetical com- putations. But the variety of the topics is great; and medical and physiological knowledge of a high order is needed for eliciting such information as they may contain, as well as for deducing the best results. The author trusts that in a critical judgement of his portion of the work, the suddenness of the call upon him, and his want of previous medical training or experience may be allowed for, and that his earnest endeavors to improve opportunities at his control for opening new lines of research, and for collecting in- formation which might otherwise be lost, may be offset against any defects in the series of questions or the treatment of the materials collected. All these materials, both in their original form, and in the several stages of their subsequent tabulation or computation have been carefully preserved, accessible to other investigators. The limited time and means available for the reductions have compelled the omission of very many interesting inquiries for which ample opportunities are afforded by the materials in our PREFACE. vii possession. These are in many cases indicated in those portions of the present volume which treat of kindred subjects; among them the influence of occupation and social position upon stature, the ancestry of the native Americans included in our measure- ments, and its possible relation to their physical development, the change of the relative dimensions of the different parts of the body in consequence of normal growth, and the relation of pulse and respiration to weight, ought especially to be mentioned. That our materials may tempt to some future researches on these and other topics is earnestly to be hoped. In general, in this discussion of our materials a disquisition upon the subjects examined has not been aimed at. Neither a history of the question, nor any statement of the present condition of the problem has been undertaken in any case ; and it will be seen that where historical references or scientific explanations have been of- fered, it has been in consequence of some apparent necessity for the sake of proper presentation of our own results. The few pages in the eighth chapter concerning the nature, significance, and proper interpretation of mean or average results, and the existence and determination of types, seemed called for in a treatise where almost all the physical determinations are given in the form of mean values. The anthropological results here given are of course restricted in their very nature, pertaining as they do, not merely to one sex only, but to those ages, for that sex, in which the physical changes are least marked. Comparatively few of our inferences extend to ages not within the limits of military service, where the physical organization has nearly or quite attained its full development, and the decline has not yet fairly commenced. It has been more than once stated how' much we regret that the measurements here recorded were not uniformly made in units of the metric system, which is already in universal use among scien- tists, and is destined soon to be the uniform standard of the civil- ized vrorld. The discussion and presentation of results, so far as is possible, in the same units in which the observations are made is dictated by every consideration of fitness ; but to promote con- viii PREFACE. venience, in translating inches and pounds into their metric equiv- alents, tables for such conversion are appended to our volume. Since the nature of the contents precludes a full and convenient Index to the work, the place of such an index is here supplied by an extremely full Synopsis or abstract of the contents, which may serve to record the whole range of discussion of each subject in detail, and furnish all needful means of reference. The difficulty of obtaining a connected view of the course of an investigation or argument, which is interspersed with numerous and extensive tables, seemed to point to this as the most desirable course. This synopsis or syllabus indicates not merely the topics discussed in the text, but the general tenor of their treatment. The history of each of the several researches of which the re- sults are here offered is briefly given in the preliminary remarks; but. the general history of the work would be very incomplete, without reference to the important part borne by the two gentle- men who have successively acted as chief clerks of the Statistical Bureau of the Commission, to the great acceptance of all with whom they wrere thus associated. Mr. T. J. O'Connell, a gentleman of Irish birth, and a graduate of the University of Dublin, who, with the assistance of a single clerk, had carried on the statistical work subsequent to Mr. Elliott's departure for Europe in the summer of 1863, became the chief clerk upon the reorganization of the Bureau a year later, and managed the details of the work with discretion and unsurpassed fidelity. His health, already seriously impaired by service in the army, in which he had enlisted as a private soldier upon the out- break of the rebellion, gave way during the early part of the suc- ceeding winter. His resignation was for some months declined, while he was temporarily relieved from duty, but at his own ear- nest desire his office was filled in April 1865. Before the close of that year he died, leaving an honorable name, associated in the minds of those who knew him with the memory of a high-toned character, and unassuming ability. In May 1865, Mr. Lucius Brown, who had provisionally filled Mr. O'Connell's place for the two previous months, assumed its PREFACE. ix duties definitely, and has continued in charge of the office since that time. All of the extended computations and tabulations have been carried on under his immediate supervision, the numerous ex- ecutive details have been superintended by him alone, and there is not a page of this volume, which has not been submitted to his accurate critical inspection. Upon his assiduous care the value of these results has in a great measure depended, and the labor and solicitude of the Actuary have been much lightened by the con- sciousness that the precision and consistency of all details of state- ment would find their severest critic in his own office, before the manuscript had passed into the printer's hands. A list of clerks who have been engaged upon this w'ork is given upon another page. All of these have rendered effective service ; some in visiting the State capitals, and there collecting the statistics which are here elaborated; some in tabulating, classifying, or as- sorting the materials ; others in the very laborious computations which they have entailed. In conclusion, the author begs leave to acknowledge the cordial support of all the members of the U. S. Sanitary Commission through this somewhat arduous undertaking, prosecuted in their behalf, for which they have provided all needful supplies, and all possible encouragement. To the General Secretaries of the Com- mission, Dr. J. Foster Jenkins, and John S. Blatchford, Esq., he would especially express his gratitude for numberless acts of kind- ness, and unfailing courtesy and assistance. Cambridge, July 1868. To the following persons who labored faithfully and effectively in gathering, tabulating, assorting or computing the statistical materials given in this volume, our best acknowledgements are due: - Messrs. T. J. O'Connell, Lucius Brown, John N. Stockwell, C. W. Pritchett, Edwin A. Wilson, John P. Brown, Edward D. Chaloner, Edward A. Phalen, Arthur Searle, G. M. Finotti, J. D. Dinneen, Jas. H. Sutherland, N. Trudeau, Edward S. Holden, W. J. Handy, L. F. Papanti, Hermann E. Clow, Loring E. Beckwith, George H. Miller, George F. Buckley, Thomas J. Sullivan, F. L. Hayes, W. W. Parker, F. B. Brown, Erving Winslow, Wm. Irving Gilliss, Albert A. Brooke, Charles Brockway, Beverly R. Codwise, J. D. Barclay, Jr., Octavius Cate, Messrs. O. B. Dodge, Wm. B. Oliver, W. W. Magee, George T. Chase, George Brown, Frank Sutton, Sherwood Hough, James H. Stewart, Horatio D. Jarves, Samuel J. Bradlee, Cyrus Pitts, George F. Sutherland, S. G. Rowland, Charles W. Abrams, R. A. Lampher, J. H. Tierney, John B. Hyde, Misses C. Alice Baker, S. E. Rhoades, Mary C. Wells, Caroline L. Sawyer, L. C. Bragg, Ellen W. Sawyer, Susan M. Lane, Sarah S. Lane, Elizabeth M. Lane, Emma L. Clarke, Gertrude H. Mason, Emma L. Hutchins, Mary T. Peabody, Ellen Green. Especial mention seems due to the services of Messrs. Stockwell and J. P. Brown, to whom the more difficult computations were intrusted, and by the former of which almost all the calculations in the third and fourth chapters were made, - of Rev. C. W. Pritchett, who had charge of the results of the Camp Inspections,-of Messrs. Wilson, Phalen, Sutherland, and Brockway, whose discretion and good judgement secured for our undertaking the good will of the many officers with whom they were brought in contact while visiting the sev- eral capitals of Loyal States, - and of Mr. E. D. Chaloner, who labored effect- ively in the work for three years, but who has not lived to see its completion. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Military Population and Enlistments in the Loyal States, as deduced from Official Reports. page 1. Military Population 1 2. Growth of Military Population 2 3. Total Enlistments and Discharges 4 4. Strength of the Army at different Dates • 6 5. Casualties . . . . . . 9 6. Annual Enlistments and Discharges 11 7. Number of Reenlistments 11 8. General Schedule 12 CHAPTER II. Nativity of United States Volunteers. 1. Nature of the Investigation. - Available Materials 15 2. Statistics of Enlistments and Reenlistments 17 3. Collection of Nativities 23 4. Results and Inferences regarding Nativities of the Volunteer Army . . 26 CHAPTER III. Ages of the Original Volunteers. 1. Introductory 30 2. Ages of the Enlisted Men 33 3. Ages of Officers .55 4. Population of the United States and of the Loyal States .... 59 Appendix. On the Ages of a Population 66 CHAPTER IV. Ages of Recruits. 1. Nature of the Problem 73 2. Fundamental Statistics 74 3. Method of Investigation 75 4. Changes of Home Population during the War 77 5. Final Inferences 83 6. Ages of the Army in each Year 86 xii CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. Statures. tag* 1. Statistics collected, and Mode of Discussion 89 2. Heights at each Age, by States of Enlistment 93 3. Heights at each Age, by Nativities 96 4. Law of Growth 107 5. Full Stature 118 6. Stature of Sailors 132 7. Stature of other Races of Men 144 8. Extremes of Stature 152 Supplementary Notes 179 CHAPTER VI. Complexions. Color of Hair and Eyes. 1. Available Records 185 2. Color of Hair . 186 3. Color of Eyes .... 194 4. Complexions .... ... 202 5. Inferences . . • ... 206 CHAPTER VII. Previous Occupations ... 208 CHAPTER VIII. Mean Dimensions of Body. 1. History of the Investigation 218 2. Measurements obtained 232 3. Averages, Types, etc 240 4. White Soldiers 249 5. Sailors 286 6. Students 294 7. Colored Soldiers 297 8. Indians 308 9. Abnormal Cases 312 10. General Inferences 315 CHAPTER IX. Mean Proportions of Body. 1. Preliminary 321 2. White Soldiers 325 3. Sailors 342 4. Students . . . . • 344 5. Colored Troops 347 6. Indians 354 7. Abnormal Cases 356 8. Deductions and General Remarks 357 CONTENTS. xiii CHAPTER X. Dimensions and Proportions of Head. pags 1. Statistics collected366 2. Linear Measures of Heads of White Soldiers368 3. Linear Measures of Heads of other White Men374 4. Linear Measures of Heads of other Races379 5. General Inferences from the Linear Measures381 6. Facial Angles384 CHAPTER XL Weight and Strength. 1. Determinations of Weight and its Relation to Stature401 2. Relations of Weight to Age418 3. Relation of Weight to Circumference of Chest440 4. Determinations of Muscular Strength458 CHAPTER XII. Pulmonary Capacity. 1. Preliminary .'468 2. Relation to Stature473 3. Relation to Length of Body480 4. Relation to Circumference of Chest487 5. Relation to Play of Chest . 493 6. Relation to Age ... 497 CHAPTER XIII. Respiration and Pulse. 1. Preliminary , 500 2. Respiration by Age . , 501 3. Pulse523 CHAPTER XIV. Vision. 1. Statistics collected 2. Distance of Distinct Vision for the Test-object529 3. Color-blindness CHAPTER XV. Miscellaneous Characteristics. 1. Preliminary 2. Condition of Teeth549 3. Baldness 562 4. Pilosity of Negroes 5. Education and Parentage 569 xiv CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVI. Military Service. PAGE 1. Statistics collected 576 2. Camp Inspections 579 3. Sickness, Mortality, Discharges, etc. 582 4. Effect of Long Marches 603 Tables for Conversion of Weights and Measures .... 611 Synopsis 613 STATISTICS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS. CHAPTER I. MILITARY POPULATION AND ENLISTMENTS IN THE LOYAL STATES, AS DEDUCED FROM OFFICIAL REPORTS. At almost every stage of our inquiries, it becomes desirable to obtain some tolerably close information concerning the General Statistics of the volunteer army, - comprising also those of the white male inhabitants of military age, within those States by which our volunteer army was chiefly furnished. For obvious reasons no accurate knowledge can be obtained ; yet the materials exist in published documents for deducing approximate estimates, which seem sufficiently near the truth to serve for most practical purposes. The present chapter aims at affording such an estimate, together with references to the various sources of information from which the adopted numbers are derived. 1. Military Population. " The Census of the Population of the United States in 1860," gives1 a table of the white males of military age, or what we will call for brevity the " military population," in each State. A table deduced from the actual enumeration, by the formulas given in our third chapter, would differ but slightly from this, and the numbers for the individual Territories may be readily deduced in the same way. The State of West Virginia, established and organized during the war from fifty counties previously belonging to Virginia, but which were thoroughly loyal, ought manifestly to be included in the same class with the other loyal States. Deducing the number of its mil- itary population from the census returns for the several counties by ages, we obtain somewhat less than 64 600 ; while the ratio of its total male population to that of Virginia before the separation, 1 Page xvii. 2 MILITARY POPULATION AND would give about 67 500. We adopt 66 000 as its military popu- lation in 1860. Separating from the other loyal States and Territories those on the Pacific coast and its vicinity, which, although they aided the national government with moral and pecuniary support, were yet too remote from the scenes of military operations to contribute any considerable number of men for active service in our principal cam- paigns,1 we find the military population of the United States in 1860, to have been essentially as follows : - Loyal States, excepting California and Oregon West Virginia Colorado, Dakotah, and Nebraska Territories . District of Columbia 4 285105 66 000 30 065 12 797 Total military population furnishing the volunteers 4 393 967 California and Oregon 185 756 Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Washington Terr.'s 46 149 Loyal military population on Pacific and vicinity Military population of insurgent States 231 905 998 193 Total military population of United States 5 624 065 This estimate, of course, includes the very large number2 ex- empted from enrollment. The total white male population between 20 and 45 years, neither exempt from military duty nor serving 1865 May 1, was by the enrollment3 about 2 254 000,4 which would seem to indicate that rather more than one half of that number was exempt, although of military age. 2. Growth of Military Population The rate of increase in 1860 for the white population of the free States was about 41 per cent.5 in the decade, which corresponds to 3.51 per centum annually. The immigration to the same States w'as about 0.37 per centum, which gives 3.14 per cent, as the in- crease, while the mortality6 was 1.21 per cent.; so that the natural increase of the population, before -deducting the deaths, is repre- sented by about 4.35 per centum. 1 California raised in all about 15 700 men; Oregon, one battalion cavalry, about 1 800 men; Nevada, one each of cavalry and infantry, about 1200 men. 2 Provost Marshal General's Report, 1866, p. 144. 8 Thirteen counties of West Virginia and three Territories, with a military population at oome of perhaps 28,000, are not included in this enrollment. 4 Provost Marshal General's Report, pp. 2, 144,159. 5 Census, p. vii. « Ibid. p. xlv. ENLISTMENTS IN THE LOYAL STATES. 3 In forming our estimates of the increase of military population during the war, we may, with sufficient accuracy for our purpose, consider the number of white males in the loyal States, who arrived at the ages of 18 and 45 respectively, as increasing by one twenty- fifth part in each successive year. The total number of alien passengers to the United States in I860,1 corresponding very well with the average during the preced- ing lustrum,2 was 153 640. The number of arrivals from foreign countries 3 after that year was - In 1861 . . . . 112 705 In 1862 • • . 114 475 In 1863 . • • . 199811 In 1864 • . 221535 six sevenths of which may be considered as of alien passengers.4 The statistics of many preceding years indicate 58 in 100 as the proportion, of males among immigrants to this country. The rec- ords of emigrants to Canada through the United States, and of set- tlers in this country making subsequent voyages across the Atlan- tic, indicate 5 that the number of alien passengers should be dimin- ished by about 14 3 per cent, to determine the actual number of immigrants. Of the total number of male immigrants, about 66 per cent, are between the ages of 18 and 45 years. We are thus warranted in assuming 0.58 X 0.855 X 0.66, or 0.327, as that proportion of the total number of alien passengers to the United States, which represents the male immigrants of military age. Eight ninths of these6 was about the proportion settling in the free States previous to the war, and we are therefore warranted in assuming that 30 in each hundred alien passengers before 1861, and 33 in each hundred during the war, were males of military age immigrating to the loyal States of the Atlantic slope. We thus obtain for the immigrant military population: 46 092 in 1860 ; 31879 in 1861; 32 380 in 1862 ; 56 518 in 1863 ; 62 663 in 1864; making a total number of 229 532 to the close of the year 1864. Our estimate of the annual increase of the military population of the loyal States will then assume the following form, after de- ducting from the supposed numbers attaining the ages of 18 and 45 respectively, the numbers, belonging to these classes, who from our 1 Census, p. xxv. 2 Ibid. p. xxi. 3 For these figures I am indebted to the courtesy of Hon. J. C. Cox, Chief Clerk of the Department of the Interior. * Census, p. xxi. 5 Ibid. p. xxi. 6 Ibid. p. xxx. 4 MILITARY POPULATION AND other data may be inferred to have been already in the army. The deaths in that portion of the military population which was not in the army may be represented by the proportion (deduced for time of peace) of 0.86 per centum. 1860-1 1861-2 1862-3 1863-4 1864-5 Number attaining the age of 18 years 215 020 212 630 217 600 226 740 237 710 Number attaining the age of 45 years 98 928 95 600 95 560 94 930 95 170 Deaths in military population not in the army. . . 37 676 35 518 33 712 32 955 33 230 Natural increase during the year 78 416 81 512 88 328 98 855 109 310 Increase during the year by immigration .... 46 092 31 879 32 380 56 518 62 663 Total increase of military population . . . 124 508 113 391 120 708 155 373 171 973 In this estimate it will be remarked that no account whatever is taken of arrivals other than by regular immigration at our own seaports. There is, however, reason to believe that, apart from all other influences, the spirit of sympathy with a republic struggling for the maintenance of free institutions, brought many volunteers to our army from continental Europe, thus modifying the figures just deduced ; and that large numbers, animated by a kindred impulse, came to our support from the neighboring British provinces. In- deed, the number from Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, appears to have been some tens of thousands. 3. Total Enlistments and Discharges. From the able and carefully prepared " Report of the Provost Marshal General," 1 the figures here given are deduced by dimin- ishing the total number on pages 161-63. 1st, by the number of Negroes supposed to be included in the total, namely: - Volunteers after July 1, 18632 ... . 37 394 Supposed drafted after July 1,1863 3 . 4000 Five regiments from loyal States, 1862-63 4 5 200 46 594 1 Ex. Doc. War Department, 39th Congress, 1st Session. 2 Pages 43, 45. 8 Pages 43,46. 4 Estimated from p. 68. ENLISTMENTS IN THE LOYAL STATES. 5 Credits for naval enlistments before February, 18641 . 67 334 Naval enlistments after that date3 37 340 104 674 3d, by the number of enlistments at unknown dates for unknown periods3 .... . 63 322 4th, by credits allowed states in adjustment of quo- tas, 1864-654 35 290 Combining the various data of enlistments for different terms of service and under different calls, we find, approximately, taking July 1 as the commencement of the statistical year: - Enlistments ex- clusive of "vet- erans " Enlistments of " veterans," fur- loughed upon re- enlistment Enlistments ex- pired Before July 1, 18616 170 326 - 1861 to 1862 . . . 652 238 - 93 326 1862 to 1863 . . . 527 423 - 102 595 1863 to 1864 . . . 500 194 136 507 90 077 After July 1, 1864 . 418 562 11869 584 376 2 268 743 148 376 870 374 So that but for casualties, about 1400 000 would have been in service at the close of the war. The total number of the Enlistment Table upon page 163 of the "Provost Marshal General's Report" is thus assumed to be made up as follows : - Enlistments of white soldiers exclusive of " Veteran Vol- unteers 2 268 743 Enlistments of " Veteran Volunteers " 8 148 376 Enlistments in Navy and Marine Corps .... 104 674 Enlistments of colored troops supposed to be included . 46 594 Enlistments of unknown or uncertain character 63 322 Credits allowed by adjustment 35 290 Number of drafted men who paid commutation7 . 86 724 Grand Total of Enlistment Table .... . 2 753 723 1 Provost Marshal General's Report, p. 72. 2 Ibid. pp. 43,45. « Ibid. p. 161. < Ibid. p. 43. 8 The estimated number of 3-years' men enlisted before July 1861, in all 72 regiments and 10 batteries (pp. 7, 8), is 77 000, which is here added to the 3-months' men. • Ibid. p. 163. 11bid. p. 43. 6 MILITARY POPULATION AND 4. Strength of the Army at Different Dates. The Provost Marshal General gives1 the numerical force of the army as follows : - 1862, March 31 . . 637126 1863, January 1 918 191 1864, January 1 . . 860 737 1865, January 1 959 460 which data constitute the only published information of a trustwor- thy character as to the national forces under arms during the con- test. For the end of the war, or May 1, 1865, the Secretary's Report for 1866 gives2 the number of troops then ser- ving in the volunteer army as .... 1 034000 There being in the regular army 8 about . . . 22 000 Making the total number about .... 1056000 And since the number of colored troops 4 was not far from 120 000 We may assume the number of white troops then serving as• 936 000 Farther knowledge being on many accounts desirable and the Secretary of War being still unwilling to afford the Sanitary Com- mission either additional information or access to the sources whence it might be derived, the following estimate has been prepared with some labor. Though of course not strictly correct, it is believed to be a close approximation to the truth, and worthy of reliance for practical purposes, - the numbers being expressed in thousands. 1 Provost Marshal General's Report, p. 102. 2 Page 1. 8 Provost Marshal General's Report, p. 102. * Ibid. p. 69. ENLISTMENTS IN THE LOYAL STATES. 7 TABLE I. Strength of the United States Army. Date White Vol's from Loyal States, exclud- ing Pacific Coast Colored Troops Veteran Reserve Corps Regular Army White Vol's from States not before included In Transit and Rendez- vous Totals 4 £2 Estimated Totals 1861, June .... 3 166 169 - - 16 2 - 187 July .... 9 202 211 - 17 3 - 231 August . . . 23 203 226 - 18 4 - 248 September . . 60 263 323 - - 19 10 1 353 October . . . 77 332 409 - - 20 10 2 441 November . . 86 384 470 - - 21 10 2 503 December . . 90 452 542 - - 22 10 2 576 1862, January . . . 80 462 542 - - 22 10 3 577 February . . . 118 460 578 - - 23 10 3 614 March .... 238 360 598 - - 23 12 4 637 April .... 254 347 601 - 23 11 4 639 May .... 222 370 592 - - 24 11 4 631 June .... 223 333 556 - - 24 10 4 594 July .... 217 359 576 - - 24 14 4 618 August . . . 400 245 645 - - 24 15 4 688 September . . 522 263 785 1 - 25 15 4 830 October . . . 618 229 847 1 - 25 14 4 891 November . . 705 172 877 2 - 25 14 4 922 December. . . 729 144 873 3 - 25 14 3 918 1863, January . . . 758 99 857 3 - 25 14 3 902 February . . . 743 97 840 3 - 25 15 3 886 March .... 727 87 814 3 - 25 17 3 862 April .... 691 104 795 4 - 25 17 3 844 May .... 654 98 752 6 1 25 17 3 804 June .... 606 120 726 14 2 25 19 3 789 July .... 602 92 694 22 6 25 22 8 777 August . . . 593 77 670 30 10 25 25 15 775 September . . 599 70 669 37 14 25 28 25 798 October . . . 614 71 685 39 18 25 31 30 828 November . . 618 67 685 40 19 25 36 36 841 December. . . 622 73 695 41 20 25 36 44 861 1864, January . . . 626 88 714 43 21 24 36 42 880 February . . . 644 97 741 44 22 24 33 38 902 March .... 682 105 787 46 23 24 30 34 944 April .... 673 132 805 55 24 24 29 30 967 May .... 660 172 832 64 25 24 28 25 998 June .... 680 146 826 74 26 23 22 20 991 8 MILITARY POPULATION AND TABLE I. - (Continued.') Strength of the United States Army. Date White Vol's from Loyal States exclud- ing Pacific Coast. Colored Troops Veteran Reserve Corps. Regular Army White Vol's from States not before included. In Transit and Ren- dezvous. Totals From Re- turns 1 1 a Totals 1864, July .... 672 129 801 83 27 23 20 17 971 August . . . 627 131 758 93 28 23 25 15 942 September . . 611 130 741 102 30 23 28 10 934 October . . . 621 120 741 106 30 22 30 6 935 November. . . 627 128 755 109 30 22 26 3 945 December. . . 590 177 767 112 30 22 27 1 959 1865, January . . . - 763 763 115 29 22 27 2 958 February . . . - 765 765 116 29 22 29 6 967 March .... - 774 774 118 28 22 29 9 980 April .... 832 832 120 27 22 31 24 1 056 Taking as a basis those troops (col. 1) for which the regimental monthly returns of loss and gain had been transcribed1 before the Secretary's order in September 1865, forbidding our farther access to the rolls, estimates for the remainder were formed after a care- ful study of all published sources of information, expressed or im- plied, and are given in column two. The reports of the Adjutant Generals of the several States afforded a means of inferring the number of regiments in service at the close of each month. The strength of those regiments not included in our official returns was estimated as unchanged until April 1862, when recruiting ceased, and up to which date the losses of the early regiments are assumed to have been compensated by additional enlistments. From April until August, 1862, the figures are derived from special estimates. Subsequent to August 1862, the strength of regiments reported in other months is used, after correction for the average loss or gain during the interval; but when no report whatever has been found for a regiment, the average strength of other regiments from the same State during the same month is generally adopted. 1 These comprise all white volunteers from loyal States not on the Pacific coast, up to the beginning of 1865, for which the monthly returns were on file at the War Department in September of that year, together with those additional ones which were on file at the State capitals, - access to these latter having been courteously granted, and all needful facilities cordially afforded in every case. ENLISTMENTS IN THE LOYAL STATES. 9 This mode of estimation will not, it is believed, be much in error, when, as in the present case, the aggregate is taken from a considerable number of regiments or battalions separately con- sidered. The sum of these two columns is given in column three, headed " Total," and represents the best attainable estimate of the strength at the close of each successive month, of the white volunteer troops, exclusive of those recruited in insurgent States or fur- nished by the Pacific coast. To these, besides the white volun- teers thus excluded, are to be added the regular army, the colored troops, and, after April 1863, the " Veteran Reserve Corps;" as well as the number (very considerable at one period) of soldiers at the various military rendezvous, and on the way to their regi- ments. The number of colored troops to June 1863, is inferred from the number of regiments in service, as reported by the Provost Marshal General.1 For later dates it is estimated from the Annual Reports of the Secretary of War, partly from the total strength reported, partly from general statements as to the recruiting ser- vice, and partly from the number recruited between given dates, allowance being made of course for reported casualties. 5. Casualties. The whole number of casualties during the forty-eight months of the war, among 2 480 000 white soldiers, was 858 000,2 or, on an average, nearly 18 000 a month. Of these nearly 400 000 must have occurred prior to July 1863, or about 15 000 monthly. The total number of deaths in the same service was about 250 000, making the ratio of deaths to the whole number of cas- ualties as 100 to 343. In the appended estimates the monthly rate of mortality has been deduced from the summaries of the regimental returns to the Adjutant General; and the total number of deaths from an application of this rate to the whole number of white troops under consideration. 1 Provost Marshal General's Report, pp. 67, 68. 2 Ibid. pp. 78, 79. 10 MILITARY POPULATION AND TABLE II. Estimated Death-Rate and Total Deaths for Troops here considered. Month Death-Rate per 1000 Total Num- ber of Deaths Month Death-Rate per 1000 Total Num- ber of Deaths 1861. Before July, 1 000 1 July . 10.87 7 902 August 7.54 5 353 1861, July . 2.24 511 Sept. . 8.05 5 788 August 1.75 427 Oct. . 5.52 4 085 Sept. . 2.25 772 Nov. . 6.12 4 566 Oct. 2.88 1 241 Dec. . 4.80 3 667 Nov. . 3.59 1 770 1864, Jan. . 3.72 2 902 Dec. . 5.87 3 322 Feb. . 3.35 2 690 1862, Jan. 6.59 3 737 March. 3.64 3 076 Feb. . 5.36 3 237 April . 4.57 3 926 March. 5.30 3 312 May . 13.00 11 453 April . 8.24 5 175 June . 13.92 12 096 67 504 May 7.99 4 954 June . 9.56. 5 583 34 041 July . 10 85 9 125 August 10.23 8 142 July . 7.15 4 319 Sept. . 8.79 6 803 August 10.12 6 811 Oct. . 8.06 6 198 Sept. . 8.73 7 106 Nov. . 5.26 4 103 Oct. 7.86 6 885 Dec. . 6.04 4 772 Nov. . 5.53 5 010 1865, Jan. . 5.58 4 391 Dec. . 9.72 8 758 Feb. . 5.62 4 457 1863, Jan. . 8.47 7 496 March. 6 5001 Feb. . 7.21 6 258 April . 7 5001 61 991 March. 6-57 5 532 - April . 5.61 4 617 238 870 1863, May . 8.93 6 965 June . 6-07 4 577 74 334 The total number of deaths in the service, exclusive of those which occurred after muster-out, but resulted from military ser- vice, is given by the Provost Marshal General,2 as follows : - White Vols Regulars Colored Troops Total Officers . Men . . 7 047 238 458 240 4 639 260 29 038 7 547 272 135 Total . 245 505 4 879 29 298 279 682 The total resulting from our estimates, 239 000 officers and men among the white troops here specially considered, is found to be in 1 Assumed. 2 Provost Marshal General's Report, pp. 73-83. 11 ENLISTMENTS IN THE LOYAL STATES. close accordance with the figures deducible from the aggregate for the war officially given. 6. Annual Enlistments and Discharges. The first column of the annexed table presents the number of enlistments here deduced, and the second the number from States here specially considered. Those classed in our summary as un- certain, 63 322 in number, were mostly enlisted after July 1862, and furnished by Southern or Pacific States, and the Territories. Colorado appears to have provided 2 000 of them, early in 1864, and these are therefore added in the table to the 637 000 previ- ously obtained. The regular army contained at the outbreak of the war about 16 000 men. The third column gives the estimated number of discharges, whether by disbandment or muster-out of the organization, or in consequence of personal disabilities. TABLE III. Enlistments and Discharges during each Year of the War. » Enlistments Discharges Total From States here considered Returned Home Died in Service Before July, 1862 822 500 810 000 207 000 35 000 1862-3 .... 527 500 517 000 271 000 74 000 1863-4 .... 637 000 639 000 432 000 68 000 After July 1, 1864 430 000 430 000 358 000 62 000 2 417 000 2 396 000 1 268 000 239 000 7. Number of Reenlistments. Of the 93 326 original volunteers for three months, at the out- break of the insurrection, we assume from various indications, that 60 000 men reenlisted during the year 1861-2. During the first eighteen months of the war, the number of discharges for disability was large, and about the close of the year 1862 many men, who had already served and been discharged, reenlisted in other regiments, and not unfrequently from other States. 12 MILITARY POPULATION AND We assume a little less than one tenth of those enlisting during the year 1862-3, or 50 000 out of 517 000, to be men who have already served in the army. During the year 1863-4, the Provost Marshal General1 gives 136 000 as the number of " veteran " enlistments. There seem to have been about 503 000 other enlistments, of which we con- sider 64 000, or about one eighth, to represent men who had al- ready served, making the total number of reenlistments about 200 000. Recruiting officers at the East represent that about one fourth of the men enlisting during the last two years of the war had already served in the army. But at the West the men enlisting during the same period were largely new recruits. Finally, in the year 1864-5 the veteran reenlistments were 12 000 ; and if we suppose 48 000 of the remaining 418 000 en- listments to belong to men who had already seen service, the total number of reenlistments will have been 60 000. 8. General Schedule. We have now attained the means of forming a tolerably cor- rect estimate of the general statistics of the war, including the character of the population at home, as well as the strength of the army at the commencement of each official year. These numbers, it will be remembered, pertain only to white soldiers from those loyal States and Territories already specified, excepting perhaps a few regulars : and for convenience they are expressed in thousands of men. 1 Provost Marshal General's Report, p. 43. ENLISTMENTS IN THE LOYAL STATES. 13 TABLE IV. Statistics of Military Population and Army, annually from 1860 till 1865. Date Military Population not in Army Enlistments during Year Returned from Army Died in Service Force in Army Had not served Had served New Men Reenlist- ments July 1, 1860 4 378 - - - - - 16 " 1861 4 333 - 170 - - 1 185 " 1862 3 868 145 580 60 207 34 584 " 1863 3 525 363 467 50 271 74 756 " 1864 3 246 590 439 200 432 68 895 May 1, 1865 3 024 883 370 60 358 62 905 - - 2 026 370 1268 239 - Incorporating with the numbers above given those of other troops in service, we obtain the total strength of the army : and the following table presents the statistics in a form more compre- hensive, though less adapted for the deduction of general laws. The " complete military population " includes those serving in the field and the navy, but otherwise only pertains to the territory already specified. For the numbers in the naval service I am in- debted to the courtesy of Dr. P. J. Horwitz, U. S. N., Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 14 MILITARY POPULATION. TABLE V. General Statistics of Military Population, White and Colored Troops, and Navy. May 1, 1865 " 1864 00 Ci co " 1862 Ci ►-* July 1, 1860 1 Date 4x 4X 4*. 4x Complete Military 1 00 co 2 OX c© Ox C© Population to 1-* 00 Ci Ox Ox to H-* to 1 Growth CO Ox H-' CO Ox co CO co 4x Military Popula- 1 c© o co co co co o CO co CO tion not in Army Ci co co co CO to CO 4x Ci Ox Ci Enlistments c© Ci co O co c© ►-I o o 1 during Year CO to 1-1 1-1 White Troops not I >-* to c© o to 1 included above L-i 1 to o 1 1 1 Colored Troops 1 o Ox c© c© 00 Ox <© GO uu Total Army K I-* c© Ci co to to 1 co o Ci o 1 Navy The total number of enlistment credits was, as will be shown in the next chapter, about 2 760 000 ; of which 86 700 were for men who paid commutation. The actual enlistments of white soldiers were not far from 2 480 000; those of colored troops, including 7 122 white officers, were1 186 017 and those of sailors2 118 044. 1 Provost Marshal General's Report, p. 69. 2 Report of Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, 1865-66, p. 200. CHAPTER II. NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. 1. Nature of the Investigation. Available Materials. The materials available for forming a trustworthy estimate of the nativities, and even the nationality of our soldiers have been very meager, and estimates which have been made by different persons at different times, have varied to an almost incredible extent. It has even been alleged, and that repeatedly, in unfriendly foreign publications and addresses, that the greater part of our armies was composed of Europeans, attracted by the bounties paid, or by other influences; while Americans, who knew the sources from which our army was chiefly recruited, and who had themselves either enlisted, or given fathers, sons, or brothers to the defense of the nation, may not improbably have been led to overrate the proportion of purely American birth. When it is remembered how very considerable is the number of American citizens born in Europe, especially among the inhabitants of our Atlantic cities and several of the Western States, and it is farther borne in mind how promptly these classes responded to the call of their adopted country, - accepting the unwonted duties as readily as the well known privileges of citizenship, - it is manifest that the records of nativity, even were they complete, would only indirectly guide to the knowledge of the nationality of our volun- teers. The only proper course for the inquiry seems to be, a de- termination of the nativity of the army from the best available sources of information, and a comparison of the numbers thus obtained with corresponding statistics of population afforded by the latest census. It was not until the war had been waged for some time that the State or country of birth was systematically required upon the en- listment-rolls. At first it was recorded in but very few of the States,- often no information of the sort was demanded ; and even where the enlistment-rolls were prepared with care, the place of residence was frequently given in the stead of the place of birth. 16 NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. Various considerations, connected with bounties, with State aid, and with the quotas of the respective towns, actually led, in many instances, to a change in the form of the enlistment-blanks, by sub- stituting a column for legal residence or place of enlistment, in the place of that originally provided for the nativity. These facts have much impeded all endeavors to acquire an ac- curate knowledge of the nativities and original nationalities of our soldiers. Only two sources of information have seemed trustwor- thy : first, the actual records, in those instances where the needful facts were noted, and secondly, such information as could be de- rived from commanding officers or adjutants of regiments. And here the inquiry is embarrassed by other obstacles. Our soldiers enlisted for periods varying from three months to three years; very many of them enlisted anew at the expiration of their first period of service; and cases are not uncommon in which the same volun- teer enlisted several times. Instances have indeed occurred, of five successive different enlistments by the same man. To discrim- inate these cases and avoid the repetition of the same records, has proved difficult, except for certain special organizations, such as Gen. Hancock's " First Army Corps " and the " Veteran Re- serve Corps." The first million of men, comprising chiefly those soldiers whose ages are discussed in our chapter upon the " Ages of were mostly drawn from the population under the immediate stim- ulus of the first patriotic emotions. At that time the moral influ- ences affecting enlistment were essentially different from those which came into play at a later period. The pressure of repeated calls for troops had not that stringency which was felt when our supply of able-bodied men became seriously impaired, when the number left at home became inadequate for the needs of the com- munity, and when the alternative presented itself between the offer of large bounties or the acceptance of a conscription. Most of the patriotic men who could go to the war had already gone, and the chief available source for new troops, beside the annual supply of young men attaining military age, consisted in that class of men who could be tempted by the large bounties, or were influenced directly or indirectly by the pressing danger of conscription. It is to troops raised under these latter circumstances, after the activity of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau had commenced, that most of the official records of nativity belong. How very much larger was the purely American element among the earlier troops needs not to be recalled to any one then in the country; and a mere mention NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. 17 of the circumstances will readily make manifest to any inquirer that, to a large extent, the only statistics attainable will understate the proportion of soldiers of native birth. This obstacle to the attainment of an accurate result might be obviated to some extent by a resort to the other method of investi- gation, namely, application to the original officers of regiments. This course has been attempted, but with less success than was an- ticipated. The large number of officers who lost their lives in the service, the length of time that has elapsed since the outbreak of the war, the grave duties which promotion to higher offices has since entailed on most of the survivors, the difficulty of obtaining their present address, are among the impediments which will be recognized at once. Still the endeavor has been made, and letters of inquiry have been addressed to about one thousand commanding officers of regiments whose nativities are not to be found upon the records. The replies, though comparatively few and often meager, have been most kindly afforded us where our letters seem to have reached the officers intended, and have, in general, proved very ser- viceable ; and when, as in a few instances, records have been sub- sequently found, or when estimates for the same regiment have been received from different persons, the accordance has been found so satisfactory as to justify a reliance upon the results thus obtained. 2. Statistics of Enlistments and Reenlistments. The total number of actual enlistments and commissions for army and navy during the war, excluding colored troops, cannot have differed.very much from 2 585 000. In the national credits to the several States, the military and naval enlistments were com- bined, thus offering an additional embarrassment to our inquiry; bnt, from the best information attainable after a careful scrutiny of official records, it would seem probable that about 2 480 000 of these enlistments were for the army. If from this number we could deduct the number of reenlistments (also unknown), we should have the total number of different white volunteer soldiers, the State or county of whose birth we seek. The nativ- ities of about 1 205 000 of these have been collected by us, from the records at the national and State capitals ; and those of the remainder, or about 905 000, are to be determined from other sources. For about 293 000 of these, the answers received from regimental officers afford a tolerably good estimate, and for the remainder we must resort to reasonable inference. Our results are given in Table I. 18 NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. Grand Total Commuted Men actually Furnished Naval En- listments Soldiers Furnished Colored Troops White Soldiers Reenlist- ments Maine U. S. 71 745 2 007 69 738 3 097 64 708 104 64 604 - State 72 945 2 000 70 945 6 754 64 191 115 64 076 3 400a New Hampshire U. S. 34 605 692 33 913 371 33 025 125 32 900 - State 34 560 - - 32 986b - - 2 005 Vermont U. S. 35 246 1 974 33 272 103 32 653 120 32 533 - State 34 238 1 971 32 267 215c 32 052 239 31 813 1961 Massachusetts U. S. 151 785 5 318 146 467 16 834 126 236 3 966 122 270 - State 159 165 5 318 153 847 26 317 127 530 5 486 122 044 10 356 Rhode Island and Connecticut . U. S. 80 981 1 978 79 003 1 804 74 895 3 601 71 294 - State 78 891 1 922 76 969 2 788 74 181 - - 6 125 New York U. S. 464 156 18 197 445 959 28 427 404 748 4 125 400 623 - State 473 443d 18 183 455 260 41 090 414 170 5 829 408 341 20 897 New Jersey U. S. 79 511 4 196 75 31J> 1858 67 186 1 185 66 001 - State 88 305e - - 4 853 3 092 - 2 954 Pennsylvania U. S. 366 326 28 171 338 155 9 529 323 846 8 612 315 234 - State 361 903 -* - - - - 17 495f TABLE I. Enlistments from the Several States. NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. 19 Delaware u. s. State 13 651 1 386 12 265 79 12 171 954 11 217 - Maryland .... u. s. State 49 731 3 678 46 053 2 217 42 128 8 718 33 410 - District of Columbia . . . u. s. 16 872 338 16 534 558 15 181 3 269 11 912 - State - - - - - - - - West Virginia u. s. 32 003 0 32 003 - 32 003 196 31 807 - State 31 884 0 31 884 - 31 884 213 31 671 3 100 Kentucky U. S. 78 540 3 265 75 275 5 74 961 23 703 51 258 - State 89 413g - - - - 25 438 - 8 000 Ohio U. S. 317 133 6 479 310 654 1 076 307 380 5 092 302 288 - State 366 626h 6 290 360 336 - - - - 30 000 Indiana U. S. 195 147 784 194 363 71 193 285 1 537 191 748 - State 251 4371 785 250 652 - - 1 500 - 13 181 Illinois U. S. 258 217 55 258 162 1 171 255 938 1 811 254 127 - State 271 297k 55 271 242 1 500 269 742 2 500 267 242 25 000 Michigan U. S. 90 119 2 008 88 111 - 87 613 1 387 86 226 - State 92 729 1 982 90 747 483 90 264 1 453 88 811 5 545 Wisconsin U. S. 96 118 5 097 91 021 - 90 888 165 90 723 - State - - - - - 437 90 942 10 784 Minnesota U. S. 25 034 1 032 24 002 - 23 999 104 23 895 - State 25 031 1 109 23 922 0 - 39 23 883 1 445 20 NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. Grand Total Commuted Men actually furnished Naval En- listments Soldiers furnished Colored Troops White Soldiers Reenlist- ments Iowa U. S. 75 860 67 75 793 - 75 788 440 75 348 - State 80 000 - - - - 600 79 400 6 850 Missouri U. S. 108 773 - 108 773 134 108 756 8 344 100 412 ' State 110 OOO1 - - - - 4 000 Kansas U. S. 20 097 2 20 095 - 20 095 2 080 18 015 - ' State - - - Other States and Territories . . U. S. 183 130m - 183 130 - - - State - - - - - - a 3533 Veteran Volunteers. Report of the Secretary of War, 1865, page 21. b Not including one battalion. c Of 1215 " regulars, marines, and seamen," 1000 are counted as for the army. d Including 15 987 " emergency men." e Including 8957 not credited by United States. f 18 607 Veteran Volunteers. Report of the Secretary of War, 1865, page 21. e Not including State troops. h Probably 40000 or 50 000 of this number represent militia called out on emergency and not regularly enlisted into the U. S. service. * 50 000 were State troops paid by the United States. k About 15 000 " emergency men " not credited. 1 Not including State troops. m This is obtained by increasing the 92 073 from page 163, by 91057 Negroes assumed to have been furnished by these States, but not included in the table there given. This latter number is obtained thus: - Total number of colored troops from all the States (not including 7122 white officers) (page 69) 178 895 Total number of colored troops from States already considered (as shown in general summary) 87 838 Remainder 91057 TABLE I.- ( Continued.') Enlistments from the Several States. NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. 21 The summaries are intended to present in as condensed a form as may well be, the data available for the formation of trustworthy estimates. For each State two sets of numbers are given, the first derived from the excellent and comprehensive " Report of the U. S. Provost Marshal General," and the second deduced from the data published by the Adjutant Generals of the several States, or cour- teously furnished to us from their files. In most cases, as might be anticipated, the numbers recorded in the archives of the State are larger than those at the War Department at Washington, inasmuch as the former give all the enlistments recorded, while the latter mostly refer to those only for which credit was allowed toward the State quotas. The number of men who paid commutation is, of course, more accurately given by the federal officers ; while on the other hand, the figures representing the naval enlistments given by the Provost Marshal General are those found on pages 71, 72 of his " Report," and only include the equivalent, in three-years' men, of those, prior to February, 1864, for which sufficient legal evidence was brought to warrant their inclusion with the credits of the State. The number of " soldiers furnished " in the column of figures from the " Provost Marshal General's Report " is taken from pages 78, 79; that of "men actually furnished" being taken from page 163. Although, from the fact that a special line is given for colored troops on page 79, it would seem that they were not comprised in the numbers of the last column on that page, yet a careful study of the figures leads to the conviction that they are in fact there included. The differences between the numbers given on these two pages, when compared with the number of naval enlistments according to the State authorities, and with the number of colored troops furnished by the States, according to independent sources of information, leave no room for doubt on this point;1 the case being made very clear by those States which, like Missouri, Kentucky, and Kansas, furnished the relatively largest supply of colored troops. Therefore, although on comparing the table of colored troops, page 69, with that on page 163, it might be inferred that the table on page 79 contains no colored troops among the State forces, it appears, nevertheless, beyond reasonable doubt, that they are so included. The estimate of the total number of reenlistments is the most 1 If the colored troops are included in the table, page 163, they must also be included in the last column on page 78. But a comparison with the figures given on pages 43, 44, with those on page 163, shows conclusively that they are so included in the latter. 22 NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. difficult step of all, and the attainment of accurate knowledge on this point is probably impossible. No official information seems to exist, except in some isolated cases, for other organizations than those which, like the " Veteran Volunteers," the "Veteran Re- serves," and the " First Army Corps," consisted exclusively of re- enlisted men, or those regiments which reenlisted in a body. To attain the best possible estimates, it is requisite, first, to form some approximate judgment as to the total number of reenlistments, and then to apportion these among the several States, according to the most satisfactory information which could be collected. The basis of the total estimate of reenlistments was as follows: - Veterans enlisted under calls of February 1 and March 14, 1864 1 136 507 Additional veterans, under call of July 18, 1864 2 11 869 Enlisted in " Veteran Reserve Corps "3 60 508 Enlisted in " First Corps" (Hancock's), about . 9 116 Estimated number of original three-months' men who re- enlisted upon expiration of their first term, in 1861 60 000 Estimated number enlisting anew during the wrar after dis- charge for disability, etc., about .... 92 000 370 000 The difficulties in the way of any closer approach to accuracy are great, and it may be questioned whether data exist for any very trustworthy estimation of the last two items. Still these cannot apparently be far from the truth. That no means exist of deter- mining the number of reenlistments from materials in the War De- partment, may be inferred from a remark of the Provost Marshal General, page 58. " In filling the different calls," he says, " each accepted enlist- ment was credited, instead of limiting the credit to the actual num- ber of persons who entered the service anew; and hence, to de- termine the number of men actually entering the service for the first time under the different calls, the number credited should be reduced in the same ratio that the enlistments of the same persons have been repeated. The extent of this reduction cannot be cal- culated at this time, or even estimated with sufficient accuracy to be useful." To assign these 370 000 reenlistments to their respective States, 1 Provost Marshal General's Report, p. 43. 2 Ibid,. 3 Ibid., p. 79. 4 Compare ibid. p. 79 with Report of Secretary of War, 1866, p. 86. Of 3 183 casualties to August 1865, about 1 700 are assumed to have occurred before May 1. NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. 23 the numbers obtained from the Adjutant Generals of all the States, excepting Maryland, Delaware, and Kansas, and from the " Report of the Secretary of War "1 for these States and the District of Co- lumbia, were similarly increased in such a ratio as to bring their resultant total up to the required number. Exceptions to this rule were, however, made for Massachusetts, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri, for which six States special means of in- formation were found. For Kentucky and Wisconsin, the original estimate seems to conform to that afforded by other sources of in- formation. We have thus the following table, in which the first column of figures is that obtained from the State records, and the second that to which careful investigation leads as the most probable num- bers for all reenlistments, recorded or not; and there is reason to believe that they are near approximations to the truth. Reenlistments State Recorded No. Probable No. State ' Recorded No. Probable No. Maine . . . 3 400 9 291 Kentucky . 8 000 8 000 New Hamp. • 2 005 5 479 Ohio . . . 30 000 45 000 Vermont . . 1 961 5 359 Indiana . . 13 181 36 018 Massachusetts 10 356 15 000 Illinois . . 25 000 36 000 R. I. and Conn. 6 125 16 737 Michigan 5 545 15 152 New York . . 20 897 57 102 Wisconsin . 10 784 10 784 New Jersey 2 954 8 072 Minnesota . 1 445 3 949 Pennsylvania 17 495 47 806 Iowa . . . 6 850 18 719 Delaware . . 404 1 104 Missouri 4 000 15 000 2 Maryland . . 2 003 5 473 Kansas . . 425 1 161 Dist. Columbia 118 323 - -- West Virginia 3 100 8 471 Total . . 176 048 370 000 3. Collection of Nativities. In the General Summary of Enlistments, which follows, the re- sults are presented as inferred from the data already given, together with a statement of the number of troops for which it has been found possible to collect the nativities. All nativities recorded on the descriptive muster-rolls at the State 1 1865, p. 21. 2 Adjutant General Simpson believes that there were probably as many as 10 000 reen- listments among the German population of Missouri; but in this " German population " he counts all members of German families who retain their ancestral usages, - whether Amer- ican-born or not. 24 NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. capitals have been transcribed there by the agents of the Commis- sion, who have been furnished with all needful facilities in every instance. In some cases special rolls have been found to exist, giving information as to the birthplace of the troops. For regiments not thus described, attempts were made, as already mentioned, to obtain the desired information by application to offi- cers who commanded them at an early period of their history. The addresses of these officers, generally their first Colonel, Lieutenant- Colonel, or Adjutant, having been obtained from the Adjutant TABLE II. General Summary of Enlistments. State Grand Total Com- muted Served Navy No. Soldiers Colored Maine .... 72 945 2 007 70 938 6 754 64 184 115 New Hampshire . 34 500 692 33 808 380 33 428 125 Vermont . . . 34 500 1 974 32 526 215 32 311 239 Massachusetts 157 600 5 318 152 282 26 317 125 965 5 486 R. I. and Conn. . 80 000 1 978 78 022 2 788 75 234 3 601 New York . . . 460 000 18 19? 441 803 41 100 400 703 5 829 New Jersey . . 79 500 4 196 75 304 4 853 70 451 3 092 Pennsylvania . . 370 000 28 171 341 829 13 929 327 900 8 612 Delaware . . . 13 600 1 386 12 214 129 12 085 954 Maryland . . . 49 000 3 678 45 322 3 217 42 105 8 718 Dist. of Columbia 16 800 338 16 462 842 15 620 3 269 West Virginia . 32 000 - 32 000 - 32 000 213 Kentucky . . . 80 000 3 265 76 735 155 76 580 25 438 Ohio 318 000 6 479 311 521 1 576 309 945 5 092 Indiana . . . 195 000 784 194 216 271 193 945 1 537 Illinois .... 257 000 55 256 945 1 500 255 445 2 500 Michigan . . . 91 000 2 008 88 992 483 88 509 1 453 Wisconsin . . . 96 000 5 097 90 903 200 90 703 437 Minnesota . . . 25 000 1 032 23 968 - 23 968 104 Iowa .... 76 000 67 75 933 - 75 933 600 Missouri . . . 109 000 - 109 000 234 108 766 8 344 Kansas .... 20 100 2 20 098 - 20 098 2 080 California . . . Other States and 15 700 - 15 700 T 15 700 T Territories . . 167 357 - 167 357 - 167 357 91057 Total .... 2 850 602 86 724 2 763 878 104 943 2 658 935 178 895 25 NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. General of the State, circular letters were forwarded them, asking for the best estimate which they could make. About 1000 such letters were sent in all, to which about 350 answers have been re- ceived. In some cases full records were thus obtained, and in most cases where answers were received, the estimates kindly communi- cated seem entitled to great reliance. The number of troops whose nativities are derived from these sources are separately indicated in the table ; and in the last column is given the number of volunteers from each State whose nativities could not be obtained at all. TABLE II. - (Continued.) General Summary of Enlistments. State White Soldiers Reenlist- ments Different White Soldiers Nativities already obtained Nativi- ties not obtained Recorded Estima- ted Total Maine . . . 64 069 9 300 54 800 52 325 - 52 325 2 475 N. Hampshire. 33 303 5 500 27 800 26 832 - 26 832 968 Vermont . . 32 072 5 300 26 800 24 072 2 728 26 800 - Massachusetts. 120 479 15 000 105 500 49 776 21 093 70 869 34 631 R. I. and Conn. 71 633 16 700 54 900 41 318 12 864 54 182 718 New York . . 394 874 57 100 337 800 230 267 3 142 233 409 104 391 New Jersey. . 67 359 8 100 59 300 18 875 - 18 875 40 425 Pennsylvania . 319 288 47 800 271 500 77 425 54 943 132 368 139 132 Delaware . . 11 131 1 100 10 000 - - - 10 000 Maryland . . 33 387 5 500 27 900 7 337 - 7 337 20 563 Dist. of Colum. 12 351 400 12 000 - - - 12 000 West Virginia 31 787 8 500 23 300 17 562 3 541 21 103 2 197 Kentucky . . 51 142 8 000 43 100 19 955 23 145 43 100 - Ohio .... 304 853 45 000 259 900 108 288 87 570 195 858 64 042 Indiana . . . 192 408 36 000 156 400 118 254 19 362 137 616 18 784 Illinois . . . 252 945 36 000 216 900 188 832 - 18S 832 28 068 Michigan . . 87 056 15 100 72 000 23 322 37 859 61 181 10 819 Wisconsin . . 90 266 10 800 79 500 55 136 55 136 24 364 Minnesota . . 23 864 3 900 20 000 18 056 - 18 056 1 944 Iowa .... 75 333 18 700 56 600 54 611 - 54 611 1989 Missouri . . 100 422 15 000 85 400 58 259 27 141 85 400 - Kansas . . . 18 018 1 200 16 800 11 411 - 11 411 5 389 California . . 15 700 - 15 700 - - - 15 700 Other States and Terr's 76 300 - 76 300 3 159 - 3 159 73 141 Total . . . J 2 480 040 370 000 2 110 200 1 205 072 293 388 1 498 460 611 740 26 NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. 4. Results and Inferences regarding Nativities of the Volunteer Army. The numbers in the last column of Table II. have been dis- tributed among the different nativities in the proportions of those troops from the same State whose nativities were obtained, except- ing for Massachusetts, where the proportion deduced from officers' estimates was used, inasmuch as the small number of recorded na- tivities belonged to regiments of a different character, and for New Jersey. For Delaware and the District of Columbia, in neither of which any nativities were recorded, the distribution was made according to the combined ratios resulting from the recorded nativ- ities in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia. And finally, for California and the troops classed as from " other States and Territories," the distribution was adopted which results from the remainder of the statistics, so that the proportions for the total armies are not affected thereby. It will be readily perceived that the principles adopted are such as to lead to an underestimate of the American element, by applying the relative nativities of troops recruited during the latter part of the war to the unregistered soldiers who volunteered at the out- break of the struggle. Still, as it is clearly out of the question to form any trustworthy numerical estimate of the influence of this mode of estimation, it seems the better course to give the resultant figures, after calling attention to this source of inaccuracy in the inferences. We thus arrive at the following table of nativities for the volun- teers from the several States, the colored troops being, of course, omitted, as also the navy, and the 92 000 volunteers from States and Territories not here considered. The word " volunteers " is here used in the official signification, as denoting the citizen soldiery in distinction from regular soldiers, and not, as in a subsequent chapter, in distinction from recruits. NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. 27 TABLE III. Nativities of United States Volunteers. Place of Enlistment Native Americans British Americans English Irish Germans Other For- eigners " Foreigners " not otherwise designated Total No. dif- ferent White Soldiers Maine . . . 48 135 3 217 779 1 971 244 454 - 54 800 New Hampshire 19 759 2 362 1 147 2 699 952 881 - 27 800 Vermont . . 22 037 2 713 325 1 289 86 208 142 26 800 Massachusetts. 79 560 2 917 2 306 10 007 1 876 1 591 7 243 105 500 R. I. and Conn. 37 190 1 697 2 234 7 657 2 919 2 129 1 074 54 900 New York . . 203 622 19 985 14 024 51 206 36 680 11 555 728 337 800 New Jersey. . 35 496 2 692 2 491 8 880 7 337 2 051 353 59 300 Pennsylvania . 222 641 1 339 3 503 17 418 17 208 3 532 5 859 271 500 Delaware . . 8 306 45 127 582 621 130 189 10 000 Maryland . . 22 435 155 403 1 400 3 107 400 - 27 900 Dist. of Colum. 9 967 54 152 698 746 156 227 12 000 West Virginia 21 111 35 248 550 869 284 203 23 300 Kentucky . . 38 988 67 117 1 303 1 943 181 501 43 100 Ohio . . . 219 949 1 589 2 619 8 129 20 102 3 149 4 363 259 900 Indiana . . . 141 454 760 1 248 3 472 7 190 1 374 902 156 400 Illinois . . . 168 983 4 404 5 953 12 041 18 140 7 379 - 216 900 Michigan . . 54 830 3 136 1 310 3 278 3 534 1 251 4 661 72 000 Wisconsin . . 47 972 3 371 3 703 3 621 15 709 5 124 - 79 500 Minnesota . . 11 977 1 371 614 1 140 2 715 2 183 - 20 000 Iowa .... 48 686 995 1 015 1 436 2 850 1 618 - 56 600 Missouri . . 46 676 359 761 4 362 30 899 2 343 - 85 400 Kansas . . . 13 493 269 429 1 082 1 090 437 - 16 800 Grand Total . 1 523 267 53 532 45 508 144 221 176 817 48 410 26 445 2 018 200 To compare these proportions with those existing in the popula- tion, Table IV. has been prepared, showing the numbers which would have been found for each nativity, had no enlistments taken place except from those who were inhabitants of the United States in 1860, and had those of every nativity enlisted in the same ratio. This is the only comparison of the kind which existing statistics permit, but it fails of perfect applicability, for the reason that the numbers of the military population of foreign birth had increased through immigration during the subsequent five years by about 230 000. 28 NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. TABLE IV. Distribution of United States Volunteers according to the Nativities of the Population, in 1860. s 8 as Place of Enlistment Native Americans British Americans English Irish Germans Other For- eigners " Foreigners not otherwi designated Total No. d ferent Whi Soldiers Maine . . . 51 526 1 533 234 1 337 34 132 4 54 800 New Hampshire 26 012 382 195 1088 35 88 - 27 800 Vermont . . 24 009 1 345 139 1 149 19 136 3 26 800 Massachusetts . 83 033 2 338 2 060 16 017 860 1 160 32 105 500 R. I. and Conn. 44 480 527 1 344 7 124 824 596 5 54 900 New York . . 249 759 4 873 9 346 43 911 22 591 7 301 19 337 800 New Jersey 48 041 104 1 454 5 686 3 097 917 1 59 300 Pennsylvania . 230 478 332 4 435 19 242 13 173 3 832 8 271 500 Delaware . . 8 988 4 175 644 139 50 - 10 000 Maryland . . 23 707 18 229 1 345 2 373 227 1 27 900 Dist. of Colum. 9 535 12 203 1 433 643 172 2 12 000 West Virginia 22 652 7 76 305 194 66 - 23 300 Kentucky . . 40 297 29 211 1 043 1 276 242 2 43 100 Ohio .... 222 852 799 3 691 8 671 18 984 4 879 24 259 900 Indiana . . . 142 593 370 1 087 2 862 7 793 1 662 33 156 400 Illinois . . . 175 583 2 562 5 313 11 145 16 647 5 552 98 216 900 Michigan . . 57 418 3 568 2 518 2 939 3 793 1 761 3 72 000 Wisconsin . . 51 045 1 865 3 138 5 134 12 729 5 585 4 79 500 Minnesota . . 13 066 947 409 1 515 2 172 1 890 1 20 000 Iowa .... 47 689 698 968 2 358 3 239 1 646 2 56 600 Missouri . . 72 509 226 804 3 490 7 105 1 251 15 85 400 Kansas . . . 14 796 156 221 614 682 310 21 16 800 Grand Total . 1 660 068 22 695 38 250 139 052 118 402 39 455 278 2 018 200 Another fruitful source of apparent excess of the. foreign element in the army is to be found in the large number of foreigners, who, attracted by the large local bounties frequently offered, enlisted for the purpose of obtaining the bounty-money, and then deserted without serving. It is beyond question that cases were of not rare occurrence where the same person enlisted very many times, secur- ing bounty in each case, and being, of course, recorded every time as a new volunteer.1 1 " As soon as large local bounties were offered and paid in advance, a set of desperate characters presented themselves, who would enlist and 'jump' bounties as often as oppor- tunities presented. A man now in the Albany penitentiary, undergoing an imprisonment NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. 29 The recorded number of deserters was 268 530, although the Provost Marshal General considers that about one fourth of these were subsequently accounted for.1 More than 76 000 were arrested, but probably as many as 125 000 different enlistments failed to yield soldiers to the army, although they led to their entry upon the official records. In this connection it may not be amiss to quote the words of General Fry: 2 - " It appears beyond dispute that the crime of desertion is espe- cially characteristic of troops from large cities, and of the districts which they supply with recruits. The ratio per thousand of deser- tions to credits throughout the loyal States is 62.51. . . . " It is probable that a more minute examination of the statistics of the army than has yet been made, would reveal the fact that desertion is a crime of foreign, rather than native birth, and that but a small proportion of the men who forsook their colors were Americans. It is a notorious circumstance that the great mass of the professional bounty-jumpers were Europeans. In general, the manufacturing States, as, for instance, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey, rank high in the column of desertion ; and this result is to be attributed not only to the fact that such States are dotted with towns and cities, but to the second- ary fact that these towns and cities are crowded with foreigners. The respectable and industrious part of this population did, indeed, produce a mass of faithful troops ; but with these were mixed a vast number of adventurers unworthy of any country, who had no affection for the republic, and only enlisted for money." To sum up the results of this investigation, we find that of the 2 018 000 different white volunteers recorded from the loyal States exclusive of the Pacific Coast, about 1 523 000 were probably native Americans, while an equable representation of the population of these States in 1860 would have given 1 660 000 native Ameri- cans. But this takes no account either of the normal immigra- tion subsequent to that date, nor of the number of unarrested deserters which would alone have made these numbers equal, and which chiefly consisted of foreigners. Any attempt to allow for these influences alone could not fail to show as large a pro- portion of natives in the ranks of the army, as in the military pop- ulation remaining at home. The proportion of native Americans among the officers was of course much larger than this. of four years, confessed to having 'jumped the bounty ' thirty-two times."-Provost Marshal General's Report, p. 153 1 Ibid. p. 89. 2 Ibid. p. 75. CHAPTER HI. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 1. Introductory. On taking charge of the Statistical Department of the United States Sanitary Commission, in August, 1864, it was found that considerable progress had been made in collecting the ages of the soldiers of our volunteer regiments, - an investigation which had been suggested and commenced by Mr. Elliott, the accomplished and skilful statistician, who, not very long before, had relin- quished the direction of this Bureau of the Commission. Although the best use to be made of the materials appeared somewhat uncertain, it did not seem proper to discontinue in- quiries already so far advanced ; and the large experience of Mr. Elliott in matters connected with vital statistics gave assurance that valuable as well as interesting results were likely to be deduced from a thorough study of these data. The collection of these materials was therefore continued and completed, by means of the muster-rolls on file at the War De- partment in Washington, to which access was courteously af- forded by General E. D. Townsend, Acting Adjutant-General, and Colonel Samuel Breck, who was in charge of the rolls. Tables have thus been formed for twenty-seven States, Territories, or geo- graphical groups, exhibiting the number of men at each year of age in the volunteer organizations, at the time of their mus- ter into the service of the United States. The officers are tabu- lated as a distinct class; and the three arms of the military service - infantry, cavalry, and artillery - have been treated separately. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 31 The original collection of the materials was principally made by M. T. J. O'Connell, until lately the efficient and accurate chief clerk of the Statistical Department, and was completed by Mr. E. A. Wilson, prior to the order of Mr. Secretary Stanton debarring the Sanitary Commission from access to the archives. The greater part of the computations has been performed by Mr. Stockwell alone, with great care, perseverance, and ability. The recruits who joined these original regiments after their first organization and acceptance into the national service are not included ; and the limits of the investigation have excluded all drafted men, substitutes, etc. Moreover, many regiments be- longing within these limits are omitted, because organized since the collection of the data for the States to which they belong; but the number of these is comparatively small, and inadequate to exert any sensible effect upon the results. The degree of com- pleteness may be seen by the following table, which shows the number and date of the latest regiment included in the collection. Arkansas 2d Infantry, latest. Mississippi Marine Brig, only organ'n. California 4th 1862, Feb. Missouri 34th Infantry 1862, Dec. Connecticut 28th <c 1862, Nov. Nevada 1st 1864, June. Delaware 2d « 1861, Dec. N. Hampshire 18th M 1864, Sept. Illinois 131st 1864, June. New Jersey 25th CC 1862, Sept. Indiana 115th 1863, Aug. N. Mexico 4th CC 1863. Iowa 48 th « 1865. New York 177th CC 1863, June. Kansas 15 th Ct 1863. Ohio 128 th Ct 1863, Aug. Kentucky 52d Ct 1864. Pennsylvania 155 th 1863, Jan. Louisiana N. 0. Vols. 1864, May. Rhode Island 12th 1862, Oct. Maine 28th Infantry 1864. Tennessee 8 th cc 1864. Maryland 10 th Ct 1864, June. Vermont 16 th CC 1862, Oct. Mass. 59th 1864, July. W. Virginia 15 th cc 1862, Sept. Michigan 27 th cc 1864, Aug. Wash. Terr. 1st Ct only reg't Minnesota 10 th 1864, Aug. Wisconsin 53d cc 1864 The total number of volunteers whose ages have thus been investigated is 1049 457, of whom 1012 273 were enlisted men, and 37 184 were commissioned officers. All except 1| per cen- tum (.01495) of the men, and 3| per centum (.0331) of the offi- cers, were between the ages of 18 and 46 years at the date of their enlistment or commission. Those beyond these limits have not been included in the determination of the general formulas, 32 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. so that these depend upon the statistics of ages for 1 032 GOO men, of whom 35 953 were commissioned officers.* The results have proved amenable to law in a higher degree than I had ventured to anticipate. Residual discordances exist, of course, between the numbers for each year of age, as derived from the tabulated records, and those indicated by the general formulas deduced from the whole series ; yet where these dis- cordances attain any essential magnitude, they may almost in- variably be made to yield instructive and useful information. The results attained, for that portion of the population who thus rushed to the field at their country's call, naturally suggest analogous inquiries regarding the white male population of the United States, and especially relative to the population of that portion of the country which furnished the volunteers under con- sideration. And it was not until after many unavailing efforts to obtain information as to the distribution of our population by ages, that the great deficiency of our knowledge of the facts and laws relative to this very important subject became manifest. The only published attempt, of which I am aware, to classify the population of the United States according to years of age is very crude, and the method pursued yields results quite at variance from the truth. The only trustworthy facts are contained in the summaries of the census-returns; and the groups into which the population is there divided are altogether too large to permit the desired laws to be deduced with ease. It is earnestly to be hoped that in future census-publications the groups may be so made as to include intervals of age not greater than five years. It thus became important, if only for the sake of comparison between the ages of the volunteer troops and that of the popula- tion whence they sprung, to subject the census of 1860 to a simi- lar discussion. And I cannot but think that the results elicited might be advantageously employed, so far as they apply and extend, for the life-tables of our insurance and annuity .offices. The life-curve for our American population is clearly diverse from the curve on which the present English tables are based ; * The prescribed limits of military age at the commencement of the rebellion were 18 and 45 years; but the large proportional number at the age of 45 seems to indicate that the law was so interpreted as to permit the acceptance of volunteers whose age at their last birthday did not exceed 45 years. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 33 and it is a source of regret that the proper limits of the present investigation forbid its extension into the tempting fields of in- quiry which their comparison suggests. The fact which first attracts attention among the results of this research is the marked diversity between the distribution of the ages of officers and that of the enlisted men. Each follows a clearly manifest law ; in each case the law is deducible with close approximation to the truth ; so also is the law governing the ages of our population ; yet each of the three is utterly different from the other two. The sources of the diversity may well be made the object of careful research, and not without a reasonable prob- ability of useful results. Certain discordances between the re- corded and the computed numbers for a few particular ages will be considered hereafter. 2. Ages of the Enlisted Men. The grand total of the rank and file of the volunteers whose ages are included in this discussion is shown in the following tabular view, which exhibits the recorded age at last birthday for the entire number ; although, as already stated, those under 18 or over 45 (last birthday), 15 626 in all, have been excluded from the general discussion. These excluded cases represent two classes, viz. the boys, chiefly drummers, musicians, &c., and the men who, although past the legal age, were so sturdy or earnest that the enrolling officers did not, at that time of great national peril, feel justified in insisting on an absolute compliance with the legal qualifications. In the column entitled " Miscellaneous " are included all those organizations which do not belong strictly within the three prin- cipal arms of the military service, such as Engineers, Sharpshoot- ers, Mounted Infantry, Coast Guards, Marine Brigades, &c., to- gether with a few regiments or battalions for which the statistics were received after the special computations for Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery had been completed, so that their incorporation with these would have required a repetition of the calculations without producing any essential change in the result. 34 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE I. Classified Summary of Enlisted Volunteers. Age at last birthday. ACTUAL NUMBER OF MEN. Total at each year of age. Infantry. Cavalry. Artillery. Miscellaneous. 13 113 5 0 9 127 14 288 15 2 25 330 15 636 49 21 67 773 16 2053 232 61 412 2758 17 4653 638 226 908 6425 18 103420 15013 5400 9642 133475 19 71226 9767 3439 5783 90215 20 56238 7864 2627 4329 . 71058 21 75978 12081 4416 4661 97136 22 57485 9096 3107 3703 73391 23 48954 7806 2759 3198 62717 24 40852 6361 2163 2719 52095 25 36383 5724 2012 2507 46626 26 81292 4831 1768 2352 40243 27 26369 4192 1505 2220 34286 28 27196 4318 1525 2273 35312 29 18833 2845 1087 1748 24513 30 21937 3251 1213 1959 28360 81 12814 2053 796 2301 17954 32 17038 2450 931 1548 21967 33 13678 1950 753 1598 17979 34 12004 1679 724 1333 15740 35 14558 2130 836 1456 18980 36 10437 1541 702 1377 14057 37 8782 1268 477 1293 11820 38 10025 1416 579 132G 13346 39 7200 979 416 1001 9596 40 10886 1441 649 1019 13995 41 5634 822 320 659 7435 42 8369 1199 535 826 10929 43 7900 1079 533 828 10340 44 12274 1851 796 1149 16070 45 5509 954 289 260 7012 46 737 105 45 80 967 47 541 74 34 63 712 48 532 73 31 63 699 49 354 60 17 38 469 50 & 1942 203 68 153 2366 over. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 35 The relative excess of the numbers at certain particular ages, and the corresponding defect at others, strikes the attention at the first glance. To the former class belong the ages, 21 years, most years divisible by 5 (excepting 20 and 45), and those divisi- ble by 2; to the latter class belong most of those years of age whose last digit is 1 or 9. By determining the general law of distribution, we may obtain the measure of this excess, and thus throw light upon the origin of these discordances. The following facts are also manifest, or readily deducible: - Of the whole number, 1012 273, about 1 per centum (.0102), were below, and a little more than one half as many (.0052) were above, the limits of military age, interpreted as between the ages 18 and 46. Of the number 996 647, within these limits, - ' ' y The average age at last birthday is ... . 25.3250 The average age at time of enlistment is . . . 25.8083 The age above and below which the numbers are equal is 23.477 There were of the age 18 years . . . .13.27 per cent, under 21 years .... 29.52 " under 25 years .... 58.34 " under 30 years .... 76.57 " The very close accordance of the proportional numbers for the total force of about a million of men from all the loyal States, with those deduced * by Mr. Elliott for less than 51 000 men from the single State of Massachusetts, is very striking. Tables for the individual States and groups of States, herewith presented, unite in corroborating the inference that this distribution is due to no special local influences, but to a general and overruling law, which varies but slightly through widely distant regions of our country, and seems scarcely affected by any influences dependent upon immigration from abroad. This law, which was found by Mr. Elliott to hold good also for the Massachusetts troops, shows the number of volunteers (en listed men, not including officers) at each successive year of age to form a series of which the first differences are in geometrical progression. When the ratio of this geometrical progression is unity, the * " On the Military Statistics of the United States of America," Proceedings of the International Statistical Congress, V Session, 1863, p. 32. 36 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. progression becomes arithmetical; when, as in the present case, it is less than unity, we have a decreasing rate of change. Let this ratio be denoted by A, and the number of men at any given year of age be xn = b -|- c (1 - A) hn (1) so that the total number at and over that age will be sn = a - bn -J- chn (2) in which n denotes the excess of the age above 18 years, at which epoch s0 = a -|- c. The constants a, h, are to be determined, and we have Ja?0 = c (1-A)2, dxn=zchn (1-A)2, jmxmn = chmn (1 - Am)2 whence An = JmXmn- (3) z/m X(m +1) n which enables us to determine A from the most convenient equi- distant portions of the series. The variation of the fundamental equation (2) gives for any change in the values of the constants isn - n\b -{- hn ic n c A" "1 (4) by means of which, after an approximate value of A has been deduced from (3), and corresponding values of a, b, c derived from the numerical data for any four years, the corrected values of all four constants may be derived by the method of least squares. The total number up to any given age, or the definite sum from to xn, is evidently So - «n = w + c (1 - An) = (5) so that - n + n = - 2"x) or by (2) = l(s„_a). (6) Since the numerical values deduced from the tables belong not to the age n years, but to that age which corresponds to the average 37 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. for all the individuals between n and n -J-1 years, the constants deduced hold good also for the series of these mean ages; the successive annual arguments being really at intervals differing slightly from one year. The age t corresponding to this average may be deduced for any year with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes, by put- ting n = t in the first member of equation (6), and using in the last member the value of s„+i instead of sn , which gives + (?) Similarly we may find the age corresponding to the average for any period of years. For this purpose we replace sn+i in the last member of the equation (7) by i («n + V) = a - | b (n + n') -f- | c (hn + A"') and the corresponding value of t is the age equivalent to the average of the period included between n and n'. Proceeding as above described, and, after the first approximate determination of A, a, A, c, from four conveniently situated and equidistant observed values of sn, obtaining improved values for all four constants by the method of least squares, the formulas derived from the grand total of all the enlisted men of military age as presented in Table I. are these, which express the relative numbers for every ten thousand : - xn = + 77.04 + 1156.0- 0.85362" sn = 2102.8 - 77.04 n -j- 7897.2 • 0.85362". With these values the fourth and seventh columns of Table II. are computed, the third and sixth columns showing the " ob- served," or recorded numbers, reduced to the same scale; and the fifth and eighth columns exhibiting the discordances between the calculated and observed values. These discordances, although in one sense regular, inasmuch as the larger ones are apparently not the result of so-called accident, or, in other words, of the use of numbers insufficient to eliminate discordances of no palpable significance, are in another sense markedly devoid of regularity, inasmuch as the positive and neg- ative signs alternate freely, and no decided indication seems to exist of a systematic deviation of the general formula. 38 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE II. Grrand Total of Enlisted Men. Age at last birthday. Number. Proportion at and over given age. Difference. (C. - O.) Proportion at given age. Difference. (C. - O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 127 14 330 15 773 16 2758 17 6425 18 133475 10000 10000 0 1339 1233 -106 19 90215 8661 8767 +106 905 1064 + 159 20 71058 7756 7703 - 53 713 919 +206 21 97136 7043 6784 -259 975 796 -179 22 73391 6068 5988 - 80 736 691 - 45 23 62717 5332 5297 - 35 629 601 - 28 24 52095 4703 4696 - 7 523 524 + 1 25 46626 4180 4172 - 8 468 460 - 8 26 40243 3712 3712 0 404 403 - 1 27 34286 3308 3309 + 1 344 355 + 11 28 35312 2964 2954 - 10 354 315 - 39 29 24513 2610 2641 + 31 246 280 + 34 30 28360 2364 2361 - 3 285 250 - 35 31 17954 2079 2111 + 32 181 225 + 44 32 21967 1898 1886 - 12 221 203 - 18 33 17979 1677 1683 + 6 181 185 + 4 34 15740 1496 1498 + 2 158 169 + 11 35 18980 1338 1329 - 9 191 156 - 35 36 14057 1147 1173 + 26 141 144 + 3 37 11820 1006 1029 + 23 118 134 + 16 38 13346 888 895 + 7 133 126 - 7 39 9596 755 769 + 14 96 118 + 22 40 13995 659 651 - 8 141 112 - 29 41 7435 518 539 + 21 74 107 + 33 42 10929 444 432 - 12 109 103 ~ 6 43 10340 335 329 - 6 104 99 - 5 44 16070 231 230 - 1 161 96 - 65 45 7012 70 134 + 64 70 93 + 23 46 967 47 712 48 699 49 469 50 & 2366 over. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 39 The 'trustworthiness of the equations from which the " calcu- lated" numbers in this table are derived will be readily esti- mated upon inspection of the two columns which exhibit the difference between the calculated and observed numbers at the different years of age ; and the substitution of the numerical values of the constants in equations (6) and (7) enables us to determine without difficulty the actual average age which corre- sponds to any given " age last birthday." Making these numerical substitutions, the equations assume the form - n + 102.507 (0.85362)" = - 27.2949 -j- 0.01298027 sn (8) t - 102.507 (0.85362)' = - 27.2949 + 0.01298027 sn+i (9) and yield at once the true ages corresponding to the average of the ages " at last birthday," which will be found as follows: - Age last Corresponding birthday. average age. 18 18.4814 23 23.4828 28 28.4850 33 33.4885 38 38.4924 43 43.4956 45 45.4968 Intermediate values may be found by interpolation with all need- ful accuracy. Tables similar to Table II. prepared for each arm of the service independently, and for nine States or groups of States, and num- bered as Tables III. to XIV. inclusive, are appended. Such tables were originally constructed for a much larger num- ber of groups ; but these twelve will abundantly suffice to make manifest all the marked phenomena which the more detailed series has brought to light. 40 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE III, United States Volunteer Infantry. Age at last birthday. Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (C. - O.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (C.-O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 14 15 16 17 113 288 636 2053 4653 18 103420 10000 10000 0 1337 1252 - 85 19 71226 8663 8748 + 85 921 1078 + 157 20 56238 7742 7670 - 72 727 921 + 194 21 75978 7015 6749 -266 983 802 -181 22 57485 6032 5947 - 85 743 694 - 49 23 48954 5289 5253 - 36 633 602 - 31 24 40852 4656 4651 - 5 528 524 - 4 25 36383 4128 4127 - 1 470 458 - 12 26 31292 3658 3669 + 11 405 401 - 4 27 26369 3253 3268 + 15 841 353 + 12 28 27196 2912 2915 + 3 352 312 - 40 29 18833 2560 2603 + 43 244 276 + 32 30 21937 2316 2327 + 11 284 247 - 37 31 12814 2032 2080 + 48 166 221 + 55 32 17038 1866 1859 - 7 220 200 - 20 33 13678 1646 1659 + 13 177 181 + 4 34 12004 1469 1478 + 9 155 166 + 11 35 14558 1314 1312 - 2 188 152 - 36 36 10437 1126 1160 + 34 135 141 + 6 37 8782 991 1019 + 28 114 131 + 17 38 10025 877 888 + 11 130 123 - 7 39 7200 747 765 + 18 93 116 + 23 40 10886 654 649 - 5 141 110 - 31 41 5634 513 539 + 26 73 105 + 32 42 8369 440 434 - 6 108 101 - 7 43 7900 332 333 + 1 102 97 - 5 44 12274 230 236 + 6 159 94 - 65 45 46 47 48 49 50 5509 737 541 532 354 1942 71 142 + 71 71 91 + 20 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 41 TABLE IV. United States Volunteer Cavalry. Age at last birthday, i Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age< Difference. (C. - O.) Proportion at each year of age.* 1 Difference. ; (c. - o.) | Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 14 15 16 17 5 15 49 232 638 18 15013 10000 10000 0 1295 1240 - 55 19 9767 8705 8760 + 55 842 1074 +232 20 7864 7863 7686 -177 682 931 +249 21 12081 7181 6755 -426 1042 808 -234 22 9096 6139 5947 -192 784 703 - 81 23 7806 5355 5244 -111 673 612 - 61 24 6361 4682 4632 - 50 549 534 - 15 25 5724 4133 4098 - 35 494 467 - 27 26 4831 3639 3631 - 8 417 410 - 7 1 27 4192 3222 3221 - 1 360 360 0 i 28 4318 2862 2861 - 1 372 318 - 54 29 2845 2490 2543 + 53 245 281 + 36 30 3251 2245 2262 + 17 280 250 - 30 31 2043 1965 2012 + 47 176 223 + 47 32 2450 1789 1789 0 211 200 - 11 33 1950 1578 1589 + 11 168 180 + 12 34 1679 1410 1410 0 145 163 + 18 35 2130 1265 1247 - 18 184 148 - 36 36 1541 1081 1098 + 17 133 135 + 2 37 1268 948 963 + 15 109 124 + 15 38 1416 839 839 0 122 115 - 7 39 979 717 724 + 7 84 107 + 23 40 1441 633 618 - 15 124 100 - 24 41 822 509 518 + 8 71 94 + 23 . 42 1199 438 426 - 12 103 89 - 14 43 1079 335 337 + 2 93 85 - 8 44 1851 242 252 + 10 160 81 - 79 | 45 46 47 48 49 50 954 105 74 73 60 203 82 170 + 88 82 78 - 4 1 i j 42 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE V. United States Volunteer Artillery Age at last birthday. Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (0. - 0.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (O.-O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 14 15 16 17 18 2 21 61 226 5400 10000 10000 0 1275 1179 - 96 19 3439 8725 8821 + 96 812 1024 +212 20 2627 7913 7797 -116 620 891 +271 21 4416 7293 6906 -387 1042 776 -266 22 3107 6251 6130 -121 734 678 - 56 23 2759 5517 5452 - 65 651 593 - 58 24 2163 4866 4859 - 7 511 521 + 10 25 2012 4355 4338 - 17 475 459 - 16 26 1768 3880 3879 - 1 417 405 - 12 27 1505 3463 3474 + 11 355 359 + 4 28 1525 3108 3115 + 7 360 320 - 40 29 1087 2748 2795 + 47 257 286 + 29 30 1213 2491 2509 + 18 286 257 - 29 31 796 2205 2252 + 47 188 232 + 44 32 931 2017 2020 + 3 220 211 - 9 33 753 1797 1809 + 12 178 193 + 15 34 724 1619 1616 - 3 171 177 + 6 35 836 1448 1439 - 9 197 163 - 34 36 702 1251 1276 + 25 166 151 - 15 37 477 1085 1125 + 40 113 142 + 29 38 579 972 983 + 11 137 133 - 4 39 416 835 850 + 15 98 126 + 28 40 649 737 724 - 13 153 119 - 34 41 320 584 605 + 21 76 114 + 38 42 535 508 491 - 17 126 109 - 17 43 533 382 382 0 126 105 - 21 44 796 256 277 + 21 188 102 - 86 45 289 68 175 +107 68 100 + 32 46 47 48 49 50 45 34 31 17 68 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 43 TABLE VI. Ages of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut Vol's. Age at last birthday. Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (C.-O.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (C. - O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 3 14 10 15 27 16 95 17 223 18 11694 10000 10001 + 1 1522 1245 -277 19 6541 8478 8756 +278 852 1071 4219 20 5311 7626 7685 + 59 691 923 +232 21 7477 6935 6762 -173 976 800 -176 22 5356 5959 5962 + 3 699 685 - 14 23 4614 5260 5277 + 17 604 598 - 6 24 3824 4656 4679 + 23 500 519 + 19 25 3357 4156 4160 + 4 440 453 + 13 26 2988 3716 3707 - 9 390 397 + 7 27 2590 3326 3310 - 16 338 350 + 12 28 2762 2988 2960 - 28 361 307 - 54 29 „ 1881 2627 2653 + 26 245 273 + 28 30 1983 2382 2380 - 2 259 243 - 16 31 1362 2123 2137 + 14 177 218 + 41 32 1609 1946 1919 - 27 210 196 - 14 33 1427 1736 1723 - 13 185 178 - 7 34 1141 1551 1545 - 6 149 163 + 14 35 1355 1402 1382 - 20 176 149 - 27 36 1046 1226 1233 + 7 136 138 + 2 37 989 1090 1095 + 5 127 128 + 1 38 1005 963 967 + 4 131 118 - 13 39 817 832 849 + 17 107 115 + 8 40 969 725 734 + 9 127 108 - 19 41 604 598 626 + 28 77 102 + 25 42 882 521 524 + 3 115 97 - 18 43 870 406 427 + 21 113 95 - 18 44 1789 293 332 + 39 233 90 -143 45 459 60 242 +182 60 88 + 28 46 50 47 38 48 34 49 23 50 & 60 over. 44 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE VII. Ages of Massachusetts Volunteers. Age at last birthday. Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (0. - O.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (C.-O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 12 4 13 4 14 26 15 44 16 101 17 289 18 6894 10000 10000 0 1269 1145 -124 19 4582 8731 8855 +124 846 1002 +156 20 3604 7885 7853 - 32 666 877 +211 21 5429 7219 6976 -243 1003 771 -232 22 3860 6216 6205 - 11 713 678 - 35 23 3203 5513 5527 + 14 592 597 + 5 24 2871 4921 4930 + 9 530 528 - 2 25 2474 4391 4402 + 11 457 467 + 10 26 2232 3934 3935 + 1 412 415 + 3 27 1962 3522 3520 - 2 362 370 + 8 28 2041 3160 3150 - 10 377 330 - 47 29 1411 2783 2820 + 37 260 296 + 36 30 1564 2523 2524 + 1 288 267 - 21 31 988 2235 2257 + 22 183 242 + 59 32 1233 2042 2015 - 27 228 219 - 9 33 1041 1814 1796 - 18 193 200 + 7 34 980 1621 1596 - 25 181 184 + 3 35 1213 1440 1412 - 28 224 169 - 55 36 761 1216 1243 + 27 141 157 + 16 37 699 1075 1086 + 11 129 146 + 17 38 828 946 940 - 6 153 137 - 16 39 600 793 803 + 10 111 129 + 18 40 838 682 674 - 8 155 122 - 33 41 440 527 552 + 25 81 116 + 35 42 658 446 436 - 10 122 110 - 12 43 596 324 326 + 2 110 106 - 4 44 859 214 220 + 6 159 102 - 57 45 296 55 118 + 63 55 98 + 43 46 28 47 14 48 16 49 9 50 & 33 over. 45 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE VIII. Ages of New York Volunteers Age at last birthday Number, at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (C.-O.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (C.-O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 17 14 63 15 153 16 448 17 699 18 19737 10000 10000 0 1087 1173 + 86 19 16233 8913 8827 - 86 894 1019 +125 20 11286 8019 7808 -211 621 887 +266 21 20227 7398 6922 -476 1114 773 -341 22 13689 6284 6149 -135 754 675 - 79 23 11516 5530 5774 +244 634 592 - 42 24 9488 4896 4882 - 14 523 520 - 3 25 8648 4373 4363 - 10 476 459 - 17 26 7285 3897 3904 + 7 401 406 + 5 27 6223 3496 3498 + 2 343 360 + 17 28 6652 3153 3138 - 15 366 322 - 44 29 4552 2787 2816 + 29 251 289 + 38 30 5474 2536 2527 - 9 301 260 - 41 31 3287 2235 2267 + 32 181 236 + 55 32 4533 2054 2031 - 23 249 215 - 34 33 3330 1805 1816 + 11 184 197 + 13 34 3135 1621 1619 - 2 173 182 + 9 35 3885 1448 1437 - 11 114 168 + 54 36 2872 1234 1269 + 35 158 157 - 1 37 2201 1076 1112 + 36 121 146 + 25 38 2709 955 966 + 11 149 139 - 10 39 1858 806 827 + 21 103 132 + 29 40 3157 703 695 - 8 173 126 - 47 41 1268 530 569 + 39 70 121 + 51 42 2302 460 448 - 12 127 116 - 11 43 2068 333 332 - 1 114 112 - 2 44 3148 219 220 + 1 173 109 - 64 45 831 46 111 + 65 46 106 + 60 46 87 47 41 48 53 49 23 50 & 163 over. 46 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE IX. Ages of Pennsylvania Volunteers (including Reserves'). Age at last birthday. Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (C. - O.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (C.-O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 23 14 51 15 85 16 241 17 486 18 13052 10000 10000 0 1137 1339 +202 19 11410 8863 8661 -202 994 1131 +137 20 8234 7869 7530 -339 717 959 +242 21 13336 7152 6571 -581 1161 814 -347 22 9376 5991 5757 -234 816 694 -122 23 7696 5175 5063 -112 670 595 - 75 24 6061 4505 4468 - 37 528 510 - 18 25 5375 3977 3958 - 19 468 441 - 27 26 4420 3509 3517 + 8 385 382 - 3 27 3576 3124 3135 + 11 311 334 + 23 28 3817 2813 2801 - 12 332 293 - 39 29 2644 2481 2508 + 27 230 260 + 30 30 2926 2251 2248 - 3 255 232 - 23 31 2029 1996 2016 + 20 177 208 + 31 32 2375 1819 1808 - 11 207 188 - 19 33 1903 1612 1620 + 8 166 173 + 7 34 1657 1446 1447 + 1 144 158 + 14 35 2089 1302 1289 - 13 182 147 - 35 36 1490 1120 1142 + 22 130 138 + 8 37 1290 990 1004 + 14 112 130 + 18 38 1434 878 874 - 4 125 124 - 1 39 1141 753 750 - 3 99 118 + 19 40 1692 654 632 - 22 147 113 - 34 41 918 507 519 + 12 80 109 + 29 42 1431 427 410 + 17 124 106 - 18 43 1318 303 307 + 4 115 103 - 12 44 1674 188 206 + 18 146 101 - 45 45 480 42 105 + 63 42 99 + 57 46 73 47 46 48 49 49 36 50 & 109 over. , _l AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 47 TABLE X. Ages of Ohio Volunteers. Age at last birthday. Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (C.-O.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (0. - O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 21 14 44 15 103 16 470 17 1476 18 23495 10000 10000 0 1567 1359 -208 19 14986 8433 8641 +208 999 1143 +144 20 12358 7434 7498 + 64 825 963 +138 21 12819 6609 6535 - 74 855 815 - 40 22 10499 5754 5720 - 34 700 692 - 8 23 9297 5054 5028 - 26 620 590 - 30 24 7327 4434 4438 - 6 489 505 + 16 25 6502 3945 3933 - 12 430 435 + 5 26 5678 3515 3498 - 17 382 377 - 5 27 4739 3133 3121 - 12 316 329 + 13 28 4997 2817 2792 - 25 333 289 - 44 29 3570 2484 2503 + 19 238 256 + 18 30 3960 2246 2247 + 1 264 228 - 36 31 2596 1982 2019 + 37 174 206 + 32 32 3029 1808 1813 + 5 201 187 - 14 33 2669 1607 1626 + 19 178 171 - 7 34 2302 1429 1455 + 26 154 159 + 5 35 2659 1275 1296 + 21 178 148 - 30 36 2216 1097 1148 + 51 147 139 - 8 37 1830 950 1009 + 59 123 132 + 9 38 1959 827 877 + 50 130 125 - 5 39 1424 697 752 + 55 95 120 + 25 40 1880 602 632 + 30 126 116 - 10 41 1097 476 516 + 40 73 113 + 40 42 1513 403 403 0 101 110 + 9 43 1337 302 293 - 9 89 108 + 19 44 2070 213 185 - 28 138 106 - 32 45 1128 75 79 + 4 75 104 + 29 46 202 47 161 48 145 49 104 50 & 471 over. 48 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE XI. Ages of Indiana Volunteers. Age at last birthday. Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (0. - O.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (C.-O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 13 14 16 15 39 16 162 17 578 18 11178 10000 10000 0 1608 1446 -162 19 7175 8392 8554 +162 1032 1223 +191 20 6478 7360 7331 - 29 932 1035 +103 21 6398 6428 6296 -132 920 877 - 43 22 5580 5508 5419 - 89 802 744 - 58 23 4562 4706 4675 - 31 656 632 - 24 24 3782 4050 4043 - 7 544 538 - 6 25 3216 3506 3505 - 1 462 460 - 2 26 2707 3044 3045 + 1 390 394 + 4 27 2269 2654 2651 - 3 326 337 + 11 28 2272 2328 2314 - 14 327 290 - 37 29 1513 2001 2024 + 23 217 251 + 34 30 1799 1784 1773 - 11 259 218 - 41 31 1013 1525 1555 + 30 145 190 + 45 32 1230 1380 1365 - 15 177 166 - 11 33 1046 1203 1200 - 3 > 151 146 - 5 34 871 1052 1053 + 1 125 130 + 5 35 962 927 923 - 4 138 116 - 22 36 666 789 806 + 17 96 104 + 8 37 589 693 702 + 9 85 94 + 9 38 656 608 608 0 94 86 - 8 39 428 514 522 + 8 62 79 + 17 40 683 452 443 - 9 98 73 - 25 41 371 354 370 + 16 53 68 + 15 42 482 301 302 + 1 69 64 - 5 43 471 232 238 + 6 68 60 - 8 44 682 164 178 + 14 98 57 - 41 45 457 66 121 + 55 66 55 - 11 46 70 47 37 48 50 49 24 50 & 146 over. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 49 TABLE XII. Ages of Michigan Volunteers. Age at last birthday. Number, at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (C.-O.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (0. - O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 3 14 9 15 27 16 112 17 299 18 5862 10000 10000 0 1523 1279 -244 19 3437 8477 8721 +244 893 1098 +205 20 2767 7584 7623 + 39 719 943 +224 21 3727 6865 6680 -185 968 812 -156 22 2802 5897 5868 - 29 728 700 - 28 23 2337 5169 5168 - 1 607 605 - 2 24 1963 4562 4563 + 1 510 524 + 14 25 1724 4052 4039 - 13 448 455 + 7 26 1568 3604 3584 - 20 407 396 - 11 27 1297 3197 3188 - 9 337 346 + 9 28 1335 2860 2842 - 18 347 304 - 43 29 923 2513 2538 + 25 240 268 + 28 30 989 2273 2270 - 3 257 237 - 20 31 695 2016 2033 + 17 180 211 + 31 32 843 1836 1822 - 14 219 188 - 31 33 614 1617 1634 + 17 160 169 + 9 34 527 1457 1465 + 8 137 153 + 16 35 668 1320 1312 - 8 173 140 - 33 36 481 1147 1172 + 25 125 128 + 3 37 411 1022 1044 + 22 107 118 + 11 38 458 915 926 + 11 119 109 - 10 39 313 796 817 + 21 81 102 + 21 40 466 715 715 + 0 121 96 - 25 41 256 594 619 + 25 67 91 + 24 42 403 527 528 + 1 105 86 - 19 43 400 422 442 + 20 104 83 - 21 44 825 318 359 + 41 214 79 -135 45 398 104 280 +176 104 77 - 27 46 44 47 23 48 26 49 14 50 & 61 over. 50 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE XIII. Ayes of Illinois Volunteers. Age at last birthday. Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (C. - 0.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (O. - O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 5 14 23 15 65 16 250 17 539 18 10167 10000 10080 + 80 1070 942 -128 19 8348 8930 9138 +208 879 1043 +164 20 7076 8051 8095 + 44 745 958 +213 21- 8709 7306 7137 -169 916 858 - 58 22 7441 6390 6279 -111 783 766 - 17 23 6872 5607 5513 - 94 723 677 - 46 24 6019 4884 4836 - 48 634 600 - 34 25 5315 4250 4236 - 14 559 529 - 30 26 4441 3691 3707 + 16 468 465 - 3 27 3810 3223 3242 + 19 401 410 + 9 28 3677 2822 2832 + 10 387 358 - 29 29 2622 2435 2474 + 39 276 315 + 39 30 2869 2159 2159 0 302 276 - 26 31 1847 1857 1883 + 26 194 242 + 48 32 2076 1663 1641 - 22 219 211 - 8 33 1666 1444 1430 - 14 175 185 + 10 34 1508 1269 1245 - 24 159 162 + 3 35 1568 1110 1083 - 27 165 142 - 23 36 1243 945 941 - 4 131 124 - 7 37 944 814 817 + 3 99 110 + 11 38 1056 715 707 - 8 111 96 - 15 39 725 604 611 + 7 77 87 + 10 40 1040 527 524 - 3 109 77 - 32 41 607 418 447 + 29 64 69 + 5 42 816 354 378 + 24 86 64 - 18 43 734 268 314 + 46 77 59 - 18 44 1075 191 255 + 69 113 54 - 59 45 737 78 201 +123 78 50 - 28 46 88 47 86 48 78 49 45 50 & 237 over. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 51 TABLE XIV. Ages of Wisconsin and Iowa Volunteers. Age at last birthday. Number at each year of age. Proportion at and over specified age. Difference. (C.-O.) Proportion at each year of age. Difference. (C. - O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 13 11 14 22 15 79 16 369 17 829 18 11083 10000 10000 0 1485 1221 -264 19 6440 8515 8779 +264 863 1048 +185 20 4874 7652 7731 + 79 653 902 +249 21 7082 6999 6829 -170 949 778 -171 22 5271 6050 6050 0 707 673 - 34 23 4240 5343 5377 + 34 569 585 + 16 24 3718 4774 4792 + 18 499 510 + 11 25 3260 4275 4282 + 7 437 447 + 10 26 2953 3838 3835 - 3 396 393 - 3 27 2675 3442 3442 0 359 345 - 14 28 2495 3083 3097 + 14 334 310 - 24 29 1844 2749 2787 + 38 247 277 + 30 30 1973 2502 2510 + 8 264 250 - 14 31 1472 2238 2260 + 22 196 227 + 31 32 1674 2042 2033 - 9 224 207 - 17 33 1432 1818 1826 -! 8 192 191 - 1 34 1237 1626 1635 + 9 166 177 + 11 35 1359 1460 1458 - 2 182 165 - 17 36 1154 1278 1293 + 15 155 155 0 37 1022 1123 1138 + 15 137 146 + 9 38 1104 986 992 + 6 148 139 - 9 39 873 838 853 + 15 117 133 + 16 40 967 721 720 - 1 130 128 - 2 41 670 591 592 + 1 90 124 + 34 42 886 501 468 - 33 119 120 + 1 43 950 382 348 - 34 127 117 - 10 44 1374 255 231 - 24 184 114 - 70 45 531 71 117 + 46 71 112 + 41 46 113 47 108 48 115 49 76 50 & 632 over. 52 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. The agreement of these several special results with those de- duced from their aggregate is remarkable. Only in one case, that of the Illinois troops, has the simple formula sn - a - bn chn failed to give all desired accordance between theory and observa- tion ; and throughout the whole series the same peculiarities in the residuals are recognizable. In this connection I may add, what is in itself very significant, that attempts to deduce a law of distribution of age for troops recruited in Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia have proved fruitless, and only small success was attainable for the Maryland volunteers. The infer- ence is obvious, that the volunteering of troops from these States was not subject to the undisturbed influence of any statistical law. In the case of Illinois troops, a curious anomaly manifested itself in the residuals, namely, a cyclical or periodic term. This was found to be represented with sufficient accuracy by adding to the formula a term d sin Vn ' 68°, in which d = 314. I know of no satisfactory interpretation of this expression, but it has been used in the preparation of the table for that State. In Table XV. is presented a summary of the results deduced from the special groups presented in Tables II. to XIV. All the constants are reduced to the same scale, and hold good for 10 000 troops of the ages 18 to 45 at last birthday, inclusive. The mean ages, as here given, refer, not to the last birthday, but to the actual date of enlistment. The values of the constants for these special tables have been determined from a smaller number of equations of condition than were used for the grand total. In that each year was spe- cially used ; in these the results were deduced from eight normal places. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 53 TABLE XV. Constants deduced for Special Classes of Volunteers. Class. Number of Sol- diers Mean age at en- listment a 6 C h Of all ages. Of mili- taryage. For all. For 18 to 45. Total Enlisted Men 1012273 996647 25.8362 25.8083 2102.8 77.04 7897.2 0.8536 Total Infantry 785120 773271 25.7827 25.7484 2080.0 75.84 7920.0 0.8514 Total Cavalry 117405 115951 25.8110 25.7795 1595.0 57.90 8405.0 0.8593 Total Artillery 42862 42357 26.1576 26.1202 2239.0 81.20 7761.0 0.8585 Me., N.H., Vt., Conn. 76445 75881 25.8792 25.8423 2112.0 73.06 7889.0 0.8514 Massachusetts 54705 54137 26.0561 26.0943 2016.0 76.40 79S4.0 0.8662 New York 183281 181594 26.1308 26.1642 2390.5 88.86 7609.5 0.8575 Pennsylvania 116043 114844 25.8227 25.8331 2477.4 90.20 7523.0 0.8340 Ohio 153133 149936 25.4936 25.3859 2625.0 96.08 7375.0 0.8287 Indiana 70673 69536 24.7100 24.6858 1175.0 42.18 8825.0 0.8409 Michigan 39107 38489 25.5290 25.5276 1827.0 61.30 8173.0 0.8510 Illinois 96409 95003 25.9369 25.8935 2023.0 70.66 8057.0 0.8558 Wisconsin and Iowa 76987 74613 26.1571 25.9991 2737.0 100.20 7263.0 0.8456 In considering the residuals, the most striking feature is the excess of the recorded numbers at 18 and 21, which latter excess is counterbalanced by a deficiency at 20 and to some extent at 19 also. The explanation of this is readily found in the facts that enlistments of youths under 18 are not valid without the formal consent of parents, and that 21 is the period at which minority ceases. There can be no reasonable doubt that these residuals furnish the measure of the number under 18 and under 21, who misstated their age to the mustering officer. At the age of 18 the discordance is less marked than at 21, since the inducements to misstate operated near this age in different directions, many of those at 18 probably representing themselves as 21 years old, while their number was made good by others who untruly declared themselves as having completed their 18th year. The excess of the recorded number at 21 averages If per cent., that deficiency at 20 is about 2 per cent., and at 19 about If per cent. The number recorded for 18 years is in excess by 1 per cent., although it varies very considerably in the different groups. A large excess, representing the number of those who from similar motives understated their ages, is also to be seen at the age 54 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. of 44 in most States, corresponding to an analogous deficiency at 45. This varies, however, in different States, owing in all proba- bility to the different interpretation by the mustering officers of that provision of the law which precluded the acceptance of men over 45 years old. The average, in the more elaborately calcu- lated table for the grand total, places the number at 44 in excess of the computed number by two thirds of its whole amount, and leaves that at 45 in defect by one fourth part. For all other ages than those enumerated, the regular excess or defect of the residuals furnishes apparently the measure of the accuracy with which the ages were stated or recorded. It will be seen that at those ages which correspond to what are called round numbers, such as those divisible by 10, also, though to a less extent, at those divisible by 5, and in a still less but yet recog- nizable degree, at those divisible by 2, the recorded numbers are in excess; while the adjacent numbers, especially those ending in 1, 9, and 7, are in defect. The natural tendency which every one will recognize, and which inclines us to make use of certain more habitually employed numbers, rather than to use a minuteness repugnant to some persons, furnishes an adequate and, as I believe, the true explanation. It will be readily noted that where any two of the above-named principles conflict, the residual is diminished ; and that where they act in combination it is increased. Lines showing the computed and the enrolled numbers of enlisted men are given on Chart A, and readily manifest these facts to the eye. The other data upon this chart are given for comparison, and will be referred to hereafter. It will be borne in mind that the numbers given do not, by a large amount, repre- sent the actual numbers of enlisted volunteers or of volunteer officers, nor probably so much as two fifths of the total number of our soldiers in the struggle for national existence. They are relative quantities, deduced from only those data cited at the com- mencement of this paper, and illustrate, not the actual numbers for our troops, but the relative distribution of their ages. The same results are presented in another form upon Chart B, which exhibits, for the enlisted men, the officers, and the white male population, the proportion at and over the specified ages and under 45 years, for each 10 000 men of military age. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS 55 Charts 0 and D show the law by which the ratios of officers and enlisted men to the white male population vary with the age. All the numbers are reduced to the scale of ten thousand of pop- ulation at 18 years, Chart 0 being constructed in reference to the whole United States, and Chart D to the Loyal States only. 3. Ages of Officers. The total number of officers of all ages is 37184, that of those between 18 and 46 being 35953. On comparing the numbers at the several ages with the formula sn = a - bn -|- chn we find at once that for certain ages the value of h would be an impossible one; and that for other years, which would yield possible values, these values are so discordant and the residuals to which they lead become so large that it is manifest that the curve can be represented neither by this nor by any similar law. Many trials have led to the empirical formula sn = a - bnv -|~ c sin nk 0 (A) as that which best represents the character of the curve. The extremely complicated manner, however, in which the six constants of this equation enter into the formula renders the attainment of a solution from six equations, by any direct process, a matter of great difficulty and inconvenience. Of course the constant a rep- resents the value of sn for n = 0, so that the problem really con- sists in the determination of the five quantities b, c, k!, k, and 0. Graphic representations of the curve, by showing the points at which the third term becomes =0, facilitated the approximate determination of these constants, and thus equations of condition were formed which have led to quite satisfactory values, giving an agreement between the formula and the observed number? nearly if not quite as good as that obtained for the enlisted men by the formula already described. Subsequently, investigations made for the purpose of extending this formula to the ages from 46 to 50 showed a deviation for these later years. This deviation seems only to be reconciled by the employment of an additional term containing two more constants, 56 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. and the term thus found proves applicable to all ages above 30, essentially diminishing the residuals for all subsequent years. The formula then stands for each 10 000 officers s„=10 000 -736 n0JS+1259 sin n°-636x 45°.64+100 sin (n-12)18° in which the last term is only to be employed for positive values of n -12, that is, for ages above 30 years. The near agreement of this formula with the observations will be recognized on Table XVI., which exhibits for each year of age from 18 to 50, as well as for those above 50, the actual and the proportionate observed number of officers, both at, and at and over, the given age, together with the corresponding numbers as deduced from the formula, and the discordances between Computation and Observation. The dissimilarity of the curves thus found for officers and for enlisted men is most striking, as will be perceived by reference to Charts A and B. The chief discordance for the officers' curve is for the age of 18 years, at which, or at 19, the formula seems to fail. This is probably due in part to the fact that comparatively few officers were commissioned under the age of legal maturity, so that the law governing the distribution by age ought not to be regarded as applicable below 21 years. 57 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE XVI. Ages of Officers of United States Volunteers Age at last birthday. Number at given age. Proportion at given age Number at and over given age. Proportion at and over given age Observed. Calcu- lated. Difference. (C.-O.) Observed. Calcu- lated. Difference.! (C.-O.) | 13 14 15 16 17 1 5 5 37183 37182 37177 18 178 48 -164 -212 37172 10000 10000 0 19 409 110 +233 + 123 37094 9952 10164 +212 20 687 185 351 +166 36685 9842 9931 + 89 21 1630 439 443 + 4 35998 9657 9580 - 77 22 1839 495 500 + 5 34368 9218 9137 - 81 23 2101 565 537 - 28 32529 8723 8637 - 86 24 2234 601 557 - 44 30428 8158 8100 - 58 25 2161 581 567 - 14 28194 7557 7543 - 14 26 2114 569 563 - 6 26033 6976 6976 0 27 1968 529 555 + 26 23919 6407 6413 + 6 28 2071 557 536 - 21 21951 5878 5858 - 20 29 1756 472 516 + 44 19880 5321 5322 + 1 30 1836 494 457 - 37 18124 4849 4806 - 43 31 1429 384 430 + 46 16288 4355 4349 - 6 32 1613 434 405 - 29 14859 3971 3919 - 52 33 1422 383 381 - 2 13246 3537 3514 - 23 34 1324 356 359 + 3 11824 3154 3133 - 21 35 1434 386 335 - 51 10500 2798 2774 - 24 36 1221 328 313 - 15 9066 2412 2439 + 27 37 1031 277 291 + 14 7845 2084 2126 + 42 38 1033 278 269 - 9 6814 1807 1835 + 28 39 813 219 245 + 26 5781 1529 1566 + 37 40 874 235 222 - 13 4968 1310 1321 + 11 41 557 149 197 + 48 4094 1075 1099 + 24 42 656 176 171 - 5 3537 926 902 - 24 43 485 130 148 + 18 2881 750 731 - 19 44 598 161 124 - 37 2396 620 583 - 37 45 478 130 100 - 30 1798 459 459 0. 46 217 58 86 + 28 1320 329 359 + 30 47 184 50 70 + 20 1103 271 273 + 2 48 17.5 47 58 + 11 919 221 203 - 18 49 121 33 55 + 22 744 174 145 - 29 50 & over. 523 141 90 - 51 523 141 90 - 51 58 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. y The mean age at last birthday for all the officers is . 30.4406 " " " for those between 18 ■& 45 29.8338 and the mean age of the mean at last birthday is . 29.45 or about 29.94 at the time of their muster into the service. Above and below this age the number of officers was equal. The annexed Table XVII. exhibits the relative proportions of officers to the enlisted men, and of these to the white male popu- lation of the whole United States and of the Loyal States respec- tively, as given by the census of 1860, taken less than one year before the call to arms. The caution must here be repeated, that the " proportion of enlisted men to the population," as here given, does not at all apply to the armies of the nation during the rebellion. It relates solely to the number of volunteer troops here considered; and this Table XVII. is presented simply to make manifest the laws according to which the ratios of enlisted men to the population, and the ratios of officers to men, varied with the age. TABLE XVII. Relative, Proportions of Officers-, Unlisted Men, and White Male Population at same age, for the first million of Volunteers. AGE. Proportion of Officers to Enlisted Men. Proportion of Enlisted Men to Popu- lation of U. States. Proportion of Enlisted Men to Pop- ulation of Loyal States. AGE. Proportion of Officers to Enlisted Men. Proportion of Enlisted Men to Popu- lation of U. States. Proportion of Enlisted Men to Pop- ulation of Loyal States. 18 0.001 0.448 0.570 32 0.072 0.100 0.128 19 0.007 0.393 0.502 33 0.074 0.093 0.119 20 0.013 0.345 0.442 34 0.076 0.088 0.112 21 0.019 0.305 0.391 35 0.077 0.084 0.105 22 0.025 0.269 0.363 36 0.078 0.080 0.100 23 0.031 0.239 0.308 37 0.077 0.077 0.096 24 0.037 0 212 0.275 38 0.075 0.075 0.093 25 0.013 0.190 0.246 39 0.073 0.074 0.090 26 0.048 0.170 0.221 40 0.068 0.073 0.088 27 0.054 0.154 0.199 41 0.062 0.073 0.088 28 0.059 0.139 0.180 42 0.057 0.073 0.087 29 0.063 0.127 0.164 43 0.049 0.074 0.087 30 0.065 0.116 0.150 44 0.041 0.075 0.088 31 0.068 0.107 0.138 45 0.033 0.076 0.089 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 59 4. Population of the United States and of the Loyal States. The great and unexpected dissimilarity between the law of dis- tribution of age for officers and for men led, as I have already mentioned, to an investigation of the ages of the white male pop- ulation, both of the whole United States, and of the Loyal States considered by themselves. And, in the absence of any distinct criterion, those States which were free from slavery in 1860, to- gether with Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, have been classed as Loyal States. The territory of West Virginia, eastern Tennessee, &c., is thus excluded, although inhabited by a thoroughly loyal population, which contributed about twenty of the regiments here computed ; and about ten other regiments, included in our data, were raised in States not accounted loyal. But all these are offset by the very considerable portion of the inhabitants of the four Slave States above named, from which the insurgent army was reinforced. The only materials available for the inquiry are contained in the tables, derived from the official census of the United States in 1860. Of course it is the male population alone which has any relation to the present research. The difficulty of deducing from these meagre details the num- ber of males at each year of military age is apparent at the first glance. Had the classification between the ages of 20 and 50 been in six groups of five years each, instead of three groups of ten years, the facility and accuracy of the investigation would have been incomparably greater. As it is, the only available data are contained in the second column of the following tables, XVIII. and XIX. These tables give, in column 3, the results of the formulas obtained for representing the observed numbers given in column 2. The degree of correctness of these formulas may be estimated by means of column 4, which shows the excess of the calculated number over the number given by the census, in decimals of the latter. The accordance for ages above 20 years is remarkably good. Beyond 50 years the agreement is not so close as between 20 and 50, but is nevertheless quite tolerable ; but the comparison is omitted here as not pertinent to the subject, since none of the census-numbers for groups of ages above 50 have been employed in the computation. 60 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. The other columns require no explanation. It will be remem- bered that the numbers of enlisted men and officers here given are merely those belonging to the original volunteer regiments at the time of their enlistment, excluding all recruits, substitutes, drafted men, etc. Also, that the numbers apply only to those regiments which had been mustered into the United States ser- vice prior to the collection of our data, as shown on page 2. TABLE XVIII. White Male Population of the United States in 1860. Comparison between Computed and Observed Ages. Age at last birthday. White Male Population of the United States. Difference. (C.-O.) Enlisted Men of first volunteers. Officers of first vol- unteers. Ratio to White Male Population. Census. Computed. Men. Officers. 10- 15 1 578 274 1 547 730 -0.0193 15 - 20 1 391 950 1 422 340 +0.0245 18-20 553 360 219 200 587 0.395 0.0011 20-30 2 465 276 2 436 770 -0.0116 529 809 18 561 0.217 0.0076 30-40 1 847 259 1 847 810 0.0000 165 292 13 156 0.090 0.0071 40 - 45 807 860 63 667 0.079 40-50 1 215 031 1 216 690 +0.0014 4 868 0.0040 18 - 45 5 645 800 977 968 TABLE XIX. White Male Population of the Loyal States in 1860. Comparison between Computed and Observed Ages. Age at last birthday. White Male Population of the Loyal States. Difference. (C.-O.) Enlisted Men of first volunteers. Officers of first vol- unteers. Ratio to White Male Population. Census. Computed. Men. Officers. 10-15 1 211 521 1 179 260 -0.0266 15 - 20 1 095 934 1 110 770 +0.0135 18-20 435 100 219 200 587 0.502 0.0014 20 - 30 1 971 486 1 956 890 -0.0075 529 809 18 561 0.271 0.0095 30-40 1 517 736 1 517 720 0.0000 165 292 13 156 0.109 0.0087 40-45 664 510 63 667 0.096 40-50 996 481 996 350 0.0000 4 868 0.0049 18 - 45 4 574 220 977 968 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 61 The formulas which thus represent the number of white males from the age of 10 years upwards are, - for the United States x = 445440 sin (134° 34' -j- (y -10) • 52') for the Loyal States x = 257870 sin (1110 6'.1 -j- (y -10) • 80'.2) in which x is the number at the year of age y. Assuming these values to be correct, we find the distribution of the white male population in 1860 to have been as represented in Tables XX. and XXI. These tables show, for the United States and the Loyal States respectively, the actual numbers: - first, at each year of age from 15 to 50, inclusive ; secondly, at and over each year of age from 15 to 50, inclusive ; thirdly, at and over each year within the limits of military age from 18 upwards, and also the cor- responding relative or proportional numbers, using those for 18 years as the units. Subsequent investigation has led to the detection of a formula totally different in structure from those above given, but which, although its agreement with the census-numbers within the years of military age is by no means so close as these afford, yet repre- sents the various censuses of the United States and those of for- eign countries throughout the period of human life with a degree of precision never before attained, so far as I am aware. It rep- resents the number of infants under one year as well as, and indeed better than, the number at middle life or advanced years; and I cannot avoid the conviction that this formula affords an im- portant step toward the true mathematical expression of what we may call the life-curve. Modifications will doubtless be made in it; indeed, it manifestly gives the numbers too small for the ages under 5 years, over 70 years, and between 20 and 45 years, while those of later childhood and youth on the one side, and of ad- vanced maturity on the other, are in excess. But the discor- dances are small, and I hardly think that any expression of equal simplicity will be found which will represent the life-curve more closely. 62 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. Of this formula, which is simply sn = a sin n kn 6 where sn represents the sum of all under the age n, a is the total number, and 7c, 0 are two constants characteristic of the especial population under examination, details and applications are given in the Appendix ; where also are tables exhibiting the distribution of the total white population of the United States, as given by this law. The values differ slightly from those in Tables XX. and XXI., which, for the census of 1860 at least, seem to be more accurate within the limits to which they are extended, although the corresponding numbers beyond these limits would be less accordant with observation. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 63 TABLE XX. White Male Population of the United States*in 1860. Age at last birthday. Actual Number Relative Number At the given age. At and over given age. At and over given age and under 46. At the given age. At and over given age. At and over given age & under 46. 15 294 770 8 252 612 16 289 680 7 957 842 17 284 530 7 668 162 18 279 320 7 383 632 5 645 800 10 000 10 000 10 000 19 274 040 7 104 312 5 366 480 9 811 9 622 9 505 20 268 700 6 830 272 5 092 440 9 620 9 251 9 020 21 263 290 6 561 572 4 823 740 9 426 8 887 8 544 22 257 820 6 298 282 4 560 450 9 230 8 530 8 078 23 252 300 6 040 462 4 302 630 9 033 8 181 7 621 24 246 720 5 788 162 4 050 330 8 833 7 839 7 174 25 241 090 5 541 442 3 803 610 8 631 7 505 6 737 26 235 380 5 300 352 3 562 520 8 427 7 179 6 310 27 229 640 5 064 972 3 327 140 8 222 6 860 5 893 28 223 840 4 835 332 3 097 500 8 014 6 549 5 486 29 217 990 4 611 492 2 873 660 7 804 6 246 5 090 30 212 090 4 393 502 2 655 670 7 593 5 951 4 704 31 206 140 4 181 412 2 443 580 7 380 5 664 4 328 32 200 140 3 975 272 2 237 440 7 165 5 385 3 963 33 194 100 3 775 132 2 037 300 6 949 5 114 3 609 34 188 020 3 581 032 1 843 200 6 731 4 851 3 265 35 181 890 3 393 012 1 655 180 6 512 4 596 2 932 36 175 710 3 211 122 1 473 290 6 291 4 350 2 610 37 169 500 3 035 412 1 297 580 6 068 4 112 2 299 38 163 250 2 865 912 1 128 080 5 845 3 882 1 999 39 156 970 2 702 662 964 830 5 620 3 661 1 710 40 150 640 2 545 692 807 860 5 393 3 448 1 432 41 144 290 2 395 052 657 220 5 166 3 244 1 165 42 137 900 2 250 762 512 930 4 937 3 049 909 43 131 470 2 112 862 375 030 4 707 2 862 665 44 125 020 1 981 392 243 560 4 476 2 684 432 45 118 540 1 856 372 118 540 4 244 2 515 210 46 112 030 1 737 832 -f Oil 2 354 47 105 500 1 625 802 3 777 2 202 48 98 940 1 520 302 3 542 2 059 49 92 360 1 421 362 3 307 1 925 50 85 760 1 329 002 3 072 1 800 64 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE XXI. White Male Population of the Loyal States in 1860. Age at last birth- day. 1 At the given age. Lctual Numb At and over er At and over given age and under 46. Rel At the given age. ative Number . x At and over At and over! _ . . o Prop, to W. Male Pop. of United States. given age. given age. under 46. 15 228 120 6 675 533 7 739 16 225 270 6 447 413 7 776 17 222 280 6 222 143 7 812 18 219 160 5 999 863 4 574 220 10 000 10 000 10 000 7 846 19 215 940 5 780 703 4 355 060 9 853 9 634 9 521 7 880 20 212 600 5 564 763 4 139 120 9 700 9 275 9 049 7 912 21 209 130 5 352 163 3 926 520 9 542 8 920 8 584 7 943 22 205 550 5 143 033 3 717 390 9 379 8 572 8 127 7 973 23 201 870 4 937 483 3 511 840 9 211 8 229* 7 678 8 001 24 198 070 4 735 613 3 309 970 9 038 7 893 7 237 8 028 25 194 160 4 537 543 3 111 900 8 859 7 563 6 804 8 054 26 190 150 4 343 383 2 917 740 8 676 7 239 6 379 8 078 27 186 040 4 153 233 2 727 590 8 488 6 922 5 963 8 101 28 181 820 3 967 193 2 541 550 8 296 6 612 5 555 8 123 29 177 500 3 785 373 2 359 730 8 099 6 309 5 ]57 8 141 30 173 100 3 607 873 2 182 230 7 898 6 013 4 769 8 162 31 168 590 3 434 773 2 009 130 7 692 5 725 4 391 8 179 32 163 990 3 266 183 1 840 540 7 483 5 444 4 022 8 194 33 159 300 3 102 193 1 676 550 7 269 5 170 3 663 8 207 34 154 530 2 942 893 1 517 250 7 051 4 905 3 315 8 219 35 149 680 2 788 363 1 362 720 6 829 4 647 2 977 8 229 36 144 730 2 638 683 1 213 040 6 604 4 398 2 650 8 237 37 139 720 2 493 953 1 068 310 6 375 4 157 2 334 8 243 38 134 620 2 354 233 928 590 6 143 3 924 2 029 8 246 39 129 460 2 219 613 793 970 5 907 3 699 1 735 8 247 40 124 230 2 090 153 664 510 5 668 3 484 1 452 8 247 41 118 920 1 965 923 540 280 5 426 3 277 1 180 8 242 42 113 550 1 847 003 421 360 5 181 3 078 920 8 234 43 108 110 1 733 453 307 810 4 933 2 889 672 8 223 44 102 620 1 625 343 199 700 4 683 2 709 436 8 209 45 97 080 1 522 723 97 080 4 430 2 538 212 8 190 46 91 480 1 425 643 4 174 2 376 8 165 47 85 830 1 334 163 3 916 2 224 8 136 48 80 130 1 248 333 3 656 2 081 8 099 49 74 400 1 168 203 3 394 1 947 8 055 50 68 640 1 093 803 3 130 1 823 8 001 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 65 The results present some curious contrasts between the life- curves for the total population in the loyal States and in the insurgent States, which may be best recognized by reference to the appended chart, marked E. This chart exhibits the number of white males at each year of age from 18 to 50, corresponding to each 10 000 at the age of 18. It will be seen at once that the curvature of the line representing the population of the insurgent States is in the direction opposite to that of the lines belonging to the loyal States and to the whole country. The dotted line is straight, and shows what the distribution would be, did it follow a regular arithmetical progression. To what extent this differ- ence may be due to immigration from Europe, which has been chiefly to the Free States, I will not undertake to estimate. We have seen, however, that the law of distribution of our volunteer troops according to ages was essentially the same for those States to which immigration is greatest as for those to which it is least. The construction of all the curves laid down on the accompany- ing charts will be manifest without explanation. For those or- dinates which belong to the respective ages they give the corre- sponding numbers. APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III. ON THE AGES OF A POPULATION. In the course of the preceding investigation, the interesting question as to the general distribution of a population by ages became prominent; and the inquiry continually suggested itself, how far any simple formula might be capable of representing the observed numbers for all ages of life. This has incidentally led to the detection of what seems to be the true law, which, although not strictly pertaining to the subject in hand, seems yet to possess sufficient practical value and importance in its indirect bearing to justify its introduction here, - the more especially, since endeavors to obtain informa- tion on this point elsewhere have proved fruitless. It appears that, in a population at all homogeneous in its character, the number of persons under the age n years may be represented by the simple expression a sin nkn 6 in which a denotes the total number of the population, while k and 0 are constants peculiar to the country and epoch. The quantity 0 is an angle somewhat larger than 1°, and k is a number, generally a little less than unity. For the special case &=1, the formula becomes a sin n 0 containing only one unknown quantity, the angle 0, to be determined by investigation. A very peculiar characteristic of this law is recognizable in the circum- stance that the number at any given age appears to be strictly proportional to the whole population; so that the expectation of life, for the average indi- vidual, is as well represented as is the general distribution by ages of the total number of individuals, of whom the population is composed. 67 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. Investigating the values of the constants k and d for the people of the United States at each of the last four enumerations, we find Date k e 1830 0.9918 2°.O524 1840 0.9921 1°.9747 1850 0.9932 1°.8361 1860 0.9941 l°.73O7. The census of 1820 is not sufficiently distinct, in the assortment by ages, to permit a determination of the constants, but the indications are clear that a proper enumeration would have afforded results in conformity with the preceding series; the value of k being smaller, and that of 0 larger than for the population in 1830. The curious fact thus becomes evident, that our population has, during the last forty years or more, been gradually assimilating itself to the normal type represented by k =. 1; growing, or developing itself, so to speak, toward a compliance with the simple law N=a sin n 0 in which the value of 0 indicates the longevity of the people, since, accord- ing to the formula, the entire population becomes extinct at the age when n0=M°. How far immigration has affected the values of the constants for the United States we will not now inquire. Were the tendency to immigrate independent of age, no appreciable influence could be traced to this source; and the character of the immigration into this country seems to have been such as to exhibit no overwhelming excess or deficiency for any one period of life, except that there is certainly a deficiency in the relative number at the most advanced ages. But the accessions to our population from Ireland and Germany appear to have been in most cases by fam- ilies, and not composed chiefly of persons in the prime of life or fullness of strength, as is the case in very new countries. The English people appearing to afford a fair specimen of a permanent and normal population, the last two censuses of England and Wales were examined, and with the following result: - Date k 6 1851 0.9957 l°.47O2 1861 0.9962 1°.4316. Thus a similar phenomenon is manifested by the English enumerations to that exhibited by the American census-returns; the values of k approach- ing unity, and those of 6 diminishing. The smaller value of the angle 0 68 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. indicates a longer duration of life in that country; but k, the modulus of the change by geometric progression, was not larger for England in 1851 than it bids fair to be for the United States in ten years from the present time. Passing next to the French population, we find the value k = 1 as the result alike of the last three enumerations, the values of 6 being in 1851 l°.O553 CC 1856 l°.O556 1861 l°.O473. The remarkable peculiarity of the life-curve for France, as regards the small infantile mortality, is well exhibited by the chart F, which shows the number living, at each year of age, for every million in the population. The several curves of this chart represent the distribution of ages for the United States in 1830 and 1860, (those for the intermediate decades being omitted to avoid confusion,) for England in 1861, and for France. The English curve for 1851 would differ too slightly from that for 1861 to be conveniently distinguished on the chart; and the French curves for 1851, 1856, and 1861 would be undistinguishable from one another. The chart G shows the corresponding values of N, (the number under each year of age,) for each nation, and clearly manifests the differences in the law, corresponding to the diversity in the constants. The tables of population deduced from the census-returns already cited, togethei* with the values given by the formula, are here appended, reduced however, in each case, to the scale of 100,000 of population. The dif- ferences are given in decimals of the census-numbers, and the accordance between the formula and the recorded numbers will be manifest at the first inspection. The chief discrepancies will be found in the French tables, for the ages exceeding 50, in the census of 1851 « 55, " " " " 1856 " 60, " " " " 1861. This curious circumstance and the nature of the discordances suggest some historical explanation ; which the disturbed condition of the French nation at the period corresponding to the birth of this portion of the population seems to render plausible. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 69 TABLE XXII. Ages of the Population of the United States, as deduced from the Census Returns of 1830 and 1840. AGE. Census of 1830. Census of 1840. Proportional numbers. Difference. (C.-O.) Proportional numbers. Difference. (C.-O.) Observed. Calculated. • Observed. Calculated. 0- 5 17977 17082 -0.050 17437 16334 -0.063 5-10 14576 15254 +0.046 14173 14651 +0.034 10- 15 12452 13280 +0.014 12094 12931 +0.069 15-20 11147 11318 +0.024 10911 11205 +0.027 20-30 17752 17244 -0.029 18155 17456 -0.038 30 - 40 10908 11287 +0.035 11597 11790 +0.017 40 - 50 6886 6932 +0.007 7320 7466 +0.020 50-60 4308 3973 -0.078 4365 4389 +0.005 60-70 2525 2100 -0.168 2449 2343 -0.043 70-80 1104 992 -0.100 1132 1067 -0.058 80 & over 365 540 367 368 TABLE XXIII. Ages of the Population of the United States, as deduced from the Census Returns of 1850 and 1860. AGE. Census of 1850. Census of 1860. Proportional numbers. Difference. (O.-O.) Proportional numbers. Difference. (C.-O.) Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 0- 1 2751 3170 +0.152 2998 3003 +0.002 1-5 12070 12215 +0.012 12300 11608 -0.056 5-10 13836 14102 +0.019 13117 13484 +0.028 15 12292 12564 +0.022 11588 12206 +0.053 15-20 10892 10990 +0.009 10625 10853 +0.021 20-30 18562 17505 -0.057 18242 17692 -0.030 30 - 40 12368 12225 -0.012 13012 12760 -0.019 40-50 8130 8019 -0.013 8496 8618 +0.014 50-60 4903 4883 -0.041 5214 5366 +0.029 60-70 2667 2695 +0.010 2910 2953 +0.015 70-80 1147 1250 +0.090 1158 1261 +0.089 80 & over 382 382 340 196 70 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. TABLE XXIV. Ages of the Population of England and Wales, as deduced from the Census Returns of 1851 and 1861. AGE. Census of 185L Census of 1861. Proportional numbers. Difference. (C. - 0.) Proportional numbers. Difference. (C.-O.) Observed Calculated. Observed. Calculated. 0- 5 13006 12533 -0.035 13352 12245 -0.083 5-10 11590 11800 +0.018 11588 11575 -0.001 I 10-15 10616 10987 +0.034 10415 10819 +0.040 15-20 9832 10079 +0.013 9688 10007 +0.032 20-25 9441 9114 -0.036 9317 9108 -0.023 25-30 8307 8170 -0.017 7932 8178 +0.030 30-35 7168 7179 +0.001 6950 7282 +0.046 35-40 6083 6273 +0.030 6111 6352 +0.038 40-45 5393 5378 -0.003 5638 5506 -0.024 45-50 4440 4546 +0.023 4617 4705 +0.019 50-55 3934 3782 -0.040 3995 3820 -0.046 55-60 2919 3061 +0.046 3039 3245 +0.063 60-65 2668 2426 -0.100 2751 2512 -0.095 65 - 70 1815 1841 +0.014 1862 1910 +0.025 70-75 1386 1332 -0.041 1391 1355 -0.026 75-80 809 876 +0.076 794 869 +0.086 80-85 410 481 +0.173 394 435 +0.104 85 & over. 183 142 146 77 Total, 100000 100000 100000 100000 FORMULAS For 1851, N= 100 000 sin n (0.99575)™ . l°.47O2. 1861, N= 100 000 sin n (0.99616)™ . 1°.4316. AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. 71 TABLE XXV. Ages of the Population of France, as deduced from the Census Returns of 1851, 1856, and 1861. AGE. Census of 1851. Census of 1856. Census of 1861. Proportional numbers. Difference. (C. - 0.) Proportional numbers. Difference. (0. - O.) Proportional numbers. Difference. (C. - O.) Ob- served. Calcu- lated. Ob- served. Calcu- lated. Ob- served. Calcu- lated. 0- 5 9291 9208 -0.009 9568 9200 -0.038 9677 9124 -0.088 5-10 9216 9130 -0.009 9120 9119 0.000 8767 9052 +0.032 10-15 8800 8946 +0.016 8821 8965 +0.016 8668 8898 +0.027 15 - 20 8805 8716 -0.010 8530 8736 +0.024 8701 8722 +0.002 20-25 8326 8437 +0.013 8077 8427 +0.043 8237 8374 +0.017 25 - 30 8020 8036 +0.002 8075' 8051 -0.003 7857 8005 +0.019 30-35 7565 7616 +0.007 7575 7614 +0.005 7421 7564 +0.019 35 - 40 7188 7105 -0.012 7255 7092 -0.022 7098 7071 -0.004 40 - 45 6596 6534 -0.009 6656 6526 -0.020 6625 6514 -0.017 45 - 50 5869 5890 +0.004 6041 5902 -0.023 6155 5900 -0.041 50-55 5782 5233 -0.095 5317 5228 -0.017 5382 5254 -0.024 55 - 60 4390 4512 +0.028 4838 4503 -0.069 4559 4518 -0.009 60-65 3670 3753 +0.023 3734 3753 +0.005 4160 3790 -0.090 65-70 2785 2954 +0.059 2757 2958 +0.076 2941 3016 +0.025 70-75 1952 2148 +0.100 1902 2145 +0.128 1940 2218 +0.143 75-80 1062 1313 +0.239 1088 1312 +0.205 1123 1398 +0.245 80-85 480 468 -0.025 453 468 -0.033 490 568 +0.159 85 & over. 203 1 193 1 199 14 Total, 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 FORMULAS For 1851, N = 100 000 sin n (l°.O553). 1856, 100 000 sin n (l°.0556). 1861, N= 100 000 sin n (l°.O473). 72 AGES OF VOLUNTEERS. The agreement of the observed numbers with those given by our formula is indicated by the quantities in the columns headed C. - 0. (i. e. Com- puted minus Observed), and appears to be entirely within the limits of probable error in the enumeration, - if we except those discordances for the French census already alluded to. It affords a strong argument for belief that the true form of the normal life-curve is closely represented by the sine-formula. The only other statistics of ages for European populations, which have been conveniently accessible, are contained in the abstract of the Prussian census of 1852, given by Brachelli, in the second volume of his Deutsche Staatenkunde. A discussion of the numbers there recorded gives >1 = 0.9960, 0 = 1°.47O2, these values being closely similar to those for England and Wales in 1851. It is manifest that if the number under any given age n be represented by the expression N = a sin n kn 6 the number between the ages n and n-|-l will be expressed by 2 a sin | P (kn-\-k - n)0. cos | P* (k n -|- k -f- n) 0, and the mortality at the same period, by the finite difference of this quantity. But when k becomes unity, these values are greatly simplified, and we have Population under the age n years = a sin n 0 Population at " " " " = 2a sin cos (n-{- Mortality " " " " " = 4a sin2 10 sin (n -|- 1) 0. According to the formula here presented, the life-curve for advanced ages bears no similarity to an asymptote, but ceases abruptly when the quantity 90° n 1?0 - 90°; or for the case of k = 1, when n = This indicates that all ages above this limit are exceptional, and to be regarded in the same light as deviations from the theoretical number at other periods of life. The many paths of research afforded by the residual discordances from the formula must be passed by on this occasion, with the single remark that they offer indications of abundant reward for any explorer. CHAPTER IV. AGES OF RECRUITS. 1. Nature of the Problem. To determine the law of distribution for recruits according, to ages, in the same manner as we have already done for the volun- teers, is impossible. The large inroads made upon the younger portion of the military population, by the enlistment of volunteers, materially changed the character of that population ; and each successive subsequent call for troops not only tended to increase the irregularity of distribution of ages among the men left at home, but drew from the community as new recruits a class whose ages were themselves irregularly distributed, in consequence of the great disturbance of symmetry already existing in the military popula- tion. This process several times repeated gave a distribution of ages, in the aggregate of the recruits, which is subject to no simple law, and threatened to baffle all attempts at intelligent investiga- tion. Since the official musters have not always been so recorded as to permit the separate investigation of recruits enlisted in the dif- ferent years, we must content ourselves with the consideration of only two general classes, "Volunteers" and "Recruits;" adopt- ing for the former the definition given in the last chapter, and referring all other white troops furnished by the States, including reenlisted volunteers, to the latter class. Our problem then becomes the following: - first, to determine as nearly as possible, from the information deduced by the discus- sion of Ages of Volunteers, what were the ages of the men enlisted during each successive year of the war; then, by comparing the aggregate of these with the numbers collected from the official muster-rolls, to learn how far our adopted law of enlistment by ages, as derived from volunteer troops, is corroborated by these records of ages of recruits, and what modification of the formula is requisite for producing the closest possible accordance between the computed and the observed numbers. 74 AGES-OF RECRUITS. The ages of the military population in each successive year are an essential element in this investigation, inasmuch as the number enlisting at any given age must be dependent upon the total num- ber at that age in the community ; so that in the theoretical dis- tribution of a certain number of recruits according to ages, it is not the absolute number at each age, but the tendency to enlist at that age, which must be inferred from the formula. In other words, whenever the normal distribution of ages in the population has been disturbed, the formula tells us not the actual, but the pro- portionate number enlisting at each year of age ; and in the ab- sence of other information, the total number of enlistments in each year must be so distributed among the several military ages, as to assign to each a number whose ratio to the military population of that age, then at home, follows the law indicated by the formula. It thus becomes necessary for the success of the investigation, that the statistics of population upon which the calculations are based should be specially adapted to the object in view; and a close approach to the truth in the fundamental formula adopted becomes doubly important. 2. Statistics. In the general schedule of statistics of the war given in Chapter I., which must, from its very nature, be only approximate, the total number of troops enlisting in each year was deducted from the number of males of military age previously at home. This course, although in accordance with the object there in view, was not strictly accurate, inasmuch as it was based upon the erroneous assumption that the enlisted men were all within the limits of mil- itary age prescribed by law. In the present research this assump- tion is inadmissible, and it becomes necessary to prepare more de- tailed estimates, by increasing the military population at home, at any epoch, by the probable number of men who had already en- listed, but were not between the ages of eighteen and forty-five at the time of enlistment; also by distinguishing subsequent enlist- ments of men not within these limits of age, and separately con- sidering the deaths at home of those who had, and of those who had not, served in the army. The following table has consequently been used in the computa- tions of this chapter. It is accordant with the schedules of Chap- ter I. except in this special reference to irregular enlistments. In the fourth column is given, under the heading " Natural Growth," the excess of the number of white males, attaining the age of AGES OF RECRUITS. 75 eighteen, over the number of those arriving at forty-five years ; the sum of the two classes of deaths deducted from the sum of the increases, by natural growth and by immigration, showing the ac- tual, or net, increase of the military population. The deaths among men who had served in the army are here assumed to be essen- tially in the same proportion as among those who had not served. This is doubtless an underestimate, since the effect of wounds, ex- posure, and exhaustion must have manifested themselves in an in- creased rate of mortality ; but in the absence of numerical data, little account is here taken of this influence, which would probably produce small perceptible effect upon the results of the present inquiry. The numbers are given in thousands, as before, and those of the last line are recorded as though the army were not disbanded until July 1865. TABLE I. Military Population and Enlistments. Date Military Population at Home New Enlist- ments Reenlistments Had not served Had served Increase by Deaths Military Age Not of Military Age Natural Growth Immi- gration Not served. 4 Served 1860, July 1 4 378 - - - - - - - - 1861, April 1 4 472 87 35 28 - - - - 1861, July 1 4 338 - 29 11 9 - 165 5 - 1862, July 1 3 890 145 117 32 34 2 563 17 60 1863, July 1 3 563 363 122 32 31 3 450 17 50 1864, July 1 3 302 590 132 56 28 5 421 18 200 1865, July 1 3 126 882 143 62 27 6 354 16 60 3. Method of Investigation. The formula deduced from the grand total of the ages of volun- teers gave the number of men in each 10 000, at and over any given year of age at the time of enlistment, as sn = 2103 - 77.0 n + 7897 (0.85362/ n being the excess above eighteen years. But this formula also indicated a decided excess of the recorded numbers for the ages eighteen, twenty-one, and forty-four, as also a deficiency at the 76 AGES OF RECRUITS. ages nineteen and twenty; owing, without doubt, to misrepresen- tations. In the hope of attaining numerical values of still greater pre- cision, the computation was repeated, after modifying the original data by about one half the amount of the supposed misstatements. The results were quite satisfactory, showing not merely a smaller series of discordances between the calculated and the observed numbers, but a somewhat nearer approach to equality between the excess at twenty-one years, and the deficiency at nineteen and twenty. This gave encouragement for a repetition of the process, using as a correction to the recorded numbers, three fourths of the amount of misstatement as deduced from the second approxima- tion ; and gave a result which seems to express the distribution of ages of volunteers, taken as an aggregate, as closely as any for- mula attainable. This was assumed as the basis of the present investigation, and is as follows : - (First assumed) sn = 2068 - 77.5 n -f- 7932 (0.85588)" It must now be noted, that the volunteers, of whom we have the recorded ages of somewhat more than one million, were chiefly enlisted before the middle of the year 1863. The total number, up to 1863 July 1, was 1 327 000, and we may roughly suppose 800 000 enlistments to have taken place from a normal population prior to July 1862, and 520 000 to have been made a year later from the military population left at home after the withdrawal of these 800 000. Following this hypothesis, and deducting from the military pop- ulation in April 1861, such a number of men at each year of age as our assumed formula indicates for a total force of 800 000 men (making allowance, however, for enlistments above and below the established limits of age, in the proportions indicated by the official records in Table II., Chapter III.), we obtain the distribution of ages which may be presumed to have existed in the military pop- ulation at home, after the departure of these men to the army. Then all the ages of this " disturbed population " being increased by one year, the second installment of volunteers is to be distrib- uted according to ages. This is accomplished by using the assumed formula and the original population to determine the ratio of en- listment to military population for each year of age, in the mode employed for Table XVII., Chapter III., and applying these ratios to the disturbed population, after multiplying them by such frac- tion as shall make the total resultant number just 520 000. Add- 77 AGES OF RECRUITS. ing now the numbers for each age thus obtained for the two in- stallments, we obtain a calculated series quite different from that which the assumed formula would give if employed directly to assign the distribution of the whole 1 320 000 men at once. But from this series we may deduce a new formula, possessing the prop- erty that if so applied to the whole 1 320 000 directly, it will indi- cate the same distribution which the assumed formula gives if it is applied first to 800 000, and the ratios thus deduced for an undisturbed population are then used to obtain the ages of 520 000 more, from the population as disturbed by the withdrawal of the 800 000, one year previous. This new expression is as fol- lows : - (Hypothetical formula) Sn = 2011 - 76.2n -f- 7989 (0.87052)" What we desire, however, is neither of the formulas yet ob- tained, but such a one that if employed as we have just now used that first assumed, - namely, for the two installments separately, each from its proper population, - it will give essentially the same distribution that our assumed formula gives when applied to the aggregate of all the volunteers at once. In short, we need a law of ages which shall occupy precisely the same relation to an assumed law, in which this latter stands to the " hypothetical " law just deduced. This we may very nearly obtain by applying with reversed signs, to the numerical values in the formula first assumed, the differ- ences between the values in this and in the hypothetical formula. We thus obtain an expression which represents the actual ten- dency to enlistment on the part of our volunteers as closely as it seems practicable to deduce it by numerical processes from existing data; and which we shall adopt, for discovering the number of men, at each year of age withdrawn from the home population during each year of the War of the Rebellion. It is the follow- ing :- (Adopted formula) sn = 2125 - 78.8n -j- 7875 (0.84124)" or = 78.8 -f- 1250 (0.84124)" 4. Changes of Home Population during the JFhr. The results deducible from the principles here laid down may readily be presented in tabular form, and the course of the inves- tigation will easily be followed after a few preliminary comments. 78 AGES OF RECRUITS. For greater simplicity and convenience of computation, only so many of the men within the limits of military age as have never served in the army, and only original enlistments, are first consid- ered, in investigating the condition of the military population during the successive years of the war; all necessity of consider- ing the men returning home from the army being thus obviated. The reenlisted men are then classified by themselves, and assorted according to age by following that law of distribution which pre- vailed at the time of their first enlistment. This procedure' as- sumes the proportion of reenlistments to original enlistments to have been the same at each age, - an assumption perhaps not strictly warrantable, and only to be defended by showing the in- applicability of any other principle ; but the results of the inves- tigation seem to indicate that this assumption cannot be far from correct. A slight obstacle exists to the ready determination of the white male population, at each age, remaining at home in July 1862, in- asmuch as the interval between-this epoch and the preceding one is not twelve, but fifteen, months. This difficulty is mostly obvi- ated by adding three fourths of the military population at each age n in April 1861, corrected by subtracting the enlistments and deaths during the next fifteen months, to one fourth of the mili- tary population at the age n- 1, similarly corrected; - the sum of these two quantities, increased by the immigration at the age n during the next fifteen months, being used for the military popula- tion at the age n -f- 1 in July 1862. For the age sixteen years, in July 1862, the number of white males sixteen years old, a year and a quarter previously, is in- creased by one twentieth part to correspond with the normal annual growth of four per cent. The mortality of the population at home is assumed to follow the same laws as in 1860, for which year the statistics of mortality have been so thoroughly discussed by Dr. Jarvis, in the Results of the United States Census,1 and the adopted number of deaths is such as corresponds to the military population in the previous year, diminished by one half of the enlistments during the year. The adopted table of mortality has been prepared by determining the ratio of the deaths of males within given periods of age, in the loyal States, to the total number of males at the same ages in the 1 Statistics of the U. S. in 1860 (including Mortality, Property, etc.), being the Final Exhibit of the Eighth Census. Washington, 1866. Table IV. pp. 44-46. AGES OF RECRUITS. 79 same region, as computed in Chapter III., Table XXI.; and then obtaining the ratio for each year of age by interpolation. It is here appended. TABLE II. Mortality of Military Population at Home. Age Mortality Age Mortality Age Mortality Age Mortality Age Mortality 15 0.0050 ' 21 0.0077 27 0.0082 33 0.0085 39 0.0094 16 .0055 22 .0079 28 .0082 34 .0086 40 .0097 17 .0060 23 .0080 29 .0082 35 .0087 41 .0100 18 .0065 24 .0080 30 .0083 36 .0088 42 .0103 19 .0070 25 .0081 31 .0083 37 .0090 43 .0105 20 0.0074 26 0.0081 32 0.0084 38 0.0092 44 0.0108 Immigrants are distributed according to ages, in our table, by the same law which prevailed for the military population in the United States before the war. This unquestionably does not rep- resent the true distribution of their ages; still it will serve as a sufficiently near approximation to the true numbers, for all the purposes of our present investigation. 80 AGES OF RECRUITS. TABLE III. Unenlisted Military Population and Enlistments in each Year, using Formula for Ages of Volunteers. FIRST PART. Age White Mil- itary Pop- ulation, April 1861 Enlist- ments to July 1862 Deaths Immi- grants White Mili- tary Popu- lation, July 1862 Enlist- ments to July 1863 Deaths Immi- grants 16 225 000 2 100 1500 2 200 238 450 1670 1 300 1630 17 222 000 10 700 1600 2100 227 210 8 280 1340 1610 18 218 900 97 470 1400 2100 214 730 72 540 1 180 1590 19 215 700 82 910 1500 2100 144 540 42160 880 1560 20 212 400 70 670 1600 2 000 130 480 32 940 860 1540 21 208 900 60 370 1700 2 000 139 920 30 680 970 1510 22 205 300 51 700 1800 2 000 147150 28120 1060 1490 23 201 600 44 410 1800 2 000 152 560 25 500 1120 1460 24 197 800 38 280 1800 1900 156 390 22 960 1160 1430 25 193 900 33 110 1800 1900 159 040 20 600 1200 1400 26 189 900 28 770 1800 1800 160 470 18 440 1220 1370 27 185 800 25 130 1800 1800 161050 16 520 1250 1350 28 181 600 22 060 1700 1800 160 780 14 810 1260 1320 29 177 300 19 470 1700 1700 159 800 13 320 1250 1280 30 172 900 17 300 1700 1700 158 260 12 020 1250 1250 31 168 400 15 470 1700 1600 156 050 10 880 1240 1220 32 163 800 13 930 1600 1600 153500 9 910 1240 1190 33 159 100 12 640 1600 1500 150 510 9 070 1240 1150 34 154 400 11 550 1600 1500 147 210 8 360 1230 1120 35 149 500 10 630 1600 1400 143 560 7 750 1210 1080 36 144 600 9 860 1500 1400 139 560 7 230 1190 1050 37 139 600 9 220 1500 1300 135 550 6 790 1180 1010 38 134 500 8 670 1500 1300 131270 6 420 1170 970 39 129 300 8 210 1500 1200 126 670 6100 1160 940 40 124 100 7 830 1500 1200 121 970 5 840 1150 900 41 118 800 7 500 1400 1100 117 080 5 610 1140 860 42 113 400 7 230 1400 1100 112 210 5 430 1120 820 43 108 000 7 000 1400 1000 107 060 5 260 1100 780 44 102 500 6 810 1300 1000 101 890 5130 1 070 740 45 to 50 428 400 9 000 4 600 4100 418 900 6 660 4 570 3100 18 to 45 16 to go 4 472 000 728 200 750 000 43 200 50 900 43 000 3 889 260 450 390 467 000 31 100 38 310 32 380 AGES OF RECRUITS. 81 TABLE III. Unenlisted Military Population and Enlistments in each Year, using Formula for Ages of Volunteers. SECOND PART. Age Military Population July 1863 Enlist- ments to July 1864 Deaths Immi- grants Military Population July 1864 Enlist- ments to May 1865 Deaths to July 1865 Immi- grants to July 1865 16 248 000 1810 1360 2 840 257 920 1710 1410 3160 17 237110 9 020 1400 2 810 247 670 8 550 1460 3110 18 219 200 77 240 1180 2 770 229 500 73 430 1260 3 070 19 142 600 43 380 860 2 730 143 550 39 660 880 3 020 20 103 060 27 140 670 2 680 090 24 170 670 2 980 21 98 220 22 460 680 2 640 77 930 16180 550 2 930 22 109 780 21880 790 2 590 77 720 14 060 570 2 880 23 119 460 20 820 880 2 550 89 700 14 200 670 2 830 24 127 400 19 520 940 2 500 100 310 13 950 760 2 770 25 133 700 18 070 1010 2 450 109 440 13 430 830 2 720 26 138 640 16 620 1050 2 400 117 070 12 740 900 2 660 27 142180 15210 1 100 2 350 123 370 11990 960 2 600 28 144 630 13 900 1120 2 300 128220 11190 1000 2 550 29 146 020 12 690 1140 2 240 131910 10 410 1030 2 480 30 146 510 11600 1160 2190 134 430 9 670 1060 2 420 31 146 240 10 630 1 160 2130 135 940 8 970 1080 2 360 32 145150 9 770 1 170 2 070 136 580 8 350 1100 2 300 33 143 540 9 020 1 170 2 010 136 280 7 780 1120 2 230 34 141 350 8 370 1 170 1950 135 360 7 280 1130 2160 35 138 740 7 820 1 170 1890 133 760 6 840 1130 2 100 36 135 680 7 330 1 160 1830 131 640 6 460 1130 2 020 37 132190 6 910 1160 1770 129 020 6120 1130 1950 38 128590 6 560 1150 1700 125 890 5 830 1 120 1880 39 124 650 6 260 1140 1630 122 580 5 590 1 120 1810 40 120 340 6 020 1 130 1560 118 880 5 390 1120 1740 41 115 880 5 790 1 120 1 500 114 750 5 200 1120 1 660 42 111 190 5 620 1 110 1430 110 470 5 060 1 110 1590 43 106 480 5 460 1090 1360 105 890 4 930 1090 1510 44 101 480 5 330 1070 1300 101 290 4 830 1070 1440 ! 45 to 50 410 770 6 750 4 480 5 410 404 950 6 030 4 420 6 000 18 to 45 16 to 50 3562 900 421 420 439 000 28 550 35 790 56 520 3 302 570 353 710 370 000 26 710 34 000 62 660 82 AGES OF RECRUITS. We have now the means - by summing the enlistments at each age, deduced by the preceding calculations, and combining them with the reenlistments of successive years, distributed as al- ready explained - of obtaining the ages of recruits, as calculated by the formula adopted for the volunteers. The degree of accord- ance between the distribution of ages, thus obtained, and that actually derived from official records, will afford a criterion for estimating the extent to which the law connecting the ages of our volunteers, or first million of soldiers, with their tendency to en- list, is also applicable to the recruits, or last million and a quarter of troops. Of course we can only consider in the calculation those within the limits of military age. TABLE IV. Ages of Recruits, as derived from Formula for Ages of Volunteers. Age Original Enlist- ments 1863-5 Reenlistments Aggregate Recruits Proportionate Numbers 1862 1863 Total Calcu- lated Re- corded C.-R. Under 18 21090 1 030 140 - 1170 22 260 - - 18 150 670 7 800 710 720 9 230 159 900 1410 1 563 -153 19 83 040 6 630 6 500 3 700 16 830 99 870 880 848 + 32 20 51 310 5 650 5 530 33 790 44 970 96 280 849 707 +142 21 38 640 4 830 4 710 28 740 38 280 76 920 678 905 -227 22 35 940 4140 4 020 24 500 32 660 68 600 605 686 - 81 23 35 020 3 550 3 450 20 930 27 930 62 950 555 587 - 32 24 33 470 3 060 2 960 17 920 23 940 57 410 506 504 + 2 25 31 500 2 650 2 550 15 400 20 600 52100 459 443 + 16 26 29 360 2 300 2 220 13 270 17 790 47150 416 390 + 26 27 27 200 2 020 1 920 11480 15 420 42 620 376 347 + 29 28 25 090 1 760 1 670 9 970 13 400 38 490 339 352 - 13 29 23100 1 560 1 470 8 710 11 740 34 840 307 254 + 53 30 21270 1380 1300 7 640 10 320 31 590 278 281 - 3 31 to 35 70 170 4 280 3 950 22 940 31 170 101 340 894 772 +122 35 to 45 119 350 6 640 5 850 32 360 44 850 164 200 1448 1 361 + 87 Over 45 12 780 720 1050 7 930 9 700 22 480 - - - 18 to 45 775 130 58 250 48 810 252 070 359 130 1 134260 10 000 10 000 - 16 to 50 809 000 60 000 50 000 260 000 370 000 1 179 000 - AGES OF RECRUITS. 83 5. Final Inferences. The discrepancies between the calculated and recorded num- bers, after reduction to the scale of 10 000, are of the same order of magnitude as those found in Chapter III., between the calcu- lated and recorded numbers of volunteers at the several ages ; and are indeed somewhat larger than those there found for the grand total of enlisted men. But it is manifest that if the tendency to enlistment for the recruits were governed by a law depending on their age, to the same extent as was found to hold good for the volunteers, the present more detailed method of investigation ought to show a decidedly closer accordance between theory and observation than was there manifested. The algebraic form of the law being apparently as good as could be expected, attention was directed to discovering what modifica- tion of the numerical values would bring about a closer accord- ance with the recorded numbers. This investigation, being neces- sarily indirect, tedious, and in great measure tentative, need not be described; but it resulted in modifying the formula by some slight change in the numbers. We thus obtain for the law of enlistment of recruits by ages - sn = 1631 - 62.8n + 8369 (0.8353)" CFormola for Recruits) m8 (0g353). The second part of Table III. thus requires modification throughout; and the following tables (V. and VI.) which result from the employment of the " formula for recruits " in distributing all enlistments since July 1863 by ages, seem to present the facts in the most trustworthy form ; - the first part of Table III., as given on page 80 remaining unchanged. 84 AGES OF RECRUITS. TABLE V. Unenlisted Military Population and Enlistments in each Year, using Formula for Ages of Recruits. Age Mil'y Pop- ulation July 1863 Enlist- ments to July 1864 Deaths Immi- grants Mil'y Pop- ulation July 1864 Enlist- ments Deaths to July 1865 Immi- grants to J uly 1865 16 248 000 2 010 1360 2 840 257 920 1920 1410 3160 17 237 110 9 910 1400 2 810 247 470 9 480 1460 3110 18 219 200 83 920 1 180 2 770 228 610 80 230 1260 3 070 19 142 600 46 680 860 2 730 136 870 41070 880 3 020 20 103 060 28 920 670 2 680 97 790 25150 670 2 980 21 98 220 23 680 680 2 640 76150 16 830 550 2 930 22 109 780 22 820 790 2 590 76 500 14 570 570 2 880 23 119 460 21480 880 2 550 88 760 14 630 670 2 830 24 127 400 19 890 940 2 500 99 650 14 260 760 2 770 25 133 700 18 200 1010 2 450 109 070 13 610 830 2 720 26 138 640 16 530 1050 2 400 116 940 12 780 900 2 660 27 142 180 14 940 1100 2 350 123 460 11890 960 2 600 28 144 630 13 460 1120 2 300 128 490 10 960 1000 2 550 29 146 020 12130 1140 2 240 132 350 10 070 1030 2 480 30 146 510 10 930 1160 2190 134 990 9 230 1060 2 420 31 146 240 9 880 1160 2130 136 610 8 460 1080 2 360 32 145 150 8 960 1170 2 070 137 330 7 770 1100 2 300 33 143 540 8160 1170 2 010 137 090 7140 1120 2 230 34 141 350 7 470 1170 1950 136 220 6 600 1130 2160 35 138 740 6 880 1170 1890 134 660 6120 1130 2100 36 135 680 6 380 1160 1830 132 580 5 710 1130 2 020 37 132 190 5 950 1160 1770 129 970 5 360 1130 1950 38 128 590 5 590 1150 1700 126 850 5 050 1120 1880 39 124 650 5 290 1140 1630 123 550 4 800 1120 1810 40 120 340 5 030 1130 1560 119 850 4 590 1120 1740 41 115 880 4 800 1120 1500 115 740 4 400 1120 1660 42 111190 4 630 1 110 1430 111460 4 250 1110 1590 43 106 480 4 480 1090 1360 106 880 4120 1090 1510 44 101480 4 350 1070 1300 102 270 4 020 1070 1440 45 to 50 410 770 5 650 4 480 5 410 406 050 4 930 4 420 6 000 18 to 45 All 3 562 900 421 430 439 000 28 550 35 790 56 520 3 300 690 353 670 370 000 26 710 34 000 62 660 Hence we deduce the following Table VI. for the true ages of recruits, in the stead of Table IV. It will be observed that the excess of recorded ages at twenty-one years is very nearly com- AGES OF RECRUITS. 85 pensated by a corresponding deficit at nineteen and twenty ; so that we may be warranted in regarding these discrepancies, and also the excess at eighteen years, as representing very closely the actual amount of misrepresentation at these ages. TABLE VI. Ages of Recruits, as deduced from most probable Formula. Age Original Enlistments Reenlist- ments 1862-5 Aggregate Recruits Proportionate Numbers 1863-4 1864-5 Total Calc'd Recorded C.-R. Under 18 11920 11400 23 320 1170 24 490 18 83 920 80 230 164150 9 230 173 380 1529 1563 - 34 19 46 680 41070 87 750 16 830 104 580 922 848 + 74 20 28 920 25150 54 070 44 970 99 040 873 707 + 166 21 23 680 16 830 40 510 38 280 78 790 695 905 -210 22 22 820 14 570 37 390 32 660 70 050 618 686 - 68 23 21480 14 630 36110 27 930 64 040 565 587 - 22 24 19 890 14 260 34150 23 940 58 090 512 504 + 8 25 18 200 13 610 31810 20 600 52 410 462 443 + 19 26 16 530 12 780 29 310 17 790 47100 415 390 + 25 27 14 940 11890 26 830 15 420 42 250 372 347 + 25 28 13 460 10 960 24 420 13 400 37 820 333 352 - 19 29 12 130 10 070 22 200 11740 33 940 299 254 + 45 30 10 930 9 230 20 160 10 320 30 480 269 281 - 12 31 to 35 34 470 29 970 64 440 31 170 95 610 844 772 + 72 35 to 45 53 380 48 420 101800 44 850 146 650 1292 1361 - 69 Over 45 5 650 4 930 10 580 9 700 20 280 18 to 45 421 430 353 670 775 100 359 130 1 134 230 10 000 10 000 16 to 50 439 000 370 000 809 000 370 000 1 179 000 By the process described in Chapter III., page 39 we may now compute for the recruits also the true age, t, corresponding to the averages of any given " Age last birthday," and shall find that the modification of the formula produces in no case a greater change than three units in the third decimal place. But the un- true returns for the ages eighteen to twenty-one inclusive affect the result materially, and we may obtain data for deducing values entitled to much confidence, by comparing the recorded numbers with those indicated by our formula. A combination of the true ages of those recorded as of any 86 AGES OF RECRUITS. given age at the last birthday, will give the following values, which acquire importance from their effect upon the investigation of the law of growth in stature. Recorded Age last birthday Corresponding Average Age 18 18.460 19 19.482 20 20.482 21 21.179 25 25.486 30 30.487 35 35.490 40 40.494 45 45.497 31 to 35 32.870 35 to 45 39.558 6. Ages of the Army in each Year. In closing the present chapter, it may not be amiss to present an estimate of the ages of the troops here considered, who were serving in the national army in each successive year of the rebel- lion ; - the present investigations affording all needed data. And by combining our results for volunteers, recruits, and reenlisted men, we arrive, at the following schedule, which cannot differ much from the truth. AGES OF RECRUITS. 87 TABLE VII. Ages of White Volunteer Army from Loyal States {excluding Pacific Coast). Age last Birthday July 1862 July 1863 July 1864 May 1865 16 800 600 750 685 17 4 855 4 130 4 890 4 595 18 40 960 32 370 38 025 35 420 19 68 300 70 300 72 775 70 265 20 58 155 75 685 80 590 75 380 21 49 620 64 320 76 050 72 305 22 42 435 56 490 65 305 65 270 23 36 390 49 505 58 645 56 825 24 31 310 43 340 52 340 52 025 25 27 035 37 955 46 520 47 180 26 23 435 33 285 41 245 42 510 27 20 410 29 250 36 545 38 140 28 17 870 25 785 32 400 34 145 29 15 725 22 830 28 775 30 550 30 13 920 20 305 • 25 620 27 350 31 12 410 18 140 22 895 24 525 32 11 135 16 305 20 550 22 065 33 10 060 14 750 18 540 19 935 34 9 160 13 425 16 825 18 095 35 8 400 12 305 15 355 16 510 36 7 760 11 355 14 110 15 135 37 7 230 10 560 13 055 13 980 38 6 780 9 895 12 170 12 990 39 6 390 9 320 11 430 12 160 40 6 070 8 840 10 795 11 480 41 5 805 8 435 10 260 10 880 42 5 575 8 095 9 805 10 380 43 5 385 7 810 9 430 9 960 44 5 230 7 565 9 115 9 615 45 and over 9 390 17 050 24 190 28 645 568 000 740 000 879 000 889 000 We are thus enabled to determine for the total white volunteer army, at each of the four dates comprised in the foregoing table, a tabular view of the mean age, the probable age for any individual, and the proportionate number of men below certain specified limits of age. This is analogous to the similar exhibit for the ages of the "Volunteers," in our restricted sense of the term, presented in 88 AGES OF RECRUITS. the preceding chapter.1 The gradual increase of the average age, from year to year, which is manifested by the annual changes in the distribution of the numbers at each age in Table VII. is shown, in a form perhaps more striking to the general reader, by the sub- joined figures. July 1862 July 1863 July 1864 May 1865 y y y y Average age last birthday 25.104 25.766 26.067 26.321 Average age at date 25.590 26.252 26.553 26.807 Age above and below which the numbers were equal 23.96 24.76 25.11 25.49 Percentage under 20 years last birthday 19.76 14.30 13.06 12.36 Percentage under 25 years last birthday 59.16 54.58 52.32 50.00 Percentage under 30 years last birthday 78.06 75.34 74.18 72.51 1 Page 35. CHAPTER V. STATURES. 1. Statistics Collected, and Mode of Discussion. The descriptive muster-rolls of the army promised to afford such valuable materials for studying the law of growth, as well as the mean stature belonging to different States and nativities, that steps were taken in November 1864 to obtain these important data from the military archives of the several States. Blanks were accordingly prepared, upon which the nativity, age, and height of each soldier could be easily transcribed, as well as the regiment or other organization into which he enlisted ; and clerks were sent to the capitals of the loyal States to collect these records. The desired facilities were accorded by the Adjutant-Generals with a ready courtesy and cordiality for which the grateful thanks of the Commission are due ; and in almost every instance personal kindness and assistance were offered and given to an extent which we should not have presumed to solicit. The Ages of Recruits, in- vestigated in the preceding chapter, were mostly obtained in this way, as well as the Nativities discussed in Chapter II.; and this collection of materials was continued until all the records available had been transcribed. The number might probably have been still farther increased by additional records in the federal archives at Washington, had not all opportunity for such inquiries been re- fused the Commission by the Secretary of War; but it is not prob- able that the results would have been appreciably modified by this relatively small increase of material. It is much to be regretted that the records of stature are so meagre for the first years of the war. The facts indicated by the records of the State of New York rendering it desirable that similar information should be obtained concerning the men enlisting in the naval service, application for access to the naval records was made to the late Commander Al- bert N. Smith, Chief of the Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, who in the most courteous manner afforded all requisite opportu- nities and assistance in our work. 90 STATURES. The height, age, and nativity were thus collected for each one of nearly a million and a quarter of men, namely, for 1 104 841 white soldiers ; 39 615 colored soldiers; 83 800 white sailors ; 4 000 colored sailors : 1 232 256 in all. These records were then tabulated and assorted by distributing the records from each office according to nativities, and grouping, for each nativity, those of each age according to height; all under seventeen years and all over thirty-five being aggregated, as well as those of the four years of age between thirty-one and thirty- five. Similarly the heights under sixty-one inches were grouped in one column, as were also those over seventy-five inches; but these were singly considered in taking the corresponding mean heights. A little less than one fifth of all under the height of sixty-one inches were under the age of eighteen years. No limit of stature appears to have been established for volunteer troops, and the rule of the Board of Enrollment was that " the matter of stature should be considered only in the general examination as to the physical fitness of the man for military service." For the reg- ular army the minimum height was established in August 1861 at sixty-three inches, but this has no appreciable bearing on the re- sults here found. The number under sixty-one inches was 5445, out of 1104 841, or a little less than one half of one per centum ; the corresponding numbers for soldiers of twenty-one years and upward being 2524 out of 753 666 ; or one third of one per cent. The full table of ages for the under-statures will be given hereafter. Since the heights were never recorded more minutely than to the nearest quarter of an inch, they were assorted by quarter-inches. It soon became evident that a very large proportion of the meas- urements were given to the nearest inch only, and that the number recorded at the half inch greatly exceeded the sum of those given for the uneven quarters. The influence of this crude method of measuring manifests itself to some extent in our results, especially in those pertaining to the law of growth. Indeed there is no department of our statistical work in which the tendency to the employment of round numbers is not prominently exhibited, in some manner analogous to that already described in the consider- ation of the Ages of Volunteers. It is doubtless attendant upon all STATURES. 91 statistical inquiries, if indeed not inherent in all quantitative deter- minations requiring human judgement to any extent, though de- creasing with the training of the observer; and the scientific in- quirer can only hope so to arrange his methods of investigation as to reduce the effect of this source of error to a minimum, without eliminating it entirely. To obviate the danger of vitiating too large an amount of work by any accidental error in grouping, the materials from the more populous States were tabulated in successive installments; forty thousand being as large a number as it was found advisable to as- sort at once, although in some cases this number was exceeded. These successive installments, or " counts," followed the order in which the records were transcribed, but not necessarily that in which the men enlisted; so that the results obtained from consec- utive counts afforded only a rough approximation to those which a strictly historical classification would have yielded. A classifica- tion by years of enlistment would have afforded a means of obtain- ing results of high interest and value ; but for some States this was impossible, and for the others it would have entailed an additional amount of labor, altogether precluded by financial considerations. It has been seen how very large a proportion of our soldiers were under the age of legal majority, and how rapidly their rela- tive number decreased for increasing ages. The slightest consid- eration shows moreover that the mean stature of the enlisted men would fall far short of indicating the stature belonging to years of full development, or even to their mean age, since the growths before and aftei' this mean age are at different rates. And, since the earliest inferences from the present research led to the convic- tion that the age of full stature was a much later one than is gen- erally supposed, and that this age probably varied for different States and countries, it became still more clearly important that the typical stature for each should be deduced only from the sta- tistics for ages subsequent to the attainment of maximum stature. It seems remarkable that this precaution should have been so little regarded by investigators. The mean stature of the white soldiers here considered would be increased by nearly three eighths of an inch by excluding from the computation those under the age of twenty-four years ; and the average heights of those above and those below that age differ by more than two thirds of an inch. There is reason to believe that the average stature of the volun- teer soldiers (using this term in the sense in which it was employed in Chapter III., to designate the original members of volunteer 92 STATURES. organizations) was decidedly greater than that of the recruits who subsequently enlisted, and it is therefore a source of much regret that so large a proportion of our material is afforded by the latter only. The successive " counts " for different States indicate a decided tendency to diminution of the average stature as the war went on ; and it is doubtless owing to this fact that the mean stat- ures afforded by the present investigation, which comprises all those volunteers whose statures were recorded, range much higher than those given in the excellent report1 of Dr. Baxter, Chief Med- ical Officer of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau, inasmuch as these latter are deduced from the statistics of less than 350 000 soldiers, all of whom were recruits, substitutes, or drafted men. The regulations prescribe that the heights be taken with a meas- uring rod, while the men are without clothing. There is doubtless some difference in the average results obtained by different exam- ining surgeons, but these must vanish from the mean of measure- ments by so many different officers. The most appropriate distri- bution of the soldiers according to nativities was a question of some difficulty, since it was necessary to decide upon the mode of distribution, before the relative numbers were known. The following eighteen classes were adopted, and although this division might with advantage be somewhat modified in the light of our present knowledge, it has, to preserve uniformity, been retained for all the statistics of the Commission. A. The six New England States. B. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. C. Ohio and Indiana. D. Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois. E. Slave States, not including F and G2. F. Kentucky and Tennessee. Gr Free States west of the Mississippi. G2. Slave States west of the Mississippi. H. British America, exclusive of Canada. I. Canada. J. England. K. Scotland. L. Ireland. M. France, Belgium, and Switzerland. N. Germany. O. • Scandinavia. P. Spain, Portugal, and Spanish America. Q. Miscellaneous. 1 Pages 698, 699. 93 STATURES. All statures exceeding 76f inches (195 centimeters) have been regarded as excessive, and especial inquiries have been instituted to verify the truth of the records in such cases. In about one sixth part of the number the records have proved erroneous, gen- erally by one foot; for about one fourth of the entire number the record has been corroborated; and attempts to obtain farther infor- mation have failed in the remaining instances. 2. Heights at each Age, by States of Enlistment. The general table here appended exhibits the Mean Heights, in inches for each age, of somewhat more than 1100 000 soldiers, dis- tinguishing them by the States in which they enlisted; and it furthermore shows, in every instance, the number of men from which this mean height was deduced. The number of men is given in a lighter type, just above the corresponding stature. Thus it will be seen that the mean stature of the 17 563 men from West Virginia was 68.425 inches, while that of the 18 875 men from New Jersey was 66.575 inches, or nearly two inches less. The great discordances between the mean statures of men from different States seemed to follow no simple geographical rule, nor yet to depend upon the character of the respective populations historically considered, with reference either to the original stock or to later immigration. It seems needless to present here the special tables, showing the number of men at each age and each height, for the several States, although such tables exist in our archives. 94 STATURES. TABLE I. JTean Heights at each Age, by States of Enlistment. Total 35 & over 31-34 co o to c© to CD to to Ci to Ox to to CO to to to h-* 0 c© 00 HJ Under 17 Age last birthday ■ 52314 68.122 7081 68.587 3482 68.555 1264 68.461 1143 68.561 1668 68.559 1696 68.618 1904 68.447 2167 68.489 2420 68.432 2947 68.547 3539 68.339 5411 68.279 34(55 68.226 4390 67.856 9524 66.966 134 66.917 79 63.701 Maine Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Cl Ci Ci © © © © © •'I o r* c© co •4 • to 7* B M co • 90 • co Ci co © '..GO IO V rr> New Hamp- o § ox ci QD Ci © 4*- SS •4 co Cl c' S W ? & o S co Ox to to 00 CO 00 CO ° tO 00 CO to co CD G5 0 -'I © to CO 4*. © shire to Ci CD )-* o to "4 OX Ox •4 to co to o M Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Cl Ci Ci © © © © © CD >-u •4 QD CD t M to 1 1 © © t , Ci £ M S • cn O co • CH © co c© >- ft O § • GO • co CD CD S M 8 ■4 01 © 0 W OT M 3 Vermont 4- co *4 CP © co Ci © GJi o ° © " O CTI 4x GO •4 © -4 4* to CO Ox to to co to CD CO Ci »-• Ox GO CD *•) •'I to H-' © Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci ci Ci Ci Cl Ci © © © © © M cp 7* £ M H-' M i-» "4 7* co • m Ci • S M tO • CO M go M cp M tO OO Cl co © CP • co Ox . i to Massachu- O co CO lu I--1 4*. <3i to s IO cp to co co tO co to -1 to CO co O 65 co 5S © 0 © 4x GO OT. co O C© ° Hj Cn >-i CP 00 «O Ox GO 0 © Q0 © 4- CO W © 05 co © CT 4k c© Ox Ci Ci ©) © t-1 c© "4 1-1 © Ox co © Ci M O1 Ci *4 co Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Cl Cl <t to Ci M tO Ci •M co Ci Ci 4» © Ci to © © co © Ci © Ox © co Rhode Island b co 8 • IO CO CH to go w £ • CO GO !|X , ' • co CO CO CO CO W O O © 0 © y © to 05 & 0 £ and Connec- CD g ►u cp CO G71 CO co CD 00 Ci co W> & to HU CO © CO OX GO © Ci IO l-1 GP © O> M 4x C' 00 ticut co ° Ci © © Ox Ci IO © c© CD "4 to © c© © © LJ Ci © 1-i Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl 05 I-* Si _ 05 KI © © .8800 7.08 7' S w w te 25 $ co £j © CP >-t k 8 65 00 k 8? 65 o ci O< GO M oo CO tS to GO r1 8 CO Cl 00 £S OT r4 go £ § O oo 2 © K M § Ox »_> to 8 CD GP co to CD New York OX GO 00 Ox CO "4 Ox to ° Cl H- ° 0 Ox co -4 O © Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Ci Cl Cl Ci Ci © © © © © © QO Ci to © © Ci © 7 Ci j Ci Ci Cl 1-u Cl Ci Cl © © »-* CP to OX co CD -4 • CP CD -1 © s OT> 65 Ci 22 <1 Ci OX SP ■4 to *4 CP *4 o © OT • © © co CO CP O © Qo to fe ■cd S New Jersey J-i to co Ox 00 co CD M 65 " *© GO oc *■ GO 0 © GO © CP O to GO Qi 01 o GO CD •4 CD co *-1 Ox Ci ro c© M to 0 CD © , Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl ci Cl Ci © © © © © r4 to Ox 0:1 *4 CH Ci to • °2 M to Ox co M to Ox to to u< o g? 4*. 4*. co W OT r» 2 CO to M O1 4-1 CP © -1 © 8 w g co ® Ox b-4 . CO Ox -1 41 5.0 Pennsylva- w 2 7; © CO GO •4 00 co tO 4** © CO CO OX h-1 co OX GO © 4- © 65 © -4 © CO Ox c© Ox o C© Cl to OX © 44 <© © Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Ci Cl Cl Ci © © © © © © 7333 7.31 1001 7.74 14 u t° Ci Gli w " r* to M 00 £ s s to •4 ci Ot r* to 00 S co 05 c© g c© ° CP Ci CP *G> Z4 00 Cl cp CO g> qo 01 Cl © a Ox c© 8 © © 00 © oo co 6tZ 09 Maryland to v| to •'I CD Ci •'I to >-* to QD © © Ox © Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Cl © © © © © © 9° 4x 2 GO K> • , CO -4 cp CO hU © 3 © k 8 CD c© 2S 00 Ci GO • CP 00 00 on © o c© • s° ° hS CD t-» Ci M 00 1-1 • Ox -1 CD © § CD w S £ CO 94 5.3 West Vir- to g CO CO CO CO U-U "''t 00 " Cl Cl ~ ' >5. " Ci © CO © 00 CD co Ox gima Ox 05 QD H4 QD _w_ _qx to _Ci Q CD to © OX Ox © STATURES. 95 TABLE I. - (Continued.') Mean Heights at each Age, by States of Enlistment. Total 31-34 35 & over 30 29 to 00 to to Ci to OX bO to co to to to HU to 0 © 00 H-* Under 17 Age last birthday 23 993 68.160 3031 68.817 1342 68.784 642 68.927 490 68.763 742 68.894 716 68.802 861 168.899 1026 68.530 1212 68.907 1383 68.707 1619 68.608 1794 68.426 2069 68.274 2099 67.685 4563 66.662 66.119 s 144 65.625 Kentucky © Ci , Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Cl Ci © © u-l © © gg ss OO St Ci hu 9° to 03 co O So 9° to O Ci Ci 9° co 9° co © 9° £2 tO q. Ci 00 to £ OX 03 00 rfx © tc ® O, S HU 9° 05 M 8 9° -i © §3 CD 05 oo oo 2 03 CO co O' Sc to H- © <x> QX do § ba § 0 Ohio 00 0° © (-* CD Ox Ci to co Ox 00 Cl OD 00 £*• © 1-4 Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Ci Ci © HJ X IO © © .18 25 8.06 $» £ 9° 00 » " 9° w 9° to CD o 9° co » S tci g CD M 8? r, to © co OD bx o oo o O to 9° © & S CD oo OO CT CO w o ox O' 2 8? Ox © © I 270 4.59 Indiana tO HU tC to Ci oo Ci Ox Ci 00 co HU 03 0 188507 67.970 1 23 421 68.306 13453 68.454 5257 68.344 4833 68.452 6646 68.398 | 6647 68.421 7753 68.426 9097 68.387 1 10118 68.441 OD £ p Ci 13024 68.396 14 919 68.247 13130 68.121 16 547 67.620 28 635 66.638 66.004 2527 1168 64.326 Illinois Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Cl Cl © © © © to T4 co 2g B 3 e« 00 £ 00 00 Ci co o OX do co oo oo oo ®s OO j_4 O CH Ox co 00 S 05 oo co CD b3 o co O oo do 3 bO o 2 so © to 03 S HU to co OX £ 03 Ox © 05 8 298 5.72 Michigan Ox HU Ox 03 Ox h Ox Ox Ox to O 03 00 O' to Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci © © © © M 01 Ci ™ OO W g *. So 25 Li oo CD ? °° CO 03 OO ± g Ci 05 © 8 to to o ►U OX 9° to O co CD CO 9° 03 2-& ® g 03 oo 03 o< w © 00 00 S © w 2 243 5.24 Wisconsin & " to CD Ci to 00 to 4u. 03 to O to © Qx •m Ci O'. Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Cl Cl ci © © © © Ci £ bO -I 1475 17.77 00 . to O t-* I4 to oo g Ss OX b- § § to HU Ox Ox to 9° co M S r* cn 00 S to 00 00 r* co 0 © 52 S Ox bx OD 05 HU O' 03 2 HU Minnesota Ox »-* Ci CD © CD to Ci 00 Ci HU © © © Ox 4u Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl ci © © © © © 3 g 00 co to cd , & _ <x x co 00 to OO 00 00 OD >_x 90 to 00 !_! ® 2 Ox CO © g do £ M CO o s (X> ox 2 M cn © s © © 3 co 2 © s DO 00 qo © UJ Iowa 03 Ci' co M do 00 ° co *4 co 03 CD 03 O C5 HU CO Ci co HU QO O O' M 05 © 05 Ox OD 10 Ci Ci HU tO Ox I-* to Ci -■1 to © © IO Hu 4-- Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Ci © © © © © So 3 © *• w S CIO co k g 00 03 ll bO Ci 00 _ • . co b3 M ci CD tO & Ci 03 9° to Ci 03 00 g H- to 9° to S »» Ci 05 9° w P3 JO £ 8 b» co 9° co w 2 00 Ip- 00 to tO 05 90 05 tg g do 0 © to © -1 © QC QX O © HU to s 05 to do co ox Missouri w> 00 Ci co *- CD Ox Ox CD *•1 to Ci © Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl © © © © O' f» JO 691 16.98 03 O £ kl to O o " o *■* Ci CD HU S 00 Ci £8? k o co 00 QQ <35 Ci bi w Ci 1 ci to b3 © OD ' © 03 "00 O< HU w B to 0 to 24 9.25 Louisiana ! ■ Ci ci 00 HU co Hu CD HU CO OD Cl © © 03 00 96 STATURES. 3. Heights at each Age by Nativities. The soldiers of each State being assorted by nativities, accord- ing to the schedule already described, and the results for each nativity then aggregated, we obtain a table similar in form to that given in the last section, but showing the mean height at each age, not by the State of enlistment, but by the State or country of birth. It may, however, not be without interest for the statistician, if a TABLE II. Natives of New England States, by Heights and Ages. Height Under 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 in. Under 61 89 18 97 35 27 29 24 16 23 61 27 11 71 22 11 10 6 5 5 61| 15 4 71 23 15 19 3 5 7 62 24 24 225 66 17 26 25 13 22 62| 12 13 174 55 48 30 25 13 20 63 30 56 951 236 123 183 107 80 75 63| 10 29 710 204 114 163 120 74 56 64 30 51 1 665 513 276 417 222 214 172 64| 12 44 1 182 429 292 365 230 191 184 65 46 73 2 319 867 534 784 522 401 295 651 20 30 1 289 554 378 622 359 323 263 66 28 80 2 752 1 241 924 1 242 783 626 516 66| 8 30 1 393 754 502 738 483 389 331 67 18 71 2 473 1 253 967 1 351 850 711 617 67| 7 43 1 313 755 614 946 582 528 424 68 14 56 2 317 1 399 1 111 1 537 1 112 893 705 68| 7 28 1037 731 598 859 561 496 415 69 10 43 1 575 997 913 1 377 886 813 636 69| 10 21 731 550 410 667 460 439 360 70 7 27 1 125 775 746 1 036 715 682 573 701 3 16 407 358 304 466 330 287 244 71 2 16 547 455 435 673 450 449 333 711 2 1 8 181 160 169 252 175 187 138 72 3 7 323 308 287 448 342 297 275 72| - 7 70 64 82 111 100 61 65 73 - 1 115 93 106 189 148 99 99 731 - - 34 34 42 82 57 51 33 74 - 2 39 39 52 70 56 50 51 - - 14 11 11 25 22 19 12 75 & over - - 19 20 32 35 35 29 30 Total 433 809 25 219 13 001 10 140 14 752 9 790 8 441 6 979 STATURES. 97 few of the special tables Be here given, showing the number of soldiers at each year of age for particular nativities, and to avoid too great diffuseness, tve will give these tables for four nativities only, and will aggregate the measures recorded to quarter-inches with those given for the half-inches. The General Table VI. fol- lows these and exhibits the mean heights at each age for the sev- eral nativities. TABLE II. - ( Continued.') Natives of New England States, by Heights and Ages. Height 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total in. Under 61 15 12 11 9 2 9 25 36 477 61 2 7 4 8 5 9 11 19 233 61| 7 5 5 4 5 5 13 26 232 62 29 10 13 10 6 15 25 54 604 62| 13 13 8 15 13 9 27 57 545 63 40 54 50 33 40 43 103 221 2 425 63| 56 59 49 38 31 39 71 155 1 978 64 160 136 102 111 80 85 235 477 4 946 64| 147 114 115 118 73 69 224 435 4 224 65 276 240 184 179 144 164 410 962 8 400 65| 217 191 152 180 128 139 412 731 5 988 66 407 425 362 326 252 272 697 1 630 12 563 66| 302 263 222 209 174 149 505 1 034 7 486 67 552 530 460 423 316 351 914 1 944 13 801 67| 408 337 304 274 203 223 672 1 346 8 979 68 703 550 566 530 355 412 1 221 2 449 15 930 68| 365 335 320 293 243 209 642 1 326 8 465 69 553 475 463 446 366 342 977 2 171 13 043 69| 289 270 226 243 190 190 553 1 035 6 644 70 462 455 413 441 301 281 1 007 2 089 11 135 70| 259 194 196 212 128 163 422 908 4 897 71 301 261 288 264 211 192 676 1 247 6 800 711 #12 122 114 115 116 71 94 250 523 2 676 72 213 227 178 197 156 147 426 931 4 765 72| 61 50 39 49 40 24 95 204 1 122 73 78 90 76 94 47 49 163 347 1 794 731 30 35 37 20 28 28 62 127 700 74 36 41 38 32 33 27 87 160 813 741 18 18 9 11 4 6 22 54 256 75 & over 27 19 25 17 14 9 54 84 449 Total 6148 5 530 5 030 4 902 3 659 3 754 11 001 22 782 152 370 98 STATURES. TABLE III. Natives of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, by Heights and Ages. Height Under 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 in. Under 61 217 69 316 110 69 100 66 61 38 61 57 31 214 75 41 44 36 27 17 61| 23 25 239 85 50 58 27 24 20 62 67 120 609 168 97 121 92 62 53 62| 18 56 552 205 87 108 90 50 46 63 160 260 2 059 699 350 384 243 207 193 63| 56 126 1 266 482 267 282 196 178 142 64 146 389 3 673 1 318 775 926 539 460 434 64| 46 152 1 789 835 464 580 392 289 237 65 140 381 4 462 1 976 1 341 1 585 1 065 893 725 65| 56 142 1 903 982 721 851 662 503 440 66 136 438 5 065 2 691 1 887 2 412 1 621 1 441 1 147 66| 55 133 1 814 1 087 872 1 103 764 653 546 67 84 297 4 113 2 427 1 878 2 621 1 872 1 625 1 292 67| 27 105 1 621 960 946 1 277 874 750 711 68 66 255 3 717 2 396 2 157 3 157 2 102 1 816 1 566 68| 29 63 1 248 899 769 1 116 855 776 645 69 47 165 2 339 1 762 1 540 2 333 1 636 1 409 1 258 69| 16 36 739 593 551 823 592 529 506 70 25 97 1 585 1 349 1 337 1 880 1 419 1270 1 115 70| 5 23 418 366 413 515 390 362 343 71" 14 43 724 666 683 1 046 793 738 634 3 14 230 170 174 306 257 219 173 72 3 26 411 399 479 672 531 507 429 72| 1 5 71 74 73 104 87 100 65 73 2 7 106 116 139 224 160 163 152 73| - - 35 26 52 67 53 60 29 74 2 2 35 56 68 105 82 89 74 74| - - 12 8 17 18 15 12 11 75 & over - - 13 23 21 71 48 48 41 Total 1 501 3 460 41 378 23 003 18 318 24 889 17 559 15 321 13 082 STATURES. 99 TABLE III. - ( Continued.') Natives of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, by Heights and Ages. Height 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total in. Under 61 37 45 21 31 24 20 77 179 1 480 61 25 15 13 14 14 13 41 68 745 61| 14 21 12 8 11 13 26 70 726 62 35 23 33 27 25 22 75 106 1 735 62| 37 34 27 29 20 23 68 129 1 579 63 127 97 117 109 60 88 215 439 5 807 63| 102 101 82 85 42 58 198 331 3 994 64 304 265 243 214 202 163 542 1 034 11 627 64| 202 208 162 183 128 139 392 720 6 918 65 608 497 486 481 367 349 962 2 136 18 454 65| 379 313 312 262 183 202 617 1 143 9 671 66 913 893 800 738 547 591 1 665 3 408 26 393 66| 460 422 394 369 276 260 786 1 539 11 533 67 1 104 1 090 927 873 617 629 1 866 3 820 27 135 67| 559 485 506 473 364 341 1 005 1 905 12 909 68 1 327 1 234 1 123 1 108 839 844 2 549 4 915 31 171 68| 577 496 426 461 337 340 1 014 1 922 11 973 69 1 157 1 017 911 893 703 684 2 070 4 364 24 288 69| 451 441 332 337 295 296 855 1 621 9 013 70 947 887 836 790 611 653 1 943 3 906 20 650 284 282 252 265 188 205 656 1 160 6 127 71 533 489 466 452 359 357 1 097 2 193 11 287 71| 158 149 153 149 113 117 340 655 3 380 72 403 365 289 288 253 283 806 1 592 7 736 72| 58 49 58 46 38 46 166 221 1 262 73 139 146 9? 122 81 105 303 523 2 587 73| 38 35 30 36 31 25 78 135 730 74 57 63 52 47 55 46 174 236 1 243 74| 5 10 11 13 6 8 26 54 226 75 & over 34 34 27 24 24 24 71 144 647 Total 11 074 10 206 9 200 8 927 6 813 6 944 20 683 40 668 273026 100 STATURES. TABLE IV. Natives of Ohio and Indiana, by Heights and Ages. Height Under 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 in. Under 61 131 44 264 63 55 33 23 29 21 61 34 19 175 48 24 21 11 11 10 1 14 94 14 17 10 17 13 9 62 53 56 445 107 79 59 26 32 22 62| 11 21 253 68 29 35 27 12 20 63 83 132 1 651 379 221 161 110 94 87 11 57 728 182 99 87 83 63 45 64 106 219 3 178 885 553 456 304 261 245 16 67 1 174 326 263 199 133 94 130 65 96 250 4 490 1 371 1 015 848 666 536 432 65| 25 79 1 417 526 400 390 293 209 236 66 104 280 5 880 2 268 1 671 1 610 1 098 905 795 66| 30 66 1 595 671 587 584 431 362 281 67 66 264 5 089 2 335 1 839 1 782 1 300 1 168 950 67| 23 96 1 635 851 690 744 546 509 439 68 64 219 4 991 2 702 2 452 2 461 1 941 1 719 1 421 68| 12 54 1 332 804 692 785 585 545 457 69 37 141 3 273 2 093 1 814 1 978 1 572 1 400 1 147 69| 8 34 901 647 589 626 563 517 423 70 31 112 2 656 1 907 1934 2 041 1 709 1 576 1 325 70| 3 11 503 459 421 476 428 391 330 71 13 41 1 260 986 1026 1 246 1 022 846 728 71i 1 10 302 243 298 342 290 235 203 72 4 32 843 690 810 946 815 781 717 72| 1 4 118 97 120 129 126 120 100 73 1 8 251 252 279 401 298 264 226 73j 1 3 62 75 72 94 75 63 80 74 - 5 99 128 151 183 152 139 108 74j - 1 18 21 19 47 33 35 37 75 & over - 3 54 60 80 99 80 84 42 Total 966 2 342 44 731 21258 18 299 18 873 14 757 13 013 11 066 STATURES. 101 TABLE IV. - ( Continued.) Natives of Ohio and Indiana, by Heights and Ages. Height 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total in. Under 61 24 13 18 13 7 15 25 52 830 61 9 8 5 4 5 1 15 24 424 61| 9 7 4 9 3 1 7 22 251 62 17 10 14 14 13 11 26 32 1 016 62| 20 18 10 10 7 3 27 28 599 63 46 72 34 47 35 31 84 100 3 367 63| 41 35 38 27 24 27 49 69 1 665 64 156 147 143 112 76 69 186 321 7 417 64| 87 72 71 70 36 44 126 174 3 082 65 367 322 255 . 265 184 166 447 613 12 323 65| 172 178 123 108 91 73 211 317 4 848 66 651 545 516 473 305 292 903 1 181 19 477 66| 225 185 187 164 119 137 346 462 6 432 67 752 613 593 609 395 400 1 116 1 496 20 767 67| 352 288 258 251 179 210 540 756 8 367 68 1 196 976 866 921 551 618 1 643 2 305 27 046 68| 446 347 309 296 231 201 583 841 8 520 69 933 827 779 794 573 578 1 504 2 195 21 638 69| 353 345 280 272 220 207 587 799 7 371 70 1 119 941 816 840 592 678 1 804 2 664 22 745 70| 298 281 211 216 203 180 475 752 5 638 71 604 560 510 487 363 355 1 087 1 498 12 632 71| 188 170 162 152 104 106 321 493 3 620 72 559 524 415 422 285 379 997 1452 10 671 72| 88 60 74 63 55 43 166 193 1 557 73 201 187 182 185 121 134 398 572 3 960 73| 70 76 64 44 32 38 103 153 1 105 74 96 102 80 73 65 60 182 284 1 907 74| 22 26 28 16 12 19 50 64 448 75 & over 61 43 54 62 39 26 134 152 1073 Total 9162 7 978 7 099 7 019 4 925 5 102 14 142 20 064 220 796 J 102 STATURES. TABLE V. Natives of Ireland, by Heights and Ages. Height Under 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 in. Under 61 24 11 49 20 17 28 27 16 8 61 7 4 31 21 15 26 15 15 12 61| 4 2 48 32 35 26 39 18 11 62 3 8 76 57 38 51 43 36 16 62| 1 7 85 88 48 82 68 38 34 63 5 12 247 164 101 141 112 108 87 63| 1 8 195 145 116 196 127 106 92 64 5 21 442 348 231 362 260 220 186 64| 5 5 236 228 213 321 258 203 158 65 5 22 493 486 344 623 491 401 329 65| 4 5 241 249 273 425 364 270 228 66 4 20 541 523 435 885 690 525 462 66| 4 7 212 251 256 474 398 312 280 67 3 12 365 475 433 843 705 599 447 67| 2 6 183 231 260 435 409 296 246 68 2 15 330 351 420 766 648 556 480 68j 3 1 113 166 155 332 339 258 234 69 - 3 154 238 219 502 479 431 301 691 - 5 57 104 99 197 208 180 136 70 2 6 95 152 175 355 306 262 245 701 - - 48 43 45 129 107 110 87 71 - 4 51 70 89 151 161 112 127 711 - 1 12 24 14 51 51 44 36 72 - 1 26 31 37 81 65 63 68 721 - - 3 3 6 18 19 11 11 73 - - 7 10 12 28 31 21 19 731 - - - 3 4 9 7 10 4 74 - - 2 4 2 10 12 10 8 741 - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 75 & over - - 3 1 2 2 6 3 7 Total 84 187 4 345 4 519 4 095 7 550 6 445 5 235 4 360 STATURES. 103 TABLE V. - ( Continued.') Natives of Ireland, by Heights and Ages. Height 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total in. Under 61 17 9 13 14 4 17 36 61 371 61 6 5 11 4 6 6 10 34 228 61| 12 7 15 14 - 9 22 38 332 62 33 22 19 17 10 24 44 99 596 62| 43 22 35 30 22 29 48 105 785 63 96 87 70 71 32 88 151 349 1 921 63| 98 79 59 68 29 74 106 256 1 755 64 186 168 131 147 86 148 282 722 3 945 64| 146 112 116 135 88 114 237 551 3 126 65 376 246 239 284 179 285 543 1 353 6 699 65g 271 171 186 178 128 165 337 805 4 300 66 459 443 380 458 284 458 836 2 057 9 460 66| 286 248 195 225 152 191 457 868 4 816 67 490 402 437 477 258 424 843 1 810 9 023 67| 288 224 228 244 163 225 457 919 4 816 68 515 433 407 452 259 458 890 1 947 8 929 68| 234 183 159 210 126 156 384 663 3'716 69 352 284 271 295 176 246 573 1 276 5 800 69j 140 139 110 120 91 102 259 442 2 389 70 270 219 206 198 110 221 440 931 4 193 70| 86 58 73 90 40 51 167 239 1 373 71 118 80 108 112 70 103 221 431 2 008 wf 47 31 38 41 22 37 75 170 694 72 54 48 51 58 30 59 111 212 995 72| 14 12 12 10 4 8 22 39 192 73 20 12 12 26 11 12 32 66 319 73| 6 6 4 5 6 7 14 30 115 74 7 3 6 7 11 7 13 32 134 74| 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 8 28 75 & over 8 5 3 1 2 3 9 15 70 Total 4 679 3 760 3 596 3 994 2 400 3 730 7 621 16 528 83 128 104 STATURES. TABLE VI. Mean Heights at each Age, by Nativities. Total 1 35 and over 1 31-34 30 to © to CD tO to © to Ox to co to to to © © OO Under 17 Age last birth- day Ci © ... Ci ci © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 00 CD .52 37 9° S co -4 O co CD CD Cx 8 oo Cl co § po to CD co 1 co 00 CO 1 to po k © s § po CD § po Oi GO po co $ co po >-* pu 00 © to i © to bo o HU © CD § © to to Ox to © to 8 po bx to § New England > o © *® © CD © © © © Ox to © Ox © © © Ci © Ci © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 00 g 00 g 00 g OO g 00 op *4 OO o *4 •4 &> ex •4 OO © CD © Ox £ New York, N. J., Ox to o LC © & © 3o co $ © © £ © CD co o g © © © © g © © O bo o bo 8 ex rri © co 00 oo co © © 8 to 00 CD © 8 k> © o Hu and Penn. td © © © to to © © oo "4 to © -4 •4 -4 © Ci © K-> Ci © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © CD § 00 g CD oo ex po 00 -1 po po -1 00 CD 00 00 CO po >£*■ 00 GO po & •4 © © g Ohio and Indi- ci § © O' co to bo co § cd s i Ox 00 © Cl to © 8 © Ox © to GO »-* to s 00 to s bo 00 CD to Ox s to bx © Cl ana o co o co © *.1 £l co © •4 oo Ox •'I •4 Ox © OX Ci Ci Cl © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © CD a 2293 8.78 00 co B 00 © CD cd co oo bo © 8 CO 00 © £ po CD g po © © § co oo © © to § OO © to CO Ci OO po © to O po bx © £ to po © § po to © Cl X w w oo CD © © © 00 ta © © © £ bo 886 Michigan, Wis- consin, and Ill. a •4 HU co •4 to -4 © © 00 © OX Ox © CD © © Ci Ci Ci © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © s» K s» g? CD CO po 1-4 oo OU OO po oo 1-U po g oo to 00 to oo po g •4 8 © © Slave States not to Ox CD 3 O' CD CD £ O co bo co co H4 bo 56 O' © & 00 © to s -I © t OX *1 OO t-4 © to Ox o © bU © to to 8 bo © HU © incl. F and G: td Ox to -4 © hH © •4 •4 © "4 •4 4 © Ci Ci Ci © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 00 g oo co co k-U © |U co LU co © l_U 00 to co to po to po po OO CO OO CD © © £ Ox to Kentucky and Ci to to co © to O © § £ co 8 S° co CD 1 © £ © g to £ to CD Tennessee w Ox © 00 © to © W © 00 © tb © Ci Ci Cl © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © CD © 5S bx B po ~4 Op CH to to © to bo £ po 8 po Ox oo oo oo co s 00 © § po g po bx co 8 bo ex CD © Ox CO ES -4 Cl to Free States west of the Miss. © CD Ox co CD © © © HU © © co to Ci Ci Ci © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © c© o Ci & 677 8.86 00 co to £ po bx © to 00 © k to co HU OO CO © 8 to © HU co £ LO 00 © po 8 cn to 00 © co 8 po bx © s po 8 H4 00 bo £ bo © § CD HU © bo ft -1 © 00 g CD CD 230 Slave States west of the Miss. Ci Ci co © •4 to •'I •4 © © to © to 00 © © Ci Cl Ci © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 7.50 § 731 8.06 CD co o 00 io 8 bo to HU H4 00 § bo co- K © © to to © © g £ co OX CD <D to co 00 ex GO QO to OO HU to 00 g © © fe © co s ox CD CD po bo OX -x British Amer, not incl. Canada M I-* CO ox © to 4u. oo H-* to © Ox to "4 4 •4 Ci Ci Ci © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © •4 *4 co -4 ■ i -4 •4 *_T l_U •4 1 ' •4 l_U LU •4 1_U -4 to •4 to *4 CO © *2 © to Ox Ox Canada © Cl io 2 Ci (JO ex Ox © 8 to £ Ox 03 Ox Cl CO CO © © OX CD OO CD oo M Ci © ex co CH © CO CO uu h-4 00 -1 Ox GO CO 00 © 00 © o © to Ci - o Ci Ox © © © © ox © w © to Ox It is thus manifest that the variation of stature for different classes of troops is clearly shown, whether we arrange them by the 105 STATURES. TABLE VI. - ( Continued.') Mean Heights at each Age, by Nativities. w w oa d , B|-'Wb9kOb9K>is9tObJtCibStOi-i|->l-'q. rl P.J. OCOaCMO»W>5>.Wb9i--©tO(»M2 0-05 - S' ° *■ J__< « *4 Age last birth- day 30037 66.741 CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi Ci o, ci oo 9 >-* 9s t-* »-4 © k-* 9 to ? h p5 h- ?' to *- »-• w to S io 5 b S og ® Sa o S 'cS ® £ oo S <e S <» K w S « 8 *-' c> co So £ w 3 <© bP- © <o» «-* o co b£4.cc»rf4.caCJxtS©fc0rf4.cnrf4.-<i00>-*Mc»©O'C©cob3cob3 © ©©©©CJx00 England 7313 67.258 ©©©©Ci©©©©©©©©©©©© r* >-* oo to co r* co co co r* co co bp- co co s3 bP- ... s*5.. Ci 1! JS OX St W g Ci 0 8 w § CO g CJx g w 2 *-*§ O o © 00 Ci § WO bf4bPCJiOO©©OOMH1 O © CO h- t-* © CO © Scotland W 83128 66.951 Ci t , Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci 7* ca 7* m 7* co 7* 7* co 7* co 7* co 7* *• 7* 7* ca 7* <? P5 m P5 *• P5 rf. P' 4- P1 t-* F°„ ogtognytoSiogHgi-g.-.?, >-gc§oj:(xSagw2®S?w®«'3' © 4- H © O O C Q 4- © Q, W O O O A O M & W C' O O >- C' O o b- 44. CO © tCW)bC©tCb--© Ireland t-1 6809 66.534 CiCiCiCiCi CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi Ci H* P5 00 CO ? W CO CO ?i CO ®i CO rfk. P1 to P1 00 h- Qi © O h- Ci bO CO Ci O O tO QO t© CJx O Ci O France,Belgium, g and Switzerland " 89 021 66.660 Ci Ci , Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci © tO O CO ?"1 CO CO ?" CO bP- 4- bp- bp- O' bP- bP- C3 co >-4 Mg Mg m§3 Mg Mg oogi 00 s oo g aog? oo £ oog Mg Wo t« " a> £ «> § b S Q°oo Mt-* Ox Qi Ci Q 44. CO >-1 4- t© bP- 44. bP- c© Qi ODO b© co M-4 bU Qi ox co CO CO 0D OX 00 *- o h- 1-1 co C© QO M CO bo c© 44. 00 w Germany 6782 897 67.337 66.111 CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi ?i»-*^^^b0r,tC^W^tJ?,to's,CO^00?J S*5 tC CJX eg OX y 0x8 § ox gi Ci 55 c©!£ M 8 Ci S « S b» 2 w fe H- $5 b» xj OO £ 4X g <© co o co t© c© ox 4- to co ao oo <© <© c© bU t© C©W44.fc©O0(3©aDt!©O0O0b3t-*>-*rfxC©C©Q3 Scandinavia O CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi CiCiCiClOxCiCiOiCiCiCih_1CJXCiCJxQx 44. 44. H-* o wg W 8? b» O? M £ H-S Ci t o o 44. 3 b S S w S h-*8 00 g b 01 c© 00 CJX t© oo O b2 bC t© Ci O' OD -l bC Ci 0 44. 0 h- WOOCib3M©Oxb3C©M<tC©b-*CQCJXOM Spain, Portugal, and Sp. America 9576 66.596 ©©©Ci©©©CiCiCi©Ci©©©Ci© Ci co <5i b<4 © cn Ci Ci Qy, Ci qj Ci Ci Ci qj, CJx 44. »-4 CT) & S? CT\ bo rj <» 10 O 00 Ll C' \ b3 p-n <P ' , to ' J to • CO p,« Ci p,. O L-s Ci ™ bP*- pr, M O' 'bp- X* -4 to* ec> b~* ' -4 X CO *4 CJX CJX CO (-r, C<o pj( Ci -1 GC co CJX Cj, bi 4- H- -4 C© >- C© M © 00 Ci P-- CJX o bi bS CJt © © CiC©aoCJX©CJXCJXCJXCOb£4.44.M*M<©COb3© Miscellaneous to 1104 841 67.639 3 sS s 5 g L- - 3 - 5 - 5 § 5 3 5 - 5 g 3 2 S g M b3 fc© CO O b3 44. »-*WCJx Ci Ci CO 00 © b3 t© Ci Totals States of enlistment, or by the nativities of the men. But the fact, that the variations are more marked when the assortment is 106 STATURES. made by nativities, is conspicuous. To permit this comparison to be made with greater ease, the annexed table has been prepared. Its materials are identical with those of Table I., but the States of enlistment have been combined in the same groups as those of the classification by nativities. TABLE VII. Mean Heights at each Age, by Regions in which Enlisted. Total 35 and over 31-34 o fc© <© fc© OO fc© t© Ci b3 CJX t© b© co t© fc© fc© 4-* o c© GO Under 17 Age last birth- day 185 358 67.485 24 911 67.873 13 048 67.870 4877 67.703 67.809 7? co 6453 67.786 6266 67.841 7043 67.742 8128 67.708 9130 67.689 11334 67.739 13 882 67.562 20694 67.480 12341 67.454 15 054 67.194 26624 66.606 66.152 652 368 63.141 New England Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Ci Cl Ci Cl Ci Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Ci •Cl GO *4 Cl co c© o ■'I t© co Ci ■'I c© M Ci 00 Cl co Cl ©I I© co 4-4 New York, N. s £ ►u C0 00 CO po co Cl ©T GO W CO c© CJX co c© co co co bC Cx CO oo £ CO co fc© CH CO i© Cl Cl c© GO CT C7< CH fc© s b ©x 4-4 co c© g 8 J., and Penn. ©X o ox o Cl C3 t© c© t© c© ©4 ©X Ci t© Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Ci Cl Ci Cl Cl Ci Cl Cl Cl Cl *4 t© Ci 00 co 00 Ci oo CH 00 <cn oo -1 oo -7 oo oo 00 C© po o 00 t© oo oo *4 c© Cl Ci 4-4 Ohio and Indi- c© co oo ll~\ co |f~x co Ips co co »b co C© co co t© co c© Cl Ci oo CJT Cl ©X § c© c© r© GO oo C« 00 4-* oo o C© Cl -n 00 co o Ch ©X co c© oo "'I Ci o< *•1 co 4-* CO oo •'I Ci to Ci Ci Ci Ci Cl Ci ci Cl Cl Cl ci Ci Cl Cl Cl Ci Ci 00 co 00 oo oo ci OO co 00 CO oo o oo fc© 00 CO po CJT 00 oo oo -I p 8 Cl CO k-4 Michigan, Wis- 00 o co co t© Ci 8 4-' c© O< co o CH fc© c© s i© c© CH CO i© c© t© c© 8 r© co r-' Cl co 5 co I-* h-4 Ci co o 00 t© ©1 CJT c© Cl Cl t© s s o CO consin and Ill. Ci Ci 1-' fc© 4-» c© 00 c© t© c© c© c© Ci c© fc© Ci Ci Ci Cl Cl Cl Ci Ci Cl Cl Ci Ci Cl Cl Ci Cl Ci Cl oo 00 8? 00 oo cn oo Cn 00 -.1 oo oo co po c© 00 k-I oo 00 k-I 00 t© oo t-4 t© £ Cl 8 fc© Slave States not c> c© M ©x CJX ©I 8 s Ci t© o Ci 8 co c© CR co oo c© 00 Ci Cl Ci Cl Cn Cl co fc© co fc© 00 c© 8 i© Cl c© ©0 CO Ci 44 incl. F and G2 "-4 - 00 c© co o 00 <o Ci C! Ci o c© fc© -i 44 Ci Ci Ci Cl Ci Ci Cl Ci Cl Ci Ci Cl Ci Cl Cl Ci Ci Cl 8.16 1 8.81 1 r-* 00 on CO t© oo c© r© Cl £© oo Ci o 00 00 c© fc© 00 00 o Ci po GO c© 00 Ci r-« 00 CH c© s Cl yj c© t© t© 00 S co oo Ci Cl c© oo fc© c© oo fc© t© C- c© Ci GO t© -c c© ci Ci Cl 8 8 ci 4-> fc© o ©X Ci t© Kentucky and Tennessee o -1 ■'i co t© c© o ■<1 -1 00 Ci X ©x fc© c© ©x Ci Ci Cl Cl Cl Ci Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Ci ci Cl Ci Cl Ci Ci 8.03 Ci s 8.43 00 Ci t© fc 00 Cl co po 00 co t© 1-' OO Ci So 00 Cl co c© 00 C3 b© Ci oo t© s 00 ci o fe po §t Cl L© 00 ci °0 c© po & t© c' 0° t© Cl 00 c. c© 00 ©i t© 71 c© Cl 00 Cl 7© 00 ©X GO cn t© to Cl Free States west of the Miss *4 o o uc 4-' Cl £»■ Ci r© *4 o< t© Ci Ci Cl Ci Ci Cl Ci Cl Cl Cl Ci Ci Cl Cl Ci Cl Cl Cl o oo o oo 9° t© 00 OO g 00 t© 00 t© po t© oo t© 00 £ /j CO oo oo co Ci -1 ci t© ,r-v S lave States west c© '.-J 4-4 o i© do 1-* Cn i© V© r© r© t© CJT c© r© co O' r/> OO 5 c") Cl Crx of the Miss. 00 co Ci U-*. - L© c© ©' oo c© CO <£> Ox CO CH c© c© r© c© 00 fc© c© t© c© Cl k-4 o oo fc© Q< co 00 t© Ci t-* co c© 4-4 4-* h-4 M 4-4 Ci O' c© Cl CO CO Cl O Cl oo t© Ci 00 Ci po CO Cl oo Cl Cl £ Cl S Cl co Ci c© Cl Cl Ci c© Ci Cl Cl Cl OX ci 1 fs * *- Ci co 9° c© £ c© <©x co co 5 c© to 8 co b co 8 t© t© c© b h-* 8 c© (X 8 c© 3© i© c© R c© ©T co Cl c© fc© c© to X> CD k~4 GD co Totals L© fc© co t- I© H-* Ci Ci co oo L© fc© Cl STATURES. 107 It will be seen at a glance how essentially the two tables differ from one another ; the statures of. the nativity-tables for American States being reduced in the enlistment-tables in consequence of the admixture of foreigners, and the amount of their difference for different regions being also essentially modified by reason of the inequality in their respective proportions of foreigners and Amer- icans. Careful examination will disclose the fact that, for Americans, both the State of enlistment (which in a majority of cases is the State where the physical growth has in great measure taken place) and the State of birth (which indicates the ancestry) seem to exert a marked influence upon the stature. In other words, the gene- alogical stock and the region where the men have been reared com- bine to prescribe the stature, and the rate and duration of growth. This is made especially manifest by the tables XII. and XIII. given hereafter, for comparing the stature of natives of certain sections of the country, who enlisted in the place of their birth, with that of natives of the same sections enlisting elsewhere; also by Table XIV., which shows the extent to which the mean stat- ure of natives of some foreign countries varies with the region in which they enlisted. The subject is more fully considered, in our section concerning the Full Stature. 4. Law of G-rowth. The statistics here presented are perhaps the first which have been collected on a scale sufficiently large, and with sufficient de- tail of classification, to permit definite conclusions regarding the age at which the maximum stature is normally attained, and the rate of growth for the years immediately preceding this age. Thirty years ago, Quetelet, in his classic work " Sur V Homme f 1 expressed the belief that the growth of man was not entirely at an end even at the age of twenty-five years ; but his opinion was based upon statistics derived from the one city of Brussels ; namely, nine hundred instances, for ages between nineteen and twenty-six, from municipal registers of an enrollment in 1816, and the remain- der from recent measurements of students of the university. The results of the present research corroborated this opinion from the beginning, and indeed tended to fix the epoch of maximum stature much later than even Quetelet seems to have suspected. More copious data and more thorough investigation now leave small 1 Pages 14, 24, 42. See also Liharzik, Proceedings of the Vienna Academy of Sciences, XUV. p. 632. 108 STATURES. doubt upon this point, although the increase of stature after the age of twenty-three years is relatively quite small. Examination of the materials collected leads to the following in- ferences for white soldiers. 1. That the rate of growth undergoes a sudden diminution at about the age of twenty years, the increase of stature continuing nevertheless uninterruptedly until about the age of twenty-four. 2. That for a year or two after, this latter epoch the height re- mains nearly stationary, if indeed it does not diminish, after which a slight increase again manifests itself, and continues until the full stature is attained. 3. That the normal epoch of maximum stature must generally be placed, at least for American States,1 as late as thirty years, but that it varies for different classes of men. 4. That the annual variations after twenty-three years, or there- abouts, are of an order of magnitude not much larger than the pos- sible errors of the determinations themselves; and that the epochs of the changes vary considerably for different States and nativities; so that these are less conspicuous in the total of a large number of different classes, than when the soldiers from a particular State, or those of a particular nativity, are considered by themselves. Since the fluctuations of the total height during the several ages from twenty-three to thirty-four, at last birthday, are generally com- prised within a range not much exceeding the tenth of an inch, or less than three millimeters, it becomes necessary to inquire whether these fluctuations do actually represent some natural law, or whether they can be regarded as fortuitous, and explained on the assumption either of inadequate data, or of want of accuracy in the original measurements. But since the minimum number at any year of age exceeds 27 000, the first of these assumptions may safely be rejected; not so, however, with the second, for a little reflection will show that the regularity of the curve of growth might thus be seriously impaired. The most natural means of testing this question would seem to be by an examination of the several groups in which our materials have been classified, in order to determine how far they severally corroborate the inference indicated by their total. Of such groups we have three series, namely: in thirty-eight " counts," the lar- gest of which contains less than 54 000 men ; then according to 1 The only apparent exceptions are natives of the Slave States, excluding Kentucky and Tennessee; but here the maximum appears at twenty-nine and the number of men is small. STATURES. 109 twenty States of enlistment; and finally according to eighteen nativities. The number of times at which the highest mean stat- ure occurred for any year of age (no matter how small its excess above the mean height for any other year), was as follows : - Age 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total By Counts . 3 2 3 0 4 5 3 4 4 7 3 By States . 2 0 2 0 0 3 2 2 1 7 1 20 By Nativities 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 4 1 6 1 18 In all . 6 3 5 1 5 9 6 10 6 20 5 76 The argument from independent probabilities thus corroborates the inference derived from the totals, regarding the epoch of max- imum stature. It becomes yet stronger when we consider that in three out of the six instances of maxima at twenty-two, these are derived from a number of men too small to be entitled to any con- siderable weight, the same being the case with two out of the five maxima at twenty-four. And it may perhaps be most strongly appreciated, if the number of men be also taken into account, as when the ages of maximum stature deduced from the classification by nativities are presented in the following form : - Age Nativities 35 and upwards for 1 comprising 220 796 men. 31-34 66 6 66 661 752 66 30 66 1 66 6 320 66 29 a 4 66 101 340 66 28 66 1 66 7313 66 27 66 1 66 6 809 66 26 66 1 66 897 66 25 66 1 66 6 782 66 23 66 1 66 89 021 66 22 66 1 66 3811 66 18 1 104 841 The last of these values is manifestly entitled to no weight; but all other natives of the United States excepting the classes E and G2, together with the Irish and Canadians, are comprised in the first two groups, numbering nearly nine elevenths of the whole. The Southerners (not including Kentucky or Tennessee) and the English composed most of those for whom the maximum is at twenty-nine, and the Germans form the large class whose maxi- mum appears at twenty-three. 110 STATURES. If the classification by States be similarly analyzed, we find that 767 366, or somewhat less than eight elevenths of the whole num- ber, are to be found in the two groups for which the greatest mean stature belongs to an age above thirty years (last birthday). The fact, that this highest mean stature exceeds the mean stature for any other year by ohly a very slight amount, impairs in no de- gree the correctness of our inference that such a maximum actually exists. Indeed, if we confine ourselves to the first six nativities of our schedule, which include all the native Americans (United States), excepting less than 21000 who were born west of the Mississippi River, and comprise more than eight elevenths of all the white soldiers whose descriptive musters we possess, and if for these we compare the height at twenty-six years, last birthday (which represents the mean stature at 26.486 years of age), with the full stature subsequently attained, we find the excess of the latter to be - Nativity Number of Men Excess of Full Stature A. New England 152 370 inches 0.175 B. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 273 026 0.134 C. Ohio and Indiana 220 796 0.229 D. Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois . . 71 196 0.250 E. Slave States not including F and G2 44 689 0.163 F. Kentucky and Tennessee 50 334 0.193 812 411 0.148 As regards the more delicate question concerning the slight de- pression of the curve of stature at about the age of twenty-four years, a similar mode of research affords a similar corroboration. An inspection of the mean results themselves, as indicated together with the empirical curves on Charts II and I, will show the char- acter and amount of this disturbance of regularity in the curve. Of the eighteen groups according to nativity, two only, B and D, fail to make this temporary diminution of height distinctly manifest. The variations may be seen from the appended table, which gives the mean change of stature for each of four consecu- tive years of age ; the ages cited being for " last birthday," and therefore requiring in the mean an increase by nearly half a year. The total number of men comprised in the several nativities has been given above. 111 STATURES Nativity 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-28 28 to maximum inches inches inches inches inches inches A + 0.153 - 0.039 + 0.011 + 0.038 + 0.132 + 0.043 B + 0.105 + 0.031 + 0.091 + 0.031 + 0.012 + 0.122 C + 0.073 -0.021 + 0.083 + 0.051 + 0.023 + 0.206 D + 0.106 + 0.018 + 0.041 + 0.030 + 0.093 + 0.157 E + 0.172 + 0.158 - 0.047 + 0.130 + 0.084 + 0.079 F + 0.053 + 0.078 - 0.082 + 0.217 + 0.039 + 0.154 It will be perceived at once that those two nativities which ex- hibit no negative sign in the annual variations between twenty- three and a half and twenty-five and a half show nevertheless smaller positive values than the regular curve would imply. Arranging in a similar manner the annual variations of mean stature for the men enlisted in the several States, we obtain analo- gous results. The values from those nine States, for whose sol- diers the maximum stature occurred after the age of thirty, are here presented: - State 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-28 28 to maximum inches inches inches inches inches inches New Hampshire + 0.194 - 0.078 -0.006 + 0.163 - 0.014 + 0.366 Massachusetts. + 0.042 + 0.022 + 0.038 -0.109 + 0.006 + 0.228 New York . . + 0.066 + 0.012 - 0.059 + 0.132 - 0.034 + 0.055 New Jersey. . + 0.139 - 0.038 - 0.034 - 0.155 + 0.126 + 0.205 Pennsylvania . + 0.062 + 0.037 + 0.085 + 0.058 - 0.064 + 0.135 Kentucky . . + 0.099 + 0.200 - 0.377 + 0.369 - 0.005 + 0.033 Ohio .... + 0.042 -0.014 + 0.049 + 0.014 + 0.003 + 0.100 Indiana . . . + 0.004 - 0.079 + 0.128 -0.041 + 0.032 + 0.105 Illinois . . . + 0.000 + 0.045 - 0.054 + 0.039 - 0.028 + 0.056 These results seem to warrant the inference, that, during a period commencing near the age of twenty-three or twenty-four, a temporary diminution of the rate of growth occurs. Whether the apparent diminution of stature be real, or whether, taken in connection with the mean values for preceding and following years, it is to be interpreted as an accidental fluctuation about a nearly stationary mean value, we will not venture to decide. Did a com- plete arrest of growth take place, this would doubtless manifest itself as a diminution of stature, in consequence of consolidation of the cartilages and intervertebral substance, such as sets in after the attainment of the full stature, and is indeed manifested in the diurnal fluctuations of the height of individuals. The variation of the epoch of this point of flexure in the curve of stature for different classes, will be manifest in the various tables already given, as well as its tendency to obliterate the phe- 112 STATURES. nomenon in the curve for their total. The dots near the curves upon Charts H and I present the mean values for each age as obtained directly from the recorded observations. After various unsuccessful attempts to obtain a formula which should represent in some simple form the law of growth between the ages of seventeen and thirty-eight years, this endeavor has been abandoned. Such a formula would have small value unless it represented equally well the law for earlier ages; and the inves- tigation of this interesting topic, from our military statistics, is of course impossible. Should the statistical labors of the Sanitary Commission stimulate to the acquisition of anthropological statistics of youth, for which our schools and colleges afford so great facil- ities, the material thus collected, combined with that discussed in the present volume, may render possible a thorough discussion of the laws of human growth, not only in stature, but in the various other dimensions here recorded. And by distributing its measuring apparatus to educational and scientific institutions in different parts of the country, the Commission trusts that it may have done some- thing toward aiding these much needed inquiries. It remains to construct by empirical means the best approxima- tion to the curve of growth deducible from our collected data for the various nativities. For this, graphic methods have proved the most available, and the tables following indicate the resultant stat- ure for each actual age, for the soldiers of the several nativities enlisted in the national army. The same values are represented on the charts H and I, upon each of which the total for all the soldiers is also shown. The dots near the curves upon these charts indicate the observed mean values, and in those cases where danger of confusion exists between the values for different nativ- ities, the letters indicating the nativities are also appended. Chart H. /finy/s/r s/ioiri/ty Utenin statures fer nzeit' of differe/tf nativities. zzzzv/zz .zTzz/zzzz.r/A/-z/zrzz rff/i/fr/v if/ zzzzZzz'z//r,r STATURES. 113 TABLE VIII. Mean Statures at each Age, for fourteen Nativities. OC©OOMCit>x^Wb5»-*C)CDOOMCiOi>^Wb5HJ0<X>QOMCi Actual Age CiCiCJCiCiCiCiCiOCiCiCiOiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCJCiCiCi New England CiCiCiCiOCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi OOQOOOQDaDODQOQOQOOOOOQOQCMMMMMMMMCJOxOirfx-. C>'H New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania CiCiCiOCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiClCi OOGOOOaDOOaCOOQOODQOOOOOQOOOODQOOOaDQOaOMMCiOijUK-. cs®ieie®®®to®®c»ti)<lMi>o>®®ww®w®ia4i'3 S3 <X CC -4 M ® W t- O ® bi ® W ® -1 ® U H W -1 ® A <X 3 Ohio and Indi- ana 333333333®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®® aoaoaoaoooooooooc»aoooaoaooDC»aoaoc»aoaoacMc>»rf»._ M®oooooo®®®®a>6ooDMM*Ja®w£wowwA®' Michigan, Wis- consin, Illi- nois 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®® oooooocoaoaooocoQoooooooccaococoooooaoooaoMOswWh.. oococococ»aoooooaoaoaoao<t<»<s><x|a'>^><»-t^©w>*i-|wce- WW^^>U^>^>^Wb5K<OMl Slave States ex- cluding Ken- tucky & Tenn. CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiC)CiCiC>CiCiC£C)C>c>CiCiCiCi ioborcborotcbototobobot- CiMOOOOC©C©OOMUxCOO<yxtOCOUxWOOi»^Mi-' CD C3 00 M Kentucky and Tennessee CJCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiOCiCi British-Prov- inces OCiCiCiCiCiOCiCiOCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi England 114 STATURES. TABLE VIII. - ( Continued.) Mean Statures at each Age, for fourteen Nativities. Actual Age CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiOCiCiOCiCiCiCiOCi 7*7*7*?*?*?4?<7*?,?*7*7*7*7*?*?l?4r4r*r*?iFi?1!ti" '- 1 ? Scotland 7'*7^7J7^'K Ireland CiOCiCiCiCiOCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi France, Bel- gium, Switz- erland >.. 1 ? Germany CiCiOCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi r,r^7474^?^?^?^7Jr^r4r4?i7474?^?^r^r4r^r4Fi?:)S3itx - Scandinavia CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiOiCiCiCiCi ►-. MMMC»aoaoaDQlodo<lM<J<t<*CiCiC>CiCiUXW<©C0O ? c© All Others Q0C©C©OO©l-*»-'t0t0X0fc0t0l-*?©C©©MC©<lfc0>-'<WCiCi Mean of all STATURES. 115 These tables may be employed with advantage in referring the mean stature of a class of men, whose mean age is known or may be estimated, to their corresponding mean stature for any other age. But, like other averages, though correct for the type or the mean of al], they are by no means necessarily correct for individual cases, nor indeed for groups of considerable size, if belonging only to some one subdivision of the general class. The variation manifest in the age of full stature for soldiers of different nativities appears to be, to a considerable extent at least, a normal phenomenon. The growth in height clearly continues longest for natives of the United States (excepting the farthest southern portion) and the Irish population, for all of whom the maximum appears to be decidedly later than thirty-one years. For natives of the southern part of the Southern States, and for natives of the British provinces on this continent other than Canada,1 it is found at twenty-nine or thirty; then come the English, Scotch, French, Spanish, Scandinavians, and Germans, in successive grada- tions, the latter attaining their full stature at twenty-three. Fur- thermore, if, instead of the assortment by nativities, we consult that made by States of enlistment, we find the age of greatest stat- ure to be at twenty-four years, or earlier, for the troops of Mis- souri, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, all of which contain a large Teu- tonic element in their population. Similar inferences may be de- duced from the results of different counts for the troops of some of the larger States, especially Illinois and New York ; but the discussion of these is omitted as being too minute for a general sta- tistical investigation, - especially since such slight differences in the measurement are to be considered. It will have been remarked that the whole of this investigation is based upon the assumption, that, where the number of men dis- cussed is sufficiently large, we may obtain by computing the mean stature for different men, at the several ages involved, the same results as though we had obtained the mean stature of the same body of men in successive years. This assumption seems a reason- able one, and is entirely justifiable ; yet the objection may logically be urged that it takes for granted an equal vitality among men of different statures, since if the mortality rate were slightly less for tall men than for shorter ones, this circumstance would produce an apparent increase of height in successive years, by reason of the increase in the proportional number of tall men. To meet this objection, so far as it applies to the inference which 1 The province which bore this name prior to 1866. 116 STATURES. these researches appear to warrant, that the growth in stature con- tinues in general until the thirtieth year, or even later, it might be urged, that so far as any deductions may be drawn from existing statistics, these seem to indicate that the maximum vitality belongs to the average stature, so that the influence of such a source of in- accuracy would be in the direction opposite to that which our re- sults imply.1 Indeed this same argument has been used2 to explain the observed gradual diminution of mean stature after the age of forty years. But a much more satisfactory disposition of this doubt is afforded by the series of manuscript tables (nearly 700 in all), in which for each class of men considered, the num- ber is given who were found of each given height and age. From these tables (of which the summaries for four nativities have already been given in Tables II., III., IV., and V., and the re- mainder of which afford the same result), it may readily be per- ceived that the relative number at the higher statures slowly in- creases with the age, in the same proportion in which that at the lower statures diminishes ; whereas, were our results appreciably influenced by a difference in the vitality, or mortality, for different statures, the increase of the relative number having the higher statures would not be commensurate with the decrease of the rel- ative number of men of less height. And, furthermore, the rela- tive number of very tall or very short men, at ages when the full stature is approximately attained, say at twenty-four and up- wards, would systematically change on this account, as the ages increase, which is not found to be the case. The facts here presented are those upon which our knowledge of the Law of Growth for the average man within the limits of mil- itary age must chiefly depend. But our discussion would be in- complete, did it omit to recognize and illustrate the truth, that in- ferences drawn from the mean of all the men at each year of age, may not always represent the facts for the average man with per- fect correctness. This is well illustrated by Lehmann, in an able and ingenious memoir,3 in which he treats of the possibility of applying to individual cases the laws which have been deduced for the average man. That these laws may fail to indicate phenomena 1 Since the average excess, above the mean height, for " tall men," is much greater than the average defect in height for " short men," an equal mortality for men above and below the medium stature would diminish the aggregate excess above the mean, more than the aggregate deficiency below it; and thus occasion a decrease in the mean stature, year by year, unless this were compensated by annual growth. The diminution in mean stature, after attainment of the age of maximum, may be in part owing to some influence of this nature. 2 Quetelet, Physique Sociale. II. 31. 8 Schumacher's Jahrbuch, 1841, p. 137; 1843, p. 146. 117 STATURES. even of a strikingly marked character, occurring in every indi- vidual, and yet so masked in the averages as actually to escape notice, will be manifest when we consider the so-called " shoot " or sudden increase of growth, which occurs at, or just preceding, the chief epoch of physical development. The rate of increase in stature seems to diminish, regularly or nearly so, from birth, until the time at which the shoot takes place ; it is then suddenly aug- mented by a very considerable amount, after which it diminishes again. If then the growth of any individual be represented by a curve for which the abscissas are the years of age, and the ordi- nates are the corresponding statures, this curve will consist of two distinct branches, each of them concave toward the axis of abscis- sas ; the two branches meeting in a cusp where the shoot com- mences. Yet inasmuch as the epoch of the shoot is extremely variable, fluctuating between the eleventh and the nineteenth year of age, the tokens of its occurrence disappear from the correspond- ing curve of mean growth. This latter manifests a nearly even pro- gression during the ages in question, and rises at the average age for the shoot scarcely more rapidly than at adjacent ages, since the sudden accession of growth does not in the majority of cases occur at the average age. All indications of a sudden change in the rate of growth are wanting in the curve of mean stature; so that the investigator, who studies the Law of Growth solely by the mean results from many individuals, might easily allow one of the most salient and unfailing phenomena connected with this law to escape unnoticed. The very impressive suggestion has been made by Burdach, that the phenomena at this epoch of chief physical development may be regarded as equivalent to a new birth. Indeed it is an epoch more marked, in its physical relations, than is that of birth ; and the form of the curve of stature corroborates this philosophic idea. And we are thus naturally led to the query, whether there may not perhaps be other epochs at which a sudden accession takes place in the rate of development in stature. Statistics are as yet inadequate for determining whether any such accession probably accompanies the second dentition ; but the curious depression in the curve of stature at about the twenty-fourth year, of which we have spoken, suggests a suspicion that some secondary " shoot," on a much diminished scale, may occur at this age. Indeed, it would seem by no means an unreasonable conjecture that several such shoots may normally occur in the regular course of life ; and, moreover, that the idea thrown out by Lehmann and 118 STATURES. others, may not be unfounded, which suggests that the growth in stature may never be brought to full termination. The diminution in height with advancing years - first pointed out by Quetelet as occurring after the age of about forty years, and, according to our own statistics, beginning at a yet earlier date - may be considered as brought about by the predominance of influences in this direction by no means inconsistent with the existence of a slight continuance of growth. Such influences are the permanent consolidation of the cartilages, and of the intervertebral substance, analogous to the temporary compression, which is well known to follow long-con- tinued standing or subjection to heavy weights; the less vigorous and erect carriage of the body ; perhaps also a chronic curvature of certain parts, all of which may coexist with an actual continu- ance of growth in stature. It may be true that the increase in length of the larger bones is at the epiphyses, and that the com- plete ossification of these epiphyses is usually completed by the twenty-first year; yet we have evidence that the increase in stat- ure usually continues for many years after this age, so that there must be some othei' mode of increase in height, perhaps by growth in the spinal column, perhaps by growth of the bones, as bones, after the disappearance of their cartilage. Should these views be correct, it would not be difficult to ex- plain an actual diminution of stature at about the twenty-fourth year, as apparently indicated by our mean values, but not other- wise readily explicable. For while the occurrence of a shoot at this age would impart to the curves of growth for individuals the appearance of a reentering angle at the corresponding point, and might produce in the curve for the average an apparent depression, in consequence of the change of curvature, yet it could not effect an actual diminution of stature. But if other influences are sim- ultaneously at work, which would diminish the actual height were it not for a continuance of growth, these might easily attain a tem- porary preponderance, and a real diminution thus take place. 5. Full Stature. The height of the full-grown man has been the subject of as wide a diversity of statement, and seems as completely undeter- mined even for any one nationality, as the law of the growth by which it is attained. Among the values given by the principal investigators within the author's knowledge, the following may be cited, all the numbers being here reduced to centimeters and to English (American) inches. STATURES. 119 centimeters. inches Buffon1 (mean value) 169.2 66.60 Tenon,2 from 60 men between the ages of 25 and 45, measured at Massy 166.5 65.55 Quetelet,8 from 900 men enrolled for draft at Brus- sels 168.41 66.30 Quetelet,4 from 9500 Belgian militia (province of Brabant) 163.80 64.49 Quetelet,5 from 69 convicts at the penitentiary of Vilvorde 166.40 65.51 Hargenvilliers,6 from French conscripts (20 years old) 161.50 63.58 Quetelet,7 from 80 students at Cambridge, England (measured in shoes )8 174.21 68.60 Forbes,9 from Scotch students at Edinburgh (ditto) 173.45 68.30 Silbermann,10 from 559 conscripts in one Paris arron- dissement ....... 164.34 64.70 Carus,11 171.20 67.40 Schadow,12 from his own measures .... 172.60 67.96 Zeising,18 from his own measures and Quetelet's . 173.00 68.11 Liharzik,14 from 300 selected men in Vienna . 175.00 68.90 Danson,15 from 733 Liverpool prisoners, aged 25 and upwards 168.80 66.46 1 Histoire Naturelie, ed. Sonnini, XVIII. 432. 2 Annales d'Hygiene, X. 27. 8 Sur tHomme, II. pp. 13, 23. 4 Ibid. p. 11. 6 Ibid. p. 17. 8 Recherches et considerations sur la formation et lerecrutement de I'armee en France, Pans, 1817, p. 65 (Villerme, Ann. <THygiene, i. 352). I Sur I'Homme, II. p. 21. 8 Dr. A. S. Thomson states ( Contributions to Nat. Hist, of the New Zealand Race of Men, Journal Statistical Soc., London, XVII. 27) that these students, like those at Edinburgh, whose height is recorded by Prof. Forbes, were measured in their shoes, and that an inch should be deducted on that account. This has been done for the value here given, and the same estimate is adopted for the Edinburgh shoes. 9 Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh, I. 160; Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., X. 200. 10 Sur les proportions du corps humain, Comptes Rendus de 1'Acad. des Sciences, XLII. 496. II Proportionslehre, Leipsic, 1854. 12 Polyklet, Berlin, 1834-35, p. 61. (See Zeising, p. 881.) 18 Ueber die Metanunphosen in den Verhaltnissen der menschlichen Gestalt, Nova Acta Acad. Imp. Nat. Cur., XXVI. 805. 14 Der Bau und das Wachsthum des Menschen, Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akad. XLIV. 2, p. 636. 16 Statistical Observations relative to Growth of the Human Body, Journal Statistical Soc. London, XXV. 24. 120 STATURES. Coolidge,1 mean of 100 U. S. soldiers,2 natives of centimeters inches Indiana .... 175.58 69.125 Kentucky .... 175.96 69.275 Ohio ..... 175.37 69.044 Tennessee .... 176.11 69.335 Maine .... 174.69 68.777 Vermont and New Hampshire 173.58 68.341 Massachusetts and Connecticut 173.19 68.185 North Carolina 176.22 69.377 Georgia .... 177.61 69.926 South Carolina 175.96 69.275 Alabama .... 175.71 69.176 Virginia ..... 175 22 68.986 New York .... 172.23 67.806 Pennsylvania .... 172.99 68.107 New Jersey and Delaware . 172.24 67.811 Maryland .... 174.13 68.556 Illinois .... 175.85 69.235 Missouri 174.23 68.594 The exceedingly wide range of these data, can scarcely be ac- counted for by any one influence. Nor, indeed, are the means afforded in most cases for determining to what extent the varia- tions are fortuitous, and in what measure they are due to differ- ences in the classes of men under consideration, or how far they may be dependent upon the employment of different limits of age, in those cases where limits were regarded. Even for our vastly more copious statistics, the ages for which the corresponding mean heights may be properly used in determin- ing the full stature of the average man, remain somewhat uncer- tain. It seems to be shown by the present investigation, that these ages differ greatly for different nationalities, and even for different classes of the same people. The suggestion of Villermd3 that the stature is greater, and the growth sooner completed, all other things being equal, in proportion as the country is richer, and the comfort of its inhabitants more general, seemed from his data quite plausible; but it is not supported as a general law by the infor- mation here collected. It was based upon the hypothesis " that misery, that is to say the circumstances which accompany it, dimin- 1 Statistical Report on Sickness and Mortality of U. S. Army, in the years 1840-56, p. 633. 2 These soldiers were taken in the order in which they were entered on the Adjutant- General's books. Recruits under 65 inches high were not accepted at the time; but, for the small amount by which this rule could have affected the determination of the mean stature, see Hammond's Military Hygiene, p. 29. s Sur la taille de I'homme en France. Annales d'Hygiene, I. 386. 121 STATURES. ishes the stature and retards the epoch of complete development of the body." Misery, in its here intended sense of excessive poverty, affecting the supply of nutriment, physical protection from weather, and needful rest, hardly exists in the United States ; yet the. epoch of full development appears to be later in this than in any other country. The fact, however, that privations or exposure will " stunt " or prevent the attainment of the normal height is beyond question, and appears to explain the results obtained for sailors, as will be mentioned hereafter. Whether in deducing the measure of the completed stature, or full height, we shall use the same limits of age for all the classes of men considered, and what these limits shall be in any case, thus become questions of some difficulty. To afford a clearer oversight of the values resulting from the adoption of different limits, two tables are here presented ; the first showing the mean heights of soldiers of the several States, and the second, the mean heights of soldiers of different nativities. 122 STATURES. TABLE IX. Mean Statures for different Periods of Age. By States. State 21-23 24-26 27-30 31-34 35 & over 31 & over 24 & over Maine . . . 11897 6491 5771 3482 7081 10 563 22 825 68.363 68.455 68.556 68.555 68.587 68.576 68.537 N. Hampshire. 7292 3645 3385 1864 3466 5330 12 360 67.338 67.489 67.692 67.894 67.956 67.934 67.736 Vermont . . 5832 3017 2552 1598 3215 4813 10 382 67.790 67.867 68.044 68.091 67.772 67.878 67.916 Massachusetts. 10 600 5239 4933 2848 5144 7992 18 164 67.170 67.272 67.268 67.444 67.394 67.412 67.333 R. I. and Conn. 10 289 5909 5508 3256 6005 9261 20 678 67.097 67.341 67.389 67.389 67.446 67.426 67.392 New York . . 43 379 24465 22 712 14482 29 736 44 218 91395 67.294 67.386 67.411 67.478 67.394 67.421 67.409 New Jersey. . 5098 3167 2673 1577 2572 4149 9989 66.668 66.683 66.691 66.889 66.810 66.840 66.750 Pennsylvania . 15 329 9174 8761 5924 12 671 18 595 36 530 67.349 67.521 67.563 67.665 67.573 67.601 67.572 Maryland . . 1726 913 806 482 1001 1483 3202 67.659 67.872 67.829 67.712 67.747 67.736 67.798 West Virginia 3648 68.735 2095 68*876 1689 68.885 1078 68.937 2357 68.778 3435 68.828 7219 68.855 Kentucky . . 4796 3099 2590 1342 3031 4373 10 062 68.569 68.780 68.852 68.784 68.817 68.807 68.810 Ohio .... 19 495 13 022 12 808 8541 15 661 24 202 50 032 68.157 68.237 68.281 68.369 68.367 68.367 68.312 Indiana . . . 24 329 15185 13436 8361 14147 22 508 51129 68.432 67.474 68.511 68.632 68.422 68.500 68.495 Illinois • . . 39 275 26 968 23 383 13 453 23 421 36 874 87 225 68.339 68.419 68.404 68.454 68.306 68.360 68.389 Michigan . . 4227 2941 2836 1884 3987 5871 11648 67.954 68.011 67.946 67.985 67.931 67.948 67.964 Wisconsin . . 8989 6118 6600 4868 10 582 15450 28168 68.046 67.950 67.870 67.832 67.621 67.687 67.787 Minnesota . . 1141 709 953 794 1475 2269 3931 68.051 67.951 68.060 67.916 67.771 67.821 67.903 Iowa .... 5046 3185 3323 2148 4299 6447 12 955 68.630 68.709 68.777 68.876 68.656 68.729 68.736 Missouri . . 11413 8063 7563 4776 9350 14126 29 752 68.336 68.341 68.309 68.328 68.247 68.274 68.301 Louisiana . . 374 356 487 311 691 1002 1845 66.946 67.124 67.127 67.006 66.986 66.992 67.053 Totals . . 234175 143 761 132 769 83 069 159892 242 961 519 491 67.876 67.996 68.011 68.072 67.957 67.996 68.000 STATURES. 123 TABLE X. Mean Statures for different Periods of Age. By Nativities. Nativity 21-23 24-26 27-30 31-34 35 & over 31 & over 24 & over New England . 32 983 18 657 17 345 11 001 22 782 33 783 69 785 68.016 68.153 68.264 68.359 68.300 68.319 68.261 N. Y., N. J., 57 769 34 362 31884 20 683 40 668 61351 127 597 and Penn. . 67.725 67.943 68.035 68.134 68.096 68.109 68.046 Ohio and Indi- 46 643 28 206 24145 14142 20 064 34 206 86 557 ana . . . 68.529 68.682 68.809 68.959 68.980 68.971 68.832 Michigan, Wis- 16 666 8290 5053 2277 2293 4570 17 913 consin, & III. 68.520 68.658 68.801 68.949 68.781 68.865 68.751 Slave Statesnot 8702 5571 5181 3609 8579 12188 22 940 inch F & Gj 68.308 68.632 68.771 68.802 68.854 68.838 68.773 Kentucky and 9463 6633 5970 4041 8821 12 862 25465 Tennessee . 68.816 69.041 69.102 69.356 69.274 69.300 69.186 Free States west 696 177 70 22 33 55 302 of Miss. R. 68.507 68.302 67.739 67.545 68.098 67.877 68.094 Slave States 4150 1834 1113 544 677 1221 4168 west of Miss. R. 68.552 68.731 69.003 68.926 68.866 68.892 68.851 Brit. Amer, not 1951 1000 824 446 731 1177 3001 inch Canada 67.453 67.781 67.931 68.135 68.063 68.090 67.943 Canada . . . 8573 4388 3706 1875 3615 5490 13 564 67.224 67.508 67.512 67.696 67.300 67.435 67.480 England . . 6626 4279 4414 2905 5994 8899 17 592 66.714 66.896 67.020 66.999 66.990 66.993 66.976 Scotland . . 1307 1039 1218 821 1744 2565 4822 67.161 67.383 67.472 67.453 67.647 67.585 67.513 Ireland . . . 19 230 12 799 13 720 7621 16 528 24149 50 668 66.954 67.126 67.174 67.242 67.090 67.138 67.145 France, Belgium, 1084 1065 1194 830 1735 2565 4824 & Switzerland 66.628 66.579 66.745 66.592 66.714 66.675 66.671 Germany . . 14 909 12 822 14 230 10 488 22 071 32 559 59 611 66.829 66.828 66.790 66.785 66.718 66.739 66.771 Scandinavia . 1297 1020 1087 659 1423 2082 4189 67.412 67.754 67.471 67.502 67.299 67.363 67.486 Spain, Portugal, 285 165 151 58 80 138 454 & Span. Amer. 66.107 66.359 66.081 66.328 66.153 66.227 66.227 Miscellaneous . 1841 1474 1464 1047 2054 3101 6039 66.650 66.607 66.820 66.719 66.826 66.790 66.752 Totals . . 234 175 67.876 143 761 67.996 132 769 68.011 83069 68.072 159 892 67.957 242 961 67.996 519 491 68.000 124 STATURES. It would hence seem that the well-known phenomenon of a de- crease in height aftei' the age of forty-five or fifty years, exerts but a small influence here. Indeed the total number of the men here considered who were over forty-five years old at enlistment amounts only to about 13 300, out of 159 892 who were upwards of thirty- five, and of 242 961 who were upwards of thirty-one years of age ; so that an average diminution of stature by a centimeter, or 0.39 inches, among those older than forty-five, would diminish the mean height by only 0.033 inches for those of thirty-five and over, and by 0.022 inches for those who had passed the age of thirty-one. Notwithstanding the uncertainty of the upper limit, the ages ' thirty-five and over ' are probably best adapted to our purpose, where the number of cases available is sufficiently large; but for a considerable number of the nativities this is not the case. Conse- quently the most appropriate method of obtaining the average full stature for any nativity seems, under the circumstances, to be by taking the mean height of all over thirty-one years, when the num- ber in this category is sufficiently large to afford a trustworthy esti- mate ; but where the number falls short of about 3500, by fixing the limit of age at the latest year which will afford that number of men, provided, however, that it be not placed earlier than the age of apparent maximum for the State or country under consideration. There seems no occasion for hesitancy as to adopting this rule, since it so happens that those nativities for which the age of full growth is the latest, are also those for which we possess the most copious statistics; so that by determining our results in this way, we are most likely to obtain the same values which would be af- forded by an increased number of men at thirty-one and over. We thus arrive at the measures of full stature for the average man of the several classes, and will, as before, assort them both by their States and by nativities, giving the numerical values in inches and centimeters. STATURES. 125 TABLE XL Full Statures. By States and by Nativities. State of Enlistment. Num- ber Height Nativity Num- ber Height Inches Centim. Inches Centim. Maine . . . 10 563 68.576 174.18 New England . . 33 783 68.319 173.53 New Hamp. . 5 330 67.934 172.55 N. Y., N.J., &Penn. 61 351 68.109 173.00 Vermont . . 4 813 67.878 172.41 Ohio and Indiana 34 206 68.971 175.19 Massachusetts 7 992 67.412 171.22 Mich., Wis., & Ill. 4 570 68.865 174.91 R. I. and Conn. 9 261 67.426 171.26 Slave States excl. New York . . 44 218 67.421 171.25 of Ken. & Tenn. 13 409 68.843 174.86 New Jersey 4 149 66.840 169.76 Kentucky & Tenn. 12 862 69.300 176.02 Pennsylvania 18 595 67.601 171.70 British Provinces . 6 667 67.551 171.58 West Virginia 3 828 68.835 174.84 England .... 8 899 66.993 170.16 Kentucky . . 4 373 68.807 174.77 Scotland .... 3 478 67.579 171.65 Ohio.... 24 202 68.367 173.65 Ireland .... 24 149 67.138 170-53 Indiana. . . 22 508 68.500 173.99 France, Belgium, Illinois . . 36 874 68.360 173.63 & Switzerland . 3 759 66.697 169.41 Michigan . . 5 871 67.948 172.59 Germany . . . 32 559 66.739 169.51 Wisconsin 15 450 67.687 171.92 Scandinavia . . 3 790 67.461 171.35 Minnesota . . 3 674 67.885 172.43 Spain and Miscell. 4 421 66.766 169.58 Iowa . . . 6 447 68.729 174.57 Missouri . . 14 126 68.274 173.41 A comparison of these values can hardly fail to suggest the sus- picion, that the full stature for a given nativity may be different in the different States, and this is strongly corroborated by the com- parison of the special nativity-tables made for the men of each several State. Indeed the evidence thus obtained falls but little short of demonstration. These special tables, of which there are eighteen for each one of the thirty-eight counts for those States whose troops are here discussed, are of course too voluminous for publication in this place. The character of their indications in this respect may be seen from two tables which permit a comparison between the mean heights for natives of the New England States and for natives of New York, enlisting in their native States, and those of the same nativities who enlisted at the West. 126 STATURES. TABLE XII. Stature of Natives of New England. By Ages and Regions where Enlisted. Age Enlisted in New England Enlisted at West Excess of Height at West Number Height Number Height I Under 18 888 in. 65.232 281 ip- 65.612 in. 0.380 18 22 539 66.765 1 913 66.636 - 19 11 403 67.506 1 034 67.550 0.044 20 8 901 67.835 873 68.135 0.300 21 13 076 67.943 991 68.115 0.172 22 8 362 68.047 941 68.268 0.221 23 7 135 68.170 882 68.262 0.092 24 5 735 68.115 883 68.413 0.298 25 5 022 68.163 821 68.249 0.086 26 4 492 68.174 746 68.488 0.314 27 4 031 68.277 702 68.489 0.212 28 3 951 68.279 684 68.628 0.349 29 2 928 68.243 554 68.621 0.378 30 2 968 68.168 569 68.508 0.340 31-34 8 545 68.358 1 748 68.527 0.169 35 & over 16 910 68.302 3 857 68.448 0.146 From these tables and other similar ones which might be formed from our statistics, the deduction is palpable, that agencies con- nected with the State furnishing the men to the national army, produced a decided effect upon the stature, superposed upon what- ever other influences may have proceeded from the particular stock from which the men sprang. It is not difficult to form conjectures regarding the nature of these agencies. A large proportion of those enlisting in other than their native States had doubtless migrated in childhood, while their constitution, and especially their osseous development, was readily affected by external influences. Whether these were climatic, social, or alimentary, it is perhaps premature to discuss at present. That residence in the Western States, during the years of growth, tends to produce increase .of stature, seems established ; and the indications are strong that the same is the case with many of the Southern States. It would moreover appear that those States which show for their natives the highest statures, are those which STATURES. 127 TABLE XIII. Stature of Natives of New York.1 By Ages and Regions where Enlisted. Age Enlisted in New York Enlisted in the West Excess of Height at West Number Height Number Height Under 18 1 711 in. 64.823 1 504 in. 65.473 in. 0.650 18 18 680 66.307 11040 66.604 0.297 19 9 288 66.900 6 175 67.506 0.606 20 6 303 67.369 5 445 67.889 0.520 21 10 884 67.614 6 512 68.101 0.487 22 6 750 67.700 5 437 68.179 0.479 23 5 660 67.736 5 098 68.270 0.534 24 4 700 67.795 4 619 68.246 0.451 25 3 949 67.819 4 163 68.343 0.524 26 3 549 67.906 3 945 68.321 0.415 27 3 183 67.856 3 559 68.347 0.491 28 2 895 67.930 3 607 68.359 0.429 29 2 099 67.926 2 879 68.447 0.521 30 2 181 67.947 3 027 68.391 0.444 31-34 6 632 67.981 8 504 68.459 0.478 35 & over 12 874 67.902 17 318 68.401 0.499 tend most strongly to increase the stature of those who remove thither during the period of development. The westward course of population precludes any trustworthy inferences regarding the converse of this statement. And furthermore, it is evident that the relative stature for different States follows no manifest geo- graphical law. The suggestion that calcareous districts, by furnishing a more abundant and continuous supply of lime for the bones while grow- ing, promote their development, and thus tend to increase the stat- ure, seems to afford a partial explanation for this phenomenon ; but it gives by no means a complete solution of the problem, for the variations of stature are not by any means proportionate to the amount of calcareous formations near the surface of the soil. Thus the marked differences, in the average statures of the natives, be- 1 This table includes a few natives of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, but not in numbers sufficient to affect the result in any way. 128 STATURES. tween Maine and New Hampshire, and between Vermont and New York, cannot be accounted for on this theory. An instructive and interesting table may be formed, by present- ing the full stature of natives of those European countries which have contributed most largely to our population, namely, Ireland and Germany, - as obtained from enlistments in different States, - side by side with the corresponding statures for natives of the same States enlisting at home. Such a table is here presented for men of twenty-eight years and upwards, this limit being adopted in order to obtain an adequate number of men. TABLE XIV. Full Statures of Irish and Germans, enlisting in various States, compared with those of Natives enlisting at home. State of Enlistment Natives of Ireland Natives of Germany Natives of the Region No. Stature No. Stature No. Stature Maine 829 in. 67.262 83 in. 67.922 12 263 in. 68.781 New Hampshire . . 746 66.610 299 66.373 5 239 68.418 Vermont .... 413 67.078 34 66.596 4 832 68.172 Massachusetts . . 2 304 66.834 570 66.329 6 535 67.705 New York .... 12 138 67.068 8 196 66.527 26 681 67.930 Pennsylvania . . . 1 863 67.060 3 259 66.639 17 283 67.883 Indiana 1 340 67.268 2 475 66.842 6 887 68.979 Missouri .... 1 625 67.584 5 700 66.965 1 293 69.085 The adjoining States of Ohio and Indiana have in general been considered together in these investigations, as " Nativity C." Cir- cumstances led, however, to the separation of the natives of these two States, during the assortment of about two thirds of the In- diana soldiers. This has made it possible to give the figures for these soldiers in the last table; and here also a comparison of the results, obtained from these groups separately, illustrates the same principle which is manifested by our other statistics. The relative smallness of the difference between the statures of natives of these two States might reasonably be supposed to elude detection under the circumstances, yet for the mean heights we find - STATURES. 129 TABLE XV. Statures of Natives of Ohio and Indiana, enlisting in Indiana. Age Under 21 21-23 24-26 27-30 31-34 35 and over Natives of j Number 18248 9200 4900 3784 2017 2239 Indiana ( Height 67.424 68.628 68.774 68.891 69.095 68.929 Natives of ( Number 4962 3341 2204 1930 1287 1882 Ohio ( Height 67.263 68.456 68.614 68.668 68.865 68.787 Excess for Indiana 0.161 0.172 0.160 0.223 0.230 0.142 It is needless to occupy more space with illustrations of this prin- ciple, which the foregoing tables will have made manifest, and which might be deduced by a comparison of the mean heights for any nativity in different States. And the fact must be conceded, that the full stature for any class of men is dependent both upon their lineage and their residence during the period of development. The separate consideration of the men drawn from rural and from urban districts would be full of instruction ; and some at- tempts have been made to follow out this question; but the char- acter of our data renders it a matter of so much difficulty, to say the least, that these endeavors were reluctantly abandoned. The social classes to which the men belonged would afford an- other basis for useful classification, and the relations of stature and other physical characteristics to the special parentage, occupation, and education, as also the mutual relations of stature, complexion, and temperament, are among the problems of which our statistics would permit the discussion, and which were among those which we desired to include in the present chapter. But the limited out- lay, which the Sanitary Commission has felt warranted in devoting to the present researches, is inadequate to the proper investigation of these points. It has been already stated that the measures 1 of eighty students between eighteen and twenty-five years old at Cambridge (Eng- land) gave a mean stature of 69.60 inches, and that similar meas- ures of more than ten times that number at the Edinburgh Univer- 1 Made according to a prevailing usage by a tradesman in the town, and recorded to quar- ters of an inch. 130 STATURES. sity by Prof. Forbes, gave the mean stature as 68.70 ; but that from each of these values an inch ought to be deducted because the young men were measured in their shoes or boots. The rapid movements of our army on one occasion temporarily prevented the prosecution of measurements in the field, and the opportunity was improved to make various bodily measurements of the older students of the universities at Cambridge (Massachu- setts) and New Haven, for comparison with the corresponding ones of men of the same age in the army. The results of these measures will be given in the proper place; here the statures only need be adduced. They comprise all mem- bers of the Senior and Junior class who could be conveniently collected, and a few members of the professional schools, taken as opportunity offered, no selection whatever being made. The ages are for the last birthday, and the heights were measured to tenths of inches. TABLE XVI. Heights and Ages of Harvard and Yale Students. Age 63-64 64-65 65-66 66-67 67-68 68-69 69-70 70-71 71-72 72-73 73-74 over 74 17 - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - 18 - 2 2 - - 1 1 - 1 - - - 19 1 5 7 6 4 5 7 1 2 1 - - 20 3 3 6 6 8 15 14 7 7 2 2 - 21 - 4 7 11 13 9 11 13 1 1 - - 22 3 1 7 6 6 5 6 6 2 * 1 1 23 2 1 - 1 1 1 4 - 2 - - 1 24 - 2 - 1 3 5 1 - 3 1 - 1 25 - 1 - 3 1 2 2 - - 2 *- - 26 - 1 - 2 - - - - 1 - - 1 27 - - 1 - - 1 - 2 1 - - - Over 27 - - 2 - - - 2 - - - Total 9 20 32 37 37 45 46 29 22 7 3 4 STATURES. 131 The resultant mean statures are - Age Height Number m. c. 17 67.467 171.37 3 18 67.143 170.54 7 19 67.354 171.08 39 20 68.411 173.76 73 21 68.037 172.81 70 22 67.900 172.46 44 23 68.208 173.25 13 24 68.918 175.05 17 25 68.300 173.48 11 26 68.660 174.40 5 27 69.180 175.72 5 Above 27 68.600 174.24 4 Total 68.099 172.97 291 And may be classified thus : - Age Height Number in. c. 17-20 67.976 172.66 122 21-23 68.007 172.74 127 24-26 68.673 174.43 33 27 & over 68.922 175.06 9 Total 68.099 172.97 291 The two extremes were 63.1 inches for one young man of twenty years, and 77.4 inches for one of twenty-two years. We may sum up many of our general inferences regarding the full stature, in a few closing sentences. That the stature of a population is not in ordinary cases affected by the temperature of the region which it inhabits, as was sup- posed by Buffon,1 may be regarded as established by the small in- fluence which the latitude appears to exert. The statistics here collected show how slight any such influence must be within the territory of the United States ; for the differences of stature here seem altogether independent of climatic agencies, as will be per- ceived from a very cursory inspection of Table XI. For South America the same fact is established by the researches of D'Or- bigny,2 who especially discards this theory with emphatic repe- tition. For Europe the non-dependence of stature upon latitude is too well known to require illustration, and although there is a wide diversity between the statures of the Latin and the Teutonic races, it is in the direction opposite to that which this theory implies.3 1 Histoire Naturelie, ed. Sonnini, xvm. 302. 2 L'Homme Americain, I. 94, 95, 99. 8 Quetelet, Systeme Social, pp. 25, 26. 132 STATURES. That stature is not a distinctive characteristic of nationality is demonstrated with equal certainty by these statistics. Our tables XII. to XV. show incontestably the agency of some local influence, by exhibiting the difference in stature between men, of the same stock and nativity, reared in different States. The same conclu- sion was forced upon D'Orbigny by his South American investiga- tions,1 and the statistics of conscription in France and Prussia also make this truth manifest by showing the wide diversity in the mean stature of men of the same race, and born in districts by no means remote from each other. That the stature depends in any controlling degree upon the domestic circumstances of a population, as affected by abundance or need of the comforts of life, according to the opinion of Vil- lerm6,2 can scarcely be maintained after consideration of the facts here presented, although the effects of privation or exposure upon the physical growth are doubtless recognizable. That the stature is chiefly affected by the elevation of the dis- tricts inhabited, as suggested by D'Orbigny, who attributes 3 the supposed inferior stature in mountainous regions to the prolonged influence of a rarefied atmosphere, seems equally untenable. Among the tallest men of Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Vir- ginia, are the dwellers upon the slopes of the Alleghanies; the Green Mountains of Vermont furnish a race of men among the tallest in all the New England States; yet on the other hand the prairies and level fields of Indiana and Illinois afford a population of preeminent stature. The tallest men of France inhabit the slopes of the Jura. That all the influences here considered, - climate, nationality, comfort, elevation,-may contribute in some measure to affect the stature is more than probable ; that both ancestral and local influ- ences are recognizable is certain. And although we cannot suc- ceed in determining what is the chief agent, it may not be without value that we furnish evidence of what it is not. 6. Stature of Sailors. The assortment of one of the installments, or " counts," of the New York soldiers indicated for all the ages, without exception, a mean height less by more than an inch, than that given by the other counts for the same State. Examination revealed the fact 1 L'Homme Americain, I. 395. • L'Homme Americain, I. 98,103. 2 Annales cTHygiene, I. 386. STATURES. that these records contained the statistics of about 25 000 sailors, enlisted for the naval service in New York city, and credited to the State, so that they had been recorded with the soldiers. The special discussion of the heights of these men showed a stature for the sailors less than that for the soldiers enlisted at the same time, by amounts varying systematically with the age, but averaging an inch and a quarter. Comparing the results for each year of age directly with one another, we find the mean statures of soldiers enlisted in the State of New York to surpass those of sailors enlisted in the same State by the following amounts. Age Excess in Age Excess in. Under 17 1.496 25 1.282 17 2.367 26 1.369 18 1.993 27 1.273 19 1.506 28 1.235 20 1.425 29 1.214 21 1.384 30 1.249 22 1.345 31-34 1.213 23 1.277 35 & over 1.247 24 1.302 Total . . 1.292 The large excess at the age of seventeen, taken in connection with the gradual diminution of this excess for subsequent ages, seems to point both to a postponement of the development in stat- ure, and to a permanent arrest of this development to a consider- able extent. Steps were immediately taken to procure the ages and heights of sailors enlisted elsewhere, and through the ready aid of Dr. P. J. Horwitz, Chief of the Naval Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, and of Commander A. N. Smith, Chief of the Bureau of Equip- ment and Recruiting, statistics were obtained without difficulty for about 62 000 additional sailors, 4000 of them being negroes. The naval musters classify most of the men in the three divisions, " or- dinary seamen," " seamen," and " landsmen." In our tabulations the two former have been combined under the title " seamen ; " and the accompanying tables, XVII., XVIII., XIX., and XX., present the results for seamen, landsmen, and for the New York naval musters, as originally assorted, and for the several classes combined. With the " landsmen " are combined the miscellaneous classes, such as " firemen," " coal-heavers," " boys," etc., etc. The number of men from which each result was deduced is indi- cated in a lighter type, as in the Tables I. and VI. 134 STATURES. It will be perceived at a glance that the stature of "landsmen" exceeds that of " seamen," which latter also exceeds that of the sailors, credited to New York. The remarks already made while considering the Law of Growth, and the Full Stature, throw sufficient light upon this phenomenon, which appears at first so remarkable. The privations and expo- sures of a nautical life evidently exert a stunting effect upon the development, and the class of sailors enlisted at a great sea-port like New York, might reasonably be supposed to contain a larger proportion of " old salts," that is to say of men bred to seamanship from early youth. The effect of the sailor's life in delaying the growth, is indicated by the great difference between the statures of soldiers and sailors at the ages of seventeen and eighteen years, as already shown. The attainment of full stature seems to be earliest for seamen, for whom our statistics indicate twenty-eight years as the corre- sponding age ; and latest for landsmen, for whom it does not occur until " thirty-five and upwards." For the combination of the two in the New York naval musters, it is at the intermediate age, SI- SI.1 1 It may not be without interest if the mean ages at which sailors of different nativities attained their full stature be here appended, although the small number from which the inferences for some of the classes must be deduced precludes any great reliance upon the results. It will be perceived that, in general, the age of full stature is latest for " Lands- men," earliest for " Seamen," and intermediate for the combination of the two classes, in the enlistments at New York city, for the several nativities as well as for their aggregate; also that this fact is generally more marked, the greater the number of men from which the re- sult is obtained. The ages here are for " last birthday," as recorded. Nativity Seamen New York Sailors Landsmen Total Age No. Age No. Age No. Age No. A 28 372 23 263 30 108 30 446 B 28 274 31-34 486 35 & over 300 31-34 1318 C, D,Gi 24 132 31-34 6 35 & over 39 35 & over 135 E, F, G2 24 95 29 34 30 56 30 156 H,I 29 84 30 20 29 26 29 127 J 28 121 30 52 27 58 31-34 445 K 29 35 28 39 35 & over 52 28 110 L 29 141 27 275 29 160 29 493 M,P 30 23 26 16 27 8 27 40 N • 26 89 26 53 23 53 26 175 0 25 66 27 35 29 6 27 91 Q 19 18 27 31 29 3 27 95 Total 28 1095 31-34 1632 35 & over 1692 29 2436 STATURES. 135 TABLE XVII. Heights of Sailors, by Ages and Nativities. Age New England New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Under 17 14 363 74 451 6 291 414 711 64.696 61.504 62.358 61.743 63.458 60.379 61.801 61.233 17 43 280 47 370 14 158 340 512 64.669 63.513 64.032 63.713 64.357 63.203 62.928 63.052 18 234 868 55 1157 106 453 363 922 65.637 65.298 64.964 65.350 65.597 65.280 64.247 64.910 19 223 526 51 800 140 368 297 805 66.054 65.811 65.515 65.860 66.370 66.381 65.084 65.900 20 245 435 55 735 177 364 316 857 66.093 66.320 65.941 66.216 66.548 66.447 65.553 66.138 21 942 1411 .486 2839 437 1068 2152 3657 66.586 66.641 66.157 66.540 66.510 66.573 65.909 66.175 22 762 754 339 1855 435 699 1218 2352 66.432 66.810 66.197 66.543 66.600 66.654 65.994 66.302 23 646 481 263 1390 376 493 834 1703 66.512 66.760 66.659 66.626 66.607 66.744 66.110 66.403 24 522 334 215 1071 387 393 716 1496 66.589 66.939 66.194 66.619 66.651 66.755 66.224 66.474 25 503 269 172 944 337 338 539 1214 66.600 66.958 66.263 66.641 66.522 66.759 66.103 66.402 26 409 203 137 749 293 257 430 980 66.549 66.860 65.954 66.524 66.687 66.751 66.156 66.471 27 363 181 111 655 256 195 295 746 66.721 67.054 65.766 66.651 66.543 66.774 66.057 66.411 28 372 185 124 681 274 197 327 798 67.136 67.039 65.978 66.899 66.970 67.018 66.344 66.725 29 279 107 82 468 200 139 216 555 66.944 66.860 66.064 66.770 66.723 66.926 66.363 66.634 30 266 108 72 446 169 132 200 501 67.020 67.148 66.569 66.978 66.768 66.841 65.990 66.477 31 34 685 245 193 1123 521 311 486 1318 66.687 67.137 66.470 66.748 66.965 66.818 66.436 66.735 35 & over 1244' 269 334 1847 855 300 599 1754 66.834 66.989 66.499 66.796 66.697 67.140 66.177 66.595 Total 7752 7019 2810 17 581 4983 6156 9742 20 881 66 599 66.124 66.080 66.327 66.640 66.206 65.678 66.063 136 STATURES. TABLE XVII.- Heights of Sailors, by Ages and Nativities. Age Northwestern States Slave States Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Under 17 21 165 8 194 4 154 21 179 64.345 61.000 61.125 61.367 65.875 60.054 61.762 60.384 46 85 5 136 11 103 13 127 64.674 63.229 64.950 63.781 65.909 65.041 63.308 64.939 18 233 355 8 596 49 286 28 363 66.038 63.549 63.562 65.594 65.663 66.055 63.393 65.797 19 173 164 5 342 53 213 27 293 67.366 66.299 64.600 66.814 66.953 66.979 65.426 66.831 177 108 9 294 68 220 35 323 67.133 66.917 66.083 67.021 67.099 67.048 65.643 66.906 247 132 57 436 154 437 208 799 67.817 67.430 66.487 67.526 66.617 67.056 65.826 66.651 22 167 100 37 304 132 289 140 561 67.445 67.177 66.872 67.287 66.841 67.283 65.682 66.779 23 130 73 23 226 92 234 83 409 67.863 67.314 66.022 67.499 67.111 67.947 65.928 67.349 24 132 52 31 215 95 207 70 372 68.097 67.274 66.161 67.619 67.524 67.699 65.404 67.222 25 103 42 12 157 72 126 78 276 67.791 66.423 66.625 67.336 66.674 67.262 66.474 66.886 26 75 43 14 132 81 146 64 291 67.577 67.610 65.250 67.341 67.046 67.808 66.348 67.275 27 68 26 12 106 79 83 55 217 67.654 67.269 66.312 67.408 66.921 66.958 66.059 66.717 28 48 41 11 100 68 97 76 241 67.714 67.591 65.864 67.460 66.908 67.531 66.158 66.922 29 43 20 7 70 56 63 34 153 67.570 68.100 67.036 67.668 67.286 67.583 66.574 67.250 30 42 25 7 74 50 56 50 156 67.315 67.530 64.679 67.139 67.050 68.594 66.305 67.365 94 66 6 166 132 191 111 434 67.646 67.909 67.125 67.732 67.062 67.817 66.077 67.142 35 &over 88 39 8 135 327 192 161 680 67.810 68.135 66.156 67.806 66.870 68.359 66.304 67.157 Total 1887 1536 260 3683 1523 3097 1254 5874 67.321 65.870 66.003 66.623 66.904 66.896 65.851 66.675 STATURES. 137 TABLE XVII. - ( Continued.') Heights of Sailors, by Ages and Nativities. Age British Provinces England Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Under 17 2 21 10 33 - 29 21 50 62.750 62.738 63.350 62.924 60.224 60.976 60.540 17 8 31 11 50 11 22 24 57 64.656 64.669 61.523 63.975 64.455 62.591 61.698 62.575 18 57 162 12 231 49 79 35 163 65.342 64.679 63.021 64.756 64.015 64.291 63.214 63.977 19 84 145 15 244 69 52 40 161 65.958 65.816 65.817 65.865 64.924 64.731 63.369 64.475 20 114 108 23 245 87 65 54 206 66.485 66.743 65.630 66.518 65.256 65.285 64.694 65.118 21 340 264 106 710 250 183 320 753 66.605 66.820 66.429 66.659 65.313 65.587 65.054 65.270 22 277 192 81 550 262 137 174 573 66.893 67.443 66.571 67.037 65.421 65.443 65.394 65.418 23 223 112 52 387 193 91 167 451 66.805 66.944 66.582 66.815 65.710 65.566 65.488 65.599 24 154 79 34 267 160 93 131 384 66.818 67.161 66.110 66.830 65.752 65.573 65.441 65.602 25 154 73 31 258 175 80 112 367 66.854 66.969 65.669 66.744 66.127 65.787 65.708 65.925 26 114 48 24 186 123 65 81 269 67.004 67.432 66.708 67.077 65.878 65.558 65.855 65.794 27 111 43 18 172 123 58 83 264 66.626 67.110 66.486 66.733 66.122 66.466 65.349 65.955 28 130 55 20 205 121 53 94 268 66.896 66.668 67.325 66.877 66.277 65.925 65.628 65.979 29 84 26 17 127 86 43 49 178 67.253 67.875 67.647 67.433 66.166 66.064 65.347 65.916 30 72 31 20 123 84 49 52 185 67.212 67.331 67.650 67.313 65.703 65.633 66.029 65.776 31-34 182 56 35 273 208 114 123 445 67.209 67.232 67.150 67.206 66.071 66.362 65.764 66.061 35 & over 220 62 24 306 352 116 161 629 66.984 66.875 66.917 66.957 65.700 66.390 65.929 65.886 Total 2326 1508 533 4367 2353 1329 1721 E403 66.781 66.569 66.316 66.651 65.695 65.494 65.272 65.511 138 STATURES. TABLE XVII. - ( Continued.) Heights of Sailors, by Ages and Nativities. Age Scotland Ireland Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Under 17 - 6 62.417 7 62.429 13 62.423 2 66.125 71 60.437 39 61.212 112 60.808 1 7 4 12 9 53 42 104 65.000 61.536 65.687 63.208 63.861 63.632 61.095 62.627 18 8 28 1 37 68 235 76 379 64.687 63.732 65.500 63.986 64.952 64.428 63.914 64.357 19 14 18 8 40 93 254 88 435 65.304 65.056 64.250 64.981 66.341 65.658 65.560 65.784 20 23 12 12 47 160 277 184 621 64.696 65.771 65.104 65.074 65.916 66.144 65.649 65.939 21 66 50 84 200 365 1010 997 2372 65:989 65.455 65.158 65.506 65.990 66.387 66.010 66.167 22 60 38 56 154 445 778 738 1961 65.904 66.441 65.527 65.899 66.129 66.711 66.156 66.370 23 62 25 38 125 357 547 535 1439 65.512 65.690 66.336 65.798 66.089 66.573 66.078 66.269 24 55 31 48 134 285 419 423 1127 66.405 66.476 65.958 66.261 66.377 66.625 66.370 66.467 25 60 20 45 125 282 386 455 1123 66.137 65.975 65.378 65.838 66.368 66.492 66.087 66.297 26 49 19 30 98 253 361 332 946 65.766 65.882 65.042 65.566 66.508 66.648 66.217 66.459 27 39 23 25 87 203 254 275 732 66.391 65.750 66.390 66.221 66.282 66.485 66.484 66.428 28 45 26 39 110 243 321 293 857 66.094 67.000 67.128 66.675 66.353 66.540 66.252 66.389 29 35 9 21 65 141 160 192 493 66.900 66.000 66.155 66.535 66.814 66.863 66.391 66.665 30 36 15 31 82 179 228 205 612 66.042 67.283 66.411 66.409 66.485 6&658 66.116 66.426 31-34 82 37 64 183 363 427 385 1175 66.299 66.939 65.898 66.288 66.492 66.728 66.278 66.508 35 & over 171 52 97 320 531 487 446 1464 66.515 67.365 66.361 66.606 66.264 66.560 66.075 66.305 Total 806 416 610 1832 3979 6268 5705 15 952 66.119 66.007 65.842 66.001 66.255 66.343 66.040 66.213 STATURES. 139 TABLE XVII. -( Continued.') Heights of Sailors, by Ages and Nativities. Age Latin Races Germany Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Under 17 5 58.250 - 5 58.250 1 67.000 17 60.162 7 60.357 25 60.490 4 2 6 5 19 10 34 - 61.438 61.500 61.458 64.900 63.487 62.150 63.301 18 4 11 5 20 39 79 18 136 63.625 64.886 62.450 64.025 65.256 64.104 64.333 64.465 19 12 19 4 35 53 50 21 124 64.333 64.605 64.812 64.536 64.835 65.115 64.940 64.966 20 17 6 6 29 66 49 44 159 64.824 64.833 64.667 64.793 65.723 66.296 65.943 65.961 21 43 32 27 102 150 84 190 424 65.017 65.281 64.426 64.944 65.897 66.339 65.508 65.810 22 31 18 22 71 207 61 149 417 65.202 64.736 64.364 64.824 66.377 66.324 65.745 66.302 23 37 13 24 74 154 53 131 338 65.743 64.981 65.177 65.426 66.266 66.995 65.798 66.199 24 46 13 16 75 140 44 79 263 65.837 65.096 65.547 65.647 66.389 66.716 65.911 66.300 25 41 16 23 80 136 29 72 237 65.207 65.250 65.033 65.166 66.006 66.000 66.156 66.051 26 20 9 16 45 89 33 53 175 65.175 66.222 65.891 65.639 66.857 66.311 66.759 66.724 27 28 8 4 40 79 32 54 165 66.125 67.000 64.125 66.100 66.206 66.781 66.347 66.364 28 27 11 12 ho 113 31 47 191 65.778 66.182 65.146 65.715 66.270 66.065 66.261 66.234 29 17 4 7 28 87 30 36 153 65.176 66.875 64.786 65.321 66.241 66.633 66.472 66.373 30 23 6 13 42 54 29 33 119 66.696 65.583 65.000 66.012 65.903 66.078 65.250 65.748 31-34 44 12 21 77 139 65 96 300 65.670 66.312 64.750 65.519 66.365 66.015 66.310 66.272 35 & over 69 23 32 124 210 99 88 397 65.250 66.098 64.297 65.161 66.435 66.697 66.014 66.468 Total 459 210 234 903 1722 804 1131 3657 65.457 65.207 64.765 65.220 66.189 65.919 65.828 66.018 140 STATURES. TABLE XVII.-(Continued.') Heights of Sailors, hy Ages and Nativities. Age Scandinavia Miscellaneous Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Seamen Lands- men N. Y. Sailors Total Under 17 3 61.000 - 3 61.000 1 66.000 19 59.039 8 63.781 28 60.643 17 2 2 2 5 4 11 62.125 - - 62.125 64.375 62.100 60.375 61.886 18 9 10 2 21 17 21 8 46 66.556 63.925 65.375 65.190 64.956 64.750 63.344 64.582 19 15 2 4 21 18 20 15 53 66.417 66.875 63.937 65.988 66.250 64.275 64.933 65.132 20 36 6 15 57 32 13 17 62 65.958 66.542 65.933 66.013 64.937 64.827 64.794 64.875 21 63 18 73 154 91 38 78 207 66.421 66.069 65.949 66.156 65.354 65.079 64.782 65.088 22 120 10 107 237 75 25 85 185 66.065 67.400 65.834 66.017 65.667 66.200 64.818 65.349 23 72 9 64 145 47 21 67 135 65.997 65.694 66.379 66.147 64.989 64.964 65.627 65.302 24 66 6 58 130 59 25 59 143 66.223 65.542 65.884 66.040 65.877 65.040 64.725 65.255 25 66 11 67 144 72 26 83 181 66.958 66.341 65.974 66.453 65.562 66.269 65.684 65.720 26 56 7 40 103 49 22 49 120 66.406 66.679 65.681 66.143. 65.745 66.159 65.281 65.631 27 49 7 35 91 55 9 31 95 66.602 65.964 67.014 66.712 65.450 65.972 66.274 65.768 28 52 11 51 114 27 10 45 82 66.538 67.068 66.010 66.353 65.565 65.125 65.594 65.527 29 37 6 29 72 30 3 41 74 66.561 67.917 66.069 66.476 65.583 69.500 65.537 65.716 30 54 7 19 80 30 10 28 68 66.847 66.714 66.224 66.688 65.633 65.125 65.554 65.526 31-34 98 13 56 167 88 16 56 160 66.398 66.885 66.446 66.452 65.213 65.531 65.540 65.359 35 & over 146 15 109 270 98 38 70 206 66.214 65.467 66.275 66.197 65.727 66.329 65.075 65.617 Total 941 141 729 1811 791 321 744 1856 66.352 66.135 66.094 66.231 65.501 65.080 65.211 65.312 STATURES. 141 TABLE XVIII. Heights of Landsmen,, hy Periods of Age and Nativities. Nativity Under 21 21-23 24-26 27-30 31-34 35 and over 31 and over 24 and over New England . . 2472' 2646 806 581 245 269 514 1901 64.827 66.711 66.925 67.031 67.137 66.989 67.059 66.994 N. Y., N. J., and 1634 2260 988 663 311 300 611 2262 Penn 64.714 66.635 66.755 66.892 66.818 67.140 66.976 66.855 Northwestern States 877 305 137 112 66 39 105 354 64.696 67.320 67.119 67.594 67.909 68.135 67.993 67.528 Slave States . 976 960 479 299 191 192 383 1161 65.426 67.341 67.617 67.582 67.817 68.359 68.089 67.764 British Provinces . 467 568 200 155 56 62 118 473 65.421 67.055 67.156 67.126 67.232 66.875 67.044 67.118 England .... 247 411 238 203 114 116 230 671 64.016 65.535 65.641 66.037 66.362 66.390 66.376 66.013 Scotland .... 71 113 70 73 37 52 89 232 64.085 65.838 66.171 66.541 66.939 67.365 67.188 66.678 Ireland 890 2335 1166 963 427 487 914 3043 64.921 66.539 66.588 66.607 66.728 66.560 66.639 66.609 Latin Races, etc. 45 63 38 29 12 23 35 102 63.717 65.063 65.428 66.379 66.313 66.098 66.171 65.953 Germany .... 214 198 106 122 65 99 164 392 64.474 66.510 66.394 66.395 66.015 66.697 66.427 66.408 Scandinavia . . . 21 37 24 31 13 15 28 83 64.536 66.338 66.240 66.903 66.885 65.467 66.125 66.449 Miscellaneous . . 78 84 73 32 16 38 54 159 63.080 65.384 65.815 65.773 65.531 66.329 66.093 65.901 Total .... 7992 9980 4325 3263 1553 1692 3245 10 833 64.843 66.667 66.757 66.836 66.947 66.984 66.966 66.853 142 STATURES. TABLE XIX. Heights of Seamen, by Periods of Age and Nativities. Nativity U^er 21-23 24-26 27-30 31-34 35 and 31 and 24 and ' al over over over New England 759 2350 1434 1280 685 1244 1929 4643 ' ' 65.834 66.516 66.581 66.952 66.687 66.834 66.782 66.767 N. Y., N. J., and 443 1248 1017 890 521 855 1376 3292 Penn 66.153 66.571 66.618 66.755 66.965 66.697 66.799 66.731 Northwestern States 650 544 310 201 94 88 182 693 i-wruiwestern orates 66 538 67 714 67.869 67.580 67.646 67.810 67.725 67.747 Slave States 185 378 248 253 132 327 459 960 e otales . . . 66.58o 66.815 67.121 67.024 67.062 66.870 66.925 67.002 B it'sh P • ' 265 840 422 397 182 220 402 1221 untisn i rovmces . 65 989 66.753 66.882 66.953 67.209 66.984 67.086 66.972 England 216 705 458 414 208 352 560 1432 • • • • 64 828 65.462 65.929 66.091 66.071 65.700 65.838 65.940 Scotland 46 * 188 164 155 82 171 253 572 64.886 65.805 66.116 66.339 66.299 66.515 66.445 66.322 jreland 332 1167 820 766 363 531 894 2480 65.783 66.073 66.414 66.450 66.492 66.264 66.357 66.405 Latin Races etc 33 111 107 95 44 69 113 315 64.500 65.311 65.472 65.995 65.670 65.250 65.414 65.609 Germany 164 511 336 833 139 210 349 1047 65.308 66.203 66.360 66.188 66.365 66.435 66.407 66.321 Scandinavia . . 62 288 I88 102 38 146 244 624 66.032 66.133 66.536 66.646 66.398 66.214 66.288 66.473 Miscellaneous . . 10 213 180 142 88 98 186 508 65.279 65.384 65.715 65.539 65.213 65.727 65.484 65.581 Total .... 3225 8510 5713 5127 2636 4311 6947 17787 65.940 66.399 66.550 66.665 66.650 66.571 66.601,66.603 STATURES. 143 TABLE XX. Heights of Sailors, by Periods of Age and Nativities. Nativity Under 21 21-23 24-26 27-30 31-34 35 and over 31 and over 24 and over New England . . 3513 6084 2764 2250 1123 1847 2970 7984 65.012 66.560 66.601 66.816 66.748 66.796 66.778 66.727 N. Y., N. J., and 3807 7712 3690 2600 1318 1754 3072 9362 Penn. 64.459 66.264 66.449 66.568 66.735 66.595 66.655 66.550 Northwestern States 1562 65.447 966 67.444 504 67.458 350 67.418 166 67.732 135 67.806 301 67.765 1155 67.526 Slave States . . . 1285 1769 939 767 434 680 1114 2820 65.473 66.853 67.140 67.020 67.142 67.157 67.151 67.112 British Provinces . 803 1647 711 627 273 306 579 1917 65.507 66.822 66.863 67.036 67.206 66.957 67.074 66.983 England .... 637 1777 1020 895 445 629 1074 2989 64.077 65.401 65.769 65.917 66.061 65.886 65.958 65.881 Scotland .... 149 479 357 344 183 320 503 1204 64.398 65.709 65.922 66.470 66.288 66.606 66.491 66.316 Ireland .... 1651 5772 3196 2694 1175 1464 2639 8529 64.978 66.261 66.405 66.458 66.508 66.305 66.395 66.419 Latin Races, etc. 95 247 200 160 77 124 201 561 63.982 65.054 65.452 65.820 65.519 65.161 65.299 65.502 Germany . . 478 1179 675 628 300 397 697 2000 64.802 66.039 66.323 66.210 66.272 66.468 66.349 66.296 Scandinavia . . . 104 536 377 357 167 270 437 1171 65.623 66.092 66.226 66.545 66.452 66.197 66.295 66.349 1 Miscellaneous . . 200 527 444 319 160 206 366 1129 1 64.119 65.234 65.546 65.643 65.359 65.617 65 504 65.560 Total .... 14 284 28 695 14 877 11991 5821 8132 13953 40 821 64.908 66.330 66.454 66.562 66.621 66.546 66.577 66.528 The argument that the exigencies of naval service would pro- mote enlistments among the shorter class of men, by preference, since these are in general the most agile and active, so that thus an apparent inferiority of stature may be exhibited in the mean, - may be entitled to some weight in diminishing the amount of effect to be attributed to other influences. But it can hardly do more than this, since the differences are the largest at those ages where, by reason of incomplete stature, no such tendency to natural selec- tion exists. This argument is, however, especially precluded by a comparison of the mean statures of soldiers and sailors, after omit- ting from the data all those whose stature exceeds some limit not inconsistent with perfect nautical convenience. Such a compari,- 144 son, for men whose stature does not exceed 66 inches, gives, for all ages, results in conformity with those already obtained from the whole number of cases. 7. Stature of other Races of Men. For discussing the stature of other races than our own, compar- atively few materials are known to the writer. Tenon, in his manuscript notes, written about the year 1783, and posthumously edited by Villerm6, says,1 that the mean height of the Laplanders is 138 centimeters (54.3 inches), and that of the Patagonians, from 175.9 to 202.9 (69| to 79j inches),- the range of variation for a people diminishing with the stature. Pauw states2 that the average height of the Esquimaux is but 130 centimeters. Rollin, the surgeon of La Perouse's expedition, gives3 the stat- ure of some of the inhabitants of the shores of the Pacific Ocean in 1786 and 1787, as follows, for full grown males : - STATURES. Inches Centimeters Natives of Concepcion, in Chile 65.1 165 " " Monterey, in California, 66.6 169 " " Baie des Fran^ais,4 67.1 171 Tartars of Saghalien Island, 63.9 162 " " Mouth of Amoor River, 61.8 157 Humboldt, in his " Personal Narrative," 5 states that the ordi- nary stature of the Chayma race of Indians is about 62 inches, or 157 centimeters. The statures of the Caribes of the Orinoco, Humboldt found6 to range in general from 5 feet 6 in. to 5 feet 10 in., old French measure, being equivalent to a mean of 72.47 inches, or 184 centim- eters. But he himself7 regards this stature as an exceptional one for the race to which they belong, favorable circumstances having doubtless increased their normal stature.8 A summary of authorities concerning the great stature of the Patagonians, or at least of one tribe of the Patagonian Indians, which, according to Falkner, was the Puelche tribe, may be found in Lawrence's "Lectures on Man,"9 - according to which there 1 Annales d'Hygiene, X. 27. 2 Recherchesphilosophiques sur les Americains, I. 259. 8 Voyage of La Perouse, English Translation, 2d ed., III. 222, 247. 4 " Cross Sound," near Sitka, in Alaska. 5 Personal Narrative, Williams's Translation, III. 222; Voyage, 8vo ed. III. 277. ® Voyage, 8vo. ed., IX. 11. 7 Ibid. III. 355. 8 L'Homme Americain, II. 294. 9 Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural History of Man, by W. Lawrence, London, 1822, pages 378, 389. STATURES. 145 would seem to be small doubt that men much exceeding six feet in stature were common on the Patagonian coast in the last century ; and the evidence seems to be strong that many individuals exceeded 78 inches, and that some surpassed 80 inches in height. But a more thorough and exhaustive monograph, on the history and bib- liography of the statements regarding the stature of these men, may be found in the treatise1 of Alcide d'Orbigny, who lived for eight months 2 among this tribe, on the loanks of the Rio Negro, where, besides studying the habits and characteristics of the na- tives, he measured a very large number of them. In his remark- able work on the South American man, the fruit of eight years of sojourn among the Indian races,3 and four years more of study, we find the mean stature of thirty-nine tribes of the aborigines of South America, classified by tribes, branches, and races. D'Or- bigny says that he did not meet with a single man who surpassed the stature of 192 centimeters (75.6 inches), and that the mean stature of the full-grown Patagonians was found4 to be 173 cen- timeters (68.1 inches). That of the Puelche tribe was5 170 cen- timeters, few being found below the height of 162 centimeters (63.8 inches), and some attaining 180 centimeters (70.9 inches). A probable explanation of the exaggerated accounts of the stature of this really tall race of men is given by D'Orbigny, who says that the breadth of their shoulders, their bare heads, and the man- ner in which they drape themselves from head to foot in the skins of wild animals, produce such an illusion, that his own party had attributed to them an excessive stature, before any actual com- parison or measurement became possible. The mean statures and maximum limits for seven groups of In- dians were found by D'Orbigny 6 to be as follows : - , Mean m. Upper Limit. m. Ando- ' , Peruvian 1.597 1.700 Peruvian Antisian 1.645 1.760 Araucanian 1.641 1.730 t Pampean7 1.688 1.920 Pampean ■< . Chiquitean 1.663 1.760 _ Moxean 1.670 1.785 Brasilio-Gnaranian 1.620 1.730 1 L'Homme Americain, de TAmerique Meridian ale, Paris, 1839, II. 26-75. 2 Ibid. I. xiv.; II. 67. 8 Ibid. I. xxvii. 4 Ibid. II. 67. 6 Ibid. II. 78. « Ibid. I. 90,102. 7 Of the Pampean tribes the Patagonians were tallest, a large number of them giving as the average stature 173 centimeters; the upper limit being as above, 192 centimeters. The average heights of the Puelches was 170 centimeters; while that of the Mataguayos, who formed the smallest tribes of the Pampean branch, was 167 centimeters. 146 STATURES. Dr. A. S. Thomson has also given1 some interesting statistics regarding the New Zealanders, and found the mean height of 147 men of this race, of different ages, to be 66f inches, or 169.5 cen- timeters. Freycinet says2 that the stature of the Bushmen is but four French feet, or 51.16 inches (129.9 centimeters), which seems, however, to be rather below their actual stature. Du Chaillu reports3 the existence of a race in the interior of equatorial Africa, called Obongoes, whose mean stature does not exceed 56 inches (142 centimeters). He measured the height of several women, but was able to measure but one man. His stat- ure was 54 inches. Copious materials for determining the stature of the Negro race, as it is in the United States, must exist in the War Department, derived from the descriptive musters of the 180 000 men, enlisted4 in the national armies during the later years of the rebellion. The same antagonism of the Hon. Secretary of War towards the San- itary Commission which has so materially impeded its work in other respects, and has deprived its Statistical Department of large op- portunities, has here also restricted our materials to the 40 000 colored soldiers enlisted by the several States, and the 4000 col- ored sailors ; but the number of these who are of mixed race is so large, and the relative amount of the mixture is so diverse, that this number is inadequate for a thorough investigation of the sub- ject. Several widely different varieties of the negro race are to be found among the recently enslaved population of the Southern States, and these are mixed with each other, with the white, and sometimes with the different Indian races, to an extent which pre- cludes the attainment of statistical results based upon intelligent classification, unless from a much larger number of cases than is at our disposal. In the height-tables given in the report of the Provost Marshal General, the colored soldiers do not appear to have been separately considered; but there is ground for expecta- tion that the extended discussion of the Medical and Vital Statis- tics of the Provost Marshal's Bureau, for which an appropriation has been made by Congress, and which has been intrusted to the very competent hands of Dr. J. H. Baxter, late Chief Medical 1 Contributions to the Natural History of the New Zealand Race of Men, Journal Statis- tical Society, XVIII. 27. 2 Peron, Voyage aux Terres Australes, II. 308. 8 Journey to Ashango Land, p. 319. 4 Provost Marshal General's Report, p. 69. STATURES. 147 Officer of the Bureau, and author of the valuable tables already published, will largely contribute to our knowledge of this and kindred subjects. After some fruitless endeavor to obtain satisfactory results by treating the pure negroes and the mulattoes separately, it was de- cided to assort them in two classes only, namely, those born in the Free States, and those born in the Slave States. The mean re- sults from these two classes differ so little from each other, that it has also appeared advisable to combine the two tabulations. The tables accordingly present the two classes separately, and their aggregates. TABLE XXI. Mean Heights of Colored Soldiers, hy Ages. Age Natives of Free States Natives of Slave States Total Number Height Number Height Number Height Under 17 8 in. 63.400 340 in. 63.368 348 in. 63.369 17 44 63.847 422 64.602 466 64.531 18 961 65.439 4 016 65.581 4 977 65.554 19 777 65.807 2 889 66.096 3 666 66.035 20 561 66.219 2 533 66.575 3 094 66.510 21 745 66.454 2 433 66.784 3 178 66.707 22 517 66.691 2 119 67.057 2 636 66.985 23 471 66.752 1 682 66.886 2 153 66.857 24 411 66.965 1 450 67.072 1 861 67.048 25 399 67.006 1 606 67.082 2 005 67.066 26 290 66.559 1 111 67.333 1 401 67.173 27 294 67.147 925 67.302 1 219 67.265 28 262 66.943 945 67.144 1 207 67.100 29 200 67.062 555 67.290 755 67.229 30 219 66.918 997 67.032 1 216 67.011 31 34 522 66.872 1 747 67.257 2 269 67.168 35 & over 1 397 67.125 5 767 67.108 7 164 67.111 Totals 8 078 66.538 31 537 66.685 39 615 66.655 148 STATURES. Grouping the same data by periods of age, we find - TABLE XXII. Mean Heights of Colored Soldiers, by Periods of Age. •Age Natives of Free States Natives of Slave States Total Number Height Number Height Number Height Under 21 2 351 65.710 10 200 65.859 12 551 65.831 21 23 1 733 66.606 6 234 66.904 7 967 66.840 24 26 1 100 66.872 4 167 67.145 5 267 67.088 27-30 975 67.023 3 422 67.178 4 397 67.144 31 & over 1 919 67.056 7 514 67.143 9 433 67.125 24 & over 3 994 66.998 15 103 67.151 19 097 67.119 Total 8 078 66.538 31 537 66.685 39 615 66.655 These figures indicate a somewhat inferior stature, but a rather longer continuance of growth for men of color, born in the North- ern States. It will be borne in mind, in this connection, that the negro population in the North was chiefly confined to the States of the Atlantic seaboard, there being an extremely small number of this race in the Free States west of New York and Pennsylvania. Consequently those regions of the Free States, which produce the tallest men, were almost unrepresented among the black soldiers, and the small excess in stature, of negroes bom in the Southern States, corresponds with that found for white natives of the same regions. The indications are also that the diminution of stature after attainment of the maximum, begins sooner and is more marked at its commencement, than is the case for the white race. How far this phenomenon is real, and if real, to what extent it may be explained by the condition of the Southern negroes, are difficult questions to decide. In considering the law of growth deducible from these statistics of negro-stature, it must be remembered that the recorded ages are not as correct as fpr the whites. A large number of the blacks at the South are unable to state their age, and to a very consider- able extent this must have been a subject of estimate by the mus- tering officer. This fact is well illustrated by the series of num- STATURES. 149 bers of men at the several years of age in Table XXI. For na- tives of the Free States it will be seen that the successive numbers follow a law closely similar to that deduced for white soldiers; even the relative excess at twenty-one years and the corresponding deficiency at twenty being clearly manifest; while on the other hand the numbers for successive* ages among the natives of Slave States are much farther from the regular gradations of an equable law. The corresponding mean statures must of course be some- what affected. For the colored sailors our data assume the following form: - TABLE XXIII. Mean Heights of Colored Sailors, by Ages. Age Natives of Free States Natives of Slave States Total Number Height Number Height Number Height Under 17 56 61.768 105 62.069 161 61.964 17 40 64.013 75 64.077 115 64.054 18 104 64.954 161 64.887 265 64.913 19 79 65.111 158 65.359 237 65.276 20 71 66.035 229 65.762 300 65.827 21 203 65.789 299 65.738 502 65.759 22 136 66.075 241 66.009 377 66.033 23 110 65.918 189 66.209 299 66.102 24 72 65.951 148 66.373 220 66.235 25 83 66.307 160 66.437 243 66.393 26 48 66.380 103 66.570 151 66.510 27 41 66.585 89 66.090 130 66.246 28 56 66.473 79 65.981 135 66.183 29 46 65.462 47 66.463 93 65.968 30 40 67.269 97 66.224 137 66.529 31-34 89 66.337 133 66.641 222 66.519 35 & over 131 66.309 282 66.936 413 66.737 Total 1 405 65.753 2 595 65.867 4 000 65.827 150 STATURES. TABLE XXIV. Mean Heights of Colored Sailors, by Periods of Age. Age Natives of Free States Natives of Slave States Total Number Height Number Height Number Height Under 21 350 in. 64.591 728 in. 64.775 1 078 in. 64.715 21 23 449 65.908 729 65.950 1 178 65.934 24 26 203 66.198 411 66.448 614 66.315 27 30 183 66.418 312 66.159 495 66.255 31 & over 220 66.320 415 66.842 635 66.661 Total 1 405 65.753 2 595 65.867 4 000 65.827 The inferences already deduced, from comparison of the statures of sailors with those of soldiers, receive an entire corroboration from the statistics of negroes. Here too we find a great disparity betw'een the statures of these two classes at all ages - the differ- ence amounting to more than an inch for persons under twenty- one years, and gradually decreasing year by year. And the de- duction is unavoidable, that the stature is permanently stunted and its rate of growth also affected by the influences of a nautical life. Many minor indications of these tables will suggest themselves to the careful student; but the number of colored sailors upon which our inferences must be based is only 4000 in all, and does not warrant a more minute discussion. After the close of the war full measurements were taken of about five hundred Indians of military age, belonging mostly to the Iroquois1 people, and dwelling on their reservation near Buffalo. None were measured but those claiming and appearing to have no admixture of white blood; how far this assumption is correct must remain a matter of conjecture. All available men of this class above twenty-one years old were measured, as were also some below this limit of age, but no attempt was made at other discrim- ination or selection, so that the mean results fairly represent the 1 The Iroquois, or Six Nations, all originally belonged within the limits of the State of New York, and are composed of the Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Tuscarora tribes. STATURES. 151 Iroquois men. The dimensions in general will be given in their place, but the statures are presented here. The ages are probably correct. TABLE XXV. Heights and Ages of Iroquois Indians. Age Under 64 64-65 65-66 66-67 67-68 68-69 69-70 70-71 71-72 72-73 73-74 Over 74 16 - - - - 1 - - - - - - 18 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 19 - - - 1 1 - - 2 1 1 - - 20 - - 3 1 3 1 - - - 1 1 - 21 - 1 1 3 3 5 - - - 1 - - 22 - - 6 8 10 5 1 - - - - - 23 - - 4 1 14 7 3 1 1 1 - - 24 - - 2 2 22 7 5 1 - 2 - - 25 - - 1 2 4 4 -- 3 - - - - 26 - - 4 8 14 12 5 1 1 - - - 27 - - 1 - 8 12 2 3 2 - - - 28 1 1 2 2 16 12 3 1 - - - - 29 - - - 3 14 11 5 4 1 1 - - 30 - - - - 5 7 6 3 1 - -* - 31-34 - - - 2 24 21 11 4 3 3 - - 35 & over 1 4 2 5 26 47 24 11 3 1 1 2 Total 2 6 26 40 164 152 65 34 13 11 2 2 The resultant mean statures are - Age Height Number Age Height Number 16 in. 68.400 1 25 in. 68.093 14 18 66.300 2 26 67.842 45 19 69.517 6 27 68.668 28 20 67.980 10 28 67.624 38 21 67.579 14 29 68.423 39 22 67.110 30 30 68.877 22 23 67.984 32 31-34 68.665 68 24 68.093 41 35 & over 68.583 127 152 STATURES. and may be classified thus Age Height Number 16-20 in. 68.311 19 21-23 67.564 76 24-26 67.980 100 27-30 68.317 127 31 & over 68.612 195 The two extremes were 61.4 for one man twenty-eight years old, and 75.7 for one over thirty-five. It -will be perceived that the statures of these New York Indians are greater than those of natives of New York enlisted in the State, and that the growth of red men continues, like that of white and black men, until after the thirtieth year of age. 8. Extremes of Stature. It has already been stated that all statures exceeding 76f inches (195 centimeters) have been regarded as excessive, and inquiries specially instituted to test their correctness, as also that the records have thus been found erroneous in about one sixth part of the cases. These excessive statures have been regarded as worthy of particular investigation, and no pains have been spared in investi- gating them. So too all statures below 61 inches (155 centime- ters) have seemed 'worthy of separate tabulation, although here the defect of stature has been in a very large number of instances due to immaturity of age. Thus out of the 5445 instances among 1104 841 enlistments (being less than the half of one per cen- tum), where the height was below this limit of 61 inches, there were 1027 who were below the age of eighteen, and 1216 who gave their age as eighteen last birthday. Of these it has already been proved that a very considerable proportion had not probably attained this age. Of those who registered their age as nineteen and upwards, only 3202, or about two sevenths of one per cent, of the entire number were below this stature. We will first consider the extremely large statures, under which title all are comprehended whose height amounts to 75 inches (190.5 centimeters). There are of this class 3613 instances, or about one third of one per cent. From the distribution of statures of French conscripts, published by Hargenvilliers in 1817 in the pamphlet already cited, Quetelet has computed 1 that out of each million of men there were - 1 Theorie des Probability, p. 148. STATURES. 153 1186 at and over the stature of 191.5, and below that of 131.5 centim. 26 at and over the stature of 201.5, and below that of 121.5 centim. 1 at and over the stature of 211.5, and below that of 111.5 centim. Liharzik, in his elaborate and learned work on " Proportionality in Nature as based upon the Square numbers," gives1 the mini- mum height observed for a dwarf, as 86 centimeters (33.86 inches), and as the maximum height that of the " giant " Murphy, which was 210 centimeters, or 82.7 inches. Several well authenticated cases are on record, of men largely exceeding eight feet in height, reaching the stature of 255 to 259 centimeters, also, of well-proportioned dwarves from 75 to 92 cen- timeters. On the other hand, our own data show for each million of men - 3270 at and over the stature of 75 inches, or 190.5 centimeters 1180 44 44 44 76 44 193.0 44 360 44 44 44 77 44 195.6 44 169 44 44 44 78 44 198.1 44 47 44 44 44 79 44 200.7 44 22 44 44 44 80 44 203.2 44 11 44 44 44 81 44 205.7 44 7 44 44 44 82 44 208.3 44 6 44 44 44 83 44 210.8 44 2 44 44 44 84 44 213.4 44 These numbers are, however, derived from enlisted men of all ages, and if we restrict ourselves to the men between twenty and twenty-one years of age, we find, for each million of men, the pro- portionate numbers as follows : - 2761 at and over 75 inches, or 190.5 centimeters. 1012 44 76 it 193.0 44 342 it 77 44 195.6 44 171 it 78 u 198.1 it 92 it 79 u 200.7 44 53 u 80 it 203.2 44 26 it 81 u 205.7 44 13 44 82 it 208.3 44 13 44 83 it 210.8 44 thus indicating a larger proportion of extreme cases than were found among the French conscripts. The tables here appended show the entire number of extremely high statures found, after correcting the errors discovered by special inquiry. The first, 1 Da» Quadrat die Grundlage alter Proportionality in der Natur, etc., Vienna, 1865, p. 211. 154 STATURES. (XXVI.,) shows the actual number at each year of age, by grada- tions of single inches, and is followed by a corresponding one which presents the same data in the form of proportional numbers for each 100 000 men of the same age. The line entitled " Total " in this table (XXVII.), indicates the proportional number at each height, without reference to the age. The next pair of tables is similar to these, except that the division into groups is by States of Enlistment instead of Age ; while the two following these give in like manner the classification by Heights and Nativities, and the next two that by Ages and Nativities. Doubtless many other en- listed men passed the limit of 75 inches by growth subsequent to enlistment, and an estimate on this point may be attained by means of Table XXXIV., which is based upon the same materials as Table XXXIII., but presents the proportional numbers at and over 75 inches for each 10 000 men of the same age, as well as of the same nativity, thus indicating the increase of the relative num- bers with increasing years. The headings are to be understood as including the first-named and excluding the last-named stature. TABLE XXVI. Number of Soldiers upwards of 75 Inches tall, by Heights and Ages. Age. 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79 79-80 80-81 81-82 82-83 83-84 84-85 I Total 17 5 - - - - - - - - 5 18 103 31 8 6 2 2 1 - 153 19 108 56 10 5 4 - - - 183 20 133 51 13 6 3 2 1 - 1 - 210 21 226 71 16 8 3 - 1 - 1 - 326 22 176 61 17 11 1 2 - - - 1 269 23 156 63 16 12 2 - 1 - - - 250 24 142 52 14 9 - - - 1 - - 218 25 120 62 10 11 2 - - - 2 - 207 26 108 51 14 3 1 1 - - - - 178 27 100 38 13 8 - - - - - 0 159 28 99 46 10 7 - - - - - 1 163 29 72 35 7 2 1 - - - - - 117 30 65 29 9 6 1 - - - - - 110 31-34 277 104 22 17 3 1 - - - - 424 35 & over 419 156 32 24 5 4 1 - - - 641 Total 2309 906 211 135 28 is 4 1 5 2 3613 STATURES. 155 TABLE XXVII. Proportional number of Tall Men, in each 100 000 of same Age, by Heights and Ages. Age 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79 79-80 80-81 81-82 82-88 83-84 84-85 Total 17 46 - - - - - - - - - 46 18 61 18 5 4 1 1 - - 1 - 91 19 119 61 11 6 4 - - - - - 201 20 175 67 17 8 4 3 1 - 1 - 276 21 232 73 17 8 3 - 1 - 1 - 335 22 239 83 23 15 1 3 - - - 1 365 23 247 100 25 19 3 - 2 - - - 396 24 262 96 26 16 - - - 2 - - 402 25 252 130 21 23 4 - - - 4 - 434 26 258 122 34 7 2 2 - - - - 425 27 268 102 35 21 - - - - - - 426 28 262 121 26 18 - - - - - 3 430 29 263 128 26 7 4 - - - - - 428 30 215 96 30 20 3 - - - - - 364 31 34 333 125 26 21 4 1 - - - - 510 35 & over 262 97 20 15 3 3 1 - - 401 Total 209 82 19 12 3 1 0.5 0 0.5 0 327 156 STATURES. TABLE XXVIII. Number of Soldiers upwards of 15 Inches tall, by Heights and States of Enlistment. Height Me. N. H. vt. Mass. R. I. & Conn. N. Y. N. J. Penn. Md. W. Ya. 75*76 147 34 40 29 39 169 7 82 9 72 76 77 47 12 12 2 18 61 2 27 1 18 77-78 9 2 4 3 1 5 - 6 1 3 78-79 8 1 - - 1 3 - 2 1 1 79-80 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 1 - 80-81 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 81-82 - - - - - - - - - - 82-83 - - - - - - - - - - 83 84 - - - - - - - - - - 84-85 - - - - - - - - - - Total 212 50 58 36 60 238 10 118 13 94 TABLE XXIX. Proportional Number of Tall Men in each 100 000 from same State, by Heights and States of Enlistment. Height Me. N. H. Vt. Mass. R. I. & Conn. N. Y. N. J. Penn. Md. W. Va. 75-76 281 127 166 71 95 90 37 105 123 410 76-77 90 45 50 5 44 32 11 35 14 102 77-78 17 7 17 7 2 3 - 8 13 17 78-79 15 4 - - 2 2 - 3 14 6 79-80 - 4 4 5 2 - 5 1 13 - 80-81 2 - 4 - - - •* - - - 81-82 - - - - - - - - - - 82-83 - - - - - - - - - - 83-84 - - - - - - - - - - 84-85 - - - - - - - - - - Total 405 187 241 88 145 127 53 152 177 535 STATURES. 157 TABLE XXVIII. - {Continued.) Number of Soldiers upwards of 75 Inches tall, by Heights and States of Enlistment. Height Ky. Ohio Ind. Ill. Mich. Wis. Minn. Iowa Mo. La. Total 75-76 100 241 367 541 32 96 8 102 188 6 2 309 76-77 29 111 159 14 34 248 31 5 72 3 906 77-78 7 24 35 12 6 53 15 1 23 1 211 78-79 6 13 26 6 2 41 9 - 15 - 135 79-80 1 2 6 1 1 5 1 2 1 - 28 80-81 - 1 2 1 3 3 - - - - 12 81-82 - - 1 1 - 2 - - - - 4 82-83 - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 83-84 - - 1 - - 3 1 - - - 5 84-85 - 1 - - - - - 1 - 2 Total 143 393 598 576 78 451 65 110 300 10 3 613 TABLE XXIX. - ( Ontmued.) Proportional Number of Tall Men in each 100 000 from same State, by Heights and States of Enlistment. Height Ky- Ohio Ind. Ill. Mich. Wis. Minn. Iowa Mo. La. Total 75-76 417 223 310 287 137 187 120 345 327 232 209 76-77 121 102 134 7 146 484 463 17 125 116 82 77-78 29 22 30 6 26 104 224 3 40 39 19 78-79 25 12 22 3 8 80 134 - 26 - 12 79-80 4 2 5 1 4 10 15 7 2 - 3 80-81 - 1 2 1 13 6 - - - - 1 81-82 - - 1 1 - 4 - - - - 0.5 82-83 - - 1 - - - - - - - - 83-84 - - 1 - - 6 15 - - - 0.5 84-85 - 1 - - - - - 2 - - Total 596 363 506 306 334 881 971 372 522 387 327 158 STATURES. TABLE XXX. Number of Soldiers upwards of 75 Inches tall, by Heights and Nativities. Height New Eng. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. Ohio and Indi- ana Mich., Wis., and Ill. Slave States not including F and G2 Ken. and Tenn. Free States W of Miss. River Slave States W of Miss. River British Prov. excl. of Canada Can- ada 75-76 302 414 663 202 189 274 4 60 11 40 76 77 106 173 295 76 52 103 2 22 4 11 77 78 22 32 68 25 14 26 - 8 - 2 78-79 12 14 35 21 11 18 1 7 - 3 79-80 5 8 7 2 2 2 - - - - 80-81 2 3 I 3 - 1 - - - - 81-82 - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - 82-83 - - 1 - - - - - - - 83-84 - - 2 2 - 1 - - - - 84-85 - 2 - - - - - ** - - Total 449 647 1 073 332 268 426 7 97 15 56 TABLE XXXI. Proportional Number of Tall Men, in each 100 000 of same Nativity, by Heights and Nativities. Height New Eng. N.Y., N. J., and Penn. Ohio and Indi- ana Mich., Wis , and Ill. Slave States not including F and G2 Ken. and Tenn. Free States W. of Miss. River Slave States W. of Miss. River British Prov. excl. of Canada Can- ada 75 76 198 152 301 284 423 545 105 352 174 126 76 77 70 63 134 107 117 205 53 129 63 35 77-78 15 12 31 35 31 52 - 47 - 6 78-79 8 5 16 29 25 36 26 41 - 10 79 80 3 3 3 3 4 4 - - - - 80 81 1 1 - 4 - 2 - - - - 81-82 - - 1 - 2 - - - - 82 83 - - - - - - - - - - 83 84 - - 1 3 - 2 - - - - 84-85 - 1 - - - - - - - - Total 295 237 486 466 600 848 184 569 237 177 STATURES. 159 TABLE XXX. - ( Continued.') Number of Soldiers upwards of 'lb Inches tall, by Heights and Nativities. Height Eng. Scot. Ire- land. Fr., Belg., & Switz. Ger. Scand. Spain, etc. Miscel. Total 75-76 18 7 46 5 58 9 2 5 2 309 76-77 9 4 16 4 25 4 - - 906 77 78 3 2 2 1 6 - - - 211 78 79 1 - 4 2 5 1 - - 135 79 80 - - 1 1 - - - - 28 80 81 - - 1 - - 1 - - 12 81-82 - - - - - - - - 4 82-83 - - - - - - - - 1 83-84 - - - - - - - - 5 84-85 - •T T - - - 2 Total 31 13 70 13 94 15 2 5 3 613 TABLE XXXI. - ( Continued.) Proportional Number of Tall Men, in each 100 000 of same Nativity, by Heights and Nativities. Height Eng. Scot. Ire- land Fr., Belg., & Switz. Ger. Scand. Spain, etc. Miscel. Total 75-76 60 96 55 73 65 132 223 52 209 76 77 30 55 19 59 28 59 - - 82 77 78 10 27 3 15 7 - - - 19 78 79 3 - 5 29 6 15 - - 12 79 80 - - 1 15 - - - - 3 80 81 - - 1 - - 15 - - 1 81 82 - - - - - - - - 0.5 82 83 - - - - - - - - - 83 84 - - - - - - - - 0.5 84 85 - - - - - - - * - Total 103 178 84 191 106 221 223 52 327 160 STATURES. TABLE XXXII. Number of Soldiers upwards of 75 Inches tall, by Ages and Nativities. Age New Eng. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. Ohio and In- diana Mich., Wis., and Ill. Slave States not including F and G2 Ken. and Tenn. Free States W. of Miss. River Slave States W. of Miss. River British Prov. excl. of Canada 17 - - 3 1 - - - 1 - 18 19 13 54 22 12 14 - 6 - 19 20 23 60 27 10 21 2 7 1 20 32 21 80 25 12 23 2 7 - 21 35 71 99 46 14 25 1 11 2 22 35 48 80 31 16 28 - 11 1 23 29 48 84 26 19 20 - 12 1 24 30 41 42 28 19 25 1 8 3 25 27 34 61 21 11 22 - 9 3 26 - 19 34 43 20 19 20 - 3 1 27 25 27 54 14 9 13 - 3 - 28 17 24 62 15 11 23 - 3 - 29 14 24 39 5 11 12 - 2 - 30 9 24 26 15 12 13 - 1 - 31-34 54 71 134 22 28 73 1 5 1 35 & over 84 144 152 14 65 94 - 8 2 Total 449 647 1 073 332 268 426 7 97 15 STATURES. 161 TABLE XXXII. - ( Continued.) Number of Soldiers upwards of 75 Inches tall, by Ages and Nativities. Age Cana- da Eng. Scot. Ire- land Fr., Belg., & Switz. Ger. Scand. Spain, etc. Miscel. Total 17 - - - - - - - 5 18 2 4 - 3 1 3 - - - 153 19 4 - - 1 1 5 1 - - 183 20 2 - 2 2 - 2 - - - 210 21 5 2 1 2 3 9 - - - 326 22 5 2 - 6 2 3 1 - - 269 23 1 1 - 3 - 5 1 - - 250 24 6 - 2 7 1 5 - - - 218 25 5 2 2 8 1 1 - - - 207 26 5 3 1 5 - 4 - - 1 178 27 5 2 1 3 - 3 - - - 159 28 1 - 1 1 - 5 - - - 163 29 3 - - 2 - 3 1 - 1 117 30 - 1 1 3 - 3 2 - - 110 31-34 5 5 - 9 1 12 3 - - 424 35 & over 7 9 2 15 3 31 6 2 3 641 Total 56 31 13 70 13 94 15 2 5 3 613 162 STATURES. TABLE XXXIII. Proportional Number of Tall Men in each 100 000 of same Nativity, by Ages and Nativities. Age New Eng. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. Ohio and In- diana Mich., Wis., and Ill. Slave States not including F and G2 Ken. and Tenn. Free States W. of Miss. River Slave States W. of Miss. River British Prov. excl. of Canada 17 - - 1 1 - - - 6 - 18 12 5 24 31 27 28 - 35 - 19 13 8 27 38 22 42 53 41 16 20 21 8 36 35 27 46 53 41 - 21 23 26 45 65 31 50 26 64 31 22 23 18 36 44 35 55 - 64 16 23 19 18 38 36 43 40 - 70 16 24 20 15 19 39 43 50 26 47 47 25 18 12 28 29 25 44 - 53 47 26 12 12 20 28 43 40 - 18 16 27 17 10 24 20 20 26 - 18 - 28 11 9 28 21 25 46 - 18 - 29 9 9 18 7 25 24 - 12 - 30 6 9 12 21 27 26 - 6 - 31 34 36 26 61 31 62 145 26 29 16 35 Soever 55 52 69 20 145 186 - 47 32 Total 295 237 486 466 600 848 184 569 237 NATIVITY OF UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. 163 TABLE XXXIII. - ( Continued.-) Proportional Number of Tall Men in each 100 000 of same Nativity, by Ages and Nativities. Age Cana- da Eng. Scot. Ire- land Fr. ,Belg., & Switz. Ger. Scand. Spain, etc. Miscel. Total 17 - - - - - - - - - 18 6 13 - 4 14 3 - - - 14 19 13 - - 1 15 6 15 - - 17 20 6 - 27 2 - 2 - - - 19 21 16 7 14 2 44 10 - - - 29 22 16 7 - 7 29 3 15 - - 24 23 3 3 - 4 - 6 15 - - 23 24 19 - 27 8 15 6 - - - 20 25 16 7 27 10 15 1 - - - 19 26 16 10 14 6 - 5 - - 10 16 27 16 7 14 4 - 3 - - - 14 28 3 - 14 1 - 6 - - - 15 29 9 - - 2 - 3 15 - 10 11 30 - 3 14 4 - 3 29 - - 10 31 34 16 16 - 11 15 14 44 - - 38 35 & over 22 30 27 18 44 35 88 223 32 58 Total 177 103 178 84 191 106 221 223 52 327 164 STATURES. TABLE XXXIV. Proportional number of Tall Men in each 10 000 of same Age and Nativity. Age New Eng. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. Ohio and In- diana Mich., Wis., and IU. Slave States not including F and G3 Ken. and Tenn. Free States W. of Miss. River Slave States W. of Miss. River British Prov. excl. of Canada 17 - - 13 6 4 - - 28 - 18 7 3 12 12 19 18 - 14 - 19 15 10 28 30 29 56 39 33 24 20 32 11 44 37 43 67 55 40 - 21 24 28 52 65 41 70 28 59 23 22 36 27 54 57 57 91 - 84 17 - 23 34 31 65 63 77 71 - 121 20 24 43 31 38 78 93 100 114 112 74 25 44 31 67 80 58 100 - 137 92 26 34 33 54 96 116 103 - 64 37 27 50 29 76 86 64 80 - 88 - 28 35 27 88 105 73 135 - 93 - 29 38 35 79 50 101 98 - 87 - 30 24 35 51 151 101 92 - 46 - 31-34 49 34 95 97 78 181 454 92 22 35 & over 37 35 76 61 76 107 - 118 27 Total 29 24 49 47 60 85 18 57 24 STATURES. 165 TABLE XXXIV. - ( Continued.') Proportional Number of Tall Men in each 10 000 of same Age and Nativity. Age Cana- da Engl. Scotl. Ire- land France, etc. Germ. Scand. Spain, etc. Miscel. Total 17 - - - - - - - 5 18 5 18 - 7 30 5 - - - 9 19 13 - - 2 39 12 30 - - 20 20 9 - 61 5 - 5 - - - 28 21 13 8 21 3 70 16 - - - 33 22 18 9 - 9 61 6 22 - - 36 23 5 5 - 6 - 11 29 - - 40 24 36 - 56 16 26 11 - - - 40 25 35 14 58 17 27 2 - - - 43 26 40 25 30 13 - 10 - - 22 42 27 47 17 33 8 - 8 - - - 43 28 9 - 30 2 - 12 - - - 43 29 40 - - 8 - 10 48 - 36 43 30 - 9 32 8 - 8 73 - - 36 31-34 27 17 - 12 12 11 45 - - 51 35 & over 19 15 11 9 17 14 42 250 15 40 Total 18 10 18 8 19 11 22 22 5 33 During the investigation of the correctness of the records for cases of extreme height, a very considerable number of similar cases among the earlier volunteers were brought to our knowledge ; and it seems probable that the proportion of very tall men, among the troops whose descriptive musters are not on file, was at least not inferior to that among the later enlistments from which our statistics are necesssarily derived. Among our own data 51 cases of statures not less than 80 inches were recorded ; but many of these were found erroneous on special investigation. Great exertions were made to obtain information regarding others, who are recorded as follows on the official mus- ters : - Regiment Height Age Place of Birth Unassigned Maine Infantry . 80 inches 26 Maine, 7th Vermont Infantry . . . 80 " 40 Vermont, 128th New York Infantry . . 81 " 21 Ireland, 100th Ohio Infantry . . . . 84 « 22 New York, 166 STATURES. Regiment Height Age Place of Birth 169th Ohio Infantry . . . . 80 inches 37 Ireland, 29th Indiana Infantry . . • 801 cc 20 Ohio,1 59th Indiana Infantry . . . 83f cc 30 Indiana, 59th Indiana Infantry . . • 83| cc 38 Indiana, 81st Indiana Infantry . . 801 CC 23 Indiana, 89th Indiana Infantry . . 82 cc 24 Ohio, 153d Indiana Infantry . . 83 cc 25 Ohio, 1st Indiana Artillery . . . 80 cc 31 Kentucky, 31st Illinois Infantry . . . 811 cc 21 Tennessee, 106th Illinois Infantry . . 83f cc 25 Illinois, 109th Illinois Infantry . . 80 a 22 Illinois, 149th Illinois Infantry . . 83| cc 18 Ohio, Unassigned Illinois Infantry 80 CC 18 Illinois, Unassigned Illinois Infantry 83 CC 20 Illinois, Unassigned Illinois Infantry . 80 Ci 20 Illinois, 11th Michigan Cavalry . . 80 Ci 22 New York, 1st Michigan Artillery . . 811 CC 20 Michigan, 8th Wisconsin Infantry . . 80 Ci 20 New York,2 46th Wisconsin Infantry . 80 Ci 39 Norway, 46th Wisconsin Infantry . 80 a 39 New York, 26th Missouri Infantry . . 84f Ci 28 Pennsylvania. The tallest man for whose stature the testimony is complete and unimpeachable, is Lieutenant Van Buskirk, of the 27th Indiana Infantry. General Silas Colgrove, formerly colonel of that regi- ment, writes that he has frequently seen him measured, and that his stature was fully 82| inches, without shoes, or 209.5 centim- eters. General Colgrove adds that he was a brave man, and bore the fatigues of marching as well as most men of ordinary stature. Corporal Ira Stout, of the 50th Indiana Infantry, Company E, was 24 years of age, and 81 inches high (205.7 centimeters) at the date of his enlistment, September 1861. He was born in Ohio County, Indiana, was a farmer by occupation, had blue eyes, light hair, and fair complexion. This information is corroborated by Captain Percy Rous, his commanding officer, who states that the man was soon discharged on account of disability, and had done but little marching at the time. Colonel Gregory, of the 29th Indiana Infantry, has obtained for us precise information from Captain Charles Ream, of Company K, concerning one of his men, for whom he confirms the record. The somewhat inappropriate name of this man was John Bunch; he was born in Ohio, and at his enlistment, September 1861, was 1 Confirmed. 2 Confirmed. 167 STATURES. 20 years old, 80J inches tall (204.5 centimeters), by occupation a farmer, with hazel eyes, light hair, and light complexion. He was a notorious skulker, was never with the regiment in a single battle, and deserted in August 1862. He was known in the regi- ment as the " United States Ramrod." Colonel M. W. Tappan, of the 1st New Hampshire Infantry (3 months' regiment), believes our information to be correct in the case of Joseph H. Harris, of that regiment, also 80| inches (204.5 centimeters) in height, aged 26 years, born in Vermont, by occupation a mechanic, eyes blue, hair brown, complexion dark. Captain J. B. Redfield, formerly commanding Company A of the 8th Wisconsin Volunteers, vouches for the record concerning a man in that company, Andrew J. Sanders, who was born in New York, and was at his enlistment 20 years old, and 80 inches (203.2 centimeters) in height. These are the five tallest men whose cases are well identified, but only two of them, Bunch and Sanders, are included in our tables. The circumstance that three of them are from Indiana, may be perhaps explained by the especially careful inquiries which were made in that State, on account of the high average stature of its inhabitants. The testimony is overwhelming that very tall men do not bear the fatigues of a campaign so well as persons of ordinary stature; that they are less capable of performing long marches, and are more frequently on the sick list at other times.1 The statistics for persons of under-stature are neither so inter- esting nor valuable as those for very tall men, even if we consider only those whose small size is not fairly attributable to the non- attainment of full stature. The number of men under 61 inches who have reached the age of years (23 last birthday), is 1951, or about thirteen twenty-fourths of the number of men 75 inches tall. Of the whole number of " short men," about 54 per centum were under 21 years of age, and the number of those whose sub- sequent growth would carry them past the limit of 61 inches can- not well be determined. But if we assume the number who would remain below this limit after attaining their full stature to be pro- portional to the number of men who have reached the age of 25 without reaching the height of 61 inches, we should have 3692 as the number of men included in our statistics, whose full stature 1 The general conviction of medical men seems to be decided, that the mortality among tall men is greater than among short men. Thus, Sir George Ballingall, in his Outlines of Military Surgery, 5th ed., p. 34, says, " Tall men are more subject to disease generally, and especially to diseases of the chronic class, than men of medium size, and they are fre- quently the first to fail under fatigue." 168 STATURES. would not attain this height. In the tables presenting the statistics of enlisted men under 61 inches, the line of Totals shows the effect of growth after enlistment in a striking manner, since the relative numbers continue to diminish until the age of 29. Here too the effect of misstatement of age appears in a very distinct form in the numbers for 20 and 21 years. On the other hand, the number of men who were less than 75 inches high at the time of their enlistment, but who must have passed that limit of stature in their subsequent growth, is doubtless quite considerable. This is abundantly shown by the last column of Table XXVI., which ex- hibits a progressive increase of the actual number of tall men until the age of 21, although the total number of enlistments rapidly decreases with the age after 18; and by Table XXVII., in which a progressive increase of the relative number is manifest until the age of 25 at last birthday. Applying, as before, to our whole num- ber of men, the ratio deduced from the records of men above 25, we should find 4747 as the probable number of men whose stature was not less than 75 inches, and our numbers would thus be changed from 3613 tall and 5445 short, to 4747 tall and 3692 short men. The disproportion between these two classes of men in the pop- ulation is probably yet greater than these figures would indicate, inasmuch as the tendency to enlist cannot have been so great for very tall as for very short men. Obvious considerations of comfort and incommensurate exposure point to this inference, so that in all likelihood the very tall men were much less fully represented in the army than in the population. No especial scrutiny has been instituted to test the accuracy of the records for short men excepting in some extreme cases; but the indications are, that could we deal with an equally large num- ber of men who had attained their full stature, taken at random from the population, the number of those whose stature attains the limit of 75 inches, would be found nearly, if not quite, twice as large, and that of those who reach the limit of 76 inches one half as large, as the number of those whose full stature falls short of 61 inches. Among the descriptive musters of very short men there are four cases of men at ages near, or subsequent to, that of full stature, whose height did not exceed 53f inches (or 136.5 centimeters). The shortest man for whom the record is satisfactorily verified was a member of the 192d Ohio Infantry; at the time of enlist- ment he was 24 years old, and 40 inches in height. Colonel F. W. STATURES. 169 Butterfield, his commanding officer, vouches for the correctness of this record. He also assures us that he knew the man well, and that there was no soldier in his command who could endure a greater amount of fatigue or exposure. In the musters of the 128th Indiana Infantry is described a man 44 years old and 49 inches in height. General R. P. De Hart, formerly colonel of this regiment, confirms the statement, and states that the man was a good soldier, and able to bear the hard- ships of a campaign as well as men of medium stature. One man is recorded as 39| inches in height, but concerning him we have not succeeded in obtaining special information. Four tables will suffice for these statistics. Both for the States where enlisted, and for the Nativities, one table gives the actual number of men below 61 inches, recorded at each age, and an- other, analogous to Table XXXIV., shows the corresponding pro- portional number for each 10 000 men of the same class. 170 STATURES. TABLE XXXV. Number of Soldiers below 61 Inches in Height, by Ages and States. Age Me. N. H. vt. Mass. R. I. & Conn. N. Y. N. J. Penn. Md. W. Ya. Under 17 17 21 8 15 24 165 5 19 17 11 17 3 1 4 5 6 55 - 17 6 1 18 35 13 9 24 29 288 8 58 17 14 19 14 11 1 10 8 123 5 29 3 1 20 8 11 3 7 7 86 6 11 2 1 21 14 10 8 11 9 121 6 21 3 5 22 5 5 3 10 14 87 11 22 - 1 23 4 6 4 1 7 79 2 18 1 1 24 10 6 4 11 9 55 6 8 2 2 25 3 4 5 4 8 60 4 6 - - 26 3 2 3 8 6 57 3 5 - - 27 3 4 1 4 5 33 2 3 - - 28 1 5 rr 6 6 45 4 4 - - 29 - - - - 4 21 3 6 - - 30 1 2 1 4 5 41 1 1 1 - 31-34 6 5 - 9 13 117 1 20 2 - 35 & over 11 10 7 16 9 212 21 28 - 2 Total 138 116 61 145 169 1 645 88 276 54 39 STATUSES. 171 TABLE XXXV. - ( Continued.) Number of Soldiers below 61 Inches in Height, by Ages and States. Age Ky. Ohio Ind. 111. Mich. Wis. Minn. Iowa Mo. La. Totals Under 17 13 80 45 153 1 7 6 20 123 14 764 17 12 27 12 50 2 8 10 8 35 1 263 18 99 81 187 179 18 33 13 36 73 2 1 216 19 25 24 45 39 5 21 1 11 20 - 396 20 14 26 30 33 5 14 1 9 8 - 282 21 8 14 13 27 12 17 - 7 18 1 325 22 12 7 15 25 6 7 1 2 13 2 248 23 8 19 13 31 3 6 - 2 10 - 215 24 4 14 22 15 - 6 2 2 3 - 181 25 13 12 15 11 4 4 - 1 12 - 166 26 4 6 12 9 5 9 2 - 8 - 142 27 4 7 13 11 3 9 - 4 4 - 110 28 2 7 9 9 3 6 1 1 4 - 113 29 1 9 4 8 7 5 - - 2 1 71 30 4 11 5 7 4 3 - 1 8 - 100 31-34 4 25 19 24 8 18 3 2 14 - 290 35 & over 13 39 42 57 16 32 4 10 32 2 563 Total 240 408 501 688 102 205 44 116 387 23 5 445 172 STATURES TABLE XXXVI. Proportional Number of Short Men in each 10 000 of same Age and State. Age Me. N. H. Vt. Mass. R. I. & Conn. N. Y. N. J. Penn. Md. W. Va. Under 17 2152 2442 1356 2500 2857 2276 2273 460 3400 1170 17 224 110 256 397 414 403 - 123 682 41 18 37 41 22 45 64 114 81 53 166 41 19 32 56 5 27 26 82 39 41 44 6 20 23 60 18 25 27 78 41 18 35 8 21 26 31 29 21 21 63 31 33 43 34 22 14 22 18 32 42 66 62 46 - 8 23 14 33 28 4 25 73 14 43 20 10 24 41 45 34 55 41 61 48 23 56 25 25 14 31 51 24 40 73 39 21 - - 26 16 20 35 52 35 79 34 18 - - 27 18 42 13 30 34 51 26 12 - - 28 6 50 - 43 37 69 51 16 - - 29 - - - - 35 47 58 32 - - 30 8 27 19 36 40 79 16 5 61 - 31-34 17 27 - 32 40 81 6 34 41 - 35 & over 15 29 22 31 15 71 82 22 - 8 Total 26 43 25 35 41 87 47 35 74 22 STATURES. 173 TABLE XXXVI. - ( Continued.-) Proportional Number of Short Men in each 10 000 of same Age and State. Age Ky. Ohio Ind. III. Mich. Wis. Minn. Iowa Mo. La. Totals Under 17 903 1619 1667 1310 34 288 811 1316 2854 5833 1537 17 461 238 189 198 30 156 621 208 475 833 243 18 217 41 85 62 57 48 160 52 100 164 72 19 119 26 43 24 31 61 31 43 49 - 43 20 68 32 32 25 29 47 39 56 21 - 37 21 45 18 13 18 72 46 - 32 40 83 33 22 74 11 19 19 47 25 32 13 36 146 34 23 58 33 19 27 24 24 - 15 30 - 34 24 33 28 37 15 - 26 78 17 11 - 33 25 127 28 31 12 44 20 - 9 43 - 35 26 46 15 28 12 57 50 91 - 32 - 34 27 56 20 35 17 41 50 - 41 20 - 29 28 27 19 23 14 38 33 37 11 19 - 30 29 20 33 14 17 108 35 - - 14 98 26 30 62 37 17 13 60 19 - 13 42 - 33 31-34 30 29 23 18 42 37 38 9 29 - 35 35 & over . 43 25 30 24 40 30 27 23 34 29 35 Total 100 38 42 36 44 40 66 39 67 89 49 174 STATURES. TABLE XXXVII. Number of Soldiers below 61 Inches in Height, by Ages and Nativities. Age New Eng. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. Ohio and In- diana Mich., Wise., and III. Slave States not including F and Ga Ken. and Tenn. Free States W. of Miss. River Slave States W. of Miss. River British Prov. excl. of Canada Under 17 89 217 131 77 33 23 15 51 2 17 18 69 44 24 9 25 7 16 - 18 97 316 264 115 56 94 22 42 7 19 35 110 63 27 9 29 5 7 3 20 27 69 55 19 7 11 1 4 2 21 29 100 33 16 13 10 2 11 6 22 24 66 23 15 3 13 1 6 1 23 16 61 29 14 7 13 - 2 2 24 23 38 21 8 6 8 - 2 3 25 15 37 24 5 6 10 - 2 - 26 12 45 13 4 2 6 1 - 1 27 11 21 18 5 2 3 - - - 28 9 31 13 1 3 1 - 2 29 2 24 7 2 1 1 - 1 - 30 9 20 15 1 4 1 - - - 31 34 25 77 25 4 10 9 1 2 1 35 & over 36 179 52 4 12 11 - 1 2 Total 477 1 480 830 341 183 268 55 147 32 STATURES. 175 TABLE XXXVII. - ( Continued.-) Number of Soldiers below 61 Inches in Height, by Age and Nativity. Age Cana- da Engl. Scotl. Ire- land France, etc. Germ. Scand. Spain, etc. Miscel. Total Under 17 6 20 2 24 6 59 3 - 6 764 17 3 11 - 11 1 21 1 1 2 263 18 28 30 3 49 3 80 - 1 9 1 216 19 15 13 5 20 3 43 - 1 8 396 20 9 10 5 17 3 40 - 1 2 282 21 18 18 1 28 2 33 1 2 2 325 22 10 11 4 27 2 37 1 2 2 248 23 9 12 2 16 3 26 1 - 2 215 24 3 14 2 8 5 32 1 2 5 181 25 8 8 - 17 2 26 - - 6 166 26 9 6 1 9 2 25 4 - 2 142 27 2 4 1 13 1 25 - - 4 110 28 3 3 - 14 3 29 1 - - 113 29 3 3 2 4 4 16 - - 1 71 30 4 4 3 17 3 18 1 - - 100 31 34 4 15 4 36 9 57 2 - 9 290 35 & over 21 26 10 61 13 120 6 1 8 563 Total 155 208 45 371 65 687 22 11 68 5 445 176 STATURES. TABLE XXXVIII. Proportional Number of Short Men in each 10 000, of same Age and Nativity. Age New Eng. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. Ohio and In- diana Mich., Wise., and Ill. Slave States not including F and Ga Ken. and Tenn. Free States W. of Miss. River Slave States W. of Miss. River British Prov. excl. of Canada Under 17 2 055 1446 1 356 869 1765 1 050 2 419 2 217 2 857 17 222 199 188 136 204 563 551 447 - 18 38 76 59 63 90 124 126 98 129 19 27 48 30 30 26 77 97 33 71 20 27 38 30 28 25 32 27 23 53 21 20 40 17 22 38 28 55 59 69 22 24 38 16 28 11 42 51 46 17 23 19 40 22 34 28 46 - 20 41 24 33 29 19 22 29 32 28 74 25 24 33 26 19 32 46 - 30 - 26 22 44 16 19 12 31 294 - 37 27 22 23 25 31 14 18 - - - 28 18 35 18 7 20 6 - - 80 29 5 35 14 20 9 8 - 43 - 30 24 29 29 10 34 7 - - 31-34 23 37 18 18 28 22 454 37 22 35 & over 16 44 26 17 14 12 - 15 27 Total 31 54 38 48 41 53 144 86 51 177 STATURES. TABLE XXXVIII. - ( Continued.') Proportional Number of Short Men in each 10 000 of same Age and Nativity. Age Cana- da Engl. Scotl. Ire- land France, etc. Germ. Scand. Spain, etc. Miscel. Total Under 17 769 2 532 2 000 2 857 4 000 3 242 2 308 - 4000 1 537 17 149 664 - 588 556 587 233 2000 465 243 18 69 134 62 113 90 145 - 200 135 72 19 51 76 151 44 118 101 - 256 158 43 20 39 60 152 41 107 95 - 164 43 37 21 48 68 21 37 47 59 20 202 29 33 22 36 51 90 42 61 75 22 179 32 34 23 42 66 51 31 91 58 29 - 38 34 24 18 86 56 18 131 73 25 328 101 33 25 56 55 - 36 54 60 - - 114 35 26 71 50 30 24 64 61 135 - 44 34 27 19 34 33 36 37 70 - - 103 29 28 27 24 - 35 85 73 32 - - 30 29 40 33 75 17 140 51 - - 36 26 30 52 37 95 46 104 50 36 - - 33 31-34 21 52 49 47 108 54 30 - 86 35 35 & over 58 43 57 37 75 54 42 125 39 35 Total 49 69 61 45 95 77 32 123 71 49 178 STATURES. The extent to which mean statures, computed directly from data, military or otherwise, from which all cases below a given limit have been excluded, are affected by such restriction of the fundamental data, may be estimated from the statistics here pre- sented. By far the greater portion of the materials available for determining or comparing the statures of different people or races are derived from military records, and a neglect of proper regard to the conditions under which the statistics are collected, may easily result in error as gross and as absurd as that occasioned by the failure to record that an inch or more of the registered height of English and Scottish students was the handiwork of the shoe- maker, who had thus succeeded in adding at least a part of a cubit to their stature. Similar to these precautions is the other one, regarding the needfulness of which these researches will leave no room for doubt, that only persons of the same age, or of full stature, be com- pared with each other, in determining differences due to race, or nation, or class. The mean age corresponding to a given stature is also a very false guide unless the limits of age be quite narrow, or unless those ages only be taken into account, which may afford guaranty of an approximate attainment of the full stature. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. As these pages are passing through the press, the author has suc- ceeded in obtaining, through the kindness of his friends Dr. S. Weir Mitchell and Dr. John H. Packard, of Philadelphia, a copy of the Re- cueil de Memoires de Medecine, de Chirm gie et de Pharmacie Militaires, for March and July 1863, forming parts of Vols. IX. and X., and con- taining Boudin's learned and valuable memoir, " Etudes ethnologiques sur la taille et le poids de I'homme chez divers peuples ": a memoir, without some reference to which the present chapter would be incom- plete, yet which sundry efforts had previously failed to procure.. Since it is too late to incorporate any of the results of M. Boudin's researches in the body of the chapter, it may not be regarded as inappropriate, to devote a few paragraphs, in the form of supplementary notes, to such of the new materials which he has given, as have an especial bearing upon the results of our own inquiries. § 3. Heights by Nativities. - The mean stature of French conscripts, from 1818 to 1828 inclusive, is stated to have been 165.7 centimeters (65.24 inches), their mean age being 20| years, and the limit of stature 157 centimeters (61.81 inches). And from the other data here given Mr. Elliott finds 1 the mean stature of the conscripts from 1831 to 1862 to be 165.5 centims. (65.16 inches), the mean age remaining the same, but the minimum of stature having been reduced to 156 centimeters. Our statistics (Tables VI., VIII.) have shown that for the natives of France, Belgium, etc., aged 20 at last birthday, who enlisted in our army, the mean height was 66.24 inches, or 168.24 centimeters, being greater by 1.08 inches, or 2.74 centimeters, than that found in France. It is true that the Belgians and Swiss have been aggregated with the French in constructing our table, but the French form much the largest proportion, while their combination with Belgians would tend to decrease the resultant mean, inasmuch as the Belgian stature is less than the French.2 From these facts the inference appears legitimate that the mean stature of the natives of France who enlisted in the American army during their twenty-first year was nearly three centimeters greater than 1 Milit. Stat, of U. S. A., Berlin, 1863, p, 16. 2 Hecueil de Memoires, etc., X. 27-31. 180 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. that of the conscripts of the same age in their native country, notwith- standing that all below the stature of 156 centimeters were rejected in France, while no such rejections were made in this country. Thus we are again led to the conclusion, which so many other considerations have forced upon us, that the natives of European countries who en- listed in America were on the average taller than those who enlisted at home; just as the mean height of men born in Massachusetts and enlisting in Indiana was found greater than that of Massachusetts men who enlisted in their native State.1 The statistics of relative stature of Irish, English, and French, quoted from Marshall,2 and derived from the official documents of the recruit- ing offices, have afforded results so widely at variance with those de- duced from our own materials, that some little investigation has seemed well bestowed in eliciting the sources of discrepancy. From our Table VI. it will be seen that among our soldiers the stat- ure of natives of Ireland somewhat exceeded that of natives of Eng- land, at nearly every age.8 Yet the statistics of recruits to the British army in 1860, as given in the official documents cited4 indicate the re- verse, provided we assume that those who enlisted in England were all English, and those who enlisted in Ireland all Irish. We have in our Table V. an assortment by Age and Stature of the Irish-born soldiers in the American army ; and an easy means is thus afforded for collating our results directly with the British official statis- tics. These are given in columns 2, 3, and 4 of the subjoined table, and show the relative number of men at each stature enlisting in Ire- land, England, and Scotland. The fifth column gives the actual num- ber of Irish enlisting in the American army, whose heights and ages we possess; while the sixth gives the relative number of those exceeding 64 inches in stature, and is directly comparable with the column of Irish recruits to the British army. 1 See Tables XII. to XV. 2 Military Miscellany, - a History of the Recruiting of the Army, etc. London, 1846. 8 Similar results were afforded by Prof. Forbes's measures of students given in the Lond. and Ed. Phil. Mag. X. 200. ■* Recueil de Memoires, etc., IX. 191, 2. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 181 TABLE XXXIX. Comparative Distribution of Irish Soldiers, by Stature. Height British Recruits, 1860 Irish in U. S. Army English Scotch Irish Actual Relative inches Below 64 * - - 7 960 - 64 65 2 458 2 475 3 235 8 448 1 124 65 66 2 276 2 026 2 238 12 380 1 647 66 67 1 995 1 785 1 622 14 058 1 870 67 68 1 368 1 397 1198 13 792 1 835 68 69 845 1 083 852 11 080 1 474 69 70 519 571 478 7 386 983 70-71 320 372 260 4 473 595 71-72 159 176 89 2 196 292 72 & over 60 115 28 1 355 180 Total 10 000 10 000 10 000 83 128 10 000 An instant's comparison of the relative number of Irish of any given stature, in the British and American armies, will suffice to show the un- certainty of any deductions which do not account for the totally different distribution of the numbers, or at least eliminate its influence upon the mean stature. An adequate explanation of this diversity is afforded by Table XL., which shows the enormous difference of the distribution by age, in the two armies. The 2d and 3d columns exhibit the actual num- ber of Irish, at each age, recorded in our own army, both before and after excluding those whose stature was below 64 inches ; while the 4th, which is formed like the 5th, and is comparable with it, is obtained from the preceding one, by reducing the numbers to decimals of their total. 182 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. TABLE XL. Comparative Distribution of Irish Soldiers, by Age. Age last birthday In the United States Army British Recruits Relative Total Excluding all below 64 in. Actual Relative Below 17 84 36 5 101 17 187 124 17 433 18 4 345 3 393 451 2 501 19 4 519 3 818 508 1 283 20 4 095 3 609 480 1 272 21 7 550 6 819 907 848 22 6 445 5 884 783 756 23 5 235 4 788 637 534 24 4 360 4 007 533 580 25 & upward 46 308 42 690 5 679 1 692 Total 83 128 75 168 10 000 10 000 It will thus be seen that, while nearly 56 per cent, of the Irish in the American army were above the age of 25 years, about an equal propor- tion of the British recruits with whom they are compared had not at- tained their 21st year. In the absence of other information, we natu- rally assume that the distribution of the Irish by age was the same as that of the English and Scotch recruits, and we need no farther infor- mation to account for the wide diversity in the distribution by stature of the Irish in the two armies. If now we may suppose, what the numbers in Table XXXIX. cer- tainly suggest, that the Irish recruits to the British army were in general younger than the English recruits, the preceding argument is rendered yet stronger, while an explanation is afforded of the discordant infer- ences regarding the relative stature of English and Irish, as drawn from the American and the British statistics. Considering next the difference in stature between the English and French armies, the numbers given by Marshall, page 89, and cited 1 by Boudin, would indicate the enormous difference of about five inches, or 12 centimeters. This is quoted as an illustration of " how far the stat- ure is independent of welfare or misery, and how strictly on the other 1 Recueil de Memoires, etc., IX. p. 181. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 183 hand it is subordinated to the race ; in other words, how great a part is played by hereditary transmission." In the table alluded to, only four men in each 1000 of the British army are given as below the height of 66 inches, indicating that the troops were recruited with this stature as the minimum limit; while in the French army, 735 in each thousand were below this limit, and the distribution of only 265 remains for comparison with that of 996 British soldiers. Add to this that the French conscripts are taken at the age of 20 years, while nearly one half of the British recruits ap- pear to have been older, and 22| per cent, of them were more than 24 years old. Moreover this exhibit is totally contradicted by the tables of stature subsequently given for the French army,1 and the British re- cruits in I860.2 Whether the former gives the actual stature at the time or the stature at enlistment of the men then in the army is not c'ear. On the former supposition, it would be improper to compare the actual ■statures of the army with those of the British recruits at the time of enlistment; but, on the other hand, the minimum stature admitted was 156 centimeters in the one case, and 64 inches, or more than 162| cen- timeters, on the other. Yet notwithstanding these serious obstacles to a fair comparison, we find that in the assortment by inches of stature, the largest group is between 64 and 65 inches for the soldiers of each nation. The attempt to deduce any results of value from a comparison of data obtained under such exceedingly different circumstances is simply pre- posterous, and no better illustrations than those here considered can be found of the erroneous inferences to which the statistical investigator may conduct the incautious student. It was from the consideration of inferences drawn from the collocation of such incongruous data that Bischoff, in a publication 3 which, like that of Boudin, has just been re- ceived, was led to say, " I have arrived at the conviction that the mate- rials, which the statistics of recruiting apparently afford on the grandest scale, for estimating the condition of a people as regards development and health, and for comparing it with others, are practically as good as useless, and have consequently already led to many false deductions." § 5. .Full Statures. - Mr. Boudin arrives at the same result to which we have been led in the present investigation, namely, that the influ- ences of comfort or deprivation upon the stature of a community are by no means so controlling as Villerme, and others following him, have supposed, and that the race, or stock, is a much more potent element in determining the stature. But his estimate of the effect of local influ- ences acting upon the individual during the period of his growth, is very far below that which the present investigations seem to render in- disputable.4 1 Recueil de Memoires, etc. IX. p. 184. 2 Ibid, p. 191. 8 Bischoff, Utber die Brauchbarkeit der veroffentlichten Resultate des Recrutirungs Ge- tchaftes, etc., Munich, 1867, p. 10. 4 See pages 126,127. 184 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. § 7. Stature of other Races of Men. - Mr. Boudin quotes1 from Pauw2 the mean stature of the Esquimaux as 130 centimeters, and from the " Foreign Quarterly Review "8 (as cited by Marshall), the mean stat- ure and weight of two Sepoy regiments. For the stature of these the mean value is 4 173.3 for the Bengal, and 168.2 for the Madras, native infantry; but as 66 inches (167.6 centimeters) was the established min- imum stature, the result has an anthropological value only so far as it manifests the difference of stature between the native populations of Bengal and Madras. § 8. Extremes of Stature. - In a very elaborate discussion 5 of the geographical distribution in France of exceptionally tall men, with a historical and ethnical investigation as to the races from which the present population of the several districts is derived, Mr. Boudin finds new ground for the conviction that the differences of stature observable in different localities are to be attributed to ethnological in a higher degree than to physiological influences. Thus the recruits of minimum stature are6 from three to four times more numerous in Brittany than Normandy ; in three departments of Franche-Comte the proportion of stature above 1732 millimeters is found to be more than three times greater than in three other contiguous de- partments, nearly adjacent to the former. There were, according to the statistics of 1836-40 inclusive, only 18 departments in which were found men surpassing 189.5 centimeters in stature (74.61 inches), the number of these amounting on the average to 3f in each 10 000 re- cruits, although the proportion was 16 in 10 000 for the department of Vosges; while statures surpassing 192.2 (75.67 inches) occurred7 in only 5 departments ; the average proportion in these being 3f in 10 000, but in Vosges alone twice this number. The departments which afford the largest number of exceptionally tall men are not necessarily the same as those in which the number ex- ceeding the average stature was a maximum. In the latter class Doubs takes the lead, in the former Vosges. These districts are on the slopes of the Jura. In Belgium and Prussia similar inferences are deducible. Thus the Belgian military statistics of the ten years 1840-50 show the exemp- tions for insufficient stature in eastern Flanders and in Namur to be in the proportion of 187 to 56. And the Prussian statistics of the decade preceding show the ratio of similar exemption in Silesia to be 4| times greater than in Westphalia. These facts are thoroughly analogous to those elicited in our own in- vestigations ; but the effect of geographical, or rather of local, influ- ences upon the stature may be regarded as demonstrated by our statis- tics, quite as thoroughly as is that of race or stock. 1 IX. p. 203. 2 Rechcrches Philosophiques sur les Americains, I. 259. 8 XXXIII. 397. 4 Page 193. 6 X. 12-31. 6 X. 15. 7 X. 16 CHAPTER VI. COMPLEXIONS: COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. 1. Available Records. In the early part of the war there was, as has been already stated, a very large number of soldiers for whom no descriptive muster-rolls were made out in such a form as to indicate any of their physical characteristics. And when subsequently the statures were recorded, these were not always accompanied by records of complexion, color of eyes, or color of hair, until an advanced stage of the war. The records of these physical characteristics are, however, too copious not to prove instructive to the anthropologist, and perhaps may prove serviceable for the investigation of problems yet un- solved, besides possessing much value as a basis foi' a physical knowledge of our nation. The clerks who were stationed at the several State capitals were therefore instructed to tabulate these descriptions, so far as could well be done without incurring too great expense, or neglecting the collection of other statistics which were regarded as more important. In gathering these data no attempt was made at an exhaustive collection, such as was desired for the nativities and the statures ; but it was simply proposed to tabulate a number sufficiently large to afford the means for a near estimate of the proportions of the different classes, and of the manner and degree with which they vary for different races and in different regions. In this way the statistics have been collected for about 668 000 men, of whom the complexions, color of hair, and color of eyes are classified in the tables here given. The volunteers proper are kept distinct from the recruits, the former term being used, as in the discussion of their ages, to desig- nate the original members of the several State organizations, while o O 7 the latter includes all who subsequently joined these organizations. The numbers of the two classes were not far from equal; but it is to be remarked that for the reasons already stated, the earlier 186 COMPLEXIONS : COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. volunteers are not included in our statistics ; while of the recruits, the omissions are generally of the later ones, inasmuch as the clerks in transcribing usually followed the order in which the de- scriptions were recorded, and ceased collecting when the number transcribed seemed adequate for the purposes in view. The results of these researches are presented in two modes : first, according to the States by which the troops were furnished, and secondly, according to the nativity of the men, without refer- ence to the State of enlistment. The assortment by nativities is identical with that employed for the investigation of statures, there being eighteen classes for wdiite soldiers. o o 2. Color of Hair. TABLE I. Color of Hair. Original Volunteers, by States. State of Enlistment Black Dark Brown Light Sandy Red Gray Totals Maine . . . 6 178 13 352 11 681 6 189 1 186 203 502 39 291 New Hampshire 2 178 3 371 7 297 4 224 754 163 124 18 111 Vermont . . 1 995 2 234 5 351 2 420 489 105 112 12 706 Massachusetts. 2 114 4 556 6 621 4 644 516 133 103 18 687 Connecticut 2 306 3 727 5 716 3 592 713 133 278 16 465 Pennsylvania . 3 263 8 968 5 964 5 431 1 316 762 272 25 976 West Virginia 2 412 4 234 1 981 4 447 567 494 147 14 282 Kentucky . . 2 202 4 384 1 076 5 185 458 504 100 13 909 Ohio .... 8 835 15 392 12 780 15 190 2 170 2 579 323 57 269 Indiana . . . 8 197 18 166 8 429 17 347 2 077 3 425 518 58 159 Illinois . . . 10 170 15 722 15 864 19 548 2 120 3 706 688 67 818 Michigan . . 1 073 1 829 3 347 2 085 274 291 54 8 953 Wisconsin . . 3 918 4 812 12 461 7 622 1 103 240 267 30 423 Iowa .... 2 491 3 212 4 051 2 954 591 185 452 13 936 Missouri . . 4 341 6 390 6 992 8 529 2 256 383 442 29 333 Total . . . 61 673 110 349 109 611 109 407 16 590 13 306 4 382 425 318 187 COMPLEXIONS: COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. TABLE II. Color of Hair. Recruits, try States State of Enlistment Black Dark Brown Light Sandy Red Gray Totals Maine . . . 2 591 4 742 8 130 3 085 492 162 131 19 333 New Hampshire 1 430 570 5 487 866 267 66 75 8 761 Vermont . . 1 304 1 566 3 945 1 535 340 63 41 8 794 Massachusetts. 2 797 5 730 10 374 5 047 741 382 284 25 355 Connecticut . 1 943 2 937 7 672 2 096 543 206 191 15 588 New York . . 5 985 11 655 22 264 9 269 1 718 650 612 52 153 Pennsylvania . 5 376 14 406 13 900 9 352 1 866 1 241 376 46 517 West Virginia 484 1 053 219 870 71 67 21 2 785 Kentucky . . 701 1 937 365 2 294 188 205 23 5 713 Ohio .... 875 1 872 1 975 1 900 232 266 39 7 159 Indiana . . . 671 2 052 1 173 1 498 271 309 51 6 025 Illinois . . . 244 444 748 441 43 67 21 2 008 Michigan . . 1 832 3 745 8 396 3 757 556 491 84 18 861 Wisconsin . . 2 560 2 610 8 766 4 169 647 114 156 19 022 Iowa .... 644 1 127 1 327 993 244 51 40 4 426 Missouri . . 68 131 149 154 34 3 3 542 Total . . . 29 505 56 577 94 890 47 326 8 253 4 343 2 148 243 042 188 complexions: color of hair and eyes. TABLE III. Color of Hair. U. S. Soldiers, by States. State of Enlistment Black Dark Brown Light Sandy Bed Gray Totals. Maine . . . 8 769 18 094 19 811 9 274 1 678 365 633 58 624 New Hampshire ' 3 608 3 941 12 784 5 090 1 021 229 199 26 872 Vermont . . 3 299 3 800 9 296 3 955 829 168 153 21 500 Massachusetts. 4 911 10 286 16 995 9 691 1 257 515 387 44 042 Connecticut 4 249 6 664 13 388 5 688 1 256 339 469 32 053 New York . . 5 985 11 655 22 264 9 269 1 718 650 612 52 153 Pennsylvania . 8 639 23 374 19 864 14 783 3 182 2 003 648 72 493 West Virginia 2 896 5 287 2 200 5 317 638 561 168 17 067 Kentucky . . 2 903 6 321 1 441 7 479 646 709 123 19 622 Ohio .... 9 710 17 264 14 755 17 090 2 402 2 845 362 64 428 Indiana . . . 8 868 20 218 9 602 18 845 2 348 3 734 569 64 184 Illinois . . . 10 414 16 166 16 612 19 989 2 163 3 773 709 69 826 Michigan . . 2 905 5 574 11 743 5 842 830 782 138 27 814 Wisconsin . . 6 478 7 422 21 227 11 791 1 750 354 423 49 445 Iowa .... 3 135 4 339 5 378 3 947 835 236 492 18 362 Missouri . . 4 409 6 521 7 141 8 683 2 290 386 445 29 875 Total . . . 91 178 166 926 204 501 156 733 24 843 17 649 6 530 668 360 189 COMPLEXIONS: COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. TABLE IV. Color of Hair. Original Volunteers, by Nativities. Nativity Black Dark Brown Light Sandy Red Gray Totals A 13 364 24 852 33 042 19 551 3 195 819 1 060 95 883 B 9 821 18 266 19 607 15 766 2 824 2 172 984 69 440 C 16 616 30 631 21 117 31 315 4 212 5 383 496 109 770 D 3 935 6 157 6 417 8 216 797 1 304 52 26 878 E 3 315 5 516 2 841 5 274 689 708 289 18 632 F 3 925 7 147 2 387 7 704 918 986 283 23 350 Gi 170 269 347 329 34 27 2 1 178 g2 947 1 558 1244 1 967 357 135 19 6 227 H 258 513 698 410 73 19 20 1 991 I 1 162 1419 2 109 1075 186 114 44 6 109 J 1 043 1 954 3 015 2 230 429 249 165 9 085 K 260 450 599 501 106 59 55 2 030 L 2 637 4 875 5 795 3 743 966 513 455 18 984 M 298 375 420 312 50 38 33 1 526 N 3 325 5 387 8 490 9 144 1449 673 359 28 827 0 131 314 740 1 178 152 59 13 2 587 P. 17 15 4 3 - - - 39 Q 449 651 739 689 153 48 53 2 782 Total 61 673 110 349 109 611 109 407 16 590 13 306 4 382 425 318 190 COMPLEXIONS : COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. TABLE V. Color of Hair. Recruits, by Nativities. Nativity Black Dark Brown Light Sandy Red Gray Totals A 5 273 9 016 19 060 8 020 1 277 472 378 43 496 B 10 449 21 767 32 510 16 898 3 009 1 669 698 87 000 C 1 961 4 367 4 666 4 067 668 543 65 16 337 D 1 129 1 600 3 653 2 012 219 174 13 8 800 E 885 1 877 1 281 1 310 178 143 54 5 728 F 765 1 865 599 2 055 195 189 29 5 697 Gi 67 149 211 174 20 5 7 633 G'j 97 177 188 150 23 7 - 642 H 494 879 1 645 472 92 52 22 3 656 I 1 736 2 248 4 806 1 278 277 106 59 10 510 J 1 022 1 937 4 335 1 568 333 152 105 9 452 K 259 523 1 192 400 134 66 39 2 613 L 2 888 5 696 11 105 3 481 1 039 522 449 25 180 M 362 443 631 163 34 12 18 1 663 N 1 469 3 251 7 417 4 242 573 192 176 17 320 0 61 178 703 712 129 20 8 1 811 P 113 101 59 11 2 1 4 291 Q 475 503 829 313 51 18 24 2 213 Total 29 505 56 577 94 890 47 326 8 253 4 343 2 148 243 042 191 COMPLEXIONS : COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. TABLE VI. Color of Hair. U. 8. Soldiers, by Nativities. Nativity Black Dark Brown Light Sandy Red Gray Totals A 18 637 33 868 52 102 27 571 4 472 1 291 1 438 139 379 B 20 270 40 033 52 117 32 664 5 833 3 841 1 682 156 440 C 18 577 34 998 25 783 35 382 4 880 5 926 561 126 107 D 5 064 7 757 10 070 10 228 1 016 1 478 65 35 678 E 4 200 7 393 4 122 6 584 867 851 343 24 360 F 4 690 9 012 2 986 9 759 1 113 1 175 312 29 047 Gi 237 418 558 503 54 32 9 1 811 Gg 1 044 1 735 1 432 2 117 380 142 19 6 869 H 752 1 392 2 343 882 165 71 42 5 647 I 2 898 3 667 6 915 2 353 463 220 103 16 619 J 2 065 3 891 7 350 3 798 762 401 270 18 537 K 519 973 1 791 901 240 125 94 4 643 L 5 525 10 571 16 900 7 224 2 005 1 035 904 44 164 M 660 818 1051 475 84 50 51 3 189 N 4 794 8 638 15 907 13 386 2 022 865 535 46 147 0 192 492 1 443 1 890 281 79 21 4 398 P 130 116 63 14 2 1 4 330 Q 924 1 154 1 568 1 002 204 66 77 4 995 Total 91 178 166 926 204 501 156 733 24 843 17 649 6 530 668 360 The corresponding relative proportions for each State and each nativity may be more readily seen from the following tables, in which the several numbers are reduced to the scale of 1000. The degree of reliance to be placed upon these results may be readily estimated by reference to the tables of absolute numbers, from which they are deduced. 192 COMPLEXIONS : COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. TABLE VII. Color of Hair. Proportionate Numbers for different States. State of Enlistment Black Dark Brown Light Sandy Red Gray Totals Maine . . . 149 309 338 158 29 6 11 1 000 N. Hampshire. 134 147 476 189 38 9 7 1 000 Vermont . . 153 177 432 184 39 8 7 1000 Massachusetts. 111 234 386 220 28 12 9 1000 Connecticut . 132 208 418 177 39 11 15 1 000 New York . . 115 223 427 178 33 12 12 1 000 Pennsylvania . 119 322 274 204 44 28 9 1 000 West Virginia 170 310 129 311 37 33 10 1000 Kentucky . . 148 322 74 381 33 36 6 1 000 Ohio .... 151 268 229 265 37 44 6 1 000 Indiana . . . 138 315 150 294 36 58 9 1000 Illinois . . . 149 232 238 286 31 54 10 1 000 Michigan . . 105 200 422 210 30 28 5 1 000 Wisconsin . . 131 150 429 239 35 7 9 1 000 Iowa .... 171 236 293 215 45 13 27 1 000 Missouri . . 147 218 239 291 77 13 15 1000 Total . . . 136 250 306 235 37 26 10 1000 COMPLEXIONS : COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. 193 TABLE VIII. Color of Hair. Proportionate Numbers for different Nativities. Nativity Black Dark Brown Light Sandy Red Gray Totals A 134 243 374 198 32 9 10 1 000 B 130 256 333 209 37 24 11 1 000 C 147 278 204 281 39 47 4 1 000 D 142 217 282 287 29 41 2 1 000 E 172 304 169 270 36 35 14 1000 F 162 310 103 336 38 40 11 1 000 G1 131 231 308 278 30 17 5 1 000 G2 152 253 208 308 55 21 3 1 000 H 133 247 415 156 29 13 7 1000 I 174 221 416 142 28 13 6 1 000 J 111 210 396 205 41 22 15 1 000 K 112 209 386 194 52 27 20 1 000 L 125 239 383 164 45 23 21 1 000 M 207 256 330 149 26 16 16 1 000 N 104 187 345 290 44 19 11 1 000 0 43 112 328 430 64 18 5 1 000 P 394 352 191 42 6 3 12 1 000 Q 185 231 314 201 41 13 15 1000 Total 136 250 306 235 37 26 10 1000 194 COMPLEXIONS: COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. 3. Color of Eyes. TABLE IX. Color of Eyes. Volunteers by States. State of Enlistment Blue Gray Hazel Dark Black Totals Maine . . . 17 847 6 820 6 783 2 828 5 013 39 291 New Hampshire 9 692 2 957 2 327 1 599 1 536 18 111 Vermont . . 7 222 1 833 860 1 288 1 503 12 706 Massachusetts 9 477 3 279 3 101 1 515 1 316 18 688 Connecticut . 8 274 3 418 1 227 2 083 1 462 16 464 Pennsylvania 8 330 9 176 3 261 4 098 1 111 25 976 West Virginia 6176 3 644 1 118 1 819 1 526 14 283 Kentucky . . 6 388 3 085 1 291 1 321 1 823 13 908 Ohio.... 22 698 16 601 6 680 6 523 4 766 57 268 Indiana. . . 24 714 14 928 7 690 5 557 5 258 58 147 Illinois . . 30 275 16 608 8 137 7 213 5 571 67 804 Michigan . . 4 534 1 980 915 611 905 8 945 Wisconsin 16 256 6 343 2 995 2 834 1 995 30 423 Iowa ... . 6 620 3 192 1 669 1 210 1 241 13 932 Missouri . . 13 505 7 175 3 372 3132 2 129 29 313 Total . . . 192 008 101 039 51 426 43 631 37155 425 259 complexions: color of hair and eyes. 195 TABLE X. Color of Eyes. Recruits by States. State of Enlistment Blue Gray Hazel Dark Black Totals Maine . . . 8 971 3 220 4 525 1 275 1 342 19 333 New Hampshire 3 575 2 225 2 183 420 358 8 761 Vermont . . 4 723 1 355 894 820 1 004 8 796 Massachusetts 12 783 4 839 4 532 1 834 1 367 25 355 Connecticut . 6 984 3 874 2 746 1 219 763 15 586 New York . . 24 342 13 314 3 910 7 326 3 261 52 153 Pennsylvania . 14 829 16 626 7 047 6 743 1 273 46 518 West Virginia 1 158 754 325 325 223 2 785 Kentucky . . 2 754 1 230 494 591 644 5 713 Ohio.... 2 632 2 261 1055 691 519 7 158 Indiana . . 2 374 1 653 1 237 474 286 6 024 Illinois . . . 897 518 334 169 89 2 007 Michigan . . 9 977 4 261 1 673 1 749 1 200 18 860 Wisconsin . . 10 101 3 658 2 240 1 758 1 265 19 022 Iowa . . . 1 857 1 196 706 362 305 4 426 Missouri . . 236 133 66 63 45 543 Total . . 108 193 61 117 33 967 25 819 13 944 243 040 196 complexions: colob of hair and eyes. TABLE XL Color of Eyes. U. 8. 8oldiers by States. State of Enlistment Blue Gray Hazel Dark Black Totals Maine . . . 26 818 10 040 11 308 4103 6 355 58 624 New Hampshire 13 267 5 182 4 510 2 019 1 894 26 872 Vermont . . 11 945 3 188 1 754 2 108 2 507 21 502 Massachusetts 22 260 8 118 7 633 3 349 2 683 44 043 Connecticut . 15 258 7 292 3 973 3 302 2 225 32 050 New York . . 24 342 13 314 3 910 7 326 3 261 52 153 Pennsylvania . 23 159 25 802 10 308 10 841 2 384 72 494 West Virginia 7 334 4 398 1443 2 144 1749 17 068 Kentucky . . 9142 4 315 1 785 1 912 2 467 19 621 Ohio .... 25 330 18 862 7 735 7 214 5 285 64 426 Indiana. . . 27 088 16 581 8 927 6 031 5 544 64 171 Illinois . . . 31 172 17126 8 471 7 382 5 660 69 811 Michigan . . 14 511 6 241 2 588 2 360 2 105 27 805 Wisconsin . . 26 357 10 001 5 235 4 592 3 260 49 445 Iowa . . . 8 477 4 388 2 375 1 572 1 546 18 358 Missouri . . 13 741 7 308 3 438 3195 2 174 29 856 Total. . . 300 201 162 156 85 393 69 450 51 099 668 299 complexions: color of hair and eyes. 197 TABLE XII. Color of Eyes. Volunteers by Nativities. Nativity Blue Gray Hazel Dark Black Totals A 47 633 16 632 13 295 8 321 10 001 95 882 B 29 193 18 837 8 280 8 126 4 994 69 430 C 45 834 29 033 13 565 11 339 9 989 109 760 D 11 901 6 415 3 428 2 512 2 606 26 862 E 8 206 4 545 1 904 2 028 1 944 18 627 F 10 777 5 209 2 506 2 113 2 740 23 345 Gi 479 324 176 98 97 1174 G2 2 746 1 504 785 585 605 6 225 H 1015 379 309 158 129 1 990 I 2 760 1 290 698 677 684 6 109 J 4 514 2 078 1 091 862 538 9 083 K 1 012 535 225 159 98 2 029 L 9 820 5 004 1 873 1 452 836 18 985 M 522 364 228 257 155 1 526 N 12 819 7 674 2 610 4 267 1 458 28 828 0 1 764 444 137 182 60 2 587 P 6 5 8 10 10 39 Q 1007 767 308 485 211 2 778 Total 192 008 101 039 51 426 43 631 37155 425 259 198 complexions: color or hair and eyes. TABLE XIII. Color of Eyes. Recruits by Nativities. Nativity Blue Gray Hazel Dark Black Totals A 21 890 7 777 7 558 3 318 2 956 43 499 B 35 737 24 954 10 248 11 632 4 432 87 003 C 6 747 4 464 2 470 1 547 1 110 16 338 D 4 112 2 021 877 923 867 8 800 E 2 321 1 518 816 653 421 5 729 F 2 689 1223 530 617 638 5 697 Gi 236 189 112 53 43 633 G2 243 168 93 72 65 641 H 1 602 769 786 285 214 3 656 I 4 415 - 2 331 1 856 1 109 799 10 510 J 4 2351 2 325 1 548 877 463 9 445 K 1 206 645 376 224 161 2 612 L 12 486 7 073 3 367 1 614 639 25179 M 525 353 385 225 175 1 663 N 7 700 4 463 2 321 2 229 609 17 322 0 1246 310 141 80 34 1811 P 73 56 46 55 61 291 Q 733 478 437 306 257 2 211 Total 108 193 61117 33 967 25 819 13 944 243 040 COMPLEXIONS: COLOR OR HAIR AND EYES. 199 TABLE XIV. Color of Eyes. IT. S. Soldiers by Nativities. Nativity Blue Gray Hazel Dark Black Totals A 69 523 24 409 20 853 11 639 12 957 139 381 B 64 930 43 791 18 528 19 758 9 426 156 433 C 52 581 33 497 16 035 12 886 11 099 126 098 D 16 013 8 436 4 305 3 435 3 473 35 662 E 10 527 6 063 2 720 2 681 2 365 24 356 F 13 466 6 432 3 036 2 730 3 378 29 042 Gi 715 513 288 151 140 1 807 Ga 2 989 1 672 878 657 670 6 866 H 2 617 1 148 1 095 443 343 5 646 I' 7 175 3 621 2 554 1 786 1 483 16 619 J 8 746 4 403 2 639 1 739 1 001 18 528 K 2 218 1 180 601 383 259 4 641 L 22 306 12 077 5 240 3 066 1 475 44 164 M 1047 717 613 482 330 3 189 N 20 519 12 137 4 931 6 496 2 067 46 150 0 3 010 754 278 262 94 4 398 P 79 61 54 65 71 330 Q 1 740 1245 745 791 468 4 989 Total 300 201 162 156 85 393 69 450 51 099 668 299 200 COMPLEXIONS: COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. TABLE XV. Color of Eyes. Proportionate Numbers for different States. State of Enlistment Blue Gray Hazel Bark Black Totals Maine . . . 458 171 193 70 108 1000 New Hampshire 494 193 168 75 70 1 000 Vermont . . 555 148 82 98 117 1000 Massachusetts. 506 184 173 76 61 1 000 Connecticut . 476 228 124 103 69 1000 New York . . 467 255 75 140 63 1000 Pennsylvania . 319 356 142 150 33 1 000 West Virginia 430 258 84 126 102 1000 Kentucky . . 466 220 91 97 126 1 000 Ohio .... 393 293 120 112 82 1 000 Indiana . . . 422 258 139 94 87 1 000 Illinois . . . 447 245 121 106 81 1000 Michigan . . 522 224 93 85 76 1 000 Wisconsin . . 533 202 106 93 66 1000 Iowa .... 462 239 129 86 84 1000 Missouri . . 460 245 115 107 73 1000 Total . . . 449 243 128 104 76 1000 COMPLEXIONS : COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. 201 TABLE XVI. Color of Eyes. Proportionate Numbers for different Nativities. Nativity Blue Gray Hazel Dark Black Totals A 499 175 150 83 93 1 000 B 415 280 119 126 60 1000 C 417 266 127 102 88 1000 D 449 237 121 96 97 1000 E 432 249 112 110 97 1 000 F 464 221 105 94 116 1 000 Gi 396 284 159 84 77 1000 Ga 435 243 128 96 98 1 000 H 464 203 194 78 61 1 000 I 432 218 154 107 89 1000 J 472 238 142 94 54 1 000 K 478 254 129 83 56 1 000 L 505 274 119 69 33 1000 M 328 225 192 151 104 1 000 N 445 262 107 141 45 1 000 0 684 172 63 60 21 1000 P 239 185 164 197 215 1000 Q 349 250 149 158 94 1000 Total 449 243 128 104 76 1000 202 COMPLEXIONS: COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. 4. Complexions. TABLE XVII. Complexions. By States. State of Volunteers Recruits Enlistment Dark Light Me- dium Totals Dark Light Me- dium Totals Maine . . . 17 002 21 175 1 106 39 283 5142 13 013 1 173 19 328 New Hampshire 5 900 11 310 898 18 108 3 352 3 744 1 659 8 755 Vermont . . 4 307 7 340 1052 12 699 2 746 5 368 647 8 761 Massachusetts. 6 171 11 899 608 18 678 8 060 15 882 1 395 25 337 Connecticut . 5 124 10 782 549 16 455 4 793 8 849 1 939 15 581 New York . . - - - - 13 523 23 879 14 712 52 114 Pennsylvania . 9 061 14 789 2 125 25 975 15 748 24 478 6 292 46 518 West Virginia 4 783 9 498 2 14 283 878 1 907 - 2 785 Kentucky . . 4 584 9 325 - 13 909 1729 3 984 - 5 713 Ohio .... 18 310 38 916 44 57 270 1942 5 195 22 7 159 Indiana . . . 21 165 34 426 2 489 58 080 2 099 3 733 190 6 022 Illinois . . . 22 451 42 105 3 241 67 797 581 1 344 78 2 003 Michigan . . 2 357 6 582 16 8 955 4 557 14 287 16 18 860 Wisconsin . . 8 906 21 515 2 30 423 5 927 13 095 - 19 022 Iowa .... 4 584 5 388 3 964 13 936 1376 1 799 1 251 4 426 Missouri . . 8 879 20 138 314 29 331 160 380 3 543 Total . . . 143 584 265 188 16 410 425 182 72 613 140 937 29 377 242 927 complexions: color of hair and eyes. 203 TABLE XVIII. Complexions. By Nativities. Nativity Volunteers Recruits Dark Light Medium Totals Dark Light Medium Totals A 34 815 57 375 3 673 95 863 12 217 28 190 3 063 43 470 B 22 945 43 017 3 470 69 432 25 689 47 776 13 492 86 957 C 36 766 68 875 4 098 109 739 4 818 10 634 881 16 333 D 8 434 17 523 911 26 868 2 447 6 058 292 8 797 E 6 753 11 444 428 18 625 2 051 3 243 426 5 720 F 8 247 14 613 488 23 348 1 753 3 795 149 5 697 Gi 369 602 206 1 177 175 291 167 633 Ga 1 935 4 205 80 6 220 219 371 48 638 H 699 1 186 104 1 989 1 238 2 054 363 3 655 I 2 425 3 431 249 6 105 3 929 5 573 1 005 10 507 J 2 732 5 998 352 9 082 2 773 5 325 1 351 9 449 K 645 1 297 88 2 030 663 1 514 435 2 612 L 6 291 11 752 927 18 970 7 423 13 482 4 272 25 177 M 703 769 52 1 524 863 578 222 1 663 N 8 381 19 273 1 147 28 801 4 807 9 804 2 701 17 312 0 447 2 079 61 2 587 338 1 332 140 1 810 P 25 14 - 39 193 48 48 289 Q 972 1 735 76 2 783 1 017 869 322 2 208 Total 143 584 265 188 16 410 425 182 72 613 140 937 29 377 242 927 204 complexions: color of hair and eyes. TABLE XIX. Complexions. U. S. Soldiers by States. State of Enlistment Absolute Relative Dark Light Medium Total Dark Light Medium Total Maine . . . 22 144 34 188 2 279 58 611 378 583 39 1 000 New Hampshire 9 252 15 054 2 557 26 863 345 560 95 1 000 Vermont . . 7 053 12 708 1 699 21 460 329 592 79 1 000 Massachusetts 14 231 27 781 2 003 44 015 323 631 46 1000 Connecticut . 9 917 19 631 2 488 32 036 309 613 78 1 000 New York . . 13 523 23 879 14 712 52 114 260 458 282 1 000 Pennsylvania . 24 809 39 267 8 417 72 493 342 542 116 1 000 West Virginia 5 661 11 405 2 17 068 332 668 0 1 000 Kentucky . . 6 313 13 309 0 19 622 322 678 0 1 000 Ohio.... 20 252 44111 66 64 429 314 685 1 1 000 Indiana. . . 23 264 38 159 2 679 64 102 363 595 42 1 000 Illinois . . . 23 032 43 449 3 319 69 800 330 622 48 1 000 Michigan . . 6 914 20 869 32 27 815 249 750 1 1 000 Wisconsin . . 14 833 34 610 2 49 445 300 700 0 1 000 Iowa.... 5 960 7187 5 215 18 362 325 391 284 1 000 Missouri . . 9 039 20 518 317 29 874 303 686 11 1000 Total . . . 216 197 406 125 45 787 668 109 324 608 68 1000 COMPLEXIONS: COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. 205 TABLE XX. Complexions. U. S. Soldiers by Nativities. Nativity Absolute Relative Dark Light Medium Total Dark Light Medium Total A 47 032 85 565 6 736 139 333 338 614 48 1000 B 48 634 90 793 16 962 156 389 311 581 108 1 000 C 41 584 79 509 4 979 126 072 330 631 39 1000 D 10 881 23 581 1 203 35 665 305 661 34 1 000 E 8 804 14 687 854 24 345 362 603 35 1 000 F 10 000 18 408' 637 29 045 344 634 22 1 000 Gi 544 893 373 1 810 301 493 206 1 000 G2 2 154 4 576 128 6 858 314 667 19 1 000 H 1937 3 240 467 5 644 343 574 83 1 000 I 6 354 9 004 1254 16 612 383 542 75 1 000 J 5 505 11 323 1703 18 531 297 611 92 1 000 K 1 308 2 811 523 4 642 282 605 113 1 000 L 13 714 25 234 5 199 44 147 311 571 118 1 000 M 1 566 1 347 274 3 187 491 423 86 1 000 N 13 188 29 077 3 848 46 113 286 631 83 1 000 0 785 3 411 201 4 397 178 776 46 1 000 P 218 62 48 328 665 189 146 1 000 Q 1 989 2 604 398 4 991 398 522 80 1 000 Total 216 197 406 125 45 787 668 109 324 608 68 1 000 206 COMPLEXIONS : COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. 5. Inferences. It will not require any very close scrutiny of these tables to perceive that deductions must be drawn with caution. They pre- sent simply the official records, as reported by a large number of mustering officers, no one of whom probably aimed at anything more than a rough description, sufficient to aid in the identification of the soldier, should this ever become necessary. These records seem indeed to have been regarded by most of the mustering offi- cers as a mere formality, upon which it was needless to expend much attention. If not in clear contradiction to the truth, the en- tries were considered satisfactory. Thus, for example, while out of 49 445 soldiers from Wisconsin the complexion of only 2 was recorded as " medium," there were 14 712 out of 52 114 from New York, and 5215 out of 18 362 from Iowa, whose complexion was thus noted. Similarly, among the Pennsylvania troops the proportion of " dark " eyes to " black " ones was as 150 to 33 ; while this proportion for the Kentucky soldiers was as 97 to 126. These discordances are, of course, not to be attributed to any real difference existing, to such an extent, but to the habitudes and peculiarities of the mustering officers. Yet a proper caution will prevent any serious error in our de- ductions here, arising from influences of this sort, which cannot have produced the great difference manifested by our tables be- tween the complexions prevailing in most of the Western States on the one hand, where the light complexions overwhelmingly predominate, and those in the Eastern States on the other, where this predominance is by no means so great. So, too, while of every thousand men 58 in Indiana, 54 in Illinois, and 44 in Ohio had red hair, the corresponding number was but 6 in Maine, and 8 in New Hampshire and Vermont. This can no more be due to any carelessness of recruiting officers than can the fact that but 32 men from Pennsylvania for each 56 from Vermont had blue eyes ; or that the dark eyes, including black, formed nearly 23 per cent, of the whole number in Kentucky and West Virginia, while they were scarcely 14 per cent, in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. How far these differences are to be attributed to climate, how far to ancestry, and how far to looseness of record, it is not our prov- ince to inquire. So far as the army records can throw light upon the subject, the materials are here presented. When the comparison is made, not between troops from differ- COMPLEXIONS: COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. 207 ent States, but between men of different nativities, the variations become more manifest and are more easy of interpretation. And we have thus a means of fixing an outer limit, at least, for the in- accuracies of the original records. A comparison of the records for the two nativities O and P illustrates the difference of national characteristics most forcibly, although the descriptions of but 330 individuals belonging to the latter class are among our data. For the first, comprising natives of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, the ratio of light complexions to dark ones is as 78 to 18; while for the second, which includes natives of Spain, Portugal, and Spanish America, this ratio is as 19 to 66. The cases where the hair was black or dark number 16 per cent, in the former and 75 per cent, in the latter case ; while on the other hand those recorded as light, sandy, or red, are in the first instance 51 per cent., and in the second only one tenth part as numerous. The proportion of blue eyes in the two cases is as 68 to 24; that of dark or black eyes as 8 to 41. CHAPTER VII. PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. The occupations of our soldiers before the war are given upon the descriptive muster-rolls, and have been tabulated by the agents of the Commission at the same time with the physical descriptions given on the same rolls. The principles followed in our classifica- tion will be most easily set forth by giving the following extract from the instructions to clerks engaged in the work. " A certain amount of judgement must be used in assorting the 'occu- pations.' All whose pursuits were mechanical, implying any skill what- ever, are to be entered as ' mechanics,' with the single exception of print- ers, who have a column for themselves. All who depended on their strength, merely, for livelihood, should be classed as ' laborers,' unless their pursuits were purely agricultural. Under ' professional ' put those whose occupations are essentially intellectual. In the absence of other clews, a man's rank may sometimes be a guide. As ' engineer,' for in- stance, the fireman, or the constructor, or the designer of an engine might be recorded, as well as the brakeman and the driver of a railroad train, or the man who laid out the road ; yet we should have here laborer, me- chanic, and professional, all recorded under one title. So, too, a teacher of music, a maker of instruments, and a drummer or fifer, might all be recorded as musicians ; yet the occupation of the first would be profes- sional, of the second mechanical, and the third would have to be classed as miscellaneous. It will be seen that no general rule can be given, but much must be left to judgement. A hostler might be recorded as ' mis- cellaneous '; an ordinary sailor as ' laborer '; a grocer and a peddler as ' commercial '; a butcher or a baker as a ' mechanic.' " The class of " printers " was kept distinct from those engaged in other mechanic arts because a considerable number of descriptions had been collected in the year 1863 in which this special occupation was made a class by itself. Although the collection alluded to was subsequently superseded, yet it was not thought amiss to continue the usage thus commenced. The previous occupations of 666 530 men are thus assorted, among whom it is estimated that about 3330 commissioned officers PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. 209 are included, who had never served as private soldiers, as also some men who enlisted as sailors. To the remaining enlisted men, about 660 000 in all, must have belonged somewhat more than 16 000 other commissioned officers (not here included), besides those who were promoted from the ranks and are consequently registered on the descriptive muster-rolls as enlisted men. A large proportion of the original commissioned officers, prob- ably four fifths, went from the " professional " class ; indeed it is certainly not too much to say, that of the soldiers from this class at least eight out of eleven joined the army as commissioned offi- cers. Yet our records give 158 in each 10 000 enlisted men as taken from professional pursuits, which would at first seem to imply that the proportion of our defenders belonging to this class reached the enormous proportion of 579 in each 10 000; an estimate alto- gether inadmissible when we bear in mind that, according to the census of 1860, the proportion of the white male population of the loyal States above 18 years of age, who were engaged in profes- sional avocations, was but 336 in each 10 000. It will, however, be manifest that the muster-rolls of enlisted men alone would fall far short of doing justice to the patriotism and self-sacrifice of this portion of our people. The disproportion of the figures appears to be due to the cir- cumstance that the descriptions here collected include some organ- izations composed almost entirely of educated men. In several cases companies were composed exclusively of professors and stu- dents of colleges ; and the inclusion of these exceptional organiza tions with the rest tends to vitiate the averages, so as to render them inapplicable to the whole army. Deducting the estimated number in these organizations, or about 1700, both from the total number of enlisted men described, and from that of occupations of a professional character, we may attain a better estimate of the general constitution of the army in this respect; and careful study leads to the belief that the true proportion of men from profes- sional pursuits among the private soldiers of our army was about 94, and for recruits alone 102, in each 10 000. For officers and men taken together it was about 321 in each 10 000. Those who know the extetit to which our colleges and univer- sities were drained of pupils and teachers, need no reminder of the fact that the proportionate numbers for the most highly educated class are inadequately given in the appended tables, for the reasons just stated; yet it may not be amiss to place here upon record the fact that many of our seminaries of learning were compelled for 210 PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. a season to suspend their activity and close their doors, in conse- quence of the departure of instructors and students for scenes of higher and nobler duty. Even the most frequented seminaries, such as Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, found their sphere of use- fulness contracted during the war to an extent almost incredible, and the long " rolls of honor," on which it has been their pride to commemorate the beloved sons whom they have offered on their country's altar, bear witness to the unsurpassed zeal with which the most educated classes of the community bore their part in de- fense of their native land, its nationality, and freedom. The annexed tabular statements present the statistics collected for the enlisted men (subject to the qualifications already made) ; but it will not be forgotten that of these men 29| per cent, were under the age of 21 years, and twice as many were under 25 years, so that the larger portion of them had not yet become definitely wedded to any especial occupation, - a fact which the peculiar versatility of the American people renders especially noticeable. TABLE I. Occupations of Volunteers, by States. State of Enlistment Agricul- tural Me- chanic Com- mercial Profes- sional Print- ers Labor- ers Miscel- laneous Totals Maine . . . 11 862 13 235 1 062 856 201 10 455 1 620 39 291 New Hampshire 7 273 7 142 523 221 187 2 177 588 18 111 Vermont . . 8 419 2 275 523 475 58 890 54 12 694 Massachusetts 2 394 10 230 1 881 178 175 2 317 1 513 18 688 Connecticut . 5 427 7 535 710 171 88 1 599 933 16 463 Pennsylvania . 7 142 8 051 398 206 129 8 664 1 386 25 976 West Virginia 8 983 3 213 285 201 47 1 396 125 14 250 Kentucky . . 9 718 2 035 300 117 42 1 014 227 13 453 Ohio .... 32 076 14 005 3 525 1 824 361 4 812 666 57 269 Indiana. . . 41 127 10 142 1 371 981 319 2 593 1 341 57 874 Illinois . . . 44 937 11 027 2 266 1 565 491 3 514 3 359 67 159 Michigan . . 4 928 1 717 175 120 50 1 217 779 8 986 Wisconsin . . 19 649 4 483 164 329 226 5 471 101 30 423 Iowa.... 10 445 2 065 159 421 90 413 343 13 936 Missouri . . 16 895 6 553 1 172 386 200 2 932 861 28 999 Total . . . 231 275 103 708 14 514 8 051 2 664 49 464 13 896 423 572 PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. 211 TABLE II. Occupations of by States. State of Enlistment Agricul- tural Me- chanic Com- mercial Profes- sional Prin- ters Labor- ers Miscel- laneous Totals Maine . . . 6 648 3 890 617 306 55 3 695 4 122 19 333 New Hampshire 1 108 2 364 347 78 68 4 407 389 8 761 Vermont . . 5 487 1 348 232 127 30 1 481 90 8 795 Massachusetts 3 771 11 861 1 377 251 219 5 862 1 994 25 335 Connecticut . 2 582 5 656 765 170 139 4 896 1 381 15 589 New York . . 18 090 13 817 3 815 684 476 13 516 1 727 52 125 Pennsylvania . 11 201 14 658 760 191 284 16 678 2 723 46 495 West Virginia 2 042 437 27 18 6 241 14 2 785 Kentucky . . 4 278 676 92 38 12 435 182 5 713 Ohio.... 4 109 1 564 208 140 46 1 010 80 7 157 Indiana. . . 4 547 812 64 56 14 390 146 6 029 Illinois . . . 1 365 276 56 14 6 176 114 2 007 Michigan . . 12 059 3 663 323 187 63 2 365 199 18 859 Wisconsin . . 12 450 2 461 55 134 49 3 786 87 19 022 Iowa.... 3 393 618 25 82 32 160 111 4 421 Missouri . . 298 120 19 4 - 63 28 532 Total. . . 93 428 64 221 8 782 2 480 1 499 59 161 13 387 242 958 212 PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. TABLE III. Occupations of U. 8. Soldiers, by States. State of Enlistment Agricul- tural Me- chanic Com- mercial Profes- sional Print- ers Labor- ers Miscel- laneous Totals Maine . . . 18 510 17125 1 679 1 162 256 14 150 5 742 58 624 New Hampshire 8 381 9 506 870 299 255 6 584 977 26 872 Vermont . . 13 906 3 623 755 602 88 2 371 144 21 489 Massachusetts 6165 22 091. 3 258 429 394 8 179 3 507 44 023 Connecticut . 8 009 13 191 1 475 341 227 6 495 2 314 32 052 New York . . 18 090 •13 817 3 815 684 476 13 516 1 727 52 125 Pennsylvania . 18 343 22 709 1 158 397 413 25 342 4 109 72 471 West Virginia 11 025 3 650 312 219 53 1 637 139 17 035 Kentucky . . 13 996 2 711 392 155 54 1 449 409 19 166 Ohio .... 36185 15 569 3 733 1 964 407 5 822 746 64 426 Indiana. . . 45 674 10 954 1 435 1 037 333 2 983 1 487 63 903 Illinois . . . 46 302 11 303 2 322 1 579 497 3 690 3 473 69 166 Michigan . . 16 987 5 380 498 307 113 3 582 978 27 845 Wisconsin . . 32 099 6 944 219 463 275 9 257 188 49 445 Iowa.... 13 838 2 683 184 503 122 573 454 18 357 Missouri . . 17 193 6 673 1 191 390 200 2 995 889 29 531 Total . . . 324 703 167 929 23 296 10 531 4 163 108 625 27 283 666 530 PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. 213 TABLE IV. Occupations of Volunteers, by Nativities. Nativity Agricul- tural Me- chanic Com- mercial Profes- sional Print- ers Labor- ers Miscel- laneous Totals A 35 540 34 815 4 599 2 093 684 14 056 4 034 95 821 B 33 228 18 313 2 202 1 521 543 10 466 2 963 69 236 C 78 426 17 063 3 734 2 701 639 4 940 1 979 109 482 D 20 839 2 383 617 413 193 1 409 893 26 747 E 12 899 3 437 384 313 86 1 165 312 18 596 F 18 558 2 545 330 299 63 692 410 22 897 Gi 924 99 14 18 21 52 37 1 165 G2 4 737 687 203 49 46 270 139 6 131 H 529 603 39 22 20 665 112 1 990 I 3 131 1 469 135 70 32 1 052 211 6 100 J 3 564 3 251 249 103 59 1 336 500 9 062 K 670 797 57 26 31 304 145 2 030 L 4 926 4 775 421 96 67 7 642 960 18 887 M 544 557 61 17 7 242 76 1 504 N 10 212 11 430 1 268 253 143 4 352 895 28 553 0 1 620 503 60 15 4 325 50 2 577 P 7 16 3 - 1 5 • 6 38 Q 921 965 138 42 25 491 174 2 756 Total 231 275 103 708 14 514 8 051 2 664 49 464 13 896 423 572 214 PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. TABLE V. Occupations of Recruits, by Nativities. Nativity Agricul- tural Me- chanic Com- mercial Profes- sional Print- ers Labor- ers Miscel- laneous Totals A 16 930 13 596 1 826 641 244 6 284 3 978 43 499 B 35 075 23 402 3 231 830 656 20 141 3 618 86 953 C 11 606 2 379 300 215 78 1 457 296 16 331 D 6 165 1 047 176 82 38 1 148 150 8 806 E 3 168 1 249 131 42 31 915 185 5 721 F 4 555 539 97 31 13 311 149 5 695 Gi 474 57 6 5 6 53 32 633 G2 289 145 26 10 4 102 61 637 H 582 895 117 28 30 1 506 494 3 652 I 3 425 2 503 301 82 76 3 589 530 10 506 J 1 861 2 877 422 104 94 3 369 720 9 447 K 589 914 154 23 23 761 145 2 609 L 2 568 6 858 639 80 134 13 216 1 682 25 177 M 214 449 97 31 10 660 200 1 661 N 4 905 6 345 1 010 207 46 4 007 798 17 318 0 811 261 49 10 2 606 72 1 811 P • 8 69 32 4 - 150 28 291 Q 203 636 168 55 14 886 249 2 211 Total 93 428 64 221 8 782 2 480 1499 59 161 13 387 242 958 PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. 215 TABLE VI. Occupations of U. S. Soldiers, by Nativities. Nativity Agricul- tural Me- chanic Com- mercial Profes- sional Print- ers Labor- ers Miscel- laneous Totals A 52 470 48 411 6 425 2 734 928 20 340 8 012 139 320 B 68 303 41 715 5 433 2 351 1 199 30 607 6 581 156 189 C 90 032 19 442 4 034 2 916 717 6 397 2 275 125 813 D 27 004 3 430 793 495 231 2 557 1 043 35 553 E 16 067 4 686 515 355 117 2 080 497 24 317 F 23 113 3 084 427 330 76 1 003 599 28 592 Gi 1 398 156 20 23 27 105 69 1 798 Gg 5 026 832 229 59 50 372 200 6 768 H 1 111 1 498 156 50 50 2 171 606 5 642 I 6 556 3 972 436 152 108 4 641 741 16 606 J 5 425 6 128 671 207 153 4 705 1 220 18 509 K 1 259 1 711 211 49 54 1 065 290 4 639 L 7 494 11 663 1 060 176 201 20 858 2 642 44 064 M 758 1 006 158 48 17 902 276 3 165 N 15 117 17 775 2 278 460 189 8 359 1 693 45 871 0 2 431 764 109 25 6 931 122 4 388 P 15 85 35 4 1 155 34 329 Q 1 124 1 601 306 97 39 1 377 423 4 967 Total 324 703 167 929 23 296 10 531 4 163 108 625 27 283 666 530 216 PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. TABLE VII. Occupations. Proportionate Numbers for Different States. State of Enlistment Agricul- tural Me- chanic Com- mercial Profes- sional Print- ers Labor- ers Miscel- laneous Totals Maine . . . 316 292 29 20 4 241 98 1 000 New Hampshire 312 354 32 11 10 245 36 1 000 Vermont . . 647 169 35 28 . 4 110 7 1 000 Massachusetts 140 502 74 10 9 186 79 1 000 Connecticut . 250 411 46 11 7 203 72 1 000 New York . . 347 265 73 13 9 260 33 1 000 Pennsylvania . 253 313 16 5 6 350 57 1 000 West Virginia 647 214 19 13 3 96 8 1 000 Kentucky . . 730 142 20 8 3 76 21 1 000 Ohio .... 562 242 58 30 6 90 12 1 000 Indiana. . . 715 171 23 16 5 47 23 1 000 Illinois . . . 670 163 34 23 7 53 50 1 000 Michigan . . 610 193 18 11 4 129 35 1 000 Wisconsin . . 649 141 4 9 6 187 4 1 000 Iowa.... 754 146 10 27 7 31 25 1 000 Missouri . . 582 226 40 13 7 102 30 1 000 Total . . . 487 252 35 16 6 163 41 1 000 PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. 217 TABLE VIII. Occupations. Proportionate Numbers for Different Nativities. Nativity Agricul- tural Me- chanic Com- mercial Profes- sional Print- ers Labor- ers Miscel- laneous Totals A 377 347 46 20 7 146 57 1000 B 437 267 35 15 8 196 42 1 000 C 716 154 32 23 6 51 18 1000 D 760 96 22 14 7 72 29 1 000 E 661 193 21 15 5 85 20 1 000 F 808 108 15 11 3 35 20 1 000 Gi 778 87 11 13 15 58 38 1 000 Ga 743 123 34 9 7 55 29 1000 H 197 265 28 9 9 385 107 1 000 I 395 239 26 9 7 279 45 1 000 J 293 331 36 11 9 254 66 1 000 K 271 369 45 11 12 230 62 1 000 L 170 264 24 4 5 473 60 1 000 M 240 318 50 15 5 285 87 1 000 N 330 387 50 10 4 182 37 1 000 0 554 174 25 6 1 212 28 1 000 P 46 258 107 12 3 471 103 1 000 Q 226 322 62 20 8 277 85 1000 Total 487 252 35 16 6 163 41 1 000 CHAPTER VIII. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 1. History of the Investigation. In the early part of the year 1863, an extensive series of in- quiries as to the physical and social condition of our soldiers was prepared by Mr. Olmsted, the General Secretary of the Commis- sion, and Mr. Elliott, the Actuary. These were intended to include the most important physical dimensions and personal characteris- tics, and the necessary apparatus was procured without delay. Similar investigations had already been undertaken, to some ex- tent, by Professor Henry, in behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, who had caused apparatus to be constructed for the purpose; and new instruments for measuring were made at the Coast Survey office, under the supervision of the Vice President of the Commis- sion and Superintendent of the Coast Survey, the late Professor Bache. Two inspectors were appointed, and charged with the duty of obtaining the desired measurements and information for as many men as possible. One of these, Dr. S. B. Buckley, was assigned to the army of the Potomac, while the other, Mr. Risler, measured soldiers in Washington City. The latter was, after a month's service, relieved by Mr. E. B. Fairchild, who was sta- tioned first at a camp on one of the islands in New York harbor, and subsequently at that for rebel prisoners at Point Lookout in Maryland. The schedule to be filled out by the examiner was in two parts, one pertaining solely to physical characteristics, and such other questions as might be supposed to be of importance in connection with these, and the other having only a bearing on the purely moral and social condition of the same men. The former series only is here discussed, the blank schedule containing them, and known as Form E, having been as follows : - 1. Number of soldier in order of examination? 2. Name of soldier ? Rank? MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 219 3. Regiment? 4. Entire height (in stockings - inches and tenths) ? 5. Height from ground to lower part of neck (7 th cervical vertebra) ? 6. Height to perinaeum ? 7. Breadth of neck ? 8. Breadth of shoulders ? 9. Breadth of pelvis ? 10. Circumference of chest over the nipple (under the coat and vest - inches and tenths) ? 11. Circumference of waist? 12. Length of arm - from arm-pit to tip of middle finger ? 13. Capacity of chest (cubic inches) ? 14. Weight (lbs. and half lbs.) without coat, hat, arms, or accoutre- ments ? 15. Dynamometer? 16. In the opinion of Inspector, from appearance and statements of subject, is he of American stock of three or more generations ? (In cases where this question cannot be answered with confidence, affir- matively or negatively, it will be best not to pursue the examination.) 17. If so, period of immigration of ancestry ? (Detail of both sides desirable.) 18. Where born - country or State ? " county ? " parish or town ? 19. If foreign born, year of arrival in this country ? Supposed about ? 20. Country of birth - of father ? " " of mother ? " " of grandparents ? 21. Enlisted - when ? where ? for what period ? 22. Conjugal relation (as single, married, or widower) ? 23. Age (last birthday) ? 24. Former occupation ? 25. Hair - color? Bald? " slightly ? If so, at what age did baldness become distinct ? 26. Eyes - color ? " distance between pupils ? " prominent ? 27. Complexion? 28. Pulse (regular), beats per minute ? 29. Respiration (number of inspirations per minute) ? 220 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 30. Muscular development ? 31. State if in usual vigor? if reduced by disease ? " wounds ? " recent exertion ? " hardship ? " poor fare ? 32. Is he, when ordinarily well, a tougher and more vigorous man than before he entered the army ? Less so ? 33. Condition of teeth ? Number lost ? Number decayed ? Number filled ? 34. Head - circumference about frontal eminence and greatest projec- tion of occiput ? Distance between the condyloid process of lower jaw over os frontis - longest measurement ? Distance between condyloid processes over parietal bones ? Distance from frontal eminence to protuberance of occiput ? 35. Facial angle? The questions of which the numbers are omitted here belonged to the social series. Of examinations and measurements made in conformity with his schedule, there are existing very nearly 8000, which will be specified in detail hereafter. In June 1864 the author of this treatise was appointed Actuary of the Commission, and the following passage is quoted from his first report, made after an examination into the statistical materials of the Commission, and their condition, and dated 1864, July 12. " Of the reports of physical and social condition of soldiers not quite 7200 have been received, namely, about 5200 for national, and 1970 for rebel soldiers. . . . The results of the physical inspections are tabulated for all the 1970 rebel prisoners, and for 3277 of the United States soldiers ; also for about 760 returns from the convalescent camp. " A cursory examination of these returns has impressed me forcibly not only with the great value of the work, but also with the importance of some more distinct understanding and interchange of ideas between different inspectors, if their results are to be combined or compared with one another. Those questions which are necessarily general in their nature have been answered by the inspectors according to their individual interpretation of somewhat vague words, and it appears to me essential that some arbitrary directions be prescribed for their guidance, 221 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. or better still, agreed upon by the inspectors themselves after personal conference. " In view of the slowness with which these valuable data can be col- lected, I would strongly recommend as large an increase of the number of inspectors as may appear feasible to the Commission. Twenty in- spectors could furnish but about 7500 to 8000 returns a month, and the best exertions of the Commission can only obtain a comparatively small number. No examinations of the negro troops seem to have yet been made, and the importance of such inspections needs no comment. The blank forms might perhaps be somewhat modified with advantage. " Should it accord with the views of the Commission to organize a large force of inspectors of physical condition at least, I would farther suggest the desirableness of some official chief of the corps, a part of whose duty it should be to insure uniformity in the interpretation of the questions, and in the signification attributed to the phraseology of an- swers." The Commission, with the ready aid and confidence which they have never failed to accord their Actuary, and which will always remain among his most gratifying recollections of an agreeable personal intercourse of nearly four years, adopted the suggestions of this report, and authorized the construction of twelve sets of measuring apparatus, as well as the employment of twelve ex- aminers, who should devote their attention to these investigations and measurements exclusively, - and a sufficient number of clerks to tabulate the results as fast as received. Considerable modifications were introduced into the apparatus, already excellent, and the schedule of questions was enlarged and revised, with the view of introducing as much precision as possible regarding the points of the body which should serve as bases for measurement. It has always been a source of regret to the writer, that the preparation of this series of questions had not fallen to more competent and experienced hands, since his previous studies had been in totally different departments of research. But the circumstances of the case rendered this impossible, and he endeav- ored to render the consequent disadvantages a minimum by con- sultation with friends whose pursuits are of an anthropological or physiological nature. Among those whom he would especially mention with gratitude, as having aided with useful counsel, are Professors Agassiz, J. Wyman, and Holmes, as well as Dr. J. H. Douglas, till that time Chief Inspector and Assistant Secretary of the Commission. Many points of the present inquiry would have been more judiciously ordered, and many of the measure- 222 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. ments more effectively conducted, had the knowledge and expe- rience which have necessarily followed this work been available at its commencement; but the author ventures to hope that the materials obtained, and the elaboration which has been found pos- sible for them, may be regarded as contributions to human knowl- edge, sufficient to palliate the want of the ampler results which these opportunities would have yielded to abler and more experi- enced inquirers. It was only after the measurements were com- pleted that he first saw the learned and instructive " Vorlesungen uber den Mens client by Professor Vogt, which would have given most valuable guidance. The apparatus employed will be described hereafter. Unfortu- nately the difficulties under which all mechanic arts were suffering at that period of the war, from lack of men and materials, pre- vented the prompt completion of the apparatus, and it was not till after four months that all the instruments were ready for use. The fact that all the previous measurements had been made in inches seemed to render it advisable that the new ones should be likewise recorded in inches as the units, which was accordingly done, instead of employing the metric system. This has since been a subject of regret, on several accounts, not the least of which is the almost in- superable tendency of all measurers to record their results in some full number of units whenever possible, so that the degree of ac- curacy is increased to a marked extent as the magnitude of the unit is decreased. Had the dimensions been taken in centimeters instead of inches, not only would the results have been more uni- versally apprehended, but they would really have gained in pre- cision. The new form prescribed for the examinations received the title " Form EE." To avoid confusion, the same numbers were retained for the questions as had been given in Form E, the new questions being interpolated with fractional numbers or discriminated by small letters affixed. The following was the schedule, in which the nature of the modifications introduced will be recognized at once. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 223 [Form EE.] SANITARY COMMISSION. INDIVIDUAL INSPECTION. 1. Number of soldier in order of examination ? 2. Name of soldier ? Rank ? 3. Regiment? 4. Entire height (in stockings-inches and tenths)? Distance from tip of middle finger to level of upper margin of patella (in " attitude of the soldier ") ? 5. Height to lower part of neck (spine of the prominent, i. e., 7th cervical vertebra) ? 5|. Height to knee (middle of patella) ? 6. Height to perinaeum ? 6|. Perinaeum to most prominent part of pubes ? 7. Breadth of neck ? 7|. Girth of neck ? 8. Breadth of shoulders between acromion processes ? 9. Breadth of pelvis between crests of ilia ? 10. Circumference of chest across the nipples - a. Full inspiration? b. After expiration? 10|. Distance between nipples ? 11. Circumference of waist above hips? 11|. Circumference around hips on level with trochanters? 12 a. Length of arm - from tip of acromion to tip of middle finger? b. Distance from middle of top of sternum to tip of middle fin* ger, arm extended ? c. Distance from tip of acromion to extremity of elbow? 13. Capacity of chest in cubic inches (i. e., amount exhaled after full inhalation) ? 14. Weight (lbs. and half lbs.) without coat, hat, arms, or accoutre- ments ? 14|. Weight (from memory) at enlistment? 15. Dynamometer ? 16. In the opinion of the Inspector, from appearance and statements of subject, is he of American stock of three or more generations ? 17. If so, period of immigration of ancestry? (Detail of both sides desirable.) 18. Where born - country or State ? " county ? " parish or town ? 224 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 19. If foreign born, year of arrival in this country? Supposed about ? 20. Country of birth - of father ? " of mother ? " of grandparents? 21. Enlisted - when ? where ? for what period ? 22. Conjugal relation (as single, married, or widower) ? 23. Age (last birthday) ? 24. Former occupation or occupations ? 25. Hair - color? amount ? texture ? If bald, at what age did baldness become distinct ? 26. Eyes - color ? distance between outer angles ? " " inner angles ? prominent ? 27. Complexion ? 28. Pulse (regular) beats per minute ? 29. Respiration (number of inspirations per minute, when quiet) ? 30. Muscular development? 31. Is he in usual vigor ? reduced by disease ? " wounds ? " recent exertion ? " hardship ? " poor fare ? 32. Is he, when ordinarily well, a tougher and more vigorous man than before he entered the army ? 33. Condition of teeth ? Number lost? 34. Head - a. Circumference about frontal eminence, and greatest pro- jection of occiput? b. Distance between the condyloid processes of lower jaw over os frontis, longest measurement ? c. Distance between condyloid processes over parietal bones ? d. Distance between condyloid processes over occipital pro- tuberance ? e. Distance from frontal eminence to protuberance of oc ci put ? f. Width between angles of jaws ? g. Width between condyloid processes ? MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 225 35. Facial angle ? 36. Foot- a. Length from tip of great toe to extremity of heel? b. Length from tip of great toe to hollow above heel ? c. Thickness at instep ? d. Circumference around heel and anterior ligament? 51. Was he, before the war, given to athletic recreations, and if so, what kind ? 55. Education - Limited common school ? Good common school ? High school ? Professional ? 57. Distance of distinct vision for small pica double-leaded type ? 58. Does he distinguish colors correctly ? If not, describe the irregularity ? To secure uniformity in the mode of measurement by different examiners, Dr. Buckley, whose experience and scientific attain- ments had already proved serviceable in the examinations under Form E, was appointed Chief Examiner, and all the other gen- tlemen engaged upon the work went through some days' practice in measuring with him. The following printed instructions were also furnished to each examiner. INSTRUCTIONS FOR EXAMINATION OF INDIVIDUALS. - [Form EE.] The persons examined should not be selected, but should be taken indiscriminately, - by companies and regiments, when possible. The object of Question 4|, is to determine the point on the outer side of the thigh corresponding with the tip of the middle finger, in the " attitude of the soldier." It is best measured with the calipers. Question cannot be answered by means of the andrometer, but may be omitted, as also may Question 10|, when no opportunity is found for examination of the individual without clothing. Such opportunities are never to be lost; although the ordinary examination requires merely the removal of hat, coat, waistcoat, and boots, and loosening the shirt at the breast. The Girth of neck (Question 7|) is to be taken around the pomuni Adami. The Circumference of chest (10) is to be measured under all the clothing; the Distance between nipples (10|), taken with calipers. For ascertaining the Capacity of the chest (13), the lungs are to be fully inflated, and then as completely emptied as may be, by breathing through the tube of the spirometer. The results of three consecutive trials are to be recorded. The Questions 28 and 29, as to the number of pulsations and inspi- 226 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. rations in a minute, must both be answered before the trial of the Dy- namometer (15), which would derange the normal condition. The res- pirations are of course to be counted without the knowledge of the individual. It is recommended that they be noted immediately after the arm-measurements (13), when the person examined is not suspect- ing a change in the order of questions as printed; and before the trials with the Spirometer. The precautions for insuring accurate an- swers are self-evident. In answer to Question 16, state the stock, if possible (as English, Irish, French, etc.) ; if not, state the race, unless Caucasian, (as Afri- can, Malay, etc.) ; or if of mixed races, and what. In Trades (Question 24), the journeyman is to be distinguished from the master in all cases - as, Baker (journeyman); Carpenter (master). Laborers are to be described according to the nature of their employment - as Agricultural Laborer, Railway Laborer. The term Farmer should be applied only to those who have themselves owned or rented land. The sons of farmers, living on the farm and working on it, may be returned " Farmers' sons." Descriptions of oc- cupation should be precise - they are too often incomplete : for exam- ple, engine feeder, engine driver, not engineer; brass founder, iron founder, not founder simply; commercial clerk, lawyer's clerk, not clerk, simply. If a Mechanic, state the Branch of manufacture ; if a Shopkeeper or Salesman, state the kind of business. The Color of the Hair (25), may be described as Black, Dark-Brown, Brown, Light-Brown, Sandy, Red, Gray (if gray, the original color should also be ascertained and recorded) ; its Amount, as Thick, Medium, Scanty, or the degree of baldness indicated ; its Texture, as Straight, Wavy, or Curly, and as Coarse, Medium, or Fine. The Color of the Eyes (26), - as Blue, Gray, Hazel, Light-Brown, Dark-Brown, Black. The Complexion (27), -as Fair, Ruddy, Medium, or Dark. The Muscular Development (30), - as Large, Moderate, or Defi- cient. In the Measurements of Head (34), - the lengths under the hair are desired. The measures a and b refer to the " frontal eminence," or most prominent part of the forehead above the superciliary ridge. But the distance e should be measured from the angle of the skull between the eyebrows to that at the base behind. The widths f and g are to be taken with calipers; the other measures with the tape. The Length and Thickness of Foot (36), are to be measured with cal- ipers. In answering Question 55, record the apparent degree of actual cul- ture or intelligence, rather than the mode in which it was obtained. The Facial Angle (35), has its center at the alveolar process, and the angle desired is included between lines drawn to the orifice of the ear, and to the "frontal eminence" as above defined. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 227 The lines entitled "Objects of the Examination " are printed on the back of the Forms EE in small-pica double-leaded, and may be used for Question 57. The object of Question 58 is to determine the comparative frequency of what is called color-blindness, by ascertaining whether green can be distinguished easily from red, yellow from blue, etc. AH measurements are to be noted in inches and tenths, so far as pos- sible ; and if for any reason it should not be found practicable to obtain satisfactory and accurate answers, it is better to make a dash against the question, omitting the answer entirely, than to record an uncertain re- sult. In examining negro troops, give, as answer to Question 30, an esti- mate of the proportion of black blood, such as Ftill Black, Mulatto, Quadroon, Octroon ; as well as of the negro race, if this can be dis- criminated. In answer to Question 55, a statement of the apparent in- telligence may be given, such as Very low, Low, Average, Quick, etc.; - the ordinary white private soldier being taken as the standard of comparison. Also state whether he can read or write, or both, well or imperfectly; and when this was learned. The blanks, when filled, are to be sent to the Statistical Department of the Commission, at Washington, - weekly, if possible. Not more than one hundred sets of measures should ever remain in the hands of the examiner at a time. Cambridge, March. 1, 1865. The close of the war happily deprived us of the opportunities for measuring, by dispersing the citizen soldiery to their homes; but all means of obtaining the desired data were actively improved, so that our total number of men measured according to the new form nearly reaches the number of 15 900. Some of these it has seemed desirable not to incorporate with our results, but the meas- urements of 15 781 men seem entitled to full confidence, as hon- estly, carefully, and intelligently made. In arranging the stations of the different examiners, and giving instructions as to the special duties of each, efforts were made to provide so far as possible that the measurements by each person should be confined to no one class of men, and that the measure- ments of no class should be restricted to a single examiner. The various exigencies of the work, and a proper regard to economy, prevented entire compliance with this rule ; yet it was never over- looked, and in those cases where the physical examination of any class of men was conducted by one person only, the duty was as- signed to the most experienced and careful person available, and 228 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. to some one moreover whose other duties had, when possible, been such as to permit his work to be easily compared with that of more than one other examiner. The military officers at the various camps and stations afforded all needful opportunities for these examinations with unfailing readiness, no obstacles having been encountered in any instance from want of cooperation on the part of commanding officers. By the Navy Department here, as in all other cases, facilities were accorded with cordiality, and both the late Chief of the Medical Bureau, Dr. Whelan, and the present Chief of Bureau, Dr. Hor- witz, issued orders which greatly aided our endeavors. To Ad- miral Stringham, then commanding the Charlestown Navy Yard, as also to Admiral Thatcher, and to the officers of the Naval Re- cruiting Station, in New York city, our thanks are also due. In those cases where application to the Secretary of War became necessary, we were less fortunate, all such applications being refused without exception. This has unfortunately precluded us from repeating the measurements of prisoners of war, in order to test the correctness of the differences found by comparison of the results of examina- tions according to the earlier form. Farther permission was re- fused, nor could appeals or explanations to the Surgeon-General or the Secretary avail to obtain permission for the agents of the Com- mission to measure any of the large number of full-blooded Indians, who were held for a considerable time as prisoners of war near Rock Island, on the Upper Mississippi. A detailed exhibit of the materials collected will be presented in the next section. The reports from the examiners were sent in weekly, whenever possible, and were immediately tabulated upon sheets prepared for the purpose. Those data which seemed capable of influence by ethnological agencies, were then assorted according to the nativi- ties of the men; those who were in their ordinary health being kept distinct from those who were not, and different classes of men being separately tabulated, so far as was possible. Subse- quently a minute comparison was made between the original re- port and the tabulated copy, for the detection of errors ; those of the copyist were corrected; and the examiner was called upon without delay for information as to any measurements or state- ments which seemed probably erroneous in his reports. At a later period a different scrutiny was also applied, as will be de- scribed in its proper order. In the distribution by nativities, the same classification was em- MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 229 ployed for the later measurements, which was adopted in the dis- cussion of the Statures, and has been described in Chapter V. But for the earlier measurements and examinations, the arrangement is different, the subdivision being only into ten classes. Careful discussion of the earlier measures soon made manifest the great importance, not to say necessity, of the precautions, for- tunately already taken, to provide that methods of measurement should be the same with different examiners. Differences of the most marked and peculiar kind appeared to exist between the United States soldiers and the rebel prisoners, natives of Southern States. So, too, a comparison of the physical conformation of soldiers measured at the Convalescent Camp, with that of men in active service, seemed to point to very remarkable inferences ; yet subsequent measurements of other men of the same classes do not appear to confirm these deductions, and it is more than probable that the discordances arose from different modes of measurement to a much greater extent than from real differences between the classes of men. No pains have been spared in the arrangement of the later measurements [EE], to avoid and to eliminate errors of this kind, yet it would be vain to suppose that they have been entirely obviated; and indeed their influence can be made percep- tible by minute discussion in almost every one of the measures prescribed by the schedule. This is especially the case with the head-measurements, but the phenomenon is well known to anthro- pologists ; and there is ground to hope that the employment of the results obtained by many examiners, each of whom aimed at the same object, may afford a means for final deductions comparatively free from individual error. For some questions, such as the facial angle, special determinations of personal difference have been made, and applied as a correction to the result. Accidental errors of measurements follow a general law, and are absolutely elimi- nated when the mean value is deduced from a sufficiently large number of cases; but no amount of repetition by the same indi- vidual can eliminate these constant personal peculiarities. Their elimination implies measurements of the same quantity by a num- ber of different persons. After the tabulation, classification by nativities, and verification of the numbers by a new comparison with the original reports, had been completed, the mean values for each dimension were computed, and the individual cases assorted by magnitude. A system of groups was arranged, each group corresponding to certain limits of variation from the mean value for that particu- 230 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. lar dimension, and the number of cases was counted which be longed within each group. Several desirable ends were attained by this process, but its principal object was to determine the ex- tent to which the distribution of the individual values, around their mean, conformed to the Law of Error, and thus to decide whether the mean already determined truly represented a type ; in which case it would not be essentially changed by any increase in the number of equally good measurements ; while, on the other hand, any different system of distribution would indicate that the true type had not been attained, so that our mean would require an in- crease of measurements for its proper determination. An oppor- tunity was also thus afforded and improved for discovering and investigating cases of excessive discordance from the mean. At a later period of the investigation, when from study of the Law of Growth, it became manifest that the dimensions of the body are very dependent upon the age of the individual, and that the increase of stature generally continues for more than ten years after the age at which most enlistments took place, the full impor- tance of considering the age, as an element of the inquiry, wras first appreciated. This would require a classification of the men of each nativity according to age, and a comparative discussion of their dimensions at different ages. Three of the nativities appear to include a sufficient number of individuals to permit some infer- ences to be obtained in this manner, especially since the statistics of stature are so thoroughly deduced from a large number of cases. Financial considerations, only, have prevented this investigation, which is among the many of which the prosecution was most re- luctantly foregone. The materials, however, exist, available for any future inquirer, and in a form which will require a minimum amount of labor for attaining the desired results. Whether the several dimensions which depend upon the development of the bony structure increase according to the same or similar laws, or in the same proportions, during the years between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, is the question to be determined. One important part of the discussion of our materials it has happily been found possible to complete, namely, the reduction of all the measured dimensions to decimals of the stature. Thus the proportions, as well as actual dimensions, are determined for nearly twenty-four thousand men ; and if we are justified in the assumption that the osseous system is symmetrically developed after eighteen years, all our data for each nativity may be com- bined, without fear of affecting the mean results by the aggrega- MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 231 tion of the individual dimensions of men of different age. And on the other hand, since any variation in the relative dimensions, for different classes, must be on a scale much smaller than the va- riations of the actual dimensions, our mean results are entitled to greater confidence, the peculiarity of abnormal cases is more dis- tinctly manifested, and the materials for farther investigation of the modification of bodily proportions by age, stature, nativity, place of residence, occupation, class of society, etc., as well as by race, are brought into the form most favorable for use. The excessively laborious character of the processes to which these measurements have already been subjected, will be palpable upon the most cursory examination, and will doubtless lead to as full an appreciation of what has been accomplished, as of what has been omitted. Still, it may be well to record that the omissions are not altogether the result of neglect, or of want of desire to continue the inquiries for which these measurements afford a fuller scope than has before been available for anthropologists or statis- ticians ; but it is in great part due to the limits of pecuniary out- lay, and of time, to which the Sanitary Commission has felt bound to restrict their researches. The results of the measurements so carefully planned and car- ried out by Drs. Schultz and Scherzer of the Exploring Expedition in the Austrian steam-frigate " Novara," would doubtless have aided in the discussion of the materials here presented, by afford- ing the guidance which the inquiries of scholars learned and trained in anthropological researches could not fail to offer ; but although anxiously awaited, these results have not yet been pub- lished, so far as the author of this volume is aware. To give as wide usefulness as possible to these researches in their ethnological relations, the Commission has distributed the apparatus with which the measurements were made, among various institutions of learning in the United States; and has disseminated the blank forms [EE] and the instructions to examiners as widely as possible among scientific travellers. Governor MacTavish, of the Red River Territory of British North America, has cordially undertaken to obtain similar measurements of Indians of that re- gion, and to send them to the Smithsonian Institution ; and analo- gous measurements of Indians of the Pacific Coast, both in North and South America, have been promised, and are probably now making. Although this schedule is doubtless defective, the large number of men who have been measured according to its provis- ions, will probably render it more useful now than a better one would be, as a guide for ethnological determinations. 232 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 2. Measurements obtained. It has been stated that about 8000 men were examined accord- ing to the original Form E. Of these examinations, by far the greater portion were made before the present Actuary assumed the charge of the work. Some of the results, based upon meas- ures of 776 volunteers made by Dr. Buckley at the Convalescent Camp near Alexandria, and those of 916 men made by the same examiner at the camp at Aquia Creek Landing, were communi- cated in behalf of the Commission by the former Actuary, Mr. Elliott, to the Statistical Congress at Berlin in September 1863, and subsequently elaborated, and published in a paper, " On the Military Statistics of the United States," w'ith the Proceedings of that Congress. Mr. Elliott's well known ability and learning ren- der this document one of high interest. Until the new apparatus was completed for use in the examinations according to the Sched- ule [EE], the former system was continued, and the total number of the earlier physical examinations now in our possession is as follows.1 Examiner No. and Class of Men Place Date Dr. S. B. Buckley 776 U. S. soldiers Conval. Camp, Va. Jan .-Apr. 1863 (C 916 " Aquia Creek, Va. Apr.-June 1863 cc 4045 " Camps in D. C. July 1863-Sept. 1864 H. Risler 234 " " Washington May and June 1863 E. B. Fairchild 32 " " > David's Island, N. Y. Sept. 1863 75 Rebel pris'rs cc 1915 " " | Pt. Lookout, Md. Oct. 1863-Feb. 1864 CC 11 U. S. soldiers 8004 The uncertainties which may arise, and the possible errors in- curred by comparing or combining these several sets of measures by different examiners, have been already alluded to. The mean dimensions deduced from measurements by any one examiner, for men of different classes or nativities, may legitimately be compared; but it is not so for the mean values obtained for one class by one examiner, and for another class by another examiner, unless a suf- ficient number of some one class has been measured by both ex- aminers, to permit a trustworthy determination of the mean differ- ence of their results. The effect of the want of some good method 1 The whole number of these returns considered worthy of tabulation and incorporation with our results was 7904. Subsequently the reports for 252 men, measured by Mr. Fair- child at Chattanooga in April 1864, were discovered after being long supposed lost. They were received, however, too late for incorporation with the present results. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 233 of determining this mean difference, for the earlier measures, will seriously impair the reliance to be placed upon any comparative inference from these. Thus, for example, for natives of the New England States, the mean breadth of the pelvis appears to be 12.96 inches, and the distance over the top of the head between the frontal and occipital eminences 14.44 inches; while for natives of the Slave States, the corresponding mean values are found to be 13.41 and 13.57 inches. Or, if we consider relative dimensions only, expressed in terms of the height as a unit, the average length of the legs is 0.459 for natives of Pennsylvania, and 0.473 for rebel prisoners; and the head measure already cited gives 0.215 for New Englanders, and 0.199 for Southerners. Or, yet again, if we compare men in perfect health with men not in their usual vigor, we shall find the heads of the former to be, on the average, above three tenths of an inch larger in circumference. These differ- ences do not exist in the men measured, but in the usages and judgements of the men measuring - the different class of soldiers being chiefly examined by different persons. Ineffectual efforts have been made to deduce the personal differ- ences between Messrs. Buckley and Fairchild, so as to permit a safer comparison of their respective results. In the absence of this important means of referring one system of measures to the other, the results of these earlier measures have been classified by nativities only, and directly combined. Therefore, in those nativ- ities which include measurements by both of these gentlemen, the results are intermediate between those which would have been de- rived from the measurements by each examiner separately. The mean values of the Actual and Relative dimensions, or as we will designate them, the Dimensions and the Proportions, which are deducible from this series of physical examinations, will be given in their appropriate place, with the other values which re- sult from the subsequent series of measurements with improved apparatus, and according to the new schedule. Where marked differences are found to exist between the two determinations pur- porting to be of the same dimensions, the explanation will generally suggest itself upon comparison of the language of the question in the two blank forms. The instruments employed consisted of an andrometer, spirom- eter, dynamometer, facial-angle instrument, platform-balance, cal- ipers, and measuring tape. The andrometer is said to have been originally devised by a tailor in Edinburgh, named McDonald, who used it to determine 234 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY- the proper size for soldiers' clothing, for which he had undertaken a considerable contract with the military authorities. Ballingall has given1 some account, as well as a representation of it; and states that the instrument is deposited in the Museum of the Edin- burgh University. It enables the total height, breadth of neck, of shoulders, and of pelvis, the length of legs and height to the knee to be measured with greater accuracy and rapidity than oth- erwise would be possible, since when the man to be measured has taken his position, gauges are quickly set for the measures of all these dimensions, and the numerical values read off after the man has left the instrument. Instruments of this kind were con- structed for the Sanitary Commission in 1863, at the office of the U. S. Coast Survey, under the special supervision of the late Pro- fessor Bache, the lamented Superintendent of the Sur- vey, and Vice President of the Commission. These contained some improve- ments upon the original in- strument, especially such as permitted more accu- rate adjustment to the per- son, as well as an addition- al gauge for measuring the height of the body proper, of which the seventh cer- vical vertebra was taken as the limit. When in Au- gust and September, 1864, the new instruments were ordered, Dr. Douglas kind- ly charged himself with the supervision of the work, which was executed with great care and fidelity by Mr. William Belcher of New York. In the new instruments many addi- 1 Outlines of Military Surgery, 1855, pp. 35, 36. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 235 tional improvements were introduced, a considerable part of them being suggested by the experience obtained by the use of the two former ones, which were themselves correspondingly modified as soon as they could be spared for the purpose. The annexed figures will indicate the general construction of the andrometer, and the manner of use. The graduations of this instrument, and of all our implements for linear measure, are in inches and tenths, all danger of error from the use of divisions not decimal being thus avoided. It is a source of regret to the author that he did not employ the met- ric system for all these measurements, not only as attended with less uncertainty on account of the smaller unit employed when centi- 236 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. meters are substituted for inches, and for the more obvious reason of greater facility in comparing them with other similar measure- ments, but also as a means of contributing in some small degree towards the important and philanthropic work, now going on among civilized nations, of promoting a uniform decimal international sys tern of weights and measures. The great deficiency of skillful mechanics in the country during the last years of the war delayed the completion of the apparatus, the first set of which was not ready until the middle of December, and but one hundred and eighty men had been examined accord- ing to the new programme, at the beginning of the year 1865. The overthrow of the rebellion was finished early in April, and the disbandment of the army soon commenced, so that more than five sixths of our data in this series were collected during the first eight months of 1865. Examiners were appointed as rapidly as the sets of apparatus were completed, and each examiner practised a day or two with Dr. Buckley before commencing his own independent series of meas- urements. The first examinations attempted were at Elmira, N. Y., where was a large camp of rebel prisoners. A set of apparatus was provisionally made up, by the use of some of the old and some of the new instruments, and taken by Dr. Buckley to Elmira, where he instructed Mr. William S. Baker in their use, and re- mained for some time in the expectation of permission to com- mence the desired measurements. Every courtesy and assistance possible was afforded by the officers in command, but access to the prisoners could only be obtained by permission of the Secretary of War, and our application was refused by him. This camp was, however, found to be a very favorable position for obtaining meas- urements of our own soldiers, and about a thousand men were measured there by Mr. Baker. During the month of December, 1864, five more examiners were appointed, instructed, and assigned to duty. Mr. Arthur Phinney was stationed at the Naval Rendezvous in New York City, where he was able to measure the men while entirely un- clothed, immediately after their examination by the medical officer of the station. Here he measured more than eight hundred men at the time of their acceptance into the navy, thus obtaining a peculiarly valuable collection of data, to which his scrupulous accu- racy has given additional worth. Dr. W. B. Wells was assigned to the Marine Barracks at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and Messrs. F. H. Smith and G. F. Murray to Fort McHenry and another of the military stations near Baltimore, where quarters and all de- MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 237 sired assistance were readily afforded them by General Morris, then commanding the defenses of Baltimore. Arrangements had also been made for the examination of uncivilized Indians, a large number of whom were held as prisoners of war near Rock Island in Illinois, but these were rendered futile by the failure of repeated attempts on the part of various officers of the Commission to ob- tain the needed authority from the War Department, the Surgeon- General reporting officially " that the scientific results did not promise to be of sufficient value to warrant the introduction of irresponsible persons into our large prison camps." In January 1865, Messrs. C. D. Lewis, Horatio T. Myers, and James Russell, together with Dr. Buckley, commenced the exam- ination of soldiers of Western regiments and of the First Army Corps near Washington. In February Mr. Russell established him- self at City Point, Va., where he commenced the measurement of colored soldiers ; and Dr. B. G. Wilder, a naturalist of distinction, then Assistant Surgeon of a Massachusetts negro regiment, and Major Sigourney Wales measured sailors on board the receiving ship at the Charlestown Navy Yard with Dr. Buckley, as prelim- inary to a series of examinations of black troops in South Carolina, whither they returned in the month following. In March, Dr. John Elsner relieved the last named gentleman at the Charles- town Navy Yard; Mr. Lewis was transferred to Detroit, where was a large camp ; and Mr. Myers to New Orleans, to measure Southern white men. This last undertaking, however, proved un- successful. Mr. Myers's health gave way under the climatic influ- ences ; and he was able to reach his home in New York State but a few weeks before he fell a victim to the debility resulting from malarial fever. The collapse of the rebellion in April, and the extensive military movements which preceded and followed this event, together with the cessation of recruiting for the navy, interrupted or restricted most of the work of the examiners ; while the approaching con- centration of the Armies of the Potomac and of the West, around Washington, indicated that a very short-lived but abundant oppor- tunity for the collection of materials was near at hand. Another examiner, Mr. James M. Stark, was accordingly added to the corps; and measures were taken to transfer to Washington or vicinity all of our examiners whose supply of men did not prom- ise to be abundant for two or three months to come, excepting Mr. Russell, who accompanied the Twenty-fifth Army Corps to the Rio Grande, in order to increase the number of measurements of colored troops. The interval was improved to obtain similar 238 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. measurements, by Dr. Elsner, of the older students of the univer- sities at Cambridge and New Haven, of whom two hundred and ninety-one were examined, as has been already stated in Chapter V., where their statures are discussed. With the disbandment of the grand armies around Washington, and the mustering out of service, which so promptly followed for other soldiers, our opportunities for obtaining men were greatly diminished, and the examinations were discontinued wherever the supply of subjects became insufficient to furnish measures of eighty men a week. At a later period, a considerable number of examinations, both of white and colored men, were made at New Orleans, by Dr. George W. Avery, Surgeon of the 1st Louisiana Infantry ; and Mr. Thomas Furniss and Dr. Buckley measured somewhat more than five hundred Indians, belonging to the Iroquois or Six Na- tions, including all the full-grown men of unmixed race accessible on the Iroquois reservations in Western New York. The total number of the men of different classes whose meas- urements have been made and tabulated according to Schedule [EE], will be most readily seen from the accompanying tabular view, in which the work of each examiner is indicated. Examiners White Soldiers Sail- ors Ma- rines Stu- dents Full Blood Negroes Mulattoes Indians Total In Vigor Not in Vigor In Vigor Not in Vigor In Vigor Not in Vigor Tn Vigor Not in Vigor Buckley . 1 498 549 - - - - - 7 - 507 6 2 567 Baker. . 1 754 69 -- - - 305 22 57 3 - - 2 210 Phinney . 747 250 822 - - 45 1 20 1 1 - 1 887 Lewis . . 2 455 169 - - - 1 - - - - - 2 625 Smith. . 1 340 256 1 - - - - - - - - 1 597 Russell . 149 24 - - - 601 53 148 34 - - 1 009 Myers. . 168 54 - - - 116 31 34 17 - - 420 Wells . . - 13 - 68 - - - - - - - 81 Murray . 68 - - - - - - - - - - 68 Elsner . . 607 170 295 - 291 29 1 3 - - - 1 396 Wales - - 28 - - 504 118 103 40 - 2 795 Wilder . 1 - - - - 3 - 30 11 - - 45 Stark . . 225 29 - - - 2 2 1 1 - 1 261 Avery. . 50 2 - - - 48 - 300 35 - - 435 Furniss . 209 20 - - - - - - 2 - - 231 Marcy - - - - « 138 - 16 - - - 154 Total 9 271 1 605 1 146 68 291 1 792 228 719 144 508 9 15 781 239 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. in making these examinations the usual course was to cause the man to take off shoes, coat, and waistcoat, the trousers and under-clothing remaining ; but the girth of the chest was meas- ured under the shirt. Men thus measured are recorded as " clothed." In many cases all clothing was removed, except trou- sers and drawers; and men thus measured are recorded as " half- naked." Others still w'ere measured while entirely divested of clothing. Our materials, assorted on this basis, are as follows: - White Soldiers White Sailors Marines Students Negroes Mixed Races Indians Total Clothed . . . 10 876 - - • 291 1 196 607 517 13 487 Half-naked . . - 85 68 - 147 47 - 347 Naked.... - 1 061 - - 677 209 - 1 947 Total . . . 10 876 1 146 68 291 2 020 863 517 15 781 Of these there are some belonging to each of the classes into which the nativities have been divided, as already described,'al- though to some, such as the 'Free States west of the Mississippi,' or ' Spain and Spanish Colonies,' there belong but few. About one ninth of the total number of white soldiers were born in the New England States, about one third in New York, Pennsylvania, or New Jersey, and nearly one sixth in Ohio and Indiana, while be- tween one fifth and one sixth were born on the other continent. A very considerable number of measurements of certain dimen- sions were erroneously made, in spite of all efforts to the contrary. This was especially the case with the width of shoulders, where, not the distance between the acromion processes, but the full width, was measured for a while by some examiners, giving results anal- ogous to those obtained in the early series according to Form E. Similar misconceptions took place in some of the head measure- ments, especially 34e, and in the facial angles. In all these in- stances, however, the erroneous methods were soon detected, inves- tigated, and remedied; while the results, though valueless as regards the answer to the real question, are yet not without their use as affording some measurement, other than the one demanded. To guard against dangers of this sort, the tabulation of the re- turns was made to keep pace as far as possible with the examina- tions made ; and the mean dimensions resulting from the measure- 240 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. merits by each examiner were frequently computed and collated. Any indication of systematic discordance was followed up without delay, and traced either to some peculiarity of individual method, or to some characteristic of the class of men involved. The value of the earlier measurements (Form E) is of course incommensurate with that of the later ones (Form EE), apart from the much larger number of these latter. The relative trust- worthiness of the two series can be estimated from the details already given, and the results from each have been independently elaborated, by similar methods. It has been already stated, how- ever, that the classification by nativities is not the same for the two series; that which was finally employed for the discussion of the later measurements and of the statures having been adopted after considerable progress had already been made in the reduction of the earlier ones. In the present chapter, only the linear dimensions of the body will be considered; while the proportions deducible from these, as well as the measures of the head, will form the subjects of subse- quent chapters, the latter being followed in their turn by some discussion of the other points regarding which information is af- forded by our physical examinations. A few remarks on the nature of the inferences legitimately de- ducible from our results will perhaps be appropriate here; after which they will be presented in as condensed and concise a form as the nature of the case seems properly to admit. It will be re- membered by the considerate student of the facts which we have gathered, and striven to offer in this compact form, that the pres- ent investigation does not aspire to, and may not even aim at, any thorough discussion of the large mass of data which have been collected. The means of the Commission and the pursuits of the author alike forbid such an undertaking; but it is hoped and be- lieved that the means for such researches have been collected and arranged in a form well adapted for the use of the anthropological inquirer, and that such facts as are deducible from our materials, though not from their printed results, may be obtained with com- parative ease from the manuscript archives of the Statistical De- partment, which it is the desire of the Commission to preserve in a form convenient for access. 3. Averages, Types, etc. The value of the results of these measurements will depend chiefly upon the degree of approximation with which their mean 241 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. represents the normal dimensions of the classes of men under con- sideration. These normal dimensions would, for any one class of persons, be afforded by the arithmetical mean, or average value, of the corresponding dimensions of all men of the same class, pro- vided an indefinitely large number could be obtained ; and it be- comes an important problem to ascertain the limits within which our finally adopted determinations would probably be varied by an indefinite increase in the number of men measured, - or, in other words, to obtain some numerical expression of the degree of reli- ance which should be placed on the mean values derived from our respective measurements, as indicating the normal dimensions. It seems, therefore, not amiss to offer here a few words concern- ing the true significance of averages, and the nature of typical forms. The subject has been so thoroughly elaborated, both in its mathematical and its philosophical bearings, that few, if any, re- marks on its elementary principles may claim the credit of origi- nality. Even the mode of presenting the ideas involved in a pop- ular form offers little unoccupied ground, since the elegant and learned treatises by Quetelet, De Morgan, and others. And the only endeavor in this place will be to present such considerations as are requisite for proper criticism of our materials. If aftei' a marksman has fired a large number of times at a dis- tant target, we examine the several shots, measuring their distances and directions from the center, we shall soon be able to discover in this experimental way a number of theorems, which hold good, not merely for all similar cases, but for all human efforts in science or art, and for all phenomena in which those complex influences are involved which are implied in such words as accident, fortune, hazard, chance, or random. Among these theorems, two are es- pecially important. We shall find that there is a mean or average point from which the sum of the distances of all the individual shots is a minimum. This point may not have been struck by a single ball, yet it repre- sents the average of all the shots, and is in fact the point more likely than any one other to have been hit by each individual ball. If it coincide with the central point of the target, this is the high- est testimony to the accuracy of the marksman, since it is thus made evident that his aim was affected by no vicious habit in point- ing or in firing; but that the divergence of the several shots from their central or average point was exclusively due to errors which may be classed as fortuitous. Practically, however, such accordance will seldom, and strictly 242 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. speaking, it will probably never, be found; but it will be seen that this mean or central point of all the shots fired deviates from the center of the target by a certain amount, and in a certain direc- tion. This amount and direction measure the constant or personal error of aim, which will usually be found a very decided and well marked quantity, both in its character (i. e. the direction) and in its intensity (z. e. the distance). Under the same circumstances it will be essentially the same for the same individual; but it is only partially dependent either upon the person or the circumstances. The amount and direction of the wind, the position of the sun, the rifle used, and other influences, will modify the error due to the individual. We shall also find that the shots are systematically grouped about their central point, being more numerous in its immediate vicinity, and their number decreasing with the distance, in confor- mity with some regular law. This law is known ; it is deducible from abstract mathematical investigation; its sway is supreme throughout the w'hole domain of chance or hazard, wherever this may extend. And the precise proportion of the shots which be- long to each successive interval of distance from the mean of all, may be computed either before or after the event. This propor- tion is not necessarily that which will be found there, but it will closely approximate thereto ; the degree of accordance will be greater, the greater the number ; and if the number be indefinitely increased, the accordance will be absolute. The scale of applica- tion of this law, as exhibited by the magnitude of the successive equal intervals of distance, will vary with different individuals, and must be deduced by experiment before the actual numbers can be assigned for each inch or centimeter, or other definite linear dimension. This depends upon a numerical value easily deduced, and known as the u measure of precision," and in the case sup- posed indicates, not the accuracy of the aim, but its regularity; the former being measured by the uniform or constant, and the latter by the accidental or variable, error. Now the degree of accordance between the theoretical distribution of the distances of the several shots about their central point, on the one hand, - as computed by the mathematical formula, when the measure of precision is known, - and the distribution actually observed, on the other hand, affords a criterion as to how far the central point found represents the true point which it is desired to find, and which would be shown after an indefinite number of shots. A close accordance between the computed and predicted series shows MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 243 that the true point has been so well determined by observation, that no considerable increase in accuracy would probably be at- tained by a considerable increase in the number of trials. But a marked discordance between the two series implies an inadequate number of trials, and consequently an untrustworthy determina- tion of the desired mean. Let us now suppose the same marksman to make similar trials on a large number of different occasions, under varying physical conditions, at various hours of the day, in various states of the weather, and, in short, under circumstances as diverse as possible ; and let us consider the several resulting determinations of the point at which he actually does aim, while intending to aim at the center of the target. Here the positions deduced for the central point of his shots on different days will also be grouped about a mean position, and in accordance with the same law of error, and under the same conditions as already described. And this group of points will give us the measure and direction of that portion of the several errors (constant under certain circumstances), which belongs to the individual alone, and is constant for him under all circumstances. Moreover we may here deduce a " measure of precision " which indicates the average effect of extraneous influ- ences, and by its aid may determine the accordance between theory and observation, - thus measuring the degree of accuracy with which the true point of individual aim has been determined. Taking yet another step, we may similarly combine the points of aim, thus found, for a large number of individual marksmen, and shall find the same laws to prevail. Different individuals will be found affected with tendencies to constant errors varying in magnitude and in direction ; and, unless some overruling influence exist, common to all or nearly all, we shall find that the central point of aim for a large corps of marksmen coincides with the cen- ter of the target, their individual points of aim being grouped around this center, according to the same law of error. Should any agency affect all to such an extent as to prevent a coincidence between their average aim and the true center of the target, this want of coincidence would disclose the existence, and lead to the detection, of the disturbing influence. It is manifest that the steps here considered in succession need not be successively taken, but that a considerable number of men, practising together on various occasions, would enable us, by find- ing the mean of all the shots, and their several divergences there- from, to arrive at a close approximation to the central point of 244 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. the target, after all other means of recognition had been effaced or destroyed. We should, moreover, attain a knowledge of the av- erage skill displayed, as affected by the average circumstances. Now we may regard the laws of Nature, to which the Supreme Being has assigned the duty of carrying out his creative mandates, as occupying, in the almost infinitely varied circumstances under which they find application, a position analogous to that of marks- men aiming at a target. There exists, for plant and beast and man, a type, - not necessarily clothed with a material body, yet none the less a real entity. And as, among hundreds of thousands of shots, no single one may centrally strike the target, while their grouping may indicate its center, with a precision greater than our senses permit us to appreciate ; so, by a sufficient number of meas- urements, under circumstances sufficiently varied, upon a sufficient number of subjects, we may arrive at a knowledge of the form and dimensions of the ideal, typical plant, or animal, or man,- to which aH individuals are approximations, although no one of them may ever have attained, or hoped to attain, its accurate impersonation. Varieties and individual dissimilarities here occupy positions relatively analogous to the constant and variable errors of aim on the part of the marksman; and possibly in the exalted scheme of Nature, even species and genera, to go no higher, may in their turn occupy the same relative stations, when our field of view is adequately magnified. Applying these principles to the present investigation, we see that there is a human type to be sought, though attainable only by the combination of results from many races; a type of race, attainable through the study of many nationalities; a type of na- tionality, and a type of each class within its bounds. Our meas- urements pertain almost exclusively to American soldiers, and these not of the same age, nor all of them of mature growth ; yet they are from w'ide-spread regions of the continent, and many of them belonged by birth to other nations. Our aim has been to deduce the types for as many as may be of these vari- ous classes of men, and to test the trustworthiness of the results by the accordance between the series of observed and theoretical deviations of the several measurements from their mean. The existence of types for man, and for the races and classes of men, was first demonstrated by Quetelet, who has done more than any one else to study and discuss the average man, in his various relations, physical, social, and moral. He has illustrated the rela- tion of the theoretical laws of chance to investigations like the MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 245 present so happily, that, even at the risk of prolixity, it seems well to reproduce the illustration here. It must first be premised that, by the mean or average result of measurement, two distinct kinds of inference may be denoted. The mean result may be the mean of many measurements of a single object, - and thus afford the closest attainable representation of a material thing, - or it may be a mean of the measurements of many different, although sim- ilar objects, and thus represent no particular thing. In the first instance, the individual measures, and in the second, the measures of individuals, group themselves about the mean in conformity with the law of error; but there is this wide distinction, that while in the former case the several values are closely connected, varying only by the errors of the measurer, they are in the latter case devoid of all mutual connection of a material kind; and the existence of any mutual connection must be determined by the degree and nature of the accordance of the measures. When such connection exists, the accordance or discordance of the sev- eral measures follows precisely the same laws in the two instances; and the adoption of the idea of a type, in approximate conformity to which all individuals of a class are fashioned, abolishes the prac- tical distinction between the two sorts of means. To borrow Quetelet's illustration, let us suppose that it is desired to obtain by measurement the dimensions of a statue. Measuring any portion ten or twelve times successively, with all possible care, it is improbable that any two of the results would be identical; and in a thousand repetitions of the process we should obtain a series of numerical values, the mean of which would differ very little from the true one, while the amount of discordance in indi- vidual cases would be inversely proportional to the precision of the measures. And assorting the results by order of discordance from the mean, we should find their distribution to follow the law of probability, since the only deviations would be those due to want of skill, or care, or to imperfection of the senses. If, instead of a statue, a living person be taken as the subject of measurement, the chances of error are much more numerous, and the magnitude of the errors would be increased by the absence of rigidity of the flesh, and by the real fluctuations of the dimen- sions in consequence of respiration and other involuntary motions, and unconscious changes of attitude by the subject. Yet tbe mean of a thousand measurements of each dimension would afford an approximation to the true average dimensions of the living person, nearly as close as to those of the statue in the former instance, and the variations of the several results would follow a similar law. 246 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. Modifying the supposition, imagine a thousand sculptors em ployed to copy the statue or the person, with all possible precision, and their copies measured in the place of the original. Then, to the original sources and chances of error would be added the inaccu- racies of the copyists ; still from the mean of all we should derive essentially the same value, and the discordances would be similarly grouped about this mean. Finally, suppose that while the number of the copyists is ade- quately increased, many of them are hampered by the prejudices or prepossessions of their several schools of art; that their material varies in character, both for the different copies and for the different portions of the same copy ; that many are supplied with improper tools; that some are partially blind, others crippled in their bands and arms; and that their degrees of skill are very diverse ; still the mean of all the results would enable the archetype to be repro- duced with much accuracy, and tbe agreement, in number and amount, of the variations with those prescribed by the law of error, would establish the fact that such a common model had ac- tually existed. Thus it is that we may hope to discover the type of humanity, as well as the types of the several classes and races of man. In the present research we are dealing only with some of his external physical manifestations, but we aim at the deduction of the numer- ical expressions of these as a step toward constructing the typical or average man, who, though probably never clad in flesh, is yet a reality, not merely existing in the Divine mind, but capable of perception and recognition by human sense. Indeed the external form of this average man may legitimately be adopted as a standard of beauty and a model for art. The eminent scientist already named has shown that we may discover not merely the outward semblance of this abstract being, but his needs, capacities, intel- lect, judgement, and tendencies ; and Quetelet may thus be re- garded as the founder of statistical anthropology, indeed of social science, in the true significance of the word, according to which science depends upon the investigation of laws, not upon the con- sideration of isolated facts, nor the dissemination of correct prin- ciples. It is only when statistical research conducts to the discovery of types, or when the inferences drawn from it may be tested, and confirmed by detection of some systematic subordination to law in their variations, that statistics afford a safe guidance. The discredit in which this mode of investigation is held by many able men, MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 247 and the errors in which it has frequently involved candid inquirers, may thus be accounted for. To hold any means of research in dis- repute is unphilosophical; to regard any process as responsible for the results of its misapplication is absurd. Many moral, social, political, and physical laws seem only deducible, and are certainly only demonstrable, by statistical investigation, although no methods in the whole range of science require more caution and skill in their employment, or can more easily delude the unwary. " The average man," says Quetelet, " is for a nation what the center of gravity is for a body; to the consideration of this are referred all the phenomena of equilibrium." The full discussion of many of the data collected in these examinations, and preserved in the archives of the Sanitary Commission, would doubtless bring many important facts clearly to light. But various considerations, especially that of financial means, restrict the present discussion to some of the more important physical characteristics. The mathematical presentation of the subject is needless here; for the several quantities involved have been abundantly investi- gated by analysts, and are well understood. Special tables have been computed for most of the more important dimensions, showing not only the actual distribution of the variations, but also that dis- tribution which would be indicated by the theoretical law of error, on the assumption that the number of cases is sufficient to allow the full application of the doctrine of probability. A very few words will suffice to indicate the mode of computation and the sig- nificance of the auxiliary quantities. In the formula - z v = _ e <ZA y represents the probability that the error of an observation, or the variation of a single case from a type, will fall between the limits A and c?A; and the integral of this equation, between the definite limits A = 0 and A= a, will express the probability that such error will be found between 0 and a, or that it will be found between 0 and -a. The quantities tt, e, and h are constants, the two former denoting, as usual, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter and the base of the Neperian system of logarithms, while the latter is the " measure of precision." 1 Effecting the integration of this formula, after putting for con- 1 See Chauvenet's Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy, II. 478-493, the notation of which is here retained. 248 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. venience AA = t, we find the probability that any discordance from the mean is less than a, or, in other words, the proportional num ber of cases where the variation is less than a, to be P = -- / e dt one half this number corresponding to positive, and one half to negative discordances. Since, in tabulating the number of instances found at each spe- cific dimension x, we record all those which are nearer to this value than to either of the adjacent ones z±Az, the corresponding the- oretical values are best found by computing for the interval between the mean, x0, and the value z-f-i Az, for successive values of x. The difference of the corresponding successive values of | P thus gives that theoretical proportion of all the instances recorded, which belongs to the interval between xA-j Az and x-| Az. Tables for P are given in most works upon probability, based upon numerical values given by Kramp in a treatise1 on Refrac- tions. They have been largely expanded for the purposes of the present investigation. Denoting by 77 the average discordance from the mean, the meas- ure of precision will be approximately A = 0.56419 - Y]*/7T 7) The so-called " probable erroi' " (probable discordance from the type), in any series of measurements, is the amount of variation from the mean for which it may be asserted that in the case of any single measurement, the probabilities are equal that the discord- ance will be greater or less than this amount. It is generally de- noted by r, and we may use r - 0.8453 77 The " mean error " (mean discordance from the type) is that amount of variation from the mean, of which the square is the mean of the squares of the individual discordances. It is denoted by e, and e - 1.4826 r = 1.2533 77 When the circumstances are such that the law of error may be strictly applied, the precision of the mean of any number of ob- servations increases as the square root of their number, so that the probable error of the mean of any series of measurements is equal to the probable error of a single measurement divided by the square root of their total number. Hence we may estimate the accuracy with which the typical value of any dimension has been 1 Analyse des Refractions astronomiques et terrestres. Strasbourg, 1'an vii. (1799.) 249 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. attained, by dividing the probable discordance, r, of an isolated measurement, by the square root of the number of measurements, to obtain rOj the probable error of the result. In all this investigation, however, it must not be forgotten that our results are dependent upon the assumption that the number of men measured, and the number of measurers, and the precision of their implements, are all sufficient to give full scope for the applica- tion of the law of error. This assumption is, of course, not con- formable with fact; still, until the work can be repeated upon a more extended and elaborate scale, the present results must neces- sarily suffice. The numerical values of some of the quantities here described are given, with some of the mean results of measures of the several dimensions, in order to aid the student in estimating the degree of reliance to which the results are entitled. But he must remember that the average discordances, being deduced from the variations of individual measures from their mean, show the numerical values, not of the tendency to error in the measurements, but of the ten- dency of single members of a class to vary from the mean or type corresponding to that class. So, too, the quantity which we call the Probable Error of the Mean denotes the value of this proba- ble error, as deduced from intrinsic evidence alone, this same de- gree of variation in individual results furnishing the basis. Whether the value obtained is a typical valqe or not, must be inferred from the degree of accordance between the system of computed and the system of observed variations. This degree of accordance between the two systems is itself capable of expression in a concise numer- ical form, by deducing its modulus from the series of differences between the theoretical and actual values, after each difference has been affected with its proper weight; but such computation is somewhat laborious, and it has appeared unadvisable to undertake it here. 4. White Soldiers. The total number of white soldiers of whom we possess meas- ures tabulated according to the later schedule is 10 876 ; thirteen different persons having been engaged in measuring them, as will be seen by the tabular view given in the second section of this chapter. These and all the other classes of men measured, have been discussed in two divisions, those who were in possession of ordinary health being considered separately from those who were not in usual vigor, in order to determine whether any of the re- sults might be sufficiently different for these two divisions to 250 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. afford any clews to the hygienic tendencies of physical proportions. The number of men reported as not in usual vigor is 1605, leav- ing 9271 as the number in ordinary health. The men have also, as heretofore stated, been classed according to nativities, upon the same basis as was adopted in Chapter V. for the discussion of the statures, with the additional separation of the natives of Wales and the Isle of Man, 20 in number, from the 306 natives of England proper. Various causes have slightly modified the number of the measurements for different dimensions, but the numbers given in the General Table of Results (p. 238), have not been essentially changed except for the Question 8, " Breadth of shoulders between acromion processes " ; for which about one fifth of the answers give the simple " breadth of shoulders " at the widest part, like the measurements according to the first schedule. These two sorts of measures have been carefully kept distinct, and in some cases both have intentionally been taken for the same man. Question 10| is answered for only 2068 soldiers ; Question 6| for none of the soldiers, and for only 1013 white men. The measurements by the earlier schedule were all for white soldiers ; 5736 being of men who were, and 2168 of men who were not in their ordinary health, - the whole number of cases in our tabulation being 7904. Thus for the entire number of white soldiers included in the two series, -we have 15 007 in usual vigor, and 3773 others, 18 780 in all. The heights of white soldiers specially measured are given in the appended table, which may possess some interest in connec- tion with the researches of Chapter V. The number and amount of variations from the mean, and the trustworthiness of that mean, were not there discussed for the several nativities; since the la- bor thus entailed, though perhaps not very great, in the pres- ent condition of our records, would yet be needless,-inasmuch as the large number of our data, and their mutually confirmatory results, make manifest the correctness of our inferences, and the limited financial means available for our researches preclude many desirable computations. The mean value of the height of our soldiers, here deduced, can make no claim to precision, since no account is taken of their ages, although an overwhelming proportion of the whole number had not attained their full growth; and in this table men of all nativ- ities are indiscriminately combined. The number given for each inch of height comprises all whose stature was between a half inch below, and a half inch above the height named. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 251 Distribution by Height of White Soldiers measured. Height Inches Actual Num- ber Proportional Number in 10000 Observed Calculated Calc.-Obs. 61 197 105 100 -5 62 317 169 171 + 2 63 692 369 368 - 1 64 1 289 - 686 675 -11 65 1 961 1 044 1051 + 7 66 2 613 1 391 1 399 + 8 67 2 974 1 584 1 584 0 68 3 017 1 607 1 531 -76 69 2 287 1 218 1 260 + 42 70 1 599 852 884 + 32 71 878 467 531 + 64 72 520 277 267 - 10 73 262 139 118 -21 74 etc. 174 92 61 -31 The excess of men of 73 inches and upwards, is probably due to an unconscious bias of the examiners in selecting their subjects for measurement; although it was carefully endeavored to avoid any principle of selection, and, whenever possible, to have the men detailed for measurement without any choice on the part of the ex- aminer. The average and probable discordances are thus enlarged. The average age of the men was 25.76 years, and their mean height 67.240 inches, which would (roughly) correspond to a full stature of 67.33 inches.1 The average discordance, r], is 1.983 inches; the probable dis- cordance of a single determination, r, is 1.676 ; and the probable error of the final result is 0.012 inches. The distribution of the statures of men of different classes, ex- amined according to Form [EE] has been specially studied. This was, however, not with the expectation of deducing any valuable result for their mean heights, since the aggregation of all ages in one class would preclude this, and the numbers, likewise, are in- adequate ; but for the sake of thoroughly scrutinizing the individ- ual results, which were to be adopted as units of measure for all 1 Since the growth was more rapid at ages below, than at those above the mean, the full stature would actually be larger than that here obtained by adding the average growth between the mean age and that of maximum height. 252 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. the other dimensions. It seems, therefore, unadvisable to present the assortments for special classes, although the accordance between their computed and recorded numbers for the several dimensions is much better than that found in the preceding table ; yet it may be worth while to give a few of the results. The following were found, among others, for men in usual vigor : - Nativity Number of Men Mean Age Mean . Height Probable Variation for an In- dividual Probable Error of Mean Corres- ponding 1'ull Stat- ure 1 A. -New England . . 978 25.30 in. 67.202 in. 1.625 0.052 in. 67.40 New York . . . 2 098 25.84 67.150 1.666 0.036 67.31 B. -N. Y.,N. J., Penn. 3 125 25.67 67.132 1.648 0.029 67.29 N. Jersey & Penn. 1 036 25.33 67.097 1.635 0.051 67.27 C. - Ohio and Indiana 1 418 24.43 67.687 1.566 0.042 67.98 D. - Mich., Wise., Ill.. 938 24.44 67.223 1.542 0.050 67.51 L. - Ireland .... 559 28.09 66.703 1.492 0.063 66.74 Distance from tip of middle finger to level of upper margin of patella (in " attitude of the soldier --The object of this question, which was originally suggested by Dr. Wm. H. Van Buren, was to expose,' if possible, any ethnological differences or pecidiarities in the relative proportions of arms, legs, and body, which might, in their combined influence, be more conspicuous than when severally considered ; and the results seem to show its aptitude for this pur- pose. Comparisons of the actual and theoretical discordances from the mean for men in usual vigor, have been made separately for the three nativities, A, B, and D, comprising about 5000 men, as also for the men from New York State by themselves. The results are satisfactory, the chief want of accordance being due to the uncon- querable tendency of examiners to record their measurements in inches or half inches when the true quantity differs slightly from such values. The means are manifestly typical for the nativities specially tested, and probably for all those nativities or classes which comprised so many as 500 men. The total range of the means is between 4.70 inches for Canadians, and 6.07 inches for natives of Kentucky and Tennessee; but this difference is very largely due to the maintenance of the same proportional value among men dif- fering in stature. The amounts of probable variation of a single individual from the mean of all of the same nativity, and of this 1 See note on preceding page. 253 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. mean from its true value, are as follows in the four classes men- tioned : - Nativity Number Mean Value Probable Variation Individual r Mean ro New England States 977 in. 4.862 in. 0.856 in. 0.027 New York ..... 2 087 4.883 0.825 0.018 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. 3 122 4.891 0.827 0.015 Mich., Wis., and Illinois 938 4.806 0.767 0.025 Height to the spine of the seventh cervical vertebra. - This point, the highest distinctly recognizable one which is not moved by flex- ure of the head and neck, was taken as the limit of the body proper, which may be regarded as extending from the seventh cer- vical vertebra, to the perinaeum. Deducting the height to this point from the total height, we ob- tain the measure of Head and Neck, which is in general a very little short of ten inches for the white race, or 0.148 of the average height of the men measured. The ordinary value is about 9.95 inches, varying from this amount by scarcely more than half an inch for the extreme groups, and by so much as one inch in very few individual cases. The variation is by no means proportional to that of the stature, and it would seem that its greater part is due to differences in the length of the neck, rather than to the height of the head itself, which seems to be more uniform than almost any other physical dimension. The greatest deviation in the mean value for any of our nativity-groups, is for the small group G2, which comprises natives of the Slave States west of the Mississippi. It contains but 51 cases, 19 of which are in a series measured by Dr. Avery, at New Orleans, and in which I suspect some error. Omitting these, the remaining 32 cases give an aver- age of 9.95 inches, quite in conformity with the results for other nativities. The most marked discordance in the length of head and neck, among those nativities of which an adequate number of men were examined, is for Germans, for whom this dimension averaged 9.76 inches, from 562 cases. Omitting all measurements made by Dr. Avery and Mr. Furniss, the two examiners whose average meas- ures of this dimension are smallest, the average is still but 9.81 inches. The results for those nativities for which the height to 254 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. the seventh cervical vertebra has been specially assorted, are here appended. They apply only to men in usual vigor. For all of them the theoretical distribution of individual cases has been care- fully computed, and its accordance with the observed distribution found satisfactory. N ativity Number Mean r ro Height Head and Neck New England States 977 57.241 1.525 0.049 in. 67.202 in. 9.961 New York 2 088 57.230 1.642 0.036 67.150 9.920 New Jersey and Penn. . 1 034 57.080 1.515 0.047 67.097 10.017 Ohio and Indiana . . 1 414 57.692 1.452 0.039 67.687 9.995 Mich., Wise., & Illinois 936 57.288 1.510 0.049 67.223 9.935 Ireland 558 56.738 1.395 0.059 66.703 9.965 Length of Body. - Deducting, from this height to the seventh cervical vertebra, the height to the perinaeum as recorded in an- swer to Question 6, we have the length of the body. This has not been investigated according to nativities, but in the discussion of the spirometer results (Qu. 13) it appeared desirable to classi- fy them with reference to the length of the body ; so that we have the number of cases for each half inch of length as derived from the aggregate of all in usual vigor, who were examined with reference to their pulmonary capacity. These are as follows; the number for each half inch being the sum of those recorded for the five consecutive tenths of which this is the mean. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 255 Length of Body Later Measures Earlier Measures No. iu usu- al Vigor Others Total No. in usu- al Vigor Others Total In. 22 or less 55 7 62 41 14 55 22| 36 4 40 32 3 35 23 72 21 93 68 19 87 23| 183 38 221 140 43 183 24 381 67 448 238 67 305 24| 617 109 726 415 117 532 25 1 007 194 1 201 542 180 722 25| 1 221 190 1 411 634 187 821 26 1400 246 1 646 641 231 872 26| 1 233 216 1 449 500 212 712 27 1 027 156 1 183 422 203 625 27| 723 106 829 328 155 483 28 470 65 535 201 112 313 28| 316 43 359 150 67 217 29 180 28 208 107 55 162 29| 93 19 112 58 41 99 30 46 15 61 43 23 66 30| 57 8 65 45 35 80 Total . . 9 117 1 532 10 649 4 605 1 764 6 369 The mean of all gives for the average length of body of white soldiers - inches. Form EE, by measures of 9 243 men in usual vigor 26.149 1 598 " not in " " 26.091 10 841 men in all 26.140 Form E, by measures of 5 569 men in usual vigor 26.011 2102 " not in " " 26.331 7 671 men in all 26.100 The discordance of the results in the measurements by the earlier schedule between those who were, and those who were not, in ordinary health, is without question chiefly due to the circum- stance that a very large proportion of the latter class were men at the convalescent camp, measured by Dr. Buckley, whose measures differed somewhat from those of Mr. Fairchild in consequence of want of an accordant method of measuring, and possibly also of a peculiarity in one of the earlier instruments. The total mean from the earlier measures may be regarded as corroborating that from 256 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. the more careful later ones, and it seems clear that no relation be- tween the length of body and liability to disease is deducible from these later statistics. If we assort the length of body by Nativities, we find - Nativity Later Measures Earlier Measures Number Length Number Length in. in. A. New England States. 1 208 26.14 914 26.31 B. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. 3 758 26.13 3 133 26.20 C. Ohio and Indiana . . 1 657 26.28 D. Mich., Wis., and Illinois 1 012 26.27 | 463 26.75 E. Coast Slave States . . 365 26.00 F. Kentucky and Tenn. 266 26.95 | 2 009 25.78 H. I. British Provinces . . 556 26.25 177 25.94 J. England, Wales, etc. 324 25.89 J- 205 25.86 K. Scotland 81 26.12 L. Ireland 821 25.98 440 25.93 M. France 98 25.52 N. Germany 561 25.70 251 25.86 0. P. Q. All others . . . 73 26.37 79 25.54 Total 10 780 26.14 7 671 26.10 The inferences warrantable from this exhibit are not very mani- fest, so far as they pertain to any characteristic difference in the length of body between men of different nativities, since many of the distinctions most marked in the later measures are contradicted by the earlier ones. The trustworthiness of the means from the later' series is probably four times greater than that of the others, still no deduction is entitled to much reliance which the earlier se- ries does not corroborate. Nevertheless, it would seem probable that the length of the body is somewhat greater for Americans in general than for Europeans, although perhaps not more than is required for maintaining the same proportion to the stature ; as also that it is greater for natives of the Northern and Western, than for those of the extreme South- ern, States. Height to Perinceum. - The length of the legs is clearly that dimension upon which the differences in stature of the white sol- diers chiefly depend. In this the distinctions between the different nativities are clearly marked, and the inferences deduced in the chapter upon Statures seem corroborated in general by the results MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 257 of our independent measurements of the height to the perinseum made upon soldiers in the field. The results for those nativities for which the theoretical distribu- tion of the individual cases has been computed, and found satisfac- torily accordant with the distribution observed, are these : -1 Nativity Number of Men Mean Age Mean Value r ro New England States 976 25.30 in. 31.088 in. 1.075 in. 0.034 New York 2 087 25.84 31.078 1.075 0.023 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 120 25.67 31.052 1.055 0.919 Ohio and Indiana 1 415 24.43 31.462 1.025 0.027 Ireland 558 28.09 30.650 1.018 0.043 The maximum values of the means for other nativities are - Nativity Number of Men Mean Age Mean Value Kentucky and Tennessee.... 266 26.0 in. 31.68 Coast Slave States 366 26.9 31.57 Scandinavia.... .... 34 29.2 31.45 States west of Mississippi River 61 24.1 31.12 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 1 012 24.4 31.05 and by the earlier measures - Nativity No. of Men Mean Age Mean Value Late Slave States 2 015 25.43 in. 32.38 Western States (C and D) . . . 479 23.54 31.15 while the well established minima are - Nativity Later Measures Earlier Measures No. of Men Mean Age Mean Value No. of Men Mean Age Mean Value France, Belgium, etc 98 27.7 in. 30.20 in. Ireland 824 29.2 30.67 466 27.15 30.76 Germany 562 29.8 30.71 256 27.65 30.72 British American Provinces . . 556 25.5 30.82 184 24.72 30.93 1 All these tables of distribution for white soldiers are deduced from men in actual vigor only. 258 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. There is no one of the eight nativities within the United States for which the mean value is below 31 inches, according to the later series of measures ; for the earlier series the averages are generally smaller, owing probably to want of sufficient care in measuring. It will be remembered that all the white soldiers measured were partially clothed. Height to Middle of Patella. - The typical value of the height of the knee has been tested, and found satisfactory for the soldiers in usual vigor of the nativities following: - Nativity No. of Men Value T To New England States ..... 978 in. 18.753 in. 0.735 in. 0.023 New York State, alone .... 2 084 18.610 0.772 0.017 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 119 18.635 0.764 0.014 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 936 17.836 0.706 0.023 We may compare the height of the knee with that of the thigh, by subtracting the former from the total height to the perinaeum, and thus obtain relative values for the different nativities. The appended table presents these values for all the soldiers measured. Nativity Number of Men Height to Knee Knee to Perinaeum Ratio New England States 1 208 in. 18.75 in. 12.34 1.52 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 758 18.64 12.41 1.50 Ohio, Indiana 1 659 18.76 12.70 1.48 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 1 012 18.09 12.96 1.40 Coast Slave States 366 19.06 12.51 1.52 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 266 19.19 12.49 1.54 States West of Mississippi River . 61 18.90 12.22 1.55 British Amer. Prov., excl. Canada 38 18.69 12.09 1.55 Canada 518 18.43 12.39 1.49 England 304 18.30 12.15 1.51 Wales and Isle of Man .... 20 18.63 11.98 1.55 Scotland 81 18.36 12.47 1.47 Ireland 824 18.54 12.13 1.53 France, Belgium, etc 98 18.19 12.01 1.51 Germany 562 18.52 12.19 1.52 Scandinavia 34 18.97 12.48 1.52 Spain, etc 7 18.04 11.65 1.55 Miscellaneous ....... 32 18.65 12.13 1.54 Total 10 848 18.609 12.456 1.494 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 259 The normal ratio between these two dimensions would thus ap- pear to be very nearly as three to two, the extreme deviations1 from this ratio being 1.896 for nativity D, and 1.555 for Wales, etc., the latter depending on only 20 men. The extreme variation in the mean values of the height to the knee, in any of the above- named groups, is 1.15 inches, or .062 of the mean of all. The va- riation in the mean distance from knee to perinaeum is comprised within 1.31 inches, or .105 of the total mean. Perinaeum to the most prominent part of Pubes. - The position of the symphysis pubis renders it a prominent point for any series of measurements based on the structure of the skeleton, and this has been frequently stated to indicate the medial point as regards stat- ure : an assumption approximately, but not strictly true. Any de- termination of this point through clothing is difficult and uncer- tain ; and no attempts were made at measuring it excepting when the subjects could be examined while perfectly naked. This was not the case for any white soldiers ; but 1013 white sailors were thus measured, mostly by Mr. Phinney, as will be here- after described, giving the mean value of this distance as 1.891 inches, their mean stature being 65.99, and the mean height to the perinaeum 31.37. Breadth of Neck. - The mean breadth of neck for all the white soldiers examined is 4.22 inches; the maximum for any nativity being 4.31 inches, for 1014 natives of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois, and the minimum for any, which comprised an adequate number of men, being for the two groups of natives of Southern States ; for each of which it is 4.15 inches. Comparisons be- tween the theoretical and observed distribution for individuals have been made for only four groups, namely, the men of nativities A, B, I), and L, who were in usual vigor. These give - Nativity No. of Men Mean Breadth r ro New England States . . 976 in. 4.177 in. 0.160 0.005 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 122 4.244 0.178 0.003 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 937 4.326 0.143 0.005 Ireland 558 4.206 0.153 0.006 1 The small value of this dimension in nativity D appears, after careful examination, to be owing to a systematic personnl error in the measurements made by Mr. Lewis, who exam- ined a large proportion of these men, and whose records of this dimension appear uniformly too small. Excluding his measurements, we have for natives of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois - No. of Men Height to Knee Knee to Perinaeum Ratio in. in. 254 18.85 12.34 1.528 260 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. The values for men not in usual vigor are markedly and univer- sally less, the average difference being about one thirty-second part. The results of the earlier measures are not altogether in accord with these ; the mean value deduced from them being 4.098 for men in usual vigor, and 4.053 for others. The natives of the Southern States surpassed this maximum value, almost all of them having been measured by Mr. Fairchild. Girth of Neck. - The mean girth of neck, from nearly 9300 men in usual vigor, is 13.633 inches, and for 1600 not in usual vigor it is 13.521 inches, there being but a single nativity-group contain- ing so many as a hundred representatives, in which a similar dif- ference is not manifest. It is also to be observed that the periphery, being measured around the pomum Adami, is larger than the cir- cumference of a circle of which the breadth of the neck consti- tutes the diameter. The smallest observed mean value in any of the large groups is for New Englanders, 13.44 inches, from 1210 men ; the largest (excluding groups of less than 40 men) is for natives of Germany, 13.79 inches, from 562 men. The assortment for five groups of men in usual vigor gives the following results : - Nativity No. of Men Mean Girth r To New England States 978 in. 13.436 in. 0.442 in. 0.014 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 123 13.629 0.466 0.008 New York State, alone .... 2 089 13.593 0.460 0.010 Ohio and Indiana 1416 13.699 0.459 0.012 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 939 13.526 0.414 0.013 Breadth of Shoulders. - It has been already stated that the earlier measurements gave simply the maximum breadth of the shoulders, whereas it was specially provided in the schedule for the later series that this measure should be taken between the tips of the acromion processes ; the purpose being, both to select dis- tinctly marked points of the bony structure, and to furnish a con- trol and test for the dimensions 12a and 12ft. These two dimen- sions are from the tip of the middle finger to the acromion, and to the middle of the sternum respectively, so that they should differ by one half the distance between the acromia. Through some misapprehension, the old method of measuring was retained by Dr. Buckley for a time, and the new examiners instructed accordingly; so that nearly one fifth part of the meas- ures of white soldiers were thus made, before the fact was discov- MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 261 ered and special instructions given. Consequently we have from the series of examinations by Form [EE] 8796 measures of the dis- tance between the tips of the acromia, and 2072 of the full breadth of shoulders. The former have been tabulated as 8a ; and the lat- ter, which are strictly comparable with the results of the earlier series, have been classified as 86. The mean of these last named measures, 86, is 16.350 inches by the later series, and 16.359 by the earlier, which are nearly four times as numerous. The differences of the dimensions for different nativities do not seem to be characteristic, nor to correspond in the two series of measurements. The means for the several nativities are quite accordant in both series, wherever the number of men is sufficiently great to render the results at all worthy of confidence. For individual men, this dimension ranges between 13 and 19 inches. The mean distance between the tips of the acromion processes, as given by the 8796 measures of this dimension, is 12.731 inches, the individual cases ranging between the limits 9| and 16| inches. Among natives of this country, the mean value is decidedly lar- gest for natives of Kentucky and Tennessee, being 13.51; but the assortment-tabulation shows such discordance from the theoretical distribution that this inference is entitled to but small reliance. Nativities A, B, and C give mean values not diverse from that of the grand total, but for D this value is but 12.34, while for G it rises to 13.21 inches. The computation for 878 New England men in usual vigor gives 12.790, with a probable variation of 0.646 for an individual, and a probable error of 0.022 for the mean; but one half of this quantity exceeds the difference between 12a and 126 by half an inch, and it is to be feared that our determination of this dimension is not entitled to much confidence. The identi- fication of this apophysis is not easy, and some of our examiners seem to have succeeded here but ill. The results deduced by others appear, however, to be very trustworthy, and will be spe- cially considered hereafter when the arm-measurements are de- scribed. A thorough scrutiny into the mean results obtained from the returns of different examiners, with a view to determining their per- sonal equations, shows a gradual improvement in many cases, and leads to the belief that inaccuracies are mostly eliminated from the mean of all. Yet the tendency has unquestionably been to record this dimension as larger than its true value. Breadth of Pelvis between Crests of Ilia. - For this dimension, 262 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. which was apparently determined with care, we have 11.916 inches as the mean value; the mean result for men in usual vigor being greater by 0.14 than for men not in full health. This dimension is not one of those which seem to show the most characteristic differ- ences for different nativities, although the corresponding dimension deducible from the earlier series exhibits very marked distinctions. The latter, which was taken under the title of " Breadth of Pelvis," is on the average an inch and a quarter greater than the dimension here considered, and seems, so far as now discoverable, to have been the breadth between the trochanters, - the breadth of hips, rather than of pelvis. The earlier measures are accordant among themselves, and are much larger for Southern than for Northern men ; the difference between the values for natives of the Slave States and of New England amounting to half an inch. The mean value is 12.96 inches for New England men; 13.15 for Western men; 13.41 for Southerners; 13.153 for the whole 7905 men measured. The assortments of the later series for men in usual vigor, give the following values : - Nativity No. of Men Mean Value r ro New England ....... 976 in. 11.890 in. 0.675 in. 0.022 New York alone 2 085 12.046 0.628 0.012 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 119 12.014 0.523 0.009 Ohio and Indiana' 1 417 11.890 0.474 0.013 Ireland 556 12.036 0.525 0.022 Circumference of Thorax. - This measurement was directed to be made in the later series "under all the clothing" and " across the nipples " ; also both while the lungs were fully inflated and after exhalation. We thus have two measurements of actual dimen- sions, whence the mean circumference and the mobility of the chest may each be deduced. In the earlier series [E] the " circumference of the chest " was required, without any farther instruction than that it should be measured " over the nipples," and under the coat and waistcoat. It may perhaps be assumed that, in the absence of any instruc- tion as to the state of expansion in which the thorax should be measured, the mean deduced from the 7907 returns according to Form E would represent an average condition of the lungs. How far this is correct would be difficult to determine at present, but the circumstance that these measures were taken around the flannel MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 263 shirt, and yet with results smaller than those of the later series, which are made directly around the body without the intervention of clothing, suggests either that such an average condition is not represented by the mean value from the earlier series, or that in the slightly ambiguous phrase " over the nipples," the word over may have been sometimes construed in the sense of " higher than," instead of its intended signification of " across." These earlier measures give as the mean circumference of chest over the nip- ples- 35.424 inches, for 5 734 soldiers in usual vigor. 35.166 inches, for 2 173 soldiers not in usual vigor. 35.353 inches, for 7 907 soldiers in all. The later series of examinations gives the mean circumference of the chest across the nipples and under all the clothing - Full Inspiration After Expiration Mean of Both From 9 270 men in usual vigor . in. 37.195 in. 34.476 in. 35.836 1 604 men not in usual vigor 36.846 34.604 35.725 10 874 men in all .... 37.143 34.494 35.818 It is thus seen that for men in ordinary health the circumference was not merely greater than for the others, while the lungs were inflated, but was also less after expiration, owing without doubt to the superior muscular force in the thorax exerted by the stronger men. Also that the mean value of the two measurements was only the ninth part of an inch, or about three tenths of one per cent, less for the feebler class of men. From the measures of circumference of the chest of 5738 Scotch soldiers,-given 1 by an anonymous author in the Edinburgh " Med- ical and Surgical Journal," and used 2 by Quetelet, in illustration of the application of the law of error, and of the typical character of the mean deduced from an adequate number of such measures, - the mean circumference of the chest is found to be 39.8 inches, or more than two inches and a half greater than the mean here found for men in usual vigor during full inspiration. The 80 na- tives of Scotland examined by us, measured 37.45 inches when the lungs were fully inflated and 34.67 after expiration. Of these 80 there were but 11 cases in which the circumference at full inspira- tion was found so large as the mean value resulting from the Edin- 1 Vol. XIII. p. 263. 2 Theorie des Probabilites, p. 136. 264 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. burgh measures, which ranged from 33 to 48 inches. Unless these measures were made upon men very much larger than the average, our present results would almost lead to the suspicion that some considerable amount of clothing was included in the dimen- sion published as " circumference of the chest." The mean circumference of chest for 343 764 drafted men, re- cruits and substitutes, examined by the military boards of enroll- ment, are given 1 by Dr. Baxter, chief Medical Officer of the late Provost Marshal General's Bureau, in the Report of the medical branch of that bureau. He has published the results of measure- ments at inspiration and expiration, arranged by nations of birth, and, for natives of the United States, by States. His totals give as the mean circumference - At Inspiration At Expiration Mean From 273 391 natives of the U. S. . 343 764 of all nativities . . in. 35.61 35.59 in. 33.11 33.12 in. 34.36 34.36 these values being less than ours by nearly an inch and a half, and less than the Edinburgh values by nearly five and a half inches. Among the men measured were 2127 natives of Scotland, for whom the mean circumference was 35.97 inches at inspiration, and 33.14 at expiration (or 1.48 inches in the one case and 1.53 in the other less than our values) ; the results for Scotchmen thus differing by essentially the same amount as the total means from those here found. In these examinations by the medical officers of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau, it is not stated at what part of the chest the measurement was made. Of course a very considerable number of the men examined were those whose physical condition excluded them from acceptance for military duty, and for these a smaller girth of chest should be expected. In all these cases the mean circumference of the chest exceeds half the height. Other deductions from these chest-measurements will be considered hereafter. The distribution of the individual variations in our returns is so symmetrical as to produce great confidence in the trustworthiness of the results deduced. For the aggregate of white soldiers, in usual vigor, we have, the following values of individual discordance, and probable error of mean - 1 Final Report of the Provost Marshal General, pp. 698, 699. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 265 Circumference of Chest. No. of Men Circumference r T0 At inspiration . . 9 271 in. 37.195 in. 1.469 in. 0.015 At expiration . . 9 270 34.476 1.428 0.015 Mean .... 35.836 0.021 It will be remembered that the measurements were made with out the intervention of any clothing. The mean stature being 67.150 inches, it will be seen that the circumference of chest ex- ceeded half the height even after full expiration. Distance between Nipples. - This dimension seemed entitled to some importance on account of the belief, which obtains very gen- erally, that in a normally proportioned body it is equal to one fourth of the entire circumference of the chest. Thus Dr. Ham- mond, in his " Military Hygiene," after citing sundry proportions given by Brent as holding good for all cases in which there is no positive deformity, says :1 " A more convenient method, however, is to measure the distance between the nipples with a pair of divid- ers, or a graduated rule, and to multiply the result by four. As we have seen, this gives us the entire circumference of the chest." Regarding the correctness of the inferences as to such simple rela- tions between different dimensions of the human body, we shall have something to say in Chapter IX. At present it will suffice to say, that our results do not appear to confirm the theory of Brent, but indicate that this dimension is uniformly less than one fourth the circumference. Thus we have the following mean val- ues : - Height Mean Cir- cumference of Chest Distance between Nipples Ratio to Cir- cumference From 1 771 soldiers in usual vigor. . in. 67.185 in. 35.973 in. 8.142 0.2263 From 297 soldiers not in usual vigor 67.124 35.646 8.101 0.2273 From 2 068 soldiers in all 67.176 35.926 8.136 0.2265 The minimum and maximum values of this distance which occur upon our records are : - 1 Page 38. 266 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. Distance Mean Circumfer- ence of Chest Nativity Height Ratio to Circum- ference in. 5.4 in. 25.3 Indiana in. 58.3 0.213 10.3 38.7 New York 69.6 0.266 Circumference of Waist. - In the later series of measurements, the " circumference of the waist above the hips " was required, and the examiners were instructed to measure below the ribs. In the earlier series, the question asked simply the " circumference of the waist." The means of the two series are - In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total No. of Men Inches No. of Men Inches No. of Men Inches Earlier Series . 5 729 32.059 2 173 32.166 7 902 32.089 Later Series . 9 271 31.483 1 605 31.377 10 876 31 467 the values of the earlier series being larger on the average by about six tenths of an inch. Using the later measures only, we find the mean circumference of the waist for 9271 men in usual vigor, at the mean age 25.7 years, to have been less than that of the chest at inspiration by 5.712 inches, and at expiration by 2.993 inches, and less than the mean circumference of the chest across the nipples by 4.353 inches. If wTe compare the mean value of these dimensions for the 1605 men not in their ordinary health, and averaging 29.2 years of age, we find the difference to be 4.348 inches, or prac- tically the same as for the others. The values of this dimension differ somewhat with the different nativities, but the distribution of the discordances is in general quite satisfactory. The three following nativities will suffice to exhibit the range of individual discordances. No. of Men Circumference r r0 New England States . . . 977 in. 31.809 in. 1.517 in. 0.048 New York, New Jersey, Penn. 3 124 31.431 1.508 0.027 Ohio and Indiana .... 1 417 32.031 1.469 0.039 Circumference around Hips. - This dimension was taken on the level of the trochanters, and the mean values, for all those nativ- ities which comprise more than 51 individual cases, vary between MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 267 36.51 and 37.77 inches ; the former being deduced from 1211 New England men, the latter from 267 natives of Kentucky and Tennessee, and the diversity being clearly typical. The mean from the entire series of nearly eleven thousand men is 36.930 inches. The assortment of the results shows a very satisfactory accord- ance with law in the distribution of the errors for most of the sev- eral nativities. The range of variation for these nativities is shown in the appended table, deduced from men in usual vigor only. Nativity No. of Men Circumference r ro New England 978 in. 36.523 in. 1.298 in. 0.041 New York, New Jersey, Penn. 3 124 37.037 1.250 0.022 Ohio and Indiana .... 1 417 37.280 1.365 0.036 Length of Arm. - The measurement taken in the earlier series was from the armpit to the tip of the middle finger. The mean values were - From 5721 men in usual vigor . 29.284 inches. From 2168 men not in usual vigor, 28.973 inches. From 7889 men in all . . . . 29.200 inches. In the later series this dimension was measured from the tip of the acromion to the tip of the middle finger, and we have the mean values. From 9198 men in usual vigor . 29kl39 inches. From 1605 men not in usual vigor, 29.235 inches. From 10 803 men in all .... 29.153 inches. The extreme values for nativities comprising an adequate num- ber of men are 30.02 inches from 267 natives of Kentucky and Tennessee, and 28.52 from 100 Frenchmen, etc. The range of error may be seen by the results for men in usual vigor, for four nativities. Nativity No. of Men Length r New England States . . . 978 in. 29.253 in. 0.969 in. 0.031 New York, New Jersey, Penn. 3 123 29.096 0.963 0.017 Ohio and Indiana .... 1 417 29.503 0.948 0.025 Ireland 559 28.922 0.987 0.042 A second measurement was made from the middle of the tip of the breast-bone to the tip of the middle finger, this length being, ac- 268 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. cording to some writers on the fine arts, just one half the height in a well-formed man, - a supposition which our results do not corroborate. Of the 10 865 white soldiers for whom this distance was meas- ured, there were found but 625 men, being 5f per cent., whose height was equal to twice this dimension. These were distributed among the several nativities as follows : - Nativity Total Number Examined No. of Cases Found Proportion New England States 1 211 98 .081 New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania . 3 761 263 .070 Ohio and Indiana 1 660 35 .021 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois .... 1 014 42 .041 Coast Slave States 365 23 .063 Kentucky and Tennessee 267 11 .041 West of Mississippi River 61 13 .213 British American Provinces 558 44 .079 England 326 22 .067 Scotland 81 8 .099 Ireland 826 36 .044 Germany 562 19 .034 All others 173 11 .064 Total 10 865 625 .0575 The mean value of this dimension was: - Mean Height in. Mean Value in. From 9263 men in usual vigor, 67.150 35.040 1605 men not in usual vigor, 67.148 35.055 10 868 men in all, averaging 67.149 35.042 The mean for nativity C gives 35.47 inches, from 1660 men, that for Kentucky and Tennessee gives 35.99 inches, from 267 men. For Germans the mean from 562 men is 34.78. These differences appear to be characteristic, and we have for men in health: - Nativity No. of Men Length r New England States . . . 978 in. 35.087 in. 1.055 in. 0.034 New York, New Jersey, Pa. . 3 122 35.011 1.071 0.019 Ohio, Indiana... . . 1 416 35.473 1.022 0.027 Ireland 658 34.891 1.043 0.044 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 269 Length of Upper Arm. - The mean distance from tip of acro- mion to extremity of elbow was found - From 9253 men in usual vigor, 13.604 inches, making the lower arm and hand 15.535 inches. From 1603 men not in usual vigor, 13.609 inches, making the lower arm and hand 15.626 inches. From 10 856 men in all, 13 605 inches, making the lower arm and hand, 15.548 inches. It is a source of regret that the length of the hand was not de- termined, and a means thus afforded for comparing the length of the humerus and radius, from which comparison valuable ethnologi- cal inferences might have been deduced ; but this measurement was not provided for in the schedule. A comparison of our results for different nativities gives : - Nativity No. of Men Upper Arm Lower Arm and Hand Ratio New England States 1 199 in. 13.76 in. 15.47 1.12 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 742 13.62 15.50 1.14 Ohio and Indiana 1 646 13.72 15.81 1.15 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois . 1 012 13.39 15.42 1.15 Coast Slave States 364 13.75 15.65 1.14 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 267 13.63 15.39 1.20 British American Provinces . . 557 13.61 15.38 1.13 England, Wales, etc 323 13.39 15.29 1.14 Scotland 81 13.53 15.43 1.14 Ireland 826 13.46 15.53 1.15 France, etc 99 13 22 15.30 1.16 Germany 554 13.54 15.43 1.14 Scandinavia 34 13.86 16.03 1.16 All others 39 13.40 15.42 1.15 The range of individual variation from the mean for the corre- sponding nativity, may be seen from the appended results, for men in usual vigor, belonging to three nativities which exhibit a satis- factory distribution of these variations. Nativity No. of Men Length r ro New England States 978 in. 13.865 in. 0.708 in. 0.023 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 117 13.617 0.639 0.011 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 938 13.365 0.488 0.016 It has already been remarked that an estimate may be made of the correctness of the mode of measuring adopted, by comparing 270 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. half the measured distance between the acromia with the differ- ence between the two dimensions from the tip of the middle finger, 12a to the acromion, and 126 to the middle of the breast- bone, respectively; as also that the measurements have not in many cases borne this test satisfactorily. The errors committed seem however to have been not so much in the length of the arm as in the breadth of the shoulders ; and a word of comment here may be advisable. The examiners were severally instructed by Dr. Buckley, and only commenced independent operations after he considered them well versed, and warned against all probable dangers of error. As a precaution, however, the results deduced from the returns of the several examiners were compared as frequently as the progress of the tabulation permitted, and whenever the values for any dimen- sion, resulting from the measures by any one person appeared to be systematically different from those given by the others, this exam- iner was informed of the discordance, and cautions were impressed upon him if they seemed called for. Thus, the first quarter of the measurements by most of the examiners differed, in some one or more respects, from the subsequent ones. The breadth of shoulders and the head-measurements were those in which such criticisms were found chiefly necessary ; and it may therefore not be amiss to give the results as derived from those examinations only, in which such discordances were not so large, or which were sub- sequent to special caution upon the subject. The following results are derived from such data only as appear to have been made with the greatest care ; their number being not quite nine sixteenths of the full number purporting to have been made between the acromia. They do not comprise all those which seem beyond question, but merely those which it has been found convenient to aggregate without too large an expenditure of labor. The table presents the mean values for the stature, and for the three arm-measurements of the same men, together with a final column exhibiting the difference between one half the mean breadth of shoulders between the acromia, as obtained from the direct measurements, and the value deduced by subtracting the mean distance " acromion to finger-tip " from the mean distance " from middle of top of sternum to finger-tip." The values in this last column are, with a single exception, posi- tive, and suggest that even here the recorded width of shoulders may have exceeded the true value. But the discrepancy may not improbably arise from a slight deficiency in the recorded distance 271 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. from the middle of the breast-bone to the finger-tip. The former of these dimensions is gauged between the arms of the andrometcr, so that the errors can arise only from an incorrect determination of the points to be measured; but in the latter it may well be that the graduated tape was made to form a chord between the two ex- tremities of the line, and that it thus gave lengths short of the truth by an amount averaging nearly the tenth of an inch. It will be seen in the next chapter that the negative value here ob- tained for the nativity D disappears when proportions only, and not actual dimensions, are considered. Means of Arm and Shoulder Measures (including only the most trustworthy returns). Nativity No. Mean Stat- ure 1 Breadth between Acro- mia, 8a Acro- mion to Fin- ger-tip, 12a Middle of Ster- num to Finger- Tip, 124 Acro- mion to El- bow, 12c i 8a-(124-12a) New England States 322 in. 67.168 in. 12.377 in. 28.926 in. 35.004 in. 13.440 0.090 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. 1 866 67.891 12.351 29.043 35.085 13.743 0.134 Ohio and Indiana . . 840 67.701 12.248 29.389 35.402 13.677 0.111 Mich., Wise., and Ill. . 842 67.229 12.231' 28 679(34.820 13.325 -0.026 Coast Slave States . . 44 67.366112.027 29.327 35.332 13.702 0.008 Kentucky'and Tennessee 32 68.916 12.700 29.884 36.178 13.744 0.056 States W. Miss. River 18 67.861 12.5491 29.400 35.539 13.650 0.135 British Ainer. Provinces 273 67.074jl2.338 28.900 34.949 13.485 0.120 England 153 66.548 12.436 28.601 34.686 13.288 0.133 Scotland 50 66.653 12.241 28.667 34.685 13.320 0.103 Ireland 205 66.736 12.459 28.868 35.035 13.241 0.062 France, etc 17 65.929 12.288 28.417 34.429 13.100 0.132 Germany 175 66.413 12.308 28.828 34.887 13.394 0.095 Miscellaneous .... 18 67.028 12.3611 28.956 35.078 13.511 0.058 Total 4 855 67.484 12.316, 28 998 35.061 13.566 0.095 Distance between Eyes. - In the later series, the distances be- tween the outer and tire inner angles of the eyes were measured with calipers. Half the sum of these measures gives the distance b' tween the centers of the eyeballs ; half their distance is the width of the eye. The resultant mean values of these quantities, assorted by nativities, are as follows : - 272 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. Nativity No. of Men Distance of Centers Width of Eye New England States .... 1 211 in. 2.508 in. 1.288 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . . . 3 765 2.496 1.266 Ohio and Indiana 1 662 2.466 1.272 Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois . 1 016 2.425 1.201 Coast Slave States 367 2.457 1.280 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 267 2.520 1.296 States W. of Mississippi River . 61 2.486 1.242 British American Provinces . . 558 2.579 1.325 England, Wales, etc 326 2.474 1.249 Scotland 81 2.475 1.256 Ireland 827 2.512 1.262 France, Belgium, Switzerland . 100 2.498 1.254 Germany 562 2.526 1.276 Scandinavia ....... 34 2.520 1.286 All others 39 2.523 1.285 Total 10 876 2.492 1.267 The probable discordance of the individual variations in the measured dimensions, from the mean, is found by a discussion of results for four nativities to be less than 0.15 inch. For the nativity B the probable variation of individuals from the mean, derived from 3121 cases, is 0.157 inch for the distance between the outer an- gles, and 0.110 inch for that between the inner angles. Other nativities give less average variations for the larger dimension. The extreme values found for the distance between outer angles were 2.4 inches and 5.1 inches; for the interval between the inner angles they were 0.6 inch and 1.9 inch. The probable error of the mean varies for the larger nativities, between 0.002 inch and 0.004 inch. The mean " distance between the pupils," as given by the Ear- lier Series, is also appended, assorted in the same manner. This measurement appears to have been taken by holding a graduated tape or foot-rule in front of the eyes, and thus estimating the dis- tance. The uncertainty of this method is obvious, and it will be seen that the interval is, for all nativities, about one tenth of an inch larger than that deduced from the later series. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 273 Nativity No. of Men Distance of Pupils New England States .... 880 2.605 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . . . 3 072 2.606 Ohio and Indiana 268 2.604 Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois . 130 2.601 Coast Slave States 218 2.596 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 10 2.587 States W. of Mississippi River . 8 2.547 British American Provinces . . 168 2.601 England, Wales, etc 158 2.614 Scotland 39 2.641 Ireland 387 2.612 France, Belgium, Switzerland . 44 2.602 Germany 211 2.608 Scandinavia 9 2.681 All others 17 2.581 Total 5 619 2.606 Dimensions of Foot. - These were measured only in those ex- aminations which were made according to Form [EE]. The mean length was found for no nativity to exceed 10.24 inches, and for none to fall below 9.89 inches; the value for the total being 10.058 inches. These differences, moreover, corre- spond closely with differences in the mean stature, and it would appear that, considerable as is the variation in this respect between individuals, the mean value is very well marked ; its ratio to the stature differing but very slightly in the different nativities, and being very close to 0.15. The range of variation may be inferred from the results for men in usual vigor, of four nativities. Nativity No. of Men Length r ro New England States 976 in. 10.092 in. 0.330 in. 0.011 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 115 10.072 0.326 0.006 Ohio and Indiana 1 416 10.106 0.316 0.008 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 938 10.035 0.328 0.011 The largest value on our record was 12.1 inches, and belonged to a native of New York 71.8 inches in height, and aged 30 years, thus measuring 0.169 of the stature. The shortest foot 274 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. measured was 7.8 inches in length, and belonged to a native of Scotland, who was 59.2 inches in height and 17 years old. This foot was 0.132 of the height. The dimension 365 was taken for comparison with the length of the foot proper. It was measured from the tip of the great toe to the hollow above the heel, and the difference between these two dimensions thus gives a close approximation to the length of the heel itself, by the addition of 0.3 inch as a correction, upon the assumption that the angle at the toe subtended by the height of the heel is about 14°. The average variation, and the prob- able error of the mean were found for the nativities examined, to be between two and three per cent, smaller than for the length of the foot, as measured to the extremity of the hee]; the differ- ence being probably due to the greater facility with which the measures can be correctly made, in consequence of the less com- pressible character of the tendon. The mean length of the heel, thus measured, is 0.485 inch for the aggregate of white soldiers, and very constant for the several nativities. The mean thickness of the foot at instep varies in our results for different nativities from 2.844 inches (0.041 of the stature) for 267 natives of Kentucky and Tennessee, to 2.438 inches (0.036 of the stature) for 520 Canadians. Uncertainty as to the precise point at which the calipers were applied renders comparisons of this dimension unsatisfactory at the best; still the differences deduced for the several nativities would appear to be not altogether due to peculiarities or errors of the ex- aminers. The mean value is 2.572 inches for white soldiers. All these measures are proved to have an important ethnological bear- ing, as will be seen hereafter. A satisfactory distribution of the individual measurements was found only in the two nativities B and C, which give - Nativity No. of Men Thickness r ro New York, New Jersey, and Penn. Ohio and Indiana 3 115 1 415 in. 2.495 2.684 in. 0.237 0.204 in. 0.004 0.005 Tlie extreme values of this dimension upon our record are 1.6 inch for a native of Canada, and 4.0 inches for a native of New York. The former corresponds to 0.025, and the latter to 0.055 of the stature. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 275 The fourth foot-measurement prescribed by our schedule is the circumference around the extremity of the heel and the anterior ligament; and was, like the second, designed to permit ethnological comparisons, without affecting the sense of caste of the newly en- franchised colored troops by any odious suggestions ; and the re- sults have been found entirely satisfactory. The mean values for those different nativities which comprise more than 60 men range from 13.023 to 13.675 inches, corresponding to 0.197 and 0.200 of the stature. The mean of all gives 13.201. The probable variations for men in actual vigor belonging to three nativities are - Nativity No. of Men Circumference r ro t New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 110 in. 13.210 in. 0.375 in. 0.007 Ohio and Indiana 1 415 13.412 0.439 0.012 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 939 13.219 0.368 0.012 The largest and smallest values upon our records are - 17.1 inches for a native of Germany, aged 31 and 73.4 inches high, being 0.233 of the stature, and 10.0 inches for a native of England, aged 31 and 60.0 inches high, being 0.167 of the stature. The results thus found for white soldiers are appended in tabu- lar form, the mean values deduced from men not in their usual health and strength being also given, separately from the others.1 Of the six pages of which this Table I. consists, the first three per- tain to the first ten nativities, and the last three contain the re- maining eight nativities, which have been separately considered, together with a " miscellaneous," class comprising all not included in the preceding eighteen, and finally the means derived from the aggregate of all. It is probably needless to call attention to the fact that the trustworthiness of the mean dimensions for any na- tivity depends largely upon the number of men from which these mean dimensions were deduced. The mean age of the men at the time of measurement, is also given for every group. 1 The means given in Table I. differ slightly from those already cited for soldiers in their usual vigor, from the tables of actual and theoretical distribution. This variance is owing to the incorporation, with the materials for Table I., of some additional measurements which were received after the assortment-tables had been completed. 276 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE I. Mean Dimensions of White Soldiers. Nativity Number of Men Actual Mean Age 4 2 *5 w Tip of Finger to Margin of £ Patella Height to 7th Cervical Ver- c, tebra sw Height to a Perineeum Breadth of Neck A. New England States in. in. in. in. in. in. In usual vigor 1 000 25.36 67.21 4.90 57.25 18.75 31.10 4.18 Others . . 211 27.67 67.15 5.06 57.15 18.73 31.02 4.11 T otal. . . 1 211 25.76 67.20 4.93 57.23 18.75 31.09 4.17 B. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. In usual vigor 3 177 25.71 67.13 4.92 57.18 18.64 31.06 4.25 Others . . 588 28.71 67.20 4.96 57.16 18.65 31.04 4.11 Total. . . 3 765 26.18 67.14 4.92 57.18 18.64 31.05 4.23 C. Ohio and Indiana In usual vigor 1443 24.44 67.68 5.37 57.69 18.74 31.43 4.18 Others. . . 219 26.46 68.12 5.37 58.08 18.87 31.64 4.10 Total. . • 1 662 24.70 67.74 5.37 57.74 18.76 31.46 4.17 D. Mich., Wise., and Ill. In usual vigor 945 24.44 67.22 4.82 57.29 18.06 31.02 4.32 Others. . . 71 23.54 67.60 5.13 57.57 18.44 31.30 4.16 Total. . . 1 016 24.38 67.26 4.84 57.32 18.09 31.05 4.31 E. Coast Slave States In usual vigor 315 25.89 67.62 5.25 57.62 19.08 31.60 4.18 Others. . . 52 32.80 67.19 5.21 57.28 18.91 31.41 3.99 Total. . . 367 26.88 67.56 5.24 57.57 19.06 31.57 4.15 F. Kentucky and Tenn. In usual vigor 223 25.19 68.57 6.07 58.68 19.20 31.68 4.16 Others. . . 44 30.13 68.31 5.69 58.35 19.16 31.67 4.13 Total. . . 267 26.00 68.53 6.01 58.63 19.19 31.68 4.15 Gi. W. of Miss. R. - Free . In usual vigor 10 22.28 67.89 5.83 58.00 18.90 31.32 4.10 Ga. W. of Miss. R. - Slave In usual vigor 46 24.50 66.29 5.52 56.66 18.88 31.06 4.25 Others. . . 5 25.09 66.56 5.52 56.62 19.06 31.16 3.94 Total. . . 51 24.56 66.32 5.52 56.65 18.90 31.07 4.22 H. Brit. Prov. excl. Canada In usual vigor 36 27.16 67.31 5.25 57.45 18.74 30.85 4.22 Others . . . 2 23.48 66.40 5.90 56.30 17.70 29.58 4.00 Total. . . 38 26.96 67.26 5.28 57.39 18.69 30.78 4.21 I. Canada In usual vigor 474 24.91 66.85 4.70 57.05 18.43 30.82 4.30 Others . . . 46 30.64 67.20 5.04 57.02 18.43 30.84 4.18 Total . . . 520 25.43 66.88 4.73 57.04 18.43 30.82 4.29 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 277 TABLE I. - ( Continued.) Mean Dimensions of White Soldiers. 7i 8a 86 9 10a 106 11 1 Hi s Circumfer- o 43 ence of Chest Nativity o « a Q 2 s. o dth of betwee rnia dth of ilders i a CtJ £ 13 6 Brea ders Aero o o «S CL Full spira After Expi tion. do | 2 A. New England States in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. In usual vigor 13.44 12.77 16.28 11.91 36.74 34.06 31.08 36.50 Others . . . 13.42 12.71 16.26 11.76 36.58 34.33 30.98 36.52 Total . . 13.44 12.76 16.28 11.88 36.71 34.11 31.06 36.51 B. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. In usual vigor 13.63 12.69 16.38 12.02 37.09 34.33 31.42 37.03 Others . . . 13.51 12.69 16.18 11.85 86.88 34.65 31.35 36.91 Total . . 13.61 12.69 16.36 11.99 37.06 34.38 31.41 37.01 C. Ohio and Indiana In usual vigor 13.70 12.74 16.40 11.90 37.60 34.98 32.01 37.27 Others . . . 13.57 12.61 16.28 11.77 37.07 34.76 31.81 36.95 Total . . 13.68 12.72 16.38 11.88 37.53 34.95 31.98 37.22 D. Mich., Wise., and Ill. In usual vigor 13.52 12.33 16.21 11.68 37.35 34.01 31.07 36.78 Others . . . 13.50 12.47 16.48 11.80 36.78 34.42 31.20 36.93 Total . . 13.52 12.34 16.23 11.69 37.29 34.04 31.08 36.79 E. Coast Slave States In usual vigor 13.64 12.75 15.85 11.73 36.68 34.27 31.30 36.67 Others . . . 13.40 12.27 15.64 11.61 36.39 34.00 30.92 36.24 Total . . 13.61 12.68 15.82 11.71 36.64 34.23 31.25 36.61 F. Kentucky and Tenn. In usual vigor 13.72 13.59 16.70 12.03 37.87 35.31 32.69 37.82 Others . . . 13.83 13.17 16.22 11.80 37.61 35.23 32.31 37.51 Total . . 13.73 13.51 16.65 11.99 37.83 35.30 32.63 37.77 Gi- W. of Miss. R.- Free In usual vigor 14.01 13.12 17.30 11.84 37.53 34.84 31.83 38.09 Gfr W. of Miss. R. - Slave In usual vigor 13.32 13.34 15.83 11.65 35.64 33.38 29.89 35.40 Others . . . 13.48 12.38 - 11.47 34.60 32.70 29.32 36.00 Total . . 13.33 13.23 15.83 11.64 35.54 33.31 29.83 35.46 H. Brit. Prov. excl. Canada In usual vigor 13.87 12.90 16.77 11.84 37.24 34.91 31.25 36.60 Others . . . 13.05 13.00 - 11.50 35.05 33.10 30.50 35.55 Total . - 13.83 12.91 16.77 11.82 37.13 34.81 31.21 36.54 I. Canada In usual vigor 13.60 12.64 16.30 12.05 37.13 34.30 31.38 37.00 Others . . . 13.57 12.78 15.90 11.79 37.26 34.90 32.17 37.07 Total . . 13.60 12.65 16.29 12.03 37.14 34.35 31.45 37.00 278 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE I. - ( Continued.') Mean Dimensions of White Soldiers. 12a 124 12c 26* 26c 36a 36* 36c 364 g "w Distance be- £ A 0 gX tween Angles 0 Q g-s Nativity a of Eyes &R c5 0 a 0 0 J co t! n -2 p a s - .g S C O V 5 S3 g 4 § Outer Inner 0 a gf otsS A. New England States in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. In usual vigor . 29.26 35.09 13.80 3.805 1.224 10.092 9.912 2.53 13.07 Others.... 29.08 34.85 13.58 3.760 1.202 9.931 9.749 2.65 13.05 Total . . . 29.23 35.05 13.76 3.797 1.220 10.065 9.883 2.55 13.06 B. N. Y., N. J., Penn. In usual vigor . 29.10 35.01 13.62 3.765 1.237 10.071 9.878 2.50 13.20 Others.... 29.25 35.13 13.62 3.744 1.196 9.970 9.793 2.67 13.16 Total . . . 29.12 35.03 13.62 3.761 1.230 10.055 9.864 2.53 13.20 C. Ohio and Indiana In usual vigor . 29.50 35.47 13.70 3.744 1.199 10.105 9.918 2.68 13.40 Others.... 29.72 35.50 13.83 3.695 1.157 10.112 9.949 2.76 13.30 Total . . . 29.53 35.47 13.72 3.738 1.194 10.106 9.922 2.69 13.39 D. Mich., Wise., and Ill. In usual vigor . 28.74 34.74 13.37 3.622 1.225 10.036 9.854 2.47 13.21 Others.... 29.33 35.26 13.67 3.680 1.213 10.070 9.886 2.69 13.30 Total . . . 28.81 34.77 13.39 3.626 1.224 10.039 9.856 2.49 13.22 E. Coast Slave States In usual vigor . 29.40 35.08 13.74 3.747 1.188 10.108 9.926 2.67 13.20 Others.... 29.42 35.02 13.84 3.679 1.110 9.979 9.798 2.72 13.14 Total . . . 29.40 35.07 13.75 3.737 1.177 10.089 9.908 2.67 13.19 F. Kentucky and Tenn. In usual vigor . 30.01 36.00 13.61 3.828 1.231 10.270 10.077 2.85 13.68 Others.... 30.10 35.94 13.74 3.763 1.188 10.123 9.957 2.80 13.67 Total . . . 30.02 35.99 13.63 3.817 1.224 10.245 10.057 2.84 13.67 Gj. W. of Miss. R.-Free In usual vigor . 29.19 35.09 13.30 3.860 1.230 10.000 9.840 2.84 13.42 G2. W. of Miss. R.-SI. In usual vigor . 29.10 34.36 13.43 3.700 1.254 9.891 9.678 2.65 12 90 Others.... 29.16 34.66 13.52 3.720 1.180 9.880 9.600 2.64 12.90 Total . . . 29.11 34.39 13.44 3.702 1.247 9.890 9.671 2.65 12.90 H. Brit. Prov. excl. Can. In usual vigor . 29.28 35.11 13.88 3.800 1.225 10.075 9.908 2.56 13.17 Others.... 28.20 33.50 12.80 3.600 1.200 10.150 9.900 2.80 13.80 Total . . . 29.22 35.03 13.82 3.789 1.224 10.079 9.908 2.57 13.20 I. Canada In usual vigor . 28.93 34.82 13.57 3.926 1.265 10.082 9.889 2.41 13.19 Others.... 29.38 35.10 13.90 3.772 1.169 9.989 9.843 2.72 13.21 Total . . . 28.97 34.83 13.60 3.912 1.256 10.074 9.885 2.44 13.19 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 279 TABLE I. - ( Continued.) Mean Dimensions of White Soldiers. Nativity Number of Men Actual Mean Age Height Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella Height to 7th Cervical Ver- e* tebra 5| is 0 a Height to m .Perinaeum Breadth of Neck Ji- England In usual vigor 261 26.16 in. 66.17 in. 4.90 in. 56.27 in. 18.28 in. 30.39 in. 4.23 Others . . . 45 31.33 66.75 4.84 56.62 18.41 30.76 4.12 Total . . . 306 27.08 66.25 4.90 56.32 18.30 30.45 4.21 J2. Wales & I. of Man In usual vigor 18 30.10 66.83 5.45 56.78 18.58 30.59 4.19 Others . . . 2 40.49 67.25 5.20 56.95 19.10 30.80 4.00 Total . . . 20 31.14 66.87 5.42 56.80 18.63 30.61 4.17 K. Scotland In usual vigor 70 28.48 66.83 4.89 56.87 18.34 30.75 4.23 Others . . . 11 31.67 67.59 5.25 57.51 18.52 31.30 4.16 Total . . . 81 28.91 66.94 4.94 56.95 18.36 30.83 4.22 L. Ireland In usual vigor 648 28.36 66.68 5.08 56.75 18.57 30.71 4.24 Others . . . 179 32.42 66.29 5.07 56.28 18.42 30.51 4.09 Total . . . 827 29.24 66.59 5.08 56.65 18.54 30.67 4.21 M. France, etc. In usual vigor 84 27.38 65.73 5.01 55.77 18.22 30.24 4.23 Others . . . 16 29.62 65.31 4.97 55.48 18.03 29.99 4.10 Total . . . 100 27.74 65.66 5.00 55.72 18.19 30.20 4.22 N. Germany In usual vigor 462 28.88 66.22 5.00 56.49 18.54 30.76 4.31 Others . . . 100 33.85 65.96 4.88 56.06 18.44 30.51 4.14 Total . . . 562 29.76 66.17 4.98 56.41 18.52 30.71 4.28 0. Scandinavia In usual vigor 28 27.92 68.06 5.14 58.20 19.04 31.63 4.34 Others . . . 6 34.99 66.37 5.30 56.40 18.67 30.63 3.98 Total . . . 34 29.17 67.76 5.17 57.88 18.97 31.45 4.27 P. Spain, Portugal, etc. In usual vigor 6 31.99 65.52 5.70 55.93 18.15 29.72 4.22 Others . . . 1 29.49 63.90 5.30 54.80 17.40 29.50 4.30 Total . . . 7 31.63 65.29 5.64 55.77 18.04 29.69 4.23 Q. Miscellaneous In usual vigor 25 26.07 67.07 5.15 57.17 18.68 30.82 4.24 Others . . . 7 32.49 66.43 5.73 57.04 18.56 30.64 3.91 Total . . . 32 27.48 66.93 5.27 57.14 18.65 30.78 4.17 All Nativities In usual vigor 9 271 25.705 67.150 5.028 57.218 18.603 31.069 4.238 Others . . . 1 605 29.165 67.148 5.081 57.131 18.644 31.040 4.108 Total . . . 10 876 26.215 67.149 5.036(57.205 18.609 31.065 4.219 280 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE I. - (Continued.') Mean Dimensions of White Soldiers. Nativity 7i 1 0 1 s Breadth of Shoul- ders between g> Acromia 8& 0 0 xa QQ O 5 Breadth of „ Pelvis 10a 104 Circumference of Chest. Circumference of Waist *■* Circumference £ around Hips •*- Full In- spiration After Expira- tion Jj. England in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. In usual vigor. 13.65 12.80 16 21 11.85 36.92 34.24 31.25 36.72 Others . . . 13.44 12.77 16.17 11.80 36.89 34.69 31.36 36.50 Total . . . 13.62 12.80 16.21 11.84 36.91 34.30 31.26 36.68 J2. Wales & I. of Man In usual vigor. 13.69 12.42 16.35 11.80 36.42 33.94 31.08 36.60 Others . . . 14.30 14.55 - 12.20 38.25 36.50 33.50 38.50 Total . . . 13.75 12.69 16.35 11.84 36.60 34.19 31.32 36.79 K. Scotland In usual vigor . 13.61 12.46 16.62 11.70 37.57 34.69 31.24 36.67 Others . . . 13.46 12.47 16.70 11.66 36.74 34.56 31.44 36.80 Total . . . 13.59 12.46 16.64 11.69 37.45 34.67 31.26 36.69 L. Ireland In usual vigor . 13.76 13.07 16.52 12.05 37.54 35.27 31.67 36.89 Others . . . 13.54 12.71 15.92 11.74 36.87 34.74 31.27 36.41 Total . . . 13.71 12.98 16.47 11.98 37.39 35.15 31.59 36.79 M. France, etc. In usual vigor. 13.82 12.90 16.70 12.02 36.91 34.37 31.53 36.99 Others . . . 13.59 12.91 16.60 11.69 36.29 33.92 31.39 36.76 Total . . . 13.78 12.90 16.69 11.97 36.81 34.30 31.51 36.96 N. Germany In usual vigor . 13.83 12.97 16.49 11.98 37.20 34.74 31.67 36.98 Others . . . 13.65 12.78 15.47 11.91 36.74 34.60 31.35 36.65 Total . . . 13.79 12.93 16.44 11.97 37.12 34.72 31.62 36.92 0. Scandinavia In usual vigor . 14.06 13.19 16.30 11.94 38.44 35.36 32.39 37.74 Others . . . 13.50 12.82 - 12.23 38.17 35.42 32.48 37.15 Total . . . 13.96 13.12 16.30 11.99 38.39 35.37 32.41 37.63 P. Spain, etc. In usual vigor . 13.83 13.05 - 11.40 35.20 32.93 30.75 36.13 Others . . . 13.00 - 14.80 11.10 36.00 34.20 31.40 35.90 Total . . . 13.71 13.05 14.80 11.36 35.31 33.il 30.84 36.10 Q. Miscellaneous In usual vigor. 13.90 12.87 16.62 12.11 37.15 34.32 31.59 36.77 Others . . . 13.14 13.30 15.30 11.57 34.39 32.31 29.46 35.56 Total . . 13.73 12.97 16.43 11.99 36.54 33.99 31.12 36.51 All nativities In usual vigor . 13.633 12.738 16.370 11.936 37.195 34.476 31.483 36.957 Others . . . 13.521 12.693 16.151 11.800 36.846 34.604 31.377 36.770 Total . . . 13.617 12.731 16.350 11.916 37.143 34.494 31.467 36.930 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 281 TABLE I. - ( Continued.') Mean Dimensions of White Soldiers Nativity Length of Arm Middle of Breast- bone to Tip of to Finger Acromion to M Elbow J? 266 26c Distance be- tween Angles of Eyes CO Length of Foot g Length to Hollow co above Heel © 36c a a ■ ■"3 ja a Circumf. around „ Heel & Anterior g Ligament Outer Inner Jb England in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. In usual vigor 28.62 34.52 13.35 3.720 1.232 10.051 9.841 2.55 13.03 Others . . . 28.84 34.72 13.45 3.744 1.198 9.857 9.700 2.63 12.20 Total . . . 28.66 34.55 13.37 3.724 1.227 10.023 9.821 2.56 13.02 J2. Wales, I. of Man In usual vigor 29.09 35.09 13.82 3.711 1.183 9.933 9.761 2.48 12.79 Others . . . 28.85 35.10 13.25 3.900 1.050 10.150 9.900 2.70 12.20 Total . . . 29.07 35.09 13.76 3.730 1.170 9.955 9.775 2.50 12.73 K. Scotland In usual vigor 28.87 34.76 13.48 3.721 1.226 10.066 9.871 2.54 13.15 Others . . . 29.51 35.34 13.86 3.791 1.173 10.000 9.818 2.70 13.60 Total . . . 28.96 34.84 13.53 3.731 1.219 10.057 9.864 2.56 13.21 L. Ireland In usual vigor 29.03 34.90 13.51 3.771 1.262 9.965 9.789 2.64 13.08 Others . . . 28.84 34.62 13.30 3.783 1.213 9.781 9.621 2.67 13.02 Total . . . 28.99 34.84 13.46 3.774 1.251 9.925 9.752 2.65 13.07 M. France, etc. In usual vigor 28.58 34.49 13.29 3.764 1.263 10.100 9.898 2.58 13.12 Others . . . 28.21 34.02 12.87 3.687 1.144 10.024 9.812 2.74 13.05 Total . . . 28.52 34.42 13.22 3.752 1.244 10.087 9.884 2.61 13.11 N. Germany In usual vigor 28.98 34.80 13.53 3.806 1.258 10.087 9.905 2.46 13.15 Others 28.92 34.70 13.56 3.788 1.219 9.978 9.796 2.66 12.72 Total . . . 28.97 34.78 13.54 3.802 1.251 10.068 9.886 2.49 13.07 0. Scandinavia In usual vigor 30.02 35.94 13.92 3.807 1.239 10.261 10.075 2.75 13.35 Others . . . 29.27 35.22 13.55 3.800 1.050 10.000 9.867 2.82 13.20 Total . . . 29.89 35.81 13.86 3.806 1.235 10.216 10.038 2.76 13.32 P. Spain, etc. In usual vigor 28.60 34.63 13.57 3.817 1.200 10.067 9.850 2.65 13.47 Others . . . 26.10 32.70 12.10 3.500 1.300 9.300 9.100 2.30 12.40 Total . . . 28.24 34.36 13.36 3.771 1.214 9.957 9.743 2.60 13.31 Q. Miscellaneous In usual vigor 29.03 34.70 13.50 3.863 1.258 10.124 9.920 2.53 13.19 Others . . . 28.69 34.51 13.10 3.671 1.200 10.043 9.829 2.77 13.07 Total . . . 28.95 34.66 13.41 3.819 1.245 10.106 9.900 2.58 13.16 All Nativities In usual vigor 29.139 35.040 13.604 3.761 1.231 10.073 9.886 2.552 13.312 Others . . . 29.235 35.055 13.609J3.743 1.191 9.970 9.797 2.689 13.140 Total . . . 29.153 35.042 13.605l3.759 1.225 10.058 9.873 2.572 13.201 282 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. Although, for most of the dimensions, differences of value cor- responding to the different states of health are not so strongly- marked as to appear attributable to any other source than the in- adequacy of the number of men belonging to the smaller class, this is not everywhere the case. The most prominent difference between the classes is in their age, the class " not in usual vigor " having a mean age greater by some years than the other. There is but one exception to this rule, in any nativity for which the class not in usual health consists of more than two persons. The mean age for the aggregate in the two classes differs by nearly 3| years; that of the men in full vigor being 25.7, and of the others 29.2 years. We have here a clew of great importance for arriving at the relative power of endurance at different ages, and ft, most useful investigation might be made from our materials did time and means permit, by excluding from the comparison all those who were enfeebled by wounds, and clas- sifying the remaining cases by age. Then the proportions of men of each age found in the two classes, or even the relative number in each class for the several ages, would afford very suggestive in- dications. When we beax* in mind the very large proportion of the total number who were at the earliei' military ages, as has been fully developed in Chapters III. and IV., we cannot fail to perceive at once how much greater must have been the proportion of in- valids at the more advanced ages, in order to produce such an effect upon the mean of all. Without having entered upon this desirable research, which the present circumstances forbid, it may be allow- able to express an opinion that the results of this inquiry would probably indicate a decided decrease of capacity for enduring the hardship of military life, after the age of thirty-five years. In the breadth of the neck a difference between the two classes is well marked, the feebler men measuring in the average about one thirtieth less in this dimension. In the girth of the neck an analogous difference of course exists, although not so conspicuous, probably because the measures -were taken around the pomum Ada- mi, the prominence of which, being the same for the two classes, masks the other phenomenon. In the full breadth of shoulders, 85, the distinction between the classes is manifest, as also to some extent in the circumfer- ence of the waist and hips (11 and 11|). The breadth of pelvis seems also systematically less for the feebler men, and the difference in the circumference of the chest has been already commented upon; this circumference being MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 283 greater at full inhalation, and somewhat less at exhalation, for the stronger class of men. The differences above mentioned are not so well manifest in the earlier series of measures [Form E]. This is probably due to the circumstance already narrated, that the respective classes of men were measured by different persons, between whom a large per- sonal equation existed, and who were governed by no distinct rules in ambiguous cases. The inferences, too, which are deducible from these earlier measurements regarding characteristic differences for the several nativities, have not been corroborated in general by the latei' and more elaborate measures, of which the results are given in Table I. Still they form a valuable collection of materials, and their mean results are here presented. 284 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE II. Mean Dimensions of 'White Soldiers, from Earlier Measures Nativity and Class Number of Men Actual Mean Age Height Height to 7th Cervical Ver- c tebra Height to Perinseum New England. In usual vigor . . . . . 588 24.91 in. 67.15 in. 57.10 in. 30.96 Not in usual vigor . . . 355 27.26 67.46 57.62 31.03 In all 943 25.79 67.27 57.30 30.98 New York. In usual vigor 1 506 23.71 67.06 57.06 31.02 Not in usual vigor . . . 550 26.11 67.09 57.18 30.80 In all 2 056 24.35 67.07 57.09 30.96 N. Jersey, Penn. In usual vigor .... 833 23.83 67.19 57.23 30.87 Not in usual vigor . . . 363 25.74 67.11 57.02 30.76 In all 1 196 24.42 67.17 57.17 30.84 Western States. In usual vigor 293 23.04 67.88 57.92 31.21 Not in usual vigor . . . 185 24.32 67.50 57.86 31.05 In all 478 23.54 67.73 57.89 31.15 Slave States. In usual vigor 1 650 25.11 68.11 58.03 32.31 Not in usual vigor . . . 374 26.86 68.68 58.64 32.61 In all 2 024 25.43 68.22 58.17 32.38 Canada. In usual vigor 134 23.95 66.97 56.85 30.94 Not in- usual vigor . . . 51 26.74 66.84 56 93 30.93 In all 185 24.72 66.93 56.87 30.93 Eng. & Scot. In usual vigor 145 26.01 66.54 56.69 30.83 • Not in usual vigor . . . 71 27.15 66.05 56.09 30.21 In all 216 26.37 66.38 56.49 30.62 Ireland. In usual vigor .... 345 25.96 66.52 56.59 30.78 Not in usual vigor . . . 122 30.50 66.99 56.94 30.70 In all 467 27.15 66.65 56.69 30.76 Germany. In usual vigor 179 26.49 66.39 56.47 30.71 Not in usual vigor . . . 77 30.34 66.58 56.82 30.74 In all 256 27.65 66.44 56.58 30.72 All others. In usual vigor 63 27.75 66.10 55.93 30.56 Not in usual vigor . . . 20 27.44 66.59 56.74 30.70 In all . 83 27.66 66.22 56.14 30.60 Total. In usual vigor 5 736 24.542 67.354 57.354 31.343 Not in usual vigor . . . 2 168 26.669 67.398 57.468 31.137 In all 7 904 25.127 67.366 57.385 31.286 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 285 TABLE II. - ( Continued.') Mean Dimensions of White Soldiers, from Earlier Measures. Nativity and Class | Breadth . of Neck Breadth of Shoulders Breadth of Pelvis Circumference g of Chest Circumference of Waist 1-1 12 o II New England. In usual vigor . . in. 4.07 in. 16.17 in. 12.87 in. 35.29 in. 32.08 in. 29.26 Not in usual vigor . 4.04 16.32 13.11 35.31 32.54 28.96 In all .... 4.06 16.23 12.96 35.30 32.25 29.14 New York. In usual vigor . . 4.07 16.36 13.05 35.44 32.25 29.41 Not in usual vigor . 4.02 16.35 13.07 35.20 32.12 29.19 In all .... 4.05 16.35 13.06 35.38 32.22 29.35 N. Jersey, Penn. In usual vigor . . 4.08 16.41 13.06 35.64 32.29 29.86 Not in usual vigor . 4.02 16.45 13.23 35.21 32.64 28.67 In all .... 4.06 16.42 13.11 35.51 32.40 29.50 Western States. In usual vigor 4.11 16.53 13.13 35.74 32.30 29.84 Not in usual vigor . 4.05 16.31 13.18 35.09 32.43 29.03 In all .... 4.09 16.44 13.15 35.49 32.35 29.53 Slave States. In usual vigor . . 4.14 16.33 13.41 35.14 31.67 28.88 Not in usual vigor . 4.13 16.31 13.40 34.82 31.45 29.19 In all .... 4.14 16.32 13.41 35.08 31.63 28.94 Canada. In usual vigor . . 4.08 16.33 13.00 35.50 32.17 29.40 Not in usual vigor . 4.10 16.46 13.13 35.31 32.15 28.90 In all 4.09 16.37 13.03 35.45 32.16 29.26 Eng. & Scot. In usual vigor . . 4.09 16.28 13.07 35.37 31.94 28.75 1 Not in usual vigor . 4.02 16.09 12.93 34.62 31.38 28.21 In all .... 4.07 16.22 13.02 35.12 31.76 28.57 Ireland. In usual vigor . . 4.10. 16.38 13.09 35.97 32.25 29.20 1 Not in usual vigor . 4.09 16.52 13.14 36.04 32.43 28.81 1 In all . . . . 4.09 16.63 13.11 35.98 32.29 29.10 Germany. In usual vigor . . 4.13 16.34 13.10 35.66 32.20 28.95 Not in usual vigor . 4.09 16.34 13.05 35.13 31.85 28.98 In all .... 4.12 16.34 13.09 35.50 32.10 28.96 All others. In usual vigor . . 4.10 16.45 13.14 35.56 31.89 28 58 Not in usual vigor . 4.08 16.24 13.15 34.38 31.56 28 20 | In all .... 4.10 16.36 13.14 35.28 31.80 28.49 1 Total. In usual vigor. . . 4.098 16.342 13.146 35.424 32.059 29.281 Not in usual vigor . 4.053 16.400 13.174 35.166 32.166 28 975 - In all 4.085 16 359 13.153 35.353 32.089 29 200 286 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 5. Sailors. Of the 1146 sailors whose physical characteristics have been collected, 822 examined by Mr. Phinney at the Naval Recruiting Station in New York, and 239 examined by Dr. Elsner and Major Wales at the Receiving Ship at the Charlestown Navy Yard, were entirely unclothed, so that no impediment existed to the facility of the measurements. In addition to these, 85 others were examined at Charlestown while wearing only trowsers and drawers, and 68 marines at the Brooklyn Navy Yard by Dr. Wells in the same way. No one of our examiners was more scrupulously exact and thorough than Mr. Phinney, and this series of results seems the most accurate and trustworthy of all that we have collected, especially since the personal error of the examiners appears to be remarkably small. The 1061 men who were examined without clothes have been assorted by nativities, like the soldiers of Table I., and the 85 others who were partially clad, as well as the 68 marines, have been tabulated by themselves, without assortment according to na- tivity. Most of them were examined at the time of their enlist- ment, and almost all were in full health ; so that no classification depending upon their state of health seemed desirable, especially since all that such classification would suggest has been attained on a larger scale, in the discussion of the results from soldiers. The mean age of the sailors examined differs by just a month from that of the soldiers in Table I., and their height is less by 1.14 inch, thus corroborating the results obtained in Chapter V. for the difference in stature between soldiers and sailors. The average height of the 68 marines was precisely midway between that of the sailors and the soldiers. But here, as indeed for sailors of the several nativities, the numbers are in general altogether too small to permit any safe inductions from a comparison of the mean results. A few brief remarks as to the comparison of some of the dimen- sions with those of soldiers, may perhaps be appropriate. The values of the dimension 4| are decidedly larger for sailors, owing in part to the greater length of their thighs. The height to perinceum seems, notwithstanding the inferior stature, to be abso- lutely greater for the seamen. There are, to be sure, two consid- erations which should qualify any inference from direct comparison of our mean values, namely, that the soldiers wore trowsers and drawers while subjected to measurement, so that the thickness of their clothing was practically deducted from the true height to MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 287 perinasum ; and that the distribution of nativities is very different in the two cases. The first-named consideration is apparently borne out by a com- parison of the mean length of legs for the partially clothed sailors and marines, since for the 85 sailors this average comes out 1.3 inch less, and for the 68 marines 0.88 inch less, than for those who were measured while naked ; yet only a portion of these differ- ences can be due to the presence or absence of clothing. For the marines, the mean value of the dimension 4| appears actually more than an inch greater than for the sailors without clothing, in con- sequence of their short arms and greater length of body. But all these measures of marines were made by Dr. Wells, who made but few others; and too great stress ought not to be laid upon them. The second consideration is more serious. But each of the four nativities A, B, J, and L, comprises more than one hundred sailors, so that we may collate the mean values for these special nativities, and thus obtain comparisons free from this source of error. Mean Values of Dimension 4|. (Distance from Tip of Middle Finger to Level of Upper Margin of Knee-pan.) New England States New York, New Jersey, Penn. England Ireland No. of Men Distance No. of Men Distance No. of Men Distance No. of Men Distance Soldiers . . Sailors . . 1 208 129 in. 4.93 5.57 3 761 155 in. 4.92 6.06 306 102 in. 4.90 5.55 876 335 in. 5.08 6.07' Excess . . 0.64 1.14 0 65 0.99 Thus the original inference as to the excess of this dimension in the sailors is thoroughly justified, and the difference of 0.70 inch between the mean values for soldiers and sailors is seen to be probably due neither to the clothing, nor to any error in the mode of measurement, nor to the different proportions of men of the several nativities. From a similar comparison it will become manifest whence this difference arises. The following tables present the mean values of (he height to perinseum (Qu. 6), and of the length of arm as measured from the central line of the body (126) for soldiers and sailors of the same four nativities. 288 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. Mean Height to Perinoeum. New England States New York, New Jersey, Penn. England Ireland No. of Men Height No. of Men Height No. of Men Height No. of Men Height Soldiers . . 1 208 In. 31.09 3 759 in. 31.05 304 in. 30.45 824 in. 30.67 Sailors. . . 129 31.44 155 31.75 102 30.69 335 31.52 Excess . . 0.35 0.70 0.24 0.85 Mean Values of Dimension 126. (Distance from. Middle of Top of Sternum to Tip of Middle Finger, Arm extended.) New England States New York, New Jersey, Penn. England Ireland No. of Men Distance No. of Men Distance No. of Men Distance No. of Men Distance Soldiers . . 1 211 in. 35.05 3 762 in. 35.03 306 in. 34.55 826 in. 34.84 Sailors . . 129 34.10 155 33.79 102 33.32 335 33.82 Defect 0.95 1.24 1.23 1.02 It is thus palpable that, notwithstanding a superiority of stature on the part of the soldiers over the sailors measured, amounting to 0.73 inch for the New Englanders, 0.87 for the natives of the Middle States, 1.14 for the Englishmen, and 0.37 for the Irish- men, the legs of the sailors are all longer, the excess amounting to 0.217 for the aggregate averages; and their arms all shorter, by an amount averaging 1.09 inch for the men whose measures are here given, and entirely disproportionate to the difference in height. The mean height to the knee for the aggregate of the sailors is 18.47 inches, or 0.14 less than for the aggregate of the soldiers, although the height to the perinseum is greater; thus showing that the chief difference is in the length of the thigh. If from the height to the perinaeum we subtract the height to the knee, we find the values of the dimension for each of the four nativities be- fore compared. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 289 Mean Distance from Knee to Perinceum. N. E. States N.Y.,N. J.,Pa. England Ireland No. of Men Dis- tance No. of Men Dis- tance No. of Men Dis- tance No. of Men Dis- tance Soldiers 1 208 in. 12.34 3 758 in. 12.41 304 in. 12.15 824 in. 12.13 Sailors 129 12.98 155 13.05 102 12.50 335 12.95 Excess 0.64 0.64 0.35 0.82 The ratio of the height of knee to the distance between knee and perinseum, which we found to be 1.494 for the aggregate of the soldiers, is 1.442 for the aggregate of the sailors. The breadth and girth of the neck appears to be systematically greater for sailors, by nearly 3 per cent.; the breadth of pelvis, the circumference of chest, of waist, and of hips, to be severally less by almost as much. The length of arm and hand has been already seen, by a com- parison of the dimension 125, to be relatively, as well as actually, less for sailors than soldiers. And if we compare, not the distance from the medial line of the body to the tip of the middle finger, but the distances from the acromion process to the elbow and to the tip of the middle finger, we arrive at the same result, as the annexed comparisons make evident. Length of Arm and Hand, from Acromion to Tip of Middle Finger. N. E. States N. Y.,N. J., Penn. England Ireland Aggregate No. of Men Length No. of Men Length No. of Men Length No. of Men Length No. of Men Length Soldiers . . . in. in. in. in. in. 1 199 29.23 3 742 29.12 303 28.66 826 28.99 10 803 29.153 Sailors . . . 129 28.83 155 28.49 102 28.09 335 28.47 1 061 28.538 - - - - - - - - - Defect . . . 0.40 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.615 290 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. Length of Upper Arm from Acromion to Elbow. N. E. States N. Y.,N. J., Penn. England Ireland Aggregate No. of Men Length No. of Men Length No. of Men Length No. of Men Length No. of Men Length Soldiers . . . in. in. in. in. in. 1 210 13.76 3 755 13.62 305 13.37 827 13.46 10 856 13.605 Sailors . . . 129 13.28 155 13.19 102 12.97 335 13.14 1 061 13.171 Defect . . . - - - - 1 - - 0.48 0.43 0.40 0.32 1 0.434 The distance between perinseum and pubes was measured for no white men excepting sailors; but this dimension has been already given with the measurement of the soldiers, since the general dis- cussion of dimensions there given appeared to render that a more appropriate place than this, for such measurements as are not pre- sented for the sake of comparison. From 1013 cases we find - Mean Height Mean Distance Ratio to Height Minimum Maximum in. in. in. in. 65.99 1.891 .0287 1.2 3.7 The distance between nipples was measured for not quite three fourths of the sailors; for whom the following mean dimensions were found - No. of Men Height Circum. of Chest Dist. betw. Nipples Ratio to Circumf. in. in. in. 753 65.836 35.141 8.304 0.2363 The ratio of this distance to the mean circumference of thorax is thus seen to be decidedly greater than for the soldiers. The foot dimensions obtained for sailors and soldiers are not essentially different, with the exception of the thickness at the in- step, which appears to be much larger for sailors. For the marines this is not the case, and it is not improbable that this greater thickness may be due to the habit of climbing shrouds, and stand- ing upon ropes. Table III. presents, in three pages, the mean dimensions of the sailors measured, classified as already described. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 291 TABLE III. Mean Dimensions of Sailors. Nativity Number of Men Actual Mean Age Height 4- Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella Height to 7th Cervical Ver- e, tebra Height to Knee "** Height to Perinaeum Breadth of . Neck A. N. E. States . . 129 25.81 in. 66.47 in. 5.57 in. 56.30 in. 18.46 in. 31.44 in. 4.16 B. N. Y., N. J., Penn. 155 26.30 66.27 6.06 56.22 18.70 31.75 4.35 C. Ohio and Indiana 2 31.49 64.87 5.73 54.97 17.60 30.30 4.23 D. Mich., Wise., Ill. 6 25.49 68.21 6.09 57.96 19.83 32.71 4.46 E. Coast Slave States 19 27.53 65.89 5.66 55.80 18.77 31.23 4.30 F, G'2. Other SI. States 2 24.49 70.50 6.35 60.10 19.00 31.70 4.00 H. Br. Prov. ex. Can. 50 25.70 66.96 5.83 56.78 18.74 31.79 4.38 I. Canada .... 16 25.65 66.62 5.47 56.27 18.48 31.16 4.25 Ji. England . . . 102 25.40 65.11 5.55 55.05 18.19 30.69 4.31 J2. Wales, Isle of Man 6 28.32 64.42 4.92 54.38 18.30 31.10 4.62 K. Scotland . . . 27 29.19 64.79 5.53 54.85 17.96 30.30 4.25 L. Ireland .... 335 25.90 66.22 6.07 56.09 18.57 31.52 4.41 M. France, etc. . . 20 26.84 65.35 5.14 55.55 18.30 31.23 4.20 N. Germany . . . 62 25.83 66.09 6.01 56.13 18.65 31.58 4.40 0. Scandinavia . . 82 26.19 65.55 5.21 55.49 18.19 31.15 4.30 P. Spain, etc. . . . 18 27.54 64.94 5.06 54.89 18.49 31.02 4.28 Q. Miscellaneous . . 30 27.68 64.77 5.12 54.75 18.26 30.80 4.40 Total without clothes 1 061 26.132 66.018 5.778 55.927 18.498 31.378 4.336 Sailors partly clothed 85 26.12 65.95 5.27 55.64 18.15 30.08 4.03 Marines, " " 68 26.270 66.58 6.86 56.62 18.32 30.50 4.29 292 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE III. - Mean Dimensions of Sailors. 7i 8a 86 9 10a 106 11 Hi Nativity if Neck 'o QQ Circumference of Chest Circumference of Waist ferenco Hips 1 5 Breadt Should *33 S 0 Breadt Pelvis Full Insp. After Exp. § a A. N. E. States . . in. 13.99 in. 12.70 in. 16.01 in. 11.24 in. 35.47 in. 33.63 in. 30.15 in. 34.91 B. N.Y.,N. J., Penn. 13.79 12.51 16.12 11.74 35.51 33.35 29.94 34.67 C. Ohio and Indiana 13.57 11.50 16.45 11.30 35.50 32.63 29.77 34.80 D. Mich., Wise., Ill. 14.06 13.30 16.17 13.47 36.33 34.27 30.01 36.00 E. Coast Slave States 13.63 12 40 16.09 11.61 35.50 33.45 29.95 34.51 F, G2.Other SI. States 14.10 13.05 - 11.60 38.65 37.90 33.15 36.80 H. Br. Prov. ex. Can. 14.21 13.40 16.41 11.63 36.79 34.80 31.02 35.52 I. Canada .... 14.08 12.82 16.55 11.39 36.69 34.79 31.04 35.55 Ji. England . . . 13.98 12.89 16.26 11.49 35.76 33.71 30.31 34.69 J2. Wales, Isle of Man 14.05 - 16.42 11.78 36.00 33.67 30.00 33.92 K. Scotland . . . 14.07 12.82 16.44 11.50 37.19 35.22 30.58 34.76 L. Ireland .... 14.05 13.10 16.40 11.74 36.41 34.26 30.68 34.92 M. France, etc. . . 14.15 12.92 16.26 11.25 36.39 34.46 30.79 34.77 N. Germany . . . 13.97 13.12 16.39 12.00 36.42 34.22 30.36 35.57 0. Scandinavia . . 14.06 12.85 16.59 11.63 37.06 34.91 31.03 35.40 P. Spain, etc. . . . 13.99 13.01 16.33 11.22 36.07 34.28 30.09 34.48 Q. Miscellaneous . . 14.26 12.39 16.57 11.63 36.07 33.96 30.10 34.46 Total without clothes 14.001 12.879 16.310 11.625 36.162 34.085 30.457 34.942 Sailors partly clothed 14.08 12.44 - 10.92 38.44 35.42 31.53 35.68 Marines, " " 13.96 - 15.42 11.64 36.45 34.55 30.42 36.56 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 293 TABLE III. - ( Continued.') Mean Dimensions of Sailors. Nativity 12a fl fl 4 Middle of Breast- bone to Tip of K Hi ger Acromion to w Elbow £ 26* 26c Distance be- tween Angles of Eyes 36a o o o fl 3 Length to Hol- co low above Heel © Thickness at co Instep S' 36rf TS fl 1 a -S "2 o a fl UR J, **< fl ■Ml Outer Inner in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. A. N. E. States . . 28.83 34.10 13.28 3.831 1.153 10.025 9.866 2.90 13.13 B. N. Y., N. J., Pa. 28.49 33.79 13.19 3.693 1.195 10.129 9.934 2.89 13.07 C. Ohio and Ind. 27.70 32.63 13.47 3.600 1.167 9.567 9.467 2.60 12.53 D. Mich., Wise., Hi. 29.96 35.27 13.66 3.843 1.329 10.500 10.314 2.99 13.47 E. Coast Slave St. 28.67 33.89 13.29 3.654 1.162 10.100 9.896 2.97 13.06 F, G. Other SI. St. 30.10 37.20 13.85 3.950 1.050 10.900 10.900 2.50 14.20 H. Br. Pr. ex. Can. 28.90 34.43 13.27 3.842 1.187 10.096 9.908 2.98 13.11 I. Canada . . . 28.81 34.43 13.47 3.863 1.174 10.084 9.942 2.96 13.17 Ji. England . . . 28.09 33.32 12.97 3.712 1 202 10.033 9.845 2.90 12.99 J2. Wales, I. of Man 28.25 32.83 13.03 3.617 1.300 10.017 9.567 2.83 12.93 K. Scotland . . . 28.07 33.29 12.92 3.690 1.197 10.003 9.827 2.87 12.98 L. Ireland . . . 28.47 33.82 13.14 3.713 1.189 10.095 9.912 2.94 13.09 M. France, etc. . . 28.66 34.01 13.17 3.870 1.205 10.130 10.005 2.90 13.17 N. Germany. . . 28.72 33.92 13.40 3.764 1.259 10.342 10.108 2,95 13.19 0. Scandinavia. . 28.85 34.00 13.28 3.836 1.206 10.173 10.014 2.95 13.23 P. Spain, etc. . . 27.98 33.89 12.96 3.828 1.189 9.994 9.811 2.92 13.13 Q. Miscellaneous . 28.16 33.44 12.70 3.827 1.263 10.071 9.894 2.89 12.96 Total with't clothes 28.538 33.848 13.171 3.752 1.194 10.114 9.920 2.921 13.098 Sailors part, cloth'd 29.04 35.08 13.50 3.931 1.115 10.036 9.975 2.84 13.34 Marines " " 28.66 35.02 13.22 4.253 1.056 10.065 9.881 2.41 13.05 294 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 6. Students. It has already been stated that the temporary suspension of op- portunities for measuring soldiers in the field, was made the occa- sion for obtaining similar data for the elder students at Cambridge and New Haven. The members of the Senior and Junior classes being at the same age as a large portion of the soldiers who had been examined, afforded an excellent opportunity for comparing the physical characteristics of the two classes of men. Accord- ingly the students of the two higher classes and of the Scientific Schools were requested to permit themselves to be measured, and all who complied with the request were examined in the same man- ner as the soldiers. The materials presented in Table IV. are derived from these examinations, 291 in number, all of which were made by Dr. Elsner. A column has been inserted, giving the full stature which cor- responds with the mean height found at the mean age. These values can however make no claim to accuracy. Were the indi- viduals classified by ages at half-year intervals, then the mean height found for each half year could be reduced, with a tolerable approximation to correctness, to the corresponding full stature ; and the mean of the values for full statures thus obtained would repre- sent quite closely that mean height which would be found for the same young men after their full development in stature had been attained. The values here given are simply those which would be correct were all the students at their mean age, and are intended only as a rough estimate. Since the rate of growth at ages prior to this mean was greater than at those subsequent, the " corre- sponding full statures " as given fall short of those which would have been attained by the more accurate process. In the reduc- tion it has been assumed that the nativities of the students in each class were distributed in the same proportion as the aggregate of those examined at the same university. The actual nativities were as follows : - N. E. States Middle States Others Total Harvard Yale 94 62 17 78 13 27 124 167 Total 156 95 40 291 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 295 The statures of the students are seen to be nearly an inch greater than those of the soldiers of the same nativities ; the dimension 4| is more than an inch greater, in consequence both of the shorter fore-arm and of the longer thigh. In four instances this dimension attained the limit of 9.2 inches, and in three it did not exceed 3.4 inches. The mean distance from knee to perinseum is 12.65 inches, and the mean height of knee 19.24, the variations ranging from 16.3 to 24.0, these values for soldiers of the nativities A and B being 12.39 and 18.67 respectively. The breadth and girth of neck are less for the students, as also is the breadth of the pelvis; the length of body and circumference of chest are about the same. The mean distance between the nipples and its relative magni- tude were found to be - No. of Men Height Mean Giro, of Chest Dist. betw'n Nipples Ratio to Circumf. Harvard 124 in. 68.601 in. 35.290 in. 8.115 0.2300 Yale 167 67.726 35.329 8.038 0.2275 Total ....... 291 68.099 35.313 8.071 0.2286 From acromion to elbow we have the mean distance 13.71 inches, and from elbow to finger-tip 15.31; the corresponding values for soldiers having been found 13.66 and 15.49 respectively. The Yale students measured were in general shorter than those of Harvard; this difference is conspicuously manifest in the height to the perinaeum, and many of the dimensions are clearly affected by this circumstance, being relatively about the same for the New Haven men, though absolutely smaller. It would seem that the inequality of ages is greater among the latter, so that the mean de- velopment of size for the same mean age is not quite so great as for Cambridge students. 296 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE IV. Mean Dimensions of Students of Harvard and Yale Colleges. Class No. of Men Actual Mean Age 4 8 w Corresponding Full Stature Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella Height to 7th Cervical Ver- tebra Height to cn Knee *** 6 ° ® ■" n 2* .SP-c 5 Harvard, Seniors . 69 21.93 in. 68.76 in. 69.12 in. 6.17 in. 58.26 in. 19.35 in. 32.08 Juniors . 51 21.03 68.29 69.08 6.00 57.79 19.57 32.04 Scientific 4 21.73 69.82 70.17 6.77 59.70 20.60 33.27 Total 124 21.555 68.601 69.00 6.121 58.117 19.482 32.098 Yale, Seniors . 92 22.70 67.82 68.13 6.73 57.78 19.15 31.72 Juniors . 63 21.10 67.73 68.19 6.74 58.23 19.00 31.77 Scientific 12 19.15 66.99 68.24 6.71 57.27 18.69 31.77 Total 167 21.841 67.726 68.10 6.735 57.916 19.060 31.740 Aggregate . . . 291 21.719 68.099 68.49 6.473 58.001 19.240 31.892 7 7i 8a 9 10a 10ft 11 iii Circ. of Chest Class 55 - a g S S. "fl o x: M W g 40 8-s <-I a £ S irth ■Sg £ *3 |.g 2, § s MS5 o SS co MSu •< A 5o Q =e in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. Harvard, Seniors . 4.02 13.28 12.38 11.18 36.75 33.73 31.13 35.68 Juniors . 3.97 13.25 13.30 11.49 36.86 33.98 30.77 36.21 Scientific 4.00 12.80 12.95 11.45 35.92 32.95 29.77 34.42 Total .... 4.002 13.247 12.781 11.314 36.772 33.809 30.943 35.854 Yale, Seniors . 3.96 13.28 13.15 11.06 37.12 33.93 31.58 36.93 Juniors . 4.11 13.34 13.49 11.20 36.73 33.59 31.57 37.25 Scientific 4.02 12.95 13.59 10.77 36.20 33.27 30.02 37.07 Total 4.026 13.281 13.311 11.093 36.902 33.756 31.460 37.065 Aggregate . . . 4.015 13.267 13.085 11.187 36.847 33.779 31.240 36.549 297 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE IV. - ( Continued.') Mean Dimensions of Students of Harvard and Yale Colleges. Class 12a a 3 Middle of fireast- bone to Tip of to Finger 12c o s = 3 o o 52 26* 26c Dist. between Angles of Eyes Length of Foot g? Length to Hol- co low above Heel S 36c 00 ■ ■ = a u ® •S 03 -fl a Circum. around Heel and Ante- g rior Ligament Outer Inner Harvard, Seniors . in. 29.36 in. 35.19 in. 13.76 in. 3.84 in. 1.11 in. 10.10 in. 9.97 n. 2.73 in. 13.05 Juniors . 29.07 34.97 13.56 3.83 1.12 10.15 9.98 2.62 13.30 Scientific 29.50 35.55 13.65 3.85 1.17 10.05 9.92 2.42 12.95 Total 29.244 35.113 13.673 3.837 1.117 10.120 9.975 2.675 13.150 Yale, Seniors . 28.83 34.80 13.49 3.85 1.12 9.84 9.67 2.83 13.06 Juniors . 28.96 34.84 14.09 3.91 1.10 9.85 9.67 2.92 13.06 Scientific 28.45 34.24 13.83 3.83 1.03 9.72 9.55 2.90 12.83 Total 28.854 34.776 13.741 3.872 1.107 9.837 9.664 2.868 13.043 Aggregate . 29.021 34.920 13.712 3.857 1.111 9.957 9.797 2.786 13.088 7. Colored Soldiers. Our measurements of colored men have already been described in § 2, and the number specified which were made by the several examiners, as well as the number of men measured in the different conditions as regards clothing. Strenuous endeavors have been made to assort them with more nicety than has been found practicable, using various bases of clas- sification. Three or more distinct races of negroes are to be found in the Southern States, and these present themselves in every degree and mode of admixture with one another and with the In- dian and white races. The investigation of the effect of climate and soil upon the blacks is a research of interest and importance, yet all attempts to prosecute our inquiries in this direction have proved unavailing. The impossibility of discriminating among the numer- ous classes, sufficiently to obtain an adequate number of cases belonging without doubt to any one class, made itself felt at an early stage of our work; and it soon became evident that even the different African races could not be habitually distinguished from 298 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. one another by our examiners. The colored men measured have therefore been divided into two classes ; one containing, under the title of "Full Blacks," all in whom no admixture of white or red ancestry was perceptible, and the other giving as " Mixed Races " all other colored men. Our records contain all information that could be collected regarding the ancestry of each individual, so that they are capable of combination in whatever manner future study or discovery may render desirable. Each of the classes has been subdivided into natives of the Free States, and natives of the [late] Slave States; those who were in their usual vigor have been treated separately from those who were not; and those who w'ere partially clothed when measured have also been kept distinct from the rest. The average height of the colored men examined was less than the mean height of those obtained from the records which fur- nished the materials for Chapter V. This discrepancy is not sur- prising, when we consider the limited extent of our materials, as well as the fact that the men whose statures are discussed in the chapter on that subject were only those for whom the descriptive musters are on file in the State archives. Had the Commission been allowed to consult the large store of materials on file at the War Department in Washington, it is probable that our results re- garding the growth and development of the negro races would have been comparable with those obtained for the whites. Much information on this subject may be expected from the forthcoming report of Dr. Baxter upon the medical statistics of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau. The dimension 4| is, as would have been anticipated by ethnolo- gists, one which manifests the most striking contrast with the white race. We find the mean value to be as follows: - No. of Men Distance Minimum Maximum Range Full Blacks . . 2 020 in. 2.884 in. -0.5 in 7.6 in. 8.1 Mixed Races . . 863 4.125 + 0.2 7.2 7.0 For the full blacks the smaller value of this dimension among natives of the Slave States is also quite noticeable, although for the mixed races the results of this mode of classification are vari- ant and contradictory. Thus for the full blacks we have the mean value - 299 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. Naked. naif Clothed Clothed Total No. of t.. I Men Dlst No. of n. . Men Dlst- of Dist. Men. No. of T.. 1 Men Dlst' in. in. in. in. Natives of Free States 123 3.094 2 3.000 101 3.551 226 3.298 " " Slave States 554 2.590 145 2.449 1 095 3.006 1 794 2.832 The mean length of head and neck, obtained by subtracting the height to the seventh cervical vertebra from the total height, is 9.62 inches for the full blacks, and 9.56 for the mixed races, the corresponding value for whites being 9.94 inches. This length is markedly less for natives of the Slave States than for those born the Free States. The length of body, too, is less for the colored race than for the white, and for mixed races somewhat greater than for the full blacks. This quantity, which we have found to be 26.14 inches for the average white soldier, is by our measurements of colored men - Bora in Free States Bora in Slave States Total No. of Men Length No. of Men Length No. of Men Length Full Blacks 226 in. 24.20 1 794 in. 24.52 2 020 in. 24.487 Mixed Races .... 169 24.37 694 24.76 863 24.680 Among the colored troops, natives of the Southern States, are incorporated a considerable number of men measured in New Or- leans after the close of the war. These are 385 in number, and appear to have been so much less accurate than the rest that it is a source of regret that they have been incorporated with the means. They were no doubt conscientiously made, but both of the examiners appear to have been habitually and unconsciously biased, to some extent, in their measures for certain dimensions, especially in their estimates of the position of the seventh cervical vertebra, of the center and upper margin of the patella, in questions 4| and 5|, and of the elbow. The mean results are probably not largely affected by the incorporation of these measurements, but the range of individual variation is considerably extended thereby. The height to perinceum appears greater for colored men than for whites, the excess being both above and below the knee. Thus we find: - 300 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. Class of Men No. of Men Height to Perineeum Height to Knee Knee to Perinaeum Ratio Full Blacks. - Free States . . . 226 in. 32.289 in. 18.870 in. 13.419 in. 1.406 Slave States . . 1 794 32.076 19.169 12.907 1.485 Aggregate . . . 2 020 32.100 19.136 12.964 1.476 Mixed Races. - Free States . . . 169 31.993 18.787 13.206 1.423 Slave States . . 694 32.015 19.446 12 569 1.547 Aggregate . . . 863 32.010 19.318 12.692 1.522 The distance from perinaeum to pubes is clearly greater for blacks than for whites. We have this dimension for only 89 colored men, but it was taken by our most exact examiners, and any effect of personal equation is mostly eliminated by the large proportion of both classes wrhich was measured by Mr. Phinney. FULL BLACKS Examiner No. of Men Mean Distance Mean Height Mean Height to Perinseum A. Phinney B. G. Wilder . . . 45 3 in. 2.169 2.700 in. 65.784 63.533 in. 31.662 31.167 48 2.202 65.644 31.631 MIXED RACES. Examiner No. of Men Mean Distance Mean Height Mean Height to Perinaeum A. Phinney B. G. Wilder .... 12 29 in. 1.633 2.893 in. 66.742 66.683 in. 32.983 32.303 41 2.524 66.700 32.502 The colored men measured by Mr. Phinney were sailors, enlist- ing at the New York rendezvous, and mostly natives of the North- ern States. Those measured by Dr. Wilder were mostly members of the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Regiment, serving in South Caro- lina ; about one half of them having been born in the Slave States, and a considerable proportion of the remainder in Indiana. The mean girth of neck, which was 13.62 inches for the white soldiers, is 13.92 for the full blacks, and 13.83 for the mixed races. The breadth of shoulders appears also decidedly greater when measured between the acromia, and slightly greater when the full breadth is taken. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 301 The circumference of thorax at full inspiration is less than for whites by an inch and a quarter for the full blacks, and an inch and four tenths for the mixed races. The difference after exhala- tion is somewhat less than a quarter-inch for the former, and some- what greater for the latter class. The play of chest in breathing appears to be not much more than three fifths as great as for white men. The distance between nipples has been found as follows : - Class No. of Men Mean Height Mean Circ. of Chest Distance between Nipples Ratio to Circ. of Chest Full Blacks. - In usual vigor . . 617 in. 65.661 in. 35.368 in. 7.970 in. 0.2253 Not in usual vigor . 129 65.748 35.595 7.971 0.2239 Total .... 746 65.676 35.407 7.970 0.2251 Mixed Races. - In usual vigor . . 510 65.821 34.798 7.878 0.2264 Not in usual vigor . 94 66.152 34.952 7.963 0.2278 Total .... 604 65.873 34.822 7.891 0.2266 The smallest value found for this dimension was 6.2 inches, be- ing 0.196 of the mean circumference of chest; the largest was 10 inches or 0.274. The circumference of waist and hips are less than for whites ; the mean value of the former being larger by a quarter inch, and that of the latter smaller by not quite so much, for the mulattoes than for the full blacks. The arms of the black men are relatively longer than in the white races, the excess being principally in the fore-arm. This will be best perceived by means of a tabular view. Class No. of Men Height 126 Middle of Body to Finger-Tip 12a Acromion to Tip of Finger 12c Acromion to Elbow Lower Arm and Hand Ratio Full Blacks . . 2 020 in. 66.210 in. 35.808 in. 29.405 in. 13.302 in. 16.103 1.211 Mixed Races . . 863 66.251 35.822 30.271 13.856 16.415 1.185 Whites.... 10 803 67.149 35.042 29.153 13.605 15.548 1.143 The ratio given in the last column is that obtaining between the two preceding ones, or the proportion which the distance, from elbow to tip of middle finger, bears to the distance from the acro- mion process to the elbow. The preeminent excess of the lower arm for the full blacks and the intermediate value for the mixed races are as conspicuous as the increased length of the arm. 302 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. It we compare the lengths of arms and legs for the same classes of men, we find the proportional differences less conspicuous. Height to Perinseum Distance from Acro- mion to Finger-Tip Ratio Full Blacks in. 32.100 in. 29.405 1.092 Mixed Races 32.010 30.271 1.057 Whites 31.065 29.153 1.066 The eyes of the black man seem in general wider, and more distant from each other, than those of the white man. Our meas- ures give the mean values: - Distance between Distance of Centers Width of Eye Outer Angles Inner Angles Full Blacks In. in. 4.090 1.338 2.714 1.376 Mixed Races 3.981 1 360 2.670 1.310 Whites 3.759 1.225 2.492 1.267 The well known difference between the two races, in the size and shape of the foot, will be recognized by a glance at our numer- ical results. We find, namely, - Length of Foot Length to Hollow above Heel Circ. around Heel and An- terior Lig't Heel Thickness at Instep Full Blacks .... in. 10.600 in. 10.079 in. 13.643 in. 0.821 in. 2.672 Mixed Races . . . 10.439 10.172 13.463 0.567 2.770 Whites 10.058 9.873 13.201 0.485 2.572 The largest foot measured belonged to a full blooded negro, 72.7 inches tall. The length was 12.4 inches, the heel was 0.7 inch long, and the thickness at instep, 3 inches. No measures of the breadth of the foot, and none of any dimen- sion of the hand, were recorded. In the annexed table, the mean results of these measurements of colored men are given, classified in as large a variety of ways as seems worth the while. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 303 TABLE V. Mean Dimensions of Full Blacks. Class Number of Men Actual Mean Age Height >e. Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella Height to 7th Cervical Ver- tebra 5} o .be g "S t3 Height to Perinseum Breadth of Neck Naked, Free States 123 26.08 in. 65.93 in. 3.09 in. 55.85 in. 18.35 in. 32.21 in. 4.12 Slave States 554 24.75 65.80 2.59 56.05 18.45 32.12 4.14 All . . 677 24.993 65.821 2.682 56.012 18.429 32.140 4.137 Half Naked Free States 2 22.98 66.65 3.00 57.15 19.90 31.20 4.35 Slave States 145 28.18 65.15 2.45 55.98 19.35 30.49 4.23 All . . 147 28.112 65.169 2.456 55.998 19.359 30.501 4.233 Clothed Free States 101 24.20 66.86 3.55 57.24 19.48 32.40 4.30 Slave States 1095 25.89 66.53 3.01 56.96 19.51 32.26 4.22 All . . 1196 25.750 66.558 3.053 56.984 19.509 32.275 4.227 In usual vigor Free States 194 24.88 66.35 3.37 56.49 18.91 32.32 4.21 Slave States 1598 25.42 66.22 2.86 56.62 19.18 32.10 4.20 All . . 1792 25.364 66.237 2.914 56.610 19.148 32.123 4.202 Not in usual Free States 32 27.21 66.39 2.86 56.48 18.63 32.08 4.14 Slave States 196 28.25 65.94 2.62 56.39 19.11 31.89 4.16 All . . 228 28.104 66.003 2.655 56.405 19.043 31.917 4.160 Total born in Free States 226 25.212 66.354 3.298 56.487 18.870 32.289 4.212 Slave States 1794 25.727 66.192 2.832 56.599 19.169 32.076 4.196 Grand Total . . . 2020 25.668 66.210 2.884 56.587 19.136 32.100 4.197 304 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE V. - ( Continued.') Mean Dimensions of Full Blacks. 7i 8a 86 9 10a 106 11 Hi •g Circumference , .3 of Chest g 8 Class 1 o th of ders be Acron th of ders A o > a fl .2 * - H g 1 1 is. 5 •!S S § 8 ce 5 o £ § £8 it If .8 £ 0 ffloo-S ffl on fa " <! S. Q o 0 cd in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. Naked, Free States 13.98 14.72 16.33 10.56 36.05 34.18 29.81 34.94 Slave States 13.89 15.06 16.13 10.34 36.28 34.87 29.51 34.53 All . . 13.907 15.003 16.271 10.378 36.240 34.745 29.568 34.606 Half Naked Free States 13.75 15.00 - 10.85 38.15 36.20 29.75 36.85 Slave Sti :s 13.61 14.00 - 10.77 35.99 34.50 29.81 36.64 All . . 13.615 14.010 - 10.775 36.018 34.524 29.812 36.639 Clothed Free States 14.07 13.55 16.25 11.44 35.66 33.92 30.91 36.44 Slave States 13.96 13.56 16.44 11.29 35.69 33.98 30.75 35.94 All . . 13.966 13.556 16.378 11.300 35.691 33.979 30.767 35.983 In usual vigor Free States 14.05 14.12 16.35 10.99 35.80 33.99 30.32 35.64 Slave States 13.92 13.99 16.40 10.97 35.88 34.28 30.32 35.59 All . . 13.933 14.000 16.390 10.969 35.870 34.248 30.320 35.598 Not in usual vigor Free States 13.85 15.18 15.72 10.75 36.45 34.61 30.20 35.58 Slave States 13.82 14.70 - 10.83 36.07 34.47 30.09 35.31 All . . 13.826 14.759 15.717 10.819 36.123 34.487 30.103 35.346 Total bom in Free States 14.018 14.276 16.276 10.954 35.893 34.082 30.303 35.630 Slave States 13.909 14.070 16.414 10.952 35.890 34.300 30.295 35.562 Grand Total . . . 13.921 14.089 16.358 10.952 35.899 34.275 30.296 35.569 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 305 TABLE V. - (Continued.) Mean Dimensions of Full Blacks. Class Length of Arm to Middle of Breast- Bone to Tip of to | Finger Acromion to Elbow J? 264 26c Distance be- tween Angles of Eyes 36a 8 P. o 5 M J Length to Hol- co low above Heel © Thickness at co Instep S' Circumf. around Heel and Anterior g Ligament "■ Outer Inner Naked, Free States in. 29.32 in. 35.50 in. 13.14 in. 3.92 in. 1.26 in. 10.44 in. 10.19 in. 2.60 in. 13.54 Slave States 29.20 35.54 12.99 4.03 1.32 10.61 10.27 2.44 13.82 All . . 29.222 35.573 13.014 4.009 1.310 10.583 10.252 2.471 13.766 Half Naked Free States 28.95 36.45 14.00 3.65 1.25 10.75 10.70 2.65 13.85 Slave States 29.07 35.99 14.30 3.73 1.37 10.53 10.17 2.69 13.80 All . . 29.067 35.997 14.292 3.727 1.366 10.534 10.180 2.695 13.803 Clothed Free States 30.10 35.54 14.32 4.24 1.41 10.61 10.32 2.90 13.55 Slave States 29.50 35.98 13.27 4.17 1.34 10.62 9.94 2.77 13.56 All . . 29.549 35.939 13.346 4.181 1.350 10.618 9.969 2.783 13.555 In usual vigor Free States 29.69 35.49 13.62 4.07 1.33 10.52 10.24 2.76 13.54 Slave States 29.32 35.84 13.21 4.10 1.34 10.61 10.03 2.67 13.64 All . . 29.362 35.801 13.247 4.101 1.337 10.596 10.053 2.683 13.631 Not in usual vigor Free States 29.55 35.77 13.54 4.00 1.32 10.55 10.33 2.57 13.58 Slave States 29.77 35.87 13.76 4.00 1.35 10.65 10.28 2.59 13.76 All . . 29.740 35.861 13.732 4.004 1.345 10.633 10.289 2.586 13.735 Total born in Free States 29.669 35.525 13.604 4.061 1.329 10.522 10.253 2.734 13.550 Slave States 29.371 35.843 13.267 4.094 1.339 10.610 10.058 2.664 13.655 Grand Total. . 29.405 35.808 13.302 4.090 1.338 10.600 10.079 2.672 13.643 306 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE VI. Mean Dimensions of Mixed Races. Class Number of Men Actual Mean Age 4 s M) '5 n Tip of Finger to Margin of * Patella Height to 7th | Cervical Ver- c, | tebra. Height to c Knee Height to a Perinaeum Breadth of Neck Naked, Free States 98 27.08 in. 66.38 in. 3.71 in. 56.11 in. 18.44 in. 32.34 in. 4.09 Slave States 111 26.41 66.43 3.60 56.46 18.63 32.23 4.04 All . . 209 26.726 66.408 3.652 56.300 18.544 32.281 4.065 Half Naked Slave States 47 27.423 65.794 3.474 56.660 19.170 30.296 4.215 Clothed Free States 71 24.47 66.25 4.36 56.70 19.25 31.52 4.22 Slave States 536 26.18 66.23 4.33 56.84 19.64 32.12 4.44 All . . 607 25.942 66.232 4.337 56.826 19.594 32.050 4.416 In usual vigor Free States 127 25.56 66.16 4.09 56.20 18.76 31.90 4.16 Slave States 592 25.93 66.25 4.16 56.88 19.48 32.03 4.38 All . . 719 25.864 66.235 4.147 56.760 19.355 32.003 4.340 Not in usual vigor Free States 42 27.25 66.85 3.68 56.88 18.88 32.30 4.10 Slave States 102 28.49 66.12 4.15 56.13 19.23 31.94 4.27 All . . 144 28.126 66.330 4.014 56.339 19.132 32.045 4.221 Total born in Free States 169 25.983 66.324 3.990 56.362 18.787 31.993 4.146 Slave States 694 26.305 66.233 4.157 56.770 19.446 32.015 4.362 Grand Total . . . 863 26.242 66.251 4.125 56.690 19.318 32.010 4.320 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 307 TABLE VI. - ( Continued.~) Mean Dimensions of Mixed Races. 7} 8a 84 9 10a 104 11 i Hi Circumference 44 I J * i = 'S ar of Chest 8 a Q = 8. Class th of ders Acre £ ,<D si p s K o O 00 5 § o 5 i a £ « Girth Bread Shoui tween Breac Shoui "S I M Full I spirat After pirati fl > EL Go = § •- § in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. Naked, Free States 13.81 15.10 16.12 10.69 35.90 33.94 29.94 34.76 Slave States 13.65 14.83 16.47 10.50 35.90 34.13 29.69 34.48 All . . 13.725 14.913 16.184 10.588 35.903 34.040 29.808 34.609 Half Naked Slave States 13.602 13.632 - 10.957 35.772 34.111 29.585 36.232 Clothed Free States 13.83 13.40 16.53 11.61 35.97 34.39 31.22 36.51 Slave States 13.90 14.84 16.73 11.51 35.66 34.21 30.83 35.42 All . . 13.889 14.772 16.601 11.525 35.700 34.234 30.874 35.548 In usual vigor Free States 13.82 14.49 16.40 11.15 35.86 34.04 30.54 35.47 Slave States 13.86 14.79 15.95 11.31 35.71 34.18 30.57 35.29 All . . 13.851 14.755 16.343 11.285 35.736 34.157 30.568 35.322 Not in usual vigor Free States 13.82 15.05 16.31 10.85 36.16 34.39 30.29 35.56 Slave States 13.72 14.52 16.93 11.31 35.70 34.26 30.50 35.52 All . . 13.748 14.663 16.708 11.175 35.836 34.299 30.436 35.533 Total born in Free States 13.818 14.652 16.381 11.077 35.933 34.127 30.480 35.494 Slave States 13.838 14.755 16.681 11.313 35.709 34.193 30.562 35.324 Grand Total . . 13.834 14.742 16.473 11.267 35.753 34.180 1 30.546 35.357 308 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE VI. - ( Continued.') Mean Dimensions of Mixed Races. Class Length of Arm n Middle of Breast- Bone to Tip of n Finger Acromion to Elbow 266 26c Distance be- tween Angles of Eyes Length of Foot Length to Hol- co low above Heel S 36c 36d s.2 s C 2 -2 a 1 Thickness of I* s Outer Inner Naked, Free States in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 29.19 35.28 12.98 3.89 1.29 10.40 10.09 2.57 13.38 Slave States 28.98 34.62 12.86 3.86 1.29 10.43 10.13 2.49 13.55 All . . 29-080 34.928 12.912 3.879 1.288 10.415 10.109 2.531 13.464 Half Naked Slave States 28.730 35.345 14.002 3.696 1.326 10.428 10.185 2.689 13.755 Clothed Free States 29.95 35.46 13.74 3.95 1.38 10.37 10.09 2.78 13.38 Slave States 30.91 36.13 14.23 4.05 1.39 10.46 10.21 2.87 13.45 All . . 30.797 36.049 14.176 4.038 1.387 10.447 10.193 2.859 13.439 In usual vigor Free States 29.38 35.15 13.23 3.93 1.32 10.36 10.06 2.69 13.36 Slave States 30.49 35.99 14.01 4.01 1.37 10.46 10.20 2.81 13.46 All . . 30.296 35.838 13.869 3.996 1.359 10.438 10.173 2.786 13.445 Not in usual vigor Free States 29.89 35.97 13.49 3.89 1.34 10.47 10.16 2.56 13.44 Slave States 30.26 35.65 13.91 3.92 1.37 10.43 10.17 2.74 13.33 All . . 30.148 35.744 13.793 3.909 1.364 10.443 10.167 2.687 13.365 Total born in Free States 29.508 35.353 13.298 3.917 1.329 10.386 10.089 2.659 13.379 Slave States 30.458 35.937 13.944 3.997 1.367 10.451 10.193 2.797 13.484 Grand Total. . 30.271 35.822 13.856 3.981 1.360 10.439 10.172 2.770 13.463 8. Indians. Of the 517 Indians who have been physically examined by the agents of the Commission, 503 were measured by Dr. Buckley at the Reservations belonging to the Iroquois, or Six Nations, near Buffalo, and comprise all the full-grown males of unmixed blood who were accessible there. Ten of the remaining 14 cases were measured by the same examiner in the Army of the Potomac, where they were enlisted in the First Regiment of Michigan Sharp-shooters. Only 9 of them were not in ordinary health. For the other 508, comparative tables of actual and theoretical distribution of the vari- MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 309 ations in the several dimensions have been computed, analogous to those for white soldiers of certain nativities. The mean stature of these men was greater than that for any nativity of white soldiers examined, with the exception of Ken- tucky and Tennessee, and 1.075 inch greater than the mean for the white soldiers born in the same State. But on the other hand, the proportion of men who have attained their full stature is un- questionably much larger in these Indian measurements than in those of any group of enlisted men, so that while the average full stature of white men born in New York probably reaches 68.13 inches, it appears improbable that for these Indians it can surpass the limit of 68.40. The lowest stature recorded is 61.4 inches, being for a man of South American descent; the lowest for an Iroquois was 64.0 inches, and the highest, 75.7. The amount of probable variation of any individual from the mean is r = 0.898, and the probable error of the mean value r0 = 0.040. The length of head and neck is small, like that of the negro, averaging but 9.55 inches, or 0.4 less than for white soldiers. The probable variations of the height to the seventh cervical ver- tebra are r - 0.875, ro- 0.039, or almost identical with the analogous values for the total height. The length of body is 26.87 inches, being greater than for the white soldiers measured; and although some allowance should be made for the difference of stature, the body is decidedly longer than in the white race. The dimension 4|, which for white soldiers averaged 5.04 inches, for blacks 2.88, and for mulattoes 4.12, is for the Indians 3.65 inches, being thus short in consequence of the excessive length of the arm, notwithstanding that the body and the thigh are also longer than for whites. The probable variation in this dimension in an individual case is 0.55 inch, and the probable error of the mean 0.024 inch. The maximum value found was 7.0 inches, and the minimum 1.6 inch. As regards the length of legs, both above and below the knee, the structure of the red man appears to be intermediate between the white and the black. Thus we find - No. of Men Height to Perinaeum Height to Knee Knee to Perinaeum Ratio White Soldiers . . . 10 848 in. 31.06 in. 18.61 in. 12.46 1.494 Indians 517 31.81 19.01 12.80 1.485 Full Blacks .... 2 020 32.10 19.14 12.96 1.476 310 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. For the height to perinaeum, r - 0.931 in. r0 - 0.041 in. For the height to knee, r = 0.631 in. r0 = 0.028 in. But it is in the length of the arm that the difference in propor- tions between the Indians and the other races manifests itself most prominently, and seems most characteristic. It would appear that the arm of the red man is certainly longer by more than an inch and a half on the average than that of the white. For the dis- tance from acromion to the tip of middle finger we find the average to be 30.792 inches, with a probable error of 0.035 for this mean, and a probable variation of 0.799 for individuals; the maximum value being 33.1, and the minimum value 27.3. For the distance from acromion to elbow, the mean result is 13.757 inches, the proba- ble error of this mean being 0.022, the probable variation for an in- dividual 0.486, the maximum record 16.4, and the minimum 12.1. The comparison of these mean dimensions with those of the two other races gives - Medial Line to Finger Tip Acromion to Finger Tip Ratio of Leg to Arm Acromion to Elbow Lower Arm and Hand Ratio White Soldiers in. 35.042 in. 29.153 1.066 in. 13.605 in. 15.548 1.143 Full Blacks 35.808 29.405 1.092 13.302 16.103 1.211 Indians . . . 37.198 30.792 1.033 13.757 17.035 1.238 The third column of numbers shows the proportion which the height to perinseum bears to the total distance from the tip of the acromion to the tip of middle finger; and the last column shows the ratio existing between the lower arm, including the hand, and the upper arm. It is noteworthy that this also is much greater for the Indian than for the Caucasian ; while the corresponding ratio for the inferior limbs of the Indian is intermediate between those which hold for the two other races. For the breadth of neck r= 0.081 in.; r0 - 0.004 in. and for the girth of neck r= 0.228 in. ; r0 - 0.010 in. The mean breadth of pelvis is greater for the Indian than for the white man by nearly one twelfth part, and greater than for the black man by more than twice that amount. For the waist, too, the circumference is about one tenth part larger than for the white, and one seventh larger than for the black man. The probable va- riations of this dimension are r - 0.836 in. and r0 - 0.037 in. So too in the circumference around hips, a similar, though somewhat less predominance is manifest, and we have r = 0.961, r0 - 0.043. The circumference of thorax is much greater than in the whites, although its play during respiration appears not to be so wide. We find, namely, for the mean circumference - MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY, 311 At Inspiration At Expiration Play Mean Whites in. 37.143 in. 34.494 in. 2.649 in. 35.818 Blacks 35.899 34.275 1.624 35.087 Red 38.920 37.082 1.838 38.001 The measures during inspiration ranged from 50.2 inches to 34.6 ; those after expiration from 48 inches to 32. For the distance between the eyes, the mean value is 2.715 inches, the same as for the full blacks ; but the mean width of the eye is 1.312 inch, being the same as for the mixed races, and nearly midway between the values for whites and blacks. Lastly we find the mean length of foot but slightly greater than for whites ; although the distribution of the values indicates that we have not a number of measures sufficient to give this mean a typical character. The heel is no longer than for white men, but the foot appears somewhat thicker. Our means derived from measurements of Indians are given in Table VII., in which the nine men who were not in their usual vigor have been separately classified. TABLE VII. Mean Dimensions of Indians. In usual vigor . . Others Total .... Class Oi Oi O *1 £ co N umber of Men 30.59 38.82 30.73 Actual Mean Age in. 68.22 68.38 68.225 Height in. 3.65 4.06 3.653 Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella in. 58.68 58.68 58.678 Height to 7th Cervical Ver- tebra in. 19.01 18.91 19.009 Height to o Knee in. 31.81 31.71 31.808 Height to Perineeum in. 4.13 4.20 4.128 Breadth of Neck In usual vigor . . Others Total .... Class in. 13.67 13.64 13.665 Girth of Neck in. 12.82 13.58 12.830 Breadth of Shoulders be- " tw'n Acromia O I o ? o o o Breadth of cn Shoulders in. 12.90 12.18 12.889 Breadth of Pelvis in. 38.94 37.96 38.920 Full In- spiration 10a 10* Circumference of Chest in. 37.10 36.16 37.082 After Ex- piration in. 34.63 32.53 34.593 Circumference m of Waist in. 38.99 37.40 38.962 Circumference £ around Hips *** 312 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE VII. - ( Continued.') Mean Dimensions of Indians. In usual vigor . . Others .... Total .... o i in. 30.80 30.23 30.792 Length of Arm g> in. 37.21 36.47 37.198 Middle of Breast- Bone to Tip of fcj Finger CO CO CO M Ci M ? CJJ CO Ci Acromion to g Elbow . in. 4.028 3.988 4.027 Outer 266 26c Dist. between Angles of Eyes CO hU 3 O h- O • to Ci Inner in. 10.120 10.278 10.123 Length of Foot |? in. 9.938 9.989 9.939 Length to Hol- gs low above Heel @ to tc to Ci Ci Ci 3 CO C© * Thickness of co Instep S' CO CO CO Jx Ci lx p CH C© ox Circum. around co Heel & Anterior § Ligament 9. Abnormal Cases. The presence in Washington of three dwarves, who were on ex- hibition there while Dr. Buckley was engaged in the measurement of soldiers, suggested their measurement in the same manner ; es- pecially since their dimensions and proportions might thus be com- pared with those of the noted dwarf Stratton, alias " Tom Thumb," whom Quetelet measured in 1845, and whose dimensions1 may be found in his " Theorie des Probabilites," p. 404. Stratton was at that time but 27.56 inches high, but since his age was only 13| years, his subsequent growth was doubtless quite considerable. The three dwarves here considered were all of German parent- age, their ages were 23, 17, and 15 years, and the full reports of their examination are here presented. To these may also be added the corresponding data regarding the so-called Australian children, exhibited in various American cities in the years 1864 and 1865, and measured in New York by Dr. Buckley in December 1864. 1 For the sake of more convenient comparison, those of Mr. Quetelet's measurements which represent dimensions also determined for these dwarves, are here copied, with their equivalents in American inches. m. in. Height 0.700 27.6 Head and neck 0.173 6.8 Height to knee 0.175 6.9 Height to perinaeum 0.265 10.4 Breadth of shoulders between acromia 0.202 8.0 m. in. Circumference around hips 0.478 18.8 Length of arm from acromion 0.245 9.6 Half span of extended arms 0.330 13.0 Length of foot 0.105 4.1 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 313 TABLE VIII. Results of Physical Examination of Three Dwarves and the two "Australian Children." Joseph Chas. W. Hunter Nestel Eliza Hoomio Iola alias Col. alias Com. Nestel (Tom) (Hetty) Small Foote 4. Height ? 40.4 37.4 31.4 62.6 49.5 23. Age (last birthday) ? .... 17 23 15 21" 166 4|. Distance from tip of middle finger to patella .... 2.4 3.3 3.8 5.1 7. 5. Height to 7th cerv. vertebra? . 33.2 31.4 25.2 54.9 43.1 5£. Height to middle of patella? . 11.2 10.1 8 21 15.5 6. Height to perinaeum ? . . . 18 18.5 12.3 31.2 23.1 7. Breadth of neck ?..... 3.4 3 2.7 3.6 3.1 7|. Girth of neck ? 11.8 9.3 9 13.2 11 8a. Breadth of shoulders ? . . . 9.5 9.4 8 13.6® 12.1® 9. Breadth of pelvis ? 8 8.2 8.6 11.3 9.2 10. Circumference of chest - a. Full inspiration ? . . . 21.9 23.2 19.1 40.4 32.1 b. After expiration ? . . 21 21 18.1 37.2 29.9 10|. Distance between nipples ? . . - - - 9.2 - 11. Circumference of waist ? . . 20.0 20.0 16.0 26.2 24.0 11|. Circumference around hips ? . 22.7 23.4 20.1 33.2 28.2 12a. Length of arm-from tip of acromion ? 17.3 14.8 12 30.2 27.3 b. Distance from middle of ster- num to tip of finger ? . . 21.9 19.1 15.8 35.0 30.6 c. Distance fr. acromion to elbow ? 8 6.4 5.1 13.3 11.0 14. Weight (estimated) ? . . . . 40 lbs. 40 lbs. 25 lbs. 105 lbs. 80 lbs. 18. Where born ? Germany Indiana Indiana Australia 19. Arrival in this country ? . . . 1849 - - 1862 1862 20. Country of father ? . . . . Germany Germany Germany - - of mother? .... cc « - - of grandparents? . . (I - - 25. Hair - color ? Brown Brown Brown Dark brown amount ? Average Average Average Very short texture ? Straight Straight Straight Rather coarse 26. Eyes - color ? Gray Gray Blue D'k hazel Black distance outer angles ? 2.5 2.8 2.5 4.1 3.2 " inner angles ? 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.2 prominent ? . . . . No No No No No Dark; a little 27. Complexion ? Fair Fair Fair lighter than the American Indian 28. Pulse per minute ? .... 90 90 90 60 61 29. Inspirations per minute ? . . 17 17 17 - - 30. Muscular development ? . . . Small Small Small Moderate Small a Supposed. b Said to have attained age of puberty two years previous. c Full breadth (not between acromia). 314 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE VIII. - ( Continued?) Results of Physical Examination of Three Dwarves and the two " Australian Children." 33. Teeth, condition ? number lost 1 ... . Good None Poor Several Good None Sound None Sound None 34. Head-a. Frontal eminence and occiput? 20.3 20.3 19.3 15.0 14.9 b. Distance between condyloid processes over os frontis ? 10.5 9.8 9.0 7.8 7.4 c. Dist. over parietal bones ? . 12.6 12.1 12.4 6.5 7.2 d. Distance over occipital pro- tuberance? . . . . . 11.7 11.4 10.1 7.2 7.8 e. Distance from frontal emi- nence to protuberance of occiput ? 13.1 13.3 13 9.1" 8.46 f. Width betw. angles of jaws ? 4.1 3 3.2 4.2 3.6 g. Width between condyloid processes ? 4.7 4.4 3.9 4.3 4.2 35. Facial angle? 76° 77. °5 80° - - 36. Foot - a. Length to heel ?. . 5.3 5.4 4.2 8.8 7.4 b. Length to hollow above heel ? 5.1 5.3 4.1 8.6 7.3 c. Thickness at instep ? . . 1.6 1.5 0.9 2.3 2.1 d. Circumference around heel and anterior ligament ? , 8.7 7.3 7.1 13.0 10.0 57. Distance of distinct vision for adopted type ? 44 50 38 - - 58. Does he distinguish colors cor- rectly ? Yes Yes Yes - 31. In usual vigor ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Date of examination .... 1865 1865 1865 1864 1864 June 9 June 9 June 9 Dec. 7 Dec. 7 Note. - The curious beings known as the Australian children were exhib- ited by Capt. J. Reid, who professes to have captured them in the interior of Australia while he was, in company with two other New Yorkers, conducting an exploring party. He states that when among the mountains in the interior, they discovered three children drinking from a spring at the bottom of a deep gorge, and captured them with lassoes; that they were naked, and at first " wild and fierce," but were soon tamed by kindness. They were carried first to Cali- fornia, and exhibited in the principal cities of that State, after which they were brought to the Atlantic seaboard, arriving in New York in November 1863. They appear certainly not to belong to the Malay race, their color being en- tirely different. Their gait is stooping, and their arms crooked, and incapable of being straightened at the elbows beyond the ordinary posture of the arm of our own race when standing at ease. The development of the chest is large; the pelvis comparatively small, elongated and circular. The female is entirely dif- ferent from the white race in this respect. Dr. Buckley had excellent opportu- nities for the examination, through the courtesy of Capt. Reid. Their legs are spare, with small calves. " 5.6 by calipers. 6 5.0 by calipers. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 315 But their heads are the most remarkable part. The faces are large, and the crania small; the superciliary ridge very prominent, nose and lips large. The other marked peculiarities will be seen in the table of dimensions. Their eyes are bright and sparkling, and Capt. Reid says that they show a good deal of intelligence. The male speaks a few words of English, and they have a peculiar " gibberish," by which they communicate with each other. Regarding the real origin and character of these very peculiar specimens of the human family, the author of this volume is unable to express an opinion. A pair of singular children were exhibited several years since in this country and in Europe in 1855-56, under the name of the Aztec children, who seemed to be idiotic, and apparently dwarfish specimens of some Central American race of Indians, but whether of mixed blood or not it would be difficult to say. No measurements1 of these are accessible to the writer; if there are any such, a comparison of their relative dimensions with those deduced from this examina- tion of the pair here referred to might be interesting. At any rate the present measurements appear worth placing upon record, and not out of place here. Certainly their microcephalous character is extremely analogous to that of the so-called Aztecs, although their stature is not so much below that of many adult whites. Their hair was so closely shorn that its characteristics could not well be recognized. The proportions are certainly quite different from those deduced by Vogt 2 from measures of the Aztec children in 1856. 10. General Inferences. It will now be useful to bring into juxtaposition some of the principal mean dimensions and ratios, already deduced from our measurements of the several classes of men, and thus to facilitate their comparison. 1 Vogt, in his Vbrlesungen uber den Menschen, I. p. 247, cites the measures of Leubuscher, which we have vainly endeavored to obtain. Carus, in the Bericht der Kbnigl. Sachsischen Gesellschaft, VIII. 13, 14, gives some cranial measures, and their statures in 1856. The pa- pers of Saussure, Comptes Rendus Acad. Paris, vol. XXXVIL, and of Serres, id. vol. XLI. contain no measurements. 2 Vorlesungen, I. 252. 316 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. TABLE IX. Comparison of Mean Dimensions. White Soldiers Sailors Students Full Blacks Mixed Races Indians Later Series Earlier Series Number of Men . . 10 876 7 904 1 061 291 2 020 863 517 Mean Age .... y 26.2 y 25.1 y 26.1 y 21.7 y 25.7 y 26.2 y 30.7 Length Head & Neck in. 9.944 in. 9.981 in. 10.091 in. 10.098 in. 9.623 in. 9.561 in. 9.547 Length of Body . . 26.140 26.099 24.549 26.109 24.487 24.680 26.870 Knee to Perinaeum . 12.456 - 12.880 12.652 12.964 12.692 12.799 Height to Knee . . 18.609 - 18.498 19.240 19.136 19.318 19.009 Stature 67.149 67.366 66.018 68.099 66.210 66.251 68.225 Acromion to Elbow . 13.605 - 13.171 13.712 13.302 13.856 13.757 Elbow to Finger-tip . 15.548 - 15.367 15.309 16.103 16.415 17.035 Dist. betw. Acromia 12.731 16.359" 12.879 13.085 14.089 14.742 12.830 Ratio of parts of Arm 1.143 - 1.167 1.116 1.211 1.185 1.238 " " Leg 1.494 - 1.436 1.521 1.476 1.522 1.485 Med. line to Finger-tip 35.042 - 33.848 34.920 35.808 35.822 37.198 Acromion " " 29.153 29.200 6 28.538 29.021 29.405 30.271 30.792 Height to Perinaeum 31.065 31.286 31.378 31.892 32.100 32.010 31.808 Ratio of Leg to Arm 1.066 1.071 1.100 1.099 1.092 1.058 1.033 Height to Pubes . . - - 33.269 - 34.302 34.534 - Finger-tip to Patella 5.036 - 5.778 6.473 2.884 4.125 3.653 Circumf. of Waist . 31.467 32.089 30.457 31.240 30.296 30.546 34.593 Circumf. of Hips 36.930 - 34.942 36.549 35.569 35.357 38.962 Circumf. of Chest . 35.818 35.353 c 35.124 35.313 35.087 34.966 38.001 Play of Chest. . . 2.65 - 2.08 3.07 1.62 1.57 1.84 Dist. between Nipples 8.136 - 8.304 8.071 7.970 7.891 - Ratio to circum. Chest 0.226 - 0.236 0.229 0.225 0.227 - Dist. between Eyes . 2.492 2.606 2.473 2.484 2.714 2.670 2.716 Breadth of Pelvis 11.916 13.153d 11.625 11.187 10.952 11.267 12.889 Length of Foot . . 10.058 - 10.114 9.957 10.600 10.439 10.123 Thickness of Foot . 2.572 - 2.921 2.786 2.672 2.770 2.687 Length of Heele . . 0.48 - 0.49 0.46 0.82 0.57 0.48 a Full breadth of shoulders. b Measured from arm-pit. c Not the half-sum of circumferences at inspiration and expiration, as the others are. d Probably the breadth of hips. See page 262. e These values are obtained by adding 0.3 to the difference between the dimensious 36a and 366. See page 274. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 317 Inspection of this table discloses many curious and interesting facts, full of significance to the physiologist and ethnologist, and possibly not without some bearing upon doubtful points of theory. Upon these it seems more proper to leave the discussion to experts, trusting that the results may have been so elaborated and pre- sented, as to be available for them in a convenient form. The ratio between the lower and upper parts of the arm seems one of the most characteristic numerical values.1 The average values found for the several races are: - Whites, Students . . 1.116 Soldiers . 1.143 Sailors . . 1.167 Total . • • • 1.144 Mulattoes 1.185 Full Blacks . . . . 1.211 Indians 1.238 This is, however, the only respect in which so marked differen- ces between the different classes of men have been observed to follow this order of sequence. In the ratio between the two parts of the leg, no such relation is manifest. Nor does any ethnological significance show itself in our results for the relative length of the arm and leg. The distance between the eyes follows the same order of races ; but when it is considered with reference to the stat- ure, the order of the relative dimensions is modified. Some other ratios between parts of the frame seem to possess an ethnological significance; especially those between the lengths of the body and of the arm, between the upper arm and the length of body and width of shoulders respectively, and between the width of shoulders and the length of body.2 The latter proportion is affected with sundry elements of uncertainty; both in conse- quence of the difficulties, already described,3 in obtaining an accu- 1 The length of the hand was not specially determined. According to Vogt ( Vorlesun- gen, I. 193), this is in white men about 0.53 of the length of the humerus. 2 " In the orang the clavicle decidedly exceeds one fourth of the length of the spine (as measured from the atlas to the coccygeal end of the sacrum), while in man and the troglo- dytes it always, as far as I have observed, falls short of that proportion. The clavicle of the orang also more nearly equals the length of the scapula than in the higher forms." Mivart, " On the Skeleton of the Primates," Trans. ZooL Soc. Lond., VI. 179. " As in the gorilla, the humerus exceeds three fifths the length of the spine measured from the atlas to the lower end of the sacrum - a proportion decidedly exceeding that ex- isting in the chimpanzee, and greatly so that found in man. It is nearly twice the length of the scapula, which is less than in man, though more than in troglodytes." Ibid. pp. 180, 181. ' 8 See pp. 48, 59, 60. 318 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. rate determination of the mean distance between the acromia for any class of men, and still more by reason of the actual change which this dimension undergoes in persons of the same class, according to their mode of life. Still its results are interesting. The proportion of the length of the body to that of the arm is found, from our mean results, to be as follows: - White Students 0.8997 Soldiers, Later Series 0.8966 " Earlier " 0.8938 Sailors 0.8601 Total 0.8936 Indians 0.8727 Full Blacks 0.8328 Mixed Races 0.8153 Between the upper arm (acromion to elbow) and the length of body, we find the average proportion to be - Indians 0.512 White Soldiers . . . . . . 0.520 Students . . . . . . 0.525 Sailors .... . . . 0.537 Total . . . 0.522 Full Blacks .... 0.543 Mixed Races .... 0.561 The proportion between the length of upper arm and the dis- tance of the acromia, as deduced from our table of mean dimensions, is found to be - Indians 1.072 White Students . . . . . . 1.048 Sailors .... . . . 1.022 Soldiers . . . . . . 1.069 Total . . . 1.065 Full Blacks .... 0.944 Mixed Races .... 0.940 Finally, the ratio of the mean distance between the acromia to the mean length of body is : - MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 319 Indians .... .. . . 0.4775 White Soldiers 0.4870 Students . 0.5012 Sailors . . 0.5246 Total . . . . 0.4906 Full Blacks . . . . . . 0.5754 Mixed Races . . . . . . 0.5973 The curious and important fact that the mulattoes, or men of mixed race, occupy so frequently in the scale of progression a place outside of, rather than intermediate between, those races from the combination of which they have sprung, cannot fail to attract attention. The well-known phenomenon of their inferior vitality may stand, possibly, in some connection with the fact thus brought to light. In the length of head and neck, and in the distance from the middle of the sternum to the tip of the middle finger, the order by races is the same as that deduced from the ratio between the upper and the lower arm, except that the men of mixed race come after the full blacks. As regards the breadth of pelvis, the red men come first, then the whites, mulattoes, and blacks, in order; and the same holds true for the circumference of hips, excepting that here also the mulattoes follow the pure negroes. The most marked characteristics of the races, here manifested, appear to be - for the whites, the length of head and neck and the short fore-arms; for the reds, the long fore-arms and the large lateral dimensions, excepting at the shoulders ; for the blacks, the wide shoulders, long feet, and protruding heels. Among the whites, the sailors are conspicuous for their short- ness of body, which is clearly the chief element of their defect in stature, while the students are remarkable for their height to the knee. It will be seen that the simple numerical ratios popularly sup- posed to exist between the normal dimensions of different parts of the body do not here exhibit themselves, otherwise than as coarse approximations. Thus the average1 span of the extended arms uniformly exceeds the height; the height to the pubes surpasses half the stature ; the mean2 distance between the nipples is always 1 The full span was found as small as the height in about two cases of every thirty-five. 1 This distance attained the magnitude of one fourth the circumference in about one in- dividual of everj' fourteen. 320 MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. less than one fourth the circumference of the chest; and similarly for the other dimensions. These supposed simple numerical propor- tions seem to be the offspring of fancy and conjecture rather than of accurate observation; and, while they always represent a near approach to the true typical ratio, they are demonstrably removed from it in the cases here investigated. The predisposition to be- lieve in the existence of such harmonic relations as may accord with preconceived ideas of symmetry, and to assume that a near approach to coramensurability implies an organic tendency toward its absolute attainment, seems to furnish all needful explanation of this general belief, which appears to be almost universally adopted by artists, and has been inculcated by many eminent and learned men. A striking analogy to this hypothesis is afforded by the doc- trine, - so long cherished by astronomers, and even now retained in some of the books,-regarding supposed simple numerical ratios in the planetary distances. The proportionate dimensions of the sev- eral parts, discussed in the ensuing chapter, will afford means of considering thfese questions yet more understandingly. Farther discussion of the results of the present chapter belongs apparently so fully within the realms of physiology and ethnology, with which the author is too little acquainted to venture upon any special inquiries, that it seems most advisable to leave the mate- rials for the scrutiny of others. In the different mean values of the several dimensions and ratios for men of different nativities here grouped in the same class; in the determination of typical or characteristic ratios, not mentioned here, between the various di- mensions ; in the pursuit of the clew which is afforded by the con- stant excess of the mean age of men not in usual vigor; in the comparison of the varying proportions of the respective* classes and races with the corresponding ones of anthropoid quadrupeds, there seems to be opportunity for extensive and valuable research. And for those points elicited by the schedule of examination, but una- voidably left undiscussed and untabulated in the present volume, the records, which have been tabulated with care and which will be preserved in the form permitting the most convenient consulta- tion, afford copious material, as yet unused. CHAPTER IX. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 1. Preliminary The mean results obtained for the several dimensions, in the preceding chapter, will doubtless be regarded as, in general, highly satisfactory. Yet the variations between the values deduced for those nativities in which the number of men is small are much greater than those between the larger groups. And, although for these larger groups, as indeed for all those which comprise more than three or four hundred men in usual vigor, the test applied, by comparing the observed distribution of individual cases around their mean with that distribution which the law of probability would prescribe, indicates this mean to be typical, still the average varia- tion in individual cases is so large as to excite a wish that the num- ber of men examined had been greater yet. The mean age of the men examined falls, for most of the nativ- ity-groups, much below that of full stature; and since the mean rate of growth during the years immediately preceding this mean age is very different from that which corresponds to the years im- mediately following, the probability is strong that we have not attained, for any group, precisely the mean dimensions belonging to the mean age of that group, but that the deduced values are smaller than the true ones. Beside the influence of the different degrees of immaturity in the physical development, that of difference in the full stature also makes itself strongly manifest, in the wide range of the difference of value for the same dimension. And could we assume that the growth of all parts of the frame is proportionate as the period of full development in size is approached, we might, by referring all the dimensions to the actual height as a unit of length, greatly in- crease the precision of our determinations; while the range of individual discordance would be diminished. The assumption that the same normal type of form holds good for men differing in stature, but otherwise strictly belonging to the same class, seems 322 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. warrantable, and is certainly susceptible of test by such a proce- dure. If warrantable, we are justified in regarding the typical or normal man, of any class, in his two distinct relations of normal stature and normal proportions separately, and no error will re- sult from the fact that these two relations are separated in their respective discussions. If not warrantable, the character and dis- tribution of the discordances from the mean would betray the error of our assumption. And it therefore seemed well worth con- sideration, whether the labor of reducing the several actual dimen- sions of each individual to their corresponding relative or propor- tionate dimensions, in decimal fractions of the stature taken as unity, would not be fully repaid, in spite of the immense labor which it would entail. The characteristic differences between the races are in general shown by the relative dimensions more distinctly than by the actual ones; those dissimilarities which are due to differences in general size disappearing, while those which actually exist in the type are rendered more prominent. The only exception to this remark, if indeed it be an exception, is formed by those parts of the body, such as the head for instance, which do not appear to vary to the same extent as the general dimensions of the physical frame. The normal variations of the stature, arms, feet, etc., are as distinctly a part of the fundamental scheme as are their normal mean dimensions; and the present computations show that the range of these variations is relatively not very diverse for most of the dimensions; and that the development by growth is also at a rate not far from the same. Not so with the head, the general size of which varies less with individual differences of stature, and in- creases less with the growth, than most other portions of the physi- cal structure, as we have already seen in the last chapter. On this account it might perhaps have been satisfactory had the pro- portionate dimensions been computed relatively to the height to the last cervical vertebra. Yet the present form of computation will probably answer all reasonable demands. Our materials for determining the normal stature, for different classes and nativities of men, promised to be so ample as to leave little to be desired on this point, could they be properly collected and discussed. Thus the investigation regarding statures and the law of growth, the results of which have been presented in Chap- ter V., seemed to derive a new importance from their applicability to the investigation of the normal dimensions of the average man, by means of a determination of his proportions as expressed in a MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 323 relative instead of an absolute unit; and the increased value, which each of these researches would derive from the other, was a strong incentive to the prosecution of both. The results presented in this chapter are deduced from the re- duction of the individual measurements of each of our 23 685 men to the form of thousandths of his height, and the mean results for any group are of course applicable to the mean stature for that group. And the application of the relative dimension or propor- tional number, obtained fbr any class or nativity of men, to the nor- mal stature of the same class or nativity as derived from more ample sources, is but another form of application of the very hypothesis which we must necessarily adopt in this investigation, namely, that the proportions of the body remain practically unchanged for men of the different ages comprised in our examinations. These ages are chiefly between 19 and 30 years for white soldiers; and for the other classes and races of men examined the great majority of cases is included within the same limits. That this hypothesis is correct, the writer is far from being disposed to maintain, but he is equally indisposed to believe that any serious error will result in the present case from its incorrectness. Even the error to which this incorrectness may give rise will, from the nature of the case, be in great measure eliminated from the mean result as ap- plied to the mean age. It is a source of much regret that the limits of the present investigation preclude the prosecution of the inquiry as to the extent to which the proportions of the bodily frame vary during the years of military age. These Relative Dimensions for each man are tabulated and pre- served in the archives of the Sanitary Commission with the same care as the Actual Dimensions, the mean values of which for given nativities have been presented in Chapter VIII. The same man is designated by the same number in the two series of records, and the documents containing the computations have been made, so far as possible, to correspond with each other, for the greater facility of reference. Tables exhibiting, for each class, the distribution of the values observed for each proportionate dimension, - and for many classes the corresponding theoretical distribution according to the law of error, - have also been computed in the same manner as for the actual dimensions. Regarding the amount of labor involved in the execution, verifi- cation, and discussion of these computations, there is small need of speaking, since the case will speak for itself after the slightest con- 324 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. sideration. The principal hesitation in carrying out the plan has arisen, not from the labor and time which it has entailed, but from anxiety lest this labor and time might be better bestowed in other directions. The event appears to justify the course taken ; the results are even more satisfactory than we had ventured to antici- pate ; and by combining the typical proportions, thus attained, with the typical unit of dimension, as resulting from the discussion of statures, it would seem that close approximation may be made to a knowledge of the normal man, in the different ages, and places, and belonging to the different races and classes, for whom our data have been collected. The present chapter makes no claim to the character of an ex- haustive research; indeed it disclaims such an object. Only the more obvious results of the investigation are here collected and presented, since our resources permit no more than this. But the materials available for the anthropologist in the tabulated results for individuals are large; and by a proper determination of the personal errors of the several examiners, by classification according to ages, according to previous pursuits, according to parentage as well as nativity, and in numerous other ways, there is small room for doubt that results of great value may be deduced with minimum labor. The various classes of men will be considered in this chapter, in the same order as in the chapter upon the Mean Dimensions of the body. Attention has already been asked to the fact, that in arranging the schedule of questions adopted for the later series, and known as Form [EE], it was a leading principle to require the measurements to be made when possible between points corresponding to promi- nent points in the bony frame. It is hoped that this may render the comparison or combination of the present results with those of the skeleton itself less embarrassing than would otherwise be the case ; and that the comparatively exact measures which may be in- stituted in a museum may be found susceptible of employment in connection with the proportionate numbers here deduced. Since the results of the present chapter have been prepared for the press, the author has. seen for the first time the magnificent work of Bougery and Jacob, upon human anatomy. In this the dimensions of the human frame are similarly reduced to decimals of the stature - a form of expression which the authors state that they have borrowed from Montabert. Their results are derived from measures of " a great number of individuals," and, so far as 325 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. they can be tested by the present materials, appear to be closely approximate to the truth ; the relative dimensions given by them, for men, rarely differing from those here deduced from the white soldiers, by much more than one hundredth of the stature.1 2. White Soldiers. The extreme range of the height to the 'Ith cervical vertebra, - or of its converse, the length of head and neck, - among any of the nineteen mean values by nativity in the later series, is but 0.006; corresponding, for the average stature, to four tenths of an inch; whereas the corresponding variation in the mean actual di- mensions for this height was 2.91 inches. The aggregate mean value for length of head and neck is 0.1481, nor does the mean for any nativity which comprises more than 306 men differ from this aggregate by more than 0.001. The largest value is 0.151 for the group of 100 French ; the smallest 0.145 for 267 natives of Kentucky and Tennessee. From the assortment tables we find : - Nativity Number Head and Neck r ro New England States 977 0.1482 0.0052 0.0002 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 123 0.1484 0.0056 0.0001 showing that the probable error of the mean cannot amount to so much as 0.014 inch, and indicating that it would be quite need- less to push the test for other nativities. Even for the Germans, among whom the wide discordance of this dimension from that found for the other large nativity-groups was noticeable in the dimension-tables, we here find the same value 0.148 as its proportion to the stature, thus conclusively showing that the type for this nativity was identical with that for the other large groups, and that the discordance arose solely from the smaller stature. In the Earlier Series the variation in this mean height for the several nativity-groups is but 0.005, corresponding to only one third of an inch for the average stature ; the corresponding varia- tion in the mean actual dimensions being 2.03 inches. The mean value for head and neck is 0.148; as in the series [EE]. The largest value is 0.1508 for 204 British ; the smallest are 0.1458 for the Western, and 0.1471 for the Southern men. In the length of body, of which the proportional mean value is 1 Iconographie (i'Anatomie Chirurgicale, etc., I. pp. 26-29, and Plate I. 326 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 0.3893 by the later, and 0.3876 by the earlier series of measure- ments, the different nativities appear to present some characteristic differences. We find for this dimension the proportions follow- ing : - o Nativity Later Measures Earlier Measures Number Length Of Body Number Length of Body New England States . . . 1 208 0.390 912 0.391 N. Y., N. J., and Penn.. . 3 758 .389 3 128 .390 Ohio and Indiana.... 1 657 .387 | 458 .394 Mich., Wise., and Illinois . 1 012 .391 Coast Slave States . . . 365 .384 *- 2 007 .380 Kentucky and Tennessee . 266 .394 Slave States W. of Miss. R. 51 .385 - - British American Provinces 556 .393 177 .389 England, Wales, etc. . . 324 .391 | 204 .388 Scotland 81 .391 Ireland 821 .391 440 .389 France, Belgium, etc. . . 98 .390 - - Germany 561 .388 251 .389 All others 73 0.394 79 0.387 Total 10 831 0.3893 7 656 0.3876 From this table it is manifest that the superior length of body, which appeared, from the figures of the last chapter, to belong to natives of this country, is attributable to their greater stat- ure, and that in several nativities the mean length, while actu- ally greater, is relatively smaller, in consequence of the much greater length of the legs for the men of those nativities. In other words, a higher stature seems in general to imply a longer, but not a proportionally longer, trunk. The mean distance from middle finger to top of knee-pan is 0.075 for the aggregate of all measured, but is seen to be especially variable, ranging from 0.070 to 0.087 even in groups containing more than 250 men, the smallest value being for Canadians, and the largest for natives of Kentucky and Tennessee. The explana- tion of this large fluctuation is readily seen by comparing the vari- ations in the lengths of body, arms, and legs, for the several nativi- ties involved. The variations and probable errors deduced for Nativities A and B are appended: - MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 327 Nativity Number Dim. r ro New England States New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 977 3123 0.0721 0.0725 0.0120 0.0118 0.0004 0.0002 The mean height to perinceum for the small group of 7 Spaniards is but 0.455 of the stature, but this of course is an untrustworthy determination. For each of two groups comprising 326 English, Welsh, etc., and 100 French, we find the mean value 0.459, while for natives of the Southern States (excluding Kentucky and Tennessee), we find the large value 0.468, and this for each of the two groups, both for those in, and those not in, their usual health. The tables of probable distribution are computed for two nativities only. Nativity Number Height r r0 New England States . . . 976 0.4625 0.0096 0.0003 Ohio and Indiana .... 1 415 0.4646 0.0095 0.0003 The mean of the earlier measures accords with that of the later within 0.0015, and these measures also agree with the other in assigning a low value 0.461 to natives of Great Britain, and the maximum value 0.473 to natives of the Slave States. But the minimum value here belongs to the natives of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, for whom it is 0.459. The distance from perinceum to the symphysis pubis was not measured in any of the examinations of soldiers. From 1013 measurements of sailors the mean value of this distance was found to be 0.0287 of the height. This would make the total height to the symphysis 0.4913 of the stature, for soldiers. Heiyht to Knee. - The average proportion for this dimension varies in the large groups from 0.269, for 1015 Northwestern men, to 0.282, for 367 Southerners. The range of variation is suffi- ciently manifest from the assortment of the first two nativities, which give - Nativity Number Height T New England States . . . 978 0.2788 0.0073 0.0002 New York, New Jersey, Penn. 3 119 0.2776 0.0081 0.0001 Comparing the average proportionate numbers representing the height to the knee, with those representing the length of the thigh, we find - 328 MEAN PROPORTONS OF BODY, Nativity Number of Men Height to Knee Knee to Perinea um Ratio New England States 1 208 0.279 0.183 1.52 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 757 .278 .185 1.50 Ohio and Indiana 1 659 .277 .188 1.47 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 1 012 .269 .192 1.40" Coast Slave States 365 .282 .186 1.52 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 266 .280 .181 1.55 States West of Mississippi River . 61 .283 .185 1.53 British Amer. Prov., excl. Canada 38 .277 .180 1.54 Canada 518 .275 .186 1.48 England 304 .276 .183 1.51 Wales and Isle of Man . . . . 20 .278 .179 1.55 Scotland 81 .275 .186 1.48 Ireland 824 .278 .182 1.53 France, Belgium, etc 98 .277 .182 1.52 Germany 562 .280 .184 1.52 Scandinavia 34 .280 .184 1.52 Spain, etc 7 .276 .179 1.54 Miscellaneous 32 0.279 0.181 1.54 Total 10 846 0.2771 0.1855 1.494 The ratios given in the last column differ somewhat from the corresponding ones deduced from the actual dimensions, although the range of the variation is not much restricted, and the ratio for the total is identical. The mean breadth of neck is 0.063, and varies from this value by more than 0.002 for no nativity of any importance. We have Nativity Number Breadth r New England States 976 0.0623 0.0027 0.00009 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 122 0.0633 0.0027 0.00005 The measures by Form E give only 0.060, and the mean for no nativity-group reaches so high as 0.0620 if we carry it to four deci- mals. The explanation of this difference must apparently be sought either in the examiners, or, what is equally possible, in the andrometers, the gauges of which, as first constructed, were liable to become loosened by the rough treatment inseparable from mili- tary transportation. The girth of neck varies from its mean value 0.203 by more than 0.003 for only two nativities comprising over 10 men. These a See note page 259. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 329 are the 100 French and 562 Germans, for whom the resultant values are 0.210 and 0.209 respectively. Nativity Number Girth r r0 New England States . . . 978 0.1998 0.0066 0.0002 New York, New Jersey, Penn. 3 123 0.2032 0.0066 0.0001 Ohio and Indiana .... 1 416 0.2025 0.0068 0.0002 The mean breadth of shoulders, between the acromia, fluctuates in the large nativity-groups from 0.182 for the Northwestern men, to 0.195 for the Irish. The probable variation for a single individual among New Englanders was not quite 0.010. If however we consider only those measurements which appear to be entitled to the fullest reliance, as given on page 271, we find 0.1828 as the total mean, - the several mean values for particular nativities varying between the limits 0.179, for 44 natives of the seaboard Slave States, and 0.187, which value is given alike by the English, the Irish, and the French group, numbering 375 in the aggregate. For the following table the same returns have been used which were employed for the analogous table in the last chapter, on page 271. It will be seen that the average discordance between the half-width of shoulders, as measured by the half-span of extended arms diminished by the length of the arm from acromion to finger- tip, and the same dimension directly observed, is here always posi- tive, and amounts to less on the average than 0.002. 330 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. Results of Arm and Shoulder Measurements. [Excluding all Unsatisfactory Returns.) Nativity No. Mean Stat- ure Breadth between Acro- mia, 8a Middle of Ster- num to Finger- Tip, 12a Acro- mion to Fin- ger-tip, 126 Acro- mion to El- bow, 12c i 8a-(126-12a) New England States . 322 67.17 .184 .431 .521 .200 + .002 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. 1 866 67.89 .183 .428 .517 .202 .0025 Ohio and Indiana . . 840 67.70 .181 .434 .523 .202 .0015 Mich., Wise., and Ill. . 842 67.23 .181 .427 .517 .198 .0005 Coast Slave States . . 44 67.37 .179 .435 .524 .204 .0005 Kentucky and Tenn. . 32 68.92 .185 .434 .526 .199 .0005 States W. Miss. River 18 67.86 .185 .433 .524 .201 .0015 British Amer. Provinces 273 67.07 .184 .432 .521 .201 .0025 England 153 66.55 .187 .429 .520 .200 .0025 Scotland . .* . . . 50 66.65 .184 .431 .521 .200 .002 Ireland 205 66.74 .187 .433 .525 .199 .0015 France, etc 17 65.93 .187 .432 .523 .199 .0025 Germany 175 66.41 .185 .434 .526 .201 .0005 Miscellaneous .... 18 67.03 .185 .432 .524 .201 + .0005 Total 4 855 67.48 .1828 .4299 .5195 .2008 +.0018 Where the full breadth was measured, we find it to vary among those nativity-groups which number not less than 40 cases, between the limits 0.235 for Southerners, and 0.250 for Germans, in the later series of measurements ; the mean value being 0.2435. The mode of life and previous occupation doubtless influence this di- mension in a large degree. In the earlier series, the mean value of the full breadth comes out as 0.2432 for the aggregate, thus closely agreeing with the other determination. Here, too, it is a minimum for men born in the Slave States. The average proportionate breadth of pelvis, for the several nativ- ities, seems to have varied from its mean value 0.1775 for the aggregate of all, by more than 0.003 for the French only, for whom it is 0.182. It certainly seems less for Western than for Eastern men, among Americans. Our distribution tables give - MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 331 Nativity Number Breadth r ro New England States . . . 976 0.1770 0.0057 0.0002 New York, New Jersey, Penn. 3 119 0.1790 0.0077 0.0001 Ohio and Indiana .... 1 417 0.1752 0.0061 0.0002 The series E, regarding the measurements of which we would refer to the statements made in the last chapter, gives the mean value 0.1951. This is probably the width of the hips at the tro- chanters. The circumference of chest (under the clothes) was found to be as follows: - Inspiration Expiration Play Mean Value From 9 270 men in usual vigor . . 0.5539 0.5134 0.4405 0.5336 From 1 604 men not in usual vigor . 0.5485 0.5153 0.0332 0.5319 From 10 874 men in all 0.5531 0.5137 0.0394 0.5334 thus corroborating the inferences deduced in Chapter VIII. The distribution tables give us - Nativity No. of Men Circ. at Insp'n r r0 Circ. at Exp'n T r0 New England States 978 0.5473 0.0210 0.0007 0.5074 0.0221 0.0007 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. 3 125 0.5527 0.0198 0.0004 0.5115 0.0203 0.0004 From the earlier series, we obtain the mean values for the cir- cumference of chest - For 5722 men m usual vigor 0.5257 2163 " not " " 0.5220 7885 « in all 0.5247 No rules existed in the schedule for this series, either as to the part of the chest, or regarding the degree of inflation at which the measurement was to be taken. The mean girth of waist, for the soldiers measured in the later series, varied between 0.463 and 0.480, excepting for nativity G2, but w'as of course dependent upon the mean age of the men, which it has not been possible to discuss in this connection, although ample material exists for determining its average variation with the age, for men between 18 and 35. The degree of accuracy of the measures may be inferred from the results for two nativity-groups. 332 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. Nativity No. of Men Waist r New England States New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 977 3 124 0.4635 0.4687 0.0203 0.0215 0.0007 0.0004 The mean of all examined by Form EE is 0.4685 ; but for those of the earlier series it is 0.4767. The mean distance between nipples was found to be - For 1 771 soldiers in usual vigor 0.1212 297 " not " " " 0.1207 being very nearly one eighth part of the height, but measurably diverse therefrom. The extreme values found were 0.090 and 0.152. The mean circumference around hips for the aggregate of all is found to be 0.550 ; it varies, however, with the nativity, from 0.541 for 367 natives of the Slave States, to 0.563 for 100 Frenchmen, if we omit t|ie value for nativity G2, which appears discordant in many respects. We also find - Nativity No. of Men Circumference r ro New England States 978 0.5440 0.0222 0.0007 but the distribution of the individual discordances for this dimension seems to be far from conformable with theory. The distance, from the middle of the top of the breast-bone to the tip of the middle finger, is for the aggregate of all the soldiers 0.5218. This dimension, so often alleged to be equal to half the height in a well formed man, is thus seen to be nominally much greater, its minimum being 0.517 for the group composed of na- tives of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois, and its maximum 0.529 for Swedes and Norwegians. The confidence to be placed in the results may be inferred from the fact that, for the only two nativ- ities for which the distribution of discordances has been investi- gated, the probable variation, r, of an individual from the mean was found to be but 0.010, and the probable error, ro, of the mean was but 0.0003 in the one case, and 0.0002 in the other. From the acromion to the end of the middle finger the average distance was 0.4341, and the variations of individual cases, being tested for the same nativities as the last-named dimension, gave results almost identical, thus furnishing satisfactory indications of equal precision in the measurements, and in the mean results. The measures from acromion to elbow prove even more accord- ant ; the mean value for the aggregate of all nativities being 0.2025, 333 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. and the probable individual variations from the mean, in the first two nativities, being respectively 0.0087 and 0.0076, which corre- spond to the probable errors of the mean 0.0003 and 0.0001. From these values we find the ratios between the two parts of the arm, and between the height to perinaeum and the length from acromion to finger-tip, to be as follows : - Nativity No. of Men Acromion to Elbow Elbow to Finger-tip Ratio of Lower to Upper Arm Ratio of Leg to Arm New England States .... 1 199 0.205 0.230 1.12 1.06 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . . . 3 741 .203 .231 1.14 1.07 Ohio and Indiana 1 646 .202 .234 1.16 1.07 Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois . 1 011 .199 .230 1.16 1.07 Coast Slave States 363 .203 .233 1.15 1.07 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 266 .199 .239 1.20 1.05 Free States W. of Miss. River . 10 .196 .234 1.19 1.07 Slave States W. of Miss. River. 50 .203 .236 1.16 1.07 Br. Provinces excluding Canada 37 .205 .229 1.12 1.05 Canada 518 .203 .230 1.13 1.06 England 303 .202 .230 1.14 1.06 Wales, and Isle of Man . . . 20 .206 .229 1.11 1.05 Scotland 81 .202 .231 1.14 1.06 Ireland 824 .202 .234 1.16 1.05 France, Belgium, etc 98 .202 .231 1.14 1.06 Germany 554 .205 .233 1.14 1.06 Scandinavia 34 .205 .236 1.15 1.05 Spain, Portugal, etc 7 .204 .229 1.12 1.05 Miscellaneous 32 0.200 0.232 1.16 1.06 Total 10 794 0.2025 0.2316 1.144 1.066 It has already been seen that the length of the arm, as measured from the armpit, in the earlier series was closely accordant with the length as measured from the tip of the acromion process, in the later series. In the actual dimensions, the mean value of the former was found to be 29.200 inches, and that of the latter 29.153 In the comparison of relative dimensions, this accordance is seen to be closer yet, the resultant from the aggregate of all being 0.4339 for the mean length from armpit, for 7865 men measured by Form E, and 0.4341 for the mean length from the acromion, for 10 800 men in the later series. Computing the ratio between the height to the perinasum and the length of arm with hand, as deduced from the relative dimen- sions in the earlier series, we have - 334 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. Nativity No. of Men Ratio of Leg to Arm New England States .... 936 1.06 New York 2 048 1.05 New Jersey and Pennsylvania . 1 191 1.04 Western States 474 1.05 Slave States 2 010 1.11 Canada 184 1 06 Great Britain 214 1.08 Ireland 466 1.05 Germany 256 1.06 All others 81 1.07 Total 7 860 1.070 The caution with which inferences must be drawn from the col- lation of the results for different classes of men, when determined by different examiners, need scarcely be mentioned here. In the present instance, this is especially noticeable in the large propor- tionate value obtained for the length of legs of natives of the Slave States, a result not corroborated by the subsequent series of meas- urements. Yet the close accordance of the ratios deduced from the two series is noteworthy. The proportionate length of foot as deduced from 10 851 meas- ures in the later series is 0.1498, this dimension varying for the several nativity-groups between the limits 0.147 and 0.153, and being largest for French and Germans. The distribution-tables give, for the men in usual vigor - Nativity No. Length r ro New England States 976 0.15022 0.0039 0.0001 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 3 117 0.15005 0.0038 0.0001 Ohio and Indiana 1 416 0.14933 0.0036 0.0001 and show the close precision with which this length is relatively determined, as well as the comparatively small individual variation from the normal proportion. The longest foot in proportion to the stature which was meas- ured, was that of an Englishman, and amounted to 0.181; the shortest was 0.114 in length and belonged to a native of New York aged 43 years. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 335 Tables I. and II. present the mean proportions for white sol- diers, assorted and combined in the same manner as the actual dimensions of the same men in Chapter VIII., but with the omis- sion of some of the smaller measurements, for which this mode of discussion seemed unnecessary. 336 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. TABLE I. Mean Proportional Dimensions of White Soldiers. (Later Series.) Nativity Number of Men Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella Height to 7th Cervical Ver- ct tebra o -t-* b£ s '5 o « w 1 Height to | Perinaeum 1 Breadth of | Neck | Girth of Neck Breadth of Shoulders be- gf tween Acromia Breadth of oo Shoulders A. New England States In usual vigor 1 000 .073 .852 .279 .463 .062 .200 .190 .243 Others. . . 211 .075 .850 .279 .462 .061 .200 .189 .241 Total . . 1 211 .073 .852 .279 .462 .062 .200 .190 .243 B. N. Y., N. J., & Penn. In usual vigor 3 177 .073 .852 .278 .463 .063 .203 .189 .245 Others . . 588 .074 .851 .278 .463 .061 .201 .188 .242 Total. . . 3 765 .073 .852 .278 .463 .063 .203 .189 .244 C. Ohio and Indiana In usual vigor 1 443 .079 .852 .277 .465 .062 .203 .188 .242 Others . . . 219 .079 .852 .276 .465 .060 .199 .186 .237 Total. . . 1 662 .079 .852 .277 .•465 .062 .202 .188 .241 D. Mich., Wise., and Ill. In usual vigor 945 .072 .852 .269 .461 .064 .201 .182 .241 Others. . . 71 .076 .851 .273 .463 .062 .200 .184 .245 Total. . . 1 016 .072 .852 .269 .461 .064 .201 .182 .241 E. Coast Slave States In usual vigor 315 .078 .852 .283 .468 .062 .202 .188 .236 Others. . . 52 .077 .852 .281 .468 .059 .200 .183 .231 Total. . . 367 .078 .852 .282 .468 .061 .201 .188 .235 F. Kentucky and Tenn. In usual vigor 223 .088 .855 .280 .461 .061 .201 .198 .239 Others. . . 44 .083 .855 .281 .464 .061 .203 .193 .232 Total. . . 267 .087 .855 .280 .461 .061 .201 .198 .239 Gj. W. of Miss. R. - Free In usual vigor 10 .085 .854 .278 .461 .060 .207 .194 .244 G2. W. of Miss. R. - SI. In usual vigor 46 .083 .854 .284 .469 .064 .201 .203 .234 Others . . . 5 .084 .851 .286 .468 .059 .201 .186 - Total. . . 51 .083 .854 .284 .469 .064 .201 .201 .234 H. Brit. Prov. excl. Can. In usual vigor 36 .078 .853 .278 .458 .063 .206 .193 .245 Others. . . 2 .088 .848 .267 .444 .060 .196 .195 - Total. . . 38 .078 .853 .277 .457 .063 .206 .193 .245 I. Canada In usual vigor 474 .070 .853 .276 .461 .064 .204 .189 .244 Others . . . 46 .076 .849 .275 .459 .062 .202 .190 .236 Total . . . 520 .070 .853 .275 .461 .064 .203 .189 .244 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 337 TABLE I. - ( Continued.') Mean Proportional Dimensions of White Soldiers. {Later Series.) Nativity Breadth of Pelvis 10a 106 Circumfer- ence of Chest Circumference >-> of Waist 1-1 Circumference m around Hips | Length of Arm K Middle of Breast- bone to Tip of K | Finger I Acromion to ft 1 Elbow Length of Foot 0 Full In- spiration After Expira- tion A. New England States In usual vigor .177 .547 .507 .463 .544 .435 .522 .205 .150 Others . . . .175 .545 .511 .461 .544 .433 .519 .202 .148 Total . . .177 .547 .508 .463 .544 .435 .521 .205 .150 B. N. N. J., & Penn. In usual vigor .179 .553 .511 .469 .552 .434 .521 .203 .150 Others . . . .176 .549 .516 .466 .550 .436 .523 .203 .149 Total . . .179 .552 .512 .468 .551 .434 .522 .203 .150 C. Ohio and Indiana In usual vigor .175 .556 .517 .473 .551 .436 .524 .202 .149 Others . . . .173 .544 .510 .467 .543 .436 .521 .203 .148 Total . D. Mich., Wise., and Ill. .175 .554 .516 .472 .549 .436 .524 .202 .149 In usual vigor .174 .556 .506 .463 .547 .428 .517 .199 .149 Others . . . .175 .544 .509 .461 .546 .434 .522 .202 .149 Total . . .174 .555 .506 .463 .547 .429 .517 .199 .149 E. Coast Slave States In usual vigor .174 .541 .507 .463 .542 .435 .517 .203 .149 Others . . . .173 .542 .506 .460 .539 .438 .521 .206 .148 Total . . .174 .541 .507 .463 .541 .436 .518 .203 .149 F. Kentucky and Tenn. In usual vigor .175 .552 '.515 .477 .551 .437 .525 .198 .150 Others . . . .173 .551 .516 .473 .550 .441 .527 .201 .148 Total . . .175 .552 .515 .476 .551 .438 .525 .199 .150 Gi. W. of Miss. R. - Free In usual vigor .174 .553 .513 .469 .561 .430 .517 .196 .147 G2. W. of Miss. R. - SI. In usual vigor .176 .538 .504 .451 .534 .439 .519 .203 .149 Others . . . .176 .519 .491 .441 .542 .438 .521 .204 .148 Total . . .176 .536 .503 .450 .535 .434 .519 .203 .149 H. Brit. Prov. excl. Can. In usual vigor .176 .554 .519 .464 .544 .435 .521 .206 .150 Others , . . .173 .527 .498 .458 .535 .425 .505 .193 .153 Total . . .176 .553 .517 .464 .544 .434 .521 .205 .150 I. Canada In usual vigor .180 .555 .513 .470 .554 .433 .521 .203 .151 Others . . . .175 .555 .520 .479 .552 .436 .523 .207 .149 Total . . .180 .555 .514 .470 .554 .433 .521 .203 .151 22 338 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. TABLE I. - (Continued.} Mean Proportional Dimensions of White Soldiers. (Later Series.) Nativity Number of Men Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella Height to 7th Cervical Ver- ct tebra Height to q, Knee •** Height to Perinaeum Breadth of Neck 5 -g Breadth of Shoulders be- g> tw-n Acromia 8d •a cc 5 S O M m Ji. England In usual vigor 261 .074 .850 .276 .459 .064 .207 .193 .246 Others . . . 45 .072 .848 .276 .461 .062 .201 .191 .250 Total . . . 306 .073 .850 .276 .459 .064 .206 .193 .246 J2. Wales & I. of Man In usual vigor 18 .082 .849 .278 .457 .063 .205 .186 .246 Others . . . 2 .077 .846 .284 .458 .059 .212 .216 - Total. . . 20 .081 .849 .278 .457 .062 .206 .190 .246 K. Scotland In usual vigor 70 .073 .853 .275 .460 .063 .204 .187 .246 Others . . . 11 .077 .850 .274 .463 .061 .199 .184 .241 Total. . . 81 .074 .852 .275 .461 .063 .203 .186 .246 L. Ireland In usual vigor 648 .076 .851 .278 .461 .064 .206 .196 .248 Others . . . 179 .076 .849 .279 .460 .062 .204 .192 .241 Total. . . 827 .076 .851 .278 .460 .063 .206 .195 .248 M. France, etc. In usual vigor 84 .076 .850 .277 .459 .065 .211 .196 .255 Others . . . 16 .076 .849 .276 .459 .063 .208 .199 .245 Total . 100 .076 .849 .277 .459 .064 .210 .197 .255 N. Germany In usual vigor 462 .076 .852 .280 .464 .065 .209 .196 .251 Others . . . 100 .074 .849 .280 .462 .063 .207 .194 .236 • Total . . . 562 .075 .852 .280 .464 .064 .209 .195 .250 0. Scandinavia In usual vigor 28 .075 .855 .280 .465 .064 .207 .193 .244 Others . . . 6 .079 .850 .281 .462 .060 .204 .193 - Total . . . 34 .076 .854 .280 .464 .064 .206 .193 .244 P. Spain, Portugal, etc. In usual vigor 6 .086 .854 .276 .454 .064 .211 .200 - Others . . . 1 .083 .858 .272 .462 .067 .203 - .232 Total . . . 7 .086 .854 .276 .455 .065 .210 .200 .232 Q. Miscellaneous In usual vigor 25 .077 .853 .280 .459 .063 .207 .192 .249 Others . . . 7 .086 .859 .279 .461 .059 .198 .201 .227 Total . . . 32 .079 .854 .279 .460 .062 .205 .194 .246 All Nativities In usual vigor 9 271 .0748 .8521 .2770 .4627 .0631 .2031 .1894 .2440 Others . . . 1 605 .0758 .8507 .2777 .4623 .0612 .2014 .1890 .2406 Total . . . 10 876 .0749 .8519 .2771 .4626 .0628 .2028 .1893 .2435 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 339 TABLE I. - ( Continued.') Mean Proportional Dimensions of White Soldiers. (Later Series.) Nativity Breadth of Pelvis 10a 106 Circumference of Chest Circumference M of Waist •"* Circumference w around Hips 12a | a 3 Middle of Breast- bone to Tip of K Finger Acromion to w Elbow I? Length of Foot Full In- spiration After Expira- tion Ji. England In usual vigor. .179 .558 .518 .472 .555 .433 .522 .202 .152 Others . . . .177 .553 .519 .470 .547 .432 .520 .201 .148 Total . . . .179 .557 .518 .472 .554 .432 .522 .202 .152 J2. Wales & I. of Man In usual vigor. .177 .545 .508 .466 .548 .435 .525 .207 .149 Others . . . .181 .569 .543 .498 .572 .429 .522 .197 .151 Total . . . .177 .548 .512 .469 .550 .435 .525 .206 .149 K. Scotland In usual vigor . .175 .562 .519 .468 .549 .432 .520 .202 .151 Others . . . .171 .544 .512 .465 .545 .436 .522 .205 .148 Total . . . .175 .560 .518 .467 .548 .433 .520 .202 .150 L. Ireland In usual vigor . .181 .563 .529 .475 .554 .436 .523 .202 .149 Others ... .177 .556 .524 .473 .550 .435 .522 .201 .148 Total . . . .180 .562 .528 .475 .553 .436 .523 .202 .149 M. France, etc. In usual vigor. .183 .562 .523 .480 .563 .433 .524 .202 .154 Others . . . .179 .556 .520 .481 .563 .433 .521 .197 .153 Total . . . .182 .561 .523 .480 .563 .433 .523 .202 .153 N. Germany In usual vigor . .181 .563 .524 .478 .558 .438 .526 .204 .152 Others . . . .179 .557 .525 .475 .556 .439 .526 .206 .151 Total . . . .181 .561 .525 .478 .557 .438 .526 .205 .152 0. Scandinavia In usual vigor . .176 .565 .520 .476 .555 .441 .528 .205 .151 Others . . . .184 .575 .534 .489 .560 .441 .531 .204 .151 Total . . . .177 .567 .522 .479 .556 .441 .529 .205 .151 P. Spain, etc. In usual vigor . .174 .538 .503 .470 .552 .437 .530 .207 .153 Others . . . .175 .563 .535 .491 .562 .408 .512 .189 .146 Total . . . .174 .541 .508 .473 .554 .433 .527 .204 .152 Q. Miscellaneous In usual vigor. .180 .554 .512 .471 .549 .432 .517 .201 .151 Others . . . .175 .517 .494 .444 .536 .432 .520 .197 .151 Total . . . .179 .546 .508 .465 .546 .432 .518 .200 .151 All Nativities In usual vigor . .1777 .5539 .5134 .4687 .5504 .4339 .5218 .2025 .1500 Others . . . .1757 .5485 .5153 .4673 .5476 .4356 .5220 .2026 .1487 Total . . . .1775 .5531 .5137 .4685 .5500 .4341 .5218 .2025 .1498 340 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. TABLE II. Mean Proportional Dimensions of White Soldiers. {Earlier Series.) Nativity Number of Men Height to 7th Cervical Ver- ct tebra Height to Periuaaum Breadth of Neck Breadth of & Shoulders New England. In usual vigor . . 588 .850 .461 .060 .241 Others 355 .854 .460 .060 .242 Total . . . . 943 .852 .461 .060 .241 New York. In usual vigor . . 1 506 .851 .463 .061 .244 Others 550 .852 .459 .060 .246 Total .... 2 056 .851 .462 .060 .245 N. Jersey, Penn. In usual vigor . . 833 .852 .459 .060 .244 Others 363 .852 .459 .060 .245 Total .... 1 196 .852 .459 .060 .244 Western States. In usual vigor . . 293 .853 .459 .060 .243 Others 185 .856 .461 .059 .241 Total .... 478 .854 .460 .060 .243 Slave States. In usual vigor . . 1 650 .853 .473 .060 .241 Others 374 .853 .474 .060 .238 Total .... 2 024 .853 .473 .060 .240 Canada. In usual vigor . . 134 .850 .462 .061 .244 Others 51 .853 .463 .061 .246 Total .... 185 .851 .462 .061 .245 Eng. & Scot. In usual vigor . . 145 .849 .463 061 .244 Others 71 .848 .457 .061 .244 Total .... 216 .849 .461 .061 .244 Ireland. In usual vigor . . 345 .850 .462 .061 .246 Others . . . . . 122 .851 .458 .061 .246 Total .... 467 .850 .461 .061 .246 Germany. In usual vigor . . 179 .850 .463 .062 .246 Others 77 .853 .461 .061 .245 Total .... 256 .851 .462 .062 .246 Miscellaneous. In usual vigor . . 63 .848 .462 .062 .249 Others 20 .852 .461 .061 .244 Total .... 83 .849 .462 .062 .248 All Nativities. In usual vigor . . 5 736 .8513 .4649 .0606 .2431 Others 2 168 .8527 .4619 .0599 .2433 Total .... 7 904 .8517 .4641 .0604 .2432 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 341 TABLE II. - ( Continued.') Mean Proportional Dimensions of White Soldiers. (Earlier Series.) Nativity Breadth of „ Pelvis Circumference of Chest ° Circumference m of Waist M 12 o 5 h New England. In usual vigor .192 .526 .478 .436 Others .195 .524 .482 .429 Total .193 .525 .479 .433 New York. In usual vigor .195 .527 .482 .439 Others .193 .524 .484 .435 Total .194 .526 .482 .438 N. Jersey, Penn. In usual vigor .... .194 .530 .479 .445 Others .197 .526 .485 .428 Total .195 .529 .481 .440 Western States. In usual vigor .193 .526 .476 .439 Others .195 .520 .481 .430 Total .194 .524 .478 .436 Slave States. In usual vigor .197 .516 .465 .426 Others .196 .507 .458 .424 Total .197 .514 .464 .426 Canada. In usual vigor .194 .530 481 .437 Others .196 .528 .481 .433 Total .195 .530 .481 .436 Eng. & Scot. In usual vigor .196 .533 .481 .425 Others .196 .525 .476 .427 Total .196 .530 .479 .426 Ireland. In usual vigor .... .196 .542 .483 .438 Others .189 .537 .484 .437 Total .194 .541 .483 .438 Germany. In usual vigor .197 .537 .485 .436 Others .196 .526 .479 .436 Total .197 .534 .483 .436 Miscellaneous. In usual vigor .199 .538 .483 .434 Others .197 .517 .474 .424 Total .198 .533 .481 .432 All Nativities. In usual vigor .1952 .5257 .4760 .4351 Others .1948 .5220 .4785 .4304 Total .1951 .5247 .4767 .4339 342 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 3. Sailors. In Table III. the mean proportional dimensions are given for sailors and marines, arranged as in the corresponding table of the last chapter. The dimension 4| is seen to be relatively larger than for soldiers, thus confirming the corresponding inference deduced from the actual dimensions. Notwithstanding the inferior length of body, which would diminish the interval in question by .017, this interval is greater by .012, making a difference of .029 to be accounted for. About one third of this difference is referable to the superior length from knee to perinaeum, and since the arms are only shorter by .002, the remainder of the difference must be accounted for by a less slope of the shoulders in the sailors. The greater length of thigh will become manifest upon compar- ison of the annexed table with the similar one given for soldiers in the last section. The table includes all the nativity-groups which comprise more than 30 men. It should be repeated that all these sailors were measured while naked, excepting the group of 85 who are separately classed, and who were mostly measured by Dr. Els- ner, while the marines were examined by Dr. Wells, who made but few measurements of any other class, in consequence of the brevity of his connection with our work. The results for the marines ac- cord closely with those for white soldiers. Nativity No. of Men Height to Knee Knee to Perinreum Ratio New England States 129 0.278 0.194 1.43 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 155 .283 .196 1.44 British Provinces 66 .279 .194 1.44 England 102 .279 .192 1.45 Ireland 335 .280 .195 1.43 Germany 62 .282 .196 1.44 Scandinavia 82 0.277 0.198 1.40 Total Sailors naked .... 1 061 0.2802 0.1948 1.438 Sailors clothed 85 .275 .181 1.52 Marines 68 0.275 0.183 1.51 These mean relative dimensions corroborate the inferences drawn from the actual ones, with regard to the greater size of the neck, and the smaller girth of chest, waist, and hips. The mean distance from perinaeum to the prominent bone of the MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY, 343 pubes being 0.0287, we have the mean height to the symphysis 0.5037, or very slightly more than half the total height, while for the soldiers it was found decidedly less than half the stature. For the distance between nipples, the mean value from 753 sailors was 0.1258, being also greater than for the soldiers by nearly four per centum. The arm-measures give us, as the average distance from the middle of the breast to the tip of the middle finger, 0.5143, a value somewhat less than that found for the soldiers ; and the proportion between the different members as follows : - Nativity No. of Men Acromion to Elbow Elbow to Finger-tip Ratio of Lower to Upper Arm Ratio of Leg to Arm New England States .... 129 0.200 0.234 1.17 1.09 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . . . 155 .199 .231 1.16 1.11 British Provinces 66 .199 .233 1.17 1.09 England 102 .199 .232 1.17 1.09 Ireland 335 .198 .232 1.17 1.11 Germany 62 .203 .231 1.14 1.10 Scandinavia 82 0.202 0.238 1.18 1.08 Total Sailors naked .... 1 061 0.1995 0.2328 1.17 1.10 Sailors clothed 85 .205 .236 1.15 1.03 Marines 68 0.198 0.232 1.17 1.07 The ratio between the two parts of the arm is here modified, unlike that between the two parts of the leg, by the relative elon- gation of the lower portion. But the excess of relative length in the leg is very marked, while the arm is relatively shorter. Finally, the relative length of foot is seen to be about two per cent, greater than in the case of the soldiers. 344 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. TABLE III. Mean Proportional Dimensions of Sailors. Nativity Number of Men Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella Height to 7th Cervical Ver- ex tebra Height to cn Knee Height to Per- inseum Breadth of Neck Girth of Neck Breadth of Shoulders be- g> tween Acromia 84 Breadth of Shoulders A. New Eng. States 129 .084 .847 .278 .472 .062 .210 .191 .241 B. N. Y., N. J., Pa. 155 .091 .849 .283 .479 .066 .208 .192 .242 C. Ohio and Indiana 2 .088 .848 .272 .467 .065 .209 .174 .256 D. Mich., Wise., Ill. 6 .089 .850 .290 .480 .065 .206 .188 .238 E. Coast SI. States 19 .086 .847 .285 .474 .065 .207 .185 .245 F, G. Other S. States 2 .090 .852 .271 .457 .057 .200 .186 - H. Br. Pr. excl. Can. 50 .087 .848 .280 .475 .066 .212 .200 .246 I. Canada . . . 16 .082 .845 .277 .467 .064 .211 .195 .245 Ji. England . . . 102 .085 .846 .279 .471 .066 .215 .199 .249 J2. Wales, I. of Man 6 .077 .844 .284 .483 .072 .218 - .255 K. Scotland . . . 27 .085 .847 .277 .467 .066 .217 .198 .254 L. Ireland . . . 335 .091 .847 .280 .476 .077 .212 .199 .247 M. France, etc. . . 20 .079 .850 .280 .478 064 .217 .197 .250 N. Germany . . . 62 .091 .849 .282 .478 .067 .211 .198 .248 0. Scandinavia . . 82 .079 .847 .277 .475 .066 .215 .198 .252 P. Spain, etc . . . 18 .078 .845 .284 .477 .066 .216 .200 .252 Q. Miscellaneous . 30 .079 .845 .282 .476 .068 .221 .196 .253 Total with't clothes 1061 .0873 .8472 .2802 .4750 .0657 .2122 .1960 .2470 Sailors part, clothed 85 .0798 .8434 .2753 .4563 .0611 .2136 .1890 - Marines " " 68 .1029 .8510 .2750 .4576 .0649 .2095 - .2316 4. Students. Discussion of the mean proportions deduced from the Student- measures shows that the relative length of the body is smaller than for soldiers, by nearly .006 of the stature, and the height to the knee greater by nearly the same amount. The length of head and neck appears the same, and the length of thigh scarcely different. The lower arm (with the hand) is decidedly shorter, and the humerus slightly so. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 345 TABLE III. - ( Continued.') Mean Proportional Dimensions of Sailors. Nativity Breadth of Pelvis 10a 106 Circumf. of Chest Circumference m of Waist M Circumference y around Hips **- Length of Arm K Middle of Breast- bone to Tip of to Finger Acromion to Elbow s' Length of Foot Full In- spiration After Ex- piration A. New England States .169 .534 .506 .454 .525 .434 .513 .200 .151 B. N. Y., N. J., and Pa. .177 .536 .503 .452 .523 .430 .510 .199 .153 C. Ohio and Indiana . .174 .548 .504 .459 .536 .427 .503 .208 .147 D. Mich., Wise., & Ill. .183 .532 .502 .440 .528 .439 .517 .200 .154 E. Coast Slave States .176 .539 .508 .455 .524 .435 .515 .202 .153 F, G. Other SI. States .165 .548 .537 .470 .522 .427 .528 .197 .155 H. Brit. Pr. excl. Can. .174 .550 .520 .464 .531 .432 .514 .198 .151 I. Canada .... .171 .551 .523 .466 .534 .432 .517 .202 .151 J1. England .... .176 .550 .518 .466 .533 .431 .513 .199 .154 J2. Wales, Isle of Man .183 .559 .523 .466 .526 .438 .510 .202 .155 K. Scotland .... .178 .575 .544 .473 .537 .433 .514 .199 .154 L. Ireland .... .177 .550 .518 .463 .527 .430 .511 .198 .153 M. France, etc. . . . .172 .557 .528 .476 .533 .438 .521 .201 .155 N. Germany .... .182 .551 .518 .460 .537 .434 .513 .203 .156 0. Scandinavia . . . .178 .566 .534 .475 .541 .440 .519 .202 .155 P. Spain, etc. . . . .173 .556 .528 .464 .531 .431 .522 .199 .154 Q. Miscellaneous . . .179 .557 .524 .465 .532 .435 .517 .196 .154 Total without clothes . .1761 .5481 .5167 .4617 .5295 .4323 .5129 .1995 .1531 Sailors partly clothed. .1662 .5575 .5361 .4782 .5415 .4414 .5317 .2051 .1534 Marines " " .1748 .5475 .5186 .4584 .5495 .4296 .5249 .1984 .1509 The shoulders are very slightly broader; the play of chest too is greater, but this may perhaps arise from the superior and better directed effort to inflate and collapse the lungs, which might be expected from a more highly educated class. All other measures of breadth and girth are smaller. The neck is narrower by 6 per cent., and less in girth by 4 per cent. ; the pelvis narrower by per cent.; the waist and hips smaller. The 346 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. mean age of the students examined was, however, less than that of the soldiers. Few of either class were below 19 years of age, but while few of the students had passed the age of 25, many of the soldiers measured were above the age of 30 years; so that a fuller development in breadth was to be expected. The average weight1 of the soldiers was 144.8 lbs., that of the students on the other hand but 139.7. The mean values of the relative dimensions for the several groups of students, and their aggregate, are presented in the following table: - TABLE IV. Mean Proportional Dimensions of Harvard and Yale Students. Class Number of Men Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella Height to 7th Cervical Ver- cn tebra Height to cn Knee Height to Perinaeum Breadth of Neck 7i J © d 5 Breadth of Shoulders be- g3 tw'n Acromia Harvard, Seniors . 69 .090 .847 .281 .466 .059 .193 .180 Juniors . 51 .088 .846 .287 .469 .058 .194 .195 Scientific 4 .097 .855 .294 .476 .057 .183 .186 Total .... 124 .0893 .8472 .2840 .4679 .0584 .1933 .1864 Yale, Seniors . 92 .099 .852 .282 .468 .059 .196 .194 Juniors . 63 .100 .860 .280 .469 .061 .197 .199 Scientific 12 .101 .855 .279 .474 .060 .193 .203 Total .... 167 .0995 .8551 .2813 .4688 .0596 .1963 .1965 Aggregate . . . 291 .0951 .8518 .2825 .4684 .0591 .1950 .1922 1 These values include about 3.2 lbs. of clothing. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 347 TABLE IV. - (Continued.) Mean Proportional Dimensions of Harvard and Yale Students. Class Breadth of Pelvis 10a 105 Circ. of Chest Circumference >-< of Waist 1-1 Circumference y around Hips w- 12a g o 5 bD fl 3 Middle of Breast-bone to g? Tip of Finger Acromion to g Elbow « Length of Foot Full In- spiration After Ex- piration Harvard, Seniors . .263 .535 .491 .453 .519 .427 .512 .200 .147 Juniors . .168 .540 .498 .450 .530 .426 .513 .198 .149 Scientific .164 .516 .473 .427 .493 .422 .508 .196 .144 Total .1649 .5363 .4930 .4511 .5228 .4263 .5121 .1993 .1476 Yale, Seniors . .163 .547 .500 .466 .545 .425 .513 .199 .145 Juniors . .165 .543 .497 .466 .550 .428 .514 .208 .145 Scientific .161 .541 .497 .448 .554 .424 .511 206 .145 Total .1638 .5452 .4989 .4648 .5477 .4260 .5135 .2029 .1454 Aggregate . . .1643 .5414 .4964 .4589 .5371 .4261 .5129 .2014 .1464 5. Colored Troops. The characteristic differences between the colored troops and the whites, as manifested by the computation of their proportional di- mensions, differ little from those previously deduced by the study of the means from actual measurements. But the range of varia- tion is so much restricted, that their characteristic nature becomes more evident, and the inferences to be drawn from them become more trustworthy. Regarding these differences little need be added to the comments in the last chapter, which may not readily be gathered from the Tables V. and VI., where are presented the relative dimensions of the full blacks, and the men of mixed races, respectively. The distance from finger-tip to knee-pan (dimension 4|) shows probably the greatest diversity ; the mean values being for the full blacks less than three fifths, and for the mixed races only five sixths, as large as for -white soldiers. This is due to the greater length of the arms, and less length of body. We have, namely: - 348 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY, Class Finger-tip to Knee-pan Length of Body Length of Arm Length of Thigh Full Blacks 0.0437 0.3698 0.4516 0.1957 Mixed Races 0.0623 0.3735 0.4569 0.1915 White Soldiers 0.0749 0.3893 0.4341 0.1855 The length of the legs is greater than in white soldiers by two hundredths of the entire stature ; and the mean value for men of mixed race is almost as large as that for the full blacks. The ex- cess appears to be divided nearly equally between the thigh and the part below the knee, being however a little greater in the latter. The length of head and neck is decidedly less. This dimension, of which the mean value was 0.1481 for white soldiers, is found to average .1455 in the blacks, and .1438 in the mixed races. Those who were naked when measured give a mean value most nearly approaching that of the whites. About three fourths of this class were natives of the Southeastern States, and were measured by Major Wales. The arms are longer than in whites, both above and below the elbow, very much so in the forearm. Thus we find as mean values - Class Medial Line to Finger-tip Acromion to El- bow Elbow to Fin- ger-tip Full Blacks 0.5408 0.2101 0.2415 Mixed Races .5406 .2095 .2474 White Soldiers 0.5218 0.2025 0.2316 The average ratios between the two parts of the arm, the two parts of the leg, and the whole arm and leg are - Class Lower Arm and Hand to Upper Arm Height below Knee to Thigh Leg to Arm Full Blacks 1.15 1.48 1.07 Mixed Races 1.18 1.52 1.06 White Soldiers 1.14 1.49 1.07 Comparing the black with the white soldiers, we find the mean circumference of waist and breadth of pelvis to be decidedly smaller, and these dimensions in the men of mixed race to be generally in- termediate between the two. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 349 The distance between the nipples is about the same as in white soldiers, the mean of our measurements giving - Class In Usual Vigor Not in Vigor Total Full Blacks Mixed Races White Soldiers 0.1214 .1197 0.1212 0.1212 .1204 0.1207 0.1213 .1198 0.1211 Finally the foot is longer by about 7 per cent, for the full blacks, and about per cent, for the mulattoes. The detailed means are given in Tables V. and VI., arranged in the same manner as the actual mean dimensions in the preceding chapter. 350 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. TABLE V. Mean Proportional Dimensions of Full Blacks. Class Number of Men Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella Height to 7th Cerv. Vertebra o jig *3 o ss« Height to Perinseum Breadth of Neck Girth of Neck •*" 1 1 Breadth of . Shoulders be- g5 tween Acromia Breadth of ® Shoulders Naked - Free States . 123 .047 .848 .279 .488 .063 .212 .223 .246 Slave States 554 .040 .852 .281 .488 .063 .211 .229 .242 All ... Half Naked 677 .041 .851 .280 .488 .063 .211 .228 .245 Free States . 2 .046 857 .298 .467 .065 .206 .226 - Slave States 145 .038 .860 .297 .468 .065 .209 .215 - All ... Clothed 147 .038 .860 .297 .468 .065 .209 .215 - Free States. 101 .053 .856 .291 .484 .064 .210 .202 .245 Slave States 1 095 .045 .856 .293 .485 .064 .210 .204 .247 All ... In usual vigor 1 196 .046 .856 .293 .485 .064 .210 .204 .246 Free States . 194 .051 .851 .285 .487 .064 .212 .213 .246 Slave States 1 598 .043 .855 .290 .485 .064 .210 .211 .246 All ... Not in usual vigor 1 792 .044 .854 .289 .485 .064 .210 .211 .246 Free States . 32 .043 .851 .281 .483 .062 .209 .228 .240 Slave States 196 .040 .855 .290 .484 .063 .210 .223 - All ... Total born in 228 .040 .855 .288 .483 .063 .210 .224 .240 Free States . 226 .0497 .8513 .2847 .4865 .0634 .2114 .2152 .2454 Slave States 1 794 .0429 .8549 .2896 .4845 .0636 .2103 .2127 .2461 Grand Total . . . 2 020 0437 .8545 .2890 .4847 .0636 .2104 .2130 .2458 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. TABLE V. - (Continued.") Mean Proportional Dimensions of Full Diacks. Class Breadth of Pelvis 10a 106 Circumf. of Chest Circumference of Waist 1-1 Circumference w around Hips m- 12a 1 *1 . o to a 1 Middle of Breast- bone to Tip of ro Finger 12c S a o S S E.2 v S Length of Foot a? Full In- spiration After Ex- piration Naked - Free States . .160 .547 .517 .452 .530 .445 .539 .199 .158 Slave States .157 .552 .530 .449 .525 .444 .540 .197 .161 All ... .158 .551 .528 .450 .526 .444 .540 .198 .161 Half Naked Free States. .162 .572 .543 446 .553 .434 .547 .209 .161 Slave States .165 .553 .530 .458 .563 .446 .553 .219 162 All ... .165 .553 .530 .458 .563 .446 .552 .219 .162 Clothed Free States. .171 .533 .507 .462 .545 .450 .532 .212 .159 Slave States .170 .538 .511 .462 .539 .457 .541 .217 .160 All ... .170 .537 .511 .462 .539 .457 .540 .217 .160 In usual vigor Free States. .166 .540 .513 .457 .537 .447 .535 .204 .158 Slave States .166 .543 .518 .458 .537 .452 .541 .211 .160 All ... .166 .542 .517 458 .537 .452 .540 .210 .160 Not in usual vigor Free States. .162 .549 .517 .455 .537 .446 .540 .204 .159 Slave States .164 .547 .522 .456 .536 .451 .544 .209 .161 All ... .164 .548 .521 .456 .536 .451 .544 .208 .161 Total born in Free States. .1652 .5412 .5132 .4569 .5370 .4471 .5356 .2044 .1586 Slave States .1655 .5433 .5184 .4580 .5365 .4521 .5414 .2109 .1603 Grand Total . . . .1654 .5431 .5179 .4579 .5366 1 .4516 .5408 .2101 .1601 352 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. TABLE VI. Mean Proportional Dimensions of Mulattoes. Class Number of Men Tip of Finger to Margin of Patella 5 ji S SI Height to c> Knee *** 6 sg fl Breadth of Neck 7i o *8 ofc Breadth of Shoulders be- g* tween Acromia 86 o £ 5-S Naked - Free States . 96 .055 .846 .278 .487 .062 .208 .229 .241 Slave States 111 .054 .849 .280 .485 .061 .206 .223 .242 AU . . . 207 .055 .848 .279 .486 .061 .207 .226 .241 Half Naked Slave States 47 .053 .858 .291 .461 .064 .207 .207 - Clothed. Free States . 71 .066 .856 .291 .476 .064 .209 .203 .249 Slave States 536 .065 .860 .297 .485 .067 .210 .224 .250 All ... 607 .066 .860 .296 .484 .067 .210 .223 .250 In usual vigor Free States. 127 .062 .850 .284 .482 .063 .209 .220 .247 Slave States 592 .063 .858 .294 .483 .066 .209 .223 .236 AU . . . 719 .063 .857 .292 .483 .066 .209 .223 .246 Not in usual vigor Free States. 42 .054 .851 .282 .483 .062 .207 .227 .243 Slave States 102 .063 .857 .291 .483 .064 .208 .220 .253 AU ... 144 .060 .856 .288 .483 .063 .207 .222 .250 Total bom in Free States. 169 .0599 .8500 .2836 .4823 .0627 .2086 .2219 .2463 Slave States 694 .0629 .8583 .2937 .4834 .0659 .2091 .2230 .2489 Grand Total . . . 863 .0623 .8567 .2917 .4832 .0653 .2090 .2228 .2471 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 353 TABLE VI. - ( Continued.') Mean Proportional Dimensions of Mulattoes. Class Breadth of Pelvis 10a 104 Circumf. of Chest Circumference >-* of Waist 1-1 Circumference around Hips •*- Length of Arm Middle of Breast- bone to Tip of to Finger Acromion to Elbow ° Length of Foot Full In- spiration After Ex- piration Naked - Free States . .161 .542 .512 .451 .525 .440 .531 .196 .157 Slave States .158 .541 .516 .447 .518 .436 .530 .193 .157 All ... .160 .541 .514 .449 .521 .438 .531 .194 .157 Half Naked Slave States .166 .544 .518 .450 .551 .436 .537 .212 .159 Clothed Free States. .175 .543 .519 .472 .551 .452 .536 .210 .157 Slave States .174 .536 .518 .466 .537 .467 .545 .215 .158 All ... .174 .537 .518 .466 .539 .465 .544 .214 .158 In usual vigor Free States. .168 .542 .515 .462 .537 .444. .532 .202 .157 Slave States .171 .537 .517 .462 .535 .460 .543 .211 .158 All ... .170 .538 .517 .462 .535 .457 .541 .210 .158 Not in usual vigor Free States. .163 .542 .516 .454 .533 .448 .538 .202 .156 Slave States .171 .540 .520 .461 .537 .457 .539 .211 .158 All ... .169 .541 .519 .459 .536 .454 .539 .208 .157 Total born in Free States. .1673 .5423 .5151 .4600 .5363 .4451 .5334 .2019 .1566 Slave States .1710 ,5373 .5175 .4616 .5350 .4598 .5424 .2113 .1580 Grand Total . . . .1702 .5382 .5170 .4613 .5352 .4569 .5406 .2095 .1577 354 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 6. Indians. The relative distance from the finger-tip to the patella, which we have seen to be so small for the negro race, is also small for the Indian, the mean value being not far from midway between those of the full blacks and of the mulattoes. This is owing to the length of his arm. The length of head and neck is apparently less, and that of the body greater, than for any other class of men measured. This effect would, it is true, be produced by an erroneous habit on the part of the examiner in deciding on the common terminal point of both dimensions, namely, the protuberant spine of the vertebra ; and it is not to be overlooked that all our measurements of Indians, excepting four, were made by one and the same examiner. The difference in question seems altogether too large to be satisfactorily explained by any such hypothesis; still it is desirable to test the question, by comparing these means with those obtained by Dr. Buckley alone for men of other races. The height to perinseum, the size of neck and length of foot, are not essentially different from the corresponding dimensions as found for white soldiers. In the lateral dimensions of the body, however, a marked diversity is exhibited. The mean circumference of the thorax and the hips exceeds that of the whites by about 4 per cent. ; that of the waist is greater by twice this ratio, and the breadth of the pelvis by 6| per cent. But it is in the length of the fore-arm that the most characteris- tic difference seems to be manifest. Here the excess for the Indians, above the full blacks, is nearly as great as that of the latter class above the white soldiers or sailors. The difference between the mean values for the Indians and the whites is nearly 0.02, or eight per cent, of the whole amount, if we deduce it from the di- mension 12a and 12c; and if we deduce it from 126 it will amount to yet more than this. No corresponding excess is manifest in the height to the knee. These peculiarities of the Indian type are so marked, that it has seemed well worth the while to compare, not only the lengths of head and body, but some of the other measurements, with the re- sults deduced from those white soldiers only, who had been meas- ured by the same examiner. All influence of personal error in observation will then be eliminated from the differences. We thus find from Dr. Buckley's examinations alone, taking at random such of the white soldiers in usual vigor as wrere most read- MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 355 ily separated from the aggregate, the following mean values for the two races of men: - Measures by Dr. Buckley Indians White Soldiers Number of Men 517 840 Length of Head and Neck 0.140 0.151 Length of Body .394 .390 Circumference of Chest .556 .549 Circumference of Hips .571 .556 Breadth of Pelvis .189 .180 Medial Line to Finger-Tip .545 .523 Acromion to Elbow .201 .199 Elbow to Finger-Tip .250 .236 Height to Knee .278 .273 Knee to Perinaeum 0.188 0.186 Ratio to Upper Arm of Fore-Arm and Hand 1.24 1.19 Ratio of Leg to Arm 1.03 1.06 A comparison of these values certainly warrants us in referring the characteristic differences observed to peculiarities in the respective classes of men, and not to any idiosyncrasy of the examiner. The mean relative dimensions for the Indians here follow, to- gether with the probable variation for individuals, and the probable error of the mean, for some of the dimensions of those in usual vigor. It has been deemed unnecessary to compute these subsid- iary quantities for all the dimensions ; and those here given will afford a fair criterion for the range of individual discordance, and the probable error of the results in general. 356 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. TABLE VII. Mean Proportional Dimensions of Iroquois Indians. Total . . . . Not in usual vigor In usual vigor . . Class OX Ox Number of Men CD 00 Tip of Finger Ox O Ox Ox to Margin of W Ci CD co Patella .86 00 Ox .00 .00 .86 Height to 7th Cervical Ver- OX 00 o w o tebra to (JO to to to Height to ©x 00 00 Knee £ <x o o o o lx Height to Ci 00 Ci Perinaeum w 4*t (JO .06 .06 i.oo .00 b Ci Breadth of o 1-* o Neck Ci o o ,20 to o to o Girth of o o o Neck Breadth of 5o co 00 Shoulders be- 00 ft 00 to CD 00 tween Acromia to to Breadth of oo to to Shoulders o* In usual vigor . . r ro Not in usual vigor Total .... Class .1890 h-* O o M O O 00 GO O CO tO Breadth of „ Pelvis .5689 OX O O OX ox o i-* Ci oi o co Ci CO Full In- spiration 10a 106 Circumference of Chest .5427 ox ox to 4X co co After Ex- piration .5068 M O Circumference m of Waist M .5712 Ox Ox M tO Circumference around Hips m- .4516 O< co to Length of Arm Ox CO OX ox CO OX Middle of Breast- bone to Tip of to Finger .2015 • io co S co Acromion to Elbow " .1484 ox O 00 Length of Foot o 7. Abnormal Cases. For the sake of completeness, and to facilitate any comparisons which may be found desirable, the dimensions of the dwarves, etc., given in the last chapter, are here reproduced in the form of pro- portionate numbers. They require no additional comment. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 357 TABLE VIII. Proportional Dimensions of Certain Dwarves, etc. Joseph Hunter Charles W. Nestel Charles S. Stratton Eliza Nestel " Hoomio " " Iola " Actual Height in. 40.4 in. 37.4 in. 27.6 in. 31.4 in. 62.6 in. 49.5 Age 17 23 13| 15 21 16 4|. Finger-Tip to Patella 0.059 0.088 - 0.121 0.081 0.144 5. Height to 7 th Cervical Vertebra . . .822 .840 0.754 .803 .877 .871 5j. Height to Knee .277 .270 .250 .255 .335 .313 6. Height to Perinaeum .446 .495 .377 .392 .498 .467 7. Breadth of Neck .084 .080 - .086 .058 .063 7£. Girth of Neck .292 249 - .287 .211 .222 8a. Breadth of Shoulders betw'n Acromia .235 .251 .290 .255 .217° .245" 9. Breadth of Pelvis .198 .219 - .274 .181 .186 10. Circumference of Chest a. Full Inspiration .542 .620 - .608 .645 .649 b. After Expiration .520 .562 - .577 .594 .604 10|. Distance between Nipples - - - - .147 - 11. Circumference of Waist .495 .535 .510 .419 .485 11£. Circumfererice around Hips .... .562 .626 .681 .640 .530 .570 12a. Length of Arm & Hand, fr. Acromion .428 .396 .348 .382 .482 .552 12ft. From Medial Line to Finger-Tip . . .542 .511 .471 .503 .559 .618 12c. Acromion to Elbow .198 .171 - .163 .212 .222 36a. Length of Foot 0.131 0.144 0.149 0.134 0.141 0.149 8. Deductions and General Remarks. Some of the mean values of the proportionate dimensions here deduced, are collected and arranged in the appended table, which presents most of the principal results in a compendious form, en- tirely analogous to the corresponding Table IX. of the last chapter. " Full Breadth (not between acromia). 358 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. TABLE IX. Comparison of Proportional Dimensions. White Soldiers Sailors Students Full Blacks Mixed Races Indians Later Series Earlier Series Number of Men. . . 10 876 7 904 1 061 291 2 020 863 517 Length Head and Neck 0.1481 0.1483 0.1528 0.1482 0.1455 0.1433 .01399 Length of Body . . .3893 .3876 .3722 .3834 .3698 .3735 .3938 Knee to Perinaeum .1855 - .1948 .1859 .1957 .1915 .1879 Height to Knee . . . .2771 - .2802 .2825 .2890 .2917 .2784 Acromion to Elbow . .2025 - .1995 .2014 .2101 .2095 .2015 Elbow to Finger-tip . .2316 - .2328 .2247 .2415 .2474 .2501 Med. Line to Finger-tip .5218 - .5129 .5129 .5408 .5406 .5449 Acromion to " " .4341 .4339" .4323 .4261 .4516 .4569 .4516 Height to Perinaeum . .4626 .4641 .4750 .4684 .4847 .4832 .4663 Height to Pubes . . - - .5037 .5183 .5210 - Finger-tip to Patella . .0749 - .0873 .0951 .0437 .0623 .0536 Circumf. of Waist. . .4685 .4767 .4617 .4589 .4579 .4613 .5068 Circumf. of Hips . . .5500 - .5295 .5371 .5366 .5352 .5712 Circumf. of Chest. . .5334 .52476 .5324 .5189 .5305 .5276 .5558 Play of Chest . . . .0394 - .0314 .0450 .0252 .0212 .0262 Distance betw. Nipples .1211 - .1258 .1185 .1213 .1198 - Distance between Eyes 0371 .0387 .0375 .0365 .0410 .0403 .0398 Breadth of Pelvis . . .1775 .1951° .1761 .1643 .1654 .1702 .1890 Length of Foot. . . .1498 - .1531 .1464 .1601 .1577 .1484 Thickness of Foot. . 0.0383 - 0.0442 0.0409 0.0404 0.0418 0.0394 The absolute elimination here of all influences resulting from the scale of magnitude, either as varying with individuals or as normal for classes or races, enables us to form much more definite a Measured from arm-pit. 6 Not, as in the other classes, the mean between inflated and exhausted thorax, c Probably the breadth of hips. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 359 ideas concerning the order of the various classes, as arranged ac- cording to the proportionate value of any physical dimension. Thus we see that the distance between the eyes, so very large in the embryonic condition, increases in the order - 1, student; 2, sailor ; 3, soldier ; 4, Indian ; 5, mulatto ; 6, negro. For the length of the foot, we have the sequence - 1, student; 2, Indian ; 3, soldier ; 4, sailor ; 5, mulatto ; 6, negro. In length of body the red man is preeminent; in the length of legs, the negro ; and in both these races the arms are longer than in the white. Notwithstanding their small play of chest, the difference between the mulattoes and the full blacks is here very conspicuous, whether the actual or the proportional values are considered ; the blacks in their turn falling below the Indians, and these vastly below the whites, of whatever class. By comparing the values obtained for the average interval, be- tween the tip of the middle finger and the upper margin of the patella, with the difference between the length of arms and the com- bined length of body and thigh, we find among the whites a wide diversity, between the soldiers on the one hand, and the sailors and students on the other. The soldiers, however, represent the great mass of the population, unaffected by special training or peculiar avocations, since their military character arose from the emergency of the period and not from personal habitudes; while on the other hand the sailors and students may be assumed to represent particu- lar classes, to which most of the individuals had probably belonged from a comparatively early age. The peculiarities implied in the difference ought therefore to be referred to the latter classes. The mean difference, between the dimension 4|, and the height from the knee to the 7th cervical less the length of arm, comes out as .06o for soldiers, and .048 for both sailors and students. The agreement in value for the latter classes is fortuitous, being pro- duced by a concurrence of different circumstances, the shorter bodies of the sailors being nearly compensated by the longer thighs. The difference in question is the sum of half the diameter of the patella, the amount of curvature of the arms and the slope of the shoulders, the last-named constituting the principal source of di- versity. The amount of slope appears to be a minimum for the sailors, and for the students intermediate between the sailors and soldiers. The mean values obtained, and presented in this and the preced- ing chapter, may be regarded as typical within very restricted lim- 360 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. its of possible error, for the great majority of all the dimensions and ratios. Where they do not possess this degree of accuracy the fact has been indicated in the special discussion. With these values the scientific anthropologist may safely compare his measure- ments of individuals, classes, or races ; the ethnologist may deter- mine the position of any race of men relatively to those here considered ; and the artist may calculate the proportions and di- mensions of his statue or drawing, emancipated from the dictum of any human authority, or from the prejudice of any conventional school. Is it too much to hope that the time may come when measurements, for the twofold object of determining the type and the limits of normal variation, may be made to furnish a criterion for the discrimination of varieties, and even species, in other depart- ments of biology ? Not only in animate, but in inanimate nature, opportunity seems to be afforded for what may be termed the sta- tistical method of investigation. For the naturalist to determine by the inspection of a single specimen what are the characteristics of a species, or even of a genus, might lead to consequences as absurd as those which would follow the determination of a human type from the Australian children, or of the characteristics of the Caucasian type from the measurement'of Tom Thumb. Not only must typical characteristics be recognized, but the fact that they are typical must be rendered probable, before the system of classification attains its perfect development. The demonstration, which the actual mean dimensions in the last chapter afforded, regarding the purely approximative character of the simple numerical ratios which artists and speculative theorists have supposed to obtain, between different parts of the normally proportioned body, is repeated yet more forcibly by the typical proportionate dimensions elicited. And we have here a new illus- tration of the freedom of the creative energy, which, whether in the organic or the inorganic creation, shows itself untrammeled in its numerical and geometrical relations ; using in physical laws the closest harmony, the sharpest rhythm, and the most perfect geo- metric symmetry, wherever these possess a physical significance and importance,-yet dispensing with these relations quite as freely where they are not requisite for the end in view, - and finding equal simplicity and adaptation in those proportions which to hu- man perception appear complicated or incommensurate. A few illustrations of this principle may not be inappropriate here. Carus, in an elaborate investigation founded on measurements of his own, takes the length of the hand as a unit, or " modulus," and, MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 361 dividing this unit into twenty-four parts, finds the normal relations between the several parts to be capable of simple expression in terms of these measures. The stature he regards as 9| times the length of the hand, or in his system of notation 9..12; the height of the vertebral column is 3..0, as is also the circumference of the head ; the length of the foot is 1..12, etc., etc. Dividing all the dimensions, as given by him, by 9|, his expression for the height, we may easily convert his results into decimals of the stature, and compare them with our own. We thus find the several proportions according to Carus - Moduli Proportion Height 9..12 1.000 Length of Foot 1..12 0.158 " " Thigh 2..12 0.263 " " Leg below Knee . . 2.. 0 0.210 " Arm 3.. 0 0.316 " " Upper Arm .... 1..15 0.171 " " Fore-arm .... 1.. 9 0.145 " " Hand 1.. 0 0.105 Distance between Ilia .... 1..16 0.175 Length of Vertebral Column 3.. 0 0.316 " " Head 1.. 0 0.105 Circumference of Head . .. . 3.. 0 0.316 It will be seen that these proportions are near approximations to the truth, and that the smallness of his actual unit, which is less than 4| thousandths of the stature, permits an expression of most of the proportions within the limits of their probable error, where the number of observations is not very large. Yet with the greatest deference for this eminent investigator, we venture to express the conviction that had the number of cases from which he drew his inferences been larger, his faith in the ex- istence of such simple numerical relations between the normal di- mensions of the human body as he has indicated, would have been much impaired. So also Schadow, in the well-known and important work already cited, speaks of the stature1 as consisting of " times the height of the head, which agrees with the proportions of most of the ancient statues." Unfortunately we have not the height of the head ; since our point of measure was neither the base of the occiput nor the chin, but the spine of the highest vertebra which does not belong to the neck. Yet the relative height of the head and neck to- 1 Polylclet, p. 61. 362 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. gether, which we find to vary from the mean of all by only a sin- gle unit in the 4th decimal, either in the earlier series of 8000, or the later series of nearly 11 000 soldiers, - agreeing also with this mean for the students, and discordant for the sailors only, among the Caucasians (a discordance entirely explained by the stunting of this class already commented upon), - is 0.1482, a quantity standing in no simple relation to unity. But since this illustration may be fairly objected to, we will cite the next paragraph.1 " More accurately than the human head, the foot would serve. This is according to Vitruvius the sixth part of the whole stature, and there- fore 11 inches,2 which agrees tolerably well with living nature. Never- theless I found the well-proportioned natural size to be but 10 inches." This acknowledgement practically concedes the whole point. Still, if we investigate thoroughly, we find the mean length for our 11 000 soldiers to be 0.1498 ; varying somewhat with the nation- ality, yet not surpassing the limit of 0.003 in the variation for any nativity ; while the error of the mean values (always between 0.149 and 0.150 for those groups in which the values are typical) does not attain the limit of 0.00015. Yet one sixth is 0.1667, one seventh is 0.1429, and two thirteenths is 0.1538 ; all of which are far beyond our limits. Again, Zeising in a most learned and elaborate treatise 3 on the Proportions of the Human Body, and later in a very ingenious and thorough memoir on the metamorphoses in the Proportions of the Human Form, from birth until the completion of the growth in height,4 published in 1857, has with great ability maintained, and undertaken to demonstrate, that the proportions of the hu- man form depend upon a consistent division and subdivision of the total stature, in the ratio of the " golden er Schriitt" or in what in geometry is termed " extreme and mean ratio," the pro- portion 1 : 1.618 being dominant. This gives an infinite series, identical with one of those known as the phyllotactic, to which there certainly seems to be an approximation in the arrangement of leaves on many plants, and in the structure of some of the This scale of progress manifests itself, according to Zeising, in the growth of man and in other natural developments, giving a gradual transition from the ratio of equality to that of doubleness. The argument is supported by many aesthetic consid- 1 Polyklet, p. 62. 2 Rhenish measure, = 11.327 American inches. 8 Nettie Lehre von den Proportionen des menschlichen Korpers, Leipzig, R. Weigel, 1854. 4 Nova Acta Acad. Natures Curiosorum, XXVI., 781. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 363 erations and inferences from analogy, and by comparisons with the measurements of Carus, Schadow, and others. This scale gives the universal relation 1: 1.618, with its major and minor modifications 3: 5 and 5:8; but the author only claims that his theory applies to the dimensions as determined by the con- tours of the muscles, and not necessarily to those of the bony struc- ture. Among the proportions which follow from Zeising's theory, and are comparable with oui' results, are the following : - Head (Crown to Adam's Apple) . . . 0.1458 Body (Adam's Apple to Crest of Ilium) 0.2360 Thigh (Ilium to beginning of Calf) . . 0.3819 Lower Leg (beginning of Calf to Sole) . 0.2360 Height to Perinaeum 0.4722 Length of Arm (Acromion to Finger-tip) 0.4377 Finger-tip to beginning of Knee . . . 0.0557 Breadth of Neck 0.0688 Length of Foot 0.1458 The values given in our Table IX. have been, it is true, deduced so far as possible from dimensions bearing a close relation to the bony structure, but several of our dimensions are legitimately com- parable with the foregoing, and do not seem to confirm them. It is but fair, however, to add the comment which Zeising appends to his computation of the theoretical dimensions. " It is to be under- stood of course that all these measures are to be regarded only as ideal-normal, and as such they undergo in actual forms very mani- fold modifications, by differences of sex, nationality, age, etc. But if we compare these modifications it will be found that they all os- cillate about the normal measures here laid down, as about a cen- ter." The careful and earnest spirit manifested in these interesting memoirs can but lead to a more thorough scrutiny of the subject from the now greatly enlarged materials, and if any harmonic law exist in these dimensions, it will surely soon be brought to light. Yet the indications seem very decided to the author of these pages, that the harmonious and aesthetic influences which unquestionably per- vade all the material creation, are not here exhibited in the form of simple numerical ratios. Still more recently Liharzik in Vienna has been led, in the prose- cution of similar inquiries,1 to the enunciation of yet another har- monic theory. After repeatedly measuring the dimensions of each 1 Das Gesetz des menschlichen Wachsthums, etc., Vienna, 1858. 364 MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. one of 300 individuals, a work in which he was engaged for seven years, he arrived1 at the conclusion that the form of the human body can be constructed by means of seven quantities, of which the length of the clavicle is one, and the six others are portions of the length of the body. This doctrine is elaborated in detail. Among his results are these : - The heights above and below the symphysis pubis are as 81 to 94; The lengths of the lower arm, with hand, and the upper arm are as 91 to 63 ; The length from the medial line to the finger-tip is one half the height; The half-breadth of the shoulders is one tenth the height; The lengths of the hand and clavicle are equal; They are also equal to six sevenths of the forearm, or two thirds the humerus; The length of head and neck together is to the stature as 33 to 175 ; The length of foot is equal to that of the forearm, also to x75 that of fore-arm and hand together. These ingenious inferences form but a portion of his results, which apply also to the law of growth. It is painful to see the disproval of an elaborate and conscientiously developed theory, es- pecially when it is supposed to be deduced from observation. But most assuredly this is not confirmed for any of the classes or races of men here discussed, as will be shown by a very cursory inspection. In a yet later publication 2 of great ingenuity and laborious alge- braic research, the same author develops the more elaborate theory that all the proportions of the human frame are derived from the square of the number 7. But the numerical values here employed for the proportions now under consideration, are identical with those already cited. Again Brent3 has promulgated sundry curious statements re- garding numerical ratios in the human form, which seem to have been generally accepted. Thus he thought that he had discovered the following relations : - The distance between the nipples is one half the breadth of shoulders. The breadth of shoulders is one half the circumference of the thorax. The circumference of the chest (degrees of inflation not stated) is 1 Der Bau und das Wachsthum des Menschen.- Sitzungsb. der Wiener Akad.'XIA'V., 2, pp. 631-36. 2 Bas Quadrat die Grundlage abler Proportionalitat in der Natur, und das Quadrat aus der Zahl 7 die Uridce des menschlichen Kbrperbaues. - Vienna, 1865. 8 Cited by Hutchinson, Medico-Chirurgical Journal, Vol. XXIX., etc. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 365 A- X of the stature, in minimum size, or 0.4836 i+A " " a a medium " " 0.5667 4+i " " a a maximum " " 0.6667 But we find that the corresponding values deduced from our measurements give - For the mean distance of nipples in no case so much as one fourth the circumference of thorax : For the mean breadth of shoulders in no case so much as one half the circumference of thorax: For the mean circumference of thorax in no case so much as A the stature: This circumference itself- for Soldiers at expiration .... . 0.5137 at inspiration .... . 0.5531 measured at random . 0.5247 for Sailors at expiration .... . 0.5167 at inspiration .... . 0.5481 for Students at expiration .... . 0.4964 at inspiration .... . 0.5414 The largest value found for a white man in good health was 0.670, and the smallest 0.410 ; so that these fancied ratios of Brent also fail of confirmation. Analogous statements are made1 by Silbermann, who puts the symphysis pubis at one half the height, etc., etc., and by others. But no farther illustrations on this point seem needed. That the highest beauty in organized form should imply simple numerical relations, seems as little demanded by aesthetic as by philosophical considerations, and certainly the hypothesis finds no support from these observations. 1 Proportions physiques du corps humain, Comptes Rendus, XLII., 454. CHAPTER X. DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OP HEAD. 1. Statistics Collected. The measurements required by the programmes, both of the earlier and later series, have already been given in detail, yet, not- withstanding much effort to secure uniformity of method, this was not thoroughly attained. The additional material derived from other measures than those required may, however, possibly be re- garded as compensating for the diminution of the number made according to the programme. At the commencement of our inquiries, the dimensions directed to be .taken over the frontal eminence, and from this to the protu- berant ridge of the occiput, were so recorded by several examiners, who did nevertheless in fact use the superciliary ridge instead of the frontal eminence, making their measures over the frontal sinuses. The remoteness of the places at which these examiners were stationed, prevented the discovery of these errors for some time; but the instructions were then so explained and amended, that those measures of circumference which were made across the forehead should always be made around that part, above the super- ciliary ridge, which would give the largest value, while the distance from the front to the back of the head should be measured from the angle between the eyebrows, both its extremities being thus well marked positions. The distance " over parietal bones " has been interpreted to signify the distance over the top of the head, as far back as can conveniently be measured by the tape without bringing it into contact with the ears. We have thus the following dimensions derived from the later series of measurements: - a. Circumference around frontal eminence and occipital protuber ance. (a.) Circumference around ridge above eyebrows and occipital pro tuberance. 367 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. b. Distance between condyloid processes of lower jaw, over frontal eminence. (J.) Distance between the same points, around the ridge above eye- brows. c. Distance between the same points, over the top of the head. d. Distance between the same points, around the occipital protuber- ance. e. Distance over the head from angle of brow to occipital protuber- ance. f. Width between the angles of the lower jaw, gauged by calipers. g. Width between condyloid processes, similarly determined. In the earlier series the measurements appear in fact to have been also chiefly made in accordance with the rules as subsequently explained for the dimensions a and (5), although the latter seems to have been somewhat too far above the brow, at the base of the superciliary ridge rather than upon it. The dimension c was, it would appear, measured a little farther forward upon the head than in the later series, the tape lying flat upon the top of the head. But instead of e, a distance d was taken from the frontal eminence, or from what was regarded as such. None will be so indulgent and considerate in judging of these cranial measures as those who have attempted investigations of the same kind, and who have thus become acquainted by experience with the great difficulties of the problem. Even when the simple denuded skull is subjected to repeated measurement by the same person, the variations between the successive results are quite con- siderable. When different persons undertake the same measure- ments, even in each others' presence, the discordances become greater still; and when the process is independently undertaken, without mutual understanding or explanation, the paucity of well- marked points introduces a new obstacle to agreement of the results, by the difference of judgement regarding the terminal points of the dimension and the position of the line along which it is to be measured. When, now, to the difficulties mentioned are superadded those occasioned by the fleshy integument and the hair, which is often so abundant as seriously to interfere with the process of measuring, it will not be expected that our resultant values should claim any high precision. Indeed we are disposed to prefix an avowal that the fruit of this research is less abundant and less satisfactory than we had ventured to anticipate ; yet with this avowal we would join the expression of a sincere conviction that the several measures 368 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. have been carefully and conscientiously made, and that any incon- gruities which may seem to exist are due neither to carelessness nor to systematic error, but are fairly to be regarded as inseparable from the circumstances and conditions of the case. The author regrets not having added to this series of head-meas- ures two more, - the length and the height from the chin, both gauged by calipers with parallel arms, - and he would urgently recommend the incorporation of these or some analogous dimen- sions in any future programme of the kind. To scientific anthro- pologists or comparative anatomists he would of course presume to offer no advice on such a subject, being too well aware of the very serious deficiencies and errors in the system here adopted, to sup- pose that it is likely to be followed by experts to any considerable extent. Yet it may again happen that large opportunities, too val- uable for any scientist conscientiously to leave unimproved, may be suddenly opened to those who, like the author, have had small previous training in this field; and to such, any suggestions will be useful. And'the assumption is perhaps not too bold, that the pres- ent large mass of measurements and computations may give to the particular dimensions here determined a value to which they would independently not be entitled. 2. Linear Measures of White Soldiers. The first tabular view of the mean results of these measures contains those derived from the later series of examinations. These have been kept distinct from those of the earlier series, both on account of the larger number of dimensions which they comprise, and because the want of mutual understanding between the sev- eral examiners may have rendered the measurements less congru- ous. The same assortment according to nativity is here retained which has been employed in Chapters V., VIII., and IX. It will be perceived that the dimensions (a) and (6), which were taken immediately over the brows, differ but slightly from a and J, which were measured around the frontal eminence. For these soldiers the mean value of (a), measured in the first-named way, exceeds that of a by not quite one seventh of an inch, or about six thousandths of the whole amount; while that of (f) falls short of the mean for b by less than one eighth of an inch, or one per cent. The measures over the brow were among the earliest made by the several examiners, and, other things being equal, they would seem entitled to less reliance than the subsequent ones; this, too, apart from the consideration that they were not made as in- DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 369 tended by our programme, so that the methods adopted by differ- ent examiners may have varied slightly. A very slight difference in the part of the superciliary ridge over which the measuring tape was passed, would account for variations greater than are found to exist between the measures over the brows and those over the most prominent portion of the forehead proper. The smallness of the differences between the results of the two modes of measure- ment may thus be accounted for, although these differences might reasonably have been expected to be manifold larger than here recorded. In the table the results from each mode of measurement are given by nativities. TABLE I. Mean Dimensions of Heads of White Soldiers. (Later Series.) Nativity Number of Men Circumference 8 around Forehead and Occiput Between Condy- loid Processes over Forehead Number of Men Circumference a around Forehead ' and Occiput Between Condy- o. loid Processes over Forehead A. New England States 1 122 in. 22.02 in. 11.42 84 in. 22.29 in. 11.17 B. N. Y., N. J., Penn. . 3 183 22.10 11.32 551 22.22 11.20 C. Ohio and Indiana 1 420 22.17 11.34 194 22.41 11.11 D. Mich., Wise., and Ill. 959 22.19 10.76 55 22.15 11.16 E. Seaboard Slave States 335 21.93 11.55 25 22.43 11.18 F. Kentucky and Tenn. 226 22.32 11.26 37 22.39 11.08 G. States W. of Miss. R. 55 21.97 11.59 4 22.15 10.93 H. Brit. Prov. excl. Can. 35 22.13 11.58 3 22.20 11.23 I. Canada 417 22.11 11.18 100 22.17 11.26 J. England, etc. . . . 293 22.16 11.35 33 21.95 11.10 K. Scotland .... 72 22.23 11.19 8 22.54 11.70 L. Ireland 731 22.30 11.59 92 22.38 11.27 j M. France, etc. . . . 80 22.10 11.46 16 22.43 11.26 N. Germany . . . . 502 22.09 11.47 49 22.38 11.38 0. Scandinavia . . . 33 22.37 11.63 1 22.80 11.40 P. Spain, etc 7 21.83 11.43 - - - Q. All others .... 25 22.14 11.51 7 21.94 11.03 Total 9 495 22.131 11.313 1 259 22.269 11.190 370 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. TABLE I. - ( Continued.) Mean Dimensions of Heads of White Soldiers. (Later Series.) Nativity Number of Men Between Condyloid Processes From between cb Eyebrows to Occiput Width between . Angles of Lower Jaw Condyloid Processes Over Top " of Head Over Pro- ftp tuberance of Occiput A. New England States 1 211 in. 13.42 in. 11.62 in. 14.36 in. 4.56 in. 5.40 B. N. Y., N. J., Penn. . 3 765 13.55 11.72 14.45 4.61 5.44 C. Ohio and Indiana 1 662 13.45 11.97 14.64 4.68 5.48 D. Mich., Wise., and Ill. 1 016 13.70 12.01 14.64 4.67 5.50 E. Seaboard Slave States 367 13.57 11.92 14.40 4.72 5.46 F. Kentucky and Tenn. 267 13.08 11.93 14.76 4.60 5.49 G. States W. of Miss. R. 61 13.43 12.25 14.21 4.64 5.41 H. Brit. Prov. excl. Can. 38 13.50 11.62 14.46 4.57 5.46 I. Canada 520 13.59 11.65 14.43 4.60 5.45 J. England, etc. . . . 326 13.50 11.80 14.45 4.61 5.41 K. Scotland .... 81 13.51 11.87 14.61 4.64 5.44 L. Ireland 827 13.40 11.95 14.39 4.73 5.48 M. France, etc. . . . 100 13.71 11.96 14.47 4.72 5.56 N. Germany .... 562 13.52 11.96 14.27 4.77 5.58 0. Scandinavia . . . 34 13.38 12.04 14.56 4.69 5.61 P. Spain, etc 7 13.28 12.00 14.45 4.33 5.43 Q. All others .... 32 13.51 11.76 14.26 4.68 5.53 Total . . . 10 876 13.511 11.823 14.478 4.642 5.462 The differences in the general size of the head between men of the several nativities seem greater than is fairly attributable to the influence of accidental error in determining the typical size for any one group ; and we have here an excellent opportunity for investi- gating the question whether the magnitude of the head is influ- enced by that of the body in general, or remains approximately the same for men of all statures. In the foregoing table, it is manifest that the circumference a is largest for the Scandinavian group, the natives of Kentucky and Tennessee coming next in order; these two nativity-groups contain- DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 371 ing, as has already been found, men of stature superior to the average. So too the groups F, C, D, and K, which surpass the rest in length of the vertical longitudinal periphery, e, have all of them large mean statures. This may fairly excite some suspicion that any observed superiority in the size of head for particular nativities may be due to superior magnitude of the body in general, - the proportions of the head to the rest of the frame remaining constant, or nearly so. To decide this question Table II. has been computed. It con- tains the dimensions a, <?, <7, and e, corresponding to those of Table I., but expressed in decimals of the stature like the proportional dimensions in the last chapter. From its indications the influence appears warrantable, that the dimensions of the head do vary with the stature, although by no means to an equal relative amount. The consequence of this principle would be that for the largest men, the heads would be absolutely the largest, and so inversely ; while, if the size of the head be considered only in its relation to the stature, it would be smallest for the tallest men. Thus for ex- ample, the mean horizontal circumference of the head in the Scan- dinavian group actually exceeds that of the Spaniards by 0.54 inch, or about one fortieth part; but it falls below that of the same men by .003, or nine one thousandths of its whole amount, when the relative magnitude of the same dimension is considered. A sim- ilar phenomenon will be observed on comparison of the actual and relative values of the same dimension in the groups F and G; and so too in other cases. 372 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. TABLE IL Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of White Soldiers. {Later Series.) Nativity Circumfer- Distance between Condy- loid Processes Distance from Brow to Occip. Protub. e Forehead and Occip. Protub. a Over Top of Head C Over Occip. Pro tub. d New England States .328 .200 .173 .214 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. .330 .202 .175 .216 Ohio and Indiana .328 .199 .177 .216 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois .330 .204 .179 .218 Seaboard Slave States .... .325 .201 .176 .214 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . .327 .191 .174 .216 States West of Mississippi River . .330 .202 .184 .212 British Provinces excl. Canada . .330 .201 .173 .214 Canada .331 .203 .174 .216 England, etc .334 .204 .178 .218 Scotland .333 .202 .177 .218 Ireland .335 .201 .179 .216 France, etc .337 .209 .182 .220 Germany .335 .204 .181 .215 Scandinavia .331 .197 .178 .215 Spain, etc .334 .203 .184 .221 All others .330 .202 .176 .212 Total .3299 .2012 .1761 .2156 The results from the. earlier series of measurements are, as will be remembered, assorted by nativities somewhat differently from those just presented. From the best information attainable, it would seem that the circumference a was generally measured around the frontal eminence, but not infrequently somewhat lower down the forehead; that b was usually measured above the edge of the brow; c, generally in a plane not quite so far back as in the later measures, although over the top of the head ; but e' from the point regarded as the vertex of the frontal eminence - not from be- tween the eyebrows, as in the later series. It is at present nearly, if not quite, impossible to obtain accurate information on these DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 373 points, and it is strongly probable that the three persons engaged in the measurements made them in as many, somewhat different, ways. Yet it may apparently be taken for granted, without risk of large error, that the dimensions a and b in this series belong to a region1 slightly below the frontal eminence, c to a plane passing just back of the fontanelle, and e' to the frontal eminence proper. The protuberance of the occiput is ordinarily so well defined, that there can be small danger of uncertainty in its recognition. With these preliminary cautions we will give in Table III. the mean values, both actual and relative, of the four head-dimensions observed in the earlier series. TABLE III. Mean Dimensions of Heads of White Soldiers, Actual and Proportional. (Earlier Series.) 1 Number Actual Dimensions Proportional Dimensions a (*) C e' a (*) C e' New Eng. States 941 in. 22.18 in. 11.13 in. 12.95 in. 14.44 0.330 0.165 0.193 0.215 New York . . 2 058 22.15 11.13 13.01 14.36 .332 .166 .194 .214 N. J. and Penn. 1 196 21.97 11.13 13.01 14.28 .331 .165 .191 .213 Western States 478 22.20 11.33 13.06 14.37 .328 .167 .193 .212 Slave States. . 2 024 22.05 11.08 13.14 13.57 .324 .162 .194 .199 Brit. Provinces. 183 22.28 11.22 13.06 14.41 .333 .168 .195 .215 Eng. and Scot. . 217 22.25 11.17 12.97 14.19 .336 .168 .196 .214 Ireland . . . 466 22.42 11.28 13.01 14.21 .336 .169 .195 .215 Germany. . . 254 22.25 11.20 13.02 14.11 .335 .169 .196 .213 All others . . 83 22.30 11.26 13.01 14.17 0.337 0.171 0.197 0.215 Total . . . 7 900 22.129 11.144 13.042 14.134 0.3300 0.1654 0.1936 0.2102 It will be seen that by an accidental coincidence the mean values of the circumference a, derived from the two series, are practically identical, and that those of (J) differ by less than one twentieth of an inch. The mean values of c are less accordant, their difference amounting to nearly half an inch, or three and a half per cent. Yet the values afforded by the later series for the other classes of 1 See pages 368, 369. 374 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. white men resemble those furnished for soldiers by the earlier series; so that it would seem most proper, under the circumstances, to consolidate all the values of these three dimensions for white soldiers, as if they belonged to a single group of men, and thus for a we have 22.13 from about 17 400 men, for (b) 11.15 from about 9000 men, and for c 13.31 from about 18 700 men. The distance of the frontal eminence from the angle of the brow is certainly more than thirty-five hundredths of an inch, but the mean values of e in the two series differ by only this amount. This incongruity is probably due to inaccuracy in the earlier series, and to error in estimating the position of a point which in many indi- viduals scarcely exists. 3. Linear Measures of Heads of other White Men. After the remarks already made, few additional comments seem requisite in presenting the mean results deduced for the other classes of white men. For somewhat more than half the sailors, the first two measurements were made in the erroneous form (a) and (6) ; and the total mean from these is for each dimension about one fifth of an inch smaller than that from the prescribed dimensions a and b. The next following series of tables, IV. to IX., contain the actual mean dimensions, and the same expressed in terms of the stature as unit, for the sailors, the students, and the five abnormal specimens of humanity whose other dimensions are given in the two preceding chapters. DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 375 TABLE IV. Mean Dimensions of Heads of Sailors. Nativity No. a 6 No. («) (*) A. New England States. 80 22.06 11.06 49 21.72 10.92 B. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. 43 22.52 11.38 112 21.80 10.92 C. Ohio and Indiana . . 1 22.66 11.27 1 22.00 11.00 1). Mich., Wise., and Ill. - - - 6 21.80 11.04 E. Seaboard SI. States . 3 22.79 11.62 16 2-1.59 10.73 E. Kentucky and Tenn. 1 23.40 12.10 - - - G. States W. of Miss. R. 1 23.00 11.00 - - H. Brit. Prov. excl. Can. 29 22.23 11.34 21 21.73 11.01 I. Canada 10 22.14 11.32 6 21.87 10.70 J. England, etc. . . . 49 22.11 11.11 59 21.82 10.85 K. Scotland 14 22.36 11.14 13 21.90 10.90 L. Ireland 132 21.99 11.27 203 22.19 11.13 M. France, etc. . . . 12 22.02 11.03 8 22.39 11.27 N. Germany .... 26 22.25 11.34 36 21.94 10.84 0. Scandinavia . . . 44 22.37 11.37 38 22.09 11.09 P. Spain, etc 9 22.21 11.09 9 21.83 11.13 Q. All others .... 12 22.09 11.52 18 21.87 11.02 Total 466 22.161 11.236 595 21.961 10.997 Other Sailors & Marines 153 22.25 11.213 - - - 376 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. TABLE IV. - ( Continued.') Mean Dimensions of Heads of Sailors. Nativity No. c e f 9 A. New England States. 129 13.20 12.05 14.54 4.31 5.40 B. N. Y.,N. J., and Penn. 155 13.04 11.53 14.12 4.52 5.40 C. Ohio and Indiana . . 2 13.20 11.30 14.37 4.50 5.63 D. Mich., Wise., and Ill. 6 12.33 11.60 13.74 4.61 5.47 E. Seaboard SI. States . 19 13.02 11.43 14.15 4.56 5.38 F. Kentucky and Tenn. 1 14.30 12.20 16.10 4.10 5.80 G. States W. of Miss. R. 1 13.00 12.40 15.30 3.80 5.70 H. Brit. Prov. excl. Can. 50 13.30 11.82 14.40 4.50 5.56 I. Canada 16 13.10 11.94 14.57 4.36 5.44 J. England, etc. . . . 108 12.99 11.67 14.26 4.48 5.39 K. Scotland 27 13.17 11.83 14.36 4.42 5.44 L. Ireland 335 13.17 11.77 14.27 4.60 5.45 M. France, etc. . . . 20 13.23 12.04 14.59 4.46 5.50 N. Germany .... 62 12.95 11.65 13.94 4.62 5.54 0. Scandinavia . . . 82 13.29 11.99 14.47 4.50 5.57 P. Spain, etc 18 13.42 11.83 14.66 4.48 5.38 Q. All others .... 30 13.12 11.70 14.40 4.57 5.51 Total 1 061 13.133 11.773 14.304 4.510 5.449 Other Sailors & Marines 153 13.48 12.34 14.50 4.35 5.29 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 377 TABLE V. Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of Sailors. Nativity a C d e A. New England States .... .332 .199 .181 .219 B. New York, New Jersey, Penn. .340 .197 .174 .213 C. Ohio and Indiana .349 .203 .174 .221 D. Michigan, Wise., and Illinois . - .181 .170 .202 E, Seaboard Slave States . . . .346 .198 .173 .215 H. British Provinces excl. Canada .332 .199 .177 .215 L Canada .332 .197 .179 .219 J. England, etc .340 .200 .179 .219 K. Scotland .345 .203 .183 .222 L. Ireland .332 .199 .178 .216 M. France, etc .337 .202 .184 .224 N. Germany .337 .196 .176 .211 0. Scandinavia .341 .203 .183 .221 P. Spain, etc .342 .207 .182 .226 Q. All others .341 .202 .180 .223 Total .3357 .1989 .1783 .2171 Other Sailors and Marines . . . .336 .204 .186 .219 The sailors who are assorted by their nativities in Tables IV. and V., are those who were measured throughout without clothing, and have formed a class by themselves. The other sailors, 85 in number, and the 68 marines, are retained in a separate group, partly because some labor was thus avoided, but principally be- cause they formed the first subjects of several of the examiners, whose earlier measures were not so well made, for want of experi- ence. 378 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. TABLE VI. Mean Dimensions of Heads of Students. No. a b C d e f 9 Harvard . . Yale .... 124 167 in. 22.41 22.49 in. 11.00 11.22 in. 13.03 13.00 in. 12.38 12.48 in. 14.91 15.26 in. 3.73 3.82 in. 5.28 5.28 Total . . . 291 22.456 11.129 13.015 12.433 15.110 3.781 5.278 TABLE VII. Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of Students. a 6 c d e f 9 Harvard Yale .327 .332 .160 .166 .190 .192 .180 .184 .217 .226 .054 .056 .077 .078 Total .3298 .1634 .1911 .1826 .2222 .0555 .0775 TABLE VIII. Mean Dimensions of Heads of Dwarves, etc. a b c d e f ff Joseph Hunter . . in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 20.3 10.5 12.6 11.7 13.1 4.1 4.7 Charles W. Nestel . 20.3 9.8 12.1 11.4 13.3 4.0 4.4 Eliza Nestel . . . 19.3 9.0 12.4 10.1 13.0 3.2 3.9 " Hoomio "... 15.0 7.8 6.5 7.2 9.1 4.2 4.3 " Iola "... 14.9 7.4 7.2 7.8 8.4 3.6 4.2 379 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. TABLE IX. Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of Dwarves, etc. a & c d e f 9 Joseph Hunter . . .502 .260 .312 .290 .324 .101 .116 Charles W. Nestel . .543 .262 .324 .305 .356 .107 .118 Eliza Nestel . • . .615 .287 .395 .322 .414 .102 .124 " Hoomio ". . . . .240 .125 .104 .115 .145 .067 .069 "Iola" .3Q1 .149 .145 .158 .170 .073 .085 As regards the length and height of the heads of the abnormal specimens of humanity included in Tables VIII. and IX., it will be seen that the principle already deduced, concerning the relative sizes of head and body, holds good for the dwarves; since their heads, though relatively so much larger, are actually smaller than usual; while probably the most striking feature of the abnormality of the two other cases consists in their microcephalous character. But notwithstanding the inordinate diversity of these heads, both in their actual and their relative magnitude, it is remarkable how slightly the two dimensions f and g, which depend upon the breadth, vary from the normal values. The Table IX. probably presents as wide a range of relative cranial dimension as can easily be found; the three dwarves pos- sessing heads not very much smaller than the full size for adults, so that the dimensions become enormous, in proportion to the stature, - while the statures of the microcephalous Australian children are not much below those of many full grown men and women. The relative horizontal circumference of Hoomio's head is less than two fifths, and the relative length of the periphery over the top of the head is but little more than one third, of the length of the same dimensions in Eliza Nestel. 4. Linear Measures of Heads of Other Races, The mean actual dimensions of head for the full blacks, for the mulattoes, and for the Indians, are given in Table X., natives of the Free States and of the Slave States being distinguished in the assortment. Similarly the mean relative dimensions of the same men are included in Table XI. 380 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. TABLE X. Mean Dimensions of Heads of Blacks and Indians. Class of Men Number Circumference 5 around Forehead and Occiput Distance between Con- dyloid Processes Distance of Eye- brows to Occiput Width between t Angles of Lower Jaw Condyloid Processes n 0) fe g b _ Over Top of Head Over Oc- ci pi tai Protub. Full Blacks Natives of Free States 226 21.88 11.90 13.97 11.44 14.57 4.61 5.20 Natives of SI. States . 1 794 21.91 12.00 13.95 11.57 14.38 4.67 5.22 Total 2 020 21.909 11.985 13.950 11.552 14.397 4.664 5.219 Mulattoes Natives of Free States 169 21.87 11.94 14.12 11.61 14.40 4.77 5.24 Natives of SI. States . 694 22.03 12.44 14.11 12.40 13.28 4.85 5.23 Total 863 22.003 12.345 14.109 12.244 13.548 4.837 5.231 Iroquois Indians . . 517 22.482 12.083 13.707 11.584 14.447 5.177 5.839 TABLE XI. Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of Blacks and Indians. * Class No. a b c (Z e f 9 Full Blacks Natives of Free States 226 .330 .179 .210 .172 .220 .069 .078 Natives of SI. States . 1 794 332 .181 .211 .175 .217 .070 .079 Total 2 020 .3314 .1810 .2106 .1745 .2177 .0704 .0788 Mixed Races Natives of Free States 169 .330 .180 .213 .175 .217 .072 .079 Natives of SI. States . 694 .332 .187 .213 .187 .218 .073 .079 Total 863 .3319 .1863 .2129 .1848 .2176 .0730 .0789 Iroquois Indians . . 517 .3296 .1771 .2009 .1698 .2117 .0759 .0856 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 381 5. General Inferences from the Linear Measures. Commencing with the linear measurements, our principal mean results may be usefully arranged in compact form, for comparison, as in the following table : - TABLE XII. Comparison of Mean Dimensions of Head. Class of Men Circumference a around Forehead and Occiput Distance between Condy- loid Processes Periphery from Eyebrows to Oc- cipital Protub. Width between t Angles of Jaws Condyloid Processes Over Forehead Over Top " of Head "S oo Students .... 22.46 11.13 13.02 12.43 15.11 3.78 5.28 White Soldiers . . 22.13 11.31 13.31 11.82 14.48 4.64 5.46 Sailors 22.16 11.24 13.13 11.77 14.30 4.51 5.45 Indians 22.48 12.08 13.71 11.58 14.45 5.18 5.84 Mulattoes .... 22.00 12.34 14.11 12.24 13.55 4.84 5.23 Negroes 21.91 11.98 13.95 11.55 14.40 4.66 5.22 In this table the values of a and c for white soldiers are deduced from the aggregate material afforded by the two series of meas- ures, which contain about 18 700 men in all. For the first of these dimensions the two series give mean values, identical to the hun- dredth of an inch; but for the latter their difference is consider- able, as has already been commented upon. The dimension a represents the circumference of the head in a plane approximately parallel to the base of the skull, and may, perhaps, not improperly be termed the horizontal circumference. It may be considered the largest measurement attainable in this direction; since those taken around the brow gave on the average results nearly identical with those taken around the frontal emi- nence, as has been already stated, while measurements over regions of the forehead intermediate between these yield smallei' values, as is well known. A brief examination of the comparative table just presented will disclose some interesting facts, the chief of which may be briefly stated. 382 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. It is noticeable that the mean value of the horizontal circumfer- ence a varies within comparatively restricted limits; the maximum for any one of the six groups differing from the minimum by only one fortieth of its whole amount. The largest value belongs to the Indians ; the students fall but little below these; and the other white men, the mulattoes, and the full blacks follow in the order named. The Indian breadth of face is especially manifest from the fore- going table, from which it is seen that the mean width exceeds that found for students by more than four elevenths of its whole amount at the angles of the jaw,1 and by nearly one ninth part at the condyloid processes. It is also noticeable that, while the width at the angles of the jaw is smallest for whites, that at the hinge is smallest for blacks; the mean value for mulattoes lying between those of the black and red men in the former case, but differing only slightly from that for black men in the latter. These apparently complicate relations become nevertheless quite simple and clear when we consider the width of the jaw at the angles, not independently, but with regard to its difference from the width at the condyloid processes, as will be seen in the next following table. The comparatively small values of the frontal semi-circumfer- ence, 5, and the large values of the occipital one d, in all the groups of white men, and especially in the students, seem somewhat op- posed to the views hitherto prevailing; and the large values of the three lateral semi-circumferences 6, c, <7, in connection with the very small longitudinal one, e, in the mulattoes cannot fail to at- tract attention. These facts seem to indicate that in the white race that part of the skull to which the lower jaw is attached, is farther forward, and higher than in the black or red race ; thus producing a decrease of the frontal and an increase of the occipital semi-circumference as measured from these points, as well as a diminution of the trans- verse periphery over the top of the head. The form of the pos- tero-superior portion of the head apparently more than compen- sates for the loss of cerebral space thus occasioned. An accurate comparison of some of the mutual relations of the quantities given in the last table may be both instructive and sug- 1 The singularly small width found for students at the angles of the jaw is apparently the result of a personal error on the part of Dr. Elsner, all whose measurements of this di- mension are small, in consequence of a habit of measuring somewhat in front of the true " angle of jaw." This is not the case, of course, with the width between the condyloid processes. DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 383 gestive; and the next table has been prepared with a view to affording the most convenient oversight, and recognition of ethno- logical distinctions. TABLE XIII. Comparison of Proportional Dimensions of Head. Class of Men 6-}-rf-a 26-a g-f 6 7 6 g c S d g e c a 2c Students . . . 1.10 -0.20 1.50" 0.90 2.11 2.47 2.35 1.16 0.86 White Soldiers . 1.00 0.49 0.82 0.96 2.07 2.44 2.16 1.09 0.83 Sailors .... 0.85 0.32 0.94 0.96 2.06 2.41 2.16 1.09 0.84 Indians .... 1.18 1.68 0.66 1.04 2.07 2.35 1.98 1.05 0.82 Mulattoes . . . 2.58 2.68 0.39 1.01 2.36 2.70 2.34 0.96 0.78 Negroes .... 1.62 2.05 0.56 1.04 2.29 2.67 2.21 1.03 0.79 The first column gives the excess of the sum of the two semi- circumferences from the condyloid processes, around the frontal eminence and the occipital protuberance respectively, above the full horizontal circumference measured around the same parts, and therefore in a plane which passes above the condyloid processes. The excess in question affords a rude means of estimating the dis- tance between this plane and the line joining the condyloid pro- cesses. The sharp contrast to the others, in this respect, which the white race exhibits, will attract immediate attention, as will also the curious fact, already more than once mentioned in previous chapters, that in those features in which the black and white races present marked differences of conformation, the mulattoes, sprung from the mixture of these two, frequently differ from the whites yet more widely than do the full negroes themselves. The red man, for whom the mean value of the horizontal circumference, a, was found to be larger than for either the white or black race, occupies in this column a position intermediate between these two. The second column shows the excess of twice the semi-circum- ference around the forehead, over the full circumference around forehead and occiput; and here too the contrasts between the races are strong, and our comments upon the first column find, application in a yet higher degree. In the third column is the difference between the width at the ° See note page 382. 384 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. angles of the jaws and at the condyloid processes; characteristic ethnical differences being also manifest in these numbers. The six remaining columns contain ratios, and seem likewise ■well deserving of attentive consideration in their ethnological bearings. Column four exhibits the proportion between the frontal and the occipital semi-circumferences; and discloses the curious and sug- gestive fact that the occipital is the larger for all the classes of white men, being a maximum for the most intellectual class, while the frontal is larger for Indians, full blacks, and men of mixed race, in the order named. The fifth, sixth, and seventh columns show the ratios which the three peripheries, -measured from the condyloid processes, around the forehead, the top of the head, and the occiput, - bear to the width of the head between these points. In a crude way they in- dicate the extent to which these peripheries vary from semicircular arcs described about this width as a diameter; the ratio of the semi-circumference to the diameter of a circle being 1.571. In all of these ratios, ethnical differences are clearly manifest ; the order of races being in each case, - Indians, whites, negroes, mulattoes. The order of the three classes of whites does not appear to be that of their intellectual development. In the eighth column is the ratio which the periphery from brow to occiput over the top of the head bears to that from side to side, in a plane nearly vertical and at right angles to the former. This ratio is seen to be the largest for the students, and successively smaller for the other white men, the Indians, the blacks, and last of all the mulattoes; for which last named class the lateral dimen- sion is actually larger than the longitudinal. Finally, the last column exhibits the magnitude of the semi-cir- cumference parallel to the base of the skull relatively to the trans- verse lateral one; and in these ratios the order of races is essen- tially the same as in the column preceding. The ratio of e to | a, - that is, of the two longitudinal periph- eries in perpendicular planes, - shows no marked ethnical distinc- tions. 6. Facial Angles. The measurements of the Facial Angle have yielded a less sat- isfactory return for the labor expended upon them, than almost any portion of our materials or computations. The large individual diversity, - the inordinate differences between the results obtained DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 385 by different examiners, notwithstanding great efforts to secure uni- formity of method, - and the erroneous mode of measurement adopted by some, and not immediately detected, - have combined to make the assortment and reduction of the results very onerous, and at first bid fair to render it a thankless task. But the personal differences of the several observers, after their methods had be- come professedly identical, have been found tolerably constant; and the determination and application of these differences have ultimately afforded results w'hich seem fairly entitled to confidence. The mode of measurement will probably be understood from the annexed representation of the instrument devised for the pur- pose. The original instrument was constructed, under Profes- sor Bache's authority, at the United States office of Weights and Measures, having been contrived by Mr. Saxton, of that Bureau, and Dr. Buckley. Those subsequently made have been but slightly modified, and their form and arrangement may be easily understood from the representation here given. A fixed peg, at the extremity of one arm, fits the external orifice of the ear, the center of angular motion being pressed firmly against the bone of the jaw as far above the upper lip as the septum of the nose al- 386 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. lows, while the extremity of the second arm (which is so con- structed as not to interfere with the nose) is applied closely to the most prominent part of the forehead; the angle being read off from the graduated arc to the nearest half degree. By these practical directions it was believed that a good determination would be obtained for the angle, of which the center is at the alveolar margin, and the two sides are the lines drawn to the aural aperture and the frontal eminence respectively. From the earlier series of measurements the observations are so discordant and unsatisfactory, that our attempts to deduce satisfac- tory results were soon abandoned as hopeless. The discrepancy between the average values obtained for white soldiers by two of the three inspectors, actually amounts to nearly thirteen and a half degrees, or more than one fifth of the smaller value. And although subsequent measurements have rendered it not improb- able that the arithmetical mean between these two values would not differ very -widely from the truth, yet no real reliance could be placed upon numbers deduced in such a way. In the annexed Table XIV. the results of this first series are given, rather as a historical and curious record than for any other purpose. It would seem that the large values obtained by Dr. Buckley are chiefly owing to his use, at that time, of the superciliary ridge as the frontal plane of tangency; and that the small values given by Messrs. Fairchild and Risler are in great part due to their hav- ing habitually placed the center of angular motion too far down upon the lip - against the upper incisors, in fact, rather than the alveolar margin; also, partly, to an insufficient pressure of this center against the face. DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 387 TABLE XIV. Mean Facial Angles according to the Earlier Series. Nativity Dr. Buckley Mr. Fairchild Mr. Risler No. of Men Angle No. of Men Angle No. of Men Angle A 459 0 78.64 7 0 65.94 153 0 64.85 B 2 204 78.71 10 66.10 23 67.83 C 166 78.73 8 66.5 2 62.00 D 61 78.47 2 67.25 1 61.0 E 137 79.34 1 322 66.98 1 53.0 F 3 79.33 115 67.52 2 58.00 G2 3 73.67 73 67.15 - - H 7 79.57 1 69.0 3 67.17 I 108 78.56 4 66.75 - - J 111 78.19 18 65.22 3 66.67 K 26 77.54 1 61.5 2 66.00 L 258 78.37 50 66.81 6 62.50 M 17 78.82 4 66.25 3 65.33 N 126 78.46 13 65.54 22 66.14 0 5 79.1 1 64.5 - - Q 57 78.68 6 65.67 5 70.20 Total . . 3 748 78.66 1 635 66.97 226 65.25 Passing to the later series of measures, these are of two classes. In the first the superciliary ridge was used to fix the direction of one side of the angle; while the second consists of those made after this usage was changed and the angle was determined by means of the frontal eminence, or most projecting portion of the forehead proper. This latter class is much the more numerous for the white soldiers and sailors, and it includes nearly all the other men. Taking then the latter measurements only, our first problem is, to deduce values for the personal differences of the several exam- iners in measuring the facial angle. For this purpose those seven examiners were selected who had measured the largest number of white soldiers and sailors ; the men examined by each were assorted according to nativity ; and for each nativity the average discordance was determined between the results of the several examiners and the mean from the meas- ures of all. The series of discordances, thus obtained, was com- 388 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. bined according to the weights of their several mean values for each of the seven examiners, and the correction thus deduced for each person, which should be applied to all his results. These val- ues of the personal errors were regarded as a first approximation, and after their application to the original measures the process was repeated, until the repetition produced no farther change. The weights are best determined according to the method given by the author in Vol. III. of the "United States Astronomical Expedition to Chile," Chapter on Weights and Mean Errors. The trustworthiness of the values thus deduced was tested by a similar computation in which the total numbers of men were used without assortment according to nativities. To accomplish this, however, the differences of the means for the several nativities were first determined, and corrections then applied to the mean aggregate results from each examiner, in order to render them com- parable by eliminating the effect of the different proportions of the various nativities examined by them. The values for the totals obtained by these different methods were entirely accordant to the hundredths of a degree, and the following series of corrections was thus found. They are to be applied to any measurement of the facial angle to render the re- sults of the different examiners homogeneous. Corrections for Personal Error, of Seven Examiners, from Measures of White Men. Nativity Buckley Baker Phinney Lewis No. Men Correc- tion No. Men Correc- tion No. Men Correc- tion No. Men Correc- tion A 278 -3?88 323 + 2?25 94 + 0?10 117 o + 2.11 B 716 -3.69 220 + 1.39 326 + 0.47 832 + 2.51 C 356 -4.03 1 + 1.14 297 + 0.17 251 + 2.11 D 68 -3.73 3 + 1.83 33 + 0.97 745 + 2.93 E 55 -3.51 38 + 2.17 80 + 0.23 33 + 1.83 F 27 -4.40 1 + 5.49 24 -0.18 23 + 0.99 I 36 -3.75 33 + 1.10 22 + 0.20 189 + 2.89 J 52 -3.33 13 + 3.93 47 -0.34 78 + 2.17 L 224 -3.91 36 + 2.13 145 -0.97 69 + 2.28 N 115 -3.36 14 + 0.59 83 + 0.32 71 + 1.99 Q, P, etc. 8 -3.36 6 -0.01 25 + 0.10 16 + 2.39 Total. . . 1935 - 3.780 688 H + 1.888 1176 + 0.152 2 424 + 2.550 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 389 Corrections for Personal Error, of Seven Examiners.-( Continued.') Nativity Smith Elsner Stark No. of Men Correc- tion No. of Men Correc- tion No. of Men Correc- tion A 171 o -2.14 127 0 + 1.45 16 o + 0.11 B 510 -2.35 178 + 1.58 18 + 0.08 C 170 -2.56 226 + 1.60 78 + 0.96 D 39 -3.42 33 + 0.86 6 -0.17 E 66 -3.22 18 + 1.85 - F 34 - 1.30 54 + 2.54 59 + 0.63 I 43 -3.21 21 + 2.14 1 -3.10 J 46 -2.13 52 + 1.24 1 + 12.43 L 133 -3.06 116 + 2.58 10 + 1.34 N 92 -2.18 74 + 2.01 5 -3.30 Q, P, etc. 23 -2.70 29 + 1.70 3 -2.68 Total . . . 1 327 -2.482 928 + 1.760 197 + 0.570 The almost uniform agreement in the sign, and the accordance in amount also, for those groups where the number of cases is suf- ficient to give significance to the determinations, furnish a manifest corroboration of the general correctness of our values. If we now discuss the results obtained for colored men, in the same manner, we similarly obtain the correction requisite for re- ducing the measures made by any one person to those correspond- ing with the mean of all. But it is clear that this correction for any individual will not be the same as that deduced from the re- sults for white men, inasmuch as the standard of comparison is derived from independent and dissimilar materials. And in com- paring tne values for white and black men, it becomes necessary to adopt some one standard of reference, which we may assume to be free from error. The corrections for personal error thus derived from the meas- ures of facial angles of colored men only, by the process heretofore explained, and referred to the average value obtained from colored men only, are given in the next tabular view, the full blacks being as heretofore discriminated from the mulattoes, and natives of the Free States from those born in Slave States. The great inferiority of their numbers to those of the whites whose measures we possess 390 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. gives of course a corresponding inferiority to the value of the de- termination, and the non-accordance of the numbers shows the im- portance of resorting to some other method, for establishing the personal equation between those examiners who measured chiefly white men, and those whose examinations were mostly confined to the black race. The values of the several corrections are those which will reduce the mean value, for the particular examiner and class of men, to the mean value deduced from all the angles meas- ured, by all the examiners included in the table, for the aggregate of all the colored men, whether full blacks or mulattoes. Corrections for Personal Difference of .Examiners, as deduced from. Measures of Colored Men. Full Blacks Mixed Races Examiner Natives of Free Sts. Natives of SI. States Natives of Free Sts. Natives of SI. States Number Correction Number Correction Number Correction Number Correction Baker . . Q o o o 4 + 2.88 322 + 3.18 3 + 1.75 53 + 3.21 Phinney . 4 -0.37 7 -1.24 4 -0.58 3 -3.30 Russell 28 -3.33 162 -3.53 48 -4.43 88 -3.40 Myers . . 3 -1.32 144 -2.52 2 -2.58 44 -2.11 Elsner. . 23 - 1.43 7 -0.96 - - - - Wales . . 82 -3.14 539 -4.11 60 -3.11 80 -3.39 Wilder 1 -4.99 1 + 2.04 20 -1.20 18 -1.55 Avery . . - - 19 + 10.62 2 + 12.42 198 + 9.27 The great influence which the 219 very abnormal values, ob- tained by Dr. Avery, exert upon the mean of all, and thus upon the other individual corrections, is palpable. Even rejecting these, moreover, the comparatively small number of blacks measured by Messrs. Phinney and Elsner, and the small number of whites measured by Messrs. Myers, Russell, and Wales, would throw some doubt on the trustworthiness of the remaining values. We must therefore resort to some entirely different means of obtaining the desired comparison. If from the observations of each of those ten examiners, who measured both white and black men, we deduce the differences of facial angle in these classes, and, in combining these differences, use weights proportional to the number of cases in the smaller of DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 391 the two groups from which they have been severally determined, we shall find the facial angles for the colored men smaller than for the whites by the following amounts: - Class Number Difference Full Blacks born in Free States . . 82 o 1.027 " " " " Slave " 473 3.011 Total Full Blacks . . . 504 2.826 Mulattoes born in Free States . . 59 1.199 " " " Slave " 160 2.392 Total Mulattoes .... 169 2.248 Aggregate Natives of Free States . 93 1.035 " " " Slave " 531 2.953 Aggregate of all Negroes .... 569 2.768 The reason why the numbers of men from which the totals are derived, are not the sums of the numbers corresponding to the component groups, will be evident on consideration of the mode of computation, which assigns to the differences obtained from the ob- servations of each examiner the number of men in the smaller of the two groups compared. The remarkable superiority here visible in the value of the facial angle for colored natives of the Free States is very striking, - greatly surpassing, as it does, the excess of the angle in mulattoes over that in full blacks. Yet although this cannot be entirely at- tributed to the influence of personal equation between the exam- iners, it may be considerably affected by this disturbing element; and in comparing the measurements by different examiners, it seems unadvisable to use the foregoing determinations as a means of reduction. Assorting the results obtained by each examiner according to the class of men to which they belong, we have the next table, in which the number of cases from which each mean is computed is indicated by figures in smaller type immediately above the corre- sponding angle. 392 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. TABLE XV. Mean Facial Angles, as determined by each Examiner. (Later Series.) Phinney Baker Russell Myers Wales White Men 1228 72?048 702 70?355 143 77°868 78 75?000 28 74?138 Full Blacks - Free States 4 70.375 4 67.125 28 73.339 3 71.333 82 73.152 " " Slave States 7' 71.286 322 66.861 162 73.571 144 72.566 539 74.153 Mulattoes-Free States . 4 71.500 3 69.167 48 75.3o4 2 73.500 60 74.033 " Slave States 3 73.833 53 67.330 88 73.932 44 72.648 80 73.905 Total Free States . 8 70.937 7 68.000 76 74.612 5 72.200 142 73.525 " Slave States . 10 72.050 375 66.927 250 73.698 188 72.585 619 74.121 Aggregate Negroes. . . 18 71.556 882 66.947 326 73.911 193 72.575 761 74.010 Elsner Lewis Wilder Avery Furniss White Men 1029 70?410 2469 69?722 1 709000 10 659200 229 679333 Full Blacks - Free States 23 71.435 - 1 75.000 - - " " Slave States 7 71.000 1 63.000 1 68.000 19 59.421 - Mulattoes - Free States . - - 20 72.125 2 58.500 - " Slave States. - - 18 72.083 198 61.270 2 64.500 Total Free States . 23 71.435 21 72.262 2 58.500 - " Slave States . 7 71.000 1 63.000 19 71.868 217 61.108 2 64.500 Aggregate Negroes . . . 30 71.333 1 63.000 40 72.075 219 61.084 2 64.500 Buckley Smith Stark Wells Wliite Men 1970 75?967 1357 74°701 200 71?445 73 74?185 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 393 A very slight comparison of these results suffices to elicit the curious fact that the personal equation between any two examiners seems to vary with the class of men examined, so that the results deduced from the examinations of white and of black men are quite diverse in most cases, and in some are actually discordant. This may in some instances be accounted for, by supposing a grad- ual change in the habitude of the examiner, - in consequence of which his personal error, at the period when he measured whites, was actually different from that when at a later date he measured negroes. But these sources of error seem inseparable from the problem, and our aim must be to detect and eliminate them where this is possible, and to exclude from our discussion those materials which clearly forbid the possibility of such elimination. For this purpose the mean value obtained from the measure- ments by each examiner, was compared with that resulting from those of every examiner, for each of five classes of men separ- ately, namely, whites, full blacks, and mulattoes, born in the Free States, full blacks, and mulattoes, born in the Slave States. The determinations from these five classes were then combined by weight, where the groups were sufficiently large to make this worth while, and preliminary values of the differences were thus obtained. But no determinations were employed except those obtained by comparing results from the same class of fnen. Without entering upon prolix and tedious details of the investi- gation, which proved laborious in the extreme, it may be stated at once that it was found necessary to exclude the measures by Major Wales on account of the great discrepancy between his personal errors as deduced from the different classes of men measured, no matter what other examiner .might be taken for comparison. The measures by Messrs. Stark and Wells were also provisionally omitted, on account of the small number of men which they com- prised ; as also those of Messrs. Avery and Furniss in consequence of their great deviation from the others. The mean results of the remaining nine examiners thus afford twenty-three determinations of personal difference in the measure- ment of facial angles, yet these several observed values are by no means mutually consistent. The true values must be subject to the restrictions imposed by thirty-six absolute equations of condi- tion. Thus, denoting the several personal differences by the letters of the alphabet, and putting the true values - Buckley - Phinney = a; Phinney - Baker -h ; etc. Buckley - Baker = b ; Phinney - Russell = i ; etc. Buckley - Russell - c; Phinney - Myers = k ; etc. 394 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. we must have - a -|- A = b, a -j- i = c, etc. The observed values therefore require such modification as will bring about an absolute conformity to these rigorous conditions, by some process which shall make the sum of the squares of the amounts of change a minimum, after the amount of each change has been multiplied by its appropriate weight. In other words, that system of interdependent values must be found, which best accords with the observed system of twenty-three approximate values, taken as a whole, while it perfectly satisfies the twenty-six rigorous conditional equations. This is accomplished by means of what Gauss has named the " correlatives " of the equations of condition. Denoting the several observed values of the personal differences by the capital letters A, B, C, D, etc., the corresponding probable values, which we desire to obtain, by a, b, c, d, etc., and the corrections needed by the former by the Greek letters a, /3, y, 8, etc., we have twenty-three observed equations of the form tz = A -]- a, b *= B -|- c = C -1- y, etc., and thirty-six rigorous equations of the form a - b h - 0, a - c -|- i - 0, b - c-{-0 = 0, etc., in all fifty-nine equations from which the most probable values of the twenty-three unknown quantities a, /?, y, etc., are to be deduced. For this end, the weights p' ,p",pm., etc., or measures of the rela- tive trustworthiness, of the several mean values A, B, C, etc., are to be determined, from considerations both of the number of cases upon which these means depend, and of the mutual accordance of the individual results. Then substituting in the rigorous equations of condition, the values of «, J, c, etc., derived from the observed quantities, we obtain thirty-six equations of the form _|_a__ rB ~|~ a - y -f- i - 0 (I.) etc., etc., wvii _|_ p y _|_ 0 _ o etc., etc. DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 395 And introducing the correlatives (1), (2), (3), (4), etc., so as to satisfy the conditions of " least squares," we form twenty-three new conditional equations containing only these correlatives, the weights p', p", p'", etc., and the unknown quantities a, (3, y, etc., in the form (1) + (2)+ (3)+ (4)4- (5)4- (6)-/ a = 0 -(i) + (7)4- (8)4- (9) 4- (10)4- (11)-/' = 0 (IL) (2) (7) - (12) + (13) 4- (14) + (15)-p'" y = 0 - (3) - (8) 4- (12) -h (16) 4- (17) + (18)-p"" 8 = 0 etc., etc. Substituting now in the equations I. the values of a, (3, y, etc., as derived from the series II., we obtain thirty-six normal equations containing only the known quantities n', n", n'", etc., together with the thirty-six unknown correlatives (1), (2), (3), etc.; and thus affording the most probable values of these correlatives for deter- mining the desired corrections a, (3, y, from the series of equations II.1 Even this simple process necessarily becomes exceedingly oner- ous in such a case as the present, which demands the numerical solution of thirty-six equations containing an equal number of un- known quantities. Still we have not shrunk from this labor, even when the incorporation of Major Wales's observations raised the number of equations to 62. After it became evident that these must be excluded from the series and the work repeated, the rigor- ous solution was not reattempted, but closely approximate values were deduced by sundry devices of numerical computation. Thus we obtain the following results, which are entitled to full confidence. Mr. Phinney's measures are selected as the basis of comparison, both because they are near the mean of all, and on account of the very satisfactory character of their mutual accordance. Phinney - Buckley = - 3.873 " - Baker = 4~ 1.743 " - Russell = - 5.387 " - Myers = - 2.989 " - Elsner = 4" 1-667 " -Lewis - -(-2.381 " - Smith 2.635 " Wilder = - 2.579 " - Stark = 4- 0.632 " -Wells =-2.114 " - Avery -|- 7.858 " -Furniss == -|-4.687 1 For the details of this method in its general form, see Gauss, Supplem. Theories Com- binationis, pp. 16 et seqq. and Chauvenet, Spher. and Pract. Astron., II. pp. 552-57. 396 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. The last four of these values have been deduced on the assump- tion that the preceding eight were absolutely correct, and probably differ by entirely unimportant amounts from those which would have been obtained had they been included in the original solu- tion. In the entire series of nearly eighty personal differences, only four, of those which depend upon so many as twenty comparisons, are found to require a change of their observed values by so much as four tenths of a degree, to produce the entire accordance and consistency which has been attained. The greatest change was 0°800, required by the difference " Russell-Myers,." which de- pended upon only 266 comparisons as follows : - No. Difference White Men . 78 + 2°868 Mulattoes born in Slave States . . . 44 + 1-284 Full Blacks born in Slave States . . 144 4-1.005 Mean . 266 + 1.598 Adopted'value . +2.398 The rejection of Major Wales's facial angles will be justified by a tabular view showing the nature of the discrepancy. Wales - Baker Wales - Russell Wales - Myers Wales - Elsner No. of Men Differ- ence No. of Men Differ- ence No. of Men Differ- ence No. of Men Differ- ence White Men .... 28 o + 3.783 28 o -3.730 28 o - 0.862 28 o + 3.728 Mulattoes Free States - - 48 -1.321 - - - - Mulattoes SI. States 53 + 6.575 80 -0.027 44 + 1.257 - - Full Blacks Fr. States - - 28 -0.187 - - 23 + 1.717 Full Blacks SI. States 322 + 7.292 162 + 0.582 144 + 1.587 - - The impossibility of deducing trustworthy results from these data needs no comment, and no entirely satisfactory explanation of the discordance has been found. A gradual unrecognized change in the manner of measuring seems to offer the most plausible solu- tion of the difficulty. The values of personal equation now deduced must be applied to all the facial angles excepting those measured by Major Wales. The results will then be essentially such as they would have been had all been measured by Mr. Phinney, and the work of the vari- ous examiners may be aggregated without hesitation. Thus we obtain the following table of results : - DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 397 TABLE XVI. Mean Facial Angles of Different Classes of Men, corrected for Personal Equation. Class Number of Examiners Number of Cases Facial Angle White Soldiers and Sailors 13 9365 o 72.082 Students 1 290 73.874 Full Blacks born in Free States .... 6 63 70.133 Full Blacks born in Slave States . . . 8 663 68.736 Total Full Blacks 8 726 68.857 Mulattoes bom in Free States .... 6 79 69.897 Mulattoes born in Slave States .... 7 406 69.104 Total Mulattoes 7 485 69.233 Indians 1 505 72.864 The values given in this table are probably entitled to full reli- ance, at least to the first decimal figure inclusive. Of the facts thus brought to light, the most noticeable are the large mean values for students and Indians, surpassing those for all the other classes, - the marked superiority in the mean facial angle of natives of the Free States over natives of the Slave States; and the comparatively low values for the black race. The preeminent values found for students and for Indians do not seem referable in any degree to personal equation, although but one examiner was employed for each of these groups; since in both cases the correc- tion for personal difference is well established, and has already been applied. Considering next the white men by themselves (excluding stu- dents), and classifying them according to their nativities, we ob- tain the results following: - 398 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. TABLE XVII. Mean Facial Angles of White Soldiers and Sailors, corrected for Personal Equation. Nativity Soldiers Sailors Aggregate No. of Exam- iners No. of Men Facial Angle No. of Exam- iners No. of Men Facial Angle No. of Exam- iners No. of Men Facial Angle A 11 1 049 0 72.09 2 94 0 72.63 11 1 143 0 72.139 B 12 2 829 72.09 2 50 73.00 12 2 879 72.102 C 9 1 406 72.18 2 2 68.08 9 1 408 72.169 D 9 929 72.08 1 1 76.67 9 930 72.081 E If 321 71.98 2 8 71.85 11 329 71.978 F 9 225 71.32 1 1 67.17 9 226 71.301 Gx 5 12 71.53 1 1 66.67 5 13 71.156 G2 8 30 72.93 - - - 8 30 72.934 H 11 32 72.86 2 23 72.67 11 55 72.782 I 9 343 71.75 2 12 70.25 9 355 71.700 J 10 271 72.09 2 53 73.51 10 324 72.320 K 9 65 71.82 2 17 71.65 9 82 71.785 L 11 732 71.93 2 132 72.72 11 864 72.055 M 9 69 72.41 2 12 74.46 9 81 72.714 N 11 479 72.06 2 23 72.30 11 502 72.075 0 8 ■ 33 72.12 2 47 72.09 8 80 72.103 P 4 6 72.57 2 10 70.92 5 16 71.538 Q 9 35 71.81 2 13 71.37 9 48 71.699 Total 13 8 866 72.055 2 499 72.561 13 9 365 72.082 Here there appears to be no sufficient ground for inferring any- decided difference in the facial angle, connected with the nativity. Those nativity-groups for which the mean values vary most from the mean of all are composed of the least numbers of men, and it is noteworthy that of the first six groups of the aggregate column in order of magnitude, including all those which consist of so many as four hundred men, the maximum variation from the mean of all is but 5f. The absolute values, here given, are of course dependent to a certain extent upon the correctness of Mr. Phinney's work, since all the measurements have been referred to him as the standard. But it will be borne in mind that his mean value is closely accord DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 399 ant with the mean of the aggregate of those other examiners whose experience was greatest, and whose accuracy is best established by the character of their results. The diversity of the mean values found for soldiers and for sail- ors seems unimportant, in view of the small number in the latter class ; and we may be justified in inferring that the average facial angle among white men, as represented in the American army and navy, does not vary by one fifth of a degree, or 12', from our final value 72°1, - while for the negroes, whether of pure blood or mulattoes, it is below 70°. Our next table exhibits the range of variation found in the sev- eral classes of men examined. TABLE XVIII. Greatest and Least Facial Angles observed. Nativity Largest Value Smallest Value Angle Remarks Angle Remarks White Soldiers . . Sailors .... Students .... Full Blacks, Fr. Sts. Full Blacks, SI. Sts. Mulattoes, Fr. Sts. Mulartoes, SI. Sts. Indians .... o 85.7 86.7 81.7 85.7 84.7 75.6 79.0 76.6 Ohio or Ind.; Elsner, Ex. Eng. and Ireland, 1 each 1 each of 5 diffnt nations No other above 74.6 Two others of 80° . . Russell, Examiner . . Myers, " . . Buckley, " (2 cases) 0 55.0 56.7 61.7 61.7 56.7 63.6 59.0 66.6 Ireland; Phinney Ex. Middle Sts.; Elsner " New England States Elsner, Examiner Baker,. " Russell, " Myers, " Buckley, " When the facial angle was measured by using the superciliary ridge instead of the frontal eminence, the mean value was greater, by the following amounts: - Examiner Excess No. Obs. Buckley .... . . . L853 50 Baker . . . 7.516 333 Phinney .... . . . 3.883 508 Lewis . . . 8.662 144 Myers . . . 2.841 78 Smith . . • . . . . . 2.744 256 5.028 1 369 400 DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. The " number of observations " in the last column is the num- ber made in the erroneous manner, which was always less than that made in the manner prescribed. The great variation in the mean values found by different examiners is probably due, to some extent, to actual differences in the classes of men chiefly measured; but a very small amount of experience will show how easily slight differences of personal habitude in measuring will produce large differences in the determination of the angle. The final mean shows that 5° is a reasonable estimate for the excess of the angle when the superciliary ridge is used. For ne- groes this excess is probably a little greater, but will hardly reach the limit of 6°. CHAPTER XI. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 1. Determination of Weight, and its Relation to Stature. Each examiner was specially provided with Fairbanks's platform scales, of the best construction. The scales are graduated1 to quarters of a pound, but the weight was generally recorded only to the nearest half-pound. In the discussion of our results, the estimated weight of the clothing has in all cases been subtracted. Very accordant weigh- ings of 24 suits of clothing such as was worn by most of the men during their examination, different sizes being employed in the proportions issued by the Quartermaster's department, as nearly as could be estimated, gave the results: - 24 pairs trowsers . 37 lbs. 10 oz., Mean 1.57 lbs. 24 sets underclothing 39 " 5 " Mean 1.64 " Total . . . 76 " 15 " Mean 3.21 " The underclothing consisted of woolen shirts, drawers, and stockings. The mean weights, for the total of all the men measured, are given in the first of our tables, together with the number of men from which each mean has been deduced. 1 The author's regret has been already expressed that the measures and weights through- out these investigations were not taken and recorded in units of the metric system. A table for the reciprocal conversion of kilograms and pounds, as well as of centimeters and inches, is given at the end of this volume. The pounds used are the legal pounds (" avoir- dupois") of 453.59 grams each. [1 kilogram - 2.2046 lbs.] 402 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE I. Average Weight of Men examined. Class of Men In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total Number Pounds Number Pounds Number Pounds White Soldiers, Earlier Series 5 936 143.49 2 162 140.99 8 098 142.83 White Soldiers, Later Series . 9 157 142.08 1 600 137.35 10 757 141.38 Sailors 1 144 138.92 - - 1 144 138.92 Students 288 136.51 - - 288 136.51 Full Blacks 1 775 143.83 226 142.62 2 001 144.58 Mulattoes 680 145.12 140 143.15 820 144.78 Indians 507 162.82 9 148.01 516 162.56 Assorting the weights according to the nativities of the men, we find the means to be as given in the next two tables, in which the results of the earlier and the later series of examinations are kept distinct from each other. TABLE II. Average Weight of White Soldiers by Nativities. (Earlier Series.) Nativity In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total Number Weight Number Weight Number Weight New England .... 589 lbs. 142.60 350 lbs.' 142.89 939 lbs. 142.71 New York 1 521 145.15 546 142.58 2 067 144.47 New Jersey and Penn. . 849 144.64 364 140.32 1 213 143.35 Ohio & other West. States 413 148.73 187 144.26 600 147.34 Slave States 1 659 140.64 375 137.16 2 034 140.00 Canada 135 144.73 50 141.70 185 143.91 England and Scotland . 159 140.96 72 134.82 231 139.04 Ireland 350 142.99 122 141.11 472 142.50 Germany 191 143.77 76 140.39 267 142.81 Miscellaneous .... 70 143.59 20 139.59 90 142.70 Total 5 936 143.49 2 162 140.99 8 098 142.83 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 403 TABLE III. Average Weight of White Soldiers, hy Nativities. (Later Series.) Nativity In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total Number Weight Number Weight Number Weight New England .... 974 lbs. 140.05 211 lbs. 136.11 1 185 lbs. 139.39 N. ¥., N. J., and Penn. . 3 139 141.39 588 137.43 3 727 140.83 Ohio and Indiana . . . 1 442 145.99 218 141.24 1 660 145.37 Mich., Wise., and Illinois 944 141.78 71 139.72 1 015 141.78 Coast Slave States . . 301 142.08 52 134.68 353 140.99 Kentucky and Tennessee 223 150.58 44 146.10 267 149.85 Free Sts. west Miss. River 10 145.09 - - 10 145.09 SI. Sts. west Miss. River 38 135.76 5 128.59 43 134.95 Br. Am. Pr. excl. Canada 35 143.82 2 139.54 37 143.59 Canada 474 141.26 45 142.28 519 141.35 England 258 138.15 45 134.58 303 137.61 Wales and Isle of Man . 18 138.05 2 148.09 20 139.13 Scotland 70 138.71 11 132.38 81 137.85 Ireland 644 141.08 177 132.26 821 139.18 France, Belgium, etc. . . 80 138.76 16 133.35 96 137.85 Germany 448 141.06 99 137.27 547 140.37 Scandinavia 28 150.28 6 138.12 34 148.14 Spain, etc . 6 138.16 1 109.79 7 134.15 Miscellaneous .... 25 140.31 7 126.58 32 137.31 Total . . ... 9 157 142.08 1 600 137.35 10 757 141.38 The degree of trustworthiness of the mean weights as tested by the accordance between the actual and theoretical distribution of the individual weights is very satisfactory, and the range of varia- tion in all appears analogous to that in the nativities A and C, which are 1 as follows : - 1 See foot-note to page 275. 404 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. Nativity Mean Weight Number of Men r To New England States Ohio and Indiana lbs. 140.06 145.99 953 1 417 lbs. 10.853 11.383 lbs. 0.351 0.302 TABLE IV. Average Weight of Colored Men. Class In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total Number Weight Number Weight Number Weight Full Blacks, Natives of Fr. Sts. 192 lbs. 144.60 32 lbs. 144.93 224 lbs. 144.65 (C Ci « (C g| << 1 583 144.86 194 142.24 1 777 144.58 Mulattoes, Natives of Free Sts. 125 141.51" 40 145.04 165 142.37 " " " SI. " 555 145.93 100 142.40 655 145.39 Total Full Blacks . . . 1 775 144.83 226 142.62 2 001 144.58 Total Mulattoes . . *. . 680 145.12 140 143.15 820 144.78 It is manifest that the variations of the mean weight with the nativity must he closely commensurate with those of the mean stature ; and, in order to determine the degree to which these ele- ments are independent of one another, the Tables V., VI., and VII. have been prepared, exhibiting for each nativity-group the ratio of weight to stature, or in other words the weight in pounds corre- sponding to each inch of stature. These have not been prepared by dividing the mean weights by the mean heights, but have been computed for each individual case; and the accuracy of the results here also tested where the numbers are sufficiently large, by the character of the distribution of individual weights around their mean. They apply to men in full vigor, exclusively. a If we omit the forty-five members of the two Massachusetts colored infantry regiments, which appear to have been composed of men much lighter than the average of their class, the mean weight of the remaining eighty men is 143 lbs. The average age of these forty- five men was a year and a half less than that of the other colored soldiers measured. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 405 TABLE V. Ratio of Weight to Stature for White Soldiers. (Earlier Series.) Nativity No. of ' Men Pounds to Inch Nativity No. of Men Pounds to Inch lbs. lbs. New England . . . 589 2.121 England & Scotland 159 2.118 New York .... 1 521 2.161 Ireland 350 2.144 New Jersey & Penn. 849 2.146 Germany .... 191 2.168 Ohio & ether W. Sts. 413 2.185 Miscellaneous . . . 70 2.167 Slave States . . . 1 659 2.010 Canada 135 2.161 Total 5 936 2.1110 TABLE VI. Ratio of Weight to Stature for White Soldiers and Sailors. (Later Series.) Nativity Soldiers Sailors Total Number Pounds to Inch Number Pounds to Inch Number Pounds to Inch New England .... 974 2.082 129 2.018 1 103 2.075 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . 3 139 2.107 155 2.003 3 294 2.102 Ohio and Indiana . . . 1 442 2.153 2 1.984 1 444 2 153 Mich., Wise., & Illinois . 944 2.106 6 2.122 950 2.106 Coast Slave States. . . 301 2.099 19 2.021 320 2.094 Kentucky and Tennessee 223 2.190 1 2.620 224 2.192 Free Sts. west Miss. River 10 2.136 - - 10 2.136 SI. Sts. west Miss. River 38 2.025 1 1.827 39 2.020 Br. Am. Pr. excl. Canada 35 2.133 50 2.121 85 2.126 Canada 474 2.110 16 2.242 490 2.114 England 258 2.083 102 2.024 360 2.066 Wales, and Isle of Man . 18 2.064 6 2.000 24 2.048 Scotland 70 2.090 27 2.075 97 2.086 Ireland 644 2.114 335 2.060 979 2.096 France, Belgium, etc.. . 80 2.106 20 2.082 100 2.101 Germany 448 2.126 62 2.104 510 2.123 Scandinavia 28 2.203 82 2.143 110 2.158 Spain, etc 6 2.114 18 2.034 24 2.054 Miscellaneous .... 25 2.081 30 2.049 55 2.064 Total 9 157 2.0432 1 061 2.0547 10 218 2.0444 406 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. For the ratio betw'een weight and stature we find - Nativity Average Ratio Number of Men r r0 New England States . . . 2.083 953 0.135 0.0044 New York, New Jersey, Penn. 2.106 3 088 0.142 0.0026 Ohio and Indiana .... 2.152 1 417 0.139 0.0037 TABLE VII. Ratio of Weight to Stature for other Classes of Men. Class Number of Men Pounds to the Inch Students 288 2.001 Full Blacks, Natives of Free States 192 2.176 (C CC " " Slave " 1 583 2.184 u it Total 1 775 2.183 Mulattoes, Natives of Free States . 125 2.127 " " Slave " 555 2.198 cc Total 680 2.185 Indians . 507 2.384 Could we assume that the ratio of weight to stature remains the same for all heights, the foregoing values would enable us easily to construct tables giving closely approximate values of the weight of our soldiers and sailors in usual vigor, during the war ; the former well representing the average of the male population of military age, taken in the proportions in which they enlisted, as developed in Chapters III. and IV. But this assumption is far from correct, as will be seen when the men are assorted according to their height, and the mean weights determined for the several statures. This is done in Table VIII., which contains the mean weight for each half inch of height, for each class of white men (in usual vigor) examined. The next subsequent table, IX., exhibits the mean height of the aggregate of these men for each half-inch of stature, and the cor- responding ratios of weight to height. It will be seen that in this latter respect the increase is progressive, throughout the limits of stature included in our collection of materials. To some extent this may be attributed to the influence of age, since the lower statures manifestly belong in greater proportion to youths whose 407 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE VIII. Mean Weights of White Men, by Height. Height Soldiers Sailors Students Earlier Series Later Series Total Number Weight Number Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight in. Under 60 11 lbs. 94.34 22 lbs. 97.22 33 lbs. 96.26 3 lbs. 98.26 - lbs. 60 4 115.91 11 107.58 15 109.80 9 115.11 - - 60| 11 114.11 23 114.70 34 114.51 10 120.08 - - 61 25 119.03 26 119.13 51 119.08 6 118.33 - - 61| 24 122.19 40 117.48 64 119.24 22 120.97 - - 62 50 123.62 88 119.24 138 120.83 34 123.28 - - 62| 70 123.45 117 119.52 187 120.99 30 120.94 - - 63 99 124.31 159 124.30 258 124.30 35 125.57 1 108.79 63| 161 126.52 236 126.60 397 126.57 51 127.93 7 118.15 64 182 129.67 315 129.61 497 129.63 76 131.89 3 119.62 64| 255 133.29 469 130.42 724 131.43 81 132.68 11 121.93 65 260 134.11 463 132.01 723 132.77 85 134.11 12 126.46 65| 383 135.59 664 135.06 1 047 135.25 104 136.40 21 123.18 66 363 136.86 521 137.55 884 137.27 76 137.16 16 131.13 66| 446 139.80 810 139.04 1 256 139.31 81 141.41 21 131.60 67 419 142.80 763 141.96 1 182 142.26 88 144.67 13 130.44 67| 526 144.98 853 144.16 1 379 144.47 81 145.40 23 128.54 68 464 146.22 701 145.78 I 165 145.95 55 146.91 26 132.25 68| 481 148.99 688 147.69 1 169 148.22 61 152.88 18 139.43 69 378 150.03 473 150.49 851 150.28 42 148.97 24 142.54 691 312 151.53 457 153.35 769 152.61 45 151.52 22 140.24 70 273 154.81 323 154.54 596 154.66 18 157.54 19 145.32 70| 212 157.39 250 157.44 462 157.42 20 157.99 15 150.59 71 148 159.58 183 160.12 331 159.88 8 152.25 9 155.85 711 110 159.85 135 164.70 245 162.52 11 162.37 13 154.10 72 76 159.43 118 165.84 194 163.33 4 157.00 2 139.79 72| 55 164.37 80 165.56 135 165.08 1 168.00 4 163.16 73 39 170.35 47 168.41 86 169.29 3 165.00 3 148.12 731 20 164.06 34 170.82 54 168.32 1 175.00 1 149.79 74 17 164.76 25 171.14 42 168.56 2 191.64 1 190.79 741 '*2 10 170.79 6 178.21 16 173.57 - - 1 171.79 75 8 164.79 4 165.79 12 165.12 1 204.00 1 147.79 Over 75 4 176.29 18 174.90 22 175.15 - - 1 142.79 408 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. full stature is not yet attained, and in whom the lateral develop- ment of the body, which is normally completed at a still later date, has by no means kept pace with the longitudinal growth. But a very slight additional study of the numbers will suffice to show the inadequacy of this explanation. TABLE IX. Aggregate Mean Weight of White Men, by Height, and Ratio to Stature. Height Number of Men Weight Pounds to Inch Height Number of Men Weight Pounds to Inch in. lbs. in. lbs. 60 24 111.79 1.863 68 1 246 145.71 2.143 60| 44 115.78 1.914 68| 1248 148.32 2.165 61 57 119.00 1.951 69 917 150.02 2.174 61| 86 119.68 1.946 69| 836 152.23 2.190 62 172 121.31 1.957 70 633 154.46 2.207 62| 217 120.98 1.936 70| 497 157.24 2.230 63 294 124.40 1.975 71 348 159.60 2.248 63| 455 126.59 1.994 712 269 162.11 2.267 64 576 129.88 2.029 72 200 162.97 2.263 64| 816 131.43 2.038 72| 140 165.04 2.276 65 820 132.81 2.043 73 92 168.46 2.308 65| 1 172 135.14 2.063 73| 56 168.11 2.287 66 976 137.16 2.078 74 45 170.08 2.298 66| 1 358 139.32 2.095 74| 17 173.47 2.328 67 1283 142.31 2.124 75 14 166.66 2.222 67| 1 483 144.27 2.137 Over 75 23 173.75 2.286 It is clear that in similar bodies, of the same material, the masses must vary as the cubes of any dimension ; so that, did the average proportions remain unchanged in men of different stature, we might expect their weights to be to one another as the third pow- ers of their heights. Very slight investigation, however, is required to show that this is by no means the case. The differences of stature among the men weighed are in great part due to differences in their degree of physical development, and in great part also to differences in their normal dimensions at maturity; so that the only mode of discriminating between the effects of these two influ- ences is by a classification of the individuals on the twofold basis of age and stature. This has been done, and the results will be found in the ensuing section; but we are here considering the stat- WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 409 ures only, and - notwithstanding the irregularities which might reasonably have been anticipated from the unequal combination of the two sources of variation at the different statures - we are irre- sistibly led to the singular and interesting discovery that the mean weights, at least within the limits of the present researches, ap- pear to vary strictly as the squares of the statures. This is made manifest by Table X., which gives for each stature the hypothetical weight based on this assumption (using the modulus 0.03156), and in the next column the difference between this hypothetical, or as we may fairly say, theoretical, weight, and the mean weights act- ually obtained by observation, and presented in Table IX. No reasonable doubt seems admissible that this is the true law of nor- mal variation in weight for statures within our limits, and we are thus led to the inference that the product of the ratios of increase in the breadth and thickness of the body is on the average equal to the simple ratio of the increase in length. TABLE X. Theoretical Weight for different Statures, and Comparison with Observation. Height Computed Weight Difference Comp.-Obs. Height Computed Weight Difference Comp.- Obs. in. lbs. lbs. in. lbs. lbs. 60 113.62 + 1.83 68 145.94 + 0.23 60| 115.52 -0.26 68| 148.09 -0.23 61 117.44 -1.56 69 150.26 + 0.24 61| 119.37 -0.31 69j 152.45 + 0.22 62 121.32 + 0.01 70 154.65 + 0.19 62| 123.28 + 2.30 70| 156.87 -0.37 63 125.27 + 0.87 71 159.10 -0.50 63| 127.26 + 0.67 161.35 -0.76 64 129.27 + 0.61 72 163.61 + 0.64 641 131.30 -0.13 72| 165.89 + 0.85 65 133.34 + 0.53 73 163.19 -5.27 65| 135.40 + 0.26 73| 170.50 + 2.39 66 137.48 + 0.32 74 172.83 + 2.75 66| 139.57 + 0.25 175.17 + 1.70 67 141.68 -0.63 75 177.53 - 67| 143.80 -0.47 Over 75 - The fact here elicited was observed by Quetelet, who says,1 1 Bur T Homme, II. 53, 61. 410 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. " During the period of development, the squares of the weights at different ages are as the fifth powers of the stature," but " the weights of individuals of different heights who have attained their full development are approximately as the squares of their stat- ures." It is remarkable that with the limited number of cases upon which his generalizations were necessarily based, he should have been able to detect the actual law,1 which, however, seems to be much more rigorously true than he suspected. Even during the period of growth subsequent to the age of about 16 years, the increase in weight appears nearer to the 2nd than to the 2|th power of the stature, although when extended to the earliest years of life it evidently requires modification. The corresponding re- sults for the weight of boys would be, according to the formula - Height Weight inches lbs. 15 7.10 20 12.62 25 19.72 30 28.40 35 38.66 40 50.50 45 63.91 50 78.90 55 95.47 which manifestly give weights too large. The circumstance to which Quetelet himself calls attention, that his statistics for chil- dren were collected from classes of society less favored, and in less easy circumstances, than those which furnished the statistics for the more advanced ages, may account for the apparent devia- tion of his own results in the other direction. The facts now available for testing the question are altogether too meager to war- rant any definite conclusions as to the inferior limit to which the ratio between weight and the square of height, remains constant. The results obtained by Quetelet we will here reproduce for the sake of comparison, both in their original form, and as reduced to the units of weight and measure employed in the present investi- gation. 1 Systems Sociale, p. 43. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 411 Mean Weight of Belgian Males, hy Stature, according to Quetelet. Stature Weight Stature Weight centimeters kilograms in. lbs. 50 3.20 19.69 7.06 60 6.20 23.62 13.67 70 9.30 27.56 20.51 80 11.36 31.50 25.06 90 13.50 35.44 29.78 100 15.90 39.37 35.07 110 18.50 43.31 40.80 120 21.72 47.24 47.91 130 26.63 51.18 58.74 140 34.48 51.12 76.05 150 46.29 59.06 102.10 160 57.15 62.99 126.05 170 63.28 66.93 139.57 180 70.61 70.87 155.74 190 75.56 74.80 166.66 It may not be without interest also to compare our results with those deduced by still other investigators. Hutchinson,1 from the weights of 2648 men " at the middle period of life " taken from all classes of society, deduced the val- ues given in the second column of the following table. Since the weight of the clothing was included in these results, we add a third column for the supposed true weight, determined according to the rule of Quetelet, approvingly cited by Hutchinson, which makes the average weight of men's clothing to be one eighteenth part of the weight of the body.2 1 Medico- Chirurgical Transactions, XXIX. 165, 166. 2 Sur I'Homme, II. 44. 412 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. Observed Mean Weight of Englishmen according to Hutchinson. Stature Recorded Weight True Weight in. lbs. lbs. 61 119.9 113.6 62 126.1 119.5 63 132.9 125.9 64 138.6 131.3 65 142.1 134.6 66 144.6 137.0 67 148.4 140.6 68 155.2 147.0 69 162.1 153.6 70 168.6 159.7 71 174.2 165.0 From these observations Hutchinson concluded1 that the weights increased in the- ratio of the 2fth pow'ers of the height, and that the average increment of weight for each inch of height, within the limits of ordinary stature, was about 5.43 pounds. Our own statistics make this increment about 4f pounds for each inch - the value deduced from statures between five and six feet being 4.265, and that from a somewhat wider range, 4.253 pounds. Mr. Elliott, in his learned paper presented to the Statistical Congress of 1863, cites2 the mean weight of the 27 853 recruits to the British army in 1860, from the official statistical report3 of that year, as 128 pounds, their mean age being 21.4 years and their mean stature 66.2 inches ; and that of 12191 recruits in the year 1861 as 131 pounds, corresponding to the mean age 21.0 years, and the stature 66.8 inches. The statures are not compar- able with those of the American army, on account of the mini- mum limit for enlistments, which varied from 64 to 68 inches during these two years; but the mean weights corresponding to the mean statures are fairly comparable, on the assumption that the men were weighed without clothing and measured without their shoes. Boudin, in the very able and comprehensive article already alluded to, which the writer has only succeeded in obtaining since 1 Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, XXIX., 168. 2 On the Military Statistics of the United States of America, pp. 17, 21. 8 Statistical, Sanitary, and Medical Reports for the year 1860. - Army Medical Depart- ment. 1862. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 413 the completion of the present treatise, gives1 the statistics of weight and height of the French regiment of mounted chasseurs of the guard, which had been determined for him by Mr. Allaire, the regimental surgeon. In this regiment of picked men, 705 were ex- amined ; their mean height being found to be 167.9 centimeters [66.10 in.], and their mean weight 64.5 kilograms [142.26 lbs.]. Mr. Elliott states 2 that the mean age of these men was 30 years. M. Boudin farther quotes3 from the Report of a British offi- cial commission " On the Sanitary Condition of Large Cities," the following statistics of the mean stature and weight of men of four European countries. Neither the sources of information are given, nor any account of the classes of men, nor any of the conditions or circumstances of the measurement. For England, at least, there is room for very strong suspicion that the weight of the clothing is included in the given weight of the men, and the height of the average of their boot-heels added to their mean stature. Nation Stature Weight Belgium . . . in. 66| lbs. 1401 Sweden . . . 67 141 Russia.... 68 143 England . . . 69 151 In these data the relations of weight to stature are not dissim- ilar to those which would be inferred from our Table VIII., ex- cept for the Russians, whose weight would according to that table be two or three pounds greater, or their stature three quarters of an inch less. Possibly the stature may include their shoes, while the weight of their clothing has been deducted from their total weight. Considering next the variation in weight for different men of the same height, and still confining ourselves to the white race and to men in full vigor, we obtain the two following tables, which present the maxima and minima observed at each half-inch of stature; the ages of the individuals being also given, together with the total number of men among whom these extreme values were found. 1 Recueil de Memoires de Medecine, de Chirurgie, et de Pharmacie Militaires, IX., 194. 2 Military Statistics of the United Stales of America, p. 17. • Recueil, etc., IX., 195. 414 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XL Limits of Weight observed at Different Statures. White Soldiers. (Earlier Series.) Height No. of Men Maximum Minimum Range Weight Age Weight Age Under 60 11 lbs. 116.8 22 lbs. 72.8 14 lbs. 44.0 60 4 136.8 35 98.8 24 38.0 601 11 132.3 22 99.3 14 33.0 61 25 159.8 27 89.3 14 70.5 64 24 140.3 23 95.3 15 45.0 62 50 153.8 25 98.8 17 55.0 62| 70 155.8 22 94.8 16 61.0 63 99 153.8 20 101.8 23 52.0 631 161 162.3 19 87.3 15 75.0 64 182 163.8 27 100.8 20 63.0 64| 255 178.8 37 96.3 22 82.5 65 260 175.8 44 98.3 18 77.5 651 383 174.8 25 102.3 19 72.5 66 363 175.3 19 101.8 19 73.5 66| 446 224.3 30 99.8 20 124.5 67 419 202.3 18 101.8 31 100.5 67| 526 205.3 25 107.3 24 98.0 68 464 188.8 25 99.3 20 89.5 68| 481 197.8 21 102.8 19 95.0 69 378 200.8 44 107.8 18 80.0 69| 312 191.8 28 102.8 23 89.0 70 273 193.3 18 110.8 18 82.5 701 212 194.8 27 121.3 19 73.5 71 148 195.8 23 127.8 27 68.0 110 228.3 37 119.3 17 109.0 72 76 196.8 31 112.3 36 84.5 721 55 191.8 38 138.8 19 53.0 73 39 206.8 29 137.3 22 69.5 731 20 206.8 22 118.8 24 88.0 74 17 184.8 23 136.3 28 48.5 10 209.8 38 158.8 21 51.0 75 8 205.8 26 145.3 29 60.5 Over 75 4 205.3 20 155.8 25 49.5 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 415 TABLE XII. Limits of Weight observed at Different Statures. White Soldiers. (Later Series.) Height No. of Men Maximum Minimum Range Weight Age Weight Age Under 60 22 lbs. 125.8 25 lbs. 64.8 19 lbs. 61.0 60 11 137.3 26 91.8 17 45.5 60| 23 136.8 21 96.8 16 40.0 61 26 144.3 21 91.8 16 52.5 61| 40 158.8 38 94.8 21 64.0 62 88 154.8 25 90.8 17 64.0 621 117 151.8 27 96.8 21 55.0 63 159 146.8 23 98.8 16 48.0 63| 236 169.8 24 91.8 16 78.0 , 64 315 163.3 36 95.8 22 67.5 641 469 166.8 43 98.8 17 68.0 65 463 175.3 18 98.3 18 77.0 651 664 173.8 41 101.3 19 72.5 66 521 184.8 33 107.3 18 77.5 661 810 194.8 36 104.8 17 90.0 67 763 196.8 25 110.3 21 86.5 671 853 206.8 25 99.8 17 107.0 68 701 213.8 27 111.3 23 102.5 681 688 213.8 24 107.8 16 106.0 69 473 219.8 30 115.8 17 104.0 691 457 196.8 54 113.8 27 83.0 70 323 196.8 43 107.8 18 89.0 701 250 207.8 42 127.8 22 80.0 71 183 213.8 53 123.8 27 90.0 711 135 209.8 24 116.8 29 93.0 72 118 202.8 25 133.8 26 69.0 721 80 200.8 28 137.3 21 63.5 73 47 200.8 35 138.8 24 62.0 731 34 201.8 38 144.8 21 57.0 74 25 209.8 44 145.8 27 64.0 6 191.8 21 150.8 35 41.0 75 4 172.8 19 157.8 36 15.0 Over 75 18 192.8 29 150.8 23 42.0 When we subject the weights of the negroes and Indians to a similar discussion, we find the numbers of men in the several height-groups insufficient for establishing any definite law for 416 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. weight as dependent upon stature, although the indications are decided that a relation holds good for these other races similar to that which we have found to exist in the white race. Our statistics for the full blacks, mulattoes, and Indians, in usual vigor, are assorted by height in the following table. TABLE XIII. Mean Weights of Negroes and Indians, by Height. Height Full Blacks Mulattoes Aggregate Indians No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight Under 60 9 lbs. 116.83 2 lbs. 117.11 11 lbs. 116.88 - lbs. 60 5 118.10 3 121.12 8 119.23 - - 60| 13 124.51 5 123.87 18 124.33 - - 61 12 122.52 4 128.66 16 124.05 - - 61| 19 126.85 10 123.52 29 125.70 - - 62 33 128.68 3 139.89 36 129.61 - - 62| 43 130.38 25 130.56 68 130.45 1 133.79 63 48 131.84 35 131.22 83 131.58 - - 63| 73 130.31 30 136.71 103 132.17 - - 64 74 136.46 46 136.65 120 136.53 1 132.29 64| 102 138.63 47 138.89 149 138.71 2 164.04 65 105 140.71 41 144.21 146 141.69 4 140.04 65| 110 139.94 54 142.49 164 140.78 22 143.36 66 137 140.75 57 143.30 194 141.50 9 146.79 66| 122 144.01 62 149.96 184 146.01 25 143.13 67 135 146.52 44 147.94 179 146.87 25 153.39 67| 116 150.65 60 150.32 176 150.54 116 154.44 68 102 151.81 32 150.99 134 151.61 54 157.84 68| 93 153.74 33 152.70 126 153.47 111 167.12 69 74 156.24 30 158.70 104 156.95 21 168.26 69| 57 159.07 23 157.39 80 158.59 50 174.38 70 32 162.83 21 156.56 53 160.35 17 176.82 70| 32 162.89 8 157.52 40 161.82 22 185.24 71 15 166.50 11 157.32 26 162.62 5 188.19 71j 22 170.02 9 171.56 31 170.47 8 186.29 72 14 167.10 6 163.31 20 165.96 2 209.29 72| 8 170.28 4 180.29 12 173.62 8 198.04 73 3 166.46 - - 3 166.46 1 197.79 73| 1 164.79 - - 1 164.79 1 166.79 74 1 212.00 - - 1 212.00 1 196.79 74| - - 1 170.79 1 170.79 - - 75 - - - - - - - Over 75 3 173.53 2 163.11 5 169.36 1 190.29 417 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. Assuming the law of increase according to the square of the height to hold for the weights of the full blacks, the most probable modulus deducible from our materials is 0.03296, with which the theoretical weights for this race of men have been computed for each half-inch of stature. These and their discordances from the observed mean weights are given in Table XIV. TABLE XIV. Theoretical Weights of .Full Blacks at Different Statures. Height Weight Comp.-Obs. Height Weight Comp.- Obs in. lbs. lbs. in. lbs. lbs. 60 118.7 + 0.6 66| 145.8 + 1.8 60| 120.6 -3.9 67 148.0 + 1.5 61 122.7 + 0.2 67| 150.2 -0.5 61| 124.7 -2.2 68 152.4 + 0.6 62 126.7 -2.0 68| 154.7 + 1.0 62| 128.8 -1.6 69 156.9 + 0.7 63 130.8 - 1.0 69| 159.2 + 0.1 63| 132.9 + 2.6 70 161.5 -1.3 64 135.0 - 1.5 70| 163.8 + 0.9 64| 137.1 - 1.5 71 166.2 -0.3 65 139.3 - 1.4 71| 168.5 -1.5 65| 141.4 + 1.5 72 170.9 + 3.8 66 143.6 + 2.8 72| 173.3 + 3.0 Although the accordances here are neither so close as those ex- hibited in Table X., nor the distribution of their signs so equable, there seems to be small room for doubt that more copious statistics would afford a more perfect agreement between the observed mean weights and those afforded by the law of the squares of the height. For the mulattoes and the Indians our observations are not numerous enough to render similar investigations valuable. So far as we can form any good opinion, it is in favor of the existence of the same law, though with a different modulus for each class of men. The observed limits of weight, among the individuals examined in the several classes of men, are shown by the appended table. 418 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XV. Limits of Weight observed in each Class of Men examined. Class In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor No. Men Max'm Min'm No. Men Max'm Min'm White Soldiers, Earlier Series 5 936 lbs. 228.3 lbs. 72.8 2 162 lbs. 229.8 lbs. 78.3 White Soldiers, Later Series 9 157 219.8 64.8 1 600 230.8 90.3 Sailors 1 144 204.0 58.0 - - - Students 288 190.8 103.8 - - - Full Blacks 1 775 212.0 95.0 226 182.8 96.0 Mulattoes 680 206.0 96.8 140 198.3 74.4 Indians 507 276.8 123.8 9 172.3 128.8 2. Relations of Weight to Age. The variation of weight of the human body with the age was carefully investigated by Quetelet, from the largest collection of materials available at the time. He obtained approximately typi- cal numbers, representing this change and its rate ; and the alter- ations in the ratio of weight to stature gave the corresponding measure of the lateral expansion of the body, or its development in weight irrespective of increase in height. For carrying out a similar investigation upon the extended scale which the present collection of materials permits, the weights of the various classes of men here examined have been assorted with regard both to age and stature, and the means taken for each group. These are presented in the next series of tables, in which, following the fundamental principle which has governed the arrangement and preparation of the present volume, the aim has been to furnish trustworthy facts and materials ready for use, rather than to attempt any thorough discussion. Inevitable re- strictions of time in preparing the work for the press preclude our deduction of inferences to any adequate extent; but the very sim- ple process of converting these tables of actual weight into corre- sponding ones for the ratio between weight and stature will exhibit the average lateral growth for each stature during the years of mili- tary age. The amount of this lateral development will be found somewhat less than Quetelet's statistics imply, as may be inferred from a very slight inspection of the mean weights found for the 419 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. same stature at different ages; and also, crudely but clearly, from the Table XXV., which exhibits the mean weights at each year of age for the several classes of white men and for their total, irre- spective of their height. It will be seen that after deducting one eighteenth part of the total weight, as a crude estimate of the weight of the clothing, the weights found by Forbes for Irish students at the Edinburgh University between the ages of 16 and 26, will accord closely with the results here deduced, for white soldiers, in Tables XXV. and XXVII. The next nine tables (XVI. to XXIV.) contain the mean weights for each year of age (last birthday) and for each succes- sive height, for men in vigorous health only; the assortment being by half-inches of stature for the white soldiers, and by whole inches for the other classes of men. Table XVI. gives the results from the men examined in the earlier series, all of whom were white soldiers ; Table XVII. similarly contains the means for the white soldiers of the later series; and Table XVIII. those deduced from the aggregate of these two series, including a few men of the earlier series, for whom the returns were received, after the completion of Table XVI. In Table XIX. are given the values found for sailors ; in Table XX. those for students ; and in Tables XXI. to XXIV. those for the negroes and Iroquois In- dians. In the last-named four tables, the observed weights at the several half-inches of stature have been aggregated with those for the full inch next preceding, and the means deduced from the sum of the two groups are entered as belonging to the stature repre- sented by the intermediate quarter-inch. The close agreement between the results deduced for full blacks and for mulattoes seemed to make it advisable to consolidate the separate Tables XXI. and XXII. into one, and Table XXIII. was thus formed, comprising all the black men, whether of pure blood or not. To this series of tables are subjoined two others, showing the mean weights of the men at each year of age, their stature being disre- garded ; Table XXV. comprising the results for white men, and Table XXVI. those for the other races to which our observations have extended. 420 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XVI. Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height. (Earlier Series.) Age 64 Inches 64| Inches 65 Inches 65| Inches 66 Inches No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight 15 1 lbs. 112.8 3 lbs. 119.8 4 lbs. 128.5 2 lbs. 114.8 6 lbs. 121.8 16 10 125.6 8 119.4 5 140.0 8 118.7 6 126.3 17 12 129.0 18 124.0 10 138.6 17 129.9 14 130.5 18 26 122.4 26 133.1 17 126.2 40 132.3 31 133.2 .19 16 126.3 28 134.7 37 129.0 32 129.6 43 137.5 20 15 127.9 30 131.4 28 133.0 40 136.6 29 137.1 21 25 131.9 16 137.0 27 132.9 39 138.9 36 134.4 22 14 129.8 22 131.1 17 133.9 35 136.8 25 139.0 23 12 132.4 19 133.6 23 136.0 20 133 1 35 134.9 24 8 127.7 13 137.7 13 136.3 32 138.8 15 139.2 25 3 126.6 7 133.7 9 137.9 12 141.5 18 141.5 26 8 136.4 6 140.5 4 139.4 11 133.3 16 139.4 27 3 127.0 7 134.7 12 139.5 14 137.6 8 136.5 28 4 138.3 5 148.6 8 140.7 10 138.4 16 141.5 29 1 111.8 8 130.2 6 134.5 8 136.8 10 134.1 30 2 136.8 7 141.6 3 140.3 7 137.0 7 146.9 31 1 144.3 1 145.3 3 130.8 5 134.4 2 137.0 32 - - 2 118.3 3 120.6 10 139.2 5 133.2 33 2 129.3 1 118.3 2 152.8 4 144.2 4 140.3 34 1 138.8 2 126.8 3 133.3 1 138.8 4 141.6 35 2 118.0 3 130.6 3 143.1 3 149.5 2 153.0 36 1 145.8 4 142.3 3 132.1 7 150.2 4 134.8 37 1 137.8 3 148.5 - - 3 143.1 1 131.8 38 2 144.5 1 128.8 1 171.3 3 132.0 4 139.0 39 - - 1 169.3 2 124.8 1 135.3 4 144.3 40 - <* 1 138.3 - - 1 111.8 - - 41 1 117.3 - - - - - - - - 42 1 152.3 - - 1 139.8 1 166.8 2 154.0 43 - - 1 150.3 - - - - - 44 - - 1 140.3 1 175.8 1 131.8 - - 45 4 148.4 2 137.5 - - - - 2 142.5 46 1 140.3 1 167.8 - - - - - - 47 - - - - - - - - - - 48 1 142.3 - - - - - - - - 49 - - - - - - - - - - 50 - - 1 117.3 1 166.3 1 128.8 - - 51 - - 1 114.8 - - 1 123.8 - - 52 - - - - - - - -* - - 53 - - - - 1 119.8 - - - - 54 - - - - - - - -• - - 55 •* - - - - - •* - - WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 421 TABLE XVI. - ( Mean Weights of White Soldiers, hy Age and Height. (Earlier Series.) Age 66| Inches 67 Inches 671 Inches 68 Inches 68| Inches No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight 15 2 lbs. 119.0 - lbs. - lbs. 1 lbs. 120.3 - lbs. 16 4 123.4 2 137.3 3 142.1 5 132.0 - - 17 17 128.4 14 134.4 16 135.6 8 136.5 13 142.8 18 31 131.6 38 137.6 34 142.3 27 138.9 24 143.6 19 42 135.7 38 141.2 53 139.2 37 139.2 32 139.7 20 60 139.8 52 138.7 51 143.5 47 147.1 54 148.6 21 41 142.3 43 143.1 55 141.9 45 145.9 55 147.4 22 39 141.8 42 143 9 51 146.1 40 148.6 35 148.0 23 22 138.4 30 142.7 42 145.3 32 142.9 45 146.5 24 26 137.0 17 148.0 40 149.0 41 147.2 32 151.3 25 26 141.9 15 148.9 22 147.7 24 154.0 29 152.0 26 17 145.5 17 147.4 18 143.6 18 148.5 22 154.8 27 12 140.9 16 141.0 19 152.9 15 148.4 21 150.5 28 14 141.5 12 144.0 9 147.8 16 149.9 19 148.7 29 6 138.6 6 142.3 9 148.5 20 150.3 14 150.3 30 10 155.9 10 147.3 15 151.4 18 146.1 11 162.5 31 4 134.7 7 138.6 5 149.6 8 147.6 7 146.6 32 7 142.3 9 149.1 7 142.4 8 152.6 4 158.2 33 9 158.9 1 151.8 5 141.6 7 147.9 7 150.2 34 4 144.5 5 151.7 7 151.9 7 154.1 7 155.1 35 3 150.0 12 146.5 9 148.1 4 156.8 8 153.0 36 8 139.7 3 153.0 4 141.5 1 149.8 5 155.7 37 3 144.8 3 137.6 6 147.5 3 133.8 5 150.8 38 4 134.3 3 140.8 2 139.0 1 144.3 1 149.8 39 4 136.9 1 126.3 3 146.0 - - 1 124.3 40 1 160.8 2 171.3 3 173.0 2 147.8 2 154.0 41 4 140.7 - - 3 148.6 - - 1 153.3 42 1 147.3 - - 6 150.9 - - 2 139.0 43 - - 1 152.3 1 154.3 3 140.6 4 156.9 44 1 150.8 2 154 3 3 141.6 2 133.5 3 155.8 45 2 153.8 2 161.0 - - 1 139.8 - - 46 3 143.5 2 139.3 1 143.8 - - 2 163.5 47 1 143.3 - - - - 1 158.8 - - 48 2 150.3 - - 1 140.8 - 1 164.3 49 1 160.8 - •* - - - - - - 50 - - 1 156.8 - - 1 143.5 - - 51 1 123.8 1 147.3 - - - - - - 52 - - - - - - 1 144.8 - - 53 - - - - 1 144.8 - - - - 54 - - - - - - - - - - 55 - - - - - - - * - Ij 422 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XVI. - ( Continued.') Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height. (Earlier Series.) Age 69 Inches 69| Inches 70 Inches 70J Inches No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight 15 - lbs. lbs. - lbs. lbs. 16 2 125.5 1 113.3 - - - 17 3 142.6 3 135.6 3 150.5 4 140.3 18 27 141.1 13 149.9 12 150.3 10 145.7 19 30 146.1 22 147.0 21 146.6 10 152.8 20 37 150.2 27 144.8 24 153.4 14 152.7 21 37 146.6 34 153.0 29 156.2 26 154.8 22 36 151.5 29 147.6 32 158.3 18 152.9 23 29 150.8 18 146.4 23 153.9 20 150.4 24 23 150.6 20 150.4 19 152.7 19 162.6 25 20 154.3 22 154.3 19 155.5 12 162.8 26 11 151.4 17 153.4 6 156.5 15 158.2 27 16 149.8 16 155.3 10 152.1 8 159.2 28 20 150.6 15 156.5 12 156.4 7 160.4 29 7 147.2 9 156.9 8 159.2 8 166.0 30 7 160.4 5 152.8 8 158.4 2 154.5 31 7 152.3 8 162.2 5 149.1 3 162.5 32 5 156.2 4 148.7 7 163.9 4 174.5 33 3 160.5 6 155.8 1 175.8 5 161.9 34 3 146.3 2 170.0 2 151.5 3 179.1 35 10 143.6 5 139.5 4 141.8 2 161.8 36 4 156.5 - - 1 161.3 2 160.3 37 5 152.5 4 152.4 1 160.3 - - 38 3 156.3 2 163.8 3 154.8 1 151.3 39 - - 1 148.8 4 158.9 4 153.3 40 1 136.8 2 173.0 - - 2 177.3 41 - - 1 166.8 1 138.8 2 161.5 42 5 165.7 4 148.8 2 177.0 1 181.8 43 4 143.6 2 161.3 - - - - 44 2 186.0 2 158.5 1 140.8 1 159.8 45 1 152.8 2 146.8 2 154.3 - - 46 1 160.8 - - 1 172.8 - - 47 1 162.8 - - - - - - 48 2 154.5 2 158.8 - - - - 49 - - - - - - - - 50 1 146.8 - - - - - - 51 - - - - 1 150.3 - - 52 - - - - - - - - 53 - - 1 150.3 2 164.3 - - 54 - - - T- - - - - 55 - - - - - - WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 423 TABLE XVII. Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height. (Later Series.) Age 64 Inches 641 Inches 65 Inches 65 £ Inches 66 Inches No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight 15 2 lbs. 116.8 - lbs. 4 lbs. 127.8 - lbs. 3 lbs. 117.8 16 9 123.6 9 119.7 9 114.1 10 129.1 7 125.4 17 17 124.5 22 118.4 17 122.7 19 131.2 18 130.7 18 33 122.0 50 127.1 40 127.0 53 128.2 53 130.2 19 36 122.8 37 127.0 43 128.0 50 131.0 41 133.2 20 14 128.4 43 129.7 42 133.6 58 131.8 42 135.9 21 32 131.7 37 130.1 37 134.2 51 134.7 47 136.5 22 23 129.1 44 133.5 46 135.2 67 133.6 38 139.6 23 20 137.7 38 133.1 31 135.6 48 136.8 27 139.6 24 17 132.7 22 133.0 26 133.9 48 137.2 38 141.7 25 19 134.0 20 127.1 24 131.3 22 136.5 28 137.7 26 7 136.9 14 135.4 14 133.1 32 139.7 17 141.6 27 6 126.9 17 134.9 17 134.6 17 135.7 15 144.5 28 8 129.3 14 137.6 13 137.7 18 138.5 19 136.2 29 9 130.4 18 135.3 10 134.7 18 135.7 6 135.9 30 5 139.3 10 130.4 8 130.3 22 136.2 20 141.5 31 7 132.6 7 133.9 7 125.5 15 137.7 7 147.6 32 6 136.0 9 128.8 15 133.8 17 138.0 12 140.6 33 9 132.0 8 130.7 5 138.3 6 143.0 14 150.7 34 3 137.8 7 131.1 6 131.3 15 135.3 6 139.7 35 5 131.4 10 131.8 9 131.3 4 133.9 8 139.0 36 5 141.6 4 146.6 6 130.7 9 141.5 6 137.0 37 - - 3 131.5 3 138.8 8 136.8 9 138.9 38 6 133.6 7 128.4 5 132.9 7 139.0 5 145.3 39 4 137.2 3 130.5 4 137.9 5 134.2 7 138.7 40 2 127.5 2 120.5 3 129.0 9 141.9 4 148.0 41 1 150.8 - - 3 127.1 4 153.8 2 125.5 42 2 128.8 3 142.8 3 137.7 4 136.8 6 137.2 43 2 127.3 4 138.5 3 138.8 4 143.0 2 132.3 44 1 140.8 2 137.3 3 145.1 2 139.8 5 141.2 45 3 132.1 1 128.8 2 150.3 6 143.7 2 150.8 46 - - 1 111.8 - - 5 135.6 2 143.8 47 1 115.8 - - 1 118.8 1 138.8 - - 48 - - 1 124.8 2 129.3 1 131.8 2 135.8 49 - - - - - - - - - - 50 1 124.8 • - - - 4 136.9 - - 51 - - 1 148.8 - - 2 139.8 - •- 52 - - - - - - 1 142.8 1 137.8 53 - - - - - - - - - - 54 - - - - - - 1 160.3 - - 55 - •• - - - - 1 143.8 2 138.8 424 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XVII. - ( Continued.') Mean Weights of White Soldiers, hy Age and Height. (Later Series.) Age 66} Inches 67 Inches 67} Inches 68 Inches 68} Inches No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight 15 2 lbs. 133.8 1 lbs. 115.8 - lbs. - lbs. - lbs. 16 10 128.3 11 130.9 7 129.3 5 132.1 4 124.9 17 18 126.4 20 136.7 10 133.1 11 132.2 5 138.0 18 52 131.0 40 133.2 50 137.9 47 139.4 48 141.7 19 53 136.5 51 136.5 52 141.0 54 143.6 48 145.1 20 87 137.3 69 141.4 77 142.3 64 145.0 55 146.0 21 72 137.9 64 138.7 85 143.3 59 146.2 61 146.7 22 92 137.7 74 141.4 84 142.4 73 143.8 57 146.2 23 50 139.8 48 140.6 61 143.8 59 148.0 51 148.1 24 65 141.8 59 145.2 70 146.9 51 147.5 58 149.4 25 41 143.2 31 148.1 36 145.1 35 148.0 41 148.1 26 32 139.4 39 145.1 37 145.4 24 151.0 37 150.1 27 19 144.3 27 145.2 23 149.6 27 150.3 28 152.7 28 21 137.4 27 144.9 40 147.9 29 143.9 30 153.4 29 25 139.8 20 147.2 20 144.5 18 147.9 23 152.4 30 19 142.2 30 146.1 24 146.1 24 149.2 20 147.3 31 13 140.0 18 143.2 14 142.6 11 147.9 8 150.2 32 20 140.1 11 138.5 19 146.3 17 146.3 19 146.4 33 9 149.0 11 144.1 18 150.3 9 151.6 9 152.6 34 5 147.4 14 146.2 24 146.3 10 147.0 19 148.3 35 20 146.6 16 143.9 17 149.9 7 147.4 18 151.3 36 11 153.8 11 144.6 12 147.6 4 154.4 9 148.7 37 9 135.5 9 142.0 9 151.7 8 148.9 3 145.8 38 17 138.9 8 151.8 9 151.5 6 143.6 6 151.3 39 5 144.9 6 148.0 8 146.6 11 149.1 4 138.4 40 3 161.6 10 146.2 9 148.2 8 143.7 6 150.5 41 4 140.9 6 144.0 2 136.0 5 139.9 2 144.3 42 4 146.0 5 137.6 5 135.4 3 149.1 10 149.3 43 7 149.8 4 151.0 8 141.5 1 122.8 5 150.7 44 7 149.5 7 149.9 4 145.9 4 152.3 1 142.3 45 3 151.5 2 133.5 6 145.9 9 149.2 - - 46 4 143.8 2 154.5 1 146.3 2 152.0 - - 47 1 138.3 3 142.8 2 157.8 - - - - 48 2 115.4 4 137.8 2 160.0 1 173.8 1 135.8 49 1 141.8 - - 1 144.8 - - - - 50 4 132.5 1 150.8 1 156.8 - - - - 51 - - 1 163.3 - * 1 127.8 - - 52 - - - - 1 131.8 - - - - 53 1 133.8 - •• 1 128.3 2 142.3 1 159.8 54 1 143.8 1 156.8 1 139.8 - - 1 157.8 55 - - - - WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 425 TABLE XVII. - (Continued.) Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height. (Later Series.) Age 69 Inches 69 j Inches 70 Inches 70 j Inches No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight 15 - lbs. 1 lbs. 156.8 1 lbs. 146.8 - lbs. 16 2 167.0 - - - - - 17 9 136.2 6 138.5 3 134.5 3 147.7 18 43 143.8 23 148.9 20 147.7 8 148.7 19 27 141.8 21 151.3 15 149.5 16 152.5 20 38 148.4 30 149.6 23 150.5 18 156.2 21 43 153.9 51 150.7 35 151.4 30 158.0 22 33 150.5 38 150.9 23 160.8 18 157.7 23 40 150.6 38 155.8 27 151.3 16 154.4 24 32 149.6 42 157.6 22 156.1 15 156.8 25 29 149.9 19 160.9 22 150.8 13 159.5 26 17 154.1 26 150.9 12 161.5 16 157.5 27 24 153.8 22 151.5 18 158.0 14 159.2 28 23 150.4 18 155.8 11 159.0 10 162.0 29 14 146.9 14 152.3 8 158.0 7 156.9 30 14 152.1 12 161.6 14 162.8 9 156.9 31 6 149.8 8 160.1 7 159.5 8 162.5 32 5 164.0 9 152.6 10 152.8 7 162.4 33 7 159.7 14 154.0 5 152.2 6 156.0 34 7 156.2 14 155.0 10 159.4 7 152.9 35 2 157.0 9 148.6 7 148.8 4 154.9 36 6 151.5 2 147.3 6 167.5 2 160.3 37 13 162.6 10 148.0 3 164.4 4 163.8 38 6 155.5 9 154.8 4 154.0 5 161.3 39 2 152.5 1 175.8 5 148.9 7 166.5 40 4 161.8 4 162.2 - - 1 160.8 41 2 141.5 3 153.5 5 146.2 1 183.3 42 8 145.3 1 146.3 2 163.5 2 193.8 43 2 153.5 2 153.8 3 164.6 2 155.5 44 9 158.8 3 150.5 ■1 177.8 2 140.8 45 2 152.3 2 149.8 - - 2 151.5 46 - - - - - * 1 151.8 47 - - - - - - 1 141.3 48 - - 1 161.8 - - - 49 2 146.3 1 155.8 1 164.3 - - 50 - - - - - - - - 51 1 174.8 - - - - - - 52 1 164.8 - - - - - - 53 - - - - - - - - 54 - - 2 196.8 - - - - 55 - - 1 161.3 - - - - 426 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XVIII. Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height. {Both Series.) Age 64 Inches 64J Inches 65 Inches 65.} Inches 66 Inches No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight 15 3 lbs. 115.5 3 lbs. 119.8 8 lbs. 128.2 2 lbs. 114.8 9 lbs. 120.5 16 19 124.7 18 119.7 14 123.4 18 124.5 13 125.8 17 29 126.4 40 121.0 27 128.6 36 130.6 32 130.6 18 59 122.2 77 129.1 58 127.0 93 130.0 86 131.4 19 52 123.9 65 130.3 81 128.4 82 130.4 84 135.4 20 29 128.1 73 130.4 70 133.4 98 133.8 74 136.4 21 57 131.8 54 132.4 67 133.6 92 136.4 85 135.8 22 37 129.4 66 132.7 63 134.9 105 134.8 64 139.6 23 32 135.7 58 133.3 56 135.4 70 135.7 64 137.3 24 25 131.1 35 134.7 42 135.3 81 137.9 56 140.8 25 22 133.0 27 128.8 33 133.1 35 137.7 46 139.2 26 16 136.1 21 137.6 19 134.6 43 138.0 33 140.6 27 10 130.6 24 134.8 29 136.6 31 136.6 23 141.7 28 12 132.3 19 140.5 21 138.9 29 138.5 35 138.6 29 11 128.2 27 133.6 16 134.6 28 136.2 16 134.8 30 7 138.6 17 135.0 11 133.1 29 136.4 27 142.9 31 8 134.0 8 135.4 10 127.1 20 136.8 9 145.3 32 6 136.0 11 126.9 18 131.6 28 139.0 17 138.4 33 11 131.5 9 129.3 7 142.4 10 143.4 18 148.4 34 4 138.0 9 130.1 9 132.0 16 135.6 10 140.5 35 7 127.6 13 131.5 12 134.3 7 140.6 10 141.8 36 6 142.3 8 144.4 10 133.0 16 145.3 10 136.1 37 1 137.8 6 140.0 3 138.8 11 138.5 10 138.2 38 8 136.4 8 128.5 6 139.3 10 136.9 9 142.5 39 4 137.2 4 140.2 6 133.5 6 134.4 12 140.5 40 2 127.5 3 126.5 3 129.0 10 138.9 4 148.0 41 2 134.0 - - 3 127.1 4 153.8 2 125.5 42 4 136.2 3 142.8 4 138.2 5 142.8 8 141.4 43 2 127.3 5 140.9 3 138.8 4 143.0 2 132.3 44 1 140.8 3 138.5 4 152.8 3 137.1 5 141.2 45 7 141.4 3 134.6 2 150.3 6 143.7 4 146.7 46 1 140.3 2 139.8 - - 5 135.6 2 143.8' 47 1 115.8 - - 1 118.8 1 138.8 - - 48 1 142.3 1 124.8 2 129.3 1 131.8 2 135.8 49 - - - - - - - - - - 50 1 124.8 1 117.3 1 166.3 5 135.3 - - 51 - - 2 131.8 - - 3 134.5 - - 52 - - - - - - 1 142.8 1 137.8 53 - - - - 1 119.8 - - - - 54 - - - - - - 1 160.3 - - 55 - - - - - - 1 143.8 2 138.8 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 427 TABLE XVIII. - Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height (Both Series.) Age 66| Inches 67 Inches 67£ Inches 68 Inches 68j Inches No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight 15 4 lbs. 126.4 1 lbs. 115.8 - lbs. 1 lbs. 120.3 - lbs. 16 14 126.9 13 131.9 10 133.2 10 132.0 4 124.9 17 36 127.5 35 135.4 26 134.6 20 134.8 18 141.5 18 83 131.2 78 135.3 86 139.4 75 139.5 72 142.3 19 95 136.1 90 138.6 108 140.0 91 141.8 83 143.1 20 149 138.5 121 140.2 130 142.8 112 146.0 110 147.3 21 116 139.6 110 140.2 141 142.9 108 146.2 120 147.5 22 134 138.9 117 142.3 137 144.1 114 145.5 93 147.0 23 74 139.7 80 141.5 104 144.5 92 146.3 96 147.3 24 91 140.4 78 145.9 112 147.9 96 147.4 91 150.1 25 67 142.7 46 148.4 61 146.2 62 150.4 72 149.8 26 49 141.6 56 145.8 57 145.1 42 149.9 60 152.4 27 31 143.0 44 143.6 43 151.4 42 149.6 50 151.5 28 35 139.0 39 144.6 49 147.9 45 146.1 49 151.5 29 31 139.6 26 146.1 29 145.7 39 149.0 38 151.2 30 29 147.0 41 147.0 39 148.2 42 147.9 31 152.7 31 17 138.7 25 141.9 19 144.5 19 147.8 15 148.5 32 27 140.7 20 143.3 27 145.4 25 148.3 23 148.4 33 18 149.0 12 144.8 23 148.4 17 149.8 16 151.5 34 9 146.1 19 147.7 31 147.6 17 149.9 26 150.1 35 23 147.0 28 145.0 26 149.3 11 150.8 26 151.9 36 19 147.8 14 146.4 16 146.1 5 153.5 14 151.2 37 13 139.8 12 140.9 15 150.0 12 145.0 8 148.9 38 21 138.1 11 148.8 11 149.2 7 143.7 7 151.1 39 9 141.4 7 144.9 11 146.4 11 149.1 5 135.6 40 5 156.9 12 150.4 12 154.4 11 145.8 8 151.4 41 9 142.1 6 144.0 5 143.6 5 139.9 3 147.3 42 5 146.3 5 137.6 12 143.1 3 149.1 12 147.6 43 7 149.8 5 151.3 9 142.9 4 136.2 9 153.5 44 8 149.7 9 150.9 7 144.1 6 146.0 4 152.4 45 5 152.4 4 147.3 6 145.9 10 148.3 - - 46 7 143.7 4 146.9 2 145.0 2 152.0 2 163.5 47 2 140.8 3 142.8 2 157.8 1 158.8 - - 48 4 132.8 4 137.8 3 153.6 1 173.8 2 150.0 49 2 151.3 - - 1 144.8 - - - - 50 4 132.5 2 153.8 1 156.8 1 143.5 - - 51 1 123.8 2 155.3 - - 1 127.8 - 52 - - - - 1 131.8 1 144.8 - 53 1 133.8 - - 2 136.5 2 142.3 1 159.8 54 1 143.8 1 156.8 2 132.3 - - 1 157.8 55 - - - - - - - 428 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XVIII. - ( Continued.') Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height. (Both Series.) Age 69 Inches 69 J Inches 70 Inches 70j Inches No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight 15 - lbs. 1 lbs. 156.8 1 lbs. 146.8 - lbs. 16 4 146.3 1 113.3 *- - - - 17 12 137.8 9 137.5 6 142.5 7 143.9 18 70 142.7 36 149.3 32 148.7 18 147.1 19 58 144.2 43 149.1 36 147.8 26 152.6 20 77 149.3 58 147.4 47 152.0 33 154.7 21 81 150.8 87 152.0 65 153.8 56 156.5 22 70 150.9 69 149.5 58 159.3 36 155.3 23 72 151.3 56 152.8 52 152.4 38 151.9 24 58 150.0 63 155.4 43 154.8 37 160.0 25 50 151.9 42 157.6 41 153.0 26 161.8 26 29 152.9 45 152.6 18 159.8 31 157.8 27 40 152.2 38 153.1 28 155.9 24 161.9 28 43 150.5 33 156.2 23 157.6 17 161.4 29 21 147.0 25 153.9 16 158.6 15 161.8 30 22 155.3 17 159.0 22 161.2 11 156.5 31 13 151.1 17 161.1 12 155.2 6 162.5 32 10 160.1 13 151.4 17 157.4 11 166.8 33 10 159.9 20 154.6 6 156.1 11 158.7 34 10 153.2 16 156.9 12 158.1 10 160.8 35 12 145.9 14 145.4 11 146.2 6 157.2 36 10 153.5 2 147.3 7 166.7 4 160.3 37 18 159.8 14 149.3 4 163.4 4 163.8 38 9 155.7 11 156.4 7 154.4 6 159.6 39 2 152.5 2 162.3 9 153.3 11 161.7 40 5 156.8 6 165.8 - - 3 171.8 41 2 141.5 4 156.8 6 145.0 3 168.8 42 13 153.1 5 148.3 4 170.3 3 189.8 43 6 146.9 4 157.5 3 164.6 2 155.5 44 11 163.7 5 153.7 2 159.3 3 147.1 45 3 152.5 4 148.3 2 154.3 2 151.5 46 1 160.8 - - 1 172.8 1 151.8 47 1 162.8 - - - - 1 141.3 48 2 154.5 3 159.8 - - - - 49 2 146.3 1 155.8 1 164.3 - - 50 1 146.8 - - - - - - 51 1 174.8 - - 1 150.3 - - 52 1 164.8 - - - - - - 53 - - 1 150.3 2 164.3 - - 54 - - 2 196.8 - - - - 55 - - 1 161.3 - - - -* 429 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XIX. Mean Weights of Sailors, by Age and Height. Age 64j Inches 65| Inches 66| Inches 67| Inches 68| Inches 69| Inches 70| Inches No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. 16 1 lbs. 116.0 lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 17 1 121.3 - - 2 116.0 18 4 110.2 2 143.3 2 135.6 3 141.6 2 141.5 1 151.0 - - 19 8 122.5 10 124.6 5 131.0 2 145.0 1 125.0 2 174.0 - - 20 11 121.4 12 127.1 11 133.9 10 143.9 5 140.2 5 138.6 2 143.4 21 15 131.4 20 129.1 15 137.6 16 137.7 13 143.9 12 143.4 4 157.0 22 14 132.6 24 142.0 16 135.0 17 143.9 11 158.5 8 147.9 4 159.0 23 5 129.2 11 132.8 12 145.8 13 144.4 7 148.8 5 152.8 1 159.0 24 16 139.5 16 134.6 10 142.1 13 146.3 17 157.8 7 154.3 5 158.3 25 14 135 5 15 142.7 10 147.2 15 138.3 13 154.6 9 156.4 5 156.8 26 9 134.1 11 135.6 2 140.0 12 146.7 7 153.2 5 153.0 3 157.8 27 3 130.7 6 132.7 8 142.7 3 149.3 5 142.3 5 152.6 3 154.0 28 8 132.6 4 139.8 6 146.0 14 151.3 6 151.8 4 154.5 2 161.4 29 8 130.2 11 136.9 9 142.0 4 137.3 3 151.0 2 137.0 1 149.0 30 2 131.0 7 131.4 4 146.1 5 145.2 6 140.7 1 128.0 - - 31 5 130.8 6 142.5 2 136.9 2 150.9 3 138.3 - - 2 164.5 32 4 138.8 7 135.8 1 153.0 8 145.9 3 144.3 3 155.3 1 150.0 33 2 139.8 2 133.5 2 142.5 2 142.5 - - - - 1 149.0 34 5 137.8 - - 3 142.1 2 141.0 2 155.8 1 160.0 - - 35 2 147.0 3 142.7 4 146.2 2 145.9 2 146.0 4 152.9 - - 36 3 147.0 5 141.7 - - 2 143.8 - - 2 155.0 3 157.3 37 - - - - 1 143.0 2 136.5 1 158.0 - - - - 38 - - 1 146.8 2 150.1 1 123.0 - - 1 140.0 - - 39 2 131.0 1 124.0 2 145.5 2 159.9 1 184.0 - - - - 40 1 137.0 1 133.0 1 135.0 - - 1 173.8 1 148.0 - - 41 - - 1 133.0 - - - - - - 1 133.0 - - 42 - - 1 148.0 1 129.0 1 168.0 - - - - - - 43 1 137.0 - - - - - - 1 134.0 - - - - 44 - - - - - - 1 164.0 - - - - - - 45 2 128.9 - - 2 144.5 Over 45 2 150.5 1 139.0 1 115.0 2 167.6 - - 3 149.3 430 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XX. Mean Weights of Students, by Age and Height. Age 64} Inches 65} Inches 66} Inches 67} Inches 68} Inches 69} Inches 70} Inches No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. 17 - lbs. - Ibs. 1 lbs. 127.8 1 Ibs. 120.8 1 lbs. 133.8 - lbs. - lbs. 18 2 112.8 1 111.8 1 139.8 - - - - 2 127.5 - - 19 3 132.1 8 124.5 5 121.8 5 124.5 6 130.0 7 145.3 1 150.8 20 1 114.8 7 126.5 7 136.5 8 130.3 13 132.4 15 138.8 8 147.4 21 3 123.0 7 126.4 11 130.1 11 128.5 10 138.5 9 143.3 16 145.0 22 1 113.8 6 121.6 5 131.8 7 131.9 6 136.5 6 147.5 6 152.5 23 1 105.8 - - 1 142.3 1 133.3 1 131.8 4 142.3 - - 24 2 125.8 - - 1 142.8 2 125.8 4 136.2 2 132.3 - - 25 1 123.3 - - 3 134.8 1 144.8 2 146.3 1 143.8 1 153.8 26 - - 1 134.8 2 125.3 - 27 - - 1 119.8 - - - - 1 139.8 - - 2 150.3 Over 27 - - 2 120.6 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 431 TABLE XXI. Mean Weights of Full Blacks, by Age and Height. Age 64} Inches 65} Inches 66} Inches 67} Inches 68} Inches 69} Inches 70} Inches No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. 15 & und. 1 lbs. 137.7 1 lbs. 102.8 - lbs. 1 lbs. 131.0 - lbs. - lbs. - lbs. 16 1 145.0 8 128.3 4 120.8 1 129.3 1 146.8 1 153.8 - - 17 5 128.5 6 131.5 4 133.2 9 128.8 2 143.8 2 151.1 - - 18 9 126.4 10 130.5 13 134.9 7 136.4 7 144.7 3 152.2 2 148.8 19 12 136.0 7 131.1 11 133.2 12 139.8 11 144.9 6 149.3 3 154.9 20 19 140.7 26 139.1 26 142.8 23 147.4 17 149.2 7 156.3 2 143.5 21 19 139.8 20 143.9 19 142.5 21 146.4 15 155.6 8 152.4 2 160.0 22 23 137.7 24 143.5 28 140.9 20 151.9 18 152.4 11 157.4 5 162.3 23 16 137.1 23 140.9 29 143.5 24 149.7 23 151.6 14 156.5 - - 24 8 139.9 9 144.0 26 144.1 30 151.9 21 157.5 16 159.0 11 160.4 25 8 131.8 14 143.4 18 145.4 17 151.4 16 156.9 10 150.9 12 166.4 26 8 133.9 9 150.9 10 146.5 20 151.0 9 150.4 4 151.5 4 172.3 27 9 135.8 4 149.0 8 144.7 14 151.6 10 153.9 4 164.5 1 134.0 28 5 138.2 10 142.8 12 147.7 9 145.8 12 155.3 8 156.4 6 164.8 29 3 146.0 3 135.4 8 143.7 7 155.4 4 148.9 7 163.4 1 166.8 30 5 140.5 8 140.4 9 141.1 4 150.1 7 156.6 5 162.4 3 162.1 31 2 145.2 3 137.9 3 131.3 4 154.8 3 155.7 3 150.2 1 173.0 32 2 124.3 4 135.8 5 149.7 3 148.5 1 174.8 3 196.5 2 163.8 33 1 135.0 3 140.7 2 143.4 3 147.2 2 146.9 1 152.5 - - 34 2 143.3 3 149.9 3 156.0 2 159.8 1 168.3 4 151.3 1 174.8 35 3 141.9 4 135.6 4 144.6 1 170.0 2 153.4 1 161.8 - - 36 1 137.0 3 151.9 1 152.8 3 151.5 1 140.8 - - 1 170.8 37 2 151.5 2 129.4 3 142.9 1 165.0 3 159.6 3 162.0 1 170.8 38 1 137.8 4 139.4 1 131.8 2 141.8 1 119.3 - - 1 159.8 39 2 150.0 2 140.9 - - 3 139.3 - - 1 150.0 - - 40 3 144.9 1 153.0 7 142.2 1 156.0 2 146.1 1 184.8 1 177.8 41 - - - - - - 1 174.3 - - - - - - 42 - - - - 2 151.4 1 156.8 1 156.8 - - 2 165.0 43 3 142.9 - - - - 1 134.8 1 126.8 - - 1 145.4 44 - - - - - - - - 1 154.8 - - - - 45 1 132.4 - - - - - - - - 3 160.7 - - 46 1 146.8 - - 1 153.4 - - - - 1 179.8 - - 47 - - - - - - 1 138.3 1 173.8 - - 1 186.5 48 1 151.4 1 130.8 - - 1 144.3 2 160.3 2 146.9 - - 49 - - - - - - 2 152.8 - - - - - - 50 - - - - 2 145.9 - - - - - - - Over 50 - 3 144.8 - - 2 152.3 - - 2 164.9 - - 432 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXII. Mean Weights of by Age and Height. Age 64| Inches 65| Inches 66j Inches 67J Inches 681 Inches 69| Inches 70| Inches No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. wt. 15 & und. - lbs. 2 lbs. 116.8 - lbs. 1 lbs. 139.8 - lbs. - lbs. - lbs. 16 4 117.6 - - 2 123.1 - - 1 112.0 - - - - 17 6 130.9 1 121.8 2 136.8 - 18 4 119.1 2 165.8 3 125.5 5 138.8 5 138.0 1 132.8 1 144.8 19 7 124.5 4 139.8 11 136.0 4 136.9 2 134.8 3 151.9 - - 20 9 134.9 12 135.2 7 137.4 10 139.5 9 154.2 2 155.3 5 145.3 21 6 138.0 5 134.4 11 150.8 9 145.2 - - 3 149.0 3 154.1 22 10 147.0 8 141.0 9 147.0 7 149.6 10 156.8 4 158.1 2 164.8 23 6 137.2 5 140.5 13 146.4 10 150.0 6 148.1 6 164.6 3 159.5 24 7 139.5 10 150.2 9 152.6 11 147.2 2 171.3 5 162.8 3 163.2 25 4 146.5 6 140.3 6 153.3 12 154.1 4 156.8 5 155.7 - - 26 - - 5 150.8 9 154.0 4 157.6 3 151.0 5 151.7 1 149.8 27 2 145.9 4 156.4 4 162.1 2 167.8 1 157.8 6 157.1 1 181.8 28 5 131.0 - - 4 144.5 3 151.5 2 153.5 1 132.0 2 170.3 29 2 151.5 7 152.9 4 154.4 1 147.8 - - - - 4 164.8 30 3 148.5 4 147.0 2 146.2 8 151.2 3 147.9 4 157.8 2 144.0 31 2 148.3 - - 2 137.8 1 156.8 1 162.4 1 175.0 - - 32 - - 2 139.2 2 150.8 5 153.5 2 161.8 1 141.8 1 123.0 33 - - - - 3 149.2 - - 1 164.8 - - - - 34 - - 2 141.6 - - 2 154.4 2 142.0 - - - - 35 5 144.6 2 142.0 2 149.8 - - 3 144.5 - - - - 36 - - 1 141.8 2 148.6 - - 3 163.5 1 164.8 - - 37 3 147.5 3 139.5 1 154.0 1 157.8 1 146.8 1 201.8 - - 38 - - 2 154.8 2 139.8 - - - - 1 163.8 - - 39 3 140.7 1 150.8 1 147.8 3 157.0 - - 1 173.8 - - 40 1 155.8 3 146.5 1 146.8 - - - - - - 1 179.0 41 - 42 - - 1 147.8 - - - - 1 142.4 1 181.8 - - 43 2 131.4 - - 2 151.4 1 167.8 - - 1 154.8 - - 44 1 131.0 1 140.8 - - 1 162.0 - - - - - - 45 - - 2 131.9 1 156.8 - - 1 152.8 - - - - 46 - - - - 2 150.3 - - 1 159.8 - - - - 47 48 1 144.4 - - 1 142.8 1 159.8 - - - - - - 49 50 - - - - - - 2 150.6 1 161.8 - - - - Over 50 - WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 433 TABLE XXIII. Mean Weights of all Negroes, by Age and Height. Age 64| Inches 65| Inches 66| Inches 871 Inches 68| Inches 69| Inches 70| Inches No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. Under 16 1 lbs. 137.8 3 lbs. 112.1 - lbs. 2 lbs. 135.4 lbs. - lbs. - lbs. 16 5 123.1 8 128.3 6 121.6 1 129.3 2 129.4 1 153.8 - - 17 11 129.8 7 130.1 6 134.4 9 128.8 2 143.8 2 151.1 - - 18 13 124.2 12 136.4 16 133.1 12 137.4 12 141.9 4 147.3 3 147.5 19 19 131.8 11 134.2 22 134.6 16 139.1 13 143.4 9 150.2 3 154.9 20 28 138.8 38 137.9 33 141.7 33 145.0 26 150.9 9 156.0 7 144.8 21 25 139.4 25 142.0 30 145.6 30 146.0 15 155.6 11 151.5 5 156.5 22 33 140.8 32 142.9 37 142.4 27 152.3 28 153.9 15 157.6 7 163.0 23 22 137.1 28 140.8 42 144.4 34 149.8 29 150.9 20 158.9 3 159.5 24 15 139.7 19 147.3 35 146.2 41 150.6 23 158.7 21 159.9 14 161.0 25 12 136.7 20 142.5 24 147.1 29 152.5 20 156.9 15 152.5 12 166.4 26 8 138.2 14 150.9 19 150.1 24 152.1 12 150.6 9 151.6 5 167.8 27 11 137.7 8 152.7 12 150.5 16 153.6 11 154.2 10 160.1 2 157.9 28 10 134.6 10 142.9 16 146.9 12 147.2 14 155.0 9 153.7 8 166.2 29 5 148.2 10 147.6 12 147.3 8 154.4 4 148.9 7 163.4 5 165.2 30 8 143.5 12 142.6 11 142.0 12 150.8 10 153.9 9 160.4 5 154.9 31 4 146.8 3 137.9 5 133.9 5 155.2 4 157.4 4 156.4 1 173.0 32 2 124.3 6 137.0 7 150.0 8 151.6 3 166.1 4 182.8 3 150.2 33 1 135.0 3 140.7 5 146.9 3 147.2 3 152.9 1 152.5 - - 34 2 143.3 5 146.6 3 156.0 4 157.1 3 150.8 4 151.3 1 174.8 35 8 143.6 6 137.7 6 146.4 1 170.0 5 148.1 1 161.8 - - 36 1 137.0 4 149.4 3 150.0 3 151.5 4 157.8 1 164.8 1 170.8 37 5 149.1 5 135.5 4 145.6 2 161.4 4 156.4 4 172.0 1 170.8 38 1 137.8 6 144.6 3 137.1 2 141.4 1 119.3 1 163.8 1 159.8 39 5 144.4 3 144.2 1 147.8 6 148.2 - - 2 161.9 - - 40 4 147.6 4 148.1 8 142.7 1 156.0 2 146.1 1 184.8 2 178.4 41 - - - - - - 1 174.3 - - - - - - 42 - - 1 147.8 2 151.4 1 156.8 2 149.6 1 181.8 2 165.0 43 5 138.3 - - 2 151.4 2 151.3 1 126.8 1 154.8 1 145.4 44 1 131.0 1 140.8 - - 1 162.0 1 154.8 - - - - 45 1 132.4 2 131.9 1 156.8 - - 1 152.8 3 160.7 - - 46 1 146.8 - - 3 151.3 - - 1 159.8 1 179.8 - - 47 - - - - - - 1 138.3 1 173.8 - - 1 186.5 48 2 147.9 1 130.8 1 142.8 2 152.0 2 160.3 2 146.9 - - 49 - - - - - - 2 152.8 - - - - - - 50 - - - - 2 145.9 2 150.6 1 161.8 - - - - Over 50 - - 3 144.8 - - 2 152.3 - - 2 164.9 - 434 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXIV. Mean Weights of Iroquois Indians, by Age and Height. Age 64} Inches 65} Inches 66} Inches 67} Inches 68} inches 69} Inches 70} Inches No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. Under 18 - lbs. - lbs. - lbs. - lbs. 1 lbs. 136.3 - lbs. - lbs. 18 - - - - 2 141.8 19 - - - - 1 133.3 1 147.3 - - - - 2 147.8 20 - - 3 128.9 1 128.8 2 155.5 2 154.3 - - - - 21 - - 2 129.8 3 138.5 3 150.3 5 161.3 - - - - 22 - - 6 139.4 6 132.0 11 141.0 4 158.2 2 159.8 - - 23 - - 4 147.2 1 133.8 11 152.2 9 157.4 4 171.8 1 190.8 24 - - 1 139.3 1 155.8 17 154.4 12 161.6 4 161.9 2 172.8 25 - - 1 149.8 1 131.8 5 157 1 3 167.8 1 159.8 3 171.0 26 - - 4 143.0 7 147.6 11 155.5 13 164.5 7 172.5 1 183.8 27 - - - - 1 130.8 7 150.4 11 163.9 3 167.4 3 180.8 28 1 132.3 2 166.5 2 145.3 16 159.5 12 167.8 3 171.1 2 176.8 29 - - - - 2 152.3 12 155.3 14 163.4 5 176.2 4 184.0 30 - - - - - - 5 161.4 6 168.5 7 176.4 3 180.8 31 - - - - - - 4 151.8 3 165.5 - - 2 175.0 32 - - - - - - 1 144.8 6 163.4 1 170.8 - - 33 - - - - 1 181.8 4 154.3 2 159.8 1 180.8 - - 34 - - - - - - 10 152.7 15 165.8 8 175.7 4 175.0 35 - - 1 142.8 - - 1 156.8 3 171.3 1 170.8 1 170.8 36 - - - - 1 156.8 4 165.0 15 161.5 5 175.0 - - 37 - - - - 2 142.8 2 160.8 8 165.8 - - 4 189.9 38 1 166.3 - - - - - - 2 176.8 6 178.3 2 188.3 39 - - - - 1 168.8 1 190.8 2 161.5 1 166.8 - - 40 - - - - - - 3 157.8 6 172.0 2 161.8 2 195.3 41 1 161.8 - - - - 1 151.8 1 166.8 2 178.8 - - 42 - - 1 169.3 - - 5 156.5 1 182.8 - - 1 141.8 43 - - - - - - 2 144.8 5 160.8 1 158.8 - - 44 45 - - - - - - 1 131.3 - - - - - - 46 - 2 170.8 2 180.3 1 211.8 47 - - - - - - - - 1 164.8 - - 1 276.8 48 - 1 162.8 - - - - 49 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 - - 1 182.8 - - Over 50 - - 1 135.8 1 172.8 1 165.8 - - 4 169.3 - WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 435 TABLE XXV. Mean Weights of White Men, by Age. Age / Soldiers Earlier Series Later Series Total No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight Under 16 43 lbs. 110.94 31 lbs. 114.82 74 lbs. 112.56 16 87 121.62 129 120.72 216 121.03 17 204 130.01 242 126.35 446 128.02 18 433 135.32 667 133.02 1 100 133.93 19 515 137.87 635 136.38 1 150 137.05 20 590 142.35 767 140.64 1 357 141.38 21 617 144.52 829 141.99 1 446 143.06 22 530 145.29 821 142.51 1 351 143.60 23 467 143.50 641 144.93 1 108 144.31 24 413 146.75 646 146.02 1 059 146.31 25 302 149.16 443 145.26 745 146.84 26 224 148.35 375 146.27 599 147.05 27 221 147.50 330 146.54 551 146.93 28 193 147.65 319 146.95 512 147.21 29 145 146.55 241 144.89 386 145.51 30 133 151.46 262 145.67 395 147.62 31 87 151.53 155 145.46 242 147.65 32 93 147.81 205 145.17 298 146.00 33 68 150.53 157 147.66 225 148.53 34 63 151.59 162 147.00 225 148.29 35 80 145.95 159 145.38 239 145.57 36 60 147.49 124 150.16 184 149.29 37 55 151.09 112 147.69 167 148.81 38 40 148.48 113 146.77 153 147.22 39 36 145.92 87 146.57 123 146.38 40 24 160.17 74 146.71 98 150.01 41 17 149.44 44 145.09 61 146.30 42 32 152.95 70 144.24 102 146.97 43 17 151.25 56 143.91 73 145.62 44 26 155.89 57 151.38 83 152,7;, 45 19 149.24 48 146.20 67 147.06 46 13 150.79 24 144.89 37 146.97 47 4 155.41 15 142.29 19 145.05 48 13 153.94 22 142.61 35 146.82 49 3 139.62 7 147.58 10 145.19 50 7 139.68 14 137.25 21 138.06 51 5 131.99 7 153.00 12 144.25 52 4 142.79 6 137.29 10 139.49 53 5 148.69 6 153.21 11 151.15 54 1 124.79 7 164.58 8 159.60 Over 54 7 148.72 13 140.67 20 143.49 436 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXV. - ( Continued.') Mean Weights of White Men, by Age. Age Sailors Students Total White Men No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight Under 16 2 lbs. 81.15 lbs. 76 lbs. 111.73 16 4 107.82 - - 220 120.84 17 5 111.12 3 127.46 454 127.83 18 26 124.93 7 123.58 1 133 133.65 19 46 126.02 39 133.06 1235 136.51 20 71 131.03 72 137.82 1 500 140.72 21 124 135.53 69 136.69 1 639 142.23 22 132 140.16 44 137.00 1 527 143.11 23 75 139.15 13 136.02 1 196 143.90 24 105 143.99 16 137.45 1 180 145.98 25 97 145.09 11 140.20 853 146.55 26 82 142.31 5 147.19 686 146.48 27 47 138.61 5 146.39 603 146.27 28 56 145.15 1 114.79 569 146.95 29 53 138.49 2 129.29 441 144.59 30 36 138.23 - - 431 146.84 31 24 138.99 1 144.29 267 146.85 32 36 139.19 - - 334 145.26 33 12 138.50 - - 237 148.02 34 16 141.59 - - 241 147.84 35 23 144.17 *■ 262 145.45 36 18 147.40 - 202 149.12 37 4 143.50 - - 171 148.69 38 5 142.02 - - 158 147.05 39 11 146.18 - 134 146.37 40 7 139.18 - - 105 149.29 41 3 131.00 - 64 145.58 42 3 148.33 - 105 147.01 43 2 135.50 - 75 145.35 44 3 137.67 - 86 152.26 45 4 136.70 - - 71 146.47 46 1 156.00 - *• 38 147.20 47 1 175.00 «* - 20 146.55 48 4 147.07 - - 39 146.85 49 1 125.00 - - 11 143.35 50 2 143.40 - - 23 138.53 51 - - - - 12 144.25 52 - - - 10 139.49 53 - - - - 11 151.15 54 1 145.00 - - 9 157.98 Over 54 - - 20 143.49 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 437 TABLE XXVI. Mean Weights of Negroes and Indians, by Age. Age Negroes Indians Full Blacks Mulat toes Aggregate No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight Under 16 10 lbs. 111.51 6 lbs. 118.97 16 lbs. 114.32 - lbs. 16 27 121.68 13 117.08 40 120.18 1 136.29 17 45 127.08 11 127.57 56 127.18 - - 18 78 132.92 25 134.34 103 133.26 2 141.79 19 87 136.62 36 134.90 123 136.12 6 162.12 20 144 141.91 60 142.03 204 141.95 9 148.12 21 133 145.70 53 142.42 186 144.77 14 149.93 22 151 145.33 64 147.48 215 145.97 29 142.48 23 158 146.20 61 147.37 219 146.52 32 159.18 24 139 149.80 54 150.97 193 150.13 39 159.85 25 118 148.37 46 149.88 164 148.79 14 160.22 26 75 149.52 38 149.61 113 149.55 45 159.97 27 70 148.95 26 155.04 96 150.60 28 165.36 28 68 149.72 24 143.74 92 148.16 38 162.87 29 41 150.88 23 152.48 64 151.45 39 165.39 30 43 147.35 33 146.30 76 146.89 21 171.17 31 22 148.60 8 158.65 30 151.28 13 172.21 32 25 151.35 19 151.16 44 151.27 8 161.98 33 13 143.55 4 153.09 17 145.79 8 162.41 34 20 156.08 7 145.55 27 153.35 38 166.17 35 23 144.69 13 145.26 36 144.90 8 168.16 36 11 150.18 10 149.48 21 149.85 26 165.29 37 16 150.87 10 152.15 26 151.36 17 166.29 38 16 143.08 8 145.79 24 143.98 11 178.74 39 10 149.78 11 146.83 21 148.23 6 180.37 40 19 146.26 12 151.44 31 148.27 14 171.79 41 1 174.29 - - 1 174.29 5 167.59 42 6 157.73 3 157.33 9 157.60 8 159.54 43 7 137.52 6 148.03 13 142.37 8 156.54 44 3 146.61 2 144.60 5 145.81 - - 45 5 144.89 6 147.16 11 146.13 1 131.29 46 3 160.00 4 152.29 7 155.60 5 182.79 47 3 166.19 - - 3 166.19 2 220.79 48 9 147.87 3 149.00 12 148.16 1 162.79 49 3 147.46 - - 8 147.46 - - 50 3 143.41 4 151.95 7 148.29 1 182.79 51 1 163.00 - - 1 163.00 2 166.79 52 2 133.79 - - 2 133.79 1 135.79 53 - - 2 138.86 2 138.86 1 161.79 54 1 152.79 - - 1 152.79 - - Over 54 4 154.54 3 143.59 7 149.85 6 176.46 438 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. The comparatively small size of the groups for ages above 45 years, precludes any reliance upon the mean values deduced from them; but for the ages from 15 to 45 inclusive, our results can- not be far wrong. An empirical determination of the mean weight belonging to each age, as derived from Table XXV., shows that the increase between the ages 21 and 45 cannot well exceed five pounds, great as is the change in many individual cases. The appended Table XXVII., gives the most probable values for the mean weight at each year of age; the data upon which it is based TABLE XXVII. Empirical Table of Weight by Age, from White Soldiers. Age No. of Men Weight Difference Comp. - Obs'd. 17 446 lbs. 128.8 lbs. + 0.8 18 1 100 133.5 -0.4 19 1 150 137.7 + 0.6 20 1 357 140.8 -0.6 21 1 446 142.7 -0.4 22 1 351 143.9 + 0.3 23 1 108 145.0 + 0.7 24 1 059 145.9 -0.4 25 745 146.6 -0.2 26 599 146.8 -0.2 27 551 146.9 0.0 28 512 147.0 0.2 29 386 147.0 + 1.5 30 395 147.1 -0.5 31 242 147.1 -0.5 32 298 147.2 + 1.2 33 225 147.3 -1.2 34 225 147.4 -0.9 35 239 147.5 + 1.9 36 184 147.6 -1.7 37 167 147.6 -1.2 38 153 147.7 + 0.5 39 123 147.7 + 1.3 40 98 147.7 -2.3 41 61 147.7 + 1.4 42 102 147.8 + 0.8 43 73 147.8 + 2.2 44 83 147.8 -5.0 45 67 147.8 + 0.7 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 439 including all our statistics of white soldiers, but excluding the sail- ors and students, partly on account of the decidedly inferior weight of the former, but especially since these classes comprise but a portion of the ages under consideration. Finally, we add in Tables XXVIII. and XXIX. a summary of the maximum and minimum weight observed among the men at each successive year of age, arranged in the same way as our Tables XI. and XII., which showed the extreme values observed at each stature. TABLE XXVIII. Limits of Weight observed at Different Ages. White Soldiers - Earlier Series. Age Number of Men Maximum Minimum Range Weight Height Weight Height Under 18 334 lbs. 186.8 in. 72| lbs. 72.8 in. 56| lbs. 14.0 18 433 202.3 67 98.3 65 104.0 19 515 176.8 70 96.8 62| 80.0 20 590 205.3 76 99.3 68 106.0 21 617 197.8 68| 105.8 63 92.0 22 530 206.8 73| 96.3 64| 110.5 23 467 195.8 71 101.8 63 94.0 24 413 191.8 73 98.8 60 93.0 25 302 205.3 67| 107.3 62| 90.5 26 224 205.8 75 106.8 66 99.0 27 221 195.8 72 116.8 65 79.0 28 193 191.8 69| 110.8 64 81.0 29 145 206.8 73 108.8 66 98.0 30 133 224.3 66| 103.8 66 110.5 31 87 198.3 101.8 67 96.5 32 93 188.8 70i 106.3 65| 82.5 33 68 195.3 73 114.8 67| 80.5 34 63 195.3 71 118.8 63| 76.5 35 80 188.8 68| 112.8 63| 76.0 36 60 189.3 71 ? 112.3 72 77.0 37 55 228.3 71| 119.8 67 108.5 38 40 209.8 74 J 115.8 65| 94.5 39 36 178.8 72 118.8 65 60.0 40 24 197.8 67 i 111.8 65| 86.0 Over 40 173 206.8 73 114.8 64| 92.0 440 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXIX. Limits of Weight observed at Different Ages. White Soldiers - Later Series. Age Number of Men Maximum Minimum Range Weight Height Weight Height Under 18 402 lbs. 166.8 in. 67 lbs. 79.8 in. 58 lbs. 87.0 18 667 175.3 65 95.8 611 79.5 19 635 191.3 741 64.8 581 126.5 20 767 193.8 681 96.8 62 97.0 21 829 131.4 661 94.8 6l| 86.6 22 821 191.8 76 95.8 64 96.0 23 641 193.8 72| 102.8 60 91.0 24 646 213.8 68| 101.8 65| 112.0 25 443 206.8 67| 98.8 64 108.0 26 375 186.8 67| 100.8 60| 86.0 27 330 213.8 68 103.8 60 110.0 28 319 200.8 72| 107.8 63 93.0 29 241 192.8 76 106.8 63| 86.0 30 262 219.8 69 106.8 64| 113.0 31 155 207.8 71 91.8 60 116.0 32 205 196.8 73| 111.8 64| 85.0 33 157 184.8 66 98.3 61i 86.5 34 162 198.8 73| 104.8 63| 94.0 35 159 200.8 73 108.8 65 92.0 36 124 194.8 111.8 631 83.0 37 112 192.8 69 118.3 651 74.5 38 113 201.8 731 115.8 65 86.0 39 87 191.3 701 103.8 62 87.5 40 74 195.8 671 107.8 611 88.0 Over 40 396 212.8 71 93.8 63| 119.0 3. Relation of Weight to Circumference of Chest. In the last section, our materials were arranged in such a form as to exhibit the relation of Weight to Age and Stature, without regard to any other influences. By studying the mean weights of men having the same stature, though of different ages, - those of men of different statures, but the same age, - and especially those of groups at successive years of age and of mean statures corre- sponding to their normal growth as elicited in Chapter V., the law WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 441 of average lateral expansion, as affected by increase in age, may be investigated with thoroughness and doubtless with success. And its study may be facilitated, as has been already mentioned, by converting the mean weights for each height and age into ratios between weight and stature. The present section contains the same materials, grouped accord- ing to a different system; namely, by Height and Girth of Chest, without regard to age; and the tables now offered are analogous in arrangement and number to those of the former series, with the substitution of the Circumference of Chest, in the place of Age, as their vertical argument. In the earlier series of examinations, no rule was prescribed for measuring the circumference of the chest, except that it should be taken over the nipples ; and it has already been stated, in our chap- ter upon Dimensions of Body, that it is impossible to determine what was the usual degree of inflation of the thorax at the time of measurement. Still it may fairly be assumed that the mean of a large number of measures will closely correspond with an average condition of the lungs. In the later examinations, - comprising all the Sailors, Students, and men of other races than the white, as well as a large prepon- derance of the volunteer soldiers measured, - the girth was taken both after full inspiration, and after expiration, and the mean be- tween these two values has been employed in our tabulations. The series of tabular results of our weighings is closed by the Tables XXXIX. and XL., which exhibit the consolidated results, arranged by circumference of chest, as their sole argument, - and analogous to the Tables VIII., XIII., XXV., and XXVI. These tables show so marked a conformity to law that the empirical Table XLI. has been prepared, showing the average weight for white men corresponding to each half-inch of circumference of chest, - the height and the age both being disregarded. The column of differences between the observed and computed values bears witness to the correctness of this determination. 442 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXX. Mean Weights, by Height and Circumference of Chest. White Soldiers - Earlier Series. Ciro. of 64 Inches 64 j Inches 65 Inches 65i Inches 66 Inches 661 Inches 67 Inches Chest No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. wt. in. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 28 1 165.8 - - - - 28| 29 1 132.3 - - 29| 1 115.8 2 108.0 - - - - - - - - - - 30 1 109.8 - - 1 116.8 5 110.8 1 107.8 5 115.8 1 110.8 30| 4 113.4 5 127.3 4 112.9 - - 2 116.0 1 109.8 8 117.5 31 5 115.7 6 120.5 7 133.2 3 110.6 8 118.9 10 117.7 2 126.0 31j 5 114.7 8 117.2 5 118.7 8 119.0 5 117.9 7 124.4 8 125.2 32 9 116.1 11 116.5 22 121.6 18 121.7 11 121.0 10 122.5 10 118.1 32| 16 118.0 12 120.0 19 122.6 16 126.0 15 128.5 21 125.5 12 127.6 33 12 124.8 21 128.6 11 124.4 20 129.0 26 120.7 23 128.9 16 132.4 33| 17 124.2 23 129.2 13 125.8 31 128.2 29 131.9 18 129.3 18 130.8 34 26 129.5 23 132.2 37 133.9 38 135.4 35 131.3 43 135.4 30 136.1 34a 13 129.3 38 134.(1 36 133.0 40 134.6 35 134.2 36 137.1 32 135.3 35 25 135.2 22 133.6 20 134.5 39 136.0 39 137.6 45 139.1 47 141.0 12 135.5 18 137.7 24 141.0 45 137.8 45 140.5 44 140.3 46 142.8 36 12 141.0 17 139.0 18 144.1 37 139.9 28 142.2 54 144.4 40 146.7 362 8 137.0 18 143.0 15 139.4 23 145.1 20 146.3 30 142.1 31 149.0 37 2 153.0 5 146.3 6 147.4 21 144.4 13 143.4 23 150.5 32 150.8 37| 5 143.4 3 145.1 9 147.7 11 147.8 17 151.1 20 153.2 23 154.6 38 2 143.8 8 144.6 3 145.1 7 141.8 12 152.4 14 148.5 26 156.8 38| 1 153.3 6 148.5 2 156.5 7 151.2 3 158.5 13 154.6 13 153.9 39 2 162.3 3 159.5 3 160.6 3 152.1 3 161.8 4 158.9 10 155.1 39| 2 149.3 1 152.8 2 161.3 1 158.8 3 158.5 6 154.5 3 150.0 40 - - 1 165.8 1 171.3 2 163.8 1 162.8 2 162.5 4 152.5 40| - - - - 1 143.8 - - - - 1 183.8 2 155.3 41 - - - - 1 145.3 1 160.3 1 146.3 2 161.8 - - 41| 1 186.8 42 - - 1 167.8 - - - - - - 2 177.5 - - 422 - 43 432 1 224.3 - - 44 44j - - 443 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXX. - ( Continued.') Mean Weights, by Height and Circumference of Chest. White Soldiers - Earlier Series. Circ. of Chest 67}Inches 68 Inches 68} Inches 69 Inches 69} Inches 70 Inches 70} Inches No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. in. 28 lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 281 - 29 1 111.8 - - - - 1 164.8 - - - - - - 29| - 30 - - 1 99.3 1 156.8 - - - - 1 136.8 - - 30| 2 128.0 1 125.8 3 126.1 2 116.0 1 113.3 - - - - 31 2 130.5 9 119.0 - - 2 116.5 1 138.3 - - - - 312 7 125.8 2 119.8 5 124.4 7 126.8 2 122.5 1 123.3 - - 32 9 127.5 11 127.4 12 132.2 6 135.8 3 128.1 - - 2 134.3 32| 12 129.2 4 130.2 12 126.4 8 131.4 8 134.0 6 139.5 4 138.4 33 30 131.1 27 131.0 22 133.5 11 134.4 8 139.0 7 131.2 6 135.2 29 133.7 25 135.8 29 136.6 10 139.8 11 139.9 8 138.7 7 136.0 34 46 138.2 42 135.3 27 141.3 28 142.5 20 138.8 15 138.5 7 148.6 34| 53 136.9 32 141.2 33 140.5 21 141.9 22 140.4 15 143.0 14 147.4 35 40 142.9 39 143.6 35 144.9 37 144.6 27 146.8 17 151.7 21 143.7 35| 46 146.9 31 145.1 38 146.3 41 147.9 26 147.6 27 147.3 19 152.5 36 55 147.3 48 149.1 45 149.4 39 150.8 25 152.4 26 151.7 15 156.1 45 148.7 29 151.7 42 152.1 37 152.4 30 155.5 22 153.5 19 157.9 37 44 154.9 37 153.0 36 157.6 31 153.2 31 154.8 28 158.0 17 156.4 37i 35 153.8 36 156.4 49 159.1 21 155.8 22 153.3 29 162.7 13 163.7 38 17 157.9 31 158.9 34 159.4 18 160.9 18 160.5 14 160.3 15 165.9 381 13 160.5 14 155.4 22 158.5 15 163.3 22 164.3 14 160.9 14 168.8 39 9 162.9 13 163.2 9 163.0 19 165.0 8 163.4 18 173.4 12 170.1 391 2 162.8 5 161.4 11 165.8 3 171.3 8 166.7 7 172.4 6 178.0 40 4 164.5 6 159.1 3 167.8 3 167.1 5 170.8 3 182.8 7 175.2 40| 2 168.5 4 170.8 2 174.0 2 176.8 4 167.8 1 161.8 2 177.0 41 1 140.8 1 182,8 - - 1 177.8 3 178.6 3 172.0 1 174.0 - - - - - - 1 170.3 1 176.8 - - 2 178.5 42 3 164.6 - - - - 2 186.3 - - 1 174.3 1 175.3 42i - - - - - - 1 200.8 - 2 177.3 1 181.8 43 1 192.8 - - 431 1 174.3 - 44 1 197.8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 441 - 444 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXXI. Mean Weights, by Height and Circumference of Chest. White Soldiers - Later iSeries. Circ. of Chest 64 Inches 64 j Inches. 65 Inches 65j Inches 66 Inches 66 j Inches 67 Inches No. wt. No. wt No. Wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. in. 28 - lbs. - lbs. - lbs. - lbs. 1 lbs. 110.8 - lbs. - lbs. r-tfO, co <N 1 101.8 - 29 1 101.8 29| - - 1 98.8 - - - - - - - - 1 116.8 30 1 110.8 2 109.8 2 101.8 1 121.3 2 111.8 2 120.3 - - 3 110.6 5 110.3 2 121.3 2 113.3 3 125.8 1 116.8 1 113.8 31 7 106.9 4 119.0 8 112.2 5 116.5 3 113.5 4 114.9 2 129.8 31| 10 111.2 11 112.1 6 118.9 6 118.8 5 113.0 10 115.1 8 119.0 32 12 114.4 21 120.0 21 119.6 13 121.6 8 117.4 15 122.1 12 122.7 32| 13 118.9 21 118.6 21 121.1 21 122.3 17 122.7 19 121.4 19 126.0 33 27 120.7 42 121.3 28 125.9 34 127.3 34 127.5 28 128.5 31 127.8 33| 22 128.6 34 123.6 32 124.9 55 124.5 21 129.3 31 126.8 36 132.5 34 29 127.4 44 126 3 59 128.6 52 127.5 37 129.7 75 131.2 49 132.2 34| 34 126.8 39 128.1 48 129.3 59 131.1 54 131.8 72 133.7 48 134.0 35 29 129.8 42 131.6 51 133.0 78 135.3 52 136.2 79 134.8 57 137.2 35| 26 134.9 43 136.6 38 134.2 66 136.4 57 137.4 82 137.0 74 139.4 36 30 138.4 40 137.3 31 135.0 60 138.9 50 138.1 92 141.3 87 142.2 36| 18 140.0 31 136.1 27 141.4 52 139.0 44 145.9 64 143.2 72 146.1 37 16 140.7 25 146.3 29 142.9 36 143.1 33 147.9 58 145.9 79 146.9 37| 11 137.9 21 140.4 15 144.0 33 143.7 24 146.1 55 145.7 56 151.7 38 6 144.9 11 140.9 15 148.1 22 151.2 20 151.5 34 152.5 38 150.7 38| 4 138.3 1 155.8 7 154.2 19 150.5 13 153.2 17 153.5 33 157.8 39 1 151.3 7 142.4 6 152.6 12 150.8 12 156.1 20 160.9 17 157.9 39| 2 153.5 4 145.8 3 165.5 6 157.3 8 151.0 9 156.5 9 163.0 40 - - 1 166.8 2 161.0 4 154.2 4 153.2 7 157.0 7 164.8 40| 1 151.8 - - - - - - 2 165.3 4 162.5 2 164.3 41 1 159.8 1 151.3 - - 1 142.8 - - 4 163.7 - - 41l - 3 174.6 1 181.8 42 - - - - - - - - 1 183.8 - - 3 165.6 42| - - - - - - 1 152.8 1 184.8 1 159.8 - - 43 43| - 1 180.8 44 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44| - . - - - - - - - - - - - 445 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXXI. - ( Continued.) Mean Weights, by Height and Circumference of Chest. White Soldiers-Later Series. Circ. of Chest 67}Inches 68 Inches 68} Inches 69 Inches 69}Inches 70 Inches 70}Inches No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. in. 28 lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 28| - 29 29| - 30 1 105.8 - - - - 1 118.8 - - 1 134.8 - - 30| 2 116.8 1 119.8 31 4 113.3 1 136.8 1 108.8 2 109.0 - - 1 107.8 - - 31j 2 123.8 2 122.5 3 129.6 2 128.8 1 127.3 - - - - 32 8 123.4 6 129.5 6 132.3 3 129.1 3 125.6 - - 2 137.3 32| 16 129.8 12 133.5 13 130.8 12 127.6 6 134.7 5 135.9 - - 33 18 131.6 21 130.4 12 132.1 7 135.5 9 132.4 2 134.3 4 140.4 33| 29 132.9 22 135.5 24 133.4 9 132.7 9 141.2 3 131.5 6 147.1 34 44 136.0 35 135.7 37 140.1 29 142.9 25 139.7 10 140.0 6 141.5 34| 49 137.5 32 139.3 47 138.8 31 141.1 17 145.1 12 142.9 9 151.8 35 77 138.9 56 141.1 40 140.4 45 143.8 29 143.7 30 144.9 21 149 5 85 141.4 69 145.2 68 143.1 47 145.7 45 147.2 33 148.7 18 149.7 36 114 142.8 109 144.4 49 145.2 49 147.2 43 148.4 37 152.8 24 151.5 36| 82 145.0 74 147.2 78 148.3 45 148.8 49 152.3 35 152.1 18 155.7 37 82 148.7 71 148.0 65 151.3 51 155.0 44 155.5 29 155.8 27 158.2 37| 62 147.5 49 150.5 57 153.0 25 154.2 32 159.2 26 158.2 27 156.2 38 47 153.3 45 155.9 55 153.5 30 161.2 40 158.4 30 161.7 24 162.4 38| 45 155.2 23 153.6 43 156.5 23 164.4 24 163.4 22 163.3 15 159.6 39 26 156.8 18 161.7 16 158.3 16 162.3 28 161.6 15 163.7 16 168.0 39| 15 156.3 14 158.7 21 163.5 10 163.3 9 169.8 7 169.0 6 168.8 40 12 164.6 7 162.4 8 164.9 14 167.7 11 164.8 8 172.1 8 178.6 40| 7 168.3 2 168.8 7 167.9 3 181.1 5 172.7 - - 4 177.4 41 1 173.3 - - 5 171.4 2 173.3 4 181.8 3 178.5 5 176.3 411 - - 3 172.5 1 158.3 3 170.1 4 180.4 3 183.5 2 183.0 42 1 186.8 - - 1 180.8 2 171.8 1 183.8 2 175.0 - - 42| 1 195.8 1 213.8 - - - - 1 184.5 - - - - 43 1 163.4 - - 1 213.8 - - 1 196.8 1 192.8 - - 43| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 - - - - - - 1 218.8 - - - - - - 44j - - - - - - 1 214.8 - - - - - - 446 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXXII. Mean Weights, by Height and Circumference of Chest. White Soldiers - Both Series-1 Circ. of Chest 64 Inches 64 i Inches 65 Inches 65 j Inches 66 Inches 66| Inches 67 Inches No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. 28 Ibs. lbs. Ibs. lbs. 2 lbs. 138.3 - lbs. - Ibs. 1 101.8 - 29 1 101.8 - - - - - - - - 1 132.3 - - 29.2 1 115.8 3 105.0 - 1 116.8 30 2 110.3 3 108.1 3 106.8 6 112.5 3 110.5 7 117.1 1 110.8 30| 7 112.2 10 118.8 6 115.7 2 113.3 5 121.9 3 113.0 9 117.1 31 12 110.6 11 118.9 15 122.0 8 114.3 11 117.4 14 116.9 4 127.9 31| 15 112.4 19 114.2 11 118.8 14 118.9 10 115.4 18 119.5 17 122.0 32 21 115.1 33 118.8 45 120.6 31 121.7 19 119.5 25 122.3 22 120.6 82$ 29 118.4 34 119.0 41 121.7 38 124.4 32 125.5 40 123.6 32 126.4 33 39 122.0 64 123.7 39 125.5 56 128.0 60 124.5 51 128.7 48 129.2 33| 39 126.7 61 125.7 46 125.4 87 125.8 57 130.9 49 127.8 55 132.0 34 56 128.5 68 128.3 91 130.3 92 130.6 75 130.5 121 132.9 81 133.3 341 50 127.7 79 131.1 87 131.0 101 132.4 91 132.7 114 135.0 85 134.6 35 58 132.0 65 132.3 74 133.3 119 135.5 94 136.9 126 136.4 108 139.1 351 40 134.2 67 136.5 64 136.6 117 136.9 109 138.7 131 138.5 125 140.9 36 43 139.0 61 137.9 51 138.3 102 139.2 80 139.5 150 142.6 131 143.5 361 27 138.8 50 138.6 47 140.6 81 140.6 66 146.0 98 143.1 106 147.0 37 19 142.2 31 146.2 35 143.7 58 143.4 50 146.6 84 147.2 113 148.1 371 17 140.1 25 141.1 26 145.6 46 144.8 44 148.7 78 147.8 81 152.5 38 8 144.6 19 142.5 19 147.7 30 148.6 34 152.0 50 151.7 66 153.8 381 5 141.3 8 149.7 9 155.5 26 150.7 17 154.3 32 154.0 49 154.3 39 3 158.6 10 147.5 9 155.3 15 151.0 15 157.4 24 160.6 28 156.9 392 5 153.9 5 147.2 5 163.8 8 155.4 11 153.1 15 155.7 12 159.7 40 - - 2 166.3 3 164.5 6 157.4 5 155.1 9 158.3 12 161.1 402 1 151.8 - - 1 143.8 - - 2 165.3 5 166.8 4 159.8 41 1 159.8 1 151.3 1 145.3 2 151.5 1 146.3 7 163.0 - - 412 - - - - - - - - - - 3 174.6 2 184.3 42 - - 1 167.8 - - - - 1 183.8 2 177.5 3 165.6 422 - - - - - - - 152-8 1 184.8 1 159.8 - - 43 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 431 - 1 224.3 1 180.8 44 - 44j 1 A few men are included in this table, for whom the returns were received too late for incorporation in the tables immediately preceding. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 447 TABLE XXXII. - ( Continued.) Mean Weights, by Height and Circumference of Chest. White Soldiers - Both Series. Circ. of Chest 67i Inches 68 Inches 68|Inches 69 Inches 69hInches 70 Inches 70j Inches No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. in. 28 lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 28| - 29 1 111.8 - - - - 1 164.8 - - - - - - 29| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 1 105.8 1 99.3 1 156.8 1 118.8 - - 2 274.8 - - 30| 4 122.4 2 122.8 3 126.1 2 116.0 1 113.3 - - - - 31 6 115.7 10 120.8 1 108.8 4 112.8 1 138.3 1 107.8 - - 31| 9 125.4 4 121.2 9 127.3 9 127.2 3 124.1 1 123.3 - - 32 18 125.0 18 129.1 18 132.2 9 133.6 6 126.9 - - 4 135.8 32| 28 129.5 18 132.9 25 128.7 20 129.1 14 134.3 12 137.9 4 138.4 33 48 131.3 48 130.7 35 133.2 18 134.8 17 135.5 9 131.9 10 137.3 33| 60 133.3 47 135.7 53 135.2 19 136.4 20 140.5 11 136.7 13 141.2 34 91 137.0 80 135.7 65 140.4 58 142.8 46 139.5 27 138.9 14 144.9 341 106 137.3 65 140.4 82 139.5 52 141.4 40 142.7 27 142.9 23 149.1 35 119 140.1 98 142.0 75 142.5 85 144.3 57 145.2 48 147.1 43 146.5 138 143.2 105 145.3 108 144.3 90 146.9 72 147.4 61 148.1 37 151.1 36 174 144.3 163 146.0 101 146.9 90 148.8 69 149.6 64 152.3 42 153.5 36j 131 146.6 111 148.9 121 149.6 88 150.4 85 153.2 57 152.6 43 158.0 37 131 150.6 113 149.7 105 153.5 83 154.3 79 155.4 59 157.0 45 157.4 37| 99 150.0 86 152.9 109 155.8 51 155.5 56 157.1 57 160.6 40 158.6 38 66 154.5 78 157.1 90 155.8 50 161.2 62 159.2 44 161.3 39 163.8 38| 59 156.6 41 154.1 66 157.1 40 163 6 49 163.8 37 162.5 30 163.7 39 41 159.0 32 162.1 29 161.2 37 164.2 36 162.0 34 168.7 28 168.9 39I 17 157.1 19 159.4 33 164.0 14 166.7 . 17 168.3 14 170.7 14 173.6 40 17 164.2 13 160.9 12 165.4 17 167.6 17 167.4 13 175.2 17 176.7 401 9 168.4 7 168.5 9 169.3 5 179.4 9 170.5 1 161.8 6 177.3 41 2 157.0 1 182.8 6 173.2 3 174.8 7 180.4 7 174.7 8 178.0 41| 1 200.8 3 172.5 1 158.3 4 170.2 5 179.7 3 183 5 4 180.8 42 4 170.2 - - 1 180.8 4 179.0 1 183.8 3 174.8 1 175.3 42| 1 195.8 1 213.8 - - 1 200.8 1 178.5 2 177.3 1 181.8 43 1 163.3 - - 1 213.8 - - 1 196.8 2 192.8 - - 43j 1 174.3 44 1 197.8 - - - - 1 218.8 - - - - - - 441 - - - - - - 1 214.8 - - - - - - 448 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXXIII. Mean Weights of Sailors, by Height and Circumference of Chest. Giro, of Chest 64|Inches 65| Inches Inches 67| Inches 68J Inches 69| Inches 70| Inches No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. wt. in. Under 30 1 lbs. 112.0 1 lbs. 103.0 2 lbs. 108.5 - lbs. - lbs. - lbs. - lbs. 30 1 119.0 2 108.0 - 30| 3 115.3- 31 1 103.0 2 115.0 - - 2 123.5 1 125.0 1 126.0 - - 31| 4 117.5 2 123.0 1 114.0 3 122.3 - - - - - - 32 10 116.2 9 121.9 4 130.1 3 121.0 1 124.0 2 126.5 - - 32| 6 125.8 9 122.9 5 122.9 5 127.5 - - 1 134.0 1 145.0 33 18 124.1 17 130.1 17 129.9 6 134.0 8 135.3 3 134.0 - - 33| 7 124.4 14 125.6 7 132.0 8 131.6 7 139.5 3 137.3 3 148.1 34 20 129.2 17 132.0 22 136.9 13 138.6 9 146.6 8 142.3 4 145.8 34'2 10 135.0 13 134.2 10 137.9 14 143.6 4 143.5 6 144.5 3 149.3 35 21 135.9 19 140.5 19 138.2 28 140.9 18 146.7 11 148.2 5 145.6 35j 9 134.6 13 136.1 10 142.9 10 145.3 8 147.2 10 151.8 1 140.0 36 14 142.6 18 137.0 17 140.4 19 145.6 12 149.8 14 157.7 - - 36j 8 139.4 15 141.4 10 140.8 13 148.2 10 147.8 4 153.2 6 156.3 37 8 136.8 12 145.1 18 150.6 16 158.0 15 151.4 9 155.4 3 163.3 371 4 149.3 8 144.9 4 146.4 12 154.8 3 159.5 5 154.8 2 172.5 38 6 145.3 12 146.8 5 154.7 4 157.0 9 163.2 5 158.0 3 165.3 381 - - 3 150.3 2 162.5 6 162.4 1 161.0 3 157.5 1 172.0 39 3 148.6 1 168.0 1 144.0 5 161.2 2 169.5 1 175.0 3 177.0 391 1 151.3 1 155.3 2 168.0 - - 3 174.3 1 164.0 - - 40 2 171.5 - - 1 171.8 401 2 163.5 1 166.0 - - - - 1 178.0 - - - - 41 - - - - - - 2 169.8 2 174.5 - - - - 411 1 175.0 42 421 1 163.0 1 189.0 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 449 TABLE XXXIV. Mean Weights of Students, by Height and Circumference of Chest. Circ. of Chest 64} Inches 65.} Inches 66} Inches 67}Inches 68} Inches 69} Inches 70} Inches No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. in. 31| 1 lbs. 114.8 - lbs. 1 lbs. 121.8 3 lbs. 112.0 - lbs. lbs. - lbs. | 32 - - 2 113.3 - - 2 121.8 - - - - - - 32| 4 114.3 4 121.9 1 120.8 - - - - 3 125.6 1 129.8; 33 - - 1 122.1 2 116.8 - - 1 120.8 2 130.1 - - 33| 1 116.8 8 119.7 4 120.1 7 121.0 2 123.1 6 126.1 - - 1 34 - - - - 3 134.5 1 123.3 2 126.8 3 139.0 1 141.8; 84> 4 127.8 8 123.4 11 129.5 5 125.9 130.4 11 131.8 5 134.3 5 140.011 35 2 131.1 1 114.8 3 127.1 2 12 133.6 1 152.8 1 141.3| 35| 2 125.1 2 133.8 6 135.1 4 135.2 7 134.7 6 143.6 6 145.1 36 - - 4 130.7 1 142.3 7 139.5 1 133.8 3 142.1 3 148.1 36| - - 3 139.4 3 144.6 3 137.3 4 152.3 5 147.4 4 137.8 37 - - - - - - 2 141.6 - - 4 149.9 2 142.5 37| - - - - 1 142.8 - 3 142.8 3 148.0 5 153.0| 38 1 146.8 - - 1 38| - - - - - - - 1 160.8 3 160.5 6 164.6! Over 38j * - - 1 166.8 - - - 1 174.8 - 450 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXXV. Mean Weights of Full Blacks, by Height and Circumference of Chest. Circ. of' Chest 64} Inches 65! Inches 66}Inches 67} Inches 68} Inches 69} Inches 70} Inches No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. wt. in. 32 6 lbs. 127.8 6 lbs. 131.2 9 lbs. 128.6 6 lbs. 126.2 3 lbs. 133.9 1 lbs. 123.0 - lbs. 32| 15 130.4 6 129.9 12 131.0 10 132.2 3 137.5 3 133.1 - - 33 12 129.9 20 132.9 18 134.4 12 138.5 4 136.6 1 159.8 3 138.6 33| 21 133.6 27 134.4 27 136.5 16 142.5 7 144.3 6 147.6 - - 34 15 135.9 19 138.8 29 139.1 22 143.2 15 142.0 9 144.8 4 157.3 34| 16 138.6 24 135.9 28 144.9 28 147.0 24 147.8 12 146.2 3 166.9 35 15 141.7 20 140.8 23 143.6 36 147.1 27 153.2 12 154.3 8 149.9 85> 21 139.7 23 143.3 30 145.0 22 147.6 28 151.0 15 163.6 2 160.9 36 14 145.7 17 143.1 20 146.6 23 150.0 14 156.5 16 158.8 11 160.0 36| 6 144.2 13 150.2 16 148.2 24 151.1 23 156.7 14 158.7 8 161.2 37 8 142.6 16 150.0 19 151.7 15 159.0 14 159.4 6 161.7 4 168.2 37| 8 150.2 7 155.6 6 160.4 8 159.7 10 166.1 9 164.6 4 170.8 38 4 156.8 7 154.3 5 153.1 11 162.0 8 166.6 7 164.4 11 169.6 1 153.0 4 150.9 6 156.8 5 157.3 2 165.2 7 175.4 1 187.1 39 - - - - 2 163.2 5 175.0 2 163.3 3 177.7 4 179.0 39| - - - 1 161.8 1 162.0 2 170.3 3 168.2 - - 40 1 161.0 2 137.6 - - 1 185.8 3 151.9 1 167.0 1 183.6 451 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXXVI. Mean Weights of Mulatto es, by Height and Circumference of Chest. Cite, of Chest 64} laches 65} Inches 66}Inches 67} Inches 68}Inches 69} Inches 70} Inches No. wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. in. lbs. lbs. Ibs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 32 4 122.0 5 132.4 5 140.9 1 145.2 - - - - - - 32| 9 130.4 3 121.8 6 134.7 5 141.9 2 144.0 - - - - 33 3 135.9 10 140.7 11 137.5 3 131.1 3 135.8 1 140.5 - - 33 2 11 134.2 13 138.2 3 135.4 10 138.6 3 137.3 5 149.7 2 136.6 34 8 139.1 9 139.0 14 140.7 7 145.1 4 143.5 3 141.5 2 149.1 34j 8 136.5 8 141.1 24 147.1 16 150.7 9 146.6 3 151.7 4 146.3 35 11 136.0 10 146.6 7 154.0 10 148.0 10 153.4 7 152.4 3 159.7 35j 10 149.0 8 145.3 13 153.4 16 150.6 8 154.7 7 156.2 3 150.8 36 4 152.0 6 150.1 9 153.3 9 153 9 6 159.0 7 157.7 3 163.5 361 8 140.0 7 152.1 3 153.2 10 151.6 4 157.4 5 168.1 2 156.3 37 2 150.1 - - 4 144.4 3 163.6 2 152.0 3 173.5 2 157.6 37| 5 152.3 4 152.1 7 154.6 2 171.9 - 5 168.6 - - 38 - - 4 151.7 3 166.1 1 167.6 3 164.0 3 165.9 - - 381 - - 1 167.5 2 175.9 2 167.2 4 164.1 3 176.9 5 171.2 39 - - - - 1 147.5 1 163.7 - - - - - 391 - - 1 168.1 1 182.5 2 159.4 - - - - 1 185.2 40 - 1 171.6 - - - 452 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXXVII. Mean Weights of Negroes, by Height and Circumference of Chest. Circ. of Chest 64| Inches 651 Inches 66| Inches Inches 68| Inches 69 J Inches 70| Inches No. wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. .Wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. inches 32 10 lbs. 125.5 11 lbs. 131.7 14 lbs. 133.0 7 lbs. 128.9 3 lbs. 133.9 1 lbs. 123.0 - lbs. 32| 24 130.4 9 127.2 18 132.2 15 135.4 5 140.1 3 133.1 - - 33 15 131.1 30 135.5 29 135.6 15 137.0 7 136.3 2 150.2 3 138.6 33-g- 32 133.8 40 135.6 30 136.4 26 141.0 10 142.2 11 148.5 2 136.6 34 23 137.0 28 138.9 43 139.6 29 143.7 19 142.3 12 144.0 6 154.6 84j 24 137.9 32 137.2 52 145.9 44 148.3 33 147.5 15 147.3 7 155.1 35 26 139.3 30 142.7 30 146.0 46 147.3 37 153.3 19 153.6 11 152.6 35j 31 142.7 31 143.8 43 147.5 38 148.9 36 151.8 22 161.2 5 154.8 36 18 147.1 23 144.9 29 148.7 32 151.1 20 157.2 23 158.5 14 160.7 36j 14 141.8 20 150.9 19 149.0 34 151.2 27 156.8 19 161.2 10 160.2 37 10 144.1 16 150.0 23 150.4 18 159.8 16 158.5 9 165.6 6 164.7 371 13 151.0 11 154.3 13 157.3 10 162.1 10 166.1 14 166.0 4 170.8 38 4 156.8 11 153.4 8 158.0 12 162.5 11 165.9 10 164.8 11 169.6 381 1 153.0 5 154.2 8 161.6 7 160.1 6 164.5 10 175.8 6 173.8 39 - - - - 3 158.0 6 173.1 2 163.3 3 177.7 4 179.0 391 - - 1 168.1 2 172.1 3 160.3 2 170.3 3 168.2 1 185.2 40 1 161.1 2 137.6 - - 1 185.8 4 156.8 1 167.0 1 183.6 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 453 TABLE XXXVIII. Mean Weights of Iroquois Indians, by Height and Circumference of Chest. Circ. of Chest 64} Inches 65} Inches 66} Inches 67} Inches 68} Inches 69} Inches 70} Inches No. wt. No. wt. No. wt. No. Wt. No. Wt. No. wt. No. Wt. inches 35 & less - lbs. 4 lbs. 129.8 6 lbs. 135.0 3 lbs. 138.0 2 lbs. 142.0 - lbs. 2 lbs. 144.8 35| - - 7 138.7 5 137.2 4 138.8 2 137.8 - - 1 141.8 36 - - 2 131.3 7 145.0 6 143.5 6 154.3 - - 1 141.8 36j - - 4 146.8 8 141.4 16 149.5 16 153.8 9 165.9 1 151.8 37 - - 1 154.8 4 148.3 31 155.1 35 158.6 6 157.6 2 167.8 37| 1 132.3 4 144.3 1 140.8 24 156.2 34 165.3 13 170.4 1 174.8 38 - - - - - - 5 162.3 7 169.3 3 165.5 2 169.3 38| - - 1 164.8 - - 12 165.5 28 167.6 14 174.8 8 181.7 39 - - 2 154.0 - - 2 161.8 7 173.2 7 176.7 4 176.6 39| 1 161.8 1 169.3 1 168.8 6 166.2 13 170.9 3 177.8 2 177.3 40 - - - - - - 1 156.8 2 167.8 3 177.8 - - 40| - - - - - - 2 168.3 2 181.8 1 190.8 2 188.3 41 1 166.3 - - 1 181.8 2 158.3 2 176.8 4 184.3 3 192.1 412 - - - - 1 172.8 2 178.3 4 178.3 2 180.8 4 189.9 42 - - - - - - 1 159.3 3 173.0 1 164.8 2 198.8 422 - 5 179.4 1 193.8 43 & over 3 176.5 - - 3 204.4 454 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XXXIX. Mean Weights of White Men, by Circumference of Chest. Circumf. of Chest Soldiers ... Earlier Series Later Series Total No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight inches Under 26 - lbs. 1 lbs. 64.79 1 lbs. 64.79 26 - - 1 86.79 1 86.79 26| 2 77.29 - - 2 77.29 27 3 96.96 1 79.79 4 92.66 27j - - 1 81.79 1 81.79 28 5 120.99 4 89.29 9 106.90 28j 1 95.29 1 101.79 2 98.54 29 9 109.46 7 102.36 16 106.35 29j 3 110.62 11 100.33 14 102.54 30 34 110.61 31 111.21 65 110 90 301 44 116.39 32 112.92 76 114.93 31 70 118.91 81 112.39 151 115.41 311 *92 121.38 104 115.38 196 118.20 32 169 121.83 192 118.93 361 120.29 321 197 125.60 249 123.31 446 124.32 33 291 128.54 364 126.25 655 127.27 331 334 131.13 411 128.12 745 129.47 34 495 135.11 645 132.03 1 140 133.37 341 493 137.14 656 134.18 1 149 135.45 35 540 140.93 797 137.93 1 337 139.14 351 544 144.03 879 140.69 1 423 141.96 36 553 147.16 935 143.33 1 488 144.76 361 465 149.42 803 147.18 1 268 148.00 37 392 153.43 750 150.01 1 142 151.18 371 360 156.68 601 152.04 961 153.77 38 274 158.09 495 156.27 769 156.92 381 206 159.83 357 158.78 563 159.17 39 146 165.93 269 161.24 415 162.89 391 80 165.86 167 163.76 247 164.44 40 62 168.15 122 168.30 184 168.25 401 36 175.03 51 174.71 87 174.84 41 25 172.10 41 173.86 66 173.19 411 9 182.73 25 178.85 34 179.88 42 13 180.67 16 179.65 29 180.11 421 4 184.29 9 185.48 13 185.12 43 3 192.96 4 191.66 7 192.22 431 3 201.29 3 200.46 6 200.87 44 3 196.45 1 218.79 4 202.04 441 - 2 214.29 2 214.29 45 - 1 184.79 1 184.79 - WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 455 TABLE XXXIX. - (Continued.) Mean Weights of White Men, by Circumference of Chest. Ciroumf. of Chest Sailors Students I Total White Men No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight inches Under 26 1 lbs. 58.00 lbs. 2 lbs. 61.39 26 - - - - 1 86.79 26| - - - - 2 77.29 27 - - - - 4 92.66 27| * - - - 1 81.79 28 - - - 9 106.90 28| 5 106.66 - - 7 104.34 29 2 94.75 - 18 105.06 29| 6 106.25 20 103.65 30 6 113.33 - - 71 111.10 30j 4 112.29 - - 80 114.80 31 17 112.59 - - 168 115.13 31| 15 117.57 5 114.49 216 118.07 32 44 119.13 4 117.54 409 120.14 32| 37 121.57 14 119.22 497 123.97 33 89 127.54 7 120.33 751 127.23 65 130.07 32 122.57 842 129.25 34 125 133.62 11 131.88 1 276 133.38 342 77 136.44 53 129.81 1 279 135.28 35 149 140.00 29 136.25 1 515 139.17 352 76 140.69 40 137.95 1 539 141.80 36 112 144.39 21 139.91 1 621 144.67 362 73 145.10 25 146.71 1 366 147.83 37 87 151.28 9 147.07 1 238 151.16 372 40 152.41 17 152.52 1 018 153.70 38 50 155.22 2 159.29 821 156.82 382 18 156.67 15 166.59 596 159.28 39 21 166.14 1 166.79 437 163.06 392 8 166.17 1 174.79 256 164.53 40 5 177.36 - - 189 168.49 402 5 172.86 - 92 174.73 41 4 172.14 2 183.29 72 173.41 41j 1 175.00 - - 35 179.74 42 1 163.00 - - 30 179.54 421 1 189.00 - - 14 185.39 43 - - - - 7 192.22 431 - - - - 6 200.87 44 - - - ** 4 202.04 441 - - - - 2 214.29 45 - - 1 184.79 456 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XL. Mean Weights of Negroes and Indians, by Circumference of Chest. Circumf. of Chest Negroes Indians Full Blacks Mulattoes Aggregate No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight No. Weight inches Under 26 - lbs. 1 lbs. 157.79 1 lbs. 157.79 - lbs. 26 - - 1 169.79 1 169.79 - -F 26| - - 1 152.29 1 152.29 - - 27 - - - - - - - - 27| 1 170.00 - - 1 170.00 - - 28 - - 1 96.79 1 96.79 - 28| 1 102.00 2 115.39 3 110.93 - - 29 2 97.50 2 138.39 4 117.94 - 29| 6 106.22 2 139.29 8 114.49 - 30 11 109.51 8 135.54 19 120.47 - 301 7 127.68 4 113.55 11 122.55 - - 31 22 116.52 17 129.18 39 122.04 - - 31i 32 19 120.50 12 121.32 31 120.82 - - 44 127.47 23 132.07 67 129.05 - - 321 65 130.28 32 132.54 97 131.02 - - 33 94 132.91 44 135.60 138 133.76 - 331 132 135.18 58 136.50 190 135.58 - 34 133 138.61 56 140.16 189 139.07 1 123.79 341 159 142.66 89 144.33 ■248 143.25 5 139.49 35 165 145.71 72 147.37 237 146.21 11 135.93 35| 168 146.75 75 150.29 243 147.84 19 138.37 | 36 138 149.82 53 152.92 191 150.68 32 145.01 36| 131 152.35 48 153.69 179 152.71 68 151.61 37 93 154.42 22 154.45 115 154.43 81 156.65 37| 67 162.21 29 156.86 96 160.59 81 162.58 38 62 162.01 20 161.71 82 161.94 18 168.07 38| 36 165.07 17 170.43 53 166.79 64 170.53 39 19 175.92 2 155.79 21 174.00 24 173.64 39| 8 164.92 6 168.73 14 166.55 30 172.42 40 13 164.84 3 184.40 16 168.51 7 173.79 40| 2 183.39 - - 2 183.39 8 182.29 41 1 190.50 1 155.79 2 173.14 16 179.54 41| - - - - - - 15 184.02 42 - - - - - - 11 186.70 421 1 43 - - - - - - 6 181.79 - - - - - - 4 183.29 43i - - - - - - 3 201.12 44 - - - - - - - *• 1 44- 44 2 - - - - - - - - I 45 - WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 457 TABLE XLI. Empirical Table for Weight, by Circumference of Chest. Total White Men. Circumference of Chest No. of Men Weight Difference Comp. - Obs'd. in. 28 9 lbs. 99.8 lbs. -7.1 28| 7 102.3 -2.0 29 18 104.8 -0.3 29j 20 107.4 + 3.8 30 71 110.0 -1.1 30| 80 112.7 -2.1 31 168 115.4 + 0.3 31| 216 118.2 + 0.1 32 409 121.0 + 0.9 32| 497 123.9 -0.1 33 751 126.8 -0.4 33j 842 129.8 + 0.6 34 1 276 132.8 -0.6 34j 1 279 135.8 + 0.5 35 1 515 138.8 -0.4 351 1 539 141.8 0.0 36 1 621 144.8 + 0.1 361 1 366 147.8 0.0 37 1 238 150.8 -0.4 371 1 018 153.8 + 0.1 38 821 156.8 0.0 381 596 159.8 + 0.5 39 437 162.8 -0.3 391 256 165.0 + 1.3 40 189 168.8 + 0.3 401 92 171.8 -2.9 41 72 174.9 + 1.5 411 2 35 178.2 - 1.5 42 30 181.7 + 2.2 42| 14 185.4 0.0 458 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 4. Determinations of Muscular Strength. The dynamometers employed were devised for measuring the strength in pulling upward, and are represented in the annexed figures, which will render detailed verbal description needless. One of them represents the general aspect of the instrument, and the other shows the internal arrangement as disclosed by the re- moval of the dial-plate. The man stands upon the movable lid of the wooden packing box, to which the apparatus is firmly attached, and grasps with both hands the rounded extremities of a wooden bar, of convenient shape and adjustable in height. Although this apparatus is less compact and portable than the well known dyna- mometer of Regnier,1 and lacks the incontestable advantage of testing the force of pressure as well as that of traction, yet the form of construction here em- ployed seems to avoid the objec- tions urged2 against that instru- ment, and to be well fitted for practical use. The handle is conveniently shaped for firm and easy grasp, its height well suited for application of the full mus- cular power, and the mechanism such as to afford results which are to all appearance very trust- worthy. The first two of our instru- ments were made by Mr. Thom- as, of New York, under the di- rection of Messrs. Olmsted and Elliott; the subsequent ones by Mr. Thomas Morton. Any comparison of our results with those of the renal [lifting] force, as determined by others, is unsatisfactory, without a careful comparison of the structure of the instruments employed and the manner of their use. Very few sets of such measurements are on record, and these generally comprise too few individual cases to afford results at all satisfactory. Regnier, in the memoir already cited, gives8 as the result of his 1 Journal de I'Hcole Polytechnique, II. 160. 2 Quetelet, Bur P Homme, II. 64, 68, 73. 8 Page 168. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 459 experiments, 130 kilograms (287 lbs.) for the weight which a man of from 25 to 30 years can generally lift with both hands, and says that this degree of strength continues until about the age of 50 years. was the first1 to carry a dynamometer as part of the apparatus of a scientific expedition, and to attempt its employment for ethnological purposes. Although he evidently took much pains with his observations, the results proved quite discordant from those of other observers, until the source of the error was de- tected 2 by Mr. Freycinet, his companion on the Southern Explor- ing Expedition, who after death edited the second volume of his narra- tive. The dynamometer had been provided with two grad- uated scales, one for showing the force of pressure, the other for the force of trac- tion ; and its indications had been transcribed from the wrong scale. This discov- ery rendered it easy to re- produce the true values, which Mr. Freycinet has given.8 The measures of thus afford the following mean results for the lifting, or renal, force: - No. Kilograms Lbs. Savage natives of New Holland above 18 years old 13 102 225 Malays of the Island of Timor, from 18 to 20 years 4 96 212 20 to 30 15 118 260 30 to 40 7 119 262 40 to 50 8 106 234 50 to 60 4 109 240 French members of the Expl. Exp., from 20 to 50 17 152 335 English residents of Port Jackson, from 20 to 50 14 163 359 His dynamometer was left4 with the government physician at Mauritius, Mr. Chapotin, in the hope that extensive observations might be made upon the strength of men of different races. 1 Voyage, aux ferret Australes, I. 447. 2 Ibid. II. 461. 8 Ibid. II. 463, 464. 4 Ibid. I. 457. 460 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. Mr. Ransonnet, also a member of the same expedition, and whose determinations of the renal strength of sailors at Havre led to the discovery of the error in Boron's records, found the average lifting power of 345 French sailors to be 142 kilograms, or 313 lbs.1 Quetelet's measures in Brussels, gave 2 the mean values for men at different ages as follows, the number of individuals in each group being not less than ten; but he regarded his values as probably less than the truth.3 The mean lifting strength for the various classes of men exam- ined during the present investigations is shown in the appended table. TABLE XLII. Average Lifting Strength of Men examined. Class of Men In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total No. Strength No. Strength No. Strength White Soldiers, Earlier Series. 5 776 lbs. 314.46 2 082 lbs. 266.25 7 858 lbs. 301.69 " " Later Series . 6 381 343.20 1025 280.89 7 406 334.58 Sailors 1 141 307.36 - - 1 141 307.36 Students 208 308.41 - - 208 308.41 Full Blacks 1 600 323.51 195 276.15 1 795 318.36 Mulattoes 704 348.90 128 293.69 832 340.41 Indians 503 419.31 5 290.00 508 418.04 1 Voyage aux terres Australes, II. 461; Quetelet, Bur I'Homme, II. 66. 2 Bur I'Homme, II. 70. 8 Ibid. II. 74. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 461 The marked inferiority of the mean strength of soldiers in the earlier series cannot fail to attract attention ; and the explanation is afforded bv the fact that a large number' of these men were rebel prisoners, whose lifting power was about 50 lbs. less than that of soldiers in our own army. Assorting the men in usual vigor according to their ages (last birthday), we obtain the mean values in the following table: - TABLE XLIIL Mean Lifting Strength of White Soldiers, in usual Vigor. Age Earlier Series Later Series No. of Men Strength No. of Men Strength Under 17 " 126 lbs. 238.4 92 lbs. 250.4 17 210 273.8 171 292.8 18 440 286.7 502 312.6 19 508 298.9 454 320.7 20 588 307.7 542 331.2 21 613 319.2 610 337.4 22 503 325.9 606 343.3 23 444 317.2 476 358.4 24 405 325.9 464 355.8 25 286 333.2 296 365.1 26 230 325.3 254 363.0 27 212 326.0 212 350.1 28 190 323.8 236 367.6 29 135 333.8 158 365.9 30 133 338.5 171 351.2 31-34 315 330.2 467 361.9 35-39 253 325.6 371 366.0 40-44 113 324.7 199 347.0 45-49 44 311.4 66 325.7 50 & over 28 291.7 34 321.2 The inadequacy of the number of men of each age in the pre- ceding table may be easily remedied, and the series of means rounded into a curve of satisfactory continuity, by combining the aggregate results for each consecutive three years after the age of twenty, and using their mean to represent the value for the middle year of the three. And by charting the series of values thus ob- tained, the curious fact is developed that the curve within the lim- a The mean age of this group was 15.7 years, at last birthday. 462 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. its of military age is not very dissimilar from a hyperbola of which the apex corresponds to about 24 j years last birthday, or the act- ual age of 25 years, and a strength of 359 lbs.; the maximum strength being about 362 lbs., and belonging to an actual age of 31 years. The empirical values of the strength of white soldiers, given in the next succeeding table, are computed from the statistics of the later series, using the actual mean ages, not those corresponding to the last birthday. TABLE XLIV. Empirical Table for Strength of White Soldiers Actual Age Lifting Strength Comp. - Obs. Actual Age Lifting Strength Comp. - Obs. 17 lbs. 282.0 lbs. -0.8 29 lbs. 361.8 lbs. -4.0 18 300.6 -4.3 30 361.9 + 10.7 19 315.2 -0.4 31 362.0 20 325.4 - 1.0 32 361.8 -0.3 21 334.3 + 1.0 33 361.5 22 342.5 + 3.1 34 361.0 23 350.0 -5.2 35 360.6 -6.4 24 355.9 + 2.2 36 360.0 -9.0 25 359.5 -4.9 37 359.3 -15.7 26 360.7 - 1.9 38 350.3 + 5.5 27 361.4 + 11.5 39 357.3 - 11.5 28 361.7 -5.8 40 355.7 + 3.6 If we compare these values with those found by Forbes1 for British and Irish students, the differences are seen to be very large, reaching a maximum apparently at about 22 years when the com- parison is made with Scotch students only, and remaining constant thereafter. The small number of individuals, from which Forbes deduced his value for the English and Irish, precludes any great reliance upon these results, which are in general yet more diverse from our own, - to an extent indeed not well explicable by any difference in the dynamometers employed. On the other hand our results somewhat exceed those found for the lifting, or renal, force by other investigators; they are considerablv larger than those already cited, which Quetelet obtained from trials on Belgians, up to the age of 30 years; and for ages above 30 they are largely in excess. 1 London and Edinburgh Philos. Journal, X. 197-200. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 463 Forbes's values were purely empirical ones, deduced from obser- vations of 523 Scotch, 178 English, and 72 Irish, - 773 in all, besides 56 from British colonies. To the tabular values deduced graphically he adds what seems to be a similar series of empirical values as derived from the actual observations given by Quetelet, and reproduced in the present chapter. A comparison of these results with our own may not be inappropriate here. Comparison of Determinations of Lifting Strength, according to Forbes, with those of U. S. Soldiers. Age Scotch above English Irish above Scotch Scotch above Americans Amer, above Belgians 17 lbs. - 12 lbs. 29 lbs. 58 lbs. 22 18 4 29 59 21 19 0 26 63 19 20 7 24 67 15 21 10 21 68 12 22 13 17 68 12 23 16 13 67 15 24 19 10 65 19 25 20 9 64 20 The maximum strength being at about 31 years, according to our data, the mean value falls slowly, and has been diminished by a little more than six pounds at the age of 40 years, after which our results scarcely warrant any safe induction. Quetelet, however, from his Belgians, having not less than ten men at each age, found a maximum at about 26 years, at which epoch the mean strength was 342 lbs., according to his observations, and 339 lbs. according to Forbes's curve, - that for American soldiers at the same age being 360 lbs. But Quetelet's values for subsequent ages fall with much greater rapidity than our own, and for the age of 40 years he found the mean strength to be but 269 lbs., or 73 lbs. below his maximum value, and nearly 87 lbs. below that of Amer- ican soldiers at the same age. The mean values given by Forbes for Irish students, surpass those found by ourselves for any class of men, even for the In- dians ; and we cannot avoid the conviction that a repetition of his experiments with sharp determination of the index-error and errors of graduation would yield smaller numerical values. For sailors, the dynamometer has indicated a development of strength decidedly less than for soldiers, as the appended table shows, the ages here being for last birthday. This result is in conformity with that of Ransonnet. 464 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XLV. Mean Lifting Strength of Sailors, in usual Vigor. Age No. Men Strength Age No. Men Strength Under 17 6 lbs. 193.8 26 82 lbs. 323.8 17 5 220.0 27 47 307.3 18 25 266.3 28 56 312.7 19 46 267.9 29 53 318.0 20 71 287.1 30 36 304.9 21 124 304.7 31-34 88 319.1 22 132 307.8 35-39 61 303.3 23 75 312.1 40-44 18 315.1 24 105 321.6 45-49 11 279.0 25 97 318.8 50 & over 3 298.0 For the students our numbers are too small to afford very satis- factory means for the individual years, but the statistics afford the following mean values; showing their average strength to be gen- erally less than that of soldiers of the same age, who represent the average of the American population but perhaps slightly greater than that of sailors. TABLE XL VI. Mean Lifting Strength of Students, in usual vigor. Age No. of Men Strength 18 2 lbs. 195.0 19 17 295.8 20 58 315.9 21 51 300.7 22 37 319.3 23 10 323.8 24 14 276.2 25 8 331.1 26 3 293.3 27 5 319.0 28 1 283.0 29 1 350.0 30 - - 31 1 390.0 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 465 The strength found for men of other races than the white is shown in the next two tables, in which it will be seen that the full blacks proved weaker than the white men, and the mulattoes somewhat stronger, while the Indians far surpassed all the others in the strength exhibited. The ages are for last birthday, as before. TABLE XL VII. Mean Lifting Strength of Negroes, in usual Vigor. Age Full Blacks Mulattoes Aggregate No. of Men Strength No. of Men Strength No. of Men Strength Under 17 36 lbs. 265.6 19 lbs. 246.3 55 lbs. 258.9 17 44 289.4 11 317.0 55 295.0 18 73 287.1 25 282.0 98 285.8 19 91 290.1 35 315.3 126 297.1 20 142 309.1 60 332.9 202 316.2 21 128 325.7 54 331.4 182 327.4 22 145 319.8 65 351.6 210 329.6 23 157 329.1 55 351.1 212 334.8 24 143 335.4 54 378.5 197 347.2 25 124 342.0 47 369.3 171 349.5 26 77 330.6' 38 355.8 115 338.9 27 73 329.5 27 380.1 100 343.2 28 67 354.1 24 354.1 91 354.1 29 41 337.1 24 390.7 65 356.9 30 39 337.8 33 363.9 72 349.8 31-34 81 363.2 36 374.9 117 366.8 35-39 72 328.3 52 354.3 124 339.2 40-44 34 306.3 23 381.5 57 336.6 45-49 22 321.3 13 341.2 35 328.7 50 & over 11 290.7 9 304.6 20 297.0 466 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. TABLE XLVIII. Mean Lifting Strength of Lroquois Indians. Age No. of Men Strength Age No. of Men Strength Under 17 1 lbs. 340.0 26 45 lbs. 407.2 17 - - 27 28 436.0 18 2 430.0 28 38 425.2 19 6 529.7 29 38 406.6 20 8 362.2 30 20 428.4 21 14 393.3 31-34 67 428.2 22 29 373.4 35-39 68 441.1 23 32 419.0 40 44 35 430.2 24 39 411.9 45-49 8 425.5 25 14 417.1 50 & over 11 377.9 It was comprised in the plan of this investigation, to institute some inquiry into the relations between the observed strength and the stature, and also into the mutual relations of strength and weight. But the large amount of labor bestowed upon other in- quiries unfortunately precludes a farther extension of the present research. The materials for such inquiries will however remain easily available for future investigators. It only remains, in the present chapter, to give the maximum strength recorded for any individual, in each of our classes, with such other facts regarding the person as may possess interest in this connection. These data we will arrange in tabular form. TABLE XLIX. Greatest Lifting Strength Observed. Class Previous Occu- p ition Pounds Lilted Nativity Height Age White Soldiers, Earlier Series Cooper . . 650 Germany . 68.3 26 V\ hite Soldiers, Later Series . Blacksmith 840 Ohio . . . 71.8 35 Sailors 640 Nova Scotia 70.0 31 Students 662 Maine . . 66.4 20 Full Blacks Field Hand 624 Alabama . 64.3 25 Mulattoes c< a 695 N. Carolina 68.6 23 Indians Farmer . . 741 W. N. York 67.7 33 WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 467 The greatest strength here exerted by a white soldier, 840 lbs. or 381 kilograms, is somewhat in excess of the maximum lifting force observed1 by Regnier, which was 370 kilograms or 816 lbs. And it will be seen that the mean lifting strength varies from about 2| to about 2| times the weight, so that in general a man can lift considerably more than twice his own weight. 1 Journal de VEcdle Polytechnique, II. p. 168. CHAPTER XII. PULMONARY CAPACITY. 1. Preliminary. The Spirometers employed are simply dry meters, agreeing in their general construction with the most approved form of those used for illuminating gas, and were made for the Sanitary Commis- sion by the American Meter Company, of Philadelphia. Their structure and general appearance are shown in the accompanying figures. Those metallic portions which are exposed to the breath are of copper, or some alloy which does not corrode by moisture at ordinary temperatures ; and they are provided with special contri- vances for removing the vapor as it condenses. They were tested from time to time, and so far as experience warrants a judgement PULMONARY CAPACITY. 469 they appear far superior to the cumbrous and complicated appa- ratus hitherto employed for the same purpose. It must not be forgotten that our aim was not to introduce such apparatus as would permit the highest degree of precision absolutely, but such as would, under the circumstances of the case, afford the best re- sults. For instruments which are to undergo the rough usage inseparable from transportation by army trains or on military rail- roads, which are in danger of being handled roughly at some un- guarded moment by rude men, and which must be employed at posts remote from facilities for repairing injuries or maladjustments, the conditions to be consulted are widely different from those which would be imposed under other circumstances. And although there are of course many respects in which the experience now obtained would indicate important modifications of method, inquiries, and precautions, were this work to be repeated or continued, yet the instruments employed have given entire satisfaction and very few points have suggested themselves in which the apparatus could clearly be changed for the better. The spirometers are graduated to indicate cubic inches (although cubic centimeters would be preferable for any future occasions), and are furnished with a mouthpiece of convenient form, connected with the instrument by flexible tubing. 470 PULMONARY CAPACITY. It was directed that, in each case, the results of three consecu- tive trials be recorded for the maximum amount which could be expelled from the lungs after a full inflation. The second trial was almost uniformly found to give a value decidedly larger than the first, and somewhat larger than the third; but it is the mean of all three, and not the strict maximum value, which has been used in our tabulations. The volume of air thus exhaled is, of course, not the full capacity of the lungs. Such an effort can rarely be supposed to measure the highest value possibly attainable by the indi- vidual, but simply affords a near approximation to it. And this value itself shows not the full capacity of the lungs, but rather what Hutchinson has called the " vital capacity," being the amount of air used in breathing. This author classifies the various sup- plies of air in the chest as - 1. Residual air, or that which re- mains after all possible effort at expulsion has been made; 2. Re- serve air, ot that which remains after ordinary expiration, but which may nevertheless be expelled by voluntary effort; 3. Breath- ing air, which is inhaled and exhaled alternately under ordinary circumstances; 4. Complemental air, which the lungs may be made to contain by vigorous effort in inhalation. And the sum of these three latter quantities, which he denotes by the name of " vital capacity," is the amount exhaled by the maximum effort after the deepest possible inspiration. In the present chapter the phrases, "Pulmonary Capacity" and " Capacity of Lungs," are employed solely as a convenient form of expression, and used to denote the results afforded by the spi- rometer. The average amount of air exhaled after a full inhalation was thus found to be, in cubic inches, as follows: - PULMONARY CAPACITY. 471 TABLE I. Average Capacity of Lungs. In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total No. Men Cubic Inches No. Men Cubic Inches No. Men Cubic Inches White Soldiers, Earlier Series . 4 837 175.655 1 915 155.699 6 752 169.995 White Soldiers, Later Series . . 8 895 187.868 1 541 166.321 10 436 184.686 Sailors 1 104 179.217 - - 1 104 179.217 Students 288 204.382 - - 288 204.382 Full Blacks 1 631 165.319 221 149.697 1 852 163.455 Mulattoes •. . 671 161.635 138 145.428 809 158.870 Indians 504 185.058 7 179.286 511 184.978 The extreme values recorded for any individual in the several classes were, in cubic inches: - In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Greatest Smallest Greatest Smallest White Soldiers, Earlier Series . 360 50 353 10 White Soldiers, Later Series. . 358 40 325 36 Sailors 387 50 - - Students 312 100 - - Full Blacks 360 70 246 55 Mulattoes 359 43 262 33 Indians 310 60 283 110 The great difference of the mean volume found for the black race from that which seems to belong to the whites, cannot fail to attract attention at the first glance. Its bearings are perhaps better manifested by the more detailed tabulations which will fol- low. The volume of air expelled from the lungs, as related to the size and mobility of the thorax, and to the other physical dimensions of the individuals, has been made the subject of careful and extensive study by many able men. The present discussion aims only at the proper presentation and classification of the results, obtained at the same time as the physical dimensions in our examinations. The tabulation has been arranged with a view to the acquisition of evi- 472 PULMONARY CAPACITY. dence upon theories heretofore suggested, and with hope and con- fidence that the numerical results thus attained may prove valua- ble for professional investigators of this important subject. Hutchinson's results are concisely summed up1 by himself; the following being among the chief of those regarding which our measurements are capable of furnishing evidence : - " The vital capacity differs in man according to height, weight, age, and disease. " By height, in the arithmetical relation of 8 cubic inches for every inch of height between five and six feet. " Bv weight, at five feet six inches it decreases 1 cubic inch per lb. between 11| and 14 stone.2 At other heights 7 per cent, must be added to the weight. The weight increases in a certain relation with the height in 3000 cases examined. The weight may be calculated from the height. " By age. Age after a certain time decreases the vital capacity. The decrease is nearly inch per year between 30 and 60 years of age. •'By disease, the vital capacity decreases from 10 to 70 per cent. "The size.of the chest and the quantity of air a man can breathe have no direct relation with each other. The circumference of the chest also has no relation to the vital capacity; but it has an exact relation to the weight, increasing an inch for every 10 lbs. " A stout man may have large lungs, and a spare man may have small lungs ; there appears no relation between the cubic space in the thorax and the weight. " The size of the chest and its mobility bear a strict relation to the quantity of air we breathe ; a 40 inch chest with 3 inches mobility, will breathe less in a deep inspiration than a 40 inch chest with 4 inches mo- bility. " There appears no relation between the sitting and standing height." These measurements are evidently made with great care and deserving of full confidence; while the results deduced from them are entitled to all respect, and seem to have been generally ac- cepted by physiologists. Yet the present investigations appear to indicate that some of the inferences must be considerably modified. And while it is very probable that, in spite of all endeavors, many of our examiners may have devoted less punctilious care to the measurements than was bestowed by Dr. Hutchinson, who appears to have personally conducted more than three fifths of the exami- nations upon which his memoir is based, this circumstance must be 1 Medico- Chirurgical Transactions, XXIX. p. 248. 2 The British " stone " is 14 lbs. avoirdupois, or about 6J kilograms.] 473 PULMONARY CAPACITY. far more than counter-balanced by the copious material here col- lected, which is about twelve fold greater. 2. Relation to Stature. Tables exhibiting the mean pulmonary capacity of men in usual vigor for each successive tenth of an inch in stature, have been prepared, in the belief that the results for an adequate number of the arguments, would represent the normal average for these stat- ures, and that a regularly progressive increase would thus be ex- hibited. But although the number of men comprised in many of the groups was quite considerable, amounting for two of the argu- ments to more than 225, the fluctuations in the corresponding mean capacity observed were very large, altogether too large in deed to indicate any regular curve. Subsequent tabulations indi- cate that no real increase in accuracy can be expected by reducing the groups to smaller intervals of stature than single inches; and only the results of a tabulation by inches of height are here pre- sented. The several groups in the appended table are deduced from those cases respectively for which the stature was found to be between half an inch below and half an inch above the round number; and the actual mean stature is given for each group in a special column. 474 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE II. Pulmonary Capacity of White Soldiers, in usual vigor, by Height. Earlier Series Later Series Total No. Men Mean Height Cubic In. No. Men Mean Height Cubic In. No. Men Mean Height Cubic In. 1 in. 56.30 90.0 2 in. 56.65 143.0 3 in. 56.53 125.3 2 58.00 95.0 2 58.30 102.0 4 58.15 98.5 7 58.93 113.3 9 59.07 137.4 16 59.01 126.9 10 60.09 159.6 27 60.11 148.1 37 60.10 151.2 30 60.99 136.4 54 61.11 146.2 84 61.07 142.7 85 62.03 143.9 138 62.04 156.8 223 62.04 151.9 168 63.01 144.1 312 62.99 161.2 480 62.99 155.2 312 63.99 153.3 612 63.99 167.4 924 63.99 162.6 489 64.97 158.4 981 64.97 174.6 1 470 64.97 169.3 643 65.98 166.2 1 239 65.96 181.4 1 882 65.97 176.2 722 66.96 176.0 1 491 66.94 185.4 2 213 66.94 182.3 834 67.95 181.9 1 466 67.92 192.2 2 300 67.93 188.5 618 68.91 184.9 1 027 68.88 200.4 1 645 68.89 194.6 437 69.91 193.3 721 69.89 205.9 1 158 69.90 201.3 250 70.87 196.1 385 70.86 207.0 635 70.87 202.7 129 71.85 206.9 244 71.86 217.6 373 71.85 213.9 62 72.87 202.3 112 72.86 220.7 174 72.86 214.2 27 73.89 217.2 49 73.85 233.9 76 73.87 228.0 9 74.91 207.1 10 74.88 242.6 19 74.89 225.8 1 76.40 211.0 9 75.88 242.0 10 75.93 238.9 1 77.40 335.0 4 76.78 206.2 5 76.90 232.0 - - - 1 77.50 263.0 1 77.50 263.0 4 837 67.296 175.65 8 895 67.164 187.87 13 732 67.211 183.57 The mean capacity is thus seen to increase with the height ac- cording to some general law, as would naturally be expected ; but neither so regularly for individuals as has been alleged, nor at so high a rate as 8 cubic inches for each inch of height. About cubic inches seems to be the normal increase with each inch of stature. A similar examination of the results for sailors and for students leads to similar inferences; and it can scarcely admit of doubt that the pulmonary capacity, corresponding to any given stature, is PULMONARY CAPACITY. 475 subject to individual variations relatively as great as those for any of the other physical dimensions or characteristics, and that the number of cases requisite for affording a normal mean value for any height is decidedly larger than can be found in our groups for these classes. The degree of reliance, to which the determinations of pulmo- nary capacity in the preceding tables are entitled, may be tested by assorting the several individual determinations for men of any given stature, and comparing the distribution thus found with that corre- sponding to the law of error as explained in the third section of Chapter VIII. The degree of accordance between the two sys- tems of distribution will then afford a criterion as to the extent to which the mean of the determinations ought to be regarded as typical. The result of such an assortment for white soldiers 67 inches in height, who were in usual vigor, is here given. TABLE III. Assortment by Pulmonary Capacity, between the limits 66.5 and 61.5 inches in Height, of White Soldiers in usual vigor. (Mean Height = 66.936 Inches.) Cubic Inches No. of Men Theoretical Proportion Difference C. - 0. For 10 000 Cases For 1491 Cases Below 96 19 75 11 -8 96115 52 219 33 -19 116 135 81 592 88 + 7 136 155 136 1 210 180 + 44 156-175 271 1 853 276 + 5 176-195 319 2 132 319 0 196 215 330 1 845 275 + 55 216 235 160 1 201 179 + 19 236-255 85 585 87 + 2 256 275 22 214 32 + 10 Above 275 16 74 11 -5 1 491 10 000 1491 + 87 -87 in. Mean Pulmonary Capacity . . 185.36 Probable Individual Variation . 24.92 Probable Error of Mean . . . 0.65 476 PULMONARY CAPACITY. Table IV. shows the mean pulmonary capacity for each inch of height, as derived from our measurements of sailors and of students, both in usual health, and also the results for the aggregate of all white men of this class examined; the measurements for soldiers, sailors, and students being combined in this Grand Total result for white men in ordinary vigor. TABLE IV. Pulmonary Capacity of White Men, in usual Vigor, by Height. Sailors Students Total of White Men No. Men Mead H't Cubic In. No. Men Mean H't Cubic In. No. Men Mean H't Cubic In. 1 in. 48.40 70.0 - in. - 4 in. 54.50 111.5 - - - - - 4 58.15 98.5 1 59.40 80.0 - - - 17 59.03 124.1 12 60.03 177.7 - - - 49 60.09 157.7 25 61.05 157.0 - - - 109 61.07 146.0 49 62.01 159.1 -* - - 272 62.03 153.2 78 63.02 158.6 3 63.27 196.7 561 63.00 155.9 132 63.98 167.5 8 63.79 192.6 1 064 63.99 163.5 165 64.96 174.8 32 64.97 179.5 1 667 64.97 170.0 161 65.90 180.0 37 66.01 189.8 2 080 65.96 176.7 162 66.93 192.4 34 66.93 194.3 2 409 66.94 183.1 121 67.90 186.1 49 67.98 196.5 2 470 67.93 188.5 102 68.90 191.5 42 69.02 210.8 1 789 68.90 194.8 49 69.79 192.1 36 69.90 222.7 1 243 69.89 201.5 28 70.81 188.7 24 70.92 223.5 687 70.87 202.8 12 71.82 204.3 14 71.86 237.1 399 71.85 214.4 4 72.87 207.2 5 72.98 251.0 183 72.87 215.0 1 74.20 151.0 1 74.10 273.0 78 73.87 227.5 1 75.00 200.0 1 74.70 120.0 21 74.89 219.5 - - - 1 75.60 261.0 11 75.90 240.9 - - - 1 77.40 265.0 6 76.98 237.5 - - - - - - 1 77.50 263.0 1 104 66.009 179.22 288 68.119 204.38 15 124 67.140 183.64 For the men not in usual vigor the corresponding results are neither so interesting nor so important, at least so long as the cause or degree of their enfeebled condition does not appear as an ele- ment in the classification. The material for such a classification PULMONARY CAPACITY. 477 exists to some extent in the answers to Question 31, which assort the occasions of the loss of vigor into the five classes, disease, wounds, recent exertion, hardship, and poor fare; but it has not appeared probable, in view of the large variations in the values de- duced for men in health, that the results thus attained would re- ward the labor of such a classification. In Table V. are condensed the mean values obtained for those white men who were not included in the last table, because not in their usual vigor. All of these men were in the volunteer army, - a considerable portion being examined at the Convalescent Camp. TABLE V. Pulmonary Capacity of White Men not in usual Vigor, by Height. Number of Men Mean Height Cubic Inches 16 in. 59.02 124.2 25 61.02 132.8 56 61.95 132.8 125 62.97 135.6 253 64.00 140.9 357 64.99 152.2 504 65.95 152.2 530 66.96 160.3 513 67.94 164.2 429 68.89 165.5 291 69.91 179.0 165 70.92 180.6 101 71.91 189.6 49 72.91 175.9 29 73.92 196.3 13 75.84 194.8 3 456 67.230 160.43 Comparing the pulmonary capacity of the black race with that of the white, the difference is very striking. The results presented for the blacks are deduced from those men only who were appar- ently in full health and strength, and the excess of average capaci- ty in whites of the same stature is added in a special column. 478 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE VI. Pulmonary Capacity of Negroes,, in usual Vigor, by Height. Full Blacks Mulattoes Total Mean Differ- ence from Whites No. Men Mean H't Cubic In. No. Men Mean H't Cubic In. No. Men Mean H't Cubic In. 6 in. 58.70 150.2 - in. - 6 in. 58.70 150.2 14 60.10 131.5 5 59.80 101.8 19 60.02 123.7 34.05 29 60.96 146.0 10 60.88 117.0 39 60.94 138.6 7.41 55 61.99 140.4 18 61.89 141.5 73 61.97 140.7 12.50 112 62.94 144.6 58 62.95 148.8 170 62.95 146.0 9.85 173 63.97 155.4 72 63.95 144.8 245 63.97 152.3 11.17 209 64.91 160.5 100 64.95 158.1 309 64.92 159.7 10.26 258 65.97 162.6 112 65.96 156.9 370 65.97 160.9 15.81 258 66.97 166.5 94 66.95 168.4 352 66.96 167.0 16.12 220 67.95 172.7 67 67.83 160.7 287 67.92 169.9 18.68 142 68.98 183.2 65 68.92 180.5 207 68.96 182.3 12.44 72 69.86 176.7 33 69.87 189.8 105 69.86 180.8 20.72 48 70.92 196.7 19 70.97 186.7 67 70.94 193.9 8.96 26 71.97 203.7 13 71.86 203.1 39 71.93 203.5 10.90 5 72.86 184.0 2 72.50 190.5 7 72.76 185.9 29.16 2 73.85 256.0 1 74.40 131.0 3 74.03 214.3 13.22 2 76.60 240.0 2 76.30 253.5 4 76.45 246.7 - 1 631 66.257 165.32 671 66.229 161.63 2 302 66.249 164.24 Since the number of Indians examined was not sufficient to ensure a symmetrical distribution of the proportion at different heights, this fact is manifested in our mean difference between their average pulmonary capacity and that of white men ; this dif- ference indicating an excess for the total of the Indians examined, while for every individual inch of stature, except one, the capacity is greater for the whites. PULMONARY CAPACITY. 479 TABLE VII. Pulmonary Capacity of Indians, in usual vigor, by Height. No. of Men Mean Height Cubic Inches Less than for Whites Greater than for Blacks 1 in. 62.50 130.0 - - 1 64.00 162.0 - -? 13 65.09 177.3 - 7.31 + 17.57 33 65.92 162.8 + 13.96 1.85 88 67.14 173.8 9.31 6.81 178 67.93 185.3 3.23 15.45 102 68.87 194.4 0.36 12.08 50 69.88 199.6 1.95 + 18.77 17 70.76 192.9 9.96 - 1.00 13 71.93 191.2 23.21 -12.31 5 ' 72.72 178.6 36.42 - 7.26 2 73.75 167.0 + 60.55 -47.33 1 75.70 214.0 - - 504 68.238 185.06 If from the means of the actually observed numbers, as above recorded, we endeavor by graphical methods to construct normal curves showing the best value empirically deducible for men in good health, of any given stature, without regard to other elements than the mere height, we shall find : - 1st that the mean increase of pulmonary capacity appears closely proportional to the increase of height, and 2d, that among white men this mean increase is at the very nearly constant rate of a little more than six cubic inches for each inch of stature. The results in Table VIII. have been deduced by graphical means exclusively, the values already given being carefully charted, and a line drawn through the series of points to represent the sys- tem as closely as possible. The columns headed c. - o. (Calcula- tion minus Observation) show the discordance between the empir- ical and the observed values, for each inch of mean stature. In judging of the weight to be attributed to these discordances, the number of observed cases, as shown by the preceding tables, 480 PULMONARY CAPACITY. should be kept in mind. The similarity of the values for full blacks and mulattoes, as shown by Table VI., warrants their con- solidation into a single class. TABLE VIII. Empirical Determination of Pulmonary Capacity, by Stature. Height White Soldiers Earlier Series White Soldiers Later Series Total White Men Negroes Cubic In. 0. -0. Cubic In. 0. -0. Cubic In. 0. - 0. Cubic In. 0. - 0. inches 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 120 126| 133 1391 153 160 1661 173| 180 186| 192| 198| 204 2091 2141 + 6.3 -32.5 - 3.4 - 4.2 + 2.5 - 0.4 + 1.4 + 0.2 - 2.7 -- 2.3 + 1.0 - 1.8 + 1.6 - 3.7 + 6.5 - 3.2 136| 14 149 155 1611 167| 174 180 1861 mi 199 205 2111 218 224 2301 237 -0.5 -5.0 + 3.4 -1.5 + 0.3 + 0.0 -0.8 - 1.6 + 0.7 -0.2 -2.1 -1.5 + 3.6 -0.5 + 2.4 -4.4 -6.4 132 1381 145 151 157| 1631 170 176 182| 1881 1941 2001 2061 212 218 2231 2291 + 8.1 18.6 - 0.6 - 2.0 + 1.7 - 0.0 - 0.2 - 1.0 - 1.0 - 0.5 - 0.9 - 1.7 + 2.9 - 3.3 + 2.2 - 4.8 + 9.3 1301 136 141 146 151| 156| 162 1671 173| 179 185 191 197| + 6.9 -2.9 + 0.2 -0.3 -1.0 -3.6 + 0.9 + 0.2 + 3.2 -3.6 + 3.3 -3.2 -6.5 The close accordance of this empirical and very simple law with the observed facts, within the limits of manly stature, is very strik- ing. That there must be an inferior limit to the application of the law is equally manifest, but our materials furnish no clew for its detection. There would seem to be ground for suspecting this limit to be at about the mean stature corresponding to the age of 16 or 17 years. 3. Relation to Length of Body. Since the variations in height of different persons depend so largely upon the length of the legs, it would appear probable that the size of the thorax, or at least its depth, would be found to occupy some much more definite and manifest relation to the 481 PULMONARY CAPACITY. capacity of the lungs, than would he the case for the stature. The examination of this question was naturally not omitted by Dr. Hutchinson in his elaborate and able memoir, but his inferences after the investigation were strongly adverse to this natural suppo- sition ; and he states that he was forced to the conclusion, already cited, that " the size of the chest and the quantity of air a man can breath, have no direct relation with each other;1 although he also says : " I am quite at a loss to explain why height governs, or why a relation exists between the amount of air expelled and the stature. It is well known that the difference of height is chiefly regulated by the length of the legs; I found by direct experiments upon men (between 5 and 6 feet) that whatever be their standing height, their sitting height is on an average. 3 feet." 2 In yet other places he says, " Contrary to what I ever expected (and agreeable to the opinion of others) I do not find there exists any direct relation between the circumference of the chest and the vital capacity," 3 and " I have frequently been asked if the depth of the chest did not increase with the height of the individual. I find this not to be the case." 4 The investigation of this relation to the circumference of the thorax has of course been repeated here, as the largely increased number of cases at our disposal demanded, and the results of this inquiry will be presented in the next section ; but it seemed also advisable to tabulate the results according to the Length of Body, i. e. the height between the perinaeum and the 7th cervical verte- bra. This dimension is recorded for all our cases ; and the results given in Chapter VIII. show that although varying within much narrower limits than the height, the length of body is by no means so constant as Dr. Hutchinson seems to have supposed. From this tabulation it becomes unmistakably evident that the pulmonary capacity does not stand in a relation to the length of body, at all comparable for distinctness or regularity with that which it appears to occupy toward the stature. The best graphi- cal representation of the series gives a slightly curved line, and falls far short of a satisfactory accordance with individual determi- nations. The capacity seems however to increase with the length of body, which doubtless generally increases with the stature. In the appended tables the results of this mode of tabulation are given, but for men in good health, only. 1 Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, XXIX. p. 248. 2 Ibid. p. 183. 8 Ibid. p. 172. < Ibid. p. 179. 482 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE IX. Pulmonary Capacity of White Soldiers, by Length of Body. Earlier Series Later Series Total No. Mean Length Cubic In. No. Mean Length Cubic In. No. Mean Length Cubic In. 3 in. 18.90 197.7 5 in. 16.88 141.0 8 in. 17.64 162.2 5 20.02 139.4 6 20.08 171.0 11 20.05 156.6 7 20.54 138.6 10 20.50 162.7 17 20.52 152.8 4 20.97 163.7 4 21.00 156.0 8 20.99 159.9 4 21.60 138.2 8 21.50 140.1 12 21.53 139.5 19 21.96 134.9 22 22.06 163.1 41 22.01 150.0 41 22.51 140.3 36 22.52 158.0 77 22.51 148.6 76 23.03 137.9 72 23.03 158.3 148 23.03 147.9 155 23.54 154.1 183 23.46 173.1 338 23.50 164.4 264 24.00 154.6 381 24.02 165.6 645 24.01 161.1 451 24.50 160.3 617 24.51 172.1 1 068 24.51 167.1 578 25.01 165.3 1 007 25.01 179.9 1 585 25.01 174.6 667 25.50 174.0 1 221 25.51 181.2 1 888 25.51 178.6 667 26.00 177.2 1 400 26.00 188.7 2 067 26.00 185.0 512 26.49 186.5 1 233 26.49 190.8 1 745 26.49 189.5 431 26.99 194.3 1 027 26.99 195.6 1 458 26.99 195.2 332 27.49 190.2 723 27.48 201.6 1 055 27.48 198 0 202 28.00 200.3 470 27.99 203.1 672 27.99 202.3 151 28.47 204.3 316 28.48 198.5 467 28.48 200.4 107 28.97 204.4 180 28.98 202.4 287 28.98 203.2 58 29.49 200.5 93 29.47 212.3 151 29.48 207.8 44 30.00 218.0 46 29.99 211.9 90 29.99 214.9 15 30.45 232.1 19 30.48 193.3 34 30.47 210.4 14 30.96 221.1 14 30.96 208.1 28 30.96 214.6 7 31.39 231.3 3 31.37 230.3 ! 10 31.38 231.0 4 31.97 270.7 3 32.07 177.7 7 32.01 230.9 2 32.65 144.0 6 32.53 177.8 ; 8 32.56 169.4 3 33.33 235.0 12 36.29 162.7 15 35.70 177.1 483 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE X. Pulmonary Capacity of White Men, by Length of Body. Sailors Students Total White Men No. Mean Length Cubic In. No. Mean Length Cubic In. No. Mean Length Cubic In. in. in. in. - - - - - - 8 17.64 162.2 - - - - - - 11 20.05 156.6 1 20.40 151.0 - - - 18 20.51 152.7 2 21.05 132.0 - - - 10 21.00 154.3 5 21.62 143.6 - - - 17 21.56 140.7 9 22.07 183.6 2 22.20 252.5 52 22.03 159.8 40 22.54 155.7 - - - 117 22.52 151.0 86 23.02 164.0 2 23.10 139.0 236 23.03 153.6 139 23.51 172.8 7 23.46 202.6 484 23.50 167.4 196 24.01 174.4 13 23.97 176.5 854 24.01 164.4 204 24.50 179.4 28 24.49 187.5 1 300 24.51 169.5 175 25.00 187.5 37 25.00 192.2 1 797 25.01 176.2 106 25.48 183.6 38 25.51 193.5 . 2 032 25.51 179.2 69 25.97 186.1 42 26.01 201.1 2 178 26.00 185.3 47 26.47 202.6 36 26.50 215.4 1 828 26.49 190.4 29 26.99 196.5 28 27.03 212.4 1 515 26.99 195.5 10 27.47 183.7 21 27.46 221.9 1 086 27.48 198.4 5 28.14 192.2 11 28.08 243.9 688 27.99 202.8 7 28.49 182.9 7 28.50 194.7 481 28.48 200.1 2 29.05 224.5 6 29.08 231.8 295 28.98 203.9 4 29.45 211.2 4 29.45 251.7 159 29.48 209.0 - - - 4 29.92 228.2 94 29.99 215.5 1 30.60 288.0 1 30.50 215.0 36 30.47 212.7 - -* - 1 30.90 218.0 29 30.96 214.8 - - - 1 31.50 340.0 11 31.39 240.9 - - - 1 31.90 265.0 8 32.00 235.1 - - - - - - 8 32.56 169.4 - - - - - 15 35.70 177.1 484 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE XL Pulmonary Capacity of Negroes, by Length of Body. Full Blacks Mulattoes Total Mean Differ- ence from Whites No. Men Mean Length Cubic Inches No. Men Mean Length Cubic Inches No. Men Mean Length Cubic Inches 8 in. 19.75 141.9 3 in. 19.47 131.3 11 in. 19.67 139.0 - 10 21.00 144.5 6 21.02 134.0 16 21.01 140.6 13.74 21 21.50 145.0 7 21.41 139.9 28 21.48 143.7 -3.04 47 22.03 155.4 13 22.00 151.7 .60 22.03 154.6 5.17 92 22.52 158.3 25 22.52 143.5 117 22.52 155.1 -4.09 162 23.00 153.3 48 23.02 149.6 210 23.01 152.5 1.18 185 23.51 159.1 81 23.50 154.3 266 23.50 157.7 9.72 231 24.00 162.9 70 23.98 156.2 301 23.99 161.3 3.11 211 24.50 170.7 121 24.51 156.8 332 24.51 165.6 3.87 187 25.01 171.0 98 24.99 162.6 285 25.01 168.1 8.07 152 25.51 167.2 67 25.51 162.7 219 25.51 165.8 13.38 100 26.00 171.9 62 25.97 162.1 162 25.99 168.2 17.13 72 26.48 178.1 39 26.49 175.8 111 26.49 177.3 13.09 52 26.98 170.7 35 26.95 169.0 87 26.97 170.0 25.51 29 27.49 186.7 17 27.46 190.7 46 27.48 188.2 10.20 23 28.00 171.9 13 27.88 177.6 36 27.96 174.0 28.88 6 28.37 154.5 6 28.40 157.3 12 28.38 155.9 44.15 3 28.80 181.3 2 29.20 108.5 5 28.96 152.2 51.69 3 29.43 157.3 1 29.30 171.0 4 29.40 160.7 48.26 1 29.90 78.0 1 30.10 133.0 2 30.00 105.5 109.96 15 32.87 177.5 3 33.87 217.7 18 34.98 195.0 - 485 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE XII. Pulmonary Capacity of Indians, by Length of Body. No. of Men Mean Length. Cubic Inches Less than for Whites Greater than for Blacks 2 in. 22.10 166.0 - - 4 24.47 147.7 24.74 -17.87 8 25.06 165.1 11.10 -3.03 26 25.58 186.0 -6.79 20.17 76 26.03 185.8 -0.45 17.58 122 26.51 189.6 0.76 12.33 116 26.95 188.1 7.43 18.08 84 27.51 182.1 16.23 -6.03 33 27.92 177.5 25.33 3.55 23 28.46 185.7 14.33 29.82 5 28.98 200.0 3.89 47.80 5 29.44 186.6 22.41 25.85 3 30.00 166.0 49.46 60.50 - - 486 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE XIII. Empirical Determination of Pulmonary Capacity, by Length of Body. Length of Body White Soldiers Earlier Series White Soldiers Later Series Total White Men Negroes Cubic In. C. - 0. Cubic In. C._0. Cubic In. C. - 0. Cubic In. C. -0. inches 21 - - 1481 -7.5 1431 -10.8 1431 + 3.0 21| 132 -5.1 152 + 11.9 147 + 6.8 146 + 2.1 22 137| + 2.1 1551 -7.2 151 -8.5 1481 -6.0 99-L 142| + 2.3 159 + 1.2 155 + 4.1 151 -4.0 23 + 9.9 163 + 4.9 159 + 5.6 154 + 1.6 23| 153 -0.7 1661 -6.9 163 -4.4 1561 - 1.2 24 158 + 3.4 1701 + 5.0 1671 + 3.2 1591 - 1.9 24| 163 + 2.7 1741 + 2.5 1711 + 2.1 162 -3.6 25 168 + 2.8 179 -0.9 176 -0.1 165 -3.1 25| 173 - 1.0 1831 + 2.5 1801 + 1.4 168 + 2.3 26 177| + 0.3 188 -0.7 185 -0.3 171 + 2.8 26| 182| -4.1 192 + 1.1 1891 - 1.0 1731 -3.8 27 187| -6.9 1951 -0.1 194 - 1.6 1751 + 5.4 27| 192 + 1.7 199 -2.8 198 -0.5 177 -11.2 28 197 -3.3 202 - 1.1 2011 - 1.4 178 + 3.9 28| 201j - 3.1 2041 + 5.9 205 + 4.8 - - 29 206 + 1.3 2061 + 4.0 208 + 4.0 - - 29j 210j + 9.9 2081 -4.0 2111 + 2.4 - - 30 2141 -3.5 2101 - 1.4 2141 -1.0 - - 30| 219 - 13.6 212 + 18.7 2171 + 4.6 - - 31 2231 + 2.0 2131 + 5.2 220 + 5.0 - - That the lung-capacity stands in a closer relation to the stature than to the length of body, and that the latter is apparently avail- able as a criterion only in so far as it represents the average stature to which it corresponds, may easily be made evident. Taking only men of the same stature, and assorting them by their length of body, we find for each group nearly the same value, being an ap- proximation to that which corresponds to the stature. If, however, we take only men of the same length of body and assort them by their stature, we find for each group a different mean value ; the capacity increasing with the height. The appended table will suffice to illustrate this fact. PULMONARY CAPACITY. 487 TABLE XIV. Pulmonary Capacity by Length of Body, for White Soldiers 67 Inches high. Length of Body No. of Men Cubic Inches inches Under 24 13 184.77 24 35 185.54 24| 73 186.82 25 201 188.93 25g' 250 184.88 26 326 184.94 26| 255 183.45 27 181 185.65 27| 92 183.17 28 42 189.71 28| 14 187.36 29 9 168.78 4. Relation to Circumference of Chest. We have already seen that the mean circumference of the chest across the nipples, for white men in ordinary health, is about 0.55 of the height at full inspiration, and 0.51 at expiration. At first thought it might be supposed, since the mean proportion between the length of body, or the circumference of thorax, and the height possesses a definite and normal value, that the same results would be approximately indicated by a tabulation according to any one of these dimensions provided the number of cases were sufficient. The figures presented in the last section, however, will have made it manifest that such is not the fact; and very slight examination suffices to show that the variations of many individual dimensions, for a given stature, considerably exceed in amplitude the changes of the mean dimension with the stature, when within the ordinary limits. This is especially the case for the girth of the chest; and the indirect influence of the height as shown in the scale of magni- tude for all dimensions is thus masked to a greater extent. The curious deduction of Hutchinson, that the girth of the chest exerts but a comparatively small influence upon the pulmonary ca- pacity, was explained by him through the fact that adipose deposits along the walls of the thorax would tend both to increase the cir- 488 PULMONARY CAPACITY. cumference and to diminish the space available for expansion of the lungs. Our results, while confirming his other inference, that the mean increase in the volume of air breathed is closely propor- tional to the increase in the mean stature, do not appear to cor- roborate so fully his deductions regarding the limits of individual variation from this rule, or regarding the unimportance of any other relation between the dimensions of the chest and this respiratory capacity. This will be manifest by inspection of the Tables XV. to XIX., which show the relation between the pulmonary capacity and the circumference of chest, for men in health, and are analogous to the similar tables already given for the relation to height and length of body. In this present tabulation the increase in the mean capacity is seen not to be as strictly and clearly proportional to the increase in the dimension, as was the case in the tabulation by height, where the line which represents this ratio upon the chart is very nearly straight for the whites; still this line is here but slightly curved, and the discordances of the several mean values are by no means so large or irregular. PULMONARY CAPACITY. 489 TABLE XV. Pulmonary Capacity of White Soldiers, by Circumference of Chest. Earlier Series Later Series Total No. Mean Circ. Cubic In. No. Mean Circ. Cubic In. No. Mean Circ. Cubic In. 8 in. 27.12 134.1 10 In. 27.13 143.0 18 in. 27.13 139.1 6 29.05 136.0 9 29.12 147.3 15 29.09 142.8 5 29.46 124.6 12 29.52 134.3 17 29.50 131.5 22 30.04 145.2 26 30.10 158.0 48 30.07 152.1 27 30.51 144.9 33 30.59 149.6 60 30.55 147.5 51 31.00 153.1 82 31.10 163 2 133 31.06 159.3 70 31.52 151.3 100 31.59 168.1 170 31.56 161.1 127 32.02 151.5 191 32.09 164.6 318 32.07 159.4 137 32 52 163.2 253 32.57 174.4 390 32.55 170.5 240 33.01 156.2 361 33.08 178.1 601 33.05 169.3 249 33.51 165.4 408 33.58 176.6 657 33.56 172.4 422 34.00 166.4 637 34.07 179.5 1 059 34.04 174.3 353 34.52 168.3 666 34.57 182.5 1 019 34.56 177.6 447 34.99 178.5 807 35.07 184.6 1 254 35.04 182.4 386 35.50 178.3 880 35.57 186.0 1266 35.55 183.6 486 35.99 178.9 906 36.07 189.5 1 392 36.03 185.8 349 36.50 183.1 846 36.56 191.2 1 195 36.53 188.8 370 36.99 186.5 725 37.06 192.9 1 095 37.04 190.8 295 37.49 199.4 583 37.55 196.8 878 37.53 197.7 232 38.00 192.7 478 38.03 200.5 710 38.02 198.0 176 38.49 192.0 382 38.53 204.5 558 38.52 200.6 138 39.00 195.9 258 39.03 201.1 396 39.02 199.3 68 39.48 199.1 170 39.53 195.6 238 39.51 196.6 64 39.99 199.6 118 40.03 204.2 182 40.02 202.6 28 40.49 213.8 50 40.52 202.1 78 40.51 206.3 23 41.01 213.3 38 41.04 223.9 61 41.03 219.9 9 41.50 223.8 24 41.46 206.2 33 41.47 211.0 11 41.99 195.6 18 42.01 201.0 29 42.00 199.0 4 42.52 214.7 10 42.48 210.0 14 42.49 211.4 3 43.00 218.3 4 42.96 200.2 7 42.98 208.0 2 43.55 212.5 4 43.56 175.0 6 43.56 187.5 2 44.40 296.5 3 44.68 157.3 5 44.57 213.0 490 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE XVI. Pulmonary Capacity of White Men, by Circumference of Chest. Sailors Students Total White Men No. Mean Circ. Cubic In. No. Mean Circ. Cubic In. No. Mean Circ. Cubic In. 5 in. 28.12 178.6 1 in. 26.20 220.0 24 in. 27.30 150.7 1 29.00 100.0 - - - 16 29.08 140.1 5 29.57 150.0 - - - 22 29.52 135.7 6 30.07 159.2 - - - 54 30.07 152.9 4 30.65 167.0 - - - 64 30.56 148.7 16 31.07 151.0 - - - 149 31.06 158.4 13 31.57 166.5 5 31.64 144.8 188 31.51 161.1 45 32.05 160.7 3 32.10 167.3 366 32.06 159.6 36 32.56 169.1 15 32.65 173.5 441 32.55 170.5 91 33.07 161.2 8 33.18 183.7 700 33.06 168.4 64 33.57 183.1 32 33.63 J80.4 753 33.56 173.6 122 34.07 173.6 11 34.12 170.8 1 192 34.06 174.2 73 34.57 182.8 52 34.63 196.2 1 144 34.56 178.7 154 35.06 172.4 29 35.07 210.1 1 437 35.04 181.9 71 35.55 187.1 41 35.64 218.9 1 378 35.55 184.9 114 36.05 177.9 20 36.05 235.3 1 526 36.04 185.8 77 36.55 188.8 26 36.58 213.7 1 298 36.54 189.3 84 37.06 191.4 8 36.97 222.6 1 187 37.04 191.0 41 37.58 198.6 19 37.59 223.7 938 37.54 198.2 48 38.04 190.3 1 38.20 299.0 759 38.02 197.6 18 38.54 205.5 15 38.63 223.2 591 38.52 201.3 21 39.01 210.7 1 39.20 200.0 418 39.02 199.9 7 39.55 199.4 1 39.30 244.0 246 39.51 196.9 6 40.02 203.3 - - - 188 40.02 202.6 4 40.69 227.7 - - - 82 40.52 207.4 4 40.92 193.5 2 41.20 292.5 67 41.03 220.5 1 41.35 263.0 - - 34 41.47 212.5 1 42.00 199.0 - - - 30 42.00 199.0 - - - - - 14 42.49 211.4 - - - - - - 7 42.98 208.0 - - - - - - 6 43.56 187.5 1 46.70 186.0 - - - 6 44.92 208.5 PULMONARY CAPACITY. 491 TABLE XVII. Pulmonary Capacity of Negroes, by Circumference of Chest. Full Blacks Mulattoes Total Mean Differ- ence from Whites No. Mean tire. Cubic In. So. Mean Circ. Cubic In. No. Mean Circ. Cubic In. 5 ift. 28.57 151.2 3 in. 27.87 164.0 8 in. 28.31 156.0 * 6 29.53 124.7 2 29.65 133.0 8 29.56 126.7 8.93 13 30.09 133.1 6 30.07 96.3 19 30.08 121.5 31.36 8 30.54 128.2 4 30.69 139.2 12 30.59 131.9 16.81 24 31.07 129.6 15 31.04 144.9 39 31.06 135.5 22.94 21 31.58 130.3 11 31.58 134.9 32 31.58 131.9 29.22 47 32.09 144.2 24 32.04 128.5 71 32.07 138.9 20.70 65 32.55 144.7 35 32.59 146.0 100 32.56 145.2 25.29 97 33.04 152.4 38 33.08 153.3 135 33.05 152.6 15.80 133 33.55 153.8 62 33.58 144.5 195 33.56 150.8 22.82 135 34.07 159.8 61 34.07 149.7 196 34.07 156.6 17.55 155 34.54 159.6 93 34.60 156.6 248 34.56 158.5 20.29 168 35.05 171.0 71 35.04 168.5 239 35.05 170.2 11.68 163 35.55 162.7 77 35.56 158.4 240 35.55 161.4 23.50 139 36.03 172.5 54 36.08 167.2 193 36.05 171.0 14.87 128 36.53 171.8 53 36.53 169.6 181 36.53 171.1 18.15 94 37.05 179.4 25 37.06 168.5 119 37.05 177.1 13.88 71 37.54 182.5 32 37.54 185.9 103 37.54 183.6 14.67 65 38.01 187.3 20 38.03 194.1 85 38.02 188.9 8.73 36 38.51 196.8 15 38.56 213.4 51 38.52 201.7 -0.38 17 39.13 189.6 1 38.90 230.0 18 39.11 191.8 8.06 8 39.47 187.2 6 39.44 189.3 14 39.46 188.1 8.74 11 40.03 230.7 4 39.97 158.7 15 40.02 211.5 -8.93 3 40.72 200.0 2 42.12 145.0 5 41.28 178.0 - 492 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE XVIII. Pulmonary Capacity of Indians, by Circumference of Chest. No. Mean Circumf. Cubic Inches Less than Whites Greater than Blacks 1 in. 33.90 148.0 26.18 -8.63 5 34.53 170.2 8.55 11.74 10 35.00 165.4 16.53 -4.85 20 35.66 156.7 28.11 -4.61 32 36.04 165.9 19.91 -5.04 70 36.55 175.7 13.59 4.56 80 36.99 180.2 10.79 3.08 81 37.46 189.2 8:99 5.68 18 37.96 186.6 11.06 -2.33 63 38.47 191.4 9.88 10.26 23 39 '0 199.9 -0.02 8.08 30 39.49 201.0 -4.08 12.82 7 39.93 237.0 -34.40 25.47 8 40.51 207.5 -0.13 0.00 17 41.07 193.1 27.40 - 14 41.37 203.6 8.95 - 10 42.03 190.1 8.87 - 7 42.40 217.0 -5.64 - 4 43.07 185.2 22.75 - 3 43.43 185.0 2.50 i- 3 47.95 147.0 - PULMONARY CAPACITY. 493 TABLE XIX. Empirical Determinations of Pulmonary Capacity, by Circumference of Chest. Giro, of Chest White Soldiers Earlier Series White Soldiers Later Series Total White Men Negroes Cubic In. 0.-o. Cubic In. c. -0. Cubic In. c. - 0. Cubic In. c. - 0. inches 29 134| -1.1 143| -2.7 142 + 2.4 - - 29| 138 + 13.1 148 + 13.8 145| + 10.0 - - 30 141 -3.9 152 -5.1 149| -2.9 124 + 3.1 30-2 144| -0.4 156| + 7.6 153 + 4.7 128 -3.1 31 148 -5.1 160| -1.8 156| -1.5 132| -2.4 31| 151 -0.1 165 -2.4 160 -1.0 137 + 5.8 32 154| + 3.1 168| + 4.5 163 + 3.8 141 + 2.6 32| 157| -5.6 172 -2.0 1661 -3.7 144| -0.2 33 161 + 4.9 175 -2.7 1691 + 1.4 148| -3.7 33| 164 -1.4 177> + 1.3 172| -0.8 152| + 2.1 34 167 + 0.6 180 + 0.7 1751 + 1.6 156 -0.1 34| 170| + 2.3 182 -0.1 178 -0.4 1591 + 1.5 35 173| -5.1 184| + 0.2 181 -0.7 163 -6.8 35| 176| -1.8 186| + 0.8 184 -0.6 167 + 6.0 36 180 + 1.0 188| -0.6 1861 + 0.9 1701 -0.1 36| 183 -0.1 191 + 0.1 189| + 0.4 174 + 3.1 37 186 -0.6 193| + 0.8 192 + 1.2 178 + 1.2 37| 189 -10.5 195| -1.0 1941 -3.5 1811 -1.7 38 192 -0.7 198 -2.4 196| -1.0 1851 -3.2 38| 194| + 2.4 200 -4.4 1981 -2.7 189| -12.0 39 197 + 1.1 201| + 0.5 200| + 0.7 194 + 3.0 39| 199| + 0.3 203 + 7.4 202| + 5.6 198 + 9.5 40 202 + 2.3 204 -0.1 204 + 1.5 202 -9.4 40| 204| -9.4 204| + 2.4 206 -1.3 - - 41 206| -6.7 204| -19.4 207| -12.9 - - 5. Relation to Play of Chest. Before presenting our tabulations made with reference to this element, it may be well to remind the reader of the wide distinc- tion between what we here call the Play of the Chest (namely, the difference in the girth of the thorax across the nipples at full inspiration and at full expiration) and the ordinary expansion and contraction of the thorax in breathing. The amount of air which enters and leaves the lungs every three or four seconds in ordinary unconscious breathing, and which corresponds to the ordinary ex- 494 PULMONARY CAPACITY. pansion of the thorax in respiration, differs only in quantity from the volume which is measured by the spirometer in these observa- tions, and which produces the lateral expansion of the thorax here measured. But the motion of the thorax itself in men is very different in the two cases. In the ordinary breathing motion the expansion of the thorax is downward, and the expansion of the body abdominal in consequence of the pressure of the diaphragm against the viscera. The motion of the ribs in men was found 1 by Hutchinson to be so small as to preclude the possibility of counting the respirations, unknown to the subject, by resting the hand either against the ribs or the sternum. It was necessary to let the hand rest in contact with the abdomen ; and the costal movement in health wras found not to surpass the limit of one thirtieth of an inch. But the deep inspiratory movement, as occurring in the cases here under consideration, is a process different from ordinary breathing in character as well as in amount. Here the abdomen recedes, and the sternum advances, while the circumference of the thorax is in general largely increased. And while, in consequence of this enlargement of circumference, the diaphragm must in like manner be laterally expanded, this expansion does not necessarily imply a- descent of the arch to any great extent. Nor yet does it imply an increase of thoracic area, in any section, commensurate with an equal enlargement of the circumference in a circle ; since the expansion and contraction are almost entirely in the anterior part of the body, being produced by the motion of the extremities of the ribs and the sternum, while the lateral diameter of the thorax is relatively but slightly increased. It is therefore to be remembered that the results of this chapter hold good only for a mode of respiration not employed in ordinary breathing, as well as for volumes of air only attainable by special exertion. Still they are not without an intimate relation to many interesting hygienic and physiological questions which it would be excessively difficult, if indeed it be possible, to approach in any other way. The next series of tables (XX. to XXII.) exhibit for the re- spective classes of men considered, all being in usual vigor, the number of cases and the mean pulmonary capacity corresponding to each three tenths of an inch in the play of the thorax, as meas- ured by its variation in girth across the nipples. The tabulation has been made for each tenth of an inch, but the more compen- 1 Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, XXIX., p. 187. PULMONARY CAPACITY. 495 dious form here presented will probably give all desired detail; the values given for each argument being those belonging to the group of three successive numbers of which the argument itself is the middle one. TABLE XX. Pulmonary Capacity of White Men, by Play of Chest. Play of Chest White Soldiers Sailors Students Total No. Cubic In. No. Cubic In. No. Cubic In. No. Cubic In. in. Below 0.5 27 159.7 6 179.0 - - 33 164.0 0.6 83 169.2 11 228.9 - - 94 176.2 0.9 296 167.3 57 180.9 - - 353 169.5 1.2 323 174.8 91 184.2 3 244.0 417 177.4 1.5 608 179.0 38 196.9 - - 646 180.0 1.8 459 179.8 29 184.0 6 185.8 494 180.1 2.1 1 650 185.3 555 173.8 22 206.3 | 2 227 182.6 2.4 1 089 191.2 178 180.6 5 200.8 1 272 189.8 2.7 438 186.2 10 201.6 22 189.3 470 186.6 3.0 1 565 190.3 136 180.8 135 200.2 1 836 190.3 3.3 318 190.1 10 209.6 45 205.7 373 192.5 3.6 576 193.5 7 176.4 7 228.6 590 193.7 3.9 774 193.0 7 206.7 31 216.7 812 194.1 4.2 144 191.4 - - 13 223.6 157 194.1 4.5 267 195.5 - - - - 267 195.5 4.8 51 193.5 - - - - 51 193.5 5.1 275 198.4 1 186.0 - - 276 198.3 5.4 65 204.8 - - - - 65 204.8 5.7 6 158.2 - - - - 6 158.2 6.0 34 215.7 - - - - 34 215.7 6.3 8 231.2 - - - - 8 231.2 6.6 10 217.5 - - - - 10 217.5 6.9 11 213.4 1 176.0 - - 12 210.2 Over 7.0 6 197.8 - - - 6 197.8 496 PULMONARY CAPACITY. TABLE XXL Pulmonary Capacity of Negroes, by Play of Chest. Play of Chest Full Blacks Mulattoes No. of Men Cubic Inches No. of Men Cubic Inches Below 0.5 54 145.3 39 127.3 0.6 100 146.6 105 137.4 0.9 165 146.4 170 152.3 1.2 172 150.1 67 157.8 1.5 250 159.0 109 166.6 1.8 204 168.2 50 165.2 2.1 244 175.2 77 168.7 2.4 174 182.2 42 176.5 2.7 67 174.4 23 199.4 3.0 93 180.8 21 188.1 3.3 21 187.5 4 174.5 3.6 28 188.7 7 218.3 3.9 20 190.1 6 243.5 4.2 3 187.3 1 163.0 4.5 7 190.7 1 162.0 4.8 1 150.0 - - 5.1 1 200.0 1 317.0 5.4 . - - - - 5.7 1 140.0 - - 6.0 - • - - - 6.3 1 120.0 - - 6.6 - - * -* 6.9 2 207.5 - - Over 7.0 - - PULMONARY CAPACITY. 497 TABLE XXII. Pulmonary Capacity of Indians, by Play of Chest, Play of Chest No. of Men Cubic Inches Below 0.5 - - 0.6 2 103.5 0.9 3 168.3 1.2 72 178.0 1.5 106 182.6 1.8 103 186.3 2.1 118 187.6 2.4 66 189.6 2.7 28 191.7 3.0 4 206.2 3.3 2 211.5 3.6 2 210.0 3.9 1 194.0 4.2 1 234.0 The mean difference between the girths of the inflated and of the collapsed thorax, is thus found to be : - 2.72 cub. in. for the White Soldiers, 2.09 " for the Sailors, 3.07 " for the Students, 1.62 " for the Full Blacks, 1.58 for the Mulattoes, 1.84 " for the Indians. These numbers are by no means proportional to the average pulmonary capacity of the same classes of men, whence we may obtain an independent confirmation of the small extent to which the lateral mobility of the chest may serve as an index to its real degree of inflation, which is probably quite as dependent, if indeed not much more so, upon the motion of the diaphragm. 6. Relation to Age. The pulmonary capacity was found by Hutchinson1 to in- crease with the age of the individual until about the 30th year, after which he observed a decided decrease. The results of our own tabulation excited therefore no small surprise, for the 1 Medico- Chirurgical Transactions, XXIX. pp. 171,172. 498 PULMONARY CAPACITY. mean capacity, in the soldiers here investigated, after rising at a very rapid rate until the mean age of about 20| at last birthday, or 21 years actually, attains then a maximum value of nearly 200 cubic inches; and then, receding at once, appears to diminish with the age in a well formed asymptotic curve. Our values are inadequate for any study of the subject as related to ages outside of the military limits; but that the curve of pulmonary capacity as determined by our measurements exhibits this very sharply marked maximum at the age of 21, is as distinctly manifested as is possible for any phenomenon of the sort. How far this may result from the superior strength of the thoracic muscles, manifested in an un- usual manner, we cannot presume to decide; but since the epoch of greatest lifting strength seems, by the investigations of the last chapter, not to be attained before the age of 25 years, this would to a considerable extent conflict with any hypothesis which should attribute the results here obtained rather to the muscular power of the thorax than to the pulmonary capacity, in any proper sense of the term. Our mean values given in Table XXIII. are deduced solely from the later series of examinations of white soldiers, and from these the empirical Table XXIV. has been constructed by the graphical method. TABLE XXIII. Pulmonary Capacity of White Soldiers, in usual Vigor, by Age. (Later Series.) Age last Birthday Number of Men Cubic Inches Age last Birthday Number of Men Cubic Inches Under 17 160 171.0 30 231 178.1 17 243 181.7 31 152 176.9 18 683 187.8 32 198 181.3 19 626 193.5 33 138 177.1 20 765 199.2 34 163 177.8 21 827 198.2 35 153 177.1 22 800 194.9 36 110 169.8 23 627 194.4 37 107 179.0 24 628 189.5 38 108 171.3 25 433 195.4 39 89 170.3 26 359 190.5 40 67 167.4 27 289 188.0 41-44 204 166.6 28 310 185.9 45 -49 116 162.4 29 227 178.8 50 & over 49 143.4 PULMONARY CAPACITY. 499 TABLE XXIV. Empirical Table for Pulmonary Capacity of White Men, by Age. Age last Birthday Cubic Inches Comp. - Obs. Age last Birthday Cubic Inches Comp. -Obs. 16 174.1 + 0.5 34 175.6 -2.2 17 181.6 -0.1 35 174.3 -2.8 18 188.1 + 0.3 36 173.1 + 3.3 19 193.9 + 0.4 37 171.9 -7.1 20 199.2 + 0.0 38 170.8 -0.5 21 198.2 + 0.0 39 169.7 -0.6 22 196.1 + 1.2 40 168.6 + 1.2 23 194.0 -0.4 41 167.5 24 192.0 + 2.5 42 166.5 > -0.7 25 190.0 -5.4 43 165.5 26 188.1 -2.4 44 164.5 27 186.3 - 1.7 45 163.5 28 184.6 - 1.3 46 162.5 29 182.9 + 4.1 47 161.5 ► +0.1 30 181.3 + 3.2 48 160.6 31 179.8 + 2. 49 159.7 32 178.3 -3.0 50 158.8 33 176.9 -0.2 CHAPTER XIII. RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 1. Preliminary. Any attempt at determining the frequency of the act of respira- tion, and of the pulsation of the heart, must inevitably be attended with a considerable degree of uncertainty. Not merely are these functions largely influenced by very transient conditions of the body, especially by slight unusual excitement or embarrassment, but the very consciousness that such observations are making will frequently suffice to modify the phenomena under investiga- tion, without any perception, on the part of the subject, that such modification takes place. The great extent to which the frequency of respiration may be affected by the unconscious will, or by the involuntary result of consciousness, is well known; and such pre- cautions were enjoined upon our examiners as w'ould obviate this disturbing influence so far as possible. Soldiers detailed for exam- ination would frequently run at full speed to the examiner's tent, or would amuse themselves by feats of agility, by wrestling, or by other physical exertion, previous to their examination; and other disturbances of their normal nervous condition not unfrequently occurred. For this reason the men were detained, when possible, for some little time after their arrival before they were examined, remaining meanwhile in a comfortable position. The pulse was noted before the trials were made with spirometer and dynamome- ter, and the respirations were counted without the subject's knowl- edge, while the wrist was held as if to feel the pulse. Yet, although these precautions must have essentially diminished the liability to error, they cannot be supposed to have precluded it altogether, and indeed there seems to be some indication of con- stant personal differences between several of the examiners. The explanation of such constant differences is in general not easy. Perhaps a constant error by a single unit in counting the respira- tions or the pulse during any given interval ought sometimes to be RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 501 expected; but any constant mistake on the part of the examiner, larger than this, appears unwarrantable; so that whatever other errors peculiar to the examiner may exist, seem referable to the condition in which his subjects may have been at the time. That constant differences between the results obtained by the several examiners may be due to some such influence as this, appears highly probable. The easy manners of one man put his subjects at ease, while the less kindly or more reserved demeanor of another excites anxieties or apprehensions which, though trivial in them- selves, may yet quicken the pulse, or accelerate the breathing of a nervous or excitable person. Had the limits of time and means permitted, within which it has been found important to restrict this discussion, efforts would have been made to determine the personal differences of the respec- tive examiners, and to apply corresponding corrections to their re- sults before combining them in the general means. Circumstances have rendered this course unadvisable, and it appears improbable, after some little scrutiny, that our final inferences will be essen- tially affected by the omission. The materials from which our results are derived, and all the details of tabulation and computa- tion for the discussions of the present volume, are preserved in the archives of the Sanitary Commission, where they will be available for future investigators, and the shortcomings of the present re- searches may be supplemented hereafter as easily as at present. That the frequency of pulse and respiration varies with the time of day and with the posture is undoubted, but in researches like these it must be assumed that the effects of such variations are entirely eliminated from the final averages. The pulse and breath- ing were generally counted while the men were standing, and it was intended that this should be the uniform rule; but the devia- tions prove to have been not infrequent, and our records do not admit of any thorough discrimination between the different cases. 2. Respiration by Age. The fact, that the respirations during infancy and childhood are much more frequent than at more advanced ages, is well known, and our own tabulations would suggest that the mean numbers for the ages under eighteen are in general larger than the average for subsequent ages. So far as the data at our command, combined with those of Quetelet, Vierordt, Hutchinson, Hooker, and others, warrant an inference, it would seem that the number of respirations under the same circumstances, in a given interval, decreases from 502 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. birth until the age of puberty, after which it appears to remain essentially constant, at least during the years of military age. In the first and third of the appended tables are given the num- bers of white soldiers in usual vigor, for the earlier and the later series respectively, assorted by ages, according to the number of respirations observed in a minute. We cannot avoid a strong sus- picion that those instances, in the later series at least (1| per cent, of the whole number), in which the observed respirations exceeded twenty to the minute, were in great measure due to some abnormal acceleration of a temporary kind, occasioned by recent exercise or by agitation of some sort. The proportion of such cases in the second and fourth tables, which comprise the white soldiers not in usual vigor, in the two series respectively, is about threefold larger, yet even here the distribution of the number cannot fail to suggest a similar suspicion. It is noteworthy that in each of these classes of men (in the later series) the great preponderance of such abnormal cases belongs to the group in which the inspirations were twenty-four to the minute, which may possibly indicate this rate as being the most usual for accelerated breathing of the kind referred to. The circumstance, however, that 24 is a multiple of both 2 and 3, has undoubtedly increased the number of cases for which twenty-four respirations to the minute was recorded, and the relatively large number recorded in the group having 18 to the minute is probably attributable in a good degree to a similar cause. But the injunctions were strict, for the later series, that the count- ing should be continued during an entire minute, and that the re- corded numbers should not be inferred from observations during a shorter interval. And the general fidelity of our examiners, tested in many ways, forbids the reference of the unsymmetrical distribution of the numbers to this source alone. The differences between the results of the earlier and of the later series are so wide, that these are separately presented. And Mr. Fairchild's observations, confined as they were almost exclu- sively to prisoners, made only during the winter months, and evidently deduced from counting during half a minute only, are kept distinct from those of Dr. Buckley and Mr. Risler, who examined only our own soldiers, and whose work was prosecuted through all seasons of the year. The distribution tables for students and sailors are not here given, since these were found on scrutiny to be less trustworthy. The students were all examined by Dr. Elsner, whose results, as regards the counting, appear to have been affected with systematic RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 503 error. Not a single case was recorded in which the respirations numbered 17 to the minute ; but one in which there were 15, and only 35 in which there were 18; all the remaining 254 cases are recorded as 16 to the minute. So, too, with the pulse; about two thirds of all the students being recorded as having exactly 60 beats in a minute, a constancy of proportion not corroborated by the re- sults of any other examiner in any other class. Hence, although Dr. Elsner's measurements seem in other respects entitled to full confidence, his records of pulse and respiration should be rejected. As regards sailors, all but 324 were measured by Mr. Phinney, as has been heretofore stated, immediately after their examination by the surgeon at the recruiting office. They consequently came to Mr. Phinney's inspection under some nervous excitement, so that it was deemed unadvisable to attempt any determination of the rate of breathing or of pulse. The greater portion of the remainder were examined by Dr. Elsner. The number of negroes not in usual vigor whose respirations were observed is but 294 ; the full blacks and mulattoes having been aggregated in the tabulation. Our results differ so decidedly for the men of these two classes, that any inferences from data in which they are combined without discrimination would seem worth but little, even were the number of cases manifold larger. 504 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE I. Distribution of White Soldiers in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Earlier Series. A.-Observations by Buckley and Risler. Respirations in a Minute Under 17" 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 10 - - - - -- 1 - - 13 - - - 1 - - - - - 14 - - 3 2 1 - - - - 15 12 16 40 62 68 63 57 42 27 16 47 73 132 120 130 131 104 84 73 17 14 17 40 34 55 43 35 33 39 18 7 6 23 30 17 23 20 17 10 19 - - - - - - 1 - - 20 - - 3 - 2 3 1 2 1 21 - - - - - - - - - 22 - - - 1 - - - - Total . 80 112 241 249 274 264 218 178 150 -'-- B. -Observations by Fairchild. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Over 30 1 5 1 2 4 1 2 1 6 2 10 1 1 1 5 3 17 2 12 2 7 1 3 3 1 1 5 4 32 3 20 4 17 2 8 1 5 1 1 2 4 3 26 11 27 4 18 1 8 3 5 1 4 1 2 1 8 4 42 6 37 13 25 8 11 3 2 1 1 10 4 30 4 26 5 18 7 9 3 4 1 1 2 13 8 33 8 38 5 21 4 8 3 6 1 1 6 7 28 7 23 8 17 2 11 5 5 1 2 Total . 16 22 57 103 118 164 122 150 123 a Mean age -15.99. RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 505 TABLE I. - ( Continued.") Distribution of White Soldiers in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Earlier Series. A. -Observations by Buckley and Risler. Respirations in a Minute 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total 10 * - - - - - - - 1 13 - - - - - - - 1 14 - - - - - - - - 6 15 22 21 18 20 10 8 32 53 571 16 60 31 46 37 17 30 75 95 1285 17 32 10 12 12 13 12 23 30 454 18 9 5 8 6 8 6 16 19 230 19 - - - - - - - - 1 20 2 1 1 - 1 - 5 4 26 21 - - - - - - - - - 22 - - - 1 - - 1 - 3 Total . 125 68 85 76 49 56 152 201 2 578 B. - Observations by Fairchild. 12 13 14 3 3 3 4 1 5 2 1 7 1 2 1 2 2 1 6 3 2 12 19 9 93 15 - 5 2 4 3 1 4 11 64 16 25 22 13 13 10 10 28 27 367 17 2 2 4 4 3 3 5 11 78 18 17 20 21 12 9 10 19 23 326 19 4 3 1 - - 1 4 4 59 20 10 17 6 5 3 5 9 17 200 21 1 3 4 - 1 1 1 36 22 4 3 2 2 1 3 2 6 82 23 - 1 2 2 - - 1 4 25 24 4 3 3 1 1 1 - 3 47 25 - *■ - - - - 1 1 9 26 3 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 18 27 - - - - 1 - - - 2 28 - - 1 - 1 - - 1 5 29 - - - - - - - - 1 30 - - - - - - - - 1 Over 30 - - - - - - - 1 1 Total . 79 83 66 53 37 37 84 128 1442 506 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE IL Distribution of White Soldiers not in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Earlier Series. A.- Observations by Buckley and Risler. Respirations in a Minute Under 17" 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 10 - - - 1 - - •L - 12 - - - - - - - 1 13 - - - - 1 - - - - 14 1 - - - - - - - - 15 3 4 12 7 13 18 14 7 9 16 9 11 29 25 30 27 50 27 30 17 4 - 11 2 9 8 11 11 9 18 6 4 13 13 12 15 15 18 18 19 - - - 2 1 - 1 1 1 20 9 11 14 23 25 25 23 24 18 21 - - - - - - 3 - 1 22 2 1 2 4 5 1 5 5 1 23 - - - 1 - - 1 - - 24 1 3 7 12 8 10 11 7 5 25 - - - - - - - - - 26 - 3 1 4 2 2 5 5 3 27 - - - - - - - - 28 - - - 3 4 2 3 - 3 29 - - - - - - - - 30 - - - 2 2 - 1 - Over 30 - - 1 1 1 1 - - Total . 35 37 89 99 112 111 143 107 98 a Mean age, 15.51. RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 507 TABLE II.- Distribution of White Soldiers not in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Earlier Series. B. - Observations by Fairchild. Respirations in a Minute Under 17" 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 11 - - - - - - - 12 - - - - - - - - 1 13 - - - - - - - - - 14 - - - - - 1 1 - - 15 - - - - 1 - - 1 - 16 - 1 - - 5 2 4 7 10 17 - 1 - 3 - - - - 1 18 - - 1 4 1 2 2 3 2 19 - - - - 1 1 - - - 20 - 1 1 - - 4 1 3 1 21 - - 1 - - 1 2 - 2 22 1 - - - 1 - 1 - 2 23 - - - - - 1 - - 1 24 - - - 2 - - - - 1 25 - -* - - - - - - - 26 - - - - - 1 - - 1 27 - - - - - - - - - Total . 1 3 3 9 9 13 11 14 22 a Mean age = 16.00. 508 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE II. - (Continued.') Distribution of White Soldiers not in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Earlier Series. A. - Observations by Buckley and Risler. Respirations in a Minute 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total 10 - - - - - - - 1 12 - - - - - - - 1 13 - - - - - - - - 1 14 - - - 1 - 1 - - 3 15 7 8 8 8 3 8 6 21 156 16 12 20 20 14 10 10 34 57 415 17 9 4 4 4 3 4 9 18 120 18 17 9 8 13 7 6 24 36 234 19 - - 1 - 3 1 - 3 14 20 11 8 11 9 4 6 25 36 282 21 - - - - - - - - 4 22 3 - 1 1 1 - 1 4 37 23 - - - - - - - - 2 24 3 4 7 8 2 4 8 14 114 25 - - - - - - - - - 26 1 2 - 1 - - 1 6 36 27 - - - - - - - - - 28 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 7 28 29 - 1 - - - - - - 1 30 - 2 1 - - 1 1 4 14 Over 30 1 1 2 - - - 2 3 13 Total . 65 60 63 60 34 42 112 209 1476 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 509 TABLE II. - ( Continued.') Distribution of White Soldiers not in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Earlier Series. B. - Observations by Fairchild. Respirations in a Minute 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total 11 - - - - - - - 1 1 12 - 1 - 1 - - - - 3 13 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 3 14 - 1 3 2 - 2 - 3 13 15 - 1 - - 1 - 2 1 7 16 - 4 1 1 2 2 4 12 55 17 2 2 1 1 - - 1 1 13 18 - 1 2 2 2 - 2 4 28 19 - 2 - - - - 3 2 9 20 1 3 1 1 2 1 - 9 29 21 - - - - - - 1 - 7 22 2 - - 1 - - - 2 10 23 - - - - - - - - 2 24 1 - - - - - 1 1 6 25 - - - - - - - - - 26 - - - - - - - - 2 27 - - - - - - - 1 1 Total . 7 15 8 10 7 5 15 37 189 - 510 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE III. Distribution of White Soldiers, in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. (Later Series.) Respirations in a Minute Under 17tt 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 10 - 1 11 - - - - 1 1 - - - 12 2 1 5 2 2 3 4 2 2 13 !• - - - - - - - - 14 2 4 8 9 10 10 13 12 7 15 12 10 50 52 53 51 46 32 43 16 86 147 404 374 460 439 451 357 357 17 17 27 63 61 87 106 85 83 88 18 24 22 82 74 78 110 102 84 72 19 2 - 1 1 - 6 1 - - 20 3 9 14 13 13 13 13 11 13 21 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 22 - - - - - - 1 - - 23 - - - - - - 1 - - 24 - 3 4 3 8 8 5 4 6 25 - - - - - - - - - 26 - - - - - 1 - - - 27 - - - - - - - - 28 - - - - - 1 - 1 2 29 - - - - - - - - 30 - 1 - - - - 1 - - Over 30 - 1 - 1 - - - - Total 148 224 634 589 713 750 723 586 591 a Mean age = 15.76. RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 511 TABLE III. - ( Continued.) Distribution of White Soldiers, in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. (Later Series.) Respirations in a Minute 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total 10 - - - - - a. - 1 2 11 - - - - - - - - 2 12 1 1 2 2 - - 3 3 35 13 - - 1 - 1 - - 1 3 14 6 6 5 5 2 2 7 10 118 15 33 27 26 26 14 11 39 75 600 16 237 207 168 186 130 150 389 617 5 159 17 57 34 39 39 26 35 93 127 1 067 18 55 41 33 32 33 22 56 102 1 022 19 4 1 - - - - - 2 18 20 4 6 4 6 8 4 8 23 165 21 - - - 2 - - - 1 6 22 - - - - 1 - 1 1 4 23 - - - - - - - - 1 24 - 2 1 1 - - 4 11 60 25 - - - - - - - 1 1 26 1 - 1 - - - - 1 4 27 - - - - - - - - - 28 1 - - 1 - 1 1 3 11 29 - - - - - - - - 1 30 1 - - - - - - 3 Over 30 - - - - - 1 3 - - -__ - - - - - Total 400 325 280 300 215 225 601 980 8 284 ' - - - - 1 512 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. IV. Distribution of White Soldiers, not in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. (Later Series.) Respirations in a Minute Under 17" 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 10 - - - - - 1 - - 12 - - - - 1 1 1 - - 13 - - - - - - - 14 - 1 - 1 - - - - - 15 2 - 4 2 6 5 2 5 5 16 11 10 20 29 38 45 61 31 64 17 1 4 6 11 16 14 26 11 18 18 3 3 11 9 12 17 20 14 9 19 - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 2p - 1 - 1 2 5 3 2 2 21 -• 1 - - - - - - - 22 1 - - - - - - - - 23 - - - - - - - - - 24 - - 1 - - 1 - 2 1 25 - - - - - - - - - 26 - - - - 1 - - - - 27 - - - - - - - - - 28 - - - - - - - - 29 - - - - - - - - 30 1 - - - - - - - - Over 30 - - - - - - 1 Total . 19 21 42 53 76 88 115 65 101 a Mean age = 15.63. 513 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE IV. - ( Continued.') Distribution of White Soldiers, not in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. (Later Series.) Respirations in a Minuto 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total 10 - - - - - - 1 12 - 1 - 1 - - 1 1 7 13 - w - - - - - - 14 - 1 - 3 - 2 2 1 11 15 1 5 2 1 3 2 9 15 69 16 38 41 21 26 24 25 68 164 716 17 15 8 5 2 17 8 17 55 234 18 14 5 10 7 8 10 22 54 228 19 - 1 1 - - - - w 5 20 2 1 3 3 2 - 6 14 47 21 - - - - - - - - 1 22 - - - - - - 1 - 2 23 - - - - - - - - - 24 2 1 1 - - 3 2 9 23 25 - - - - - - - - - 26 - - - - - - - - 1 27 - - - - - - - -■ - 28 * - «• - 1 - - 1 29 - - - - 1 - - 1 30 - - - - - - - - 1 Over 30 - - - - - - 3 4 Total . 72 64 43 43 55 51 128 316 1 352 514 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE V. Distribution of Full Blacks, in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 11 - - «• - - 1 - 12 - - - - 1 1 4 3 4 13 - - - 2 8 10 14 13 16 14 - 1 1 4 8 7 15 21 27 15 2 2 4 2 10 4 17 14 13 I 16 14 20 26 23 27 30 22 29 16 | 17 3 5 6 6 8 4 7 6 i is 9 8 13 7 5 6 11 11 8 i 19 - 1 2 3 3 3 2 3 5 20 6 6 9 19 41 29 15 26 17 | 21 - - 1 1 2 1 2 - I 22 - « 3 7 2 4 2 2 | 23 - - 1 1 - - 1 - i 24 - 2 « 11 10 8 11 5 10 25 - 1 - 1 . - 2 - - 26 - 1 2 - 2 1 - 3 1 1 27 - - - - - - 2 - 28 3 - 2 8 4 5 3 2 4 29 - __ - - 1 - - - - 30 1 1 - - - - 1 - - Over 30 - - - 1 - 2 2 - Total . 38 43 73 90 137 116 128 147 129 " Mean age = 15.74. 515 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE V. - (Continued.) Distribution of Full Blacks, in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Respirations in a Minute 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total 11 - L L - - 1 12 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 27 13 9 8 5 8 3 1 2 4 103 14 24 13 12 6 11 5 12 7 174 15 4 5 5 8 3 5 4 10 112 16 22 18 20 16 6 11 24 48 372 17 7 3 1 2 3 1 2 6 70 18 7 6 6 8 2 2 9 18 136 19 2 - 3 - - - 2 29 20 15 8 11 9 1 4 7 22 245 21 1 2 1 - 3 1 - 1 16 22 1 2 - - - 3 1 4 34 23 1 1 - 1 - - - - 6 24 6 4 1 1 5 1 3 14 98 25 - - - - - - - - 4 26 1 - 1 1 - - - - 13 27 1 - - 1 - - - - 4 28 5 - 2 4 - 1 2 1 46 29 - - - - - - - 1 30 - - - - - - - - 3 Over 30 1 - - - 1 2 9 Total . 111 71 70 66 38 37 69 140 1 503 516 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE VI. Distribution of Mulatto es, in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Respirations in a Minute Under 17" 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 11 - u - - - - - - - 12 - - - - - 1 - - 1 13 - - - 1 - 1 - 2 1 14 3 - - 1 1 1 7 2 3 15 - - 1 2 1 3 2 6 4 16 3 4 10 4 13 12 9 9 4 17 2 1 1 5 4 5 6 6 2 18 1 2 2 4 7 3 8 6 7 19 3 2 2 1 7 6 10 9 2 20 4 2 5 7 10 5 11 12 9 21 1 - 1 2 6 5 2 1 6 22 - - 2 - 2 4 3 1 2 23 - - - 2 2 1 1 2 3 24 2 - 1 5 3 5 4 - 5 25 - - - 1 1 - - 3 1 26 - - - - - - - - 2 27 - - - - - - - - - 28 - - - - 1 1 - 1 - 29 - - - - - - - - 30 - - - - - - - - 1 Over 30 - - - 1 2 - 1 1 1 Total . 19 11 25 36 60 53 64 61 54 " Mean age = 15.52. RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 517 TABLE VI. - ( Continued.') Distribution of Mulatto es, in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Respirations in a Minute 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and over Total 11 - - - - - - - 12 - - 1 - - - - - 3 13 1 1 1 - 2 1 2 3 16 14 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 34 15 I 2 2 2 4 - 3 5 38 16 4 4 3 2 2 6 7 16 112 17 3 3 2 1 - 3 - 5 49 18 6 4 3 2 2 3 5 17 82 19 3 3 4 3 3 5 6 16 85 20 7 8 3 6 3 4 4 12 112 21 8 1 1 1 3 - 6 44 22 1 - 1 2 2 - 2 4 26 23 I 3 1 - 2 2 - 1 21 24 3 4 3 2 1 4 5 5 52 25 1 - - - 1 - 8 26 2 1 - - 2 7 27 - - - - - - 28 1 1 - - - - 2 - 7 29 - - - - - - - - 30 - 1 - - 2 Over 30 1 ■ - - 2 10 Total . 46 38 26 24 23 33 38 97 708 518 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE VII. Distribution of Indians in usual Vigor, by Age and Number of Respirations. Respirations in a Minute 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 14 - - - - - 15 - - 1 - - - 2 - 3 16 1 - 1 6 8 14 26 30 35 17 - - *■ - - - 1 - - Total . 1 - 2 6 8 14 29 32 38 Respirations in a Minute 25 26 27 28 29 30 31-34 35 and Over Total 14 - 1 - - - - - 2 1 15 3 9 6 4 8 5 7 31 81 16 11 34 22 34 31 16 60 90 419 17 - 1 - - - - - - 2 Total . 14 45 28 38 39 21 67 121 503 The foregoing tables have been given in this full detail, in order to permit, not only the amplest discussion by other investigators, but also the most thorough criticism. The distribution of the numbers corresponding to the several rates of breathing is far from satisfactory, the great majority of the cases being as we have stated in those groups which correspond to 16, 18, or 20 respirations in a minute, and the group for 18 being very frequently less numerous than that at 20. This would certainly appear to imply that to a great extent the respirations were counted during only one quarter of a minute, and the number thus found then multiplied by 4. The value of our results must be greatly diminished by such a course, and it is difficult for us to believe such to have been the case to the extent apparently indicated. Still the precision of our records must be tested by internal evidence whenever possible ; and it cannot be maintained that these stand the test well. The obser- vations of colored troops seem especially liable to criticism on this account. RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 519 Among the white soldiers, of the later series, - whether we take those who were or who were not in vigorous health, - the great preponderance were found to breathe 16 times in a minute, those breathing 15 times numbering less than one eighth part as many ; yet the groups whose respirations were 17 and 18 times were found essentially equal to each other, and nearly or quite one fifth part as large as the main group. This mode of distribution appears alike inconsistent with the hypothesis of a typical number, normally constant for white men, and with that which would refer the ir- regularity simply to a want of care or exactitude on the part of the examiners. Reducing the tables of distribution, already given, to tables showing the average number of respirations to the minute for each age, we obtain Tables VIII., IX., and X., from which the essen- tial uniformity in the mean frequency of respiration during the years of early manhood and of middle life may fairly be inferred, and in which the greater frequency for the black race is conspicu- ously manifested. It should be mentioned, however, in this con- nection, that the black troops were mostly examined in warmer latitudes than the white men ; and that several indications suggest a more rapid rate of respiration in warm regions, even for the whites. The writer regrets that here also the inevitable limits of the present investigation preclude him from following up this in- teresting inquiry. It has been already stated that Mr. Fairchild's examinations were chiefly confined to rebel prisoners, but the difference between his results and Dr. Buckley's cannot be attributed to this cause alone, but must be due in a great measure to something personal. 520 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE VIII. Mean Frequency of Respiration by Age. White Soldiers - Earlier Series. Age Buckley and Risler Fairchild In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor No. Mean No. Mean No. Mean No. Mean Under 17 80 16.20 35 17.91 16 18.62 1 22.00 17 112 16.12 37 18.92 22 17.59 3 17.67 18 241 16.22 89 17.79 57 18.02 3 19.67 19 249 16.10 99 19.68 103 18.26 9 19.00 20 274 16.12 112 18.59 118 18.59 9 17.11 21 264 16.12 111 18.63 164 18.24 13 19.31 22 218 16.11 143 18.53 122 18.31 11 18.00 23 178 16.18 107 18.66 150 17.92 14 17.21 24 150 16.24 98 18.33 123 18.45 22 18.36 25 125 16.29 65 18.43 79 17.92 7 19.29 26 68 16.04 60 18.75 83 18.05 15 17.00 27 85 16.16 63 18.59 66 18.26 8 16.38 28 76 16.13 60 18.47 53 17.00 10 16.40 29 49 16.47 34 18.15 37 18.00 7 17.57 30 56 16.29 42 18.17 37 17.73 5 16.00 31-34 152 16.32 112 18.54 84 17.27 15 17.47 35-44 169 16.14 156 18.90 109 17.73 27 17.89 45 & over 32 16.22 53 18.79 19 17.74 10 17.90 Total . 2 578 16.173 1 476 18.600 1442 18.053 189 17.804 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 521 TABLE IX. Mean Frequency of Respiration by Age. White Men - Later Series. Age White Soldiers Students In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor No. Men Respiration No. Men Respiration No. Men Respiration Under 17 148 16.40 19 17.32 - 17 224 16.55 21 16.95 3 16.67 18 634 16.39 42 16.76 7 16.33 19 589 16.36 53 16.55 39 16.21 20 713 16.41 76 16.63 73 16.18 21 750 16.53 88 16.76 69 16.12 22 723 16.45 115 16.60 44 16.41 23 586 16.47 65 16.89 13 16.31 24 591 16.50 101 16.69 17 16.35 25 400 16.46 72 16.92 11 16.33 26 325 16.36 64 16.34 5 16.40 27 280 16.33 43 17.07 5 16.00 28 300 16.38 43 16.40 1 16.00 29 215 16.51 55 16.91 2 17.00 30 225 16.41 51 17.16 - - 31-34 601 16.37 128 16.70 1 16.00 35 & over 980 16.50 316 17.16 T - Total 8 284 16.439 1 352 16.838 290 16.238 522 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE X. Mean Frequency of Respiration by Age. Other Races than the White. Age In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Indians Full Blacks Mulattoes Aggregate No. Respira- tion No. Respira- tion No. Respira- tion No. Respira- tion Under 17 38 18.45 19 18.32 12 20.50 1 16.00 17 43 18.05 11 17.73 2 20.50 - - 18 73 18.43 25 18.20 8 19.62 2 15.50 19 90 19.37 36 19.50 11 18.54 6 16.00 20 137 18.74 60 19.55 11 19.82 8 16.00 21 116 18.15 53 18.74 17 22.59 14 16.00 22 128 17.59 64 18.55 27 22.78 29 15.97 23 147 17.46 61 18.57 29 21.21 32 15.94 24 129 16.96 54 20.06 22 20.91 38 15.92 25 111 17.54 46 19.91 17 22.65 14 15.79 26 71 16.69 38 19.47 10 19.70 45 15.78 27 70 16.87 26 18.42 11 22.54 28 15.79 28 66 17.36 24 19.29 9 21.00 38 15.89 29 38 16.74 23 18.26 14 21.21 39 15.79 30 37 17,03 33 18.85 10 22.60 21 15.76 31-34 69 17.09 38 19.10 19 20.21 67 15.90 35 & over 140 18.04 97 18.82 65 18.97 121 15.74 1 503 17.747 708 19.013 294 20.711 503 15.831 The most noteworthy inferences from these tables appear to be - first, the comparative constancy of the mean value for men of the same classes at the different ages within military limits; sec- ond, the much greater frequency of respiration in the black race than in the white; third, the inferior frequency in the Indians ex- amined ; and fourth, the accelerated respiration in the men not in full health. If we may suppose that, of the 254 students examined by Dr. Elsner, and recorded as breathing 16 times in a minute, there were in fact 60 for whom the actual number of respirations was 17, although this number was recorded by him for no one student, - RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 523 wq shall have as the corresponding average rate of breathing 16.445 instead of 16.238, and the result therefore practically ac- cordant with that deduced for white soldiers in vigor, from the ob- servations of the later series. 3. Pulse. Our statistics regarding the frequency of the pulse have been elab- orated with considerable detail; and an extended series of tables has been constructed, exhibiting for each class of men examined the maximum, minimum, and mean values found at each year of age, as also the relative frequency of pulse and respiration. The limited range of ages, over which our observations extend, moder- ates the interest of our results, since these, although more numer- ous than any preceding determinations, cover only a portion of the ground already well studied by others ; and that portion, more- over, which exhibits the least variation of the phenomenon. Our observations were taken during the ordinary hours of daily labor; most of them also in the standing posture, but there were some exceptions to this rule, which our records do not enable us to dis- tinguish from the rest. In view of this uncertainty, and the com- parative unimportance of new determinations of the average fre- quency, it seems hardly worth while to give our series of fourteen tables in this place. They are at the service of any investigator. The mean frequency of pulse deducible from the later series of examinations is greater by 4.84 pulsations in the minute than that indicated by Guy's observations. Assuming, as our results seem to warrant, that the average pulse remains essentially constant during the period of military age, we have from the total averages - TABLE XI. Mean Frequency of Pulse for different Classes of Men. Class In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor No. of Men Pulsations No. of Men Pulsations White Soldiers, Earlier Series1 2 578 77.67 1 476 79.41 White Soldiers, Later Series 8 284 74.84 1 352 77.21 Full Blacks 1 503 74.02 166 76.91 Mulattoes 708 76.97 128 83.12 Indians 503 76.31 7 74.42 1 Omitting Mr. Fairchild's observations 524 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. The distribution of the numbers for these classes of men, when tested by the law of error, is not all that could be desired; still the observations appear worthy of much confidence. These data are entirely confirmatory of the results of previous investigators, in showing the apparent absence of any definite ratio between the number of respirations and that of pulsations, which appear to be normally independent of each other, while the ab- normal manifestations of each are more frequently in the form of acceleration than of retardation. The well established facts, that in any individual case, increased frequency of respiration is at- tended by an increased frequency of the pulse, and that the pulse may be greatly affected by voluntary modification of the respira- tory movements, as shown1 by Mitchell, do not seem at all opposed to this inference regarding the non-existence of a definite normal ratio of frequency. Confining our inferences, as seems proper, to the examinations of the later series, we find the average number of pulsations dur- ing a single respiration to be more than 4f for the Indians, more than 4| for the white soldiers, and less than 4| for full blacks, if only men in full vigor are considered. But if we take the number of pulsations observed in those whose respiration was 16 to the min- ute, and who constitute the largest group for each of these classes of men, and disregard all other cases, we find the ratio of pulsa- tions to respirations for men in usual vigor to be 4.60 for white soldiers, 4.43 for full blacks, 4.79 for Indians. For mulattoes, the corresponding ratio is 4.2, but this determination is less trust- worthy than the others. It has been definitely stated by Rameaux and Sarrus,2 and the statement cited by Quetelet with apparent approval,3 although with the suggestion of some qualifications, that the pulse not only diminishes with the stature, but this according to a law so distinct and well marked that the effect of increase of age upon the fre- quency of the pulse is only perceptible while the stature increases with the age, and is referable to this influence alone. These gen- tlemen found, namely, on examining a battalion of French troops and comparing the stature with the pulse, that the frequency of the latter varied just in the inverse ratio of the square of the stature, and they maintained that this law was so strictly applicable that the normal pulse might always be deduced from the stature, and 1 Amer. Journal of Med. Science, XXVII., 388-394. 2 Comptes Rendus de I'Acad, des Sciences, IX., 275. 8 Systems Sociale, p. 48. RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 525 vice versa, being 70 to the minute for the stature of 168.4 centim- eters. With this distinct statement before us it appeared clearly our duty to tabulate our results in such a manner as to test the ques- tion ; and the appended table of Pulse by Stature has been pre- pared from our statistics for white soldiers in good health, of the later series. A glance will show how totally its indications are at variance with the inferences of Rameaux and Sarrus. Indeed, the relation between the stature and the pulse scarcely appears to follow any general law. To render this more distinct, we give together with the observed mean frequency for each half-inch of stature, an additional column, to show the best empirical value for the same stature which we have been able to deduce by charting the results and drawing a curve, to represent them as nearly as may be. 526 RESPIRATION AND PULSE. TABLE XII. Frequency of Pulse ly Stature. White Soldiers in usual Vigor. (Later Series.) Stature No. of Men Observed Mean Empirical Mean Under 60 " 18 74.56 60 10 76.20 - 60| 23 70.70 73.18 61 22 70.54 73.74 61| 39 77.95 74.49 62 82 74.44 75.08 62| 119 75.62 75.13 63 148 74.82 75.03 63| 222 75.36 74.79 64 301 73.94 74.70 64| 430 74.64 74.68 65 453 74.87 74.74 65j 622 75.14 74.73 66. 522 74.22 74.71 66| 748 74.50 74.70 67 687 74.86 74.75 67i 797 75.14 74.77 68 662 74.47 74.74 68| 645 74.61 74.64 69 462 74.74 74.49 69| 417 74.51 74.32 70 310 73.01 74.26 70| 282 75.03 74.23 71 182 74.37 74.22 71> 137 73.97 74.22 72 125 73.52 74.24 72| 81 75.44 74.31 73 54 73.85 74.47 73| 30 74.13 74.45 74 27 76.30 74.79 74 6 77.67 75.24 75 4 73.25 75.69 Over 75 b 16 75.87 - a Mean stature = 58.9 inches. 6 Mean stature = 76.2 inches. CHAPTER XIV. VISION. 1. Statistics Collected. It was not until a considerable number of the examinations of our later series had been made, that the value of this opportunity for obtaining some general information regarding the eye-sight of the soldiers suggested itself. The two questions, numbers 57 and 58, were then added to the schedule;1 the one, asking the maxi- mum distance at which double-leaded small pica type could be dis- tinctly read, and the other inquiring as to the existence of any tendency to color-blindness, and its character, if found. In the former question, the type named was selected because a paragraph was thus printed upon the back of the examination-blanks and was therefore always at hand during the measurements. This para- graph consisted of twelve lines, entitled " Objects of the Exami- nation," and had been placed there, by way of explanation of our motives, in order to disabuse the minds of the men who entertained, as at first was sometimes the case, apprehensions lest these exami- nations might be designed to enable the military authorities to select the men of greatest physical capability for employment in some unwelcome service or even for special detention. In all sub- sequent editions of the blank forms, care was taken to retain the same type and the same distance between the lines. The type was like that in which these pages are printed, and the distance of the lines from each other was about one third part greater than is here the case. The paper was of a bluish tinge. Some careful optical tests which Dr. B. Joy Jeffries has had the goodness to make since our materials were collected, give the value of this test- type as nearly number 11 of Jager's scale, and between numbers 5 and 6 of Snellen. Had the writer been then, as he soon afterwards became, ac- quainted with the tables and type of Snellen, he would of course 1 Page 225. 528 VISION. have endeavored to employ these. That they were not used is a source of regret; but it will be remembered that the advent of the year 1865 found our examinations scarcely more than begun, while the war was brought to an end during the following April; so that it was only by vigorous effort and constant stimulus that our mate- rials could be collected before the disbandment of the armies. The questions regarding Vision were added to our schedule in Febru- ary ; and when, soon afterward, the advantages of the Snellen type were understood, it seemed better to collect all the observa- tions possible, upon the system already adopted, than to incur risk of an inadequate amount of material in each of two systems, although the second might in itself be much the more desirable. The author was not unaware that these inquiries would probably afford but small contributions, even if any, to ophthalmic science. The nature of the case precluded any discrimination between the two components of the maximum distance of vision, since the dis- tance measured was the sum of the distance to the normal far- point, and of the amount of optical accommodation. Still, adopting the fundamental principle that any facts, however incomplete or crudely gathered, should be welcome to the student of nature, and considering that results possessing small technical value might yet claim a higher importance from the anthropological point of view, it has seemed not amiss to classify and combine such materials as we have collected. Should they neither develop new facts, nor confirm any uncertain inferences, the existence of so large a num- ber of determinations conscientiously made and carefully combined, will certainly not be without some present or future value. The number of men, for whom our statistics of Vision were col- lected, was thus less than that of those whose dimensions and other physical characteristics were determined; and it was still farther diminished by various circumstances. Those white soldiers who were unable to read are not included, and in many cases the circumstances under which the examinations were made, rendered the measurement of the distance of the object from the eye diffi- cult, if not impossible. Whenever the examinations were made in a room with a ceiling, or in a tent across the upper part of which a board or wooden bar could be placed, a measuring tape, or some other graduated scale, w'as fastened at a height of about 75 inches. The men examined were placed under this, and when the greatest distance was found at which the printed words could be clearly read without conscious effort, this could be very easily and accu- rately noted by the examiner, using a few obvious precautions. Care was always taken to insure ample light. VISION. 529 This procedure offered no difficulty for those white soldiers and sailors, who could read ; and the number of others was very incon- siderable. But when similar measurements were undertaken for the colored troops, the large proportion of those who could not read, precluded the method previously employed. Some experi- ments were therefore made to test the availability of printed char- acters of the same size as the small pica type, but of shapes more easily recognizable by the unlettered, than those of many charac- ters of the Latin alphabet. The result of these experiments indi- cated that no perceptible advantage was thus obtained, but that the statements by uneducated persons of moderate intelligence, regarding the positions at which they could distinctly recognize the forms of the letters, afforded results quite as accurate when the men were not, as when they were, able to derive ideas from the juxtaposition of the printed characters. It thus, greatly to our satisfaction, became needless to undertake any modification of the system employed for the whites, and all requisites seemed answered by the expenditure of some additional care on the part of the ex- aminers. The greatest distance of distinct vision for the same object was thus determined for somewhat more than 10 000 men out of about 15 800 who were examined in the later series. For testing the perception of colors, the examiners used a num- ber of pieces of paper or cloth of brilliant hues, especially of the primary and principal secondary colors. 2. Distance of Distinct Vision, for the Test- Object. The number of men in each class who were examined in this respect, and the average value of the greatest distance at which the test-object already described could be distinctly seen, are shown in the annexed table. 530 VISION. TABLE I. Mean Distances for Different Classes of Men. Class In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Aggregate No. Distance No. Distance No. Distance White Soldiers 6 564 in. 47.77 1 357 in. 45.10 7 921 in. 47.31 Sailors 269 36.57 - - 269 36.57 Students 281 42.28 - - 281 42.28 Full Blacks 778 45.33 140 46.13 918 45.45 Mulattoes 186 47.23 67 44.69 253 46.56 Indians 442 51.77 - - 442 51.77 The small value here found for sailors is the most striking result of the preceding table, and seems the more remarkable since the common opinion unquestionably assigns to sailors a peculiarly keen eye-sight, and long range of vision. Our inferences are derived from a comparatively small number of sailors, since the circum- stances under which Mr. Phinney's examinations were made, ren- dered it almost impracticable for him to measure this distance, and our values for sailors are therefore mostly confined to measure- ments by others. But with the disadvantage of a small number is combined the almost equal advantage of freedom from personal equation in the comparison of sailors with soldiers, for here as in every other subject of quantitative determination, a field is offered for the action of the personal peculiarities of the individual by whom the determination is made. Internal evidence too, corrobo- rates the correctness of the results, unexpected as they may have been. A little reflection diminishes our surprise at this result. The sailor's ordinary distance of vision is necessarily restricted to the length of his vessel, and the height of her mast. The cases when his eyes are fixed upon any marine phenomenon are rare in com- parison with the many objects which attract the attention of lands- men at equal or superior distances; and since habitual use exerts a very important influence upon the eye-sight, it is but reasonable io infer that the average range of distinct vision would become diminished by a nautical life. The proverbial quickness with which a sailor detects a distant object upon the horizon, before a 531 VISION. landsman can perceive it, may be due to habit and training more than to superior eye-sight, and landsmen who have been impressed by personal experience with the keen eye of seafaring men for a distant sail, or the first glimpse of land, will generally also bear witness to the distinctness with which they have themselves been able to perceive and recognize the same object, after it has been once pointed out to them. It must be conceded that the facts observed may likewise be ex- plained by assuming a normal distance of vision not inferior to that of landsmen, but combined with a very restricted range of accom- modation. But whether our view of the case be correct or not, the results obtained for the average distance of vision of the 269 sailors to whom our observations extend, seem worthy of confi- dence. It will be seen that for the same object this distance is one quarter part less than that found for the soldiers, whereas between the students and soldiers the difference is but one ninth part of the same amount. But the comparison of the numbers in these two classes of men for the successive intervals of distance shows at once that although the number of near-sighted persons is much greater among the students than among the sailors, so also is the number of very far-sighted ones -the mean distance for the stu- dents thus becoming much the greater. In the six tables next following, the results for the six classes of men are assorted by ages, those in usual vigor being discriminated from those who were not. 532 VISION. TABLE II. Mean Distance for White Soldiers, by Ages. Age In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Aggregate No. Distance No. Distance No. Distance Under 16 28 in. 44.6 6 in 47.5 34 in. 45.2 16 85 46.6 11 40.7 96 45.9 17 168 49.4 21 46.1 189 49.0 18 428 47.8 49 48.0 477 47.8 19 453 49.2 59 44.9 512 48.7 20 578 49.1 76 46.8 654 48.8 21 616 49.2 88 45.8 704 48.8 22 614 47.1 118 47.1 732 47.1 23 481 49.7 70 45.4 551 49.2 24 466 47.3 103 46.7 569 47.2 25 331 46.3 71 48.9 402 46.8 26 265 47.7 66 46.3 331 47.4 27 219 48.6 43 47.6 262 48.4 28 231 48.7 47 47.3 278 48.4 29 181 47.1 50 44.4 231 46.5 30 183 46.8 51 46.8 234 46.8 31 119 46.3 22 44.5 141 46.0 32 154 47.1 38 45.8 192 46.8 33 98 47.6 25 43.6 123 46.8 34 117 45.9 45 47.4 162 46.3 35 132 46.3 18 42.6 150 45.8 36 92 44.3 31 46.7 123 44.9 37 77 46.7 21 40.6 98 45.4 38 87 47.3 27 40.2 114 45.6 39 59 47.7 25 38.1 84 44.8 40 49 46.4 24 47.5 73 46.8 41 21 43.0 14 48.3 35 45.1 42 38 47.7 11 45.2 49 47.2 43 27 46.1 12 42.1 39 44.9 44 31 46.0 16 38.2 47 43.4 45 44 41.5 10 39.3 54 41.1 46-50 64 42.2 58 37.2 122 39.8 Over 50 28 41.4 31 29.4 59 35.1 VISION. 533 TABLE III. Mean Distance for Sailors, by Ages. Age Number Distance Under 18 3 in. 40.3 18 9 34.2 19 11 36.6 20 10 34.8 21 27 38.1 22 41 36.9 23 20 37.7 24 23 39.7 25 19 35.7 26 21 35.8 27 12 39.9 28 29 20 38.5 30 32 21 29.6 33-37 19 36.2 38 45 9 38.1 Over 45 4 29.0 TABLE IV. Mean Distance for Students, by Ages. Age Number Distance Under 19 10 in. 35.4 19 37 41.2 20 69 40.1 21 69 44.1 22 43 43.0 23 11 45.1 24 17 43.5 25 11 40.2 Over 25 14 47.6 534 VISION. TABLE V. Mean Distance for Full Blades, by Ages. Age In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Aggregate No. Distance No. Distance No. Distance Under 17 20 in. 38.3 7 in. 46.3 27 in. 40.4 17 28 44.5 - - 28 44.5 18 45 42.2 4 55.5 49 43.2 19 59 45.5 4 41.0 63 45.2 20 89 46.5 6 48.5 95 46.7 21 73 47.0 10 43.7 83 46.6 22 66 45.2 11 46.2 77 45.3 23 60 44.7 14 45.8 74 44.9 24 50 49.6 14 47.1 64 49.1 25 52 44.2 7 44.6 59 44.3 26 26 47.4 4 40.0 30 46.4 27 32 43.5 6 35.2 38 42.2 28 26 45.4 4 52.7 30 46.4 29 13 45.0 11 48.2 24 46.5 30 17 47.3 6 44.2 23 46.5 31-32 19 45.7 4 56.0 23 47.5 33-35 27 45.7 8 33.1 35 42.8 36-38 25 44.1 5 49.6 30 45.0 39-41 18 47.8 5 55.2 23 49.4 >2 - 45 17 46.1 O 52.8 22 47.6 * ' '■ • > j 16 •> ** / 5 49.0 21 41.1 1 VISION. 535 TABLE VI. Mean Distance for Mulattoes, by Ages. Age In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Aggregate No. Distance No. Distance No. Distance Under 17 10 in. 46.4 2 in. 55.0 12 in. 47.8 17 4 39.0 - 4 39.0 18 13 50.1 2 50.0 15 50.1 19 10 46.9 4 42.5 14 45.6 20 18 46.7 2 54.0 20 47.4 21 14 53.9 6 41.0 20 50.0 22 13 49.9 12 47.4 25 48.7 23 9 45.1 6 46.7 15 45.7 24 14 43.5 5 52.8 19 45.9 25 11 48.6 4 50.2 15 49.1 26 8 54.0 3 57.7 11 55.0 27 7 44.9 1 60.0 8 46.8 28 8 47.7 2 39.0 10 46.0 29 3 42.7 2 13.5 5 31.0 30 9 45.7 3 37.7 12 43.7 31-32 10 50.8 1 29.0 11 48.8 33-35 4 44.0 1 54.0 5 46.0 36-38 10 40.9 2 25.5 12 38.3 39-41 4 44.5 2 32.0 6 40.3 42-45 5 45.4 4 50.0 9 47.4 Over 45 2 42.5 3 32.3 5 36.4 536 VISION. TABLE VII. Mean Distance for Iroquois Indians, by Ages. Age Number Distance Under 20 9 in. 55.6 20 6 58.7 21 9 54.4 22 22 54.5 23 29 53.2 24 38 52.6 25 14 52.4 26 38 52.7 27 25 54.8 28 33 51.9 29 31 53.7 30 20 54.8 31 12 53.3 32 7 52.1 33 8 55.7 34 31 52.4 35 8 54.6 36 21 51.0 37 14 51.4 38 11 53.1 39 5 57.6 40 11 48.2 41-45 21 42.9 Over 45 19 32.3 From those of the preceding tables in which the numbers are sufficiently large to permit any inference, namely, from all except- ing those for sailors and students, it is evident that the outer limit of distinct vision gradually diminished with advancing years, al- though we have here no means of learning whether the decrease is greater than would result from the well-known diminution of the power of accommodation. The maximum mean value would seem to be between the ages of 17 and 25, and the subsequent decrease to amount to not less than ten per cent, before the age of 50. The fact that the minimum limit increases with the age is well known, so that it w'ould appear that increasing age brings with it a diminution of the range of vision by curtailment at each 537 VISION. of its limits. If we compare the results for soldiers not in usual health with the others, we perceive that the mean distance is less, not only for the aggregate, but for most of the individual years of age. The same holds good for the mulattoes; and although the reverse is indicated in our table for negroes of pure race, it is in a much smaller degree; and an inspection of the results by years of age shows the variations to be so great as to forbid much reliance upon their aggregate. It has already been stated that the ages of the negroes are among the most uncertain of all our data, being in many cases only estimated by the examiner. Entire ignorance as to their age is very frequent among the blacks, as has been heretofore mentioned. If the inference thus suggested is entitled to credence, and the distance of distinct vision is affected by the general condition of the individual, as would seem probable, this distance must be to some extent a variable quantity, fluctuat- ing with the health. Our next series of tables exhibits the distribution of each class of men according to their distance of vision for the printed text, which has served as our test-object. These are chiefly intended to show the proportionate number of near-sighted and of far-sighted persons. The numbers appear in no instance to follow any regular law. Comparing Tables IX., and X., which show this distribution for sailors and students, respectively, the fact, already mentioned, becomes patent, that the latter furnish a greater proportion at each extreme of range. Thus, there were 11 students out of 281, while out of an almost equal number of sailors, there was but one, for whom the distance of distinct vision was less than ten inches. On the other hand there were 31 students, and only 8 sailors, for whom this limit was as high as 60 inches. The distribution of the Indians in this respect appears at the first glance unsatisfactory. But although the observations are seen by this searching test not to have been very sharply made, yet an assortment by intervals of two inches exhibits a verv good accordance with the law of error,1 indicating a normal distance not far from 54, and an average distance of about 52, inches. 1 Page 249. 538 VISION. TABLE VIII. Distribution of Soldiers according to Distance of Vision. Distance In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total Inches Under 10 7 6 13 10-19 125 69 194 20-24 122 44 166 25-29 229 56 285 30 111 22 133 31 38 9 47 32 109 26 135 33 32 9 41 34 79 28 107 35 117 31 148 36 91 20 111 37 154 27 181 38 279 31 310 39 115 19 134 40 289 50 339 41 133 22 155 42 292 54 346 43 149 33 182 44 146 46 192 45 144 26 170 46 166 42 208 47 144 33 177 48 242 53 295 49 137 41 178 50 369 60 429 51 142 29 171 52 243 48 291 53 151 32 183 54 249 64 313 55 150 27 177 56 237 40 277 57 160 27 187 58 203 36 239 59 96 15 111 60 316 59 375 61-65 368 76 444 66-70 224 33 257 71-80 154 10 164 Over 80 52 4 56 6 564 1357 7 921 VISION. 539 TABLE IX. Distribution of Sailors according to Distance of Vision. Distance No. of Men Distance No. of Men Distance No. of Men inches Under 10 1 inches 35 5 inches 48 6 10 19 24 36 6 49 6 20-24 25 37 6 50 8 25 6 38 10 51 3 26 7 39 4 52 6 27 4 40 10 53 6 28 3 41 9 54 5 29 6 42 11 55 2 30 7 43 5 56 1 31 13 44 6 57 3 32 7 45 5 58 1 33 8 46 4 59 4 34 13 47 5 60 8 TABLE X. Distribution of Students according to Distance of Vision. Distance No. of Men Distance No. of Men Distance No. of Men inches Under 10 11 inches 35 3 inches 48 19 10-19 16 36 4 49 4 20 24 7 37 6 50 11 25 - 38 11 51 4 26 1 39 6 52 4 27 3 40 16 53 4 28 1 41 7 54 10 29 5 42 16 55 6 30 2 43 4 56 5 31 1 44 15 57 3 32 2 45 9 58 10 33 1 46 2 59 4 34 7 47 10 60 31 540 VISION. TABLE XI. Distribution of Full Blacks according to Distance of Vision. Distance In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total inches Under 10 2 - 2 10-19 14 2 16 20-24 23 6 29 25-29 49 6 55 30 14 4 18 31 14 1 15 32 10 - 10 33 8 - 8 34 10 2 12 35 18 3 21 36 19 2 21 37 18 - 18 38 12 3 15 39 14 3 17 40 32 3 35 41 22 22 42 23 4 27 43 8 4 12 44 18 7 25 45 30 9 39 46 29 8 37 47 27 4 31 48 21 3 24 49 27 5 32 50 28 6 34 51 26 4 30 52 24 5 29 53 15 9 24 54 25 3 28 55 13 3 16 56 27 3 30 57 17 4 21 58 23 5 28 59 14 2 16 60 84 16 100 61-65 8 1 9 66-70 8 - 8 71-80 4 - 4 VISION. 541 TABLE XII. Distribution of Mulattoes according to Distance of Vision. Distance In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor Total inches Under 10 - • 1 1 10-19 3 2 5 20-24 2 5 7 25-29 8 4 12 30 3 - 3 31 1 1 2 32 3 1 4 33 1 - 1 34 3 3 6 35 2 1 3 36 8 3 11 37 6 - 6 38 8 2 10 39 3 - 3 40 8 2 10 41 3 - 3 42 6 3 9 43 1 1 2 44 3 1 4 45 4 - 4 46 8 - 8 47 12 3 15 48 2 4 6 49 2 1 3 50 7 1 8 51 5 - 5 52 4 3 7 53 3 1 4 54 8 2 10 55 5 2 7 56 3 3 6 57 5 5 58 9 2 11 59 9 1 10 60 20 8 28 61-65 2 2 4 66-70 2 2 4 71-80 4 2 6 542 VISION. TABLE XIII. Distribution of the Indians according to Distance of Vision. Distance No. Men Distance No. Men Distance No. Men inches inches inches 12 19 4 39 1 51 - 20 24 7 40 8 52 12 25-29 4 41 - 53 9 30 1 42 6 54 75 31 - 43 3 55 1 32 1 44 14 56 41 33 - 45 1 57 12 34 2 46 26 58 44 35 - 47 8 59 11 36 - 48 38 60 19 37 - 49 49 61 65 18 38 - 50 17 66 76 10 Constructing, from data already given, a table exhibiting for each of the six classes the proportional number of men whose outer limit of distinct vision for our test-object falls within a given range of distance, we obtain at a glance a knowledge of the comparative number of the near-sighted or far-sighted in each class, and may thus compare the classes with one another. TABLE XIV. Comparison of the Vision of Different Classes of Men. Claes Under 10 in. 10 to 20 in. 20 to 40 in. 40 to 60 in. 60 to 70 in. Over 70 in. Soldiers .002 .025 .227 .582 .136 .028 Sailors .004 .089 .483 .394 .030 .000 Students .... .039 .057 .214 .580 .110 .000 Full Blacks . . . .002 .018 .260 .588 .128 .004 Mulattoes .... .004 .020 .269 .541 .142 .024 Indians .000 .009 .036 .849 .097 .009 VISION. 543 3. Color-blindness. Few observant persons, in our own community at least, can have failed to be frequently impressed by the comparatively large num- ber of persons, who are more or less unable to distinguish between colors the most strikingly contrasted. The ordinary intercourse of daily life does not usually attract attention to this peculiarity; but when any accident has brought it to notice, we are surprised at discovering its existence in some familiar acquaintance in whom it had never occurred to us to suspect it. Persons who cannot distinguish ripe cherries upon the tree, or strawberries on the vine, by their color, are far more numerous than would be suspected by those who have given no attention to the subject; and unless some grotesque incongruity in costume, or some remarkably inaccurate description of the color of a well-known object, compels our notice, we remain unaware of the imperfection. Serious misunderstand- ings or calamities have been reported in the army, resulting from mistakes in the color of green and red lights by officers of the sig- nal corps, themselves not fully aware of their failing in this re- spect; and cases have occurred where ludicrous, and even disastrous, results have followed the use of a badge of precisely the wrong color. The number of persons thus affected has been estimated by some as being not less than one in every twenty ; and the range of esti- mates by different authorities is extremely wide. With a view to more accurate determination both of the ratio, and of the most usual form of the phenomenon, as well as the possible detection of some clew to its explanation, our examiners were instructed to test the sight of each individual measured, and, when any abnormality was perceived, to record its nature so far as they could determine it. We have thus obtained the numbers given in Table XV., from which it would appear that about one in each fifty white men ex- amined was thus affected. This is not improbably a near approxi- mation to the proportionate number of those who are unable to distinguish colors correctly, but it does not include that class, - a large one, so far as our own experience extends, - for whom this recognition is not easy, although their decision is in general cor- rect; in other words, those persons in whom the sense of color does not appear to be well developed. Manv acquaintances of the writer, among them more than one medical professor of high emi- nence, have assured him, that although they could recognize the dif- ference of tint between bright red fruit and the green foliage 544 VISION. surrounding it, yet the contrast was not sufficiently vivid to enable them to profit by it to any considerable extent in gathering straw- berries, partridge-berries, etc. Such cases are of course not com- prised in our table; although under the title of " Color-blind," we have included all those, whose power of discriminating between colors was in any degree incomplete. TABLE XV. Number of Color-blind found in each Class of Men. Class No. Examined Color-blind Proportion Soldiers. . . 8 089 178 0.022 Sailors . . . 451 2 .004 Students . . 291 1 .003 Full Blacks . 1 508 17 .011 Mulattoes . . 666 2 .003 Indians . . . 512 6 0.012 Classifying the 181 cases found among white men, according to their nativities, we obtain the assortment given in the next table, which likewise exhibits the proportionate number for each nativity. Assorting these cases by the Color of the Eyes, we find their distribution to be as follows : - Color No. Cases Proportion Blue .... 75 0.42 Gray .... 35 .19 Hazel . . . 33 .18 Dark.... 32 .18 Black . . . 6 0.03 181 1.00 It is difficult to give the corresponding numbers for the men, whose vision was thus tested, assorted according to the colors of their eyes, since many obstacles arise in the details of the numer- ation. But from a general investigation of this point, as well as from a comparison of these numbers with the tables of Chapter VI., it would seem improbable that the amount of color-blindness varies essentially with the different hues of the iris. VISION. 545 TABLE XVI. Color-blindness among White Men, by Nativities. Nativity No. Examined Color-blind ... .. . 1 Proportion New England 1 299 12 0.009 New York, New Jersey, and Penn. 2 687 76 .028 Ohio and Indiana 1 329 28 .021 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 907 8 .009 Coast Slave States 295 13 .044 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 220 2 .009 Free States West of Miss. River . 10 - - Slave States West of Miss. River 27 - - British America excl. Canada . . 56 - Canada 349 5 .014 England 239 7 .029 Scotland 82 - - Ireland 690 22 .032 France, Belgium, and Switzerland 77 - - Germany 418 6 .014 Scandinavia 75 2 .027 Spain, etc 13 - - Miscellaneous . . 58 - - 8 831 181 0.020 Assorting by degrees of education, as a crude method of dis- criminating between the several classes of society to which the men belonged by birth, we find, for the white men - University ... 1 High School ... 7 Good Common School. . . ... 66 Moderate " " . . . ... 92 Limited ... 2 None ... 13 whence we may infer that although the tendency to color-blindness is certainly to some extent hereditary or constitutional, as shown by its prevalence in particular families, the argument drawn from our data, so far as it has any weight, would be in opposition to 546 VISION. theories which should connect this tendency with any educational or social grade. And although the proportional numbers for the different nativ- ities vary widely, these proportions are deduced from too small a number of cases to warrant any safe inferences regarding this point. The description of the irregularities manifested in distinguishing colors, are in general neither complete nor adequate, owing proba- bly to insufficiency of the instructions given. Of the 181 cases observed, there are but 57 in which the character of the phenome- non is indicated with any precision, and even in these the descrip- tion is generally not discriminating. Our instructions should have been so framed as to call for a special statement not only of those primary colors which could not, but also of those which could, be distinguished from each other, an omission of which we only be- came conscious too late for remedy. The annexed tabular view exhibits a crude assortment of the peculiarities as recorded by the several examiners, for these 57 cases - Colors confounded No. Cases Red and Blue , . . 4 Red, Blue, and Green . . • < . . . 2 Red and Green . . . . • < . . . 26 Red and Yellow . . . . . . . 4 Yellow and Blue . . • . . . 1 Yellow, Blue, and Green » . . . 1 Yellow and Green . . . • < . . . 1 Green and Blue . . . . . . . 9 Red, Blue, and Yellow . . • < . . . 2 Red, Green, and Yellow > • ... 2 Red, Green, and Blue . . • < . . . 1 Blue and Purple ... . . . 1 Pink and Yellow . . . , . 1 Green and Brown . . . . . . 1 Yellow and Brown . . . . . . 1 A glance suffices to show the incompleteness of the description, and the consequent inadequacy of the classification ; yet it is clearly not without its value. The well-known fact, that the most usual form of color-blindness is that which fails to distinguish between green and red, is distinctly manifest, as is also the fact that the confusion of colors sometimes embraces the other half of the spec- trum, and sometimes its entire range. The origin of this phenomenon has been the subject of much VISION. 547 curious investigation since the time of Dalton, who was himself unable to distinguish red from green, and attributed this defect of vision to an actual coloration of the vitreous humor of the eye. In conformity with his direction, an examination of his eyes was made after his death to decide the question, but the suspected coloration was not found.1 Although it is perhaps not strictly appropriate to offer in this place other inferences than those deduced from the data here pre- sented, it may not be improper to express an opinion regarding the cause of the phenomenon, since it has been long entertained, and has seemed to be supported by numerous observations which we have made within the last fifteen years ; namely, that it is the re- sult of a want of sensibility in the retina to rays of certain refran- gibility, most frequently at the red end of the spectrum, sometimes however at the violet end, and possibly sometimes for the inter- mediate rays only. Reference to the authorities on this subject shows this view to be by no means a new one, but in general conformity with the theory supported by the great names of Seebeck and Helmholtz. It would seem to be corroborated by the well authenticated cases in which the phenomena of color-blindness have accompanied cerebral con- gestion and disappeared with it.2 It does not necessarily assume that any elements of the retina are wanting or paralyzed ; but it does imply something analogous to incapacity in the whole retina adequately to respond to vibrations of certain velocities ; just as we know that the capacity of the tympanum for vibrations is com- prised between different limits in different persons, so that some do not hear very high notes, some do not hear very low ones, while others still can only hear certain notes when they are loudly sounded. It implies, furthermore, that the phenomenon is purely functional and not due to any defective power of appreciation ; as also that a division of the color-blind into the two categories of red-blind and green-blind is but a crude and imperfect approxima- tion to a just classification. If this view be correct, green is not seen as red in the majority of cases, but the several colors, yellow, orange, and red, are seen either with a great diminution of their intensity, or as different shades of green ; while those greens in which the impression of color is not derived from the true green rays, but from an admixture of blue and yellow, as is the case with foliage, are seen of a strongly 1 London Medical Gazette, 1845, p. 810. 2 Hays, Amer. Jour. Med. Science, 1840, p. 277. 548 VISION. bluish shade. The insensibility seems to extend over a range of refrangibilities varying greatly in different individuals, and of course modifies all composite colors by eliminating or greatly sub- duing those hues to which it extends. Our view is presented with diffidence, but seems to explain some observations otherwise ap- parently incompatible, such as the power of distinguishing certain dyes with ease, while the same colors appear not easily dis- tinguishable in some other fabrics or in natural objects. Care- fully conducted observations, accompanied by spectroscopic tests, could hardly fail to afford a decisive verdict as to the correctness of this explanation. It has been seen by Table XV. that the proportionate number of color-blind found among the fall blacks, or among the Indians, is not more than one half as great as among the white men. But a more remarkable fact is furnished by the proportion found among those men of mixed black and white race, whose vision was tested in this respect. Of this class, only two men were found whose faculty of distinguishing colors is not recorded as perfect. Both of these were born in the Free States, as were 108 others, whose vision was complete; while of the 556 mulatto natives of Slave States in whom the perception of color were tested, not one is re- corded as deficient in this respect. It will be seen, on reference to Chapter VIII.,1 that several examiners were engaged in measure- ments of this class of men ; yet only future observations can deter- mine how far its apparent immunity from color-blindness may be the result of insufficiency in the number or thoroughness of the examinations. 1 Page 238. CHAPTER XV. MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 1. Preliminary. Our schedule of questions included many inquiries upon which it has been found impracticable to enter, in the discussions com- prised in this volume. Some of these possess intrinsic interest, others are chiefly valuable in their relations to other information elicited concerning the same individuals. Questions of lineage, of conjugal and social relations, of personal appearance, of muscular development, of past history, may be investigated to a considerable extent from the materials in our possession, and the discussion of the topics already considered might be advantageously extended by considering them severally in their relations to the physical or other characteristics which our opportunities preclude us from presenting here in any detail. There are, however, one or two of these minor subjects concern- ing which it may be well to present some of the statistics collected, even though only in a general form, and without entering upon their relations to other traits, features, or qualities found in the same individuals. In this chapter, therefore, we offer some tables containing gen- eral facts pertaining to the condition of the Teeth, to the prevalence of Baldness, and to the relative Pilosity of the black and the white races, and to these have added a general view of the degree of Education found among the soldiers examined in the later series, this in its turn entailing some general inquiry as to the Parentage of these men. These topics, although certainly incongruous, seem scarcely better in place elsewhere in the volume, and are therefore here combined in a single chapter by themselves. 2. Condition of Teeth. Two questions concerning the teeth are included in the blank form adopted; one regarding their general condition, which was answered by referring it to one of the five grades, - good, fair, 550 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. medium, poor, and bad, - and the other as to the number lost, which was answered numerically. The results of these inquiries are here presented in tabular form, and scarcely require comment. The actual and the proportionate numbers are given in separate tables, and all the statistics pertain to white soldiers in usual vigor, TABLE I. Classification by Number of Teeth Lost, and by Age. Age Number of Teeth Lost 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Under 17 105 17 19 7 2 2 4 - 17 158 29 19 13 15 3 1 - 18 400 105 76 36 22 7 4 1 19 367 105 69 45 21 9 4 3 20 397 116 99 59 43 12 11 1 21 354 154 167 70 42 16 8 7 22 329 124 143 70 59 19 9 2 23 244 102 118 64 43 17 10 2 24 222 81 123 85 52 20 14 1 25 129 68 79 57 40 17 13 4 26 109 49 68 34 34 23 13 4 27 88 39 46 43 25 19 6 3 28 89 52 45 39 40 16 10 5 29 71 24 28 31 28 16 10 5 30 52 28 46 43 21 11 5 4 31 36 21 20 19 18 12 7 9 32 41 11 32 30 29 14 11 5 33 32 24 21 13 11 12 7 6 34 29 15 25 24 23 6 7 1 35 21 16 25 17 34 12 8 2 36 22 13 18 7 19 11 6 2 37 15 7 14 13 22 11 8 5 38 16 9 14 16 14 10 5 3 39 15 11 12 15 16 7 1 5 40 21 5 4 2 8 3 4 6 41-44 35 19 32 22 20 16 17 2 45 49 17 14 14 14 12 6 7 1 50 & over 8 2 1 4 3 7 2 - Total 3 422 1 260 1 377 892 716 334 212 89 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 551 of the later series. The aggregate numbers of the several tables differ slightly in consequence of the answers to some of the in- quiries being occasionally omitted or illegible. In a few cases answers have been rejected for manifest error. TABLE I. - Classification by Number of Teeth Lost, and by Age. Age Number of Teeth Lost 8 9 10 11-15 16-20 Several Nearly All AU Total Under 17 - - - - - 1 - - 157 17 - - 1 - - - - - 239 18 1 - 4 1 - 1 - - 658 19 1 - 3 - 1 1 - 629 20 4 1 6 - 2 - - 751 21 5 1 - 1 1 3 - - 829 22 5 1 3 3 - 5 - - 772 23 4 - 1 1 1 - - - 607 24 9 2 5 1 - 3 - - 618 25 9 1 4 1 1 1 1 - 425 26 4 1 2 2 1 1 - - 345 27 8 1 1 3 1 4 - - 287 28 3 1 4 2 - 1 - - 307 29 4 - 2 - 1 1 1 - 222 30 1 - 3 4 2 - - - 220 31 1 - - 1 2 2 - - 148 32 6 1 1 4 1 2 - 1 189 33 2 - 1 2 1 1 - - 133 34 4 4 1 4 1 - - 2 146 35 8 1 2 4 - - - - 150 36 5 1 1 1 1 3 - - 110 37 2 - 3 2 1 - - - 103 38 8 - 3 - 2 1 - 1 102 39 4 1 - 1 - - - - 88 40 2 - 1 1 - 3 - - 60 41 44 3 2 4 7 1 9 1 3 193 45 49 11 1 1 - 3 4 - - 105 50 & over 3 - 2 2 1 3 - 5 43 Total 117 20 59 48 23 52 3 12 8 636 552 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE II. Proportional Distribution at each Age, by Number of Teeth Lost. Age Number of Teeth Lost 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Under 17 669 108 121 45 13 13 25 - 17 661 121 .80 54 63 13 4 - 18 608 159 115 55 33 10 6 2 19 583 167 110 71 33 14 6 5 20 529 154 132 79 57 16 15 1 21 427 186 201 85 51 19 10 8 22 426 161 185 91 76 25 12 3 23 402 168 194 105 71 28 16 3 24 359 131 199 138 84 32 22 2 25 304 160 186 134 94 40 31 10 26 316 142 197 98 98 66 38 12 27 307 136 160 150 87 66 21 11 28 290 169 147 127 130 52 33 16 29 320 108 126 140 126 72 45 23 30 236 127 209 196 95 50 23 18 31 243 142 135 128 122 81 47 61 32 217 58 169 159 154 74 58 27 33 240 180 158 98 83 90 52 45 34 199 103 171 164 158 41 48 7 35 140 107 167 113 227 80 53 13 36 200 118 164 64 173 100 55 18 37 145 68 136 126 214 107 78 49 38 157 88 137 157 137 98 49 29 39 171 125 136 171 182 80 11 57 40 350 83 67 33 133 50 67 100 41-44 181 98 166 114 104 83 88 10 45-49 161 133 133 133 114 57 67 10 50 & over 186 47 23 93 70 163 47 - Total 396 146 159 103 83 39 25 10 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 553 TABLE II. - ( Continued.') Proportional Distribution at each Age, by Number of Teeth Lost. Age Number of Teeth Lost 8 9 10 11-15 16-20 Several Nearly all All Under 17 - - - - - 6 - - 17 - - 4 - - - - - 18 2 - 6 2 - 2 - - 19 2 - 5 - 2 2 - - 20 5 1 8 - - 3 - - 21 6 1 - 1 1 4 - - 22 6 1 4 4 - 6 - - 23 7 - 2 2 2 - - - 24 15 3 8 2 - 5 - - 25 21 2 10 2 2 2 2 - 26 12 3 6 6 3 3 - - 27 28 3 3 11 3 14 - - 28 10 3 13 7 - 3 - - 29 18 - 9 4 5 4 - 30 5 - 14 18 9 - - - 31 7 - - 7 14 13 - - 32 32 5 5 21 5 11 - 5 33 15 - 8 15 8 8 - - 34 27 27 7 27 7 - - 14 35 53 7 13 27 - - - - 36 45 9 9 9 9 27 - - 37 19 - 29 19 10 - - - 38 79 - 29 - 20 10 - 10 39 45 11 - 11 - - - - 40 33 - 17 17 - 50 - - 41-44 16 10 21 36 5 47 5 16 45-49 105 10 10 - 29 38 - - 50 & over 70 - 46 46 23 70 - 116 Total 14 2 7 6 3 6 - 1 554 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE III. Classification by Number of Teeth Lost, and by Nativity. Nativity Number of Teeth Lost 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 New England States .... 388 137 156 98 62 39 24 8 New York, New Jersey, Penn. 1 145 425 445 325 270 140 88 31 Ohio and Indiana 551 212 247 144 97 50 24 11 Michigan, Wise., and Illinois . 308 125 148 116 96 42 20 14 Coast Slave States .... 104 46 52 24 28 13 7 5 Kentucky and Tennessee . . 98 33 32 21 12 1 3 2 Free States W. of Miss. River. 8 3 2 - - - - - Slave States W. of Miss. River. 8 6 1 2 2 - - - British Provinces excl. Canada 14 6 5 3 4 - 2 - Canada 184 83 69 46 37 12 8 5 England 98 32 44 25 30 6 9 2 Scotland 25 9 7 12 6 4 3 4 Ireland 268 81 80 44 44 13 8 2 France, Belgium, etc. . . . 33 11 12 7 7 2 1 1 Germany 161 52 70 36 23 15 10 2 Scandinavia 15 2 2 3 - - - 1 Spain, etc 2 3 - - - 1 - - Miscellaneous 16 3 • 1 1 1 - - Total 3 426 1 269 1 372 907 719 339 207 88 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 555 TABLE III. - ( Continued.') Classification by Number of Teeth Lost, and by Nativity. Nativity Number of Teeth Lost. 8 9 10 11-15 16-20 Sev- eral Near- ly all All Total New England .... 12 3 3 4 4 6 1 2 947 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . 45 8 22 20 13 31 2 4 3 014 Ohio and Indiana . . . 16 2 10 7 -w 3 - - 1 374 Mich., Wise., and Illinois 19 2 9 2 - 1 - - 902 Coast Slave States . . 2 - 2 1 1 4 - 1 290 Kentucky and Tennessee 1 - 1 1 1 - - 206 Free Sts. West Miss. River - - - - - - - 13 SI. Sts. West Miss. River - - - - - - - 19 Brit. Prov. excl. Canada - - 1 - - - - - 35 Canada 1 1 1 1 2 1 - - 451 England 4 3 3 1 - 1 1 1 260 Scotland 1 - - 1 - - - - 72 Ireland 4 - 1 - - 1 - 1 547 France, Belgium, etc. . . 1 - - - 2 - - - 77 Germany 9 1 3 4 2 3 - 2 393 Scandinavia - - - 1 - 1 - 1 26 Spain, etc - - - - -- - - - 6 Miscellaneous . . - - - - - - - - 22 Total .... 115 20 56 43 25 52 4 12 8 654 556 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE IV. Proportional Distribution by Number of Teeth Lost, and by Nativity. Nativity Number of Teeth Lost 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 New England .... 410 145 165 104 66 41 25 8 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . 380 141 148 108 89 47 29 10 Ohio and Indiana . . . 401 154 180 105 71 36 18 8 Mich., Wise., and Illinois 341 139 164 129 106 47 22 16 Coast Slave States . . . 359 159 179 83 97 45 24 17 Kentucky and Tennessee 475 160 155 102 58 5 15 10 Free Sts. West Miss. River 615 231 154 - - - - - Stave Sts. West Miss. River 421 316 53 105 105 - - - Brit. Prov. excl. Canada . 400 171 143 86 114 - 57 - Canada. . .... 408 184 153 102 82 27 18 11 England 377 123 169 96 115 23 34 8 Scotland 347 126 97 167 83 55 42 55 Ireland 490 148 146 80 80 24 15 4 France, Belgium, etc. . . 428 143 156 91 91 26 13 13 Germany 410 132 178 92 58 38 25 5 Scandinavia 577 77 77 115 - - - 38 Spain, etc 333 500 - - - 167 - - Miscellaneous .... 727 136 - 46 45 46 * - Total 396 147 159 105 83 39 24 10 The end-results of our Tables I.-IV. may be concisely exhib- ited, by showing the average number of teeth lost by the soldiers of each nativity without regard to age, and by those at each age without regard to their nativity. This is done in the next Table V., in which the average number lost is given for each group, to two decimal places. In computing these mean values the answer " several " has been interpreted as meaning on the average 6, and MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 557 TABLE IV. - ( Continued.') Proportional Distribution by Number of Teeth Lost, and by Nativity. Nativity Number of Teeth Lost 8 9 10 11-15 16-20 Several Nearly AU AU New England .... 13 3 3 4 4 6 1 2 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . ' 15 3 7 7 4 10 1 1 Ohio and Indiana . . . 12 1 7 5 - 2 - - Mich., Wise., and Illinois 21 2 10 2 - 1 - - Coast Slave States . . . 7 - 7 3 3 14 - 3 Kentucky and Tennessee 5 - 5 5 5 - - - Free Sts. West Miss. River - - - - - - - - Slave Sts. West Miss. River - - - - - - - Brit Prov. excl. Canada . - - 29 - - - - - Canada 2 2 2 2 5 2 - - England 15 12 12 4 - 4 4 4 Scotland 14 - 14 - - - - Ireland 7 - 2 - - 2 - 2 France, Belgium, etc. . . 13 - - - 26 - - - Germany 23 3 8 10 5 8 - 5 Scandinavia - - - 39 - 39 - 38 Spain, etc - - - - - - - - Miscellaneous . . . . - r - - - - Total 13 2 7 5 3 6 - 1 " nearly all " has been used as 20. These very arbitrary attempts at assigning average numerical values to vague words are of course only justifiable by the imperative necessity of the case; and it is satisfactory to add the statement that a considerable deviation from these numbers would be scarcely perceptible in its influence upon our results. The number of men belonging to each class has been given in Tables I. and III. 558 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE V. Average Number of Teeth Lost, by Age, and also by Nativity. Age Number Lost Nativity Number Lost Under 17 0.79 17 0.82 18 0.89 19 0.98 20 1.21 21 1.38 New England 1.88 22 1.51 New York, New Jersey, & Penn. 2.09 23 1.54 Ohio and Indiana 1.71 24 1.86 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois 2.07 25 2.18 Coast Slave States 2.06 26 2.19 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 1.43 27 2.35 Free States W. of Miss. River . 0.54 28 2.28 Slave States W. of Miss. River . 1.16 29 2.50 British Provinces excl. Canada . 1.80 30 2.60 Canada 1.62 31 2.86 England 2.20 32 3.35 Scotland 2.36 33 2.77 Ireland 1.38 34 3.56 France, Belgium, and Switzerland 2.01 35 3.47 Germany 2.13 36 3.26 Scandinavia 2.81 37 3.79 Spain, etc. . . 1.33 38 4.02 Miscellaneous 0.68 39 3.11 40 3.15 41 44 4.07 * 45-49 3.77 50 & over 7.93 Total . . 1.924 Total 1.922 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 559 Considering next the condition of the teeth, without reference to the number actually lost, this is shown by the four tables next following, which give both the actual and the proportional num- bers, assorted by age and by nativity. TABLE VI. Classification by Condition of Teeth, and by Age. Age Good Fair Medium. Poor Bad Total Under 17 151 4 - 8 - 163 17 227 4 - 17 - 248 18 610 12 2 43 - 667 19 583 5 47 4 639 20 664 13 4 87 2 770 21 725 21 5 81 3 835 22 665 19 4 103 9 800 23 546 10 9 61 3 629 24 526 13 7 85 7 638 25 352 8 2 66 4 432 26 279 8 2 72 4 365 27 216 5 6 61 10 298 28 228 10 3 68 - 309 29 165 9 1 56 2 233 30 168 5 3 52 4 232 31 108 2 1 37 2 150 32 128 9 - 65 3 205 33 104 4 - 26 4 138 34 102 3 2 44 5 156 35 95 4 2 58 2 161 36 80 2 1 28 2 113 37 63 1 - 37 4 105 38 70 1 - 36 - 107 39 55 3 - 22 - 80 40 46 3 2 11 5 67 41-44 148 4 2 44 13 211 45 49 67 5 - 35 4 111 50 & over 25 - - 20 - 45 Total 7 196 187 58 1 370 96 8 907 1 560 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE VII. Proportional Distribution by Condition of Teeth, and by Age. Age Good Fair Medium Poor Bad Under 17 926 25 - 49 - 17 915 16 - 69 - 18 915 18 3 64 - 19 912 8 - 74 6 20 862 17 5 113 3 21 868 25 6 97 4 22 831 24 5 129 11 23 868 16 14 97 5 24 825 20 11 133 11 25 815 19 5 152 9 26 764 22 6 197 11 27 725 17 20 205 33 28 738 32 10 220 - 29 708 39 4 240 9 30 724 22 13 224 17 31 720 13 7 247 13 32 625 44 - 317 14 33 754 29 - 188 29 34 654 19 13 282 32 35 591 25 12 360 12 36 708 18 9 248 17 37 600 10 - 352 38 38 654 10 - 336 - 39 687 38 - 275 - 40 687 45 30 163 75 41-44 701 19 10 209 61 45-49 604 45 y 315 36 50 & over 556 - - 444 - Total 808 20 7 154 11 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 561 TABLE VIII. Classification by Condition of Teeth., and by Nativity. Nativity Good Fair Medium Poor Bad Total New England States .... 806 26 5 141 € 984 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . . . 2 483 90 10 474 64 3 121 Ohio and Indiana ..... 1 137 25 14 233 4 1413 Michigan, Wisconsin, and Hl. . 700 5 3 226 1 935 Coast Slave States 241 7 6 44 4 302 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 169 3 8 38 1 219 Free States W. of Miss. River . 10 - 1 2 - 13 Slave States W. of Miss. River . 19 - - 1 - 20 British Provinces excl. Canada . 28 1 - 6 1 36 Canada 401 8 3 50 5 467 England 219 3 41 4 267 Scotland 62 1 - 5 1 69 Ireland 491 11 - 57 2 561 France, Belgium, etc 67 1 2 10 - 80 Germany 351 8 1 44 - 404 Scandinavia 21 - 1 4 - 26 Spain, etc 5 1 - - - 6 Miscellaneous 23 1 - 1 - 25 Total 7 233 191 54 1 377 93 8 948 562 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE IX. Proportional Distribution, by Condition of Teeth and by Nativity. Nativity Good Fair Medium Poor Bad New England States .... 819 27 5 143 6 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . . . 795 29 3 152 21 Ohio and Indiana 805 18 10 164 3 Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois . 749 5 3 242 1 Coast Slave States 798 23 20 145 14 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 770 12 36 178 4 Free States W. of Miss. River . 769 - 77 154 - Slave States W. of Miss. River. 950 - - 50 - Br. Provinces excluding Canada 777 28 - 167 28 Canada 859 17 6 107 11 England 821 11 - 154 14 Scotland 899 15 - 72 14 Ireland 875 20 - 102 3 France, Belgium, etc 837 13 25 125 - Germany 868 20 3 109 - Scandinavia 808 - 38 154 - Spain, Portugal, etc 833 167 - - - Miscellaneous 920 40 - 40 - Total 808 21 6 154 11 3. Baldness. Question 25 asked the color, amount, and texture of the hair; and, for those who were bald, the age at which their baldness be- came distinct. For any general deductions concerning its color, the overwhelming mass of statistics subsequently gathered from the enlistment-rolls, supersedes any deductions which might be drawn from the records of the 20 000 white men examined by our agents in the field ; and the chief value of the answers to this inquiry recorded on our examination-reports consists in their rela- tion to answers to yet other inquiries. Thus classifications of the amount of hair according to its tex- ture, to its color, and .to the answers to some of'the other ques- tions, - tabular views exhibiting the relations of texture to color, those between the tendency to baldness, and the education of the MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 563 individual, etc., - would in all probability afford results of interest and value. These inquiries, like so many others, must be left for other inquirers whose interest may lead them to obtain the facts from our records. Only a few tabulations are here attempted, showing the relative amount of baldness, which is of course small for a class of men so young as the great majority of those exam- ined. These tabulations we will present as concisely as possible. TABLE X. Baldness observed among Soldiers. Earlier Series, by Nativity. Nativity In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor No. Ex- amined No. Bald Propor- tion No. Ex- amined No. Bald Propor- tion New England 588 5 .009 355 7 .020 New York 1 506 7 .005 550 4 .007 New Jersey and Pennsylvania . 833 3 -.004 363 4 .011 Ohio and other Western States. 293 1 .003 185 - - Slave States ....... 1 650 18 .011 374 4 .011 Canada 134 1 .007 51 - - England and Scotland .... 145 2 .014 71 - - Ireland 345 3 .009 122 - - Germany 179 1 .006 77 5 .065 Miscellaneous 63 4 .063 20 - Total 5 736 45 .008 2 168 24 .011 564 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE XL Baldness observed among Soldiers. Later Series, by Nativity. Nativity In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor No. Ex- amined No. Bald Propor- tion No. Ex- amined No. Bald Propor- tion New England 1 000 21 .021 211 4 .019 N. Y., N. J., and Penn. . . . 3 177 31 .010 588 5 .009 Ohio and Indiana 1 443 4 .003 219 2 .009 Mich., Wise., and Illinois . . 945 2 .002 71 - - Coast Slave States 315 7 .022 52 1 .019 Kentucky and Tennessee . . . 223 2 .009 44 2 .045 States West of Mississippi River 56 - - 5 - - British Provinces ..... 510 3 .006 48 - - England 279 5 .018 47 - - Scotland 70 2 .029 11 - - Ireland 648 7 .011 179 4 .022 France, Belgium, etc 84 - - 16 - - Germany 462 9 .019 100 1 .010 Other countries 59 1 .017 14 - - Total 9 271 94 .010 1 605 19 .012 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 565 TABLE XII. Baldness observed among Sailors and Students, by Nativity. Nativity Sailors Students No Ex- am mod No. Bald Propor- tion No. Ex- amined No. Bald Propor- tion New England 129 5 .039 156 3 .019 New York, New Jersey, & Penn. 155 3 .019 95 1 .011 British Am. Prov., excl. Canada 50 1 .020 England 102 2 .020 Ireland 335 5 .015 Germany 62 1 .016 >40 0 Spain, etc 18 1 .056 All others (not assorted) . . . 210 0 - J Total 1 061 18 .017 291 4 .014 TABLE XIII. Baldness observed among' Negroes, by Nativity. Class In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor No. Ex- amined No. Bald Propor- tion No. Ex- amined No. Bald Propor- tion Full Blacks Natives of Free States . . . 194 1 .005 32 1 .031 Natives of Slave States. . . 1 598 1 .001 196 3 .015 Mulattoes Natives of Free States . . . 127 - - 42 1 .024 Natives of Slave States. . . 592 1 .002 102 2 .020 Total 2 511 3 .001 372 7 .019 Mr. Russell states that among more than 2100 negroes specially observed by him and belonging to the troops of the 25th Army 566 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. Corps on the Rio Grande, in addition to those regularly examined, he saw but one bald head. The assortment by ages is less easy, since sundry difficulties would render the exact determination of the total number exam- ined at each age a matter of considerable labor. It offers, more- over, less promise of valuable results, since what we really want is not the relative amount of baldness corresponding to each age for the men examined, but that corresponding to each age for the time of its occurrence. A tabulation according to the first named principle might not improbably afford the best means of at- taining the results corresponding to the second were the numbers dealt with sufficiently large, but this is not the case. Moreover, a large proportion of the cases observed in so young a body of men are probably abnormal, as is shown not only by the irregular se- quence of the numbers, but likewise by the circumstance that the baldness was in comparatively few cases of recent occurrence. The average time during which the baldness had already existed, according to the statements of the men, was as follows: - Class No. of Men Mean Age Average Time Soldiers, Earlier Series . . . 64 y. 37.29 y- ■ 9.70 Soldiers, Later Series . . . 112 37.62 8.51 Sailors 18 35.72 7.72 Students 4 24.25 5.00 Full Blacks 4 42.50 16.50 Mulattoes 4 39.00 13.75 Indians1 0 - - The abnormal cases which evidently form a large proportion of the total number recorded were certainly in many instances the result of existing or past constitutional disease, and should as such be excluded from an investigation into the general tendency, among any class of men. One negro of unmixed race born in Connecti- cut, stated that he shed his hair annually. The next two tables give a classification by age at the time of examination of the white soldiers and of the negroes who are re- corded as bald, a vague expression at the best. In the table of soldiers the two series of examinations are combined, and the men not in usual vigor are distinguished from the others and ex- 1 Not a single case of baldness ■was observed among the Indians examined. One of the Chippewas examined was said to be 109 years old, and a white missionary whose judgement seemed trustworthy stated that he had no doubt that such was the fact. Dr. Buckley sent a lock of his hair, which was mostly jet black, with a very slight sprinkling of gray. His name was Konjockerty, and although quite active he was classed as " not in usual vigor." MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 567 hibit a larger proportion of baldness. In both tables the number of men examined at each age is deduced by careful estimate and not by actual counting. TABLE XIV. Baldness observed among Soldiers, by Age when examined. Age In usual Vigor Not in usual Vigor No. of Men No. Bald j Proportion 1 No. of Men1 No. Bald Proportion Under 21 4 339 1 - 1 091 - * 21 23 3 902 3 .001 980 - - 24-26 2 401 5 .002 604 2 .003 27 29 1 448 13 .009 364 4 .011 30-32 934 17 .018 236 2 .008 33-35 689 22 .032 173 4 .023 36-38 504 16 .032 127 7 .055 39-41 282 13 .046 71 4 .056 42-44 258 24 .093 65 5 .077 45 & over 250 25 .100 62 15 .242 TABLE XV. Baldness observed among Negroes, by Age when examined. Age Full Blacks Mulattoes No. of Men No. Bald Proportion No. of Men No. Bald Proportion Under 21 490 - - 184 - - 21-26 969 1 .001 385 - - 27-32 337 *- - 162 2 .012 33-38 124 1 .008 63 - - 39-44 58 1 .017 42 1 .024 45 & over 42 3 .071 27 1 .037 1 The total numbers at each age " not in usual vigor " as given in this column have been made proportional to those in usual vigor, since by accident they were not assorted by ages, and this omission was only detected after our documents had been packed away for trans- portation to New York. But as we have seen, in Chapter VIII., that the mean age of those not in full health exceeded that of those in usual vigor, we may infer that our distribution is not quite correct, and that the proportions in the last column for the advanced ages are somewhat too large. 568 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. An attempt to arrange the numbers according to the alleged ages at which baldness first occurred, gives the following result. TABLE XVI. Age at which Baldness appeared. Age Whites Blacks Earlier Series Later Series Under 18 - 8 18-20 11 14 - 21-23 9 15 1 24-26 17 18 3 27-29 5 8 2 30-32 7 19 1 33 35 8 17 - 36 38 3 9 - 39 41 1 11 - 42-45 1 4 •* Over 45 2 11 1 4. Pilosity of Negroes. The question as to the relative amount of pilosity, or general hairiness of body, in the white and black races is one of some an- thropological and ethnological interest. In order to obtain if pos- sible some general information on this subject, Mr. Russell, when accompanying the 25th Army Corps to the Texan boundary, was requested to avail himself of any opportunity which might occur, to observe the colored troops when unclothed, and to record the pilosity upon a scale in which a skin apparently perfectly smooth should be denoted by 0, and an amount of general hairiness equal to the maximum which he had ever seen or should see in a white man, should be called 10. This commission Mr. Russell executed by observing the men while bathing, which was an event of almost daily occurrence in the torrid climate near the mouth of the Rio Grande. He thus noted the relative pilosity of 2129 different colored soldiery, full blacks and mulattoes together ; and gives the following as the result of his subsequent counting. MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 569 Degree of Pilosity No. of Men 0 9 1 35 2 152 3 290 4 371 6 512 6 357 7 264 8 118 9 21 10 0 The excellent distribution of these numbers is manifest at a glance, as also is the unavoidable inference that there is but little, if any, difference between the white and the black races in this respect. 5. Education and Parentage. The only remaining characteristic of our men which we have undertaken to investigate is the amount of their education. This, as will be seen by reference to the schedule of questions, was classified in five grades, - of which the lowest was represented by a "limited common school education," and the highest by a " pro- fessional " training, this presupposing the " collegiate " education which represented the second grade. To these five is of course to be added a sixth, in which the individual was unable either to read or write. Our reports have shown that this division was in- adequate, inasmuch as many of the examiners found it necessary to introduce a degree inferior to what would be called a limited common school education, yet not so low as altogether to preclude the individual from reading and writing, consequently we have many men recorded as possessing a " slight " education, while the absence of this grade on our printed blanks has rendered the num- ber referred to it relatively small. From the best estimate we are able to make it would seem that the number properly belonging to this grade is nearly intermediate between those in the grades adja- cent, - and that these two grades have generally drawn from this one in our records nearly in the proportion of their respective numbers. This fact must be kept in view in any inferences drawn from our tables. We will first give, both for the soldiers of the later series and for the sailors, two tables exhibiting respectively the actual and the proportional numbers of the men examined, assorted by nativ- ities and by grades of education. 570 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE XVII. Distribution of the Soldiers examined in Later Series, according to Education and Nativity. Nativity None Slight Limited Com. School Good Com. School High School Collegi- ate Profes- sional Total New England . . . 30 1 403 643 86 8 3 1 174 N. Y., N. J., Penn. . 132 37 1 627 1 698 169 22 14 3 699 Ohio and Indiana 63 43 857 614 46 7 7 1 637 Mich., Wise., and Ill. 24 8 656 286 23 4 - 1001 Coast Slave States . 58 7 139 121 9 2 2 338 Kentucky and Tenn. 53 5 128 78 1 - 1 266 States W. Miss. Riv. 1 1 15 21 3 - - 41 Brit. Prov. ex. Can. - 1 10 23 4 - - 38 Canada 92 10 237 152 13 3 1 508 England 16 3 148 . H4 4 2 - 287 Scotland . . J 2 39 30 7 2 - 81 Ireland 106 10 379 210 12 3 - 720 France, etc 2 3 22 11 2 1 1 42 Germany .... 15 13 226 210 24 2 4 494 Scandinavia . . . 1 - 16 14 - - - 31 Other Countries . . 12 1 48 44 6 3 1 115 Total 606 145 4 950 4 269 409 59 34 10 472 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 571 TABLE XVIII. Relative Distribution of Soldiers, by Education and Nativity. Nativity None Slight Limited Common School Good Common School High School Colle- giate Profes- sional New England . . . 25 1 343 548 73 7 3 N. Y., N. J., Penn. . 36 10 440 459 45 6 4 Ohio and Indiana 39 26 524 375 28 4 4 Mich., Wise., and Ill. 24 8 655 286 23 4 - Coast Slave States . 171 21 411 358 27 6 6 Kentucky and Tenn. 199 19 481 293 4 - 4 States W. Miss. Riv. 24 24 366 513 73 - - Brit. Prov. ex. Can. - 27 263 605 105 - - Canada 181 20 466 299 26 6 2 England 56 10 516 397 14 7 - Scotland .... 12 25 482 370 86 25 - Ireland 147 14 526 292 17 4 - France, etc 48 71 524 262 47 24 14 Germany .... 30 26 458 425 49 4 8 Scandinavia . . . 32 - 517 451 - - - Other Countries . . 104 9 417 383 52 26 9 Total 58 14 473 408 39 5 3 572 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE XIX. Distribution of the Sailors examined? by Education and Nativity. Nativity None Slight Limited Com. School Good Com. School High School Collegi- ate Profes- sional Total New England . . . 5 14 114 15 - - - 148 N. Y., N. J., Penn. . 5 16 132 22 - 1 - 176 Ohio and Indiana - - 2 1 - - - 3 Mich., Wise., and Ill. 1 1 3 2 - - - 7 Coast Slave States . 3 3 16 5 - 1 - 28 Kentucky and Tenn. - - 1 - - - - 1 States W. Miss. Riv. 1 - 1 - - - - 2 Brit. Prov. ex. Can. 9 6 33 3 1 - - 52 Canada 3 1 16 2 - - - 22 England 17 15 80 2 -• - - 114 Scotland .... 4 3 23 3 - - - 33 Ireland 72 55 255 6 - - - 388 France 2 1 4 1 - - - 8 Germany .... 4 5 44 10 1 1 - 65 Scandinavia . . . 11 9 62 1 - - - 83 Other Countries . . 16 9 39 2 - - - 66 Total 153 138 825 75 2 3 - 1 196 1 The clothed Sailors and the Marines are included in this table. MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 573 TABLE XX. Relative Distribution of Sailors, by Education and Nativity. Nativity None Slight Limited Common School Good Common School High School Colle- giate Profes- sional New England . . . 34 95 770 101 - N. Y., N. J., Penn. . 28 91 750 125 - 6 - Ohio and Indiana - - 667 333 - - - Mich., Wise., and Hl. 143 143 428 286 - - - Coast Slave States . 107 107 571 179 - 36 - Kentucky and Tenn. - - 1 000 - - - - States W. Miss. Riv. 500 - 500 - - - - Brit. Prov. ex. Can. 173 115 635 58 19 - - Canada 136 46 727 91 - - - England 149 132 702 17 - - - Scotland .... 121 91 697 91 - - - Ireland 186 142 657 15 - - - France . . . . . 250 125 500 125 - - - Germany .... 62 77 677 154 15 15 - Scandinavia . . . 133 108 747 12 - - - Other Countries . . 243 136 591 30 - - - Total 128 115 690 63 2 2 - Of the 10 472 soldiers and 1196 sailors including in the forego- ing tables, 8156 soldiers and 865 sailors, 8521 in all, were Amer- icans (i. e. citizens of the United States) by birth. For 235 of these, of whom 43 could not read and write, we are not in posses- sion of the nativity of the parents. The parentage of the remain- der was as exhibited by the next table. 574 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. TABLE XXL Parentage of the Native American Soldiers and Sailors examined. Mother's Nativity Father's Nativity Totals Native Amer. British Provinces English Irish German Other Native Amer. 6 826 48 63 66 46 54 7 103 British Prov. . 51 72 1 5 - 6 135 English. . . 46 3 127 6 3 6 191 Irish .... 55 4 16 398 4 11 488 German. . . 35 1 3 4 161 10 214 Others . . . 36 2 8 7 5 97 155 Totals . . 7 049 130 218 486 219 184 8 286 If now we assort the 333 native Americans who could not read and write, by their parentage in the same manner, we find - TABLE XXII. Parentage of Uneducated Native Americans. Mother's Nativity Father's Nativity Totals Native Amer. British Provinces English Irish German Others Native Amer. 275 - 4 5 3 287 British Prov. . 3 10 - 1 - 1 15 English. . . 1 - 4 - - - 5 Irish .... - 1 2 14 - - 17 German. . . 1 - - - 4 - 5 Others . . . 1 *- - - 3 4 Totals . . 281 11 10 20 7 4 333 A comparison of the figures in Table XXII., with those ob- tained by reducing the numbers of Table XXI. to the same scale, shows a close similarity, the only marked excess in the actual num- ber of the uneducated over that which would correspond to the MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 575 proportional number of the same class examined, being for men rliose parents were natives of the British Provinces. For the ■ ';e of comparison we append the proportionate numbers obtained irom Table XXI. by reducing it throughout in the ratio of 8286 to 333. Mother's Nativity Father's Nativity Totals Native Amer. British Provinces English Irish German Others Native Amer. 274 2 2 3 2 2 285 British Prov. . 2 3 - - - - 5 English. . • 2 - 5 - - 1 8 Irish .... 2 - 1 16 - 1 20 German. . . 1 - - - 7 1 9 Others . . . 1 - 1 - - 4 6 Totals . . 282 5 9 19 9 9 333 CHAPTER XVI. MILITARY SERVICE. 1. Statistics collected. The great mass of the statistics which have been collected by the Sanitary Commission belong to the strictly military class, and are more or less directly connected with questions of health or of mortality. From prompt and thorough discussion of these mate- rials, and from investigations to which such discussion would call attention, the Commission anticipated its principal means of useful- ness, in discovering the hygienic needs of our soldiers and bringing them to the attention of the proper authorities; as also in furnish- ing from its own resources such remedies as might demand greater promptitude than could always be attained through official chan- nels in times of special emergency. For this purpose an elaborate system of camp-inspections was organized, with an efficient corps of inspectors ; and blank forms1 were prepared containing a very large number of questions, de- signed for the twofold purpose of obtaining information and of im- pressing indirectly upon commanding officers various considerations of importance to the welfare of their men. An account of these camp inspections and of their effect may be found2 in Professor Stille's " History of the U. S. Sanitary Commission." About 1500 reports of the inspections, made between the months of July 1861 and April 1863, and each containing answers to a number of ques- tions varying from 60 to 180, were received by the Commission and have been carefully discussed by its statistical department. The results of more than 1200 reports, comprising about 176 000 answers, are elaborately assorted and tabulated with a view to their consultation with the least possible trouble, and the documents are preserved with our other archives. They contain valuable and in- teresting information regarding the sanitary history of the army, but are too extensive for convenient publication, and scarcely capa- 1 Sanitary Commission Documents, Nos. 19,19 a. 2 Pages 96-100; 454-55. MILITARY SERVICE. 577 ble of presentation in a condensed form. A few of the inferences, however, will be given in the next section. The Hospital Directory, so long maintained by the Sanitary Commission, will also be found described 1 in detail in Professor Stille's history. In connection with this important and laborious undertaking, a very large amount of material, derived from the daily morning reports of the military hospitals throughout the country, was tabulated under the superintendence of Mr. Bowne; and results of high value, both in their sanitary relations and in their scientific bearings, were anticipated, when, at the beginning of July 1864, the War Department issued an order2 forbidding the communication of any farther information on the subject to the agents of the Commission. • This was the first of a series of orders, necessarily alluded to here and in the history of the Commission, by which, as is well known, the hostility of Mr. Stanton3 greatly abridged its means of usefulness, and, so far as his power extended, curtailed its opportunities alike for prosecuting labors in the field and investigations in the office. Soon after this event, the author of this volume assumed the duties of Actuary, but in the face of these discouragements it seemed wisest to defer all attempts at farther discussion of the materials until a more propitious season. Subsequently, when in June 1865 it appeared that analogous in- vestigations were making in the Surgeon-General's office, under the very able direction of Dr. Woodward, it clearly became need- less for the Sanitary Commission to undertake any farther discus- sion of the subject. The material now in our archives, contains classified and tabulated summaries and comparisons of the daily returns of the general hospitals and of the hospitals for contagious fevers, from nine military departments, extending over periods not exceeding eighteen months. The most extensive of all the undertakings of the statistical de- partment, and that for which the greatest amount of labor and ex- pense has been incurred, is the collection and discussion of the regimental monthly returns. These were transcribed from the rolls in the Adjutant General's office, first by Mr. O'Connell and subsequently by Mr. Wilson, with assiduity and punctilious care. Both these gentlemen possessed the confidence of the officers in charge of the rolls, both were scrupulously careful to occasion no inconvenience, and both were subsequently offered permanent po- sitions in that office. But in October 1865, - after nearly three 1 History of the U S. Sanitary Commission, pp. 308-310. 2 Ibid. p. 457. 8 Ibid. pp. 136, 511. 578 MILITARY SERVICE. years of labor, during which about 32 000 reports from 1550 regi- ments had been transcribed, comprising all the monthly returns up to January 1865, which were on file in the War Department, ex- cepting those for the regular army and for the colored troops, - farther access to these rolls also was suddenly forbidden by order of the Secretary, and all efforts to procure a modification of the order proved unavailing.1 No reason was assigned for this act, which deprived us of our last source of information from the archives of the War Department, nor were any other opportunities subse- quently permitted us. Before Mr. Stanton left office, our work was completed, and the requisite means for farther computation was no longer available. Meanwhile one additional effort had been made by the Commission in the summer of 1867, to procure some unpublished information as to the composition of our armies during the years 1863 and 1864, by which the material already collected could be properly arranged, as will be stated below. But this effort shared the fate of its predecessors; and for the want of historical data, which a single clerk could have transcribed in a few days without incon- venience to the official authorities, our vast store of well classified material lies useless. Meanwhile, through the unfailing courtesy and cordial assistance of the Adjutant Generals of the several States, we have obtained copies of many returns for dates previous to 1865, which had not been on file at Washington ; and thus our statistics for the Volun- teer Army are probably as complete as may be, up to the close of 1864. For the remaining three months of the war, we have but 2000 returns transcribed, being probably three fourths of the whole number; yet it has seemed preferable to make no attempt at ex- tending our inferences to these three months, rather than to give results less accurate than might be afforded through other chan- nels. It can scarcely be doubted that the additional records will be hereafter furnished from the War Department itself, under other guidance. The detailed account of the material in our pos- session is given in the section devoted to this subject. The only other military question which we have statistically discussed is the effect of forced marches, as indicated by the expe- rience of the regiments which thus hastened to the battle-field of Gettysburg. Just previous to this battle long and rapid marches were made by large bodies of our soldiery, and special inquiries were instituted by Mr. Olmsted, in order to determine the effect 1 History of the U. 8. Sanitary Commission, p. 465. MILITARY SERVICE. 579 upon the condition of the men. There are 144 reports of regi- mental inspection according to the blank forms then prepared. Some inferences from these will be found in the final section of this chapter, with which we bring our volume to an end. 2. Camp Inspections. The tabulated and assorted results of camp-inspections are pre- served in the archives of the Statistical Bureau, in nine large folio volumes. The positions of the camps were so various, the qualifi- cations of the commanding officers so different, the places where the regiments were raised, the character of their outfit, the classes of men of which they were composed, and the circumstances at different times, all so diverse, that but little instruction can be de- duced from any comparison of averages. We will however give a single general table, showing for some of the principal subjects of inquiry the proportionate number of camps belonging to the sev- eral grades, in a classification according to relative excellence, which were found in four successive, periods of five months each. The inspection-reports contain comparatively few numerical data, since most of the descriptions are verbal, and the answers to the numerous questions frequently indefinite, - given moreover with many qualifications. Still in tabulating them many have been ex- pressed by a numerical scale, and the average values of the answers to many questions upon kindred topics have furnished the relative estimates from which our table is constructed. Twelve of the most important subjects are selected for our table; and for each of these it exhibits the proportionate number of camps, in each thou- sand, which belongs to each one of nine grades ranging from " ex- tremely good " to " extremely bad." The four periods and the number of camps reported upon, in each period, are as follows : - I. From August to December, 1861, inclusive, 548 camps. II. From January to May, 1862, inclusive, 428 III. From June to October, 1862, inclusive, 56 IV. From November, 1862, to March, 1863, inclusive, 127 580 MILITARY SERVICE. TABLE I. Results of Camp Inspections, Proportionate Numbers. Grade Camp Site Tents I. II. III. IV. I. II. III. IV. Extremely Good . . . - - - - - 25 - - Very Good 380 315 268 254 - - - - Good 111 90 94 81 274 176 241 165 Moderately Good . . . 73 96 67 85 - 1 - - Indifferent 58 89 94 37 1 - - - Moderately Bad .... 101 125 129 157 1 - - - Bad 76 76 36 69 672 678 571 528 Very Bad 98 77 103 85 - - - - Ektremely Bad .... 45 55 40 26 - - - - Not stated 10 40 125 147 28 113 161 307 Doubtful 48 37 44 59 24 7 27 - Grade Bedding Clothing I. n. III. IV. I. II. III. IV. Extremely Good . . . - - - - - - - Very Good 268 315 369 347 399 419 426 398 Good 432 356 315 420 295 341 310 335 Moderately Good . . . 120 188 42 92 20 3 - - Indifferent - 1 35 101 10 5 1 - - Moderately Bad .... 23 10 54 13 8 - - - Bad 125 68 30 26 216 207 181 117 Very Bad - - - - 13 1 - 1 Extremely Bad .... - - - - 8 - - - Not stated 8 26 89 92 33 28 80 149 Doubtful 24 2 - - 3 - 3 - MILITARY SERVICE. 581 TABLE 1. - ( Continued.') Results of Camp Inspections, Proportional Numbers. Grade Cleanliness , Water I. II. III. IV. I. n. III. IV. Extremely Good . . . - - - - 180 156 155 110 Very Good 530 535 581 486 66 81 77 55 Good 70 64 23 64 668 581 500 428 Moderately Good . . . 3 2 - - 49 62 36 113 Indifferent 1 5 - - - - - - Moderately Bad .... - - - - - - 6 3 Bad 219 213 107 138 16 37 18 42 Very Bad 110 60 161 60 10 23 24 34 Extremely Bad .... - - - *- - - - - Not stated 46 94 92 251 10 56 107 210 Doubtful 21 27 36 1 1 4 77 5 Grade Rations and Cookery Discipline I. II. III. IV I. II. HI. IV. Extremely Good . . . 9 18 13 15 - - - - Very Good 716 752 670 659 321 311 299 238 Good 7 13 5 1 429 424 406 419 Moderately Good . . . 4 6 2 5 9 - - - Indifferent 8 11 5 6 - - - - Moderately Bad .... 61 53 62 48 - - - - Bad 73 51 69 62 141 130 121 163 Very Bad 68 56 78 64 45 48 36 26 Extremely Bad .... - - - - - - - - Not stated 18 25 54 134 46 79 134 152 Doubtful L 36 15 42 6 9 8 4 2 582 MILITARY SERVICE. TABLE I. - (Continued.) Results of Camp Inspections, Proportionate Numbers. Grade Recreations Med. Tnsp. on Enlistment I. II. III. IV. I. II. III. IV. Extremely Good . . . - - - - - - - - Very Good 105 197 219 114 129 119 313 149 Good 44 113 85 32 400 414 420 429 Moderately Good . . . - - - - - - - - Indifferent 8 - - - 9 - - - Moderately Bad .... - - - - - 4 - - Bad 503 491 486 543 266 279 107 209 Very Bad - - - 81 72 62 16 Extremely Bad .... - - - - - - - - Not stated 340 199 210 311 98 105 62 177 Doubtful .*..... - 17 7 36 20 Grade Medical Officers Hospital I. II. III. IV. I. II. III. IV. Extremely Good . . . - - - - 73 89 69 74 Very Good 644 682 571 756 576 555 417 505 Good 28 12 18 16 1 21 6 10 Moderately Good . . . - - - - 8 3 - - Indifferent - - - - 6 - - - Moderately Bad .... - - - - 98 60 80 79 Bad 33 2 - - 95 98 190 158 Very Bad 257 185 268 86 107 74 36 66 Extremely Bad .... - 2 - - 5 - - - Not stated 38 117 125 142 30 91 137 98 Doubtful - 18 - 1 9 65 10 3. Sickness, Mortality, Discharges, etc. The extent of our collection and tabulation of the Monthly Reg- imental Returns has been stated, as also the reason why our results are confined to the white volunteer service, and why they do not comprise the last three months of the war. Many discordances MILITARY SERVICE. 583 were found in the official records, and these have been investigated at the State capitals and corrected. The data for the nine months ending with February 1862, were specially discussed by Mr. Elliott, and the results published in pamphlet form as No. 46 of the Commission's documents. In this discussion the troops from the Eastern and those from the Western States were separately considered, which was both justifiable and desirable, inasmuch as the soldiers from each of these sections of the country were employed in that section by which they were furnished. The same is true in general for the next following six months, which have been aggregated and computed in a similar manner. A portion of these results was also published by Mr. Elliott in his paper " On the Military Statistics of the United States of America." For subsequent periods of the war the dis- tinction between Eastern and Western soldiers was less significant, since soldiers from both portions of the country served in each. To deduce the best results from our materials, they should be clas- sified by armies, and those regiments of which each of our armies consisted should be aggregated month by month. The results would then form a most valuable contribution to the military his- tory of the war, exhibiting as they would, at a glance, the mortal- ity from different sources, the sanitary condition, the strength, the loss, the desertions, etc., in each army during each successive month, the numbers of officers and men present and absent respec- tively, etc., etc. In short, a knowledge of the regiments which formed each several army is the key for unlocking the valuable inferences contained in our army statistics and lying ready for em- ployment ; without such knowledge they are comparatively useless. It seemed therefore to the Commission that a final and earnest effort was desirable, and accordingly at the beginning of June, 1867, one more strenuous endeavor was made to obtain from Mr. Stanton the necessary information or permission for transcribing it by clerks selected or approved by him. The application of the Commission was advocated by prominent statesmen and men high in office, but the Secretary could not be induced to yield his con- sent and the effort was most reluctantly abandoned. The fruit of years of toil has thus been rendered for a season unavailing, and the extensive collection of materials has been deposited with the archives of the Commission, ready for use at some future time. At present the reports have been so aggregated as to present the total returns from the troops of each arm of the service from each State, a form in which the voluminousness of the results forbids their presentation here. 584 MILITARY SERVICE. It may not be too much to hope that at some not distant day the tabulated results, now comparatively valueless, but representing enormous labor and needing almost insignificant accessions from official data to kindle them into living usefulness, may be rendered serviceable to the historian of our great struggle for national ex- istence, and to the nation itself for possible future contingency. Our material thus comprises for all the several regiments of white volunteers for which the returns are on file, up to the begin- ning of 1865, as well as for the aggregate of all the cavalry, the artillery, and the infantry from each State separately, the monthly returns according to the schedule seen in Tables II. and III. In order that the results of this huge labor may not be entirely unrepresented in this volume, of which they were designed to form the most prominent, and it was hoped, the most valuable part, we will present in tabular form some of the aggregated summaries. In the Tables II. and III. are given the actual numbers recorded for the Eastern and Western troops respectively, during the fifteen months from June 1861 to August 1862, inclusive ; the materials from the first nine months having been prepared exclusively, and the remainder in great part under the direction of Mr. Elliott. In the two next following Tables, IV. and V., the proportionate numbers in each 10 000 are similarly given, while the Tables VI. and VII. show some of the most important facts relative to the condition of the total armies of the Union for each month of the whole period over which our statistics extend. In these tables, columns or lines are given to show the number of regiments reporting, and the average regimental strength. There were, however, some bodies of soldiery, not organized into regiments, - this being generally the case in the artillery, and among some of the troops enlisted for comparatively short terms of service. The number of such cases was relatively small, and would exert but little influence on the results, yet the necessity of some general rule became manifest. In Tables II. and III. inde- pendent organizations have been enumerated as regiments in the columns of " Regiments reporting," which would more correctly have been entitled " Organizations reporting," while in computing the column of " Average Regimental Strength," for Table VII. a single battery (assuming the normal strength to be about one hun- dred and fifty men) has been counted as the sixth part of a regi- ment. In other cases, a similar rule has been observed, each or- ganization being regarded as so many tenths of a regiment, as there were hundreds of men in the number supposed to form its usual strength. MILITARY SERVICE. 585 For the Tables VI. and VII., which exhibit the aggregrate monthly statistics on file, as heretofore stated for the total volun- teer army, some indication of the probable degree of reliance to which they are entitled may be derived from a comparison of the recorded strength for each month, with the best attainable estimate of the real strength as derived from the first table in this volume.1 The meagerness of the reports for the first months of the war forms the most noticeable characteristic, but it can surprise no one, who considers the obstacles, with which the department was then contending, and the fact that a prompt supply of able-bodied men, in large numbers, their equipment, maintenance, and transportation were of paramount importance ; that the energies of all the offi- cers at head-quarters were tasked to the utmost by these most im- perative duties, and that time was requisite for extending t6 an army of many hundred thousand men, commanded mostly by offi- cers taken from civil life, the systematic details of official relations, which had previously been adapted to the nineteen or twenty regi- ments of which the U. S. regular army consisted at the outbreak of the insurrection. Comparing thus the total aggregate strength from the regimen- tal reports, month by month, with the total number of volunteers in the field according to our estimates, we find the difference di- minishing, until in August 1862, nearly two thirds of the whole number had reported. For October, the proportion whose reports were filed had increased to nearly three fourths, for November, to nearly four fifths, and for December, to nearly five sixths of the whole number. During the year 1863, the number of reports on file seems to have comprised between five sixths and seven eighths of all the volunteer troops. From accurate statistics of so large a proportion of our men, it would seem that very trustworthy in- ferences might be drawn for the whole volunteer army ; and this we have endeavored to do in a subsequent table. 1 Pages 7, 8. 586 MILITARY SERVICE. TABLE IL Summary of the Regimental Reports for Eastern Soldiers up to August 1862. 1861 June July August Sept. October Nov. Number of Regiments reporting 4 8 21 54 68 73 Strength at close of ( cers • • month • 1 Men • * • 157 300 702 1 875 2 367 2 529 3 187 6 035 16 277 44 226 56 111 61 383 (Total . . 3 334 6 335 16 979 46 101 58 478 63 912 Officers present 3 15 24 85 97 104 Officers absent . 0 9 10 31 46 56 Total officers Sick at close of 3 24 34 116 143 160 month . . jy[en present , . 133 313 905 2 686 3 361 4 516 Men absent . . 15 89 201 568 776 728 [ Total men . . 148 402 1 106 3 254 4 137 5 244 Gain of officers other than by i promotion or transfer . . ) - - - 2 3 8 Men enlisted in regiment . . . 13 60 502 691 766 529 reenlisted - 2 15 11 22 2 recruits from depots . . . 44 376 50 784 859 504 Officers resigned or disbanded. . - 6 27 53 46 79 Men discharged by exp. of service - - 2 80 28 - Men discharged for disability . . 38 121 288 284 449 263 Men deserted 38 268 225 275 353 210 Men returned from desertion . . - 10 57 25 16 Officers missing in action . . . - 6 - - 17 3 Men missing in action .... - 85 10 61 367 12 Men returned fr. missing in action - -* - 5 8 5 Men disch. for causes not named 3 77 18 126 104 106 r Officers . . - - 1 2 1 1 Died in action . . < Men . . . 2 12 3 12 37 11 ( Total . . 2 12 4 14 38 12 / Officers . . - - 1 - 6 6 Died of disease . . < Men . . . - 4 28 79 111 169 ( Total . . - 4 29 79 117 175 MILITARY SERVICE. 587 TABLE IL - ( Continued.') Summary of the Regimental Reports for Eastern Soldiers up to August 1862. December 1862 January February March April May June July August 58 42 84 143 154 125 149 150 67 2 056 1 440 2 964 5 053 5 460 4 579 4 867 5 087 2 099 50 447 34 022 69 760 116 887 125 186 104 434 107 582 110 879 47 987 52 503 35 462 72 724 121 940 130 646 109 013 112 449 115 966 50 086 73 59 104 137 223 184 315 433 115 37 23 42 99 122 192 300 282 83 no 82 146 236 345 376 615 715 198 3 215 1 755 4 215 4 402 5 527 4 610 6 945 9 828 2 835 696 731 1 304 4 035 4 977 8 045 10 887 12 407 4 727 3911 2 486 5 519 8 437 10 504 12 655 17 832 22 235 7 562 1 - - 5 4 4 10 15 7 146 161 142 685 339 151 286 212 288 6 4 6 17 4 2 2 - 3 684 206 1 304 1 741 1 024 342 300 354 299 62 19 73 92 89 88 103 204 62 - - 1 - 3 2 5 - 2 433 187 348 816 774 908 1 016 1 491 520 239 50 265 228 417 327 1 082 946 679 15 10 67 78 47 32 67 89 81 - - - - 15 55 8 9 5 4 2 35 10 569 1 827 434 291 - 3 3 103 39 13 89 206 70 71 33 142 262 236 109 210 335 378 - 1 2 5 23 37 7 12 14 7 7 27 120 252 755 146 no 14 8 7 29 125 275 792 153 122 1 - 5 7 11 11 18 17 16 159 90 168 257 271 280 367 534 253 160 90 173 264 282 291 385 551 269 588 MILITARY SERVICE. TABLE III. Summary of the Regimental Reports for Western Soldiers up to August 1862. 1861 July August Sept. October Nov. Dec. Number of Regiments reporting 3 6 15 20 29 43 Strength at close of ( cers • • 102 219 504 664 1 021 1 507 month . . . JMen • • • 2 924 5 733 12 897 16 438 24 516 38 639 ( Total . . 3 026 5 952 13 401 17 102 25 537 40 146 ' Officers present 1 10 38 31 49 105 Officers absent . - 2 9 11 24 38 Sick at close of Total officers . 1 12 47 42 73 143 month. 1 Men present . . 177 419 1 338 1492 2 951 4 777 Men absent . . 58 119 310 438 959 1 394 Total men . 235 538 1 648 1 930 3 910 6 171 Gain of officers other than by 1 1 3 promotion or transfer . . ) Men enlisted in regiment . . . 49 66 135 85 346 466 reenlisted . 2 2 5 - 2 4 recruits from depots . . . - ** 42 126 127 52 Officers resigned or disbanded . . 2 8 5 12 10 31 Men discharged by exp. of service - - - - - - Men discharged for disability . . 8 48 97 160 113 231 Men deserted 1 18 39 34 57 128 Men returned from desertion . . - 2 2 5 12 Officers missing in action . . . - - - - - - Men missing in action .... 13 1 17 5 4 17 Men returned fr. missing in action 2 - - Men disch. for causes not named 6 13 13 22 17 39 / Officers . . - - - - 1 2 Died in actioh . . < Men . . . 5 2 4 9 4 17 ( Total . . 5 2 4 9 5 19 r Officers . . - - 2 3 2 3 Died of disease . . < Men . . . - 5 35 51 127 348 1 Total . . - 5 37 54 129 351 MILITARY SERVICE. 589 TABLE III. - ( Continued.') Summary of the Regimental Reports for Western Soldiers up to August 1862. 1862 January February March April May June July August 52 53 141 147 147 149 141 104 1 756 1 899 4 683 5 005 4 768 4 612 4 356 3 203 42 799 44 440 110 418 116 938 109 481 104 419 94 716 65 451 44 555 46 339 115 101 121 943 114 249 109 031 99 072 68 654 134 99 218 281 294 282 289 223 70 79 267 323 367 356 254 145 204 178 485 604 661 638 543 368 5 738 3 825 7 888 8 537 7 249 7 088 7 640 6 132 2 738 3 149 12 341 16 661 18 365 17 676 13 057 6 483 8 476 6 974 20 229 25 198 25 614 24 764 20 697 12 615 2 1 15 7 3 6 31 15 382 277 508 306 161 242 112 486 5 72 14 4 27 9 22 15 57 227 345 494 217 64 40 164 52 40 145 178 135 197 117 23 - - 20 11 2 5 1 38 190 438 808 1 130 1 302 1 003 1 379 1065 86 218 260 411 539 718 739 1412 43 34 46 33 50 84 98 307 - 2 2 37 8 13 2 9 6 37 33 695 211 371 89 162 - 2 31 33 18 31 33 62 122 107 286 375 419 417 331 397 - 12 18 55 27 12 5 11 21 208 186 855 355 236 95 170 21 220 204 910 382 248 100 181 2 9 22 22 25 20 16 6 406 229 737 740 809 673 718 489 408 238 759 762 834 693 734 495 590 MILITARY SERVICE. TABLE IV. Monthly Condition of the Eastern Forces, up to August 1862. Rates for each 10 000 Men.1 1861 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Officers . 39 38 33 35 35 35 Average Regimental Strength j Men . . 797 754 775 819 825 841 Total. . 836 792 808 854 860 876 Sick at close of month . . j Officers . 191 800 484 619 604 633 Men . . 464 666 679 736 737 854 Gain of officers other than by promo-) tion or transfer . . . - - - 11 13 32 Men enlisted in regiment 41 99 308 156 137 86 reenlisted - 3 9 2 4 - recruits from depots .... 138 623 31 177 153 82 Officers resigned or disbanded .... - 200 385 283 194 312 Men discharged by expiration of service - - 1 18 5 - Men discharged for disability .... 119 200 177 64 80 43 Men deserted 199 444 138 62 63 34 Men returned from desertion - - 6 13 4 3 Officers missing in action - 200 - - 72 12 Men missing in action . . • - 141 6 14 65 2 Men returned from missing in action . - - - 1 1 1 Mien discharged for causes not named . 9 128 11 28 19 17 Officers . - - 14 11 4 4 Died in action Men . . 6 20 2 3 7 2 Total. . 6 19 2 3 6 2 Officers . - - 14 - 25 24 Died of disease . . . . Men . . - 7 17 18 20 28 Total. . - 6 17 17 20 27 1 The average Regimental Strength is here given in actual numbers. The other indica- tions of the table are in proportionate numbers. MILITARY SERVICE. 591 TABLE IV. - ( Continued.') Monthly Condition of the Eastern Forces, up to August, 1862. Rates for each 10 000 Men. December 1862 January February March April May June July August 35 34 35 35 35 37 33 34 31 870 810 831 818 813 835 722 739 716 905 844 866 853 848 872 755 773 747 535 569 493 467 632 821 1 264 1 406 943 775 731 791 722 839 1 212 1 658 2 005 1 576 5 - - 10 7 9 21 29 33 29 47 20 59 27 14 27 19 60 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 136 61 187 149 82 33 28 32 62 302 132 246 182 163 192 212 401 295 - - - - - 1 - - 86 55 50 70 62 87 94 134 108 47 15 38 20 33 31 101 85 142 3 3 10 7 4 3 6 8 17 - - w - - 33 113 16 43 1 1 - 3 1 54 170 39 61 - 1 - 9 3 1 8 19 15 14 10 20 22 19 10 20 30 79 - 7 - 4 9 50 76 14 57 3 2 1 2 10 24 70 13 23 3 2 1 2 10 25 70 13 24 5 - 17 14 20 24 37 33 76 32 26 24 22 22 27 34 48 53 30 25 24 22 22 26 34 48 54 592 MILITARY SERVICE. TABLE V. Monthly Condition of the Western Forces, up to August, 1862. Rates for each 10 000 Men.1 1861 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Officers . 34 36 34 33 35 35 Average Regimental Strength Men . . 975 956 860 822 845 899 Total. . 1 009 992 894 855 880 934 Sick at close of month . . j Officers . 98 548 933 633 715 949 Men . . 804 938 1 278 1 174 1 595 1 597 Gain of officers other than by promo-) tion or transfer . . - 46 - - 20 Men enlisted in regiment 168 115 105 52 141 121 reenlisted . . • • . . 7 3 4 - 1 1 recruits from depots - - 33 77 52 13 1 Officers resigned or disbanded .... 196 137 99 181 98 206 1 Men discharged by expiration of service - - - - - - Men discharged for disability . . • 27 84 75 97 46 60 Men deserted 3 31 30 21 23 33 Men returned from desertion .... - - 2 1 2 3 Officers missing in action .... - - - - - - Men missing in action . . .... 44 2 13 3 2 4 Men returned from missing in action . - 3 - - - - Men discharged for causes not named 21 23 10 13 7 10 Officers . - - - 10 13 Died in action j Men . . 17 3 3 5 2 4 Total. . 16 3 3 5 2 . 4 Officers . - 40 45 20 20 Died of disease . . . . < Men . . 9 27 31 52 90 ( | Total. . 8 28 32 50 87 1 The average Regimental Strength is here given in actual numbers. The other indica- tions of the table are in proportionate numbers. MILITARY SERVICE. 593 TABLE V. - ( Continued.') Monthly Condition of the Western Forces, up to August 1862. Rates for each 10 000 Men. 1862 January February March April May June July August 34 36 33 34 32 31 31 31 823 838 783 796 745 701 672 629 857 874 816 830 777 732 703 660 1 162 937 1 036 1 207 1 386 1 383 1 247 1 148 1 980 1 569 1 832 2 155 2 340 2 372 2 185 1 927 11 5 32 14 6 13 71 47 89 62 46 26 15 23 12 74 1 16 1 - 2 1 2 2 13 51 31 42 20 6 4 25 296 211 310 356 283 427 269 72 - - 2 1 - - - 6 44 99 73 97 119 96 146 163 20 49 24 35 49 69 78 216 10 8 4 3 5 8 10 47 - 11 4 74 17 28 5 28 1 8 3 59 19 36 9 25 - - 3 3 2 3 3 9 28 24 26 32 38 40 35 61 - 63 38 110 57 26 11 34 5 47 17 73 32 23 10 26 5 47 17 75 33 23 10 26 11 47 47 44 52 43 37 19 95 51 67 63 74 64 76 75 92 51 66 62 73 64 74 72 38 594 MILITARY SERVICE. TABLE VI. Strength, Sickness, Mortality, Discharges and Desertions, recorded for the United States Volunteers, in each Month. Month No. of Reg'ts report- ing Strength at close of Month Sick at close of Month Dis- charged for Dis- ability Deserted Officers Men Officers Men 1861-June . . 4 157 3 187 3 148 38 38 July . . 11 402 8 959 25 637 129 269 August 27 921 22 010 46 1 644 336 233 September 69 2 379 57 123 163 4 902 381 255 October . 87 3 031 72 549 185 6 067 609 360 November 102 3 550 85 899 233 9 154 376 246 December 101 3 563 89 086 253 10 082 664 340 1862 - January . 93 3 196 76 821 286 10 962 377 83 February . 137 4 863 114 200 324 12 493 786 382 March . . 277 10 052 234 272 736 29 294 1 667 500 April . . 297 10 734 248 121 959 36 299 1 924 876 May . . 272 9 605 219 649 1 042 38 753 2 216 814 June . . 283 9 665 215 779 1 263 42 951 2 027 1 690 July . . 276 9 573 208 496 1 261 43 169 2 900 1 556 August . 519 17 746 387 252 2 207 77 945 4 429 3 716 September 655 22 479 502 862 2 891 106 231 4 437 4 156 October . 782 26 967 596 415 2 999 118 544 7 678 8 053 November 896 31 084 679 318 3 109 133 689 8 434 4 236 December 948 32 865 701 448 3 545 143 973 9 056 6 035 1863 - January . 1016 34 765 727 917 4 061 155 964 11 200 7 238 February . 1 022 35 408 712 560 3 421 140 211 12 661 6 384 March . . 1 030 35 733 696 567 2 939 122 377 15 757 3 399 April . . 1 005 34 971 661 513 3 128 100 396 11 592 2 357 May . . 975 33 404 625 470 2 917 104 752 5 522 1 940 June . . 922 31 448 579 204 3 137 105 798 3 830 1 994 July . . 944 31 487 575 924 4 166 127 778 2 431 3 602 August 943 30 701 567 613 3 420 125 476 3 533 2 187 September 953 30 485 573 258 3 617 128 625 2 912 1 729 October . 972 30 647 588 399 2 921 119 270 2 475 2 071 November 979 30 847 592 305 2 755 115 055 2 067 1 090 December 979 30 870 596 615 2 204 102 503 2 141 745 1864 - January . 960 30 073 600 597 1 865 91 748 2 530 874 February . 952 29 683 619 030 1 603 88 618 2 109 1 603 March . . 961 30 077 657 607 1 562 89 679 2 749 1 413 April . . 937 29 408 649 508 1 456 84 936 1 938 2 116 May . . 929 28 682 636 550 2 951 121 023 1 259 2 047 June . . 963 29 284 656 192 4 018 152 108 1 334 2 035 July . . 960 28 950 647 810 4 154 167 160 1 052 2 218 August 919 26 946 605 325 3 875 168 047 1 194 3 271 September 907 25 366 587 621 3 143 148 918 1 168 2 076 October . 914 24 607 601 822 2 685 146 613 1 423 3 317 November 889 23 672 607 158 2 026 138 791 1 154 2 801 December 829 22 463 571 820 1 808 124 704 1 296 2 294 MILITARY SERVICE. 595 TABLE VI. - ( Continued.') Month Died during the Month Missing in Action Of Wounds Of Disease Total Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Offic'rs Men 1861-June . . - 2 2 July . . - 17 - 4 - 21 6 98 August . 1 5 1 33 2 38 - 9 September 2 16 2 114 4 130 - 73 October . 1 46 9 162 10 208 17 364 November 2 15 8 296 10 311 3 11 December 2 31 4 507 6 538 - 22 1862 - January . 1 28 2 496 3 524 - 7 February. 12 215 14 397 26 612 2 34 March 22 246 31 1 001 53 1 247 2 -54 April . . 61 987 33 1 020 94 2 007 37 638 May . . 50 610 36 1 096 86 1 706 23 749 June . . 49 995 38 1 047 87 2 042 68 2 078 July . . 12 241 33 1 261 45 1 502 10 284 August . 131 1 770 77 2 079 208 3 849 110 2 161 September 152 2 705 44 1 654 196 4 359 35 574 October . 105 1 985 57 2 724 162 4 709 30 12 November 26 603 68 3 212 94 3815 18 -844 December 205 2 661 74 4 156 279 6 817 83 813 1863 - January . 105 1 773 57 4 483 162 6 256 32 148 February . 23 643 66 4 653 89 5 296 13 -1 138 March 26 394 77 4 281 103 4 675 54 -201 April . . 29 422 71 3 366 100 3 788 34 -3 May . . 263 3 236 41 2 309 304 5 545 134 2 962 June . . 111 1 389 40 2 144 151 3 533 111 2 496 July . . 319 3 412 62 2 764 381 6 176 186 4 617 August . 54 999 91 3 341 145 4 340 42 - 1 £63 September 155 1 782 68 2 813 223 4 595 195 2 822 October . 77 922 67 2 329 144 3 251 79 - 2 187 November 130 1 550 37 2 070 167 3 620 49 - 1 165 December 45 633 42 2 277 87 2 910 9 - 769 1864 - January . 12 322 34 1 969 46 2 291 37 175 February. 24 375 36 1 730 60 2 105 32 355 March 11 213 46 2 217 57 2 430 24 - 25 April . . 40 505 54 2 485 94 2 990 180 3 849 May . . 418 6 469 47 1 656 465 8 125 238 6 568 June . . 425 6 810 59 2 183 484 8 993 173 4 204 July . . 276 4 242 50 2 734 326 6 976 | 202 2 373 August . 185 2 988 58 3 191 243 6 179 254 3 445 September 170 2 349 40 2819 210 5 168 75 - 102 October . 162 2 021 51 2 784 213 4 805 97 1 604 November 70 935 30 2 266 100 3 201 49 1 321 ' December 85 1 131 25 2 327 110 3 458 41 -886, 596 MILITARY SERVICE. TABLE VII. Average Regimental Strength, and Monthly Rates of Sickness, Mortality, etc., in the United States Volunteers. Month Av. Regim'l Strength Sick at close of Month Discharged for Disability Deserted Officers Men Officers Men 1861-June . . 39 797 191 464 119 119 July . . 37 814 622 711 144 300 August . 34 815 499 747 153 106 September 34 828 685 858 67 45 October . 35 834 610 836 84 50 November 35 842 656 1 066 44 29 December 35 882 710 1 132 74 38 1862 - January . 34 826 895 1 427 49 11 February. 35 833 666 1 094 69 33 March 36 846 732 1 250 71 21 April . . 36 836 893 1 463 77 35 May . . 35 808 1 085 1 764 101 37 June . . 34 762 1 307 1 990 94 78 July . . 35 755 1 317 2 070 139 75 August . 34 746 1 244 2 013 114 96 September 34 768 1 286 2 113 88 83 October . 34 763 1 112 1 988 129 135 November 35 758 1 000 1 968 124 62 December 35 740 1 079 2 053 129 86 1863 -January . 34 716 1 168 2 143 154 99 February. 34 697 966 1 967 178 90 March 35 676 822 1 757 226 49 April . . 35 658 894 1 518 175 36 May . . 34 641 873 1 675 88 31 June . . 34 628 997 1 826 66 34 July . . 33 610 1 323 2 219 42 62 August . 33 602 1 114 2 211 62 38 September 32 602 1 186 2 244 51 30 October . 32 605 953 2 027 42 35 November 32 605 893 1 943 35 18 December 32 609 714 1 718 36 12 1864 -January . 31 626 620 1 528 42 15 February. 31 650 540 1 432 34 26 March 31 684 519 1 364 42 21 April . . 31 693 495 1 308 30 33 May . . 31 686 1 029 1 901 20 32 June . . 30 681 1 372 2 318 20 31 July . . 30 675 1435 2 580 16 34 August . 29 659 1 438 2 776 20 54 September 28 648 1 237 2 534 20 35 October . 27 658 1 091 2 436 24 55 November 27 683 856 2 286 19 46 December 27 690 805 2181 23 40 MILITARY SERVICE. 597 TABLE VII. - ( Continued.') Month Died during the Month Miss'g in Action Of Wounds Of Disease Total Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men 1861-June . . - 6 - - - 6 .. - July . . - 19 - 4 - 23 149 109 August . 11 2 11 15 22 17 - 4 September 8 3 8 20 17 23 - 13 October . 3 6 30 22 33 29 56 50 November 6 2 22 34 28 36 8 1 December 6 3 11 57 17 60 - 2 1862 - January . 3 4 6 65 9 68 - 1 February. 25 19 29 35 53 54 4 3 March 22 10 31 43 53 53 2 -2 April . . 57 40 31 41 87 81 34 26 May . . 52 28 37 50 90 78 24 34 June . . 51 46 39 48 90 95 70 96 July . . 12 12 34 60 47 72 10 14 August . 74 46 43 54 117 99 62 56 September 68 54 20 33 87 87 16 11 October . 39 33 21 46 60 79 11 0 November 8 9 22 47 30 56 6 - 12 December 62 38 22 59 85 97 25 12 1863 - January . 30 24 16 62 47 86 9 2 February. 6 9 19 65 25 74 4 -16 March 7 6 21 61 29 67 15 -3 April . . 8 6 20 51 28 57 10 0 May . . 79 52 12 37 91 89 40 47 June . . 35 24 13 37 48 61 35 43 July . . 101 59 20 48 121 107 59 80 August . 18 18 30 59 47 76 14 -22 September 51 32 22 49 73 80 64 49 October . 25 16 22 40 47 55 26 -37 November 42 26 12 35 54 61 16 -20 December 15 11 14 38 28 49 3 - 13 1864 - January . 4 5 11 33 15 38 12 3 February. 8 6 12 28 20 34 11 6 March 4 3 15 34 19 37 8 0 April . . 14 8 18 38 32 46 61 59 May . . 146 102 16 26 162 128 83 103 June . . 145 104 20 33 165 137 59 64 July . . 95 65 17 42 113 108 70 37 August . 69 49 21 53 90 102 94 57 September 67 40 16 48 83 88 30 -2 October . 66 34 21 46 86 80 39 27 November 29 15 13 37 42 53 21 -22 December 38 20 11 41 49 60 18 -15 598 MILITARY SERVICE. The sickness rates for enlisted men are seen to have increased in a nearly uninterrupted progression, until the middle of 1862, after which the average rate was not far from 19 per cent., being less in the winter and spring than during the summer and autumn. If we arrange them by months, - taking the average of the values for the three years 1862-64, but omitting the results for 1861 on account of their incompleteness, - we find the influence of the seasons strongly manifested, both for officers and men. The average rates of sickness and of mortality from disease, thus classified by months, are shown in the next table, in which, as in that just given, these rates are represented by the proportion- ate number of men in each 10 000. TABLE VIII. Average Monthly Rates of Sickness, and of Mortality from Disease. Month Deaths by Disease Sick at close of Month. Officers Men Officers Men January . . . 11 53 894 1 699 February . . . 20 43 724 1498 March .... 22 46 691 1 457 April .... 23 43 761 1 430 May .... 22 38 996 1 780 June .... 24 39 1 225 2 045 July .... 24 50 1 358 2 290 August . . . 31 55 1 265 2 333 September . . 19 43 1 236 2 297 October . . . 21 44 1 052 2 150 November . . 16 40 916 2 066 December. . . 16 46 866 1 984 The rate, as well as the number, of discharges for disability seems to have reached a maximum in the early part of the year 1863, after which it rapidly declined; and, during the year 1864, the average number thus discharged monthly was less than 26 in each 10 000, or scarcely more than one fourth of one per centum. The number of desertions followed apparently a somewhat sim- ilar course to that of discharges for disability, being a maximum at nearly the same epoch, while during the year 1864 the monthly 599 MILITARY SERVICE. average was but 35 in each 10 000 men, or slightly above one third of one per centum. It should be stated that these numbers have been obtained by subtracting the " number of men returned from desertion " from the reported number of desertions; and that a very large number of the reported desertions at one period were probably " constructive," consisting of drafted men who failed to respond to the summons; a very large proportion of the remainder were " bounty-jumpers." It may be remarked that the sums of the values for the Eastern and the Western armies do not always accord with the values for the total army, in the same month. This is clue in part to the fact that the regiments in rendezvous near home were not included with either the Eastern or the Western army, and in part to the different method adopted for enumerating the regiments, as already explained on page 584. The rates here deduced for the volunteer army, from the records of those organizations only whose monthly reports were on file in September 1865, may be extended to the whole body of troops, excepting only the colored men, with a near approximation to accuracy. For this purpose we make use of the table for the Strength of the army, given on pages 7, 8, and by applying the ratios just obtained' to the number of white troops there given, we form our Table IX., which thus affords an independent and prob- ably a close estimate of the actual experience of our soldiers in these respects, excepting perhaps for the first few months of the war, for which the statistics are not adequate to a trustworthy generalization. 600 MILITARY SERVICE. TABLE IX. Statistics of the White Troops as inferred from the Regimental Reports on file. Month Strength at close of Month Sick at close of Month Dis- charged for Dis- ability Deserted Officers Men Officers Men 1861 - June . . 8 780 178 220 168 8 276 2 124 2 124 July . . 9 920 221 080 617 15 719 3 183 6 639 August . 9 961 238 039 498 17 779 3 635 2 521 September 14 114 338 886 967 29 081 2 260 1 513 October . 17 686 423 314 1 080 35 402 3 552 2 100 November 19 963 483 037 1 310 51 478 2 116 1 383 December 22 151 553 849 1 573 62 679 4 126 2 114 1862 - January . 23 046 553 954 2 062 79 049 2 720 598 February. 25 078 588 922 1 671 64 428 4 052 1 970 March. . 26 207 610 793 1 919 76 373 4 346 1 303 April . . 26 498 612 502 2 367 89 609 4 747 2 163 May . . 26 437 604 563 2 868 106 663 6 100 2 240 June . . 25 465 568 535 3 328 113 167 5 338 4 453 July . . 27 130 590 470 3 574 122 340 8 219 4 410 August . 30 146 657 854 3 750 132 426 7 526 6 315 September 35 472 793 528 4 562 167 672 6 999 6 555 October . 38 501 851 499 4 281 169 278 10 959 11 495 November 40 255 879 745 4 025 173 134 10 926 5 490 December 40 952 874 048 4 415 179 442 11 284 7 517 1863 - January . 40 979 858 021 4 786 183 874 13 205 8 529 February . 41 800 841 200 4 039 165 464 14 948 7 537 March. . 41 915 817 085 3 447 143 560 18 482 3 987 April . . 42 177 797 823 3 772 121 110 13 978 2 840 May . . 40 457 757 543 3 533 126 888 6 688 2 348 June . . 39 912 735 088 3 981 134 227 4 859 2 529 July . . 39 138 715 862 5 178 158 850 3 021 4 474 August . 38 228 706 772 4 259 156 267 4 396 2 721 September 38 425 722 575 4 557 162 146 3 671 2 182 October . 39011 748 989 3 718 151 820 3 153 2 636 November 39 651 761 349 3 541 147 930 2 657 1 400 December 40 342 779 658 2 880 133 945 2 799 975 1864 - January . 39 912 797 088 2 475 121 795 3 357 1 164 February, 39 259 818 741 2 120 117 244 2 789 2 121 March. . 39 276 858 724 2 040 117 130 3 589 1 846 April . . 39 504 872 496 1 956 114 122 2 600 2 844 May . . 40 271 893 729 4 144 169 898 1 770 2 878 June . . 39 175 877 825 5 375 203 480 1 782 2 721 July . . 37 986 850 014 5 451 219 304 1 377 2 907 August . 36 183 812 817 5 203 225 638 1 601 4 389 September 34 427 797 573 4 265 202 105 1 587 2 815 October . 32 564 796 436 3 553 194 012 1 880 4 388 November 31 371 804 629 2 685 183 938 1 529 3 709 December 32 015 814 985 2 577 177 748 1 850 3 268 MILITARY SERVICE. 601 TABLE IX. - ( Continued.') Month Died during the Month Missing in Action Of Wounds Of Disease Total Offlc'rs Men Offlc'rs Men Offlc'rs Men Offlc'rs Men 1861 -June . . . - 112 - - - 112 - - July . . . - 419 - 99 - 518 148 2 419 August . . 11 54 11 357 22 411 - 97 September . 12 95 12 676 24 771 - 433 October. . 6 268 52 945 58 1 213 99 2 124 November . 11 84 45 1 664 56 1 748 17 62 December . 12 193 25 3 152 37 3 345 - 137 1862 - January 7 202 14 3 577 21 3 779 - 50 February . 62 1 107 72 2 047 134 3 154 10 175 March . . 57 641 81 2 610 138 3 251 5 - 141 April . . 150 2 438 81 2 518 231 4 956 91 1 574 May . . . 138 1 681 99 3 017 237 4 698 63 2 062 June. . . 129 2 621 100 2 758 229 5 379 179 5 475 July . . . 34 685 94 3 574 128 4 259 28 804 August . . 222 3 006 131 3 533 353 6 539 187 3 671 September . 240 4 269 70 2 611 310 6 880 H 905 October. . 150 2 835 82 3 891 232 6 726 43 17 November . 34 782 88 4 161 122 4 943 23 - 1 091 December . 255 3 313 92 5 174 347 8 487 104 1 014 1863 - January 124 2 094 67 5 285 191 7 379 38 174 February . 27 759 78 5 493 105 6 252 15 - 1 346 March . . 30 462 90 5 025 120 5 487 63 -236 April . . 35 509 86 4 061 121 4 570 41 -4 May . . . 318 3 916 50 2 795 368 6711 162 3 591 June. . . 141 1 764 51 2 720 192 4 484 141 3 168 July . . . 396 4 237 77 3 436 473 7 673 231 5 741 August . . 67 1 244 113 4 163 180 5 407 52 - 1 576 September . 195 2 291 86 3 548 281 5 839 246 3 555 October. . 98 1 176 85 2 966 183 4 142 101 -2 786 November . 167 1 995 48 2 657 215 4 652 63 - 1 500 December . 58 826 55 2 978 113 3 804 12 - 1 006 1864-January 16 428 45 2 614 61 3 042 49 232 February . 32 496 48 2 284 80 2 780 42 469 March . . 14 278 60 2 894 74 3 172 31 -33 April . . 54 679 73 3 342 127 4 021 242 5 174 May . . . 587 9 080 66 2 324 653 11 404 334 9 223 June. . . 568 9 112 79 2 923 647 12 035 231 5 627 July . . . 362 5 559 66 3 587 428 9 146 265 3 111 August . . 249 4 015 78 4 283 327 8 298 341 4 624 September . 231 3 190 54 3 828 285 7 018 102 - 139 October. . 214 2 676 67 3 687 281 6 363 128 2 126 November . 92 1 239 40 3 001 132 4 240 65 - 1 754 December . 121 1 614 35 3 317 156 4 931 59 -1 263 602 MILITARY SERVICE. From this table we find, for the forty-three months which it comprises, the following aggregates, which probably differ but little from the truth. Officers Men Both Killed in action, etc. 5 726 84 444 90170 Died of disease . . . 2 746 129 575 132 321 Total deaths .... 8 472 214019 222 491 Missing in action . . . 4 106 54 959 59065 We have already seen1 in Table II. of Chapter I., that the total number of deaths among the soldiers there considered - being less than those here estimated upon, by the number from the Pacific slope and that from the rebel States - was about 216 000, up to the close of the year 1864, and about 239 000 for the whole dura- tion of the war. The materials of that table were derived from those employed in our present estimate ; and if, preserving the same ratio between the troops comprised in the two tables, wTe adopt the estimate there given for the deaths in 1865 before the end of the war, we shall find the probable number of these to be about 23 500, making the total number of deaths among the white soldiery during the war to be 246 000. The totally independent estimates2 of the Provost Marshal General, cited in the same place give 250 384, - affording a most satisfactory accordance. These must not be regarded as correct estimates of the number of deaths among our soldiers in consequence of the war, since they only comprise those which occurred in the military service, and exclude the large number who lost their lives after discharge for disability or the expiration of their term of service, yet in conse- quence of wounds received or disease contracted in the field. The inordinate mortality and singular susceptibility to fatal disease exhibited by the colored troops is omitted from the topics here discuss'ed, since our materials are inadequate for the proper investigation of the subject. It may not be amiss to express the hope that some of the able medical officers of the War Department may soon make this a subject of special discussion from official data. The aggregates of the numbers in our Table IX. do not accord well with the numbers given by the Provost Marshal General on page 79 of his Report. Since our results are only estimates, and based upon the data on file in the offices of the U. S. and State Adjutant Generals, a close agreement ought not to be expected. Probably the accordance between the two sources of information 1 Page 10. 2 Report, pp. 73-83. MILITARY SERVICE. 603 is as good as could reasonably have been awaited excepting for the " Missing in Action." The most plausible explanation of the dis- crepancy in the figures for this class is, that out of the large num- bers entered on the regimental reports as gained or lost, "for causes not named," a considerable part may have been traced by the Provost Marshal General's Bureau to the category of Missing in Action. This may possibly have been done through the agency of the Paymaster's Department, since it appears from the Provost Marshal General's Report that recourse was had to the pay-rolls in preparing the tables of casualties.1 Our tables give the number of desertions also considerably dif" ferent from those of the Provost Marshal General. 4. Effect of Long Marches. The schedule of questions prepared by Mr. Olmsted was placed in the hands of three inspectors soon after the battles of Gettysburg, which took place on the 2d and 3d of July, 1863, and was designed to elicit the general effect of the hurried, and fre- quently severe, marches to which our men were subjected imme- diately before that memorable struggle. A large part of the troops there engaged had hastened from Virginia, to repel the invasion of Pennsylvania by the insurgent army. By forced marches from Fredericksburg to Gettysburg our army succeeded in maintaining its positions in the interior of the curve whose circumference the enemy was compelled to describe ; but this was only possible by dint of severe exertions, and inordinate marches, - from which the soldiers had no time to rest before engaging in the battles, which they brought to so triumphant an issue. The inspectors proceeded immediately to an investigation of the condition and ex- perience of the several regiments, and reports were obtained as follows : - From Dr. Isaac Fairchild . 25 regiments of the 6th Army Corps " Mr. Wm. F. Swaim . 26 " " " 1st " " u a « u « _ 28 <{ u 2d " " " Mr. Gordon Winslow 31 " " " 3d " " « « « a ( 34 K cc u gth " u In all144 regiments. 1 Page 72. 604 MILITARY SERVICE. The blank form of return used is as follows : - 1. Name of regiment 2. Name and title of officer commanding. 3. Date of inquiry. 4. Name of Inspector. 5. Was the regiment actively engaged in the battles of July 1863, at Gettysburg ? If so, on what days ? How long engaged ? 6. What long marches since the 10th of June up to the time of the engagement - specifying dates and distances ? 7. What long marches since the engagement ? 8. What supplies of food and drink taken on march ? 9. Numbers excused from duty at divers periods, before, during, and since engagement, according to adjutants' records ? 10. What amount of straggling in consequence of forced marches ? (Numerical statements desired when practicable.) 11. Opinion of colonel or adjutant as to the effect of long marches on the health of the men. 12. Opinion of surgeon concerning the influence of long marches - On the number of stragglers ? Amount of sickness ? Character of sickness ? - distinguishing such sickness from the sickness commonly prevailing. The replies to these questions are tabulated in detail and in sum- mary, as ai*e likewise the special tri-monthly returns of the regi- mental adjutants ; but in this place, only a concise abstract of the results is needful. An excellent preliminary report to the Com- mission on this subject was made in 1863 by Mr. O'Connell, then temporarily in charge of the statistical investigations, from the returns obtained from forty regiments. The distances marched by the 144 regiments under considera- tion in less than three weeks ending with July 2, were almost without exception in long marches of from 20 to 30 miles a day, although halts for a day or two intervened in many instances. The extent of these marches may be exhibited by a table showing the number of regiments in each army corps, which traversed the several distances. MILITARY SERVICE. 605 No. Miles 1st Corps 2d Corps 3d Corps Sth Corps 6th Corps Total Over 350 - - 2 - 2 200-230 - - 5 13 19 37 180-190 17 16 8 - - 41 168-175 4 - - 2 - 6 140150 - 4 - 1 - 5 125-135 - 4 9 4 - 17 105-115 - 4 - 9 3 16 75-100 - - 3 3 1 7 Under 60 5 - 4 2 2 13 - - - - - - 26 28 31 34 25 144 The 71st N. Y. Volunteers marched 365 miles before, and 210 miles after, the battle; the 3d Michigan 350 miles before, and 200 afterward. The distances traversed in July by the same regiments after the battles of Gettysburg were as follows, being in moderate daily marches, except for a short time, while in pursuit of the enemy. No. Miles 1st Corps 2d Corps 3d Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps Total Over 300 - - 5 - 5 250-270 - - 2 1 - 3 230-235 - - 3 1 - 4 200-220 - - 8 2 - 10 175-180 - 1 1 - - 2 145-165 22 24 1 3 - 50 130-145 4 3 1 5 21 34 100-125 •* - 1 2 4 7 90-100 - - 1 6 - 7 Under 75 - - 7 - 7 Not stated - - 6 9 - 15 26 28 31 34 25 144 During the march before the battle, the rations issued to the men consisted of " hard tack," with salt pork, and coffee in most cases; fresh beef was occasionally given to two fifths of the regi- ments, as shown in the following table. 606 MILITARY SERVICE. 1st Corps 2d Corps 3d Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps Total Coffee, pork, fresh beef occasionally 6 10 12 20 9 57 Coffee, pork, salt beef - 3 - - - 3 Coffee and pork 10 6 15 9 11 51 The same in insufficient quantity - 1 1 3 4 9 Coffee but no meat - 1 1 2 - 4 Not even coffee - 7 - - - 7 Not fully stated 10 - 2 - 1 13 26 28 31 34 25 144 Assorting these next by their general health according to the opinion of the commanding officers, we find their condition to have been - 1st Corps 2d Corps 3d Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps Total Better than when in camp 3 4 1 2 6 16 As good as when in camp 10 8 16 23 8 65 Debilitated by the march 5 14 3 3 2 27 Exhausted at first, afterwards better 8 1 1 - - 10 Imperfectly stated - 1 10 6 9 26 - - - - - - 26 28 31 34 25 144 According to the opinion of the surgeon, the health of the men was - 1st Corps 2d Corps 3d Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps Total Better than when in camp - 3 1 4 As good as when in camp 17 9 9 6 5 46 Exhausted by fatigue 1 10 6 6 5 28 Exhausted at first, afterwards better - 2 - - - 2 Tendency to disease developed (excl. sunstroke) 8 6 11 14 12 51 Imperfectly stated - 1 2 7 3 13 26 28 31 34 25 144 The character of the diseases from which the men suffered is particularly mentioned by the surgeons, in many instances, as fol- lows : - MILITARY SERVICE. 607 1st Corps 2d Corps 3d Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps Total Sunstroke .... 3 10 . 9 1 2 25 Tendency to malarial or typhoid fever - 1 1 1 - 3 " " diarrhoea and fever 1 1 4 1 2 9 " " diarrhoea alone 17 7 6 13 6 49 Of the two regiments which made the very severe marches al- ready mentioned, the 71st New York is reported, both by the colonel and the surgeon, to have been in as good health as when in camp, but the 3d Michigan suffered from sunstroke, from malarial fever, and from diarrhoea. The latter had rations of hard tack, coffee, and salt pork; the former had in addition to these fresh beef from time to time. In order to discover to what extent the endurance of the men was affected by the character of the rations furnished them, we will first tabulate the same reports in such a way as to exhibit an assortment according to the statement of the commanding officers as to the sanitary condition of the regiments, receiving each class of rations. In the column " rations " are named all articles of diet furnished, with the exception of hard tack, which was the staple for all. The men had no opportunities for getting food from the country through which they marched. The other columns refer to the grades of health as given in our previous table of statements by commanding officers : - a denoting condition better than when in camp, 6 denoting condition quite as good as when in camp, c denoting that they suffered from exhaustion, d denoting that condition was good after a preliminary exhaustion, n denoting that our information is inadequate.- Rations a b c d n Total Coffee, pork, fresh beef occasionally . 6 33 6 2 10 57 Coffee, pork, salt beef - 1 2 - - 3 Coffee and pork 4 20 8 6 13 51 The same, in insufficient quantity 2 2 2 - 3 9 Coffee but no meat 1 1 2 - - 4 Not even coffee - 1 6 - - 7 Not fully stated 3 7 1 2 - 13 16 65 27 10 26 144 608 MILITARY SERVICE. Considering next the statements of the surgeons, and assorting these similarly, we have the next table, which differs only from the preceding one in its arrangement in that it contains an additional column, e, to indicate the number of regiments in which a decided tendency was manifested toward the development of disease. Rations a 6 c d e n Total Coffee, pork, fresh beef occasionally . 2 21 8 2 18 6 57 Coffee, pork, salt beef - 3 - - - - 3 Coffee and pork 2 12 13 - 19 5 51 The same, in insufficient quantity - 2 2 - 5 - 9 Coffee but no meat - - 1 - 2 1 4 Not even coffee - - 2 - 4 1 7 Not fully stated - 8 2 - 3 - 13 - - - - - - - 4 46 28 2 51 13 144 As to the character of the diseases manifested we have informa- tion regarding 86 regiments; but our tabular view which follows includes merely those 51 regiments which manifested a decided tendency to disease in consequence of the march, together with 24 additional ones reported to have suffered from sunstroke, although their health in other respects was as good as when in camp. Rations No. Regt's Sun- stroke Malarial or Typhoid Fever Diarrhoea and Fever Diarrhoea alone Coffee, pork, fresh beef occasionally . 57 3 1 2 15 Coffee, pork, salt beef 3 1 - - - Coffee and pork 51 10 2 5 12 The same, in insufficient quantity 9 1 - - 5 Coffee but no meat 4 - 1 1 Not even coffee 7 5 - 1 3 Not fully stated 13 4 - 3 144 24 3 9 39 Three New York regiments of the second Army Corps were so much exhausted by their march of 186 miles as to be unfitted for duty on arrival. One of these had, received rations of coffee, corned beef, and pork; one, of coffee and pork; and the third neither coffee nor meat. Apart from the temporary exhaustion the physical health of the first two was good; the last suffered severely from sunstroke. MILITARY SERVICE. 609 The data thus presented seem to warrant some hygienic infer- ences. Of the 57 regiments whose rations comprised fresh meat, 39 in the opinion of their colonels, and 23 in that of their surgeons, enjoyed as good health as when in camp, or even better. There were but three which suffered seriously from sunstroke, and of the 18 regiments which seemed to incur disease by the march, all but three suffered only from simple diarrhoea. Yet these severe marches were under a midsummer sun, in a warmer latitude than that to which the men belonged. The three regiments to which two kinds of salted meat were furnished, did not suffer in general health, although two of them were for a time extremely exhausted. Of the 51 regiments which received no meat excepting salt pork in full rations, 24 in the opinion of their colonel, and 14 in that of their surgeon, did not suffer in health from the march other- wise than by sunstroke, but 10 of them suffered severely from this affliction. The same is true of 4 according to the colonel, and 2 according to the surgeon, of those regiments which were placed upon short rations of the same kind. Special tendency to disease was manifested in 19 of these regiments, seven of them suffering from malarial or typhoid fever. Of the 20 regiments whose supply of meat was either wanting or insufficient, there are but 7 whose health is reported as not im- paired by the march, although some of these marched but a com- paratively short distance. The 16 regiments reported by their colonels as having actually gained in health by the march, had marched upon an average 170 miles, and 6 of them more than 200 miles, previous to the battle : 6 had received fresh meat. The 4 regiments so reported by their surgeon, had marched on the average 180, and 2 of them above 214 miles. Two of these had received fresh meat. There were 25 others concerning which the colonels and sur- geons coincided in the opinion that their physical condition was as good during and after the march as when in camp. Of these 16 (one of which marched 365 miles in 21 days) had received fresh meat as well as salt pork, and we have no information as to the diet of 4 others. Five of them had salt pork but no fresh meat. The regiments which appear to have suffered especially from foot-soreness are 25 in number. The statistics of these indicate no connection between the suffering on this account, and the diet; 610 MILITARY SERVICE. nor do those regiments appear to have been most troubled in this way, whose marches had been the longest. In a large number of cases where the only prevalent disease was diarrhoea, this was ascribed by the surgeons to the immoderate use of cold water. All accounts agree in representing the spirits of the army on the march as excellent. They bore their hardships cheerfully and hopefully, and the officers very generally attributed the good health of the men in a great degree to their state of mind, and confident anticipation of the decisive victory. TABLES FOR CONVERTING INCHES INTO CENTIMETERS, AND THE REVERSE. Inches into Centimeters. in. 1 inch = 0.02539979. Inches Centimeters Inches Centimeters Inches Centimeters 1 2.54 10 25.40 110 279.40 2 5.08 20 50.80 120 304.80 3 7.62 30 76.20 130 330.20 4 10.16 40 101.60 140 355.60 5 12.70 50 127.00 150 381.00 6 15.24 60 152.40 160 406.40 7 17.80 70 177.80 170 431.80 8 20.32 80 203.20 180 457.20 9 22.86 90 228.60 190 482.60 10 25.40 100 254.00 200 508.00 Centimeters into Inches. in. 1 mete? = 39.3704. Centim. Inches Centitn. Inches Centim. Inches 1 0.394 10 3.937 110 43.307 2 0.787 20 7.874 120 47.244 3 1.181 30 11.811 130 51.182 4 1.575 40 15.748 140 55.119 5 1.968 50 19.685 150 59.056 6 2.362 60 23.622 160 62.993 7 2.756 70 27.559 170 66.930 8 3.150 80 31.496 180 70.867 9 3.543 90 35.433 190 74.804 10 3.937 100 39.370 200 78.741 TABLES FOR CONVERTING POUNDS INTO KILOGRAMS, AND THE REVERSE. Pounds into Kilograms. g. 1 lb. = 453.59264. Pounds Kilograms Pounds Kilograms Pounds Kilograms 1 0.45 10 4.54 100 45.36 2 0.91 20 9.07 200 90.72 3 1.36 30 13.61 300 136.08 4 1.81 40 18.14 400 181.44 5 2.27 50 22.67 500 226.75 6 2.72 60 27.22 600 272.16 7 3.18 70 31.75 700 317.51 8 3.63 80 36.29 800 362.87 9 4.08 90 40.82 900 408.23 10 4.54 100 45.36 1000 453.59 Kilograms into Pounds. lbs. 1 kilogr. = 2.2046213. Kilograms Pounds Kilograms Pounds Kilograms Pounds 1 2.20 10 22.05 71 156.53 2 4.41 20 44.09 72 158.73 3 6.61 30 66.14 73 160.94 4 8.82 40 88.18 74 163.14 5 11.02 50 110.23 75 165.35 6 13.23 60 132.28 76 167.55 7 15.43 70 154.32 77 169.76 8 17.64 80 176.37 78 171.60 9 19.84 90 198.42 79 174.16 10 22.05 100 220.46 80 176.37 SYNOPSIS. CHAPTER I. MILITARY POPULATION AND ENLISTMENTS IN THE LOYAL STATES, AS DEDUCED FROM OFFICIAL REPORTS. Preliminary. 1 Information as to General Statistics of the Army continually needed. Also concerning number of white males of military age, in loyal States. Object of this chapter is.to afford such information. 1. Military Population. 1 Definition. Materials for the inquiry exist in the United States Census of 1860. West Virginia should be included with the Loyal States. Military population of West Virginia. States and Territories of the Pacific Coast not here included. Number of troops raised by these. Military population of the States and Territories included in this research. The same, for Pacific Coast and Insurgent States. Statistics from enrollment by Provost Marshal General. 2. Growth of Military Population. 2 Rate of increase for white population of free States. Immigration to, and mortality in this same population. Natural increase of the population by births and immigration. Rate of increase for white males of military age. Number of alien passengers to the United States from 1860 to 1864, inclusive. Number of male immigrants of military age. Its ratio to total number of alien passengers. Number who settled in the free States. Number of immigrant military population, during each of five successive years. Total annual increase of military population of loyal States. Mortality in that portion not in the army. Tabular view of changes in military population from 1860 to 1865. Only regular ratios for immigrants coming by sea are here adopted. Probably volunteers from Continental Europe modified these ratios. Many also from the British Provinces. 3. Total Enlistments and Discharges. 4 Materials from Report of the Provost Marshal General. Modification of the numbers there given. Estimate of number of colored soldiers there included. Estimate of naval enlistments. Estimate of enlistments at unknown dates, for unknown periods. Credits allowed States in the adjustment of quotas. 614 SYNOPSIS. Table of original and veteran enlistments, and of those expired, annually. Analysis of the enlistment table of Provost Marshal General. 4. Strength of the Army at different Dates. 6 Numerical force at four epochs, according to Provost Marshal General. The same at close of the war, according to the Secretary of War. Number of volunteers, regulars, and colored troops at that time. Difficulties of the inquiry on account of refusal of information. Our estimates believed to approximate closely to the truth. Table I. - Strength of the United States Army for each Month of the War, in Detail. 7 Explanation of this table, and sources of information. Modes of estimating numbers not directly attainable. 5. Casualties. 9 Total number of casualties, during the war, among white troops. Total number of deaths among the white troops. Estimates of the monthly rate of mortality. Table II. - Death-rate and Number of Deaths, in each Month of the War. 10 Total deaths in the service, for officers and men, in each class. 6. Annual Enlistments and Discharges. 11 Explanation of table, and mode of formation. Table III. - Enlistments and Discharges during each Year of the War. 11 7. Number of Reenlistments. 11 Reenlistments of original three months' volunteers. Reenlistments in 1862-63, of men discharged for disability. " Veteran" enlistments during 1863-64. Number of other reenlistments during the same year. "Veteran " and other reenlistments during 1864-65. 8. General Schedule. 12 These statistics pertain to white soldiers from the States and Territories specified in § 1. Table IV.- Statistics of Military Population and Army annually, from 1860 till 1865. 13 Table V. - General Statistics of Military Population, White and Colored Troops, and Navy, during the War. 14 CHAPTER II. nativity of united states volunteers. 1. Nature of the Investigation. - Available Materials. 15 Want of data hitherto for estimating nativities of the army. Large differences in the various estimates. Allegations that the army consisted of foreigners. Possible underestimate of the foreign element, by Americans. Nationality often undetermined, even when nativity is known. Only practical investigation of nationality is by comparing nativity of the army with that of the people. Place of birth not generally recorded during early part of the war. Subsequently the residence often recorded instead of place of birth. Information may be derived from estimates by commanding officers. Embarrassment attending this mode of inquiry. Impossibility of distinguishing original enlistments from others. Instances of numerous successive enlistments by same men. The enlistment of first million of men chiefly prompted by patriotism. Influences affecting enlistment of subsequent troops. SYNOPSIS. 615 These later influences led to a larger proportion of foreigners. Official records apply chiefly to soldiers then enlisted. Greater preponderance of native Americans among the earlier troops. Results of this investigation will overrate the proportion of soldiers of foreign birth. Appeal for estimates to commanders of early regiments. Attempts to pursue this mode of research, and obstacles encountered. Applications made to officers, and results of the inquiries Value of the estimates tested. 2. Statistics of Enlistments and Reenlistments. 17 Number of. enlistments and appointments to army and navy during the war. Military and naval enlistments were aggregated in assignment of credits. Estimated number of musters into the army. Reenlistments must be deducted to obtain number of men who served. Number of nativities collected from the official records. Estimated number which must be otherwise obtained. Number deduced from estimates of officers. Remainder to be estimated by inference from those obtained from records and officers. Table I. - Enlistments from the several States, in Detail. 18 Sources of information, and notes. Data for each State, deduced both from State and from Federal documents. Difference between the two statements. Number of men who paid commutation-money. Naval enlistments as recorded by the P. M. G. were reduced to three years' men. Discordances of documents, and the probable explanations. Colored troops included in the numbers, as given by the Provost Marshal General. Estimate of total number of reenlistments. Official information only to be found, for special organizations. Method of estimating the number of reenlistments. Data for an accurate determination are unattainable. They probably do not exist in the War Department. Remark of Provost Marshal General on this subject. Apportionment of estimated reenlistments among the States. Table of estimated and recorded number for each State. 3. Collection of Nativities of Soldiers. 23 Tabulation of results already deduced. Nativities recorded at the State capitols were collected by special agents. Special rolls giving the nativities found in some instances. Addresses of commanding officers of early regiments obtained at the State capitols. Letters sent, replies received, and information gathered. Table II. - General Summary of Enlistments, and of Nativities recorded or estimated. 25 4. Results and Inferences regarding Nativities of the Volunteer Army. 26 Nativities of soldiers for whom there are neither records nor estimates. Manner of distributing these for different States. Underestimate of American nativities inevitable, by this process. No other equally correct method is available. Table III. - Nativities of United States Volunteer Army, by States in which enlisted. 27 Table IV. - Distribution of the Number of Volunteer Soldiers according to Nativities of the People in 1860. 28 Comparison of nativities of the army with those of our population. Existing statistics permit no other comparison of the kind. Regular immigration had increased the foreign-born portion since 1860. Influence of bounties in attracting foreign soldiers. - Desertions among this class. Remarks of Provost Marshal General regarding "bounty-jumpers." Number of desertions. 616 SYNOPSIS. Additional remarks of Prov. Marshal Gen'l concerning deserters and bounty-jumpers. Inferences from this investigation. Proportion of native Americans among enlisted men was about 8 per cent, less than among loyal white population in 1860. The foreigners who deserted, offset this difference, leaving native Americans in the ranks in as large proportion as in the population referred to. No account is here taken of legitimate influence of immigration after July 1860. American-element among officers much larger than among the men. CHAPTER III. AGES OF THE ORIGINAL VOLUNTEERS. 1. Introductory. 30 The collection of the ages of soldiers commenced by Mr. Elliott. This collection completed for volunteer organizations at first muster in. Facilities afforded by the officers in charge. Amount of material and arrangement of its tabulation. Personal execution of the details. Limits of this investigation. Some regiments belonging here are not included. Table showing for each State the latest regiment included, and its date. Total number of officers and men whose ages are here discussed. Limits of age, and number found outside these limits. The 46tb year of age was practically included within the military limits, and is so re- garded in this research. Total number of officers and men from whose ages the general formulas are deduced. These statistics found remarkably conformable to law. When discordant, valuable inferences are thence deducible. The laws found to govern ages of officers and men, suggest a similar investigation regarding the population. Ineffectual attempts to obtain information on this subject. Great deficiency in our knowledge both of facts and laws. One published attempt to classify population of the United States by ages. The census returns are divided into too large groups of age. Importance of subjecting census of 1860 to a similar discussion. The results seem available for life-tables, with advantage. Diversity of life-curve for the United States from that used in English life-tables. Marked difference in the distribution by ages of the officers and the men. Close accordance of each with law. 2. Ages of the Enlisted Men. 33 Grand total at each year of age, assorted in four classes. Table I. - Classified Summary of Enlisted Volunteers. 34 Excess and defect of the numbers in this table for particular ages. System perceptible in these irregularities. General inferences. Proportions above and below limits of military age. Average age at last birthday, at time of enlistment, etc. Numbers of men within various limits of age. Accordance of these large results with those previously found for Massachusetts. Tables for the several States agree in indicating the same general law. Character of this law, and general formula. Four constants to be determined. Best mode of determining the modulus of progression. Values of the other constants are best determined by the method of least squares. Expression for definite sum between any given ages. Actual mean age corresponding to the mean of ages at last birthday. Age corresponding to the average for any period of years. Numerical values deduced from Table I. SYNOPSIS. 617 Table II. - Grand Total of Enlisted Men. 38 Comparison of theoretical with recorded numbers at different ages. Table of mean ages corresponding to ages at last birthday. Tablqp similar to Table II. have been prepared for 27 States and groups of States. Only twelve are here given. Table III. - Ages of United States Volunteer Infantry. 40 Table IV. - Ages of United States Volunteer Cavalry. 41 Table V. - Ages of United States Volunteer Artillery. 42 Table VI. - Ages of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut Volunteers. 43 Table VII.-Ages of Massachusetts Volunteers. 44 Table VIII. - Ages of New York Volunteers. 45 Table IX. - Ages of Pennsylvania Volunteers (including Reserves). 46 Table X. - Ages of Ohio Volunteers. VT Table XI.-Ages of Indiana Volunteers. 48 Table XII.-Ages of Michigan Volunteers. 49 Table XIII. - Ages of Illinois Volunteers. 50 Table XIV. - Ages of Wisconsin and Iowa Volunteers. 51 The constants from each of these groups agree with those from their aggregate Only one group in which the formula already given is at all inadequate. Attempts to deduce a law of distribution for loyal troops from border States. It is evident that volunteering did not follow an undisturbed law. Anomaly of results from ages of Illinois troops. Summary of the results from the thirteen tables preceding. Table XV. - Constants deduced for Special Classes of Volunteers. 53 Peculiarities of the residuals in Tables II. to XIV. Excess of recorded numbers at 18 and 21; defect of the same at 19 and 20. These residuals furnish a measure of the misstatements of age. Amount of excess and defect at these ages. Similar excess in latest year of military age, viz., 44 in some States, 45 in others. Average discordance between computed and recorded numbers at these ages. Tendency to state in "round numbers," and its effect. Chart A shows these discordances, and the curve of enlistments at each age. Chart B shows the discordances and curve for the number at and over each age. Chart C shows the variation with age, in the proportion of officers and men to the military population of the United States. Chart D shows the same in reference to military population of loyal States only. 3 Ages of Officers. 55 Total number of officers considered; number within limits of military age. The general formula for enlisted men is here inapplicable. Empirical formula representing the numbers at each age. Mode of obtaining numerical values for the constants. This expression requires yet another term for ages above 45. Numerical expression for ages of officers between 18 and 50. Curves for ages of officers are also represented on *Charts A and B. Greatest discordance here found is for 19 years, but subsequent accordance is close. Table XVI. - Ages of Officers of United States Volunteers. 57 Mean ages of officers, at last birthday, at muster in, etc. Proportion of officers to enlisted men, to population, etc. Caution as to significance of these quantities. Table XVII. - Relative Proportions of Officers, Enlisted Men, and White Male Popu- lation, at same Age. 58 4. Population of the United States and of the Loyal States. 59 Reason for this discussion. Territory regarded as belonging to the loyal States. Only the white male population is here considered. Difficulty of deducing the required numbers from census returns. 618 SYNOPSIS. Explanation of Tables XVIII. and XIX. Comparison of figures deduced from the census and from formulas. Close accordance of the theoretical numbers, for ages above 20 years. Table XVIII. - White Male Population of the United States in 1860. 60 Table XIX. - White Male Population of the Loyal States in 1860. 60 Formulas which represent the theoretical numbers. Corresponding distribution of the population by ages. Description of Tables XX. and XXL Later study has led to a formula covering the whole range of life. Its agreement not so close within the limits of military age. But the earlier and later numbers are very well represented. It seems an important step toward a knowledge of the life-curve. Form of the expression. Appendix to this chapter. Table XX. - White Male Population of the U. S. in 1860, by single Years of Age. 63 Table XXL - White Male Population of the Loyal States in 1860, by single Years of Age. 64 Curious differences in the distribution of ages for the two populations. Chart E shows these differences conspicuously. The convexities of the two life-curves are in opposite directions. Appendix, on the Ages of a Population. 66 The true law governing the relative number of persons at any age seems approximately attained. Its importance seems to warrant its introduction here. General formula for the number at any given age in any tolerably homogeneous population. Special case, in which the formula becomes very simple. The numbers for any age are strictly proportional to the population. Therefore the formula represents the average expectation of life. Application to the several censuses of the United States. Remarkable inference from the numerical values of the constants. The structure of our population is assimilating to the special case mentioned. Amount of influence of European immigration upon these constants. Application of the formula to the two last censuses of England and Wales. Same gradual approach toward the special case is here perceptible. Application to the last three censuses of France. The special case of highest simplicity exists here already. Peculiarity of the French life-curve for early ages. Chart F exhibits the life-curve for the three nations, on the same scale. Chart G shows corresponding values for the numbers under each year of age. Close accordance between the computed and the observed numbers. Discrepancies in the French tables for the numbers of those born in the last century. Probable historical explanation of this phenomenon. Table XXII. - Computed and Observed Ages of the Population of the United States in 1830 and 1840. ' 60 Table XXIII. - Computed and Observed Ages of the Population of the United States in 1850 and 1860. 69 Table XXIV. - Computed and Observed Ages of the Population of England and Wales in 1851 and 1861. 70 Formulas belonging to these populations. Table XXV. - Computed and Observed Ages of the Population of France in 1851, 1856, 1861. 71 Formulas belonging to these populations. Prussian statistics give results analogous to the English. Algebraic expressions for the number, and for the mortality at any age. Simplified expressions for these numbers, in the special case. The life-curve for advanced ages is not an asymptote. Many interesting lines of research are here suggested. SYNOPSIS. 619 CHAPTER IV. AGES OF RECRUITS. 1. Nature of the Problem. 73 Investigation of ages of recruits, in the same way as for volunteers, is impossible. Relative ages of the population at home werfe much changed by enlistments. The proportion of recruits at different ages was thus greatly modified. Each subsequent call for troops increased the irregularity. Consequently no simple law exists, expressing the ages of recruits. The problem is complex, relating both to enlistments and to military population. An approximate determination is needed of the enlistments at each age in each year. Ratios of these to the population, to be taken from last chapter. Aggregate of recruits deduced for each age must be compared with records. The formula for volunteers to be so modified as to make the residuals a minimum. This last implies a special adaptation of that formula to the early troops. 2. Fundamental Statistics. 74 Our inquiry must be based upon Tables IV. and V. of Chapter I. Modification of those figures needed for our present purpose. The entire number of soldiers not to be deducted from military population. Soldiers not of military age to be subtracted from this portion of the population. And the deaths of those who had served in army to be considered by themselves. Description of the table on which our computations are founded. Table I. - Military Population and Enlistments, during the War. 75 3. Method of Investigation. 75 Formula obtained for the ages from grand total of volunteers. Discordances of observed and computed numbers at certain ages. Computation twice repeated after modifying the recorded numbers. First assumed formula, thus obtained. Supposed enlistments before July 1863 distributed by this formula. Ratio of enlistments to military population thus obtained. These ratios proportionally applied to the remaining military population. The sum of the numbers at each age in these two years gives a new law of distribution. Hypothetical formula deduced from this new series of numbers. Mode of deducing the desired formula. Adopted formula for ages of volunteers from the normal population. 4. Changes of Home Population during the War. 77 The course of this investigation may be presented in tabular form. Original enlistments are first considered, reenlistments afterwards. Advantage of this arrangement. The ages of those reenlisting are assorted by the laws applying at the time of original enlistment. This assumes that the ratio of reenlistments was constant for all ages. The statistics for the first fifteen months, reduced to the scale of one year. Law of mortality for the population at home. Mode of computing the table of mortality by ages. Table II. - Mortality of Military Population not in the Army. 79 Assumed ages of immigrants. Table III. - Unenlisted Military Population and Annual Enlistments, by Ages, using Formula for Volunteers. 80 Comparing the aggregates of these enlistments we have the computed numbers. By the recorded numbers for recruits we may test the adopted formula. Table IV. - Ages of Recruits using the adopted Formula for Volunteers. 82 620 SYNOPSIS. 5. Final Inferences. 83 Order of magnitude of differences (c. - o.) for recruits. The tendency to enlist was connected with the age by a distinct law. If this law acted as markedly for recruits as for volunteers, the more detailed method should render it more conspicuous. Corrections of the constants obtained by careful study of the residuals. Formula for the ages of recruits. That portion of Table III. which refers to dates since July 1863, must be modified. Table V. - Unenlisted Military Population and Annual Enlistments, by Ages, using Formula for Recruits. 84 The table of actual ages of recruits may hence be readily deduced. The excess here manifested in recorded number at 21 years is nearly balanced by the defect at 19 and 20. Table VI. - Ages of Recruits, deduced from most Probable Formula. 85 Actual age corresponding to average " age last birthday," for recruits. Effect of misstatement of ages below 18 and 21. Table of actual ages corresponding to ages at last birthday. 6. Ages of the Army in each Year. 86 Eesults obtained for volunteers, recruits, and reenlisted men are here combined. Table VII. - Ages of Volunteer Army at four different Epochs. 87 Table of average ages, and of proportional numbers within certain limits of age. CHAPTER V. STATURES. 1. Statistics collected, and Mode of Discussion. 89 Plan of the investigation. Facilities accorded and refused. Collection of naval records at Navy Department. Total amount of materials collected. Manner of tabulation and assortment. Limits of stature for volunteer and regular troops. Number under 61 inches. Inaccuracy of original measurements. Tendency to record in round numbers. Tabulation by counts, in order of record. Tabulation in historical order not feasible. Mean statures of enlisted men do not belong to the mean of their ages. Age of full stature found to be later than generally supposed. It differs for different States and countries of birth. Importance of deducing mean statures from ages after full growth. Stature of volunteers differs from that of recruits. These statistics chiefly derived from recruits. Discordances between these results and those of Provost Marshal General. Manner in which the measurements were made. Distribution of the men according to their nativities. Statures regarded as excessive and requiring investigation. Verification of official records. 2. Heights at each Age, by States of Enlistment. 93 Description of Table I. Table I. - Mean Heights at each Age, by States of Enlistment. 94 No apparent geographical influence is here indicated. Tables, showing for each State the distribution by age and height. SYNOPSIS. 621 3. Heights at each Age, by Nativities. 96 Tabulation similar to that by States of enlistment. Eighteen tables exist, showing, for each nativity, the number at each age and height. Table II.-Natives of New England States, by Heights and Ages. 96 Table III. - Natives of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, by Heights and Ages. 98 Table IV. - Natives of Ohio and Indiana, by Heights and Ages. 100 Table V. - Natives of Ireland, by Heights and Ages. 102 Table VI. - Mean Heights at each Age, by Nativities. 104 Differences of stature in different States are manifest, whatever the classification. They are more conspicuous in the classification by nativities. Table VII. - Mean Heights at each Age, by Regions of Enlistment. 106 Difference between results of Tables VI. and VII., and its explanation. Stature and law of growth are dependent both upon stock and rearing. 4. Law of Growth. 107 These statistics probably the first which are copious enough for safe inferences. Quetelet's opinion that growth continues till after the age of 25. His inferences were from few cases, and a single locality. This research confirms and generalizes the inference. Inferences for white soldiers from our statistics. 1. Rate of growth suddenly diminishes at about 20 years. Stature continues to increase until about 24. 2. A period of suspension of growth at about 24 years. Subsequently a slight increase until full stature is attained. 3. The normal epoch of maximum stature generally as late as 30 years. It varies for different classes of men. 4. The annual variations after about 23 years are very small. The epochs of suspension and maxima vary with the class of men. The fluctuations of mean stature during the ages 23 to 34 are very small. They may not be regarded as accidental, or as only apparent. Is their existence due to the crudeness of the original measurements ? Examination of this question by results of 76 tabulations. 109 Table of ages of maximum stature for different?groups of men. The fluctuations do not seem due to bad measurements. Table showing number of men from which each age of maximum is derived. 9-llths of all are in classes whose maximum is after 31. . Nativities indicating other ages of maximum stature. Classifying by States, about 8-llths of all give the maximum after 30. Correctness of inference not impaired by smallness of the quantity. Amount of growth after 26 years, for native Americans. Table showing excess of full stature over that at 26, for six American nativities. Reality of suspension of growth at about 24 years. Charts H and I show the character of this disturbance. Variations of mean stature for ages after 22, by nativities. Ill Variations of mean stature for ages after 22, by States. Apparently there is a real arrest of growth. The phenomenon is masked in the aggregate of the nativities. Vain attempts to represent the law of growth by a formula. Statures for earlier ages are needed for this purpose. Measuring apparatus distributed to institutions of learning. Important field of research open, as regards physical dimensions of man. Approximations to curve of growth for ages here discussed. Charts H and I show normal statures at each age, for 14 nativities. Reference of mean stature at any age, to that at any other. Table VIII. - Mean Statures at each Age for Fourteen different Nativities. 113 The variation, in epoch of full stature, for different nativities, seems normal. Growth in height continues longest for Americans and Irish. 622 SYNOPSIS. Order of other nativities by time of growth. Similar inferences deduced from tabulation by States of enlistment. This investigation is based upon an assumption. Objection to this assumption, and answer to the objection. Note illustrating the correctness of this answer. More satisfactory answer afforded by manuscript tables. The relative number of tall men slowly increases with the age. This increase shows no superior vitality in this class. Upon facts now presented, our knowledge of Law of Growth for the average man depends. Inferences from the average of men may not apply to the average man. Lehmann's memoir on application to individuals, of laws deduced from averages. These laws may fail to indicate striking and unfailing phenomena. Illustration from shoot in growth at entrance upon manhood. The curve for any individual has two branches, meeting in a cusp. This cusp is obliterated in the mean of many individuals. The curve for such a mean shows no token of any shoot. The epoch in question may be physiologically considered as a new birth. May not a sudden accession of growth take place at other epochs? Is there such an accession at the second dentition? The curve of stature suggests some such phenomenon at about 24. Growth in stature perhaps not fully terminated during life. Influences which would conceal its effect. The increase in length of the larger bones may cease at an earlier date. Evidence of increase in stature after ossification of the epiphyses. These hypotheses explain the diminution in height at 24. 5. Full Stature. 118 The full stature of man has been hitherto undetermined for any nationality. Various statements by different authorities. Wide range and uncertainty of these statements. Even here the ages proper for deducing full stature are uncertain. Suggestion of Dr. Villermt*, that comfort and ease increase full stature, and hasten its attainment. This idea not entirely confirmed by present results. An element of correctness in it is indicated by our results for sailors. Limits of age adopted in deducing full statures. Table IX. - Mean Statures for different Periods of Age, by States. 122 Table X. - Mean Statures for different Periods of Age, by Nativities. 123 The decrease in stature after 45 years, exerts small influence here. Its effect, supposing a given decrease tn all soldiers over 45. Principle adopted in computing the full statures. Table XI. - Full Statures, for Soldiers of 18 different States and 14 different Nativities. 125 The full stature for any nativity seems to vary in different States. This inference confirmed by the 684 manuscript tables of height and age. Table XII. - Statures of Natives of New England. States, by Ages and Regions where enlisted. 126 Table XIII. - Statures of Natives of New York, by Ages and Regions where enlisted. 127 Stature dependent both upon ancestry and influences during growth. Residence in Western States during growth tends to increase stature. Similar influences exist probably in many Southern States. Those States which produce highest stature for natives, tend most to increase stature of immigrants. No geographical law indicated in the order of relative full statures. Possible explanation of the phenomenon by character of the soil. Effect of residence in America upon stature of Europeans. Table XIV. - Full Statures of Irish and Germans enlisting in Eight different States, compared with each other, and with Natives of these States enlisting at Home. 128 SYNOPSIS. 623 Similar phenomenon for natives of adjacent States, here aggregated. Table XV. - Comparison of Statures of Natives of Ohio and Indiana, enlisting in Indiana. 129 Attempts to compare statures of men enlisted in cities and in country. Other desirable researches, now found impossible. Results of measures of students at Cambridge, England, and at Edinburgh. Measurement of students at Harvard and Yale Colleges. Table XVI. - Heights of Harvard and Yale Students. 130 Resultant mean statures for each year of age. The same by periods of age. Extreme statures found among these students. Summary of inferences regarding full stature. It does not chiefly depend upon the temperature of a region. Nor is the nationality a controlling influence. Nor does it depend upon the degree of comfort, as principal agency. Nor upon the elevation of the district. Yet all these influences doubtless contribute to the general result. 6. Stature of Sailors. 132 Mean heights of men, on New.York naval musters, less than those of soldiers. The difference averages an inch and a quarter for each age. Table of excess in stature of New York soldiers over sailors, at each age. Delay of development and real defect of full stature in sailors. Collection of statures, and ages of sailors elsewhere enlisted. Assistance of officers of the Navy Department. Statistics of sailors collected, and their classification. Epochs of full stature for different classes of sailors. Explanation of these phenomena. Note on ages of full stature for sailors of different nativities. Table of these ages for 18 nativities, in three classes of sailors. Table XVII. - Heights of Sailors, by Ages and Nativities. 135 Table XVIII. - Heights of uLandsmen," by Periods of Age and Nativities. 141 Table XIX. - Heights of " Seamen," by Periods of Age and Nativities. 142 Table XX. - Heights of Sailors, by Periods of Age and Nativities. 143 Inferior stature of sailors explained by enlistment of short men. This explanation inadequate to account for all the facts observed. The difference in height of soldiers and sailors, found after excluding from the data al] statures above 66 inches. 9. Stature of other Races of Men. 144 Height of Laplanders and Patagonians, according to Tenon. Esquimaux, according to Pauw. Natives of Pacific Coasts, according to Rollin, of La Pdrouse's expedition. Chayma and Caribe Indians, according to Humboldt. Patagonians, according to various authorities. D'Orbigny's observations. Puelches, according to D'Orbigny. Various races of South American Indians, according to D'Orbigny. New Zealanders, according to Thomson. Bushmen, according to Freycinet. Obongoes, according to Du Chaillu. Data in War Department might give stature and law of growth for negroes. Descriptive musters are probably there for 180000 colored men. Access to these refused to the Commission by Mr. Stanton. Data accessible only for 40 000 soldiers, and 4 000 sailors. This number inadequate, on account of the large numbers of mixed race Several varieties of negro in the Southern States. These are intermixed with each other, and with Indian races. 624 SYNOPSIS. Discussion of statures of colored men hoped for from Provost Marshal's statistics. Vain attempts at results for negroes and mulattoes separately. Final assortment into those born in Free, and those born in Slave, States. Table XXI. - Heights of Colored Soldiers, by Ages. 147 Table XXII. - Heights of Colored Soldiers, by Periods of Age. 148 These results show an inferior stature for natives of the Free States. But the full stature for these is attained later. The regions where these were enlisted give same results for white men. Decrease of stature after maximum, earlier and greater for negroes. Caution as to the recorded ages of southern negroes. Illustration, by ages in Table XXI. Table XXIII. - Heights of Colored Sailors, by Ages. Table XXIV. - Heights of Colored Sailors, by Periods of Age. Difference in height between sailors and soldiers, like that for whites. Development in stature diminished and delayed, by a nautical life. Small number of colored sailors renders minuter discussion useless. Measurements made of 500 Iroquois Indians. Selection of subjects for measurement. Table XXV. - Heights and Ages of Iroquois Indians. 151 Table of corresponding mean heights, by ages. Mean heights of Iroquois Indians, by periods of ages. 8. Extbemes of Stature. 152 Special inquiries as to statures recorded as 77 inches or more. About one sixth of such records have been found erroneous. Understatures tabulated, - limit adopted for understature. Proportion and number of understatures. Non-attainment of full growth was the occasion of many of these. Number whose heights attained the limit of 75 inches. Proportion of very high and very low statures among French conscripts. Maximum and minimum statures observed by Liharzik, and others on record. Proportion among American soldiers at each inch of height above 75. Proportion among American soldiers of same age as French conscripts. Tables exhibiting the distribution of very high statures. Extent to which subsequent growth of the men would change these tables. Table XXVI. -Number of Solaiers upwards of 75 Inches Tall, by Heights and Ages. 154 Table XXVII. -Proportional Number of the same, in each 100 000 of the same Age. 155 Table XXVIII. - Number of Soldiers upwards of "lb Inches Tall, by Heights and States. 156 Table XXIX. - Proportional Number of the same, in each 100 000/rcwi the same State. 156 Table XXX. - Number of Soldiers upwards of 75 Inches Tall, by Heights and Nativities. 158 Table XXXI. - Proportional Number of the same, in each 100 000 of the same Nativity. 158 Table XXXII. - Number of Soldiers upwards of 75 Inches Tall, by Ages and Nativities. 160 Table XXXIII. - Proportional Number of the same, in each 100000 of the same Nativity. 162 Table XXXIV. - Proportional Number of Tall Men in each 10000 of same Age and Nativity. 164 Among the early troops, the proportion of tall men was quite as large. Number of men not less than 80 inches in height. Men of this class, whose descriptive musters are recorded. Special details concerning some extremely tall soldiers. Fitness of very tall men for military duty. Number of men below 61 inches in height. Degree of dependence of understature upon age, for enlisted men. Comparison between the number below 61, and that above 75 inches. Effect of subsequent growth upon the proportionate numbers. The proportion of very tall men less in army than in population. In the population the number of full statures at and above 75 inches, is probably twice that of those below 61 inches. Special details concerning some extremely short soldiers. SYNOPSIS. 625 Table XXXV. - Number of Soldiers below 61 Inches, by Ages and States. 170 Table XXXVI. - Proportional Number of the same, in each 10 000 of same Age and State. 172 Table XXXVIL - Number of Soldiers below 61 Indies, by Ages and Nativities. 174 Table XXXVIII. - Proportional Number of the same in each 10000 of same Age and Nativity. 176 Influence, upon mean statures, of excluding all men below a given height. Most statistics of height are derived from military records. Some lower, but no upper, limit of height has there been prescribed. Other conditions to be considered, in instituting comparisons. Only men of the same age, or full stature, should be compared for determining differences of class. Supplementary Notes. 179 Memoir of Boudin, upon stature and weight of various peoples. This memoir obtained too late for use in the preceding pages. Notes to § 3, Heights by Nativities. Mean stature of French conscripts from 1818 to 1828. Mean age of the same, and inferior limit of stature. Mean stature of French conscripts from 1831 to 1862. Mean age of the same, and inferior limit of stature. Natives of France in United States Army, taller than those of same age in France. This inference not affected by our aggregation of French with Belgians. This excess for Frenchmen aged 20, is nearly 3 centimeters. The inference here accords with that deduced from other sources. Relative statures of English, Irish, and French, from official documents. Wide variance of these results from those here deduced. Collation of our own statistics with the official British tables. Explanation of Table XXXIX. Table XXXIX. - Comparative Distribution of Irish Soldiers, by Stature. 181 Totally different distribution of statures in the American and British armies. This is made manifest by the next table. Explanation. Table XL. - Comparative Distribution of Irish Soldiers, by Age. 182 Inferences from this table. Difference in distribution by statures, explained by the distribution by ages. Number of Irish recruits to American army, above 25 years old, greater than that be- low 21 years to British army. This fact accounts for the diversity in distribution by stature. Alleged enormous difference in stature between English and French armies. No account was taken of a difference of 4j inches in lower limit of height. Nor was regard had to the great difference in the mean age. Yet the largest group is between 64 and 65 inches for each nation. The case affords a good example of the misuse of statistical results. Remark of Bischoff as to deductions from statistics of recruiting. Notes to § 5. Full Statures. 183 Boudin's inferences regarding Villermd's theory are the same as ours. His estimate of local influences Upon stature is far below ours. Notes to § 7. Stature of other Races of Men. 184 Mean stature of Esquimaux, according to Pauw. Mean stature of Sepoy regiments in India. The high limit of minimum stature here forbids ethnical inferences. Notes to § 8. Extremes of Stature. 184 Discussion of geographical distribution of tall men in France. Boudin finds ground for belief that the governing influences are hereditary rather than physiological. Illustrations of this theory. Ratio of recruits of minimum height in Brittany and in Normandy. Different proportion of excessive statures in different districts. 626 SYNOPSIS. The slopes of the Jura furnish the tallest men of France. They also give the maximum number above the average height. Similar inferences deducible from Belgian and Prussian military statistics. These facts are analogous to those deducible from our own investigations. But the effect of local influences is here seen to be as great as that of race or stock. CHAPTER VI. COMPLEXIONS, COLOR OF HAIR AND EYES. 1. Available Records. 185 Descriptive musters not made out in early part of the war. These musters may increase our anthropological knowledge. The descriptions tabulated by clerks who collected ages and statures. No attempts made to render this collection complete. Descriptive musters for about 669 000 men transcribed at different State Capitals. Volunteers are distinguished from recruits in the tabulations. The volunteers are of the later class; earlier ones not being described. Recruits are of the earlier class; the later not being collected. Above 425 000 volunteers here described, and about 243 000 recruits. Results are presented in two forms; by States and by Nativities. 2. Color of Hair. 186 Table I. - Volunteers, by States. 186 Table II. - Recruits, by States. 187 Table III.- United States Soldiers, by States. 188 Table IV.- Volunteers, by Nativities. 189 Table V. - Recruits, by Nativities. 190 Table VI. - United States Soldiers, by Nativities. 191 Table VII. - Proportionate Numbers for Total, by States. 192 Table VIII. -Proportionate Numbers for Total, by Nativities. 193 3. Color of Eyes. 194 Table IX. - Volunteers, by States. 194 Table X. - Recruits, by States. 195 Table XI.- United States Soldiers, by States. 196 Table XII.- Volunteers, by Nativities. 197 Table XIII. - Recruits, by Nativities. 198 Table XIV. -United States Soldiers, by Nativities. 199 Table XV. - Proportionate. Numbers for Total, by States. 200 Table XVI. - Proportionate Numbers for Total, by Nativities. 201 4. Complexions. 202 Table XVII. - Volunteers and Recruits, by States. 202 Table XVIII.- Volunteers and Recruits, by Nativities. 203 Table XIX. - United States Soldiers, by States, Absolute and Relative Numbers. 204 Table XX. -United States Soldiers, by Nativities, Absolute and Relative Numbers. 205 5. Inferences. 206 Deductions from these tables must be drawn with caution. The descriptions were evidently entered very loosely in most cases. Illustrations of this fact. Proper caution will obviate danger of important, error. Marked and real differences between men from different States. Differences in color of hair and color of eves. SYNOPSIS. 627 Variations between different nativities much more marked. Comparison of natives of Scandinavia and Iberia. CHAPTER VII. PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS. 208 Materials for this inquiry were obtained from descriptive musters. Manner of classification. Instructions for the collection of materials. Occupations of two thirds of a million of our soldiers here assorted. One half per cent, were officers who never served in the ranks. Number of original commissioned officers from the " professional " class. The enlisted rolls here tabulated do not fairly represent this class. Explanation of the disproportion of the numbers here given. True proportion of the professional class in the ranks. It was probably about 94 for the whole army, and 102 for recruits. For officers and men together it was probably about 3.2 per cent. Large enlistments from seminaries of learning. About three tenths of the enlisted men were under 21 years old. The occupations of these were not definitely fixed. Table 1.-Occupations of Volunteers, by States. 210 Table II. - Occupations of Recruits, by States. 211 Table III. - Occupations of U. S. Soldiers, by States. 212 Table IV. -Occupations of Volunteers, by Nativities. 213 Table V. - Occupations of Recruits, by Nativities. 214 Table VI. - Occupations of U. S. Soldiers, by Nativities. 215 Table VII. - Proportionate Numbers for different Occupations, by States. 216 Table VIII. - Proportionate Numbers for different Occupations, by Nativities. 217 CHAPTER VIII. MEAN DIMENSIONS OF BODY. 1. History of the Investigation. 218 Schedule of inquiries prepared by Messrs. Olmsted and Elliott. Investigations had been commenced by Professor Henry. Instruments constructed under Professor Bache's superintendence. Two inspectors appointed, and duties assigned them. Inquiry as to both physical and social characteristics of the men. Copy of Form [E]. The author appointed Actuary to the Sanitary Commission in June 1864. Extract from his first Report. Number of men then examined and condition of the records. Recommendations concerning prosecution of these inquiries. Unity of method insisted on; more precise queries; and more activity. Examination of colored men, and appointment of a chief examiner. Twelve sets of instruments, and twelve examiners authorized. Modification of the apparatus and schedule of questions. Disadvantages from want of special training on part of the author. Difficulty of obtaining apparatus promptly. Measurements were made in inches instead of centimeters. Regret that the metric system was not exclusively employed. Copy of new schedule, " Form [EE].'' Dr. Buckley appointed chief examiner; - all examiners to practice with him. Copy of " Instructions to Examiners." The end of war soon ended opportunities for examinations. Number of men measured and otherwise examined according to the new form. Policy adopted in assignment of duties to the examiners. Assistance and opportunities afforded by military officers. 628 SYNOPSIS. Cordial and effective aid of naval authorities. It was otherwise where permission from the Secretary of War was required. Valuable opportunities, and important information were thus lost. Mode of primary tabulation. Classification of the results by nativities, like the statures. Characteristic differences among men examined by Form [E]. Impossible to discover how far these were due to the examiners. Errors of this sort doubtless exist to a considerable extent. The personal differences have been determined for many dimensions. Mean values, and assortment of individual discordances therefrom. Objects and results of this assortment. The computations would be more instructive were the ages considered. Best mode of research was precluded by pecuniary considerations. The materials are available for use of future inquirers. Question to be investigated. Reference of all the measurements to the stature as unit of length. Proportions as well as dimensions thus determined for nearly 24 000 men. Usefulness and success of this part of the work. Its great extent and laborious character. Much more might have been effectively done, had time and means allowed. Results of the measurements by the Novara expedition hoped for. Apparatus used has been distributed to institutions of learning. Similar examinations of other races expected. 2. Measurements obtained. 232 Examinations of the earlier series (by Form [EE] ). Detailed statement of number of men measured. Publication of some of the results, by Mr. Elliott. Personal differences between examiners in mode of measurement. Examples of influence of this source of error. Vain attempts to determine difference between Messrs. Buckley and Fairchild. Discordances between results of the earlier and of the later examinations. They may often be explained by the phraseology of the questions. Instruments used in the measurements. Andrometer. Its graduation. Great delay in construction of the apparatus. The later series of measures chiefly made in first eight months of 1865. Examiners appointed. Practice with Dr. Buckley. Stations and transfers of the several examiners. Measures of students at Cambridge and New Haven. Measures of Southern-born men at New Orleans. Measures of Iroquois Indians in Western New York. Classified statement of materials collected in the later series. Manner of measuring. Number of cases, assorted according to amount of clothing. Proportionate number of men of various nativities. Dimensions wrongly measured. These measurements made available. Tabulation of the returns kept up without intermission. Mean results for the several examiners frequently collated. Relative trustworthiness of the two series of measures. Classification by nativities different for the two series. Actual and linear dimensions only, are discussed in this chapter. Inferences legitimately deducible from these materials. The present work does not claim to be a thorough discussion. It aims at furnishing materials in a form convenient for the investigator. 3. Averages, Types, etc. 240 The value of our results depends upon the correctness with which their means represent normal dimensions. SYNOPSIS. 629 A numerical measure of the degree of approximation is important. True significance of averages. Criterion for typical character. Laws of error illustrated by distribution of shots at a target. Laws deducible from experience whatever mark has been aimed at. The point of aim is indicated by the average of results. If the real and intended points coincide, correctness of aim is shown. The difference between the two shows the personal error. Influences of the accidental class which affect single cases. Character of distribution of single shots around their mean. Regular and known law of decrease of their number with the distance. Nature and limits of application of this law. Measure of precision. In the' case cited, regularity, not correctness, of aim is measured. Accordance with law of error affords a criterion for value of the mean. Illustration extended to the mean of many individual means. Here the same law is found to hold good. The measure of precision then shows the influence of extraneous agencies. Analogy with Laws of Nature when aiming at production of typical forms. The manifestation of the'law of error indicates typical character. Typical forms exist throughout the organic creation. They are susceptible of numerical determination. Varieties in the same species correspond to constant errors of aim. Individual dissimilarities correspond to accidental errors. Here we seek the types of human form and physical capability. This implies tbe types for many races, nationalities, classes, etc. Our materials are chiefly limited to American soldiers, and certain ages. Still they comprise a wide territory and varied ancestry. The existence of a human type first demonstrated by Quetelet. There are two sorts of mean results deducible from measurement. The mean of many measures of one object represents a material thing. That of measures of many similar objects represents only an ideal. The idea of a type practically abolishes this wide distinction. Quetelet's illustration by measurements of a statue. The human type, and types of classes and races may thus be discovered. Here we seek only the type of some physical manifestations. That of external form is a standard of beauty and model for art. Quetelet has shown that the mental and moral type may be investigated. He is thus the founder of Social Science, in the true sense of this term. Statistical investigation a safe method only when it demonstrably elicits some type or law. The discredit, in which some hold it, is due to its misapplication. It is the only mode of discovering or demonstrating many and various laws. The average man. Computation of theoretical variations. General formula for law of error. Probabilitj'- of any given discordance. Tables of numerical value ot such probability. Probable error, mean error, probable error of mean. Necessary, though incorrect, assumption of adequate measurements. Assortment of the several measures by magnitude. Determination of r, e, and ro. Cautions as to interpretation of results. Degree of typical character is shown by accordance with law of error. This accordance is susceptible of numerical expression. . 4. White Soldiers. 249 Number examined in the later series; number of examiners. Those in, and those not in, usual vigor, have been discussed separately. Number of men in each of these classes. Classification by nativities. Details of incomplete and erroneous measurements. Number of white soldiers included in the earlier series. 630 SYNOPSIS. Heights of those examined. 250 Discussion of the variations here is superseded by Chapter V. Table of statures of 18 780 men, assorted by inches of height. Some bias may have affected the selection of men for examination. Mean heights: mean age; values of r and r0- Similar determinations for seven different nativities. Distance from Finger-tip to Patella. 252 Object and origin of this question. Comparison of actual and theoretical discordances from the mean. Results of this comparison; the mean values clearly typical. Total range of the mean results for different nativities. Mean values; probable individual variation; probable error of mean. Height to lower part of Neck. 253 Seventh cervical vertebra taken as upper limit of the body proper. Average length of head and neck is about ten inches. Variations from this average value. Greatest deviations. Results and probable errors for six independent nativities. Length of Body. 254 This is obtained by deducting height to perinasum from that to 7th cervical. Table for 17 018 men, assorted by half inches and by state of health. Mean results from this classification. Explanation of discordant values in earlier series. Table of mean length of body, according to nativities. Some inferences apparently deducible from these results. Height to Perinseum. 256 Differences in stature mostly due to differences in this dimension. Independent corroboration of inferences drawn in Chapter V. The distinction between nationalities is here strongly marked. Table of mean values and probable variations for five nativities. Tables of maximum and minimum mean values for particular nativities. The later series gives for nativity in the U. S. a mean value below 31 inches. Height to Knee. 258 Table of mean values, and probable variations, for four nativities. Table of comparison between height to knee and thigh, for 18 nativities. The normal ratio appears to be nearly as 3 to 2. Note on discrepancy of result derived from Northwestern men. Limits of variation in mean values for different nativities. Distance from Perinseum to Pubes. The symphysis pubis a prominent point for the bony structure. It is often said to mark half the height; this is not strictly correct. Determination only made for 1013 white sailors. Result from these measures. Breadth of Neck. 259 Mean value for all; maximum and minimum mean values for nativity-groups. Table of mean values and probable variations for four nativities. Results from the earlier series are somewhat discordant. Girth of Neck. 260 Mean values; it is smaller for those in poorer health. Minimum and maximum mean values among nativity-groups. Table of mean girth and probable variation for five nativities. Breadth of Shoulders. 260 The earlier series gave full breadth; the later, that between the acromia. Objects of the latter requisition. This dimension should be equal to twice the difference between 12a and 125. About one fifth of the later series were measured as before. These are tabulated specially. Their mean value is accordant with that from the earlier series. Mean distance between tips of acromia, and limits of variation. Variation as dependent upon nativity. SYNOPSIS. 631 Discordances in these shoulder measures, and inaccuracy in some cases. Character and amount of error probably committed. Breadth of Pelvis. 261 Mean value for breadth between the crests of the ilia. Value for different nativities not characteristic in later series. " Breadth of pelvis " by earlier series more .than one tenth larger. Probable explanation. Mean values for certain nativities, and for total. Table of mean breadth between ilia with probable variations for five nativities. Circumference of Thorax. 262 This was measured in later series under all clothing, and across nipples. Also taken both during full inhalation and after exhalation. Mean circumference and play of chest are thus determined. For earlier series there was no rule as to the degree of inflation. Measures then made do not appear to represent the mean inflation. Mean girth, from earlier series, for men in, and men not in, usual vigor. Girth, by later series, for each class, at inspiration, at expiration. It is less at expiration, and greater at inspiration for men in health. The mean value only a little greater for this class. Measures of chest of 5733 Scotch soldiers, cited by Quetelet. Their mean girth very much greater than for American soldiers. Suspicion naturally arises as to mode of measurement. Mean circumference of chest for 343 764 drafted men and recruits. Results of these measurements give much smaller values than ours. Mean value found by Provost Marshal's Bureau for natives of Scotland. In our returns the individual variations are symmetrically distributed. Table of probable individual variation and error of mean. Even at expiration, the mean circumference surpasses half the stature. Distance between Nipples. 265 General belief that this distance is one fourth the girth of the chest. Remarks of Dr. Hammond on this subject. This theory is not confirmed by our measurements. The distance is always less than one quarter of the circumference. Mean values for men in, and not in, usual vigor, with ratio to circumference. Largest and smallest values found, with ratios to the circumference. Circumference of Waist. 266 This in later series was measured above hips and below ribs. In the earlier series, no instructions of the sort were given. Mean results from each series, for men in, and not in, vigor, and for total. Values from later series smaller than from earlier measures. The average value is less by 4.35 inches than meah girth of chest. The distribution of discordances is good. Table of mean circumference of waist and probable variations, for three nativities. Circumference around Hips. 266 This dimension was measured on a level with the trochanters. Range of mean values for different nativities. Distribution of individual variations accordant with theory. Table of mean values and probable variation, for three nativities. Length of Arm. 267 In earlier series, measured from armpit to tip of middle finger. Mean values for men in, and not in, vigor, and for total. In later series, the distance was measured from tip of acromion. Mean values for men in, and not in, vigor, and for total. The mean values for different nativities vary by an inch and a half. Table of mean values and probable variations for four nativities. Measures from armpit and from acromion give nearly the same results. Measurements from the middle of the top of sternum. This distance has been said to be half the height in a well formed man. Our results do not corroborate the theory. 632 SYNOPSIS. Table of cases where this dimension did not exceed half the height. Mean values of distance from middle of breast-bone to tip of finger. The differences found for different nativities seem characteristic. Table of results, and probable variations for four nativities. Length of Upper Arm. 269 Mean distance from tip of acromion process to extremity of elbow. The length of the hand alone was not determined. Table of mean lengths of upper arm and of lower arm, with their ratios. Table of mean lengths and probable variations for three nativities. Test of the accuracy of the measurements. Results deduced after excluding all unsatisfactory measurements. Table of mean statures, width of shoulders, and length of arms. 271 Probable explanation of the small remaining discordances. Distance between Eyes. 271 In later series the distances of inner and of outer angles were measured. This gives both width of the eyes and their distance apart. Table of mean distance and width of eyes, for 15 nativities. Probable variation of small cases from mean is less than 0.15 inches. Extreme values observed; probable error of the mean. Mode of measuring distance between pupils in the earlier series. This method gave the mean distance about 0.1 inch greater. Table of mean distance of pupils, from earlier series, for 15 nativities. Dimensions of Foot. 273 These were not measured in the earlier series. Mean length for no nativity exceeded 10.24, or fell short of 9.89 inches. The variations of mean length appear nearly proportional to those of mean stature. Table of mean length of foot and probable variation for four nativities. Largest and smallest values found. Length to the hollow above heel, gives approximate length of heel. Average variation and probable error of the mean. Mean length of heel varies little with nativity. Mean thickness at instep varies, with the nativity, from 2.44 to 2.84 inches. This dimension vague and uncertain; the results unsatisfactory. The distribution of individual variation satisfactory in only two nativities. Mean results and probable variations for these. Extreme values. Circumference around heel and anterior ligament. Mean results and probable variations. Extreme values. Descriptionof Table I. The number of cases on which a mean depends must always be considered. Table I. - Mean Dimensions of White Soldiers,from Later Series of Measurements. 276 Some inferences from the preceding table. The differences between men in, and men not in, usual vigor, are slight. For men not in full vigor the mean age is some years greater. Effect of age on capability of endurance. The proportion of enfeebled men very much greater at greater ages. The mean lateral dimensions of neck, and of shoulders, are less for feebler men. So too are circumference of waist and hips, and breadth of pelvis. These differences not so manifest in results from earlier series. Nor are differences there exhibited confirmed by this later series. Explanation by the large personal difference between examiners. Table II. - Mean Dimensions of White Soldiers, from Earlier Measures. 284 5. Sailors. 286 Number of sailors measured by each examiner, at each station. Number measured while naked; and number half clad. The personal error of Mr. Phinney proves to have been very small. Manner of classification and assortment. Mean age of the sailors same as that of soldiers in Table I. SYNOPSIS. 633 Their mean height is less than that of the soldiers by 1.14 inches. The mean stature of the marines is between that of soldiers and sailors. Larger value for mean distance between finger-tip and patella. Greater length of legs observed in sailors; and possible explanation. Table of mean values of the dimension 4j, for soldiers and sailors. These values are in large excess for sailors in each nativity. Table of mean height to perinaeum, for soldiers and sailors. Table of mean distance from middle of sternum to finger-tip, for same. The legs were actually as well as relatively longer in sailors. The excess of length is in the thigh, and not below the knee. Table of mean distance from knee to perinaeum for soldiers and sailors. Relative lengths of the thigh and the leg below the knee. The neck is larger for sailors. Length of arm and hand is both actually and relatively less. Table of mean lengths of arm and hand for soldiers and sailors. Table of mean length of upper arm for the same. Distance from perinaeum to pubes. Actual and relative mean value of this dimension from 1013 sailors. Mean distance between nipples, and ratio to circumference of chest. This mean distance smaller than for soldiers, but the ratio is greater. The foot-dimensions resemble those of soldiers, but thickness is greater. Table III. - Mean Dimensions of Sailors. 291 6. Students. 294 Occasion of the measurements. Data collected. Full stature corresponding to the mean height at the mean age. Reason why these numbers are only roughly approximate, and too small. Nativities of the students measured. The students nearly an inch taller than soldiers of same nativity. Other points of difference in the me&ri dimensions. Table of mean distance between nipples, and its ratio to circumference. Comparison between the students of the two universities. Table IV. - Mean Dimensions of Students of Harvard and Yale Colleges. 296 7. Colored Soldiers. 297 Endeavors to assort and classify the materials with more nicety. Different races of negroes in the Southern States. Admixture with each other, and with the white and various red races. Final assortment in two classes, full blacks, and men of mixed race. Natives of free and slave States separately considered. Those not in ordinary health, and those examined naked, are distinguished. Average height less than as deduced from more copious data in Chapter V. The material on file at Washington would be very valuable. All access to rolls in War Department was denied the Commission. Distance from tip of finger to upper margin of patella. This dimension the most striking in its contrast between the races. Mean value, maximum, and minimum for full blacks and mulattoes. The mean value is less for natives of the late slave States. Table of comparison for natives of free and slave States. Length of head and neck, and length of body. Both of these are less for the colored men than for the whites. For the full blacks they are less than for the mixed races. Table of mean length of body. Men examined in New Orleans after the close of the war. Height to perinaeum is greater than for white men. The excess is both in length of thigh, and in the height to knee. Table of mean heights to perinaeum and to knee. Distance from perinaeum to pubes greater than for whites. 634 SYNOPSIS. Table of mean values, with mean heights, and heights to perinseum. Comparison of the men measured by different examiners. Girth of neck and breadth of shoulders are greater than for whites. Circumference of chest at full inspiration is much less. It is not very different after complete expiration. The play of chest not more than three fifths as great as in whites. Distance between nipples is smaller than for whites. In full blacks, the ratio to the circumference of chest is also smaller. Table of mean values of this dimension, with height, circumference, and ratio. Maximum and minimum values observed. Circumference of waist and hips, less than for whites. Comparison between full blacks and mixed races in this respect. Length of arm is relatively greater than for whites. The excess is principally in the forearm. Table of dimensions of arm and their ratio, for the different races. The excess of the forearm not so marked in mulattoes as in blacks. Table of relative length of arms and legs for the different races. The distance between eyes and the width of eyes are greater in the black race. Table of these dimensions for full blacks, mulattoes, and whifjs. Foot-dimensions show very characteristic differences. Table of various mean dimensions of feet. Maximum foot recorded. No measures of the breadth were made; nor dimensions of the hand noted. Table V. - Mean Dimensions of Full Blacks. 303 Table VI. - Mean Dimensions of Mixed Races. 806 8. Indians. 308 Number and character of our measurements of the Indian race. Their mean height greater than that of white soldiers. Extreme statures observed; probable individual variation and error of mean. Length of head and neck, and of body. The former larger, the latter smaller, than in the white race. Variation for individuals; probable error of mean value. Distance from finger-tip to patella greater than for blacks. Its shortness due to the very great length of the arm. The length of body and thigh would increase this dimension. Probable individual variation and error of mean. Extreme values observed. Length of legs, intermediate between the white and the black. Table of mean values for length above and below the knee. Probable variation for individuals, and error of mean. Length of arm the most prominent characteristic of the Indian race. It exceeds that of the white, in the mean, by more than lj inches. Mean value, with probable variation and error. Maximum and minimum values observed. Mean length of upper arm, with probable variation, probable error and range. Comparative table of arm-dimensions for the three races. Ratio of lower to upper arm; and of leg to arm. Breadth and girth of neck, "with probable variations and error of mean. Breadth of pelvis, greater than for blacks or whites. Circumference of waist, greater than for the other races. Circumference around hips; probable variation and probable error. Circumference of chest greater than for the white soldiers. The play of chest in breathing apparently not so great. Table of mean chest-measurements for the three races. Extreme values of chest-dimensions at inspiration and expiration. Distance between eyes is as large as for the full blacks. Mean width of the eyes between that of whites and of blacks. Length of foot seems but slightly greater than for whites. SYNOPSIS. 635 The number of measurements inadequate. The heel is no longer than in white men. But the thickness of the foot is greater. Table VII. - Mean Dimensions of Iroquois Indians. 311 9. Abnormal Cases. 312 Three dwarves of German descent measured in Washington. Quetelet's measures of Tom Thumb. That dwarf was at the time but 13 years old; these are older. Measures of the so-called " Australian Children." Note regarding these two beings, and their alleged origin. The dimensions of the so-called " Aztecs " might well be compared with these. Their Australian origin is not vouched for. Table VIII. - Results of Physical Examination of three Dwarves, and the two "Austra- lian Children." 313 10. General Inferences. 315 Some mean values of the principal dimensions and proportions. Table IX.- Comparison of Mean Dimensions. 316- A few points invite mention here as being important. Ratio between lower and upper arm for different classes and race's. Average value of this ratio; students highest, Indians last. Length of hand in white men, according to Vogt. The ratio between the two parts of the leg shows no such relation. No ethnological significance in ratio between arm to leg. Distance of eyes follows the same order of races. Four other ratios appear to possess ethnological significance. Foot note illustrative of- their relatiohs in comparative anatomy. Elements of uncertainty in determining width of shoulders. Difficulties in measuring the true distance between the acromia. Variation of this dimension according to mode of life. Relation between length of body and length of arm. Mean values of this proportion; white students are first in order, and mulattoes last. Proportion between lengths of upper arm and of body. In arrangement on this basis, Indians are first, mulattoes last. Proportion between length of upper arm and width of shoulders, at acromia. Proportion between distance of the acromia and length of body. Mean values of this proportion, showing a sequence in which also Indians are first and mulattoes last. Significance of the position of mulattoes, in scales of progression. Length of head and neck; distance from medial line to finger-tip. Order of races as regards breadth of pelvis and circumference of hips. Marked characteristics for white, red, and black races respectively. Characteristics of students and sailors as compared with soldiers. Simple numerical ratios between normal dimensions of body do not exist Supposed relations which are not corroborated by our data. Origin bf the popular theories or impressions on the subject. Analogy drawn from the history of astronomy. This subject better examined by the light of results in next chapter. Farther discussion on these topics, from our results, is left for others. Some promising fields of research indicated. Tabulated records will be preserved in a form for easy consultation. CHAPTER IX. MEAN PROPORTIONS OF BODY. 1. Preliminary. 321 Results of last chapter satisfactory; variations for some groups large. The means typical for groups containing more than 300 men. 636 SYNOPSIS. The mean age is usually below that of full stature. Therefore the mean dimensions are smaller than belong to mean age. The dimensions, when expressed in terms of the stature show less variation. This assumes a proportional growth for all parts after age of 18. Also that the same type of form belongs to men of the same class. Our assumption maj* be tested by the law of probability. If warrantable, we may determine the normal form apart from its magnitude. If unwarrantable, this fact will be disclosed by the discordances. Characteristic differences between human types thus manifested. Exceptions to this statement. The limits of normal variation form part of the typical character. Small comparative variation in size of the head. ' Height to the 7th cervical vertebra might have been a better unit. The results of Chapter V. are directly applicable to those found here. Reduction of measurements of 23 685 men to decimals of stature. Necessary hypothesis. Its test possible and desirable. The records of relative dimensions are carefully preserved. Tables of assortment computed for each dimension. Amount of labor involved. Satisfactory character of results. A close approximation to typical proportions seems attained. The present research does not aim at any exhaustive discussion. Opportunity for obtaining important anthropological knowledge. The classes and races are here considered in same order as in Chapter VIII. Scale of relative dimensions published by Bougery and Jacob. Their values in general corroborated by those here deduced. 2. White Soldiers. 325 Head and Neck. Extreme range of the mean values in the nineteen groups. This range is less than one seventh of that in the actual dimensions. Constancy of the mean value in all the larger groups. Maximum and minimum mean values for the nativity-groups. Probable variation for individuals and probable error of mean. Discordances found in actual dimensions disappear in the relative. Results deduced from the earlier series. Length of Body. • 325 Table of results for different nativities, from each series. Predominance for certain nativities in Chapter VIII. is due to stature. Distance from Finger tip to Patella. 326 Variable character of this dimension. Its limits. Probable individual variation; error of mean. Height to Perinseum. 327 Values for different nativity-groups. Probable variation and error of mean. Extreme values. Results from the earlier series of measures. Perinaeum to Pubes. 327 Value for sailors only, among white men. Corresponding total height to pubes. Height to Knee. 327 Average proportional value; range of variation with nativity. Probable variation and error of mean. Table of ratios between height to knee and length of thigh. These ratios differ from those deduced from actual dimensions. Breadth of Neck. 328 Mean value; variation for different nativities. Probable variation and error of mean. Results of the earlier series of measures. Girth of Neck. 328 SYNOPSIS. 637 Mean value and variation with the nativity. Probable variation and error of mean. Breadth of Shoulders. 329 Maximum and minimum mean value between acromia for nativity-groups. Results deduced from those measurements which appear entitled to frill reliance. Table of results for arm and shoulder measures, by nativities. Range of mean values for full breadth in the later series. Mean values for full breadth in the earlier series. Breadth of Pelvis. 330 Mean value; its small Variation in different nativities. It is less for Western than for Eastern men, in the United States. Probable variation and error of mean. Value from the earlier series; this was probably width of hins. Circumference of Chest. 331 Means at inspiration and at expiration; amount of play. They corroborate the inferences from actual dimensions. Probable variation and error of mean. Mean values from the earlier series. Girth of Waist. 331 Range of the means for the several nativities. This dimension is affected by the age. Means of determining the relations. Probable variation and error of mean. Final values. Distance between Nipples. 332 The mean value is less than one eighth of the height. Extreme values found. Circumference around Hips. 332 Range of mean values for different nativities. Probable variation and error of mean for natives of New England States. Length from middle of Sternum to Finger-tip. 332 The mean value is largely more than half the height. Range of mean values by nativities. Probable variation and error small. Length of Arm. 332 The variation very small and accordant with that found above. The accordance confirms our results in each case. Length from acromion process to elbow. The measures of this dimension are yet more accordant. Probable individual variations and errors of mean. Table of ratios between upper'dnd lower arm, also between leg and arm. Agreement in length of arm as measured from acromion and from armpit. Comparison of results from earlier and later series of measurements. Table of ratios between mean length of leg and of arm from earlier series. Caution in drawing inferences from results by different examiners. Length of Foot. 334 Range of mean values for the several nativities. Probable individual variations and error of mean. Extreme values. The mean proportional dimensions are given in Chapter VIII. Table I. - Mean Proportional Dimensions of White Soldiers. Later Series. 336 Table II. - Mean Proportional Dimensions of White Soldiers. Earlier Series. 340 3. Sailors. 342 The interval from finger-tip to patella is larger than for soldiers. Explanation by greater length of thighs and less slope of shoulders. Comparative table of height to knee, and distance from knee to perimeum. Marines and clothed sailors give values like those for white soldiers. Inferences from the actual dimensions confirmed by the relative ones. Distance from perinaeum to the symphysis pubis. The height to pubes a little more than one half the stature. Distance between nipples relatively and actually greater than in soldiers. Length of arms less than for soldiers, however measured. 638 SYNOPSIS. Table of lengths of upper and lower arm, and of ratio between leg and arm. Ratio between the two parts of arm i$ modified by increase of lower portion. Between the two parts of the leg the reverse is the case. The whole arm is shorter, the leg decidedly longer. The foot is relatively longer than for soldiers, by about one fiftieth. Table III. - Mean Proportional Dimensions of Sailors. 344 4. Students. 344 The relative length of body less for the students than for the soldiers. The height to knee is greater by about the same amount. Lower arm is shorter, upper arm also slightly so. Shoulders are broader, and play of chest in breathing is greater. AU lateral dimensions are smaller. Mean age was less, which may afford a partial explanation. Average weight was five pounds less. Table IV. - Mean Proportional Dimensions of Students. 346 5. Colored Troops. 347 The characteristic differences are like those found in the last chapter. But they are more trustworthy, and their typical character more evident. Distance from finger-tip to patella is most characteristic dimension. For full blacks it averages less than three fifths as much as for whites. This is owing to their longer arms and shorter bodies. Comparative table of these dimensions for blacks, mulattoes, and whites. Length of both parts of leg and of ann greater in blacks than in whites. Comparative table for length of parts of arm. Comparative table of ratios between the two parts of arm and of leg. Waist and pelvis smaller in mulattoes than in whites, less yet in negroes. Comparative table for distance between nipples. Foot is much longer than in whites. In mulattoes it is intermediate. Table V. - Mean Proportional Dimensions of Full Blacks. 350 Table VI. - Mean Proportional Dimensions of Mulattoes. 352 6. Indians. 354 The distance from finger-tip to knee is nearly as small as for black men. This is owing to their very long arms. Length of head and neck less, that of body greater, than for any other class. This result might be given by an erroneous habit of measuring. The measurements of Indians were all made by Dr. Buckley. The difference appears too large to be thus explained, but should be tested. The lateral dimensions are much larger than in whites. The most maiked diversity from whites is in the length of forearm. The measures of whites and Indians by Dr. Buckley should be compared. Table of mean results deduced from Dr. Buckley's measures only. The diversity is thus seen not to be due to any peculiarity in the measurer. Some values of probable individual variation and mean error, from men in usual vigor. Table VII. - Mean Proportional Dimensions of Iroquois Indians. 356 7. Abnormal Cases. 356 Conversion of actual dimensions of last chapter into relative ones. Table VIII. - Proportional Dimensions, of certain Dwarves, etc. 357 8. Deductions and General Remarks. 357 Table IX. - Comparison of Mean Values of Proportional Dimensions. 358 From this table we may best estimate characteristic forms. SYNOPSIS. Order of classes and races examined, according to distance between eyes. The same according to relative length of feet. . Red man preeminent in length of body and of arms; black man in that of legs. Classification by mobility of thorax. Superiority of the white race in this respect; inferiority of mulattoes. Large diversity in the dimension 4J among white men. Only the soldiers represent the populatibn of the land. Difference between dimension 4| and the height to neck less than that to knees. The soldiers differ here from the other classes in the slope of shoulders. The mean values of. They may be safely adopted for scientific or artistic purposes. Numerical determinations desirable in biological researches. The statistical method also applicable to researches in inanimate nature. Many individuals are needed for determining normal limits of variation. Absurdity of determining characteristics of a type from a single specimen. The fact of typicality must be established, as well as the type. Simple numerical ratios exist in the human type only approximately. Freedom of the creative energy; only limited when a purpose is to be attained. Symmetry and harmony are perfect when requisite; otherwise dispensed with. Incommensurability not inconsistent with nature's higher symmetry. Supposed harmonic relations not confirmed by these investigations. Carus regards the normal dimensions as measurable by the length of hand. Table of his results with their equivalents in decimals of stature. These are near approximations to the true values. The smallness of his unit masks the small error of results. A larger amount of material might have modified his views. Schadow's theories in his PolyHet. He considers the height of the head as two fifteenths of the stature. We have not the height of head without the neck. The head and neck together stand in no simple relation to the stature. He considers the foot a better unit of measure than the head. Vitruvius made its length one sixth of the stature. Schadow's own measures did not confirm this hypothesis. Our results show that it has no simple ratio to the height. Zeising's theory of extreme and mean ratio. Nature of this theory. Inferences therefrom. Its analogy with deductions from phyllotaxis and similar laws in zoology. Theoretical and inductive arguments for these views. Zeising considers dimensions determined by muscular outlines. Numerical proportions deducible from this theory. Our dimensions have reference, so far as may be, to the bony frame. Where comparable with Zeising's inferences, they do not confirm them. Remark of Zeising as to the ideal character of his inferences. Careful and thorough spirit exhibited in his investigations. Yet our more copious data show an absence of simple numerical proportion. Liharzik's theory of harmonic relations. Results deduced regarding proportions of body. Relations in detail between different portions of the body. His inferences also apply to the law of growth. Our results do not corroborate these deductions. Liharzik's treatise on the square of 7 as the basis of human symmetry. Brent's hypothesis of numerical ratios in proportions of the human body. List of such ratios, supposed by him to exist. Tested by our measurements, these also fail of confirmation. Similar suppositions by Silbermann and others. Beauty in organized form seems independent of simple numerical ratios. Nor does observation render their existence probable. 640 SYNOPSIS. CHAPTER X. DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS OF HEAD. 1. Statistics collected. 366 Several of the prescribed measurements were erroneously made. But the information thus attained may afford some compensation. This is the case with the cranial dimensions, as also with those of the body. Superciliary ridge sometimes used instead of frontal eminence. This erroneous method corrected as soon as discovered. Instructions as to the mode of measuring. Catalogue of cranial dimensions actually measured and tabulated. Mode of measurement of these in the earlier series. Difficulties of the problem; impossibility of precision. Want of well marked points; necessity of diversity of judgement. These difficulties greatly enhanced by the flesh, and by the hair. Degree of confidence due the present results. Two other head-measures recommended. 2. Linear Measures of Heads of White Soldiers. 368 Results from the two series of measurements are here also kept distinct. Assortment by nativity as in Chapters V., VIII., IX. Measurements over the brows compared with those over frontal eminence. The former are the least trustworthy. The two mean values differ less than might have been anticipated. Table I. - Mean Dimensions of Heads of White Soldiers. Later Series. 369 Diversity between the mean values for different nativities. Relation of size of the head to that of the body. The girth of head is greatest for those groups whose mean stature is largest. Similar inference regarding the length of the head. The next table was prepared in order to determine this point. The size of head appears to vary with stature, though not in same proportion. Heads of the tallest men are absolutely the largest, relatively the smallest. Illustrations of this inference. Table IL - Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of White Soldiers. Later Series. 372 Results from earlier series are differently classified by nativities. Description of the measurements in that series. Degree of uncertainty attending them, and warrantable assumptions. Table III. - Mean Dimensions, Actual and Relative, of Heads of White Soldiers. Earlier Series. 373 Remarks upon the indications of the foregoing table. Values obtained by combining the results of both series. 3. Linear Measures of Heads of other White Men. 374 The first two dimensions were measured over the brows for many of the sailors. Comparison of the two resultant values of each dimension. Description of the next six tables. Table IV. - Mean Dimensions of Heads of Sailors. 375 Table V. - Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of Sailors. 377 Those sailors only are assorted by nativities who were measured naked. Table VI.- Mean Dimensions of Heads of Students. 378 Table VII. - Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of Students. 378 Table VIII. - Mean Dimensions of Heads of Dwarves, etc. 378 Table IX. - Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of Dwarves, etc. 379 The law concerning ratio of head to body holds for dwarves. Their heads are absolutely smaller, yet relatively larger, than the normal size. Microcephalic character of the two so-called Australian children, the most striking feature Notwithstanding the difference in size of these heads, their width varies little. SYNOPSIS. 641 Wide variation of relative cranial dimensions in Table IX. The relative circumference varies in the ratio of five to two. The relative length over the top of head differs nearly as three and one. 4. Linear Measures of Heads of Other Races. 379 Description of the tables. Table X. - Mean Dimensions of the Heads of Blacks and Indians. 380 Table XI. - Mean Relative Dimensions of Heads of Blacks and Indians. 380 5. General Inferences from the Linear Measures. 381 Table XII. - Comparison of Mean Dimensions of Head. 381 The values for white soldiers are derived from both series. Horizontal circumference. Its significance. Its mean value for different races varies very slightly. Its maximum is for the full blacks; its minimum for the Indians. The Indian breadth of face is especially large. Width between angles of jaws, for students, affected by personal error. This width is smallest for white men. Width between the condyloid processes smallest for blacks. These relations are simple when width at the hinge is considered. Frontal semicircumferenee small for all the white groups. Occipital semicircumferenee relatively large, especially for students. Large lateral semicircumferences in mulattoes. Inference from these facts. Loss of cerebral space at forehead overbalanced by shape of head. Table XIII. - Comparison of Proportional Dimensions of Head. 383 Explanation of the preceding table. Ethnical distinctions appear manifest in each of the nine columns. Comments upon these characteristic differences. Position of mulattoes relatively to their component races. They frequently differ more from the whites than the full blacks do. The last six columns of Table XIII. contain ratios only. Frontal circumference smaller than the occipital in white men. With Indians, full blacks, and mulattoes, the reverse is the case. Ratios of the transverse semicircumferences to their common diameter. Ratios of the longitudinal to the transverse semicircumferenee. Ratios of the horizontal to the transverse semicircumferenee. Ratios of the two longitudinal peripheries in perpendicular planes. 6. Facial Angles. 384 Unsatisfactory character and discordance of the recorded measures. The personal differences have however proved tolerably constant. Listrument contrived for measuring facial angles. Description of the manner of its use. The measures in the earlier series are especially discordant. Amount of the discrepancy, and consequent untrustworthiness. The results of earlier series are only given solely for their historical interest. Probable origin of the discordances. Table XIV. - Mean Facial Angles according to the Earlier Series. 387 The later series contains two classes of results. In the first and smaller, the superciliary ridge was used for measuring the angle. In the second, the frontal eminence was used. Investigation of personal differences for the second class. Reference to the mean of seven examiners, for white soldiers and sailors. Method of computation. Second method employed as a control; accordance of the results. Table of corrections thus obtained, for each examiner and each nativity. 41 642 SYNOPSIS. Personal error in measurements of negroes, similarly determined. The different standards of reference preclude any fair comparison. The inferiority of numbers alone would render the values for the latter less trustworthy. Table of corrections for personal error in facial angles of colored men. Influence of certain abnormal results upon the mean. Different method requisite, for comparing these two races of men. Mean differences between the races as obtained by each examiner independently. Table of excess of facial angle for whites above negroes, thus deduced. Explanation of an apparent incongruity. Superior value of facial angles of negroes born in the Free States. This cannot be exclusively due to personal equation. Nevertheless some yet different method of determination appears desirable. Results available for a more detailed investigation. Table XV. - Mean Facial Angles as determined by each Examiner. 392 The personal equation seems to vary with the class of men measured. Possible explanation by difference of habitude at different times. Mean result for each examiner compared with that of each other one. This done for each one of five classes of men examined. The several determinations from each class combined for preliminary values. Measurements by Major Wales proved discordant and were excluded. Certain other measurements omitted from preliminary determinations. Twenty-three values for personal differences between nine examiners. These subject to restrictions of thirty-six absolute conditions. Manner of determining the corrections, by the theory of probabilities. Correlatives of equations of condition; application to this problem. Details of the process. The numerical solution of thirty-six equations became necessary. At the second solution, indirect methods were found adequate. Table of personal equations of twelve examiners, referred to Mr. Phinney as standard. Out of eighty distinct personal equations only four required essential change. Details of the personal equation " Russell-Myers." Tabular view of discrepancies of Major Wales's results. Table XVI. - Mean Facial Angles corrected for Personal Equation. 397 The mean value for Indians surpasses that for whites. Facial angle of negroes greater for those born in Free States. The high values for students and Indians are not due to personal equation. Table XVII. - Mean Facial Angles of White Soldiers and Sailors, corrected for Personal. Equation. 398 The facial angle does not seem to vary with the nativity. No group comprising 400 men differs from mean of all by 5 minutes. The absolute values are referred to Mr. Phinney as a standard. His mean result is closely accordant with that of the best examiners. The mean value 72.°1, for white men, must be less than O.°2 in error. That for negroes, whether of pure or mixed race, is between 69° and 70°. Table XVIII. -Greatest and least Facial Angles observed. 399 Facial angle is larger when determined by the superciliary ridge. Table of mean excess of angles thus measured by different examiners. Origin of the variations in this excess. Mean excess of the facial angle when thus measured is about 5°. For negroes this excess would scarcely amount to 6°. CHAPTER XI. WEIGHT AND STRENGTH. 1. Determinations of Weight, and its Relation to Stature. 401 The observations were recorded to the nearest half pound. Weight of the clothing has been deducted from the results throughout. Results of twenty-four determinations of weight of clothing. SYNOPSIS. 643 Table I. - Average, Weight of Men examined. 402 Regret that the units of the metric system were not employed. Table II. - Average Weight of White Soldiers, by Nativities. Earlier Series. 402 Table III. - Average Weight of White Soldiers by Nativities. Later Series. 403 Trustworthiness of these results, as tested by the law of error. Average variation from the mean, and probable error of mean. Table IV. -Average Weight of Colored Men. 404 The variations by nativity must resemble those of the mean stature. Tables prepared showing ratio of weight to stature for the nativity-groups. These are deduced from computation of each individual case. Distribution of single determinations examined and tested. All these ratios are for men in usual vigor. Table V. - Ratio of Weight to Stature for White Soldiers. Earlier Series. 405 Table VI. - Ratio of Weight to Stature for White Soldiers and Sailors. Later Series. 405 Average variation from mean and probable error of mean. Table VII. - Ratio of Weight to Stature for other Classes of Men. 406 Were this ratio constant, these results would afford valuable tables. But such an assumption is far from correct. This will be evident upon assortment of the ratios by height of the men. A progressive increase is manifest in the ratio of weight to stature. This is partly due to incomplete lateral growth for the lower statures. Yet this explanation will not account for the whole phenomenon. Table VIII. - Mean Weights of White Men, by Height. 407 Table IX. - Aggregate Mean Weight of White Men, by Height,and Ratio to Stature. 408 In similar bodies of same material, the masses must vary as cubes of the heights. Weights of men would vary in same ratio were their proportions identical. But the average proportions differ in men of different statures. Two sources of difference; degree of development and personality. These distinguishable'only by a classification according to age and stature. Such classification is given in the next following section. Disregarding age, the mean weights here vary as the squares of the statures. This is clearly shown by Table X. for the military ages. The average growth in height the product of growths in breadth and thickness. Table X. - Theoretical Weights for different Statures, and Comparison with Observa- tion. 409 The fact here elicited was observed by Quetelet. His statement. From limited materials he suggested what proves to be the real law. Its application seems far more complete than he suspected. Even from the age of 16 years it appears to hold good. Weights corresponding to this law for statures from 15 to 55 inches. These weights are evidently larger than <the true ones. Quetelet's results apparently too small. Possible explanation. Data are not sufficient to show limits of application of the law. Table from Quetelet of mean weight of Belgian males, reduced to inches and pounds. Hutchinson's results for mean weight of Englishmen. Table of these results after deducting estimated weight of clothing. Hutchinson's conclusions as to ratio of weight to stature. Average weight to the inch according to our own statistics. Mean weight of British recruits 1860-61, with corresponding age and stature. Weight, with age and stature, of French mounted chasseurs. Alleged mean weight and stature for four European nations. The relations between their weight and height compared with Table VIII. Variation in weight between men of the same stature. Table XI. - Limits of Weight observed at different Statures. White Soldiers, Ear- lier Series. 414 Table XII. - Limits of Weight observed at different Statures. White Soldiers, Later Series. 415 For the other races of men our statistics are inadequate. The indications are in favor of the existence of a similar law for them. 644 SYNOPSIS. Table XIII. - Mean Weights of Negroes and Indians, by Height. 416 Modulus for mean weight of full blacks, in pounds, from stature, in inches. Table XIV.- Theoretical Weights of Full Blacks for different Statures. 417 The accordances not so close as for white men. The same law probable for mulattoes and for Indians, but with other moduli. Table XV. - Limits of Weight observed in each Class of Men examined. 418 2. Relation of Weight to Age. 418 This subject investigated by Quetelet. All our data have been assorted by the double arguments, age and stature. The tables XVI. to XXIV., present the mean values for the groups thus formed. Our aim is simply to provide a trustworthy basis for investigation. The ratios of weight to stature afford the best means of research. The mean lateral growth with the age will thus be distinctly shown. It will be found somewhat less than was inferred by Quetelet. Description of the next eleven tables. Table XVI. - Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height. Earlier Series. 420 Table XVII. - Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height. Later Series. 423 Table XVIII. - Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Age and Height. Both Series. 426 Table XIX.- Mean Weights of Sailors, by Age and Height. 429 Table XX. - Mean Weights of Students, by Age and Height. 430 Table XXL - Mean Weights of Full Blacks, by Age and Height. 431 Table XXII. - Mean Weights of Mulattoes, by Age and Height. 432 Table XXIII. - Mean Weights of all Neyoes, by Age and Height. 433 Table XXIV. - Mean Weights of Iroquois Indians, by Age and Height. 434 Table XXV.- Mean Weights of White Men, by Age. 435 Table XXVI. - Mean Weights of Negroes and Indians, by Age. 437 The groups for ages above 45 years are too small for trustworthy inferences. For ages from 15 to 45 the results must be nearly correct. The mean increase between the ages 21 and 45 scarcely exceeds five pounds. Sailors and students were excluded in the preparation of Table XXVII. Table XXVII. - Empirical Table of Weight by Age, from White Soldiers. 438 Table XXVIII. - Limits of Weight observed at different Ages. Earlier Series. 439 Table XXIX. - Limits of Weight observed at different Ages. Later Series. 440 3. Relation of Weight to Circumference of Chest. 440 Mode of investigating lateral growth by the tables of the last section. The arrangement of those in this section is analogous. Manner of determining the circumference of the chest. In earlier series, no rule existed as to the degree of inflation. In later series, mean taken between girths at inspiration and expiration. The tables XXX. to XXX VIII., are analogous to tables XVI. to XXIV. The two tables XXXIX. and XL., show the results by circumference of chest only. Table XXX. - Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Height and Circumference of Chest. Earlier Series. 442 Table XXXI. - Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Height and Circumference of Chest. Later Series. 444 Table XXXII. - Mean Weights of White Soldiers, by Height and Circumference of Chest. Both Series. 446 Table XXXIII. - Mean Weights of Sailors, by Height and Circumference of Chest. 448 Table XXXIV. - Mean Weights of Students, by Height and Circumference of Chest. 449 Table XXXV. - Mean Weights of Full Blacks, by Height and Circumference of Chest. 450 Table XXXVI. - Mean Weights of Mulattoes, by Height and Circumference of Chest. 451 Table XXXVII. - Mean Weights of all Negroes, by Height and Circumference of Chest. 452 Table XXXVIII. - Mean Weights of Iroquois Indians, by Height and Circumference of Chest. 453 Table XXXIX. - Mean Weights of White Men, by Circumference of Chest. 454 Table XL. - Mean Weights of Negroes and Indians, by Circumference of Chest. 456 SYNOPSIS. Table XLI. - Empirical Table for Weight, by Circumference of Chest, for White Sol- diers. 457 4. Determinations of Muscular Strength. 448 Only the lifting, or renal, force has been measured in these researches. Description and representations of the dynamometers employed. They are not so portable as Regnier's, but are free from its faults. Comparisons of results require comparisons of the instruments. Only few sets of strength-determinations are on record, and these small. Regnier's results for strength of Parisians. P£ron first employed the dynamometers for ethnological purposes. Discrepancy of his results obtained in the Southern Exploring Expedition. Detection and correction of the error, by Freycinet. True results of Pdron's measures. Mean strength of natives of New Holland. natives of Island of Timor. French members of the expedition. English colonists of Port Jackson. Ransonnet's measurements of strength of French sailors. Quetelet's measurements of strength of Belgians. These values Quetelet regarded as probably too low. Mean lifting strength for the different classes of men here examined. With the earlier series are combined many rebel prisoners. Their strength was about 50 lbs. less than that of U. S. soldiers. Table XLII. -Average Lifting Strength of Men examined. 460 Table XLIII. - Mean Lifting Strength of White Soldiers, in Usual Vigor, by Ages. 461 The inadequacy of number at each age may be remedied by empirical curve. This curve will, within the limits of military age, closely resemble a hyperbola. The maximum value is 362 lbs. for the age of 31 years. Table XLIV. - Empirical Table, for Strength of White Soldiers. 462 These values differ from those found by Forbes for Edinburgh students. The difference from his Scotch students is constant after the age of His number of English and Irish was too small for trustworthy resul Our values exceed those found by other investigators. They are largely in excess of Quetelet's for ages above 30. Forbes's values are empirical, and deduced graphically. His statement of Quetelet's values for Belgians is similarly deduced. Comparison of Forbes's results with each other and with our own. Table of differences between the several determinations, by age. Form of curve of strength by age, according to our results for soldiers. Comparison with the form of Quetelet's curve. Extremely large values given by Forbes, especially for the Irish. They surpass our results for any class, not excepting Indians. Our observations of strength of the sailors make it less than that of soldiers. The same had been inferred from observations of Ransonnet. Table XLV.- Mean Lifting Strength of Sailors, in Usual Vigor. 464 For students our numbers are too small for safe inferences. Their mean strength is less than that of the soldiers of same age. But it is very slightly greater than that found for sailors. Table XLV1. - Mean Lifting Strength of Students, in Usual Vigor. 464 The strength of black and red races is shown in the next two tables. The full blacks were found to be weaker than white men. The mulattoes proved somewhat stronger than the whites. Table XLVII. - Mean Lifting Strength of Negroes, in Usual Vigor. 465 Table XLVITI.- Mean Lifting Strength of Iroquois Indians. 466 The relations between strength and stature formed one of the subjects proposed in this investigation. So also did those between strength and weight. 646 SYNOPSIS. These investigations were prevented by the amount of other labor. Table XLIX. - Greatest Lifting Strength observed, with Characteristics of Individual. 466 The maximum here exceeds the maximum observed by Regnier, by 24 lbs. The mean strength considerably exceeds twice the weight. CHAPTER XII. PULMONARY CAPACITY. 1. Preliminary. 468 Construction of the spirometers employed. They are similar to ordinary gas-meters, with slight modifications. Experience has shown them to be convenient and accurate. Conditions to be fulfilled in their construction. Representations of their form and interior arrangement. The mean of three expirations has been used as the capacity of lungs. Ordinarily the second trial gave the largest value of the three. This volume of air is not the highest value attainable by the individual. Nor is the highest value attainable a measure of the full capacity. Hutchinson's classification of the supplies of air in the chest. His definition of " vital capacity." Use of the phrase " pulmonary capacity " in this chapter. Table I. - Average Capacity of Lungs in different Classes of Men. 471 Extreme values recorded for individuals in the twelve classes. Marked inferiority of the values observed in the black race. Ratio between volume of air exhaled, and the size and mobility of thorax, etc. Our tabulations are arranged to afford evidence regarding existing theories. Summary of Hutchinson's results on subjects of these observations. Influence of height, weight, age, disease, size, and mobility of chest, etc. Evident carefulness and trustworthiness of his investigations. Some of the inferences should be considerably modified. Our twelvefold number of observations overbalances any inferiority in accuracy. 2. Relation to Stature. 473 Tables showing mean capacity found for each tenth of inch in stature. The values varied too much to indicate any regular curve. No gain is effected by making the intervals less than an inch. Our tables, here give mean capacity and stature for inches of height. Table II. - Mean Pulmonary Capacity of White Soldiers in Usual Vigor, by Height. 474 The mean capacity increases systematically, with the stature. Neither the regularity nor amount are so great as Hutchinson supposed. The normal increase for each inch is about 6| cubic inches. The results from sailors and students lead to similar inferences. Number of cases insufficient for deducing a typical mean at any inch of stature for either sailors or students. Individual variations here are as great as for other physical dimensions. Reliance due our results in Tables I. and II. may be easily tested. Table III. - Assortment, by Pulmonary Capacity, of White Soldiers, in Usual Vigor, 67 Inches high. 475 Probable individual variation, and probable error of mean value. Accordance between theoretical and actual distribution. Table IV. -Pulmonary Capacity of White Men in usual vigor, by Height. 476 The records for men not in usual vigor have not been studied minutely. The mean values are aggregated in the next table. Table V. - Pulmonary Capacity of White Men not in Usual Vigor, by Height. 477 Comparison between whites and blacks here exhibits a striking difference. Results presented are deduced only from men in full vigor. SYNOPSIS. 647 Table VI. - Pulmonary Capacity of Negroes in Usual Vigor, by Height. 478 Table VII. - Pulmonary Capacity of Indians in Usual Vigor, by Height. 479 The number of Indians did not allow symmetrical distribution by stature. This fact is also manifest in difference from whites, in capacity of lungs. We may construct normal curves of lung-capacity graphically. These show that it increases regularly with the height. The rate for white men is about 6 cubic inches for each inch of stature. The values in the next table have thus been deduced. Table VIII. - Empirical Determination of Pulmonary Capacity, by Stature. 480 Close accordance between these empirical .values and those observed. Inferior limit of application of this law. 3. Relation to Length of Body. 480 Differences in height are dependent upon the length of the legs. Hence dimensions of thorax would seem a better basis of assortment. Hutchinson's investigations led him to reject this idea. He inferred that size of chest has no relation to pulmonary capacity. Quotations from his memoir, bearing on this point. Our more copious materials demanded a repetition of this inquiry. The results are contained in the next following section. Tabulation of our results according to the length of the body proper. This length is the distance from perinaeum to 7th cervical vertebra. Its variation in individuals is more restricted than that of the height. Inferences from this tabulation. Pulmonary capacity is less related to length of body than to height. A graphic representation of this relation shows not a straight but a curved line. The accordance'with individual determinations is not so good. The maximum capacity belongs to a length of body of about 30 inches. Table IX. - Pulmonary Capacity of White Soldiers, by Length of Body. 482 Table X. - Pulmonary Capacity of White Men, by Length of Body 483 Table XI. - Pulmonary Capacity of Negroes, by Length of Body. 484 Table XII. - Pulmonary Capacity of Indians, by Length of Body. 485 Table XIII. - Empirical Determination of Pulmonary Capacity, by Length of Body 486 Length of body seems related to lung-capacity, only as representing a mean stature. Men of same stature do not show a capacity varying with length of body. Men of the same length of body do not show a capacity varying with stature. Table XIV. -Pulmonary Capacity, by Length of Body, for White Soldiers 67 Inches high. 487 4. Relation to Circumference of Chest. Mean circumference of chest for white men in usual vigor. The same relation is not indicated for the physical dimensions as for stature. This is shown by the facts developed in the last section. The range of variation, for a given stature, often exceeds that of the stature itself. This circumstance explains the apparent difficulty. The ratio of girth of chest to height is subject to great fluctuations. Hutchinson's inference and explanation. Our results do not corroborate the general inference. This will be seen from the next five tables. The relation of lung-capacity to circumference of chest is clearly marked. The curve which represents it for white soldiers differs little from a straight line. Table XV. - Pulmonary Capacity of White Soldiers, by Circumference of Chest. 489 Table XVI. - Pulmonary Capacity of White Men, by Circumference of Chest. 490 Table XVII. - Pulmonary Capacity of Negroes, by Circumference of Chest. 491 Table XVIII. - Pulmonary Capacity of Indians, by Circumference of Chest. 492 Table XIX. - Empirical Determination of Pulmonary Capacity, by Circumference of Chest. 493 648 SYNOPSIS. 5. Relation to Play of Chest. Difference between "play of chest" and actual change in size of thorax. One is the difference between exterior girth at full inspiration and at full expiration. The other expansion is both laterally and downwards. Ordinary breathing is accomplished by a different process from that here used. In unconscious respiration the expansion is chiefly downward. And the lateral expansion is rather abdominal than thoracic. Motion of the ribs in men is often nearly imperceptible. Its average amount Hutchinson found not more than one thirtieth of an inch. The deep inspiratory movement here considered is very different. Increase of sectional thoracic area is not proportional to that of girth. Our results therefore apply to an unusual mode of respiration. Yet they must bear some relation to the amount ordinarily respired. And this latter amount cannot well be directly measured. Tables XX.-XXII. show the mean capacity found for six classes, by play of chest. This tabulation was originally made by tenths of inches. Table XX. -Pulmonary Capacity of White Men, by Play of Chest. 495 Table XXI. - Pulmonary Capacity of Negroes, by Play of Chest. 496 Table XXII. - Pulmonary Capacity of Indians, by Play of Chest. 497 Tabular view of the mean play of chest in the several classes. These numbers are not proportional to the average pulmonary capacity. 6. Relation to Age. 497 The maximum capacity was found by Hutchinson to be at the age of 35. Our tabulation shows a strongly marked maximum at 21 years. The capacity is then nearly 200 cubic inches. Possible effect of increased strength of muscles of thorax. Table XXIII. - Pulmonary Capacity of While Soldiers in Usual Vigor, by Age. 498 Table XXIV. - Empirical Table for Pulmonary Capacity of White Men, by Age. 499 CHAPTER XIII. RESPIRATION AND PULSE. 1. Preliminary. 500 Uncertainty of observations of the frequency of breathing and pulse. Very slight excitement often modifies the phenomenon. Special precautions were enjoined upon our examiners. Difficulty of maintaining or enforcing the needful conditions. Manner of observation prescribed. These sources of error cannot be supposed entirely obviated. Indications of personal differences are perceptible. Possible explanations of such constant differences. Our limits preclude detailed investigation of personal errors. Improbability that the omission will affect our mean results. The materials remain available for future investigators. The frequency both of pulse and breathing varies with time of day. It is also known that these are affected by the posture. Our observations were chiefly made while the men were standing. But there were many exceptions to this general usage. 2. Respiration, by Age. 501 The frequency of breathing greatest in childhood. Our results show frequency greater for soldiers below, than above, 18 years. It would seem to decrease until puberty, and then to remain constant. SYNOPSIS. 649 Tables of distribution, by age and frequency of respiration. This distribution suggests some misgivings as to our results. More than 1-90 of the records indicate above 20 respirations a minute. For men not in full vigor the proportion is greater still. In the majority of cases the number is stated as 24 to the minute. Suspicions created by this circumstance. It would seem as though the counting had been made for only part of a minute. Injunctions were strict that it should continue for a full minute. And the general fidelity of the. examiners is well established. Wide differences between results of the earlier and of the later series. Hence they are separately presented in all cases. Mr. Fairchild's results are kept distinct from those of Dr. Buckley. The former were made in the winter, and mostly confined to prisoners. It is also clear that the counting was during half a minute only. Table I. - Distribution by Age. and Number of Respirations. Soldiers in Usual Vigor. Earlier Series. 504 Table II. - Distribution by Age and Number of Respirations. Soldiers not in Usual Vigor. Earlier Series. 506 Table III. - Distribution. by Age and Number of Respirations. White Soldiers in Usual Vigor. Later Series. 510 Table IV. - Distribution by Age and Number of Respirations. White Soldiers not in Usual Vigor. Later Series. 512 Table V. - Distribution by Age and Number of Respirations. Full Blacks in Usual Vigor. 514 Table VI. - Distribution by Age and Number of Respirations. Mulattoes in Usual Vigor 516 Table VII. - Distribution by Age and Number of Respirations. Indians. 518 For students and sailors the results are omitted. All the students were examined by Dr. Elsner. Illustrations of systematic error in his countings. His observations both of pulse and respiration are rejected throughout. All his other determinations appear entitled to full confidence. Of the sailors all but 324 were measured by Mr. Phinney. The circumstances were unfavorable for these observations. Consequently no attempt was made to carry them out. The remainder were chiefly examined by Dr. Elsner. The negroes not in usual vigor number in these tables but 294. This comprises both the full blacks and the mulattoes. The two were therefore aggregated in the tabulation. For the men in full vigor we find a wide difference between these classes. Our tables are given in detail in order to permit and invite criticism. They exhibit the weak points of our determinations clearly. Results as tested by the distribution of individual cases. Character of distribution of individual cases among white soldiers. This seems inconsistent with a normally constant typical number. It is equally unexplained by any supposition of carelessness. These results are given more compactly in the next three tables. The mean frequency of respiration seems constant during early manhood. The greater frequency for the black race is conspicuous. The black troops were mostly examined in a warmer climate. Indications that white men breathe more frequently in warm regions. Regret that our limits prevent further inquiry at present. Mr. Fairchild's examinations were chiefly confined to rebel prisoners. This cannot explain the discordance between his results and Dr. Buckley's. There must be some very large personal influence. Table VIII. - Mean Frequency of Respiration, by Age. White Soldiers. Earlier Series. 520 Table IX. - Mean Frequency of Respiration, by Age. White Men. Later Series. 521 Table X. - Mean Frequency of Respiration, by Age. Other Races than the White. 522 Comparative constancy of the mean values for different ages. Greater frequency in the respiration of the blacks. 650 SYNOPSIS. Inferior frequency in the respiration of the Indians. Accelerated respiration in men not in the fullest health. Attempt at determining the true mean value for students. The result agrees with that for white soldiers, later series. 3. Pulse. 523 These statistics have been elaborated in great detail. Their interest is diminished by the limited range of ages. They were collected during ordinary working hours. The subject was usually in the standing posture. The resultant mean frequency is greater than was found by Guy. Table XI. - Mean Frequency of Pulse for different Classes of Men. 523 Distribution of the numbers, tested by law of error. We find no definite ratio between the pulsations and respirations. The two are accelerated by similar influences, but not in the same ratio. The later series gives for white soldiers 4J pulsations to each respiration. The ratio for the Indians is greater, for the negroes less. Values found from the largest group in each class. Theory of Rameaux and Sarrus, cited with favor by Quetelet. This makes the pulse inversely proportional to square of the stature. It gives 70 as the normal number of pulsations for stature of 168.4 centimeters. Our tabulations are entirely at variance with these results. Empirical values from the tabulation. Table XII. -Pulse by Stature. White Soldiers in Usual Vigor. Later Series. CHAPTER XIV. VISION. 1. Statistics collected. 527 Questions regarding vision added during progress of examinations. One asked the greatest distance at which a given print could be read- The other pertained to color-blindness. Character of the print used as test-type. Its value upon Jager's and Snellen's scale. Reasons why Snellen's scale was not employed. Value of our results anthropological, rather than ophthalmic. They contain no measure of the amount of accommodation. Yet so copious data cannot fail to be important. Number of men whose vision was examined. Manner of examination. Experiments with men unable to read. Trials with colored soldiers. 2. Distance of Distinct Vision, for the Test-object. 529 Table I. - Mean Distances for different Classes of Men. 530 Small value found for sailors. Trustworthiness of the determination. Probable explanation of the unexpected result. Possible explanation by want of accommodation. Comparison of range of vision for different classes. Excess of far-sighted, as well as of near-sighted, among students. Table II. - Jfenn Distance for White Soldiers, by Ages. 532 Table III. - Mean Distance for Sailors, by Ages. 533 Table IV. - Mean Distance for Students, by Ages. 533 Table V. - Mean Distance for Full Blacks, by Ages. 534 Table VI. - Mean Distance for Mulattoes, by Ages. 535 Table VII. - Mean Distance for Iroquois Indians, by Ages. 536 SYNOPSIS. 651 The outer limit of distinct vision diminishes with advancing age. Uncertainty as to whether the normal far-point changes. Age of maximum distance of vision. The inner limit increases with the age. So that advancing years curtail the range at each limit. The mean distance for men not in usual vigor is less than for others. Uncertainty of ages of the colored men. Apparent influence of health upon range of vision. Object of the Tables X. to XIII. Inferences from them. The students give a larger proportion of far-sighted and near-sighted than sailors. The distribution for Indians is improved by increasing the size of groups. Their normal distance is about-54 inches; their average distance about 52. Table VIII. - Distribution of Soldiers according to Distance of Vision. 538 Table IX. - Distribution of Sailors according to Distance of Vision. 539 Table X. - Distribution of Students, according to Distance of Vision. 539 Table XI. - Distribution of Full Blacks according to Distance of Vision. 540 Table XII. - Distribution of Mulaltoes according to Distance of Vision. 541 Table XIII. - Distribution of Indians according to Distance of Vision. 542 Proportional number whose outer limiffalls within given distances. Table XIV.-Comparison of the Vision of different Classes of Men. 542 3. Color-blindness. 543 Nature of this peculiarity. Its frequency much greater than is generally supposed. Estimates of the proportion of persons thus affected. One fiftieth of the white men examined by us cannot well discriminate colors. There is another class who do not readily observe contrasts of color. These are not included in our statistics. Table XV. - Number of Color-blind found in each Class of Men. 544 This defect of vision apparently not related to color of the eye. Assortment of these color-blind by hue of the iris. Table XVI. -Color-blindness among White Men, by Nativities. 545 Color-blind assorted by degree of education. The imperfection not connected with social grade. Character of the peculiarity observed in different cases. Incompleteness of this classification, and inferences from it. Cause of color-blindness. Dalton's supposition disproved. It appears due to a limited range in the sensibility of the retina. This view is analogous to that of Seebeck and Helmholtz. What it does, and what it does not, imply. Deductions from this theory. It may be decisively tested by the spectroscope. The proportion in the black and red races much smaller than in the white. Only two instances were found among mulattoes. Among mulatto natives of Slave States, no case was found. More observations needed on this point. CHAPTER XV. MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. 1. Preliminary. 549 Many questions in our schedule could not be here discussed. Problems which might be investigated from our data. A few of these have been partially examined. These minor topics are here collected in a single chapter. Although incongruous, this seems their only place. 652 SYNOPSIS. 2. Condition of Teeth. 549 The general condition of the teeth and the number lost were noted. The statistics on these points are here given for white men only. Table I. -Classification by Number of Teeth lost, and by Age. 550 Table II. - Proportional Distribution by Number of Teeth lost, and by Age. 552 Table III. -Classification by Number of Teeth lost, and by Nativity. 554 Table IV. -Proportional Distribution by Number of Teeth lost, and by Nativity. 556 Explanation of Table V., and mode of its preparation. Table V. - Average Number of Teeth lost, by Age and also by Nativity. 558 Table VI. -Classification by Condition of Teeth, and by Age. 559 Table VII. - Proportional Distribution by Condition of Teeth, and by Age. 560 Table VIII. - Classification by Condition of Teeth, and by Nativity. 561 Table IX. - Proportional Distribution by Condition of Teeth, and by Nativity. 562 3. Baldness. 562 Materials collected bearing on this subject. Interesting researches which they would permit. Only a few tabulations are here undertaken. Table X. - Baldness observed among Soldiers. Earlier Series. 563 Table XI. - Baldness observed among Soldiers. Later Series. 564 Table XII. - Baldness observed among Sailors and Students, by Nativity. 565 Table XIII. - Baldness observed among Negroes, by Nativity. 565 Only one bald negro seen among 2100 others observed in the 25th Army Corps. An assortment by ages of the men when examined is unsatisfactory. Very many of the cases here observed were abnormal. Table of mean ages of bald men examined, and duration of baldness. Most of these cases were clearly owing to disease. No baldness was seen among the Indians. Table XIV. - Baldness observed among Soldiers, by Age when examined. 567 Table XV. - Baldness observed among Negroes, by Age when examined. 567 Table XVI. - Age at which Baldness appeared, in the foregoing Cases. 568 4. Pilosity of Negroes. 568 Mode of obtaining information on this subject. Table of relative pilosity, in comparison with white men. 5. Education. 569 Explanation of the classification of the men on this basis. Table XVII. - Distribution by Education and Nativity. White Soldiers. Later Series. 570 Table XVIII.- Relative Distribution of White Soldiers, by Education and Nativity. 571 Table XIX. - Distribution by Education and Nativity. Sailors. 572 Table XX. - Relative'Distribution of Sailors, by Education and Nativity. 573 Of 11 688 men included in the foregoing tables, 8521 were native Americans. For all of these but 235, we have the parentage. Table XXI. - Parentage of the Native Americans examined. 574 Table XXII. -Parentage of uneducated Native Americans. 574 Comparison of the last two tables. The difference of proportion is insignificant. Table of numbers in Table XXI. reduced to scale of Table XXII. CHAPTER XVI. MILITARY SERVICE. 1. Statistics collected. 576 The greater part, of our statistics are of the strictly military class. They are also connected with questions of health or mortality. SYNOPSIS. 653 From discussion of these the Sanitary Commission anticipated its chief usefulness. Organization of system of Camp Inspections. Object of these inspections. Account of them, and of their results in the History of the Sanitary Commission. About 1500 reports of these inspections are in our archives. Each report contains answers to between 60 and 180 questions. All these have been assorted, tabulated, and discussed. Character of the information which they contain. The Hospital Directory is described in the History of the Commission. Tabulation of daily reports of military hospitals. Prohibition in July 1864, of further information to the Commission. This the first of a series of orders of similar character. These discouragements led to abandonment of the investigations. Similar researches were subsequently undertaken by the Surgeon-General. Materials now in the archives of the Statistical Bureau. The most extensive labor has been upon the monthly regimental returns. Collection of data prosecuted for nearly three years. In October 1865, 32 000 reports had been transcribed and tabulated. These comprised all returns for volunteers except for last three months. Access to the rolls here also suddenly forbidden by the Secretary. Our work brought to a close before Mr. Stanton left office. No means then existed for resuming these investigations. Other vain efforts to procure data for'rendering our statistics available. For want of these data our vast collection of material lies unused. The State Adjutant-generals enabled us to complete the work of collection. Our statistics of the loss and gain, casualties, etc., of the volunteer army, to January 1865, are thus quite complete. For the remaining three months of the war, three fourths of the returns are transcribed. A detailed account of our materials is given in § 3. Inquiry into the effect of forced marches. For this the experience of regiments at Gettysburg is available. Long and hurried marches were made just previous to this battle. Special inquiries to determine the effect upon our men. A few inferences from these are in the final section of this chapter. 2. Camp Inspections. 579 Tabulated and discussed results of these are with our archives. They are too extensive for convenient or useful publication. The diversity of circumstances renders a comparison of averages delusive. We present but one table from these materials. This shows the relative number of camps for each of nine grades of goodness. It comprises twelve principal subjects of inquiry, in each of four periods. The inspection reports chiefly contain verbal statements. These have been translated into a numerical scale. The values of the table indicate the proportionate number in each thousand. Periods employed for this table, number of camps inspected in each period. Table I. - Results of Camp Inspections. Proportionate Numbers. 580 3. Sickness, Mortality, Discharges, etc. 582 Many discordances detected in the records, and adjusted by means of State archives. For the nine months ending February 1862, the data were discussed by Mr. Elliott. In that discussion, the Eastern and Western troops were separately considered. Each of these classes was then serving in its own region. The same is true for the next following six months. The returns for this period have been partially published. During later periods of the war, soldiers from both regions served in each. Our statistics therefore require a classification by armies. A knowledge of the regiments composing each army thus becomes needful. 654 SYNOPSIS. Our materials would then afford a valuable addition to the history of the war. They would give, for every army monthly, the mortality, strength, sanitary con- dition, number of desertions, etc. Without the data required, our vast materials a useless. Final effort of the Commission at the beginning of June 1867. Its failure, although supported bv distinguished statesmen and officers. Our materials are carefully preserved for future use. Very slight official data will suffice to render them valuable. The next two tables show the character of the information they contain. A few of the aggregated summaries are presented in Tables II. and HI. The corresponding proportionate numbers are in Tables IV. and V. Some of the most important general facts are in Tables VI. and VIII. Manner of formation of these tables. Probable degree of correctness of Tables VI. and VII. Insufficiency of military statistics at the beginning of the war. Obstacles to their collection. Gradual improvement in their completeness. In August 1862, nearly two thirds of the whole army reported. During 1863, nearly seven eighths of the volunteers reported. It seems warrantable to apply our inferences to the total of white troops. Table II.- Summary of Regimental Reports for Eastern Soldiers, to August 1862. 586 Table III. - Summary of Regimental Reports for Western Soldiers, to August. 1862. 588 Table IV. - Monthly Condition of the Eastern Forces, to August 1862. 590 Table V. - Monthly Condition of the Western Forces, to August 1862. 592 Table VI. - Strength, Sickness, Mortality, Discharges, and Desertions, recorded for the total Armies. 594 Table VII. - Average Regimental Strength and Rates of Sickness and Mortality in the total Armies. 596 The sickness rates increased continually until the middle of 1862. After that time the average rate was a little less than one fifth. Influence of the season of the year. Classification of the sickness and mortality from disease according to months. Table VIII. - Average Monthly Rates of Sickness and of Mortality from Disease. 598 The discharges for disability were most frequent early in 1863. They rapidly decreased soon afterwards. In 1864 they numbered about a quarter of one per cent. The number of desertions followed a similar course. The monthly average in 1864 was little more than a third of one per cent. Extension to the whole army (except black troops), of inferences from Tables VI. and VII. This is readily accomplished by means of materials in Chapter I. Our Table IX. is thus formed, and affords an independent estimate. Table IX. - Statistics of White Troops, inferred from Regimental Reports. 600 Estimated deaths in the service to the end of the year 1864. Probable number during the remainder of the war. Near accordance of our results with those of the Provost Marshal General. These numbers give the deaths during the war, of men in actual service. Those occurring after discharge from military service are not included. The singular mortality of colored soldiers is not here discussed. It is much to be desired that it should soon be investigated by medical men. Comparison of the aggregates in Table IX. with the Provost Marshal General's statistics. Probable explanation of the discordances. 4. Effect of Long Marches. 603 Questions prepared for regiments engaged in battle of Gettysburg. Most of these regiments had made forced marches to reach the field. Classification of 144 regiments examined. Blank form of examination used. Tabulation of the replies and of the special trimonthly returns. Preliminary report by Mr. O'Connell, from returns of 40 regiments. SYNOPSIS. 655 The marches of these 144 regiments were mostly above 20 miles a day. Tabular view of distances marched immediately before the battle. Tabular view of distances afterward marched in same month. Character of the rations issued during the rapid marches. Tabular view. Regiments of each corps assorted by character of rations. General health of the regiments. Tabular assortment by general health. 1. In opinion of commanding officers. 2. In opinion of surgeons. Character of diseases occurring on the march. Health of those two regiments whose marches were most severe. Endurance of the troops as affected by the character of rations. Tabular assortment by condition of the troops and rations furnished. 1. In opinion of commanding officers. 2. In opinion of surgeons. Character of diseases developed by the march. Tabular assortment by diseases, and by rations furnished. Rations of those three regiments which suffered most. Inferences from the preceding statistics. Those regiments which had fresh meat suffered little or not at all. Those which had two kinds of salt meat suffered only from temporary exhaustion. Those which had salt pork only, but enough, suffered considerably. In about half of them the suffering was chiefly from sunstroke. More than one third of them exhibited special tendency to disease. Those which had not enough meat, suffered much even on short marches. Of those which had gained on the march, one half had received fresh meat. 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