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THE
CEREBRAL  CONVOLUTIONS  OF MAX,
REPRESENTED
ACCORDING TO ORIGINAL OBSERVATIONS,
ESPECIALLY
UP OX THEIR DEVELOPMEXT IX THE ICETUS.
INTENDED FOE THE USE OF PHYSICIANS.
                 BY


        ALEXANDER ECKER,
PE0FE3SOE OF ANATOMY AND CO.MPAEATIVE ANATO.MT IN THE UNIYEBSITY OF
              FEEIBUEG, BADEN.
          TRANSLATED BY
    ROBERT T. EDES, M. D.


        ™ Li;


        TjfEW YORK:
D. APPLETON  & COMPANY,
      549 & 551 BROADWAY.
            1873. 
hh^nja-
5/3
1873^
5/3/,
Entsrep, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1373, by
         D. APPLETON & COMPANY,
  In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
PREFACE.
   The great problem of an organology of the cere-
bral surface, that is, of an  anatomico-physiological
knowledge of  the  psychical brain-organs, rests  in
great part in the hands of physicians : only by accu-
rate observations of patients, in connection with the
most careful autopsies, can we gradually arrive  at
some knowledge of the physiological meaning of the
single convolutions upon the cerebral surface.
   There are numerous difficulties which  stand  in
the way of a solution of this problem;  not the least
of which is  that which lies in the  study of the con-
volutions themselves, that is, the difficulty of recog-
nizing  the constant unity of  form in the multiplicity
of the  individual variations.  In  this part of the
study  it is  first of all  the  duty  of anatomists  to 
4                    PREFACE.
place in the hands of practitioners materials which
shall make it  possible for them  to find their way
easily in the apparent chaos of convolutions.   Only
then will they be able to record correctly the obser-
vations made on the cadaver.
   The anatomists  are not entirely disinterested in
performing this service  for the practitioners, since
they expect in return material from which the hoped-
for science may some time arise.
   For this object it  has  long been my intention to
give a summary description of the cerebral  convolu-
tions for the use of physicians, and  I think that its
fulfilment has not been made superfluous by the later
excellent works on this  subject.   The following de-
scription, which rests throughout  on my own inves-
tigations, is especially supported by  the study of the
development  of  the  cerebral  convolutions in the
foetus, the result  of which will be more completely
reported in another  place.   The accompanying figures
are to be regarded  not so much as pictures, as maps
by which one may be placed in a position to find his
way more easily in this region.
                           Alexander Eckee.
   Freibprg, March, 1869. 
CONTENTS.
Introduction
PAGE
  7
THE  FISSURES AND CONVOLUTIONS OF  THE  SURFACE OF THE
                          BRAIN.

Principal  Fissures of the Hemispheres    .     .     .15
    Fissura Sylvii  ........     15
    Sulcus centralis  ........   16
    Fissura parieto-occipitalis     .....     20

Lobes of the  Brain, their Fissures and Convolu-
       tions     .........22
  Frontal Lobe     .    .     .     .     .    .     .     .     22
    Gyrus  centralis anterior    ......   23
    Gyrus  frontalis superior and gyrus rectus     .     .     24
    Gyrus  frontalis medius     ......   26
    Gyrus  frontalis inferior   .     .     .    .    .     .     28
    Sulcus frontalis superior    ......   29
    Sulcus frontalis inferior   .     ...    .    .     .     29
    Sulcus prsecentralis   .......   29
    Sulcus olfactorius   .     .     .     .    .    .     .     31
    Sulcus orbitalis   .    .    .     .     .    .     .     .31
  Parietal Lobe    ........     34
    Gyrus  centralis posterior   ......   35 
6
CONTENTS.
     Sulcus interparietalis
     Lobulus parietalis superior  .
     Praecuneus     ....
     Lobulus parietalis inferior   .
         Lobulus supramarginalis   .
         Gyrus angularis
   Occipital Lobe   ....
     Sulcus occipitalis transversus
     Fissura calcarina
     Cuneus     .....
     Lobulus extremus
     Gyrus occipitalis primus
     Gyrus occipitalis secundus
     Gyrus occipitalis tertius
     Gyrus descendens
     Sulci occipitales longitudinales
   Temporal  Lobe  ....
     Sulcus temporalis superior   .
     Sulcus temporalis medius .
     Sulcus temporalis inferior
     Sulcus occipito-temporalis inferior
     Gyrus temporalis superior
     Gyrus temporalis medius .
     Gyrus temporalis inferior
     Gyrus occipito-temporalis medialis
     Gyrus occipito-temporalis lateralis

Mediax Surface  of the  Hemisphere
     Sulcus calloso-marginalis
     Gyrus fornicatus
     Gyrus Hippocampi
     Gyrus uncinatus
     Fissura Hippocampi
     Gyrus deutatus....
[sland (of Reil).....
Appendix..... 
THE  CONVOLUTIONS OF  THE  BBAIX.
              INTRODUCTION.

   That the cortex of the cerebrum, the undoubted
material  substratum of our intellectual  activity, is
not a  single organ which  enters  into  action as a
whole  with every  psychical function, but  consists
rather  of a multitude of organs, each of which sub-
serves  definite intellectual processes, is a view which
presents  itself to  us almost with the  force of an
axiom.  The opposite hypothesis  of  a  single organ
for the multiplicity  of the  intellectual functions
would  mark a stand-point  about  equally advanced
with the abandoned conception of a " Vital Force."
If, however, as we think is undoubtedly true, definite
portions of the cerebral cortex subserve definite in-
tellectual  processes, there is a possibility that  we
may some day attain  a  complete organology of  the
brain-surface, a science of the localization of the cere- 
8          CONVOLUTIONS OF THE  BEAIN.
bral functions.  Such  a science—that  is, a  knowl-
edge of the psychical organs of the brain in all their
relations—is  certainly  one of  the most  important
problems  for  the  anatomy  and physiology of the
next century, the  solution of  which will  work no
small  transformation  in psychology.   There are
many causes why this  problem is still almost com-
pletely unsolved.
    We have undoubtedly been  too much discouraged
from following this path by the ill success of the first
serious attempt at a localization of the mental pro-
cesses.   Though Gall in the  beginning followed the
right road—that of a careful  study of the brain—
yet he very soon departed from it, and, starting from
the fact which, speaking in general terms, is perfectly
correct, that the form of the  skull depends on that
of the brain,  believed that he could replace the labo-
rious and rare  examinations of the dead  brain by
those of the living cranium.   Bringing certain bunch-
es or bumps of the cranium into connection with cer-
tain mental dispositions, for which purpose he had
already in his youth collected materials, he now, with
his scholar Spurzheim, made  a system of Phrenology
in which  but little was said  about the  brain, and
which, in this form of a scientific structure, was thor-
oughly defective.
    Hence, as may be supposed, the so-called science 
INTRODUCTION.
9
of Phrenology has remained since its beginning at
the same point, and has fallen  from the hands of
earnest  inquirers, especially  the  anatomists  and
physiologists, who turn  away from it with  de-
served neglect,  into those  of an entirely different
class.  The  travelling phrenologists who wander
around with  plaster heads of Schiller, Napoleon, and
some celebrated rascals, and cipher  out a character
from  a  number of bumps  on  the  skull, are well
known.  Few of them have ever seen a brain.
    It was not alone the reaction from this unsuccess-
ful first  attempt, which deterred from  a  continua-
tion in the path marked out, possibly fruitful in re-
sults; but the  necessary conditions were wanting.
In  spite of  the certain knowledge that the brain-
surface  is  the  organ of the soul, .and  in spite of
the consequent  urgent summons to the anatomical
study of the cerebral  convolutions, this was until
very lately much neglected, or  rather the  clew was
wanting to  guide  one correctly in this labyrinth.
The convolutions were considered as a bundle with-
out system, and the artists drew them as they might
draw any dishful of macaroni.   It was at first gradu-
ally seen that  certain furrows and  convolutions are
more constant than others;  but, so long as attention
was confined to the fully-developed human brain,
actual progress was not possible.  Comparative anat- 
10         CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
omy and the history of development, these lamps of
human anatomy, first  brought light into this dark-
ness.   It was  the works of Huschke, and especially
of Gratiolet, on the monkey-brain, which proved the
harmony in the structural plan of the cerebral con-
volutions of the apes and those of man, and thus for
the first time prepared the way for the understand-
ing of the latter.  Yet, any thing is fully understood
only through  itself, and every  completed  growth
through its own growing; and thus tracing  the de-
velopment  of  the human convolutions  is certainly
the way by which alone a correct insight  can be
gained.   This  way  has already  been  followed by
various  inquirers,  as  Gratiolet,  Reichert,  and Bi-
schoff, and  the following demonstration  of the con-
volutions is throughout  founded on  the study of
their  development  in the foetus.  This is  also the
only way to learn the law of formation of the convo-
lutions, that is, the  formation of  the convolutions as
a necessary consequence  of certain  mechanical pro-
cesses of the  growth of the brain  and skull.  Up
to the present time we are far removed from such
a knowledge.   At the farthest, the  formation of
the fossa Sylvii is  open to  an explanation  in this
point of  view.  The relations between the arrange-
ment of the arterial vessels of the brain and that of
the convolution, to which Reichert  has  called atten- 
                  INTRODUCTION.                11
tion, are certainly not without meaning.  What  Bi-
schoff * says is also perfectly correct, that a large num-
ber of  the convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres
are arranged around the  ends  of the primary fur-
rows in more or less simple or complicated arches;
and it cannot be otherwise, for the ranges of moun-
tains  enclosing  a valley must necessarily pass  into
each other where the  valley ends, but  no special
explanation seems to be thereby disclosed.
    If  we  consider the arrangement of the convolu-
tions in general, there may be distinguished first, chief
or primary convolutions; then secondary or subordi-
nate convolutions ; and, finally, tertiary convolutions.
    The  chief or primary  convolutions or folds are
like great mountain-chains whose direction, as it has
been correctly expressed, lends to  a region its charac-
teristic features.  The  secondary  folds originate by
the splitting of a primary convolution into smallei
ones by the  formation  of longitudinal furrows, as
secondary mountain-ranges arise from  the formation
of longitudinal valleys.
    The  deep furrows which separate  the chief con-
volutions from  each other, we may name chief  fur-
rows ;  those which separate the secondary convolu-
tions  from  each other,  secondary furrows ;  and,
finally, the  tertiary convolutions  are  those  little
                     1L. c, S. 34. 
12         CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
ranges jutting out into the chief furrows  from the
valley-sides of the chief convolutions, which, usually
engaged between those of the opposite side, give to
the bottom of the valley, or of the furrow, a zigzag
course.   These are usually plainly seen only when
the borders of the chief furrows are pulled apart; in
brains whose chief convolutions have grown smaller,
from  senile or other atrophy, with much infiltration
of the pia mater, they come immediately to light.
While the  features  of the  chief convolutions  are
always arranged with considerable uniformity, numer-
ous variations exist in the  extent of  the secondary
and tertiary convolutions:  in the first  place, for  the
reason  that sometimes few, sometimes  many sec-
ondary furrows are formed, and also  because in  one
case  hidden tertiary convolutions come to the  sur-
face ;  in  another, convolutions which usually  are
superficial  sink  deeper. In the first  case, furrows
are bridged over; in  the latter, they exist where
there  are usually none. 
THE  FISSURES  AND  CONVOLUTIONS  OF  THE
            CEREBRAL SURFACE.
    Each hemisphere  of the cerebrum, as  is well
known, may be  incompletely divided, by more or
less deep indentations, into several divisions or lobes,
which were first more accurately distinguished  by
Burdach1 as  anterior lobe, lobus  anterior,  upper
lobe,  lohus  superior, with  the cover (operculum^),
lower lobe, lobus inferior, and trunk-lobe, lobus can-
dicis.   Arnold has proposed, instead of these names,
others derived from the principal surrounding bones,
and these latter designations are those now common-
ly used.  Thus, we now distinguish the frontal lobe,
lobus frontalis, parietal  lobe, lobus  parietalis, tem-
poral  lobe, lobus  temporalis (also called sphenoidal
lobe, lobus sphenoidalis, or temporo-sphenoidal. lobus
              1 L. c, Bd. II., S. 169, et seq. 
14
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
temporo-sphenoidalis), and occipital lobe, lobus occipi-
talis.
   The trunk-lobe of Burdach, not standing in im-
mediate  relation with  the  skull, is  distinguished
either by this name, or as the island (of Reil), inter-
mediate or concealed lobe, lobus intermedins, s. oper-
tus (Arnold), or as central lobe, lobus centralis (Gra-
tiolet).   The  demarcation of the single lobes from
each other is  only clear on certain surfaces; on  the
others  they pass into each  other without distinct
boundaries.   I shall, in  the following pages, first
consider the chief fissures by which the single lobes
are separated  from each other, then the single lobes
in order, and in these again the fissures to be recog-
nized upon them, and the lobules and  convolutions
bounded and formed thereby.
   The fissures are  always the most important part,
and are hence the point whence the description takes
its departure.  This shows most clearly the devel-
opment of  the cerebral surface in  the foetus.   Here
three primary fissures, first of all, divide it off into
a  number  of districts.   Actual  convolutions  are
formed in these districts only with  the further prog-
ress of the formation of fissures.   The most import-
ant separating fissures are the following: 
PRIMARY FISSURES.
15
                I. PRIMARY FISSURES.


    1. Fissuea s. Fossa Sylvii (#).

    This important cleft, by which one of  the princi-

pal  divisions of the hemispheres is brought  about,

is not to be placed in the same category with the re-

maining fissures of the cerebral surface.    The  latter

originate  simply from  depressions or folds of  the

cerebral cortex at a comparatively late period of foe-

tal life—the  former appears  as early as  the third

month, and in an entirely different way;  that is, by

the whole hemisphere curving itself in an arch, con-

cave below, around the place of entrance of the cere-

bral  peduncle.1

    The fissura  Sylvii  begins  at the  base of  the

brain behind  the origin of the olfactory nerves, later-

ally  from the chiasma nervorum opticorum,  in  the

   1 By this curve a shallow open trench, the fossa Sylvii, is formed on
the lower surface of each hemisphere, which is thereby divided into an
anterior and posterior portion.  Since this trench runs from the lower
surface to the lateral, first upward and then upward and backward, it
separates the frontal  and parietal from the temporal lobe.  Later (in
the sixth month) the oval trench is changed by the formation of the
anterior upright branch into a triangular one; and, since now the lobes,
frontal, parietal, and temporal, with their  opposite borders, the first
with its posterior, the second with its inferior, and the third with its
superior,  pressing toward a common centre, grow to meet  each other,
the bottom of the trench, formed by the " island," is gradually covered,
and the originally wide-open pit, the fossa Sylvii, is changed into a nar-
row cleft, the fissura Sylvii. 
16
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
anterior perforated space, runs thence outward, grad-
ually narrowing, and thus arrives at  the arched  lat-
eral surface of the hemisphere.   Here it immediately
divides into two branches — an  anterior  shorter,
steeply ascending, which is directed forward toward
the frontal lobe, Ramus ascendens s. anterior (S"),
and a posterior much longer, Hamus posterior s. hori-
zontalis ($"),  Fig. 1, which  is directed- toward  the
posterior portion of the parietal lobe.  The upper
ends of both  branches are sometimes simple, some-
times radiating into several  secondary fissures, and
are surrounded by arched convolutions.
    Between  these two  branches  hangs down  the
" cover,"  operculum, which is formed especially by
the lower ends of the two central convolutions as
they pass into each other, and by a small portion of
the lower  frontal convolution,  and  lower  parietal
lobule.  It covers  the  " island " from above.  It  fits
into the  angle of the Y which is formed by the di-
vergence of the two branches of  the fossa Sylvii.

    2. Sulcus Centralis.   Central furrow.   Husch-
ke  (c).
  Scissure de Rolando.  Letjeet.
  Fissura transversa anterior.  Pansoh.
  Postero parietal sulcus.  Huxley.
    This fissure, which, though earlier mentioned, was
first accurately described by Rolando, is, without ex- 
SULCUS  CENTRALIS.

            Fig. 1.
View of  the Brain from  the Side.
F  Frontal lobe ;  P parietal lobe ; 0 occipital lobe ;  T temporal lobe.
S  Fissura Sylvii; S' horizontal, S" ascending branch.
c   Sulcus centralis ;  A anterior, B posterior central convolution.
Pi  Upper, Pj middle, Ps lower (or third) frontal  convolution.
f\  Upper, /a lower, fa vertical frontal fissure (sulcus  praecentralis).
Pi  Upper, P3  lower  parietal lobule; Pa gyrus  supramarginalis, Pa' gyrus
       angularis.
ip  Sulcus interparietalis.
cm  End of the sulcus calloso-marginalis.
Ox  First, 03 second,  03 third, occipital convolution.
po  Fissura parieto-occipitalis.
o   Sulcus occipitalis  transversus.
oa  Sulcus occipitalis longitudinalis inferior.
Tx  First, Pa second, T3 third temporal convolution.
ti   First, <a second temporal fissure.
            2 
18
CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE BRAIN.
ception, present in the human brain, is characteristic
of this as well as those of most apes, and is also, not
the first indeed, but one of the first which  appears
in the foetal brain, since it may be recognized at the
end of the fifth month.  On account of its very con-
stant presence, and  because it is never, or extremely
seldom, bridged over in its course  by a secondary
convolution,1 it forms the surest  point of departure
in searching out the convolutions.   It begins  near
the medial border  of the hemisphere, and passes
thence obliquely forward and downward, to end near
the upper  border  of the posterior branch of the fs-
sura Sylvii* the furrows of the two sides thus form-
ing with each other  an angle opening forward.  This
angle appears to become more acute, and the course
of the furrow  to  run more obliquely backward in
proportion as the  frontal lobe increases in size, and
the brain in general attains  a higher development.
In fact, the whole  position of the fissure under these
conditions appears  to  be thrust farther  backward.
In its whole length the fissure is bordered by two
convolutions, the anterior and posterior central con-

   1 This rare occurrence,  which has never been observed either by
Turner (1. c, B. 10) or Bischoff (1. c, S. 39), is found in the brain of
the physician Fuchs, figured by R. Wagner (1. c, 2 Abhandlung,
Taf. I.).
   2 I have not yet seen a complete opening of the central furrow into
the fissura Sylvii of which Turner speaks (1. c, p. 12). 
SULCUS  CENTRALIS.

          Fig. 2.
19
U—p
                   View of the Brain from  Above.

F  Frontal lobe, P parietal lobe, 0 occipital lobe.
Si  End of the horizontal branch of the fissura Sylvii.
c   Central fissure ;  A anterior, B posterior central convolution.
I'\  Upper, P3 middle, Fa lower frontal convolution.
/i  Upper, /a lower, f3 vertical frontal fissure (sulcus praecentralis).
Pi  Upper, Pa  lower parietal lobule; P3  gyrus supramarginalis, P2' gyrus
       angularis.
ip  Sulcus interparietalis.
cm  Sulcus calloso-marginalis.
po  Fissura parieto-occipitalis.
tx   Upper temporal fissure.
Ox  First occipital convolution.
o   Sulcus occipitalis transversus. 
20          CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
volutions (A.  B.), Fig. 2, which  curve into  each
other at both  ends of the fissure, that is, at the me-
dial border of  the hemisphere, and at the upper bor-
der of the fissure of  Sylvius.  This fissure forms a
natural boundary between  the frontal  and parietal
lobes upon the upper surface of the hemisphere, and
I therefore  consider the anterior central convolution
as belonging to the frontal  lobe, the posterior to the
parietal.1

    3. Fissura Parieto-occipitalis (po).
    This fissure, which separates  the parietal from
the  occipital  lobe, cuts more or less deeply into
the  hemisphere  from its  medial  border, appears
on the  upper as well as  the medial  surface, and,
being on  this  account  reckoned   among  the  fis-
sures both  of  the one and of the  other, has received
different  names in  the two  places.  It is evident
that such  a separation is   inconvenient,  and easily
gives rise to  mistakes; I  shall,  therefore, consider
the whole fissure as one, under the  above-mentioned
name, but separate it into  two parts, a medial and
a lateral.
   1 Gratiolet, Bischoff, and others, include the anterior central convo-
lution also, in the  parietal lobe.  This view seems to me particularly
unacceptable for the reason that this convolution stands in close con-
nection with the convolutions of the frontal lobe, but has, on the con-
trary, scarcely any with those of the parietal. 
             FISSURA PARIETO-OCCIPITALIS.          21

    a.  The medial portion, pars medialis s. verticalis

fissurce parieto-occipitalis.

  Syn.—Fissura posterior, Bttrdach (1. c, II., 166, Taf. VII., p.  7.),
           Arnold (Hirn und Ruckenmark, S. 51).
       Scissure perpendiculaire interne.  Gratiolet.
       Occipito-parietal fissure.  Htjxlet.
       Fissura occipitalis s. posterior, Senkrechte hintere Hirnspalte.
           Wagner.
       Fissura oc.cipitalis interna.  Pansch.
       Fissura occipitalis perpendicularis interna.  Bisohoff.
       Internal perpendicular fissure.  Marshall.

    This deep and very constant fissure, the  first—

with the fissura calcarina—which appears in the foe-

tus  (in the fourth  or at the beginning of  the fifth
month) runs  in  a curve  concave forward, from  the

upper medial border of the hemisphere upon the flat,

vertical medial surface  forward and downward, and

joins the fissura calcarina  at an acute angle.
    It separates,  as  its  name  indicates, the parietal

lobe, especially the  upper medial parietal lobule or
prsecuneus,  from  the occipital  lobe, especially  the

cuneus.


    b. The  upper and lateral  portion, pars superior

s. lateralis fissurce parieto-occipitalis.

  Syn.—Scissure perpendiculaire externe.  Gratiolet.
       Occipito-parietal fissure.  Huxley.
       External parieto-occipital fissure.  Turner.
       External perpendicular fissure.  Marshall.
       Fissura occipitalis interna.  Pansoh.
       Fissura occipitalis perpendicularis interna.  Bischoff. 
 22         CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE BRAIN.
    While  the medial  portion of the fissura parieto-
 occipitalis  is always uniformly and  distinctly devel-
 oped, this  lateral  portion is so  in very different de-
 grees.   This part of the fissure often appears merely
 as a slight indentation on  the  upper border of the
 hemisphere, the meaning of which is manifest only
 by its connection with the medial  portion, at other
 times the same portion stretches laterally as a trans-
 verse fissure over a considerable portion of the hemi-
 sphere.  The lateral extremity  is always bordered
 by an  arched convolution (gyrus occipitalis primus,
 Ox) which passes from theprcecuneus to the cuneus,
 and is always to be recognized at a very early period
 in the  foetal brain.


            II. LOBES OF THE BRAltf.

     THEIR FISSURES AND CONVOLUTIONS.

         A. Frontal Lobe.  Lobus frontalis.

   The frontal  lobe forms  that portion of the hemi-
sphere situated forward in the cavity of the frontal
 bone (yet passing beyond  the boundary of the cor-
onal suture posteriorly), and resting upon the roof
of the orbit.   Upon transverse  section it is  nearly
of a triangular  figure.   There may be distinguished 
        CONVOLUTIONS OF THE FRONTAL LOBE.     23
 upon it an arched upper and lateral surface, a slight-
 ly concave lower surface (resting on the roof of the
 orbit), and a medial plane  surface situated against
 the falx cerebri.   The lower surface forms a triangle,
 the base of which is directed forward and the apex
 backward, and which corresponds to the pars orbi-
 talis of the frontal bone.  The French authors, who
 have been  followed  by most of the others, have in-
 correctly  described these various surfaces separately
 as  special lobes,  and designated the  lower orbital
 surface as lobule orbitaire, the upper and lateral as
 lobe frontal, while they describe the medial surface,
 together with the corresponding surface of the parie-
 tal lobe, as lobe frontoparietal.  The boundaries of
 the frontal lobe are formed on the upper and lateral
 surface by  the sulcus centralis, which separates it
 from the parietal lobe, and on the lower surface by
 the oblique commencement of the fissura Sylvii and
 the substantia perforata  lateralis, which separate it
 from the temporal lobe.  On the medial surface there
 is no distinct separation from the parietal lobe.

   CONVOLUTIONS AND FISSURES  OF THE FRONTAL LOBE.
                  L CONVOLUTIONS.
   a. Gyrus centralis anterior, anterior central con-
volution.  Huschke.  (A.) 
24
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
  Syn.—Processi enteroidei verticali di mezzo.  (The anterior of them.)
           Rolando.
       Circonvolution transversale pari6tale anteneure.  Foville.
       Premier pli ascendant.  Gratiolet.
       Antero-parietal gyrus.  Huxley.
       Ascending frontal gyrus. Turnee.
    This constant convolution bounds the central fis-
 sure  in front, and runs into the posterior central con-
 volution both above and below, that is, at both ends
 of the fissure.
    b. From  the anterior central convolution there
 pass  forward several series of gyri, the frontal, which
 run toward the apex of the hemispheres, and here turn
 around on to the lower surface, in order to converge
 toward and end at the posterior angle of the triangle
 presented  by the lower surface.   It is usual to sep-
 arate three series or stories of convolutions lying one
 over  another:

    1. Gyrus frontalis  superior, (and gyrus rectus
 on the lower side).   First or upper frontal convolu-
 tion (Fj).
  Syn.—Stage frontal superieur s. troisidme (and pli de la zone  ex-
          terne).  Gratiolet.
       Supero-frontal gyrus.  Huxley.
    This convolution takes its origin from the upper
 (medial) portion of the anterior central convolution
by one or  several roots.  The origin is usually a di-
rect and superficial one,  and is but seldom cut across 
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE FRONTAL LOBE.     25
transversely by a fissure, since the sulcus praecentra-
lis usually ends before reaching this place.  In its fur-
ther course this convolution is frequently divided by
secondary fissures,  and the divided  portions  again
run  together, and,  since such divisions  occur  in  it,
in variable number, and sometimes more or less de-
veloped connections are formed with the following
(middle)  frontal  convolution, there arises the great-
est variety in its arrangement in  different individu-
als.
   In this convolution an upper or lateral and  a me-
dial  surface  may be  distinguished, which come to-
gether at the upper medial border of the hemisphere.
The  medial  portion of this convolution (F, Fig. 4),
(pli de la zone externe of Gratiolet), which lies in the
longitudinal  fissure of the brain,  is separated  from
the gyrus encircling the corpus callosum (Gf)hj the
sulcus  calloso 7narginalis  (cm), and  is  not unfre-
quently separated  by another fissure parallel  with
the one just mentioned, into  two series of convolu-
tions lying  one over  another.  The  upper frontal
convolution  grows  considerably smaller  as it bends
around the  anterior extremity of the hemisphere  to
reach the lower  surface, and, having  arrived there,
passes  directly backward as  a small  convolution
bounding the medial fissure on each  side, which  is
known as the gyrus rectus (Fx, Fig. 3). 
26         CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE BRAIN.
    2.  Gyrus frontalis medius s. secundus (F2).  Sec-
 ond or middle frontal convolution.
  Syn.—Etage frontal moyen. Gratiolet.
       Medio-frontal gyrus. Huxley.
    This convolution arises from the anterior central
 below and outside of the above-named;  its origin is
 more frequently a concealed  one, that is, the convo-
 lution appears cut across at its origin by a more or
 less, deep fissure  (sulcus prmcentralis, F^).   In its
 course toward the anterior extremity of the hemi-
 sphere this series of gyri, which is from its origin usu-
 ally the  broadest of the  three frontal convolutions,
 becomes considerably broader, and, in much  convo-
 luted brains, is complicated, often to a high degree,
 by numerous divisions and connections.   In conse-
 quence of this,  its  single gyri,  as  BischofF1  cor-
 rectly  remarks, run  almost horizontally, and there
 is  sometimes  formed, as  Huschkea  has  pointed
 out, in the neighborhood of  the frontal eminence,
 a  sort  of funnel by the meeting of the summits
 of several arched convolutions at  this  place.  Ar-
rived  at  the  orbital  surface, the convolution soon
begins to grow  smaller,  and, converging with  the
first and third, forms the posterior  angle of the tri-
angle representing the orbital surface of the frontal
lobe.
      1 L. c, S. 37.                   s L. c, S. 140. 
CONVOLUTIONS OF  THE  FRONTAL  LOBE.        27

                         Fio. 1.
View op the Brain from toe Side.
F Frontal lobe ; P parietal lobe ; 0 occipital lobe ; T temporal lobe.
S Fissura Sylvii; S' horizontal, S" ascending branch.
c  Sulcus centralis ; A anterior, B posterior central convolution.
Fx Upper,  F3 middle, F3 lower (or third) frontal convolution.
fx Upper, /a lower, f3 vertical frontal fissure (sulcus praecentralis).
Pi Upper,  P2 lower parietal  lobule; Pa gyrus supramarginalis,  P2'  gyrus
       angularis.
ip Sulcus interparietalis.
cm End of the sulcus calloso-marginalis.
Ox First, 03 second, 03 third, occipital convolution.
po Fissura parieto-occipitalis.
o  Sulcus occipitalis transversus.
o2 Sulcus occipitalis longitudinalis inferior.
Tx First, Ti second, T3 third temporal convolution.
tx First, ti  second temporal fissure. 
28
CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE BRAIN.
    3.  Gyrus frontalis tertius s.  inferior, third  or
lower frontal convolution (F3).
  Syn.—Pli frontal inferieur s. premier, s. 6tage surcilier.  Geatiolet.1
       Infero-frontal gyrus.  Huxley.
    This convolution arises from the lower part of the
anterior central, borders from above the anterior por-
tion of the horizontal division of the fossa  Sylvii,
takes part  in the  formation of the operculum, which
covers the island from above, and  passes thence arch-
ing  over the anterior  ascending part of the  fissura
Sylvii (/$*) first forward  and  then  inward,  toward
the  posterior angle of the triangular orbital  surface
of the frontal  lobe.  If,  as frequently happens, the
anterior ascending branch  of  the fissura Sylvii radi-
ates at its extremity into  several  secondary fissures,
these also receive from this convolution arched  bor-
ders, and there arise in its course  often very multi-
plied undulations.2

                       II. FISSURES.
    On the upper  or lateral surface  the three  frontal
   1 Bischoff expresses himself most decidedly and correctly against
the introduction of the name pli surcilier, or ocular convolution, into
the anatomy of the human brain, where it has neither a topographical
nor physiological foundation.
   2 It is this convolution, as is well known, injury to which on the left
side is connected, according to the observations of Broca and others,
with loss or disturbance of the faculty of articulate language without
disturbance of the intellect. 
FISSURES  OF THE FRONTAL LOBE.
29
convolutions  described above  are  separated  from
each other by two fissures :
    1.  Sulcus frontalis  superior, upper  frontal  fis-
sure (ft), separates the upper or first frontal convo-
lution from the second.
  Syn.—Supero-frontal sulcus.  Huxley.
    2.  Sulcus frontalis inferior, lower frontal convo-
lution (/2).
  Syn.—Infero-frontal sulcus.   Huxley.
       Sulcus frontalis medius.1  Pansoh.
    The development  of the  fissures just  named is
variable.   Very  frequently they are bridged over
in  various  places by  secondary convolutions which
connect the  single  frontal  convolutions with each
other.   A"third fissure runs in a direction approach-
ing the vertical, thus   forming an  angle with the
preceding.  This is the—

    3.  Sulcus praecentralis,  or  vertical  frontal  fis-
sure*3  (/8).
  Syn.—Antero-parietal sulcus.  Huxley.
       Ramus descendens sulci frontalis medii.8 Pansoh.
   1 Pansch names it medius because in the apes still another fissure is
found beneath this, which runs horizontally forward, but has nothing
to do with the boundary of convolutions.
   21 prefer  this name because this fissure is always situated in front
of the central fissure, and runs in a direction nearly parallel to it;  that
is, not horizontal, like the other frontal fissures, but vertical.
   s Gratiolet (1. c,  S. 25)  has given no special name to this fissure, 
30          CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
    This tolerably constant  fissure helps to form the
anterior boundary of the anterior central convolu-
tion, and passes upward between the anterior ascend-
ing branch of the fissura Sylvii (£"), and the lower
end of the sulcus centralis (c).  It is separated from
the fissura Sylvii by the origin of the lower frontal
convolution from the anterior central, and sometimes
cuts a little into it, but I have never seen  a complete
union with the fissura Sylvii.   When this occurs,
which is certainly not often, the place where it hap-
pens is always  situated behind the ascending branch
of the fissura Sylvii.1
    This fissure divides in  ascending, and  sends a
branch backward and upward, which runs along the
anterior border of the anterior central convolution, and
helps  to  bound it in  front.   Sometimes,  by passing
farther upward, it separates the  origin of the middle
frontal convolution wholly, and even that of the up-
per partially, from  the  anterior central.   A second
branch turns forward, and unites with  the sulcus
frontalis inferior * (f).  I find, as a rule, that fissure
though he describes it very accurately in the brain of Cercopithecus,
and has figured it in the human brain.
  1 Turner (1. c, S. 9, Fig. 1) has, as  I think incorrectly, identified
this  fissure with the ascending branch of the fissura Sylvii, and con-
siders its separation  from the latter by a superficial origin of the lower
frontal convolution from the gyrus centralis anterior, as the exception.
  2 Huxley (1. c, S. 257) says that it opens into the supero-frontal sul-
cus (sulcus frontalis superior), a statement which probably depends on
a slip of the pen. 
FISSURES OF THE FRONTAL LOBE.        31
unmistakably indicated in the foetal brain from the.
sixth lunar month, and consider it typical.
   On the medial surface, the upper frontal convolu-
tion  is not unfrequently  divided into two groups
of convolutions lying  one above the other by a fis-
sure parallel  with the  sulcus calloso-marginalis.
   The lower surface of the frontal lobe, as already
mentioned, has the  form of a triangle, whose base is
directed forward, and  lies in the angle between the
pars frontalis and orbitalis of the frontal bone, while
its  apex  looks backward,  and  corresponds to the
apex of the pyramid formed by  the orbit.  The me-
dial  leg of the triangle is parallel with the medial,
and the lateral with the lateral wall of the orbit.
   The fissures formed upon the surface are (s. Fig.
3):
   4.  Sulcus olfactorius,  fissure for  the  olfactory
nerves (f±).
   This  runs  parallel with the medial leg of the
before - mentioned  triangle,  and forms the  lateral
boundary of  the prolonged first  frontal convolution
(Gyrusrectus,If[) which is situated along the medial
fissure.  The tractus olfactorius is embedded therein.
   5. Sulcus orbitalis  (/s).
   The remaining  fissures  on the lower surface of
the frontal lobe are very variable in form.   A fissure 
32             CONVOLUTIONS OF  THE  BRAIN.

                                 Fig. 3.
View of the Brain from Below.
Fx  Gyrus rectus, P2 middle, Fa lower frontal convolution.
/4  Sulcus olfactorius, /6 sulcus orbitalis.
T2  Second, or middle, T third,  or  lower temporal convolution ;   Tt gyrus
       occipito-temporalis lateralis  (lobulus fusiformis),  T6 gyrus occipito-
       temporalis medialis (lobulus lingualis).
U   Sulcus occipito-temporalis inferior, t3 lower, U middle temporal  fissure.
po Fissura parieto-occipitalis.
oc Fissura calcarina.
H Gyrus hippocampi;  U gyrus uncinatus.
Ch  Chiasma nervorum  opticorum;  cc corpora «andicantia (albicantia);  KK
       pedunculi cerebri;  C corpus  callosum. 
FISSURES OF THE FRONTAL LOBE.
33
is usually present,  parallel with the lateral leg of
the before-mentioned  triangle, which separates the
second and third frontal convolution from each other,
and which I  will  call sulcus  orbitalis.   Sometimes
another  fissure passes  forward from  this, producing
the figure of a three-rayed  star, or of an H, whence
come the names, triradiate  sulcus, Turner; *  and sol
co crociforme, Rolando.3
    In much-convoluted brains3 the single frontal con-
volutions are divided by so many secondary fissures,
while, on the other  hand, the important  separa-
ting fissures  (sulcus frontalis superior, inferior) are
bridged  over by so many connecting  convolutions
that it is often not easy to determine what belongs
to one convolution  and what to another."
    In order  to learn  the frontal convolution, it  is
necessary, first of all, to examine very slightly convo-
luted brains, such as those of the new-born, but espe-
cially foetal brains from the last months of pregnancy.
In these the  architectural plan of the human frontal
lobe is reduced to its simplest expression,  and all
the really typical parts  can be recognized  almost as
   1 Turner, 1. c, p. 15, Fig. 3, TR.     2 Rolando, 1. c, S. 32.
   8 Compare the figures of R. Wagner.
   4 Gratiolet (1. c, S. 9)  finds, in regard to the relation of the three
frontal convolutions to each other, that, in Europeans, the lower frontal
convolution is the most isolated, while the middle and upper run into
each other abundantly; in the Bushman, on the  contrary,  the upper
remains independent, while the middle and lower often blend.
          3 
34         CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
in a diagram, without the view being disturbed  and
led away from the  essential, by many secondary fis-
sures  and convolutions arising at a later period,  and
corresponding in  a  measure  to a richer ornamenta-
tion.
       B.  Parietal  Lobe.  Lobus parietalis.   P.
    We distinguish on the parietal lobe an upper (at
the same time lateral) surface, which lies in the  con-
cavity of  the parietal bone, and a medial plane  sur-
face which looks toward the great longitudinal fissure.
It is separated on the upper surface from the frontal
lobe by the sulcus centralis, from the temporal lobe,
at least in great part, by the fissura Sylvii, and from
the occipital lobe incompletely by the fissura parieto-
occipitalis.1   On  the medial surface the  separation
from  the occipital lobe by the fissure just mentioned
is a complete one.  On this surface a fissure (sulcus
calloso marginalis,  Huxley)  rises behind  the upper
end of the posterior central  convolution toward the
medial upper border of the hemisphere, and, together
with the fissura parieto-occipitalis, marks off on this
surface a quadrangular space which has been distin-
guished as  a  special  lobe  by several  authors—by
   11 must deny that the sulcus occipitalis, when it is present, forms
the boundary, as has been asserted.  I find that this fissure always
takes its course over the cuneus, that is, a part of the  occipital lobe,
and not between this and the parietal. 
                  PARIETAL FISSURE.                35
Burdach  as Vorzwickel, precuneus;  by Foville  as
lobule guadrilatere.

FISSURES, LOBULES, AND CONVOLUTIONS OF THE PARIETAL LOBE.

    1. Gyrus centralis posterior (B), posterior central
convolution.
  Syn.—Processi enteroidei verticali di mezzo  (the  posterior).  Ro-
          lando.
       Oirconvolution transverse medio-parietale. Foyille.
       Deuxieme pli ascendant.  Gratiolet.
       Ascending parietal convolution.  Tuenee.
       Postero-parietal gyrus.  Huxley.
    From this convolution which bounds the central
fissure  posteriorly, and is in connection at the upper
and lower ends with the anterior central  convolution,
pass backward the convolutions of the parietal lobe,
the arrangement of which is principally determined
by the  following fissure.

    2. Sulcus interparietalis, parietal fissure (ip).
  Syn.—Sulcus parietalis. Pansoh.
       Intra-parietal fissure.  Tuenee.1
    This fissure, although appearing very regularly in
the brain of the  apes as well as in that  of man, and
seldom wanting in the numerous representations of
these brains, is described as an important and typical
   1 Turner:  Notes more especially on the bridging convolutions, etc.,
p. 4.  The convolutions of the human cerebrum, etc., p. 12. 
36
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
one, with a special name, only by Pansch and Tur-
ner.1
   It passes obliquely backward through the parie-
tal lobe, and separates it into two subordinate divis-
ions, the upper or medial, and the lower or lateral
parietal lobule—lobulus parietalis  superior  and in-
ferior (Px  and P^).   This fissure, which is  already
to be recognized upon the brain of the sixth month's
foetus, begins just above the posterior branch of the
fissura Sylvii, and is separated from it by the arched
convolution which  connects the lower  end  of the
posterior  central convolution (B) with the gyrus
supra-marginalis.   It then rises obliquely upward
behind the posterior central convolution, separating,
in the first ascending portion of its course, the convo-
lution just named (B) from the anterior part of the
lower parietal lobule  (gyrus supra-marginalis, JP^),
then  turns backward and obliquely inward toward
the lateral end of the fissura parieto-occipitalis (po),
which, however, it does not reach; but, being sepa-
rated from it by the gyrus occipitalis  primus, which
passes from the parietal to the occipital lobe between
these two fissures, continues its course  backward
nearly parallel with the upper median border of the
hemisphere, to end  sometimes sooner and sometimes
  1 Bischofl" admits that the fissure is present in the foetus, and typical,
but opposes the meaning given to  it by other authors in the adult
brain. 
PARIETAL FISSURE.                       37

          Fig. 2.
View op the Brain  fkom Above.
F Frontal lobe, P parietal lobe, 0 occipital lobe.
Sx End of the horizontal branch of the fissura Sylvii.
c  Central fissure ; A anterior,  B posterior central convolution.
Fx Upper, F3 middle, F3 lower  frontal  convolution.
fx Upper, f2 lower, f3 vertical frontal fissure (sulcus praecentralis).
Px Upper, P2  lower  parietal lobule ;  P2 gyrus supramarginalis, P3' gyrus
       angularis.
ip Sulcus interparietalis.
cm Sulcus calloso-marginalis.
po Fissura parieto-occipitalis.
tx  Upper temporal fissure.
Ox First occipital convolution.
o  Sulcus occipitalis transversus. 
38         CONVOLUTIONS OF  THE BRAIN.
later.  Sometimes its extremity opens into the trans-
verse  fissure (sulcus  occipitalis)  (o),  at others it
stretches almost to the apex of the lobus occipitalis.
    The  fissure  is often  less distinct, for the  reason
that it is bridged over at one place or another by a
secondary convolution ; this appears to happen more
often on the right side than the left.   It is thereby
completely  separated into  an anterior and posterior
division.1  An  occurrence  of  this kind  is certainly
no more frequent in  this fissure than in  others which
generally pass without hesitation as typical—for in-
stance, the temporal  fissures.
    The fissura interparietalis separates the parietal
lobe on the upper lateral surface into two divisions:
an  upper medial, lying  near the  great  longitudinal
fissure, and  a lower lateral, bordering  the  fissura
Sylvii, which we  distinguish as the upper and lower
parietal lobules.

    3.  Lobulus parietalis superior, upper parietal lob-
ules (Pi), and precuneus (P\).
    a.  Upper parietal lobule.
  Syn.—Gyrus parietalis superior (excluding posterior central convolu-
  '        tion). Pansoh.
       Lobule du deuxieme pli ascendant.   Geatiolet.
       Postero-parietal lobule.  Huxley, Tuenee, and the other Eng-
          lish authors.
1 Compare note 3, page 29. 
UPPER PARIETAL LOBULE.
39
       Erste Scheitellappenwindung (gyrus parietalis superior).  R.
          Wagnee.
       Oberer Scheitelbeinlappen.  Huschke.
       Obere innere Scheitelgruppe. Bisohoff.
    b.  Precuneus  (Vorzwickel).  Burdach.
       Lobule quadrilatere.  Foville.
       Quadrate lobule.  Huxley.
    This lobule is formed, as Huschke has correctly
stated, and as Gratiolet indicates by his nomencla-
ture, by the  extension backward  of the upper  end
of the posterior central convolution, and its develop-
ment to a lobule consisting of several gyri, which
stretches backward to the fissura parieto-occipitalis,
and is in connection with the occipital lobe by means
of the gyrus occipitalis primus (0±), which borders
the lateral end of the fissure just named.
    We can distinguish in this lobule  an upper lat-
eral and a medial surface which pass into each other
at the upper medial border of the hemisphere, Avith
a distinct boundary.
    a.  On the lateral surface, the upper parietal lob-
ule is  bounded externally by the fissura interparie-
tal; anteriorly it passes, without distinct boundary,
into the posterior central convolution; while the pos-
terior  portion is separated from the occipital convo-
lution on the inner side by the upper part of the fis-
sura parieto-occipitalis, but externally  is  directly
connected therewith by the gyrus occipitalis primus, 
40
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
which borders  the lateral extremity of this fissure.
The medial  surface is in several directions so very
plainly marked out that it was one of the first divis-
ions distinguished upon the cerebral  surface.  This
is the—
    b.  Precuneus (Vorzwickel).   Burdach.
    I retain  Burdach's  nomenclature of  the medial
surface.   The  precuneus  is  clearly and  sharply
marked  off  from the  occipital lobe,  especially the
cuneus (Oz), by the fissura parieto-occipitalis (po) ;
anteriorly it is bounded by the perpendicularly ris-
ing end of the fissura calloso-marginalis (cm).  This
fissure ends behind the posterior central convolution,
with an indentation upon the medial border of the
hemisphere,  which is distinguishable on most brains,
and usually on the brain of the foetus from the
seventh to the eighth month.1  Below, the precuneus
is  connected, as will be more accurately described
hereafter, with the gyrus fornicatus.
    4.  Lobidus parietalis inferior, lower parietal lob-
ules (P2 and P%).
 Syn.—Gyrus parietalis inferior. Pansch.
  1 Since the posterior central convolution also belongs to the parietal
lobe, the anterior boundaries of the precuneus, that is, of the  middle
part of the parietal lobe, are not the same with those of the lateral
part. In the latter situation the parietal lobe reaches to the  central
fissure, in the former only to the posterior border of the posterior cen-
tral convolution. 
LOWER PARIETAL LOBULES.
41
    This lies  below and  laterally from  the fissura
inter parietalis, and consists  of a more  or less com-
plicated system  of convolutions, which, however, in
their general  direction, curve around the upper ends
of the fissura Sylvii and the  fissura temporalis su-
perior  downward  to the temporal  lobe.    It may
usually be separated into two divisions,  an anterior
and posterior, of which  the first  surrounds the end
of the fissura Sylvii, the latter that of  the fissura
temporalis superior.
    A.  Anterior division, Lobulus supra-marginalis

  Syn.—Pli marginal superieur, and lobule du pli marginal superieur.
          Geatiolet.
      Dritte Scheitellappenwindung.  Gyrus parietalis tertius s. in-
          ferior.  R. Wagnee.
      Unterer Zug aus der hintern Centralwindung und Scheitel-
          hockerlappchen, lobulus tuberis.  Huschke.
      Erste  oder vordere Scheitelbogenwindung (Nr.  11).  Bi-
          8CH0FF.
    This lobule lies between the lower  end of the
posterior central convolution and the upper end of
the fissura Sylvii, and arises from the lower end of
the former, which  forms the posterior part of the
operculum, then  develops into a lobule, consisting
of several  convolutions,  arched around the  end of
the fissura Sylvii, in order finally to  become the
lower boundary of this  fissure as the  gyrus margi-
nalis inferior or temporalis superior (T^). 
42          CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
    B. Posterior division.  Gyrus angularis, angular
gyrus.   Huxley.   (-^Y-)
  Syn.—Pli courbe.  Geatiolet.             ,
       Zweite oder mittlere Scheitellappenwindung.  Gyrus parie-
          talis secundus s. medius.  R. Wagneb.
       Aufsteigende Windung sum hintern aussern Scheitellappenchen
          und hinteres ausseres Scheitellappchen.  Huschke.
       Zweite oder mittlere Scheitelbogenwindung (Nr. 12).   Bi-
          sohoff.
    This  convolution proceeds backward from  the
above-named lobule, is bounded above by the fissu/ra
interparietalis, is continuous posteriorly without defi-
nite boundaries  with the  occipital  lobe, principally
with the gyrus  occipitalis secundus (02), and, arch-
ing round the upper end of the first temporal fissure
(h), passes into the middle  temporal  convolution,
gyrus temporalis medius (T^).  Sometimes  this con-
volution is connected with the lobulus parietalis su-
perior  by a  bridge crossing  the fissura interparie-
talis.
    In  much-convoluted brains  both the before-men-
tioned  groups  of   gyri  are very complicated,  and
it  is difficult to decipher them.  To  get an  under-
standing  of the  convolutions  in this  neighborhood,
it is necessary to consult brains with few windings,
and  especially those from  the last  months of foetal
life. 
OCCIPITAL LOBE.
43
      C.  Occipital Lobe.  Lobus occipitalis.  (0.)
   The occipital lobe in man may be called small
in comparison with the rest of the hemisphere.   It
forms the posterior extremity of the hemisphere, fills
the upper fossa of the occipital bone, and rests upon
the tentorium.   Three surfaces may be distinguished
thereon—a medial, lying  against  the falx cerebri, a
lateral or upper, and a lower, lying upon the tento-
rium—all three of which coalesce at the posterior
point  of the hemisphere.   The  medial surface is
plane, the upper vaulted,  the lower slightly concave.
   The limitation of  the  occipital lobe toward those
adjoining it anteriorly is, with the exception of a few
places, rather indistinct.
   On  the  medial surface  it is  the most clearly
marked.  Here the medial portion of the fissura pa-
rieto-occipitalis (po) separates  the occipital lobe, in
particular the cuneus, very sharply from the parietal
lobe, in particular the precuneus.
   On the upper surface  this separation is also indi-
cated by the lateral portion of-the same fissure, but
in very different degrees,  since the extent of the fis-
sure is sometimes more and sometimes  less.  From
the point where the fissure  ceases on the upper sur-
face of the hemisphere, the anterior boundary of  the
lobus occipitalis becomes indistinct, and the lobe out- 
44              CONVOLUTIONS  OF  THE  BRAIN.
View of the  Brain  from the Siue.
F Frontal lobe ; P parietal lobe ;  O occipital lobe ;  T temporal lobe.
S Fissura Sylvii; S' horizontal, S" ascending branch.
c  Sulcus centralis ; A anterior, B posterior central  convolution.
Fx Upper,  P2 middle, F3 lower (or third) frontal convolution.
fx Upper, y2 lower, f3 vertical frontal fissure (sulcus  praecentralis).
Px Upper,  P2 lower parietal lobule ; P2 gyrus supramarginalis, P2'  gyrus
       angularis.
ip Sulcus interparietalis.
cm End of the sulcus calloso-marginalis.
Ox First, 02 second, 03 third, occipital convolution.
po Fissura parieto-occipitalis.
o  Sulcus occipitalis transversus.
o2 Sulcus occipitalis longitudinalis inferior.
Tx First, Ti second, T3 third temporal convolution.
tx First, t2 second temporal  fissure. 
POSTERIOR OCCIPITAL  FISSURES.
45
side of this place passes without distinct boundaries
into the parietal  as well  as into  the temporal lobe.
by a number  of  groups  of convolutions, which are
developed in very different degrees in different cases.1
The more they are developed, the more is the before-
mentioned  fissure pressed back toward the  medial
border of the hemisphere,  and the more  indistinct
becomes the anterior boundary of the occipital lobe.
    On the under or tentorium  surface there is no-
where any distinct  line  between the occipital and
temporal lobes;  only in perfectly fresh brains or in
such as have been hardened  within  the cranium
there may be found  a shallow, transverse depression
approximately indicating the limits of the two divis-
ions.  This depends on the impression  of the upper
edge of the petrous bone, and  usually disappears
soon after taking out the brain."

FISSURES, DIVISIONS,  AND  CONVOLUTIONS  OF  THE OCCIPITAL
                        LOBE.
    1.  Sulcus  occipitalis  transversus.   Posterior  or
transverse occipital fissure (o).
  Syn.—Fissura occipitalis externa.  Pansoh.
       Fissura occipitalis perpendicularis externa.  Bischoff.
   1 These are the convolutions to be more accurately described farther
on, which, in the apes, were named by Gratiolet plis de passage.
   2 Compare Krause, " Handbuch der Anatomie," Hannover, 1838,1.
3, S. 853, Bischoff, 1. c, S. 29. 
46
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
   Over the upper surface of the occipital lobe, and
in particular over the base of its triangular lobule
called  the cuneus, there  runs a transverse fissure,
to which I have given the above name.   It is some-
times wanting, and sometimes only very slightly de-
veloped, yet it seems to have a certain morphological
meaning.   In the cases in which it is duly perfected
we find at a distance behind the fissuraparieto occi-
pitalis a transverse fissure, which is often quite deep,
and  into which the fissura interpar'ietalis  very fre-
quently opens  anteriorly.   Around its medial ex-
tremity runs an arched convolution, which is an im-
mediate continuation of that which has bordered the
lateral extremity of the fissura parieto-occipitalis;
it  is, therefore, the gyrus  occipitalis primus (#i),
soon to be spoken of.   In some cases I have seen the
posterior border of the fissure thinned off so as to lie
on the  anterior border like a lid, a condition which
strongly reminds  one of the operculum of  the ape's
brain.  In the foetus the fissure is to be clearly recog-
nized at a tolerably  early  period, as Bischoff also
states;1  that it regularly disappears again  in the
eighth  month, as he assumes,81 can, after what has
just been stated, in no way admit.
            1 L. c, S. 58, Tb. IV., Figs. 7 to 9, C.
            s L. c, S. 60. 
POSTERIOR  OCCIPITAL FISSURES.
47
   2. Fissura calcarina.   Huxley.
 Syn.—Scissure des Hippocampes (posterior part).  Gkatiolet.
      Fissura horizontalis.  Pansoh.
      Fissura posterior s. occipitalis horizontalis.  R. Wagnee.
      Fissura Hippocampi.  Bischoff.
   This very constant  fissure which, with the fissura
parieto-occipitalis,  appears in  the  foetus before any
others, and  is completely  developed at an early pe-
riod, begins upon the medial surface of the posterior
extremity of the  hemisphere, with  two  branches
which diverge backward into  an upward and down-
ward fork, runs thence forward and joins the fissura
parieto-occipitalis at an acute  angle.   From here it
continues as a common  prolongation of  the two fis-
sures to beneath the posterior extremity of the cor-
pus callosum.   Here it is bordered by the gyrus
fornicatus,  and separated from the fissura  hippo-
campi (h).   This fissure is very deep,  and, as trans-
verse sections  most clearly show, gives rise to  the
prominence  in the  posterior horn of the lateral ven-
tricle, known as calcar avis, or pes hippocampi minor.
Hence the name given by  Huxley.
    3. Sulcus occipito-temporalis inferior.
    Since this fissure upon the lower surface of the oc-
cipital lobe belongs also to the temporal, I postpone
its consideration till the description, to be given be-
low, of the lower surfaces of these two lobes together. 
48         CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
        Divisions of  the Lobus Occipitalis.
    a.  Such is to be clearly found only on the medial
 surface.   Here may be distinguished—
    1.  The cuneus (Zwickel).  Burdach (Oz).
  Syn.—Lobule occipital.  Geatiolet.
       Internal occipital lobule.  Huxley.
       Gyrus occipitalis primus.  Erste obere Hinterhauptlappenwin-
          dung. Wagner.
       Oberer Zwischenscheitelbeinlappen.  Huschke.
    Since the fissura calcarina unites on this surface
 with the fissura parieto-occipitalis at  an acute angle,
 a triangular, wedge-shaped piece is cut from the an-
 terior part of the lobus occipitalis, the base of which
 looks upward  and backward, and the  apex down-
 ward and forward.  This is the cuneus.
    2. There may, besides, be separated on the medi-
 al surface, and just at the posterior apex of the hemi-
 sphere, a  lobule which forms  the extreme point of
 the hemisphere, and is situated behind the diverging
 ends of the fissura calcarina.  I will name  it " end
 lobule," lobulus extremus.
    3. That portion which lies below the fissura cal-
 carina belongs to the lower surface of the lobus oc-
cipitalis, the convolutions of which pass into those
of the temporal  lobe without distinct  boundaries,
and will, therefore, be  described in common with the
latter in  a special  section. 
         DIVISIONS  OF THE  LOBUS OCCIPITALIS.       49

    4.  On the upper and lateral surface  there is like-
wise no  distinct  subordinate division  into  lobules.

                             Fig.  4.
                                  A c
                                       B
View of the Medial Surface of the Right  Hemisphere.
CC Corpus callosum, cut through in the middle.
Gf Gyrus fornicatus, H gyrus hippocampi, h sulcus hippocampi,  U  gyrus
       uncinatus.
cm  Sulcus calloso-marginalis, Fx first frontal convolution, its  medial side, e
       end of sulcus centralis, A anterior, B posterior central convolution.
P  Precuneus.
Oz  Cuneus,  po fissura  parieto-occipitalis,  o  sulcus occipitalis transversus,
       oc fissura calcarina, oc' upper, oc" lower  branch.   D  Gyrus descen-
       dens.
Ti  Gyrus occipito-temporalis lateralis (lobulus fusiformis).
Tb  Gyrus occipito-temporalis medialis (lobulus lingualis).

Only when  the sulcus occipitalis  transversus  (o) is

distinctly developed, the upper surface of the occipi-
            4 
50         CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
tal  lobe appears separated into an anterior and pos-
terior portion.  It may be proper to repeat here that
such a division does  not at all correspond to those
upon the  medial surface, and thus does not divide
the precuneus from the cuneus, or the latter from
the convolutions of the lower surface, but the sulcus
occipitalis transversus rather runs transversely across
the upper surface or base of the cuneus.


        CONVOLUTIONS OF  THE OCCIPITAL LOBE.

    There is indeed no doubt that the understanding
of the convolutions of the occipital lobe is in itself
more difficult than that of all the other lobes.  Yet, I
think I am not wrong in supposing that the difficul-
ties  inherent  in the  nature of the  subject,  arising
especially from the great individual variety in  the
convolutions of the region, have been materially in-
creased by transferring, not without doing some vio-
lence to nature, the  nomenclature of  the monkey-
brain directly to  that of man.  In no part of the
cerebral surface is the difference between the brains
of those apes (Cercopithecus, etc.) upon which Gra-
tiolet's description was  founded, and  the  human
brain, more distinct than in this very occipital lobe.
In  the apes which form the  genera  Cercopithecus,
Lnuus, Cynocephalus, Cebus, etc.,  the occipital lobe 
      CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE OCCIPITAL LOBE.     51
is separated from the parietal on the upper surface
by a deep  transverse indentation, and the  posterior
border of this fissure (scissure perpendiculaire, Gra-
tiolet), that is, the anterior border  of the  posterior
lobe, is  brought  to an edge,  and projects  over the
fissure like a lid, whence its name operculum.   Cov-
ered by this lid, that is, lying in the depths of the
fissure, several convolutions pass from the upper and
lower parietal lobules to the occipital lobe.  These
hidden  convolutions, of which there are two,  and
which are, of  course, from their concealed  position,
entirely peculiar, Gratiolet thought it necessary to
distinguish by a special name, and he called them plis
depassage (transition convolutions).  But he has also
given this name to two other convolutions, which lie,
too, upon the upper  surface, and laterally  from the
former,  and connect  the temporal with the occipital
lobe.    These  last two convolutions are,  however,
never concealed  even in the  above-named  apes, but
lie  entirely on  the  surface.   Finally, Gratiolet has
designated as plis de passage still two other convolu-
tions on the medial surface, which are also superficial,
and which  connect  the parietal with  the  occipital
lobe  (in particular,  precuneus and cuneus).    The
latter he names  inner plis de passage,1 and separates
them  as upper and lower: those first described he
      1 For these, see the convolutions of the medial surface. 
 52         CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE BRAIN.
 calls outer, and  distinguishes them in their order,
 reckoning from the medial border of the hemisphere,
 as  first, second,  third, and  fourth.  Thus,  even in
 these apes, it is only the first and second outer plis
 de passage which exhibit any thing peculiar, and de-
 serve a special  name; the  others have, in fact, noth-
 ing  to distinguish  them  from  other  convolutions
 which connect  different lobes with  each other; and
 one  might, with  as  much  propriety, reckon, among
 the plis de passage, the convolutions of the lower
 surface which  connect the occipital and  temporal
 lobes.   Besides,  in  many of the  higher  apes  the
 operculum  is entirely wanting, and with it disap-
 pears the only peculiarity which has distinguished
 these convolutions.  These are, then, superficial  con-
 volutions, like all the others.
    So it is also in man.  Neither in the adult brain,
 nor at any period of foetal life, do these convolutions
 show any peculiarity  which justifies  a special  no-
menclature,  or  one which  seems to indicate some-
thing  special,  such  as  " transition convolutions."
They are never  particularly concealed.   The  two
hidden convolutions, and the operculum connected
therewith, are thus a peculiarity of  the lower forms
of apes, which is wanting even in the higher ones, and
still more in man. It must necessarily lead to false
 views if a nomenclature  is retained  in  the anatomy 
      CONVOLUTIONS OF THE  OCCIPITAL  LOBE.     53
of the human brain, which has, indeed, a meaning in
the lower apes, but none at all in man.  It is, how-
ever, none the less true that  the type of the convo-
lutions in the human brain, taken as a whole, is only
a higher development of that of the apes, whether
this is taken  in the  meaning  of  the  descendance
theory or in the old sense.
    In order to  gain a clear  view,  disturbed by  no
preconceived notion, of the  convolutions of the hu-
man occipital  lobe, it is, first of all, necessary to ex-
amine numerous foetal brains from the last (seventh,
eighth,  ninth,  tenth  lunar)  months  of pregnancy.
Here the structural plan of the human brain  is ex-
hibited in its simplest lines, while later the essential
is often no longer to be so easily separated from the
non-essential.   The convolutions of the occipital lobe
run in general  from the posterior point of the hemi-
sphere forward  on the upper (also lateral), the me-
dial, and the lower surfaces, diverging on  account of
the increase in diameter of the hemisphere, and pass
into those of the parietal and temporal lobes.  The
separation of certain intermediate portions under the
name of transition convolutions (plis  de passage),
between the convolutions of the occipital lobe on
the one hand,  and the parietal  and temporal  on
the other, has no justification in the human  brain,
and makes the understanding  of  the  region  more 
54          CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE  BRAIN.
difficult.   I  have, therefore,  wholly rejected  this
name.
    The convolutions which I separate upon the lobus
occipitalis are the following :

    I. On  the Upper  Surface.
    1.  Gyrus occipitalis primus s.  parieto-occipitalis
medialis, first or upper occipital convolution (0^).
  Syn.—Oberer Zug der hintern Centralwindung (in part).  Huschke.
       Erste obere Hinterlappenwindung. Wagner.
       Pli de passage superieur externe and pli occipital superieur.
          Gratiolet.
       First external annectent gyrus (Huxley) ; first bridging an-
          nectent or connecting gyrus.  Turner.
       Obere innere (4.) Scheitelbogenwindung (Nr. 14).  Bischoff.
    Huschke  has already  described  a  convolution
which reaches from the posterior central convolution
along the  median fissure to the posterior  extremity
of the brain,  and from there passes to the lower sur-
face.   This convolution connects the upper parietal
lobule with the  lobus occipitalis, and forms the up-
per medial portion of the latter, so that the name I
have  given it is justified.   Gratiolet, on account  of a
peculiarity presented in certain apes by the convolu-
tion, has divided it into two (pli de passage superi-
eur externe,  and pli occipital superieur), a division
which, as above  stated, is not a well-founded one in
man.   This fissure arises from the  posterior and me-
dial end of the upper parietal lobule, surrounds in 
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE OCCIPITAL LOBE.     55
an  arch  of greater or less  extent, convex outward,
the lateral  upper  extremity of the fissura parieto-
occipitalis  (po)  which separates the parietal (Pt)
from  the occipital lobe (O), and  passes into the
cuneus, on  the  upper surface of which  it borders
the medial end of  the sulcus occipitalis  transversus
(o), when this is present, in a second  arch with its
convexity toward the median line.

    2.  Gyrus occipitalis secundus, seu parieto-occipi-
talis  lateralis, second or middle occipital convolu-
tion (02).
  Syn.—Pli occipital moyen and deuxieme pli de passage externe.
          Gratiolet.
       Zweite mittlere Hinterlappenwindung.  Wagner.
       Gyrus occipitalis medius. Pansoh.
       Medioroccipital and second external annectent gyrus.  Hux-
         ley.
    This convolution  lies behind and outside of the
preceding, arises from the posterior extremity of the
hemisphere behind the sulcus occipitalis transversus
(o), and outside of the fissura interparietal^ runs
forward to the  lower parietal lobule, and passes es-
pecially into  the gyrus angularis (PJ)  ', it  is sepa-
rated from the preceding by the fissura interparie-
talis.

    3.  Gyrus occipitalis tertius seu tempora-occipi-
tcdis,  third  or lower occipital convolution (03). 
56         CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
  Syn.—Pli occipital infSrieur and troisieme et quatrieme pli de passage
          externe.  Gratiolet.
       Dritte untere Hinterlappenwindung. Wagner.
       Gyrus occipitalis inferior.  Pansch.
    This convolution also runs  from  the  posterior
extremity  of  the  hemisphere  below the  preced-
ing, to the  third and second  temporal   convolu-
tions.
    All the three convolutions named above arise
from a part of the  occipital lobe which is marked
off on the medial  surface as the cuneus.  Below the
cuneus and the fissura calcarina, and consequently
on the lower surface of the occipital lobe, two other
convolutions may be separated.   These are—

    4, 5. Gyri occipito-temporalis inferiores.
    To avoid unnecessary repetition, I defer the more
accurate description  of these convolutions—which
belong both to the occipital and temporal lobes—
until the description of the latter.

    6.  Gyrus descendens (D, Fig. 4).
    The upper  (numbered 1, 2, 3) and lower (num-
bered  4, 5) occipital convolutions are connected at
the posterior extremity of the hemisphere by one or
several convolutions which, arching  around the fork
of the fissura  calcarina, and forming the terminal
lobule, descend and are continued  into the  lobulus 
         FISSURES  OF THE  OCCIPITAL LOBE.       57
fusiformis and lobulus lingualis (T± and l^).1  Husch-
ke a  has already said that  the cuneus diverges at its
basal surface into  two branches like a V, of which
the  anterior bends around into the prsecuneus, the
posterior forms in its descent the apex of the hemi-
sphere, and again bends upward opposite to itself, so
that here two slender gyri lie concentrically in one
another.  Afterward this  branch  runs directly for-
ward on the surface  beside the  cuneus, as a fusiform
border-fold.   Bischoff also  mentions this convolution
(1. c, S. 50).

    7. Sulci occipitales longitudinales s. sagittales, lon-
gitudinal fissures of  the occipital lobe.
    Finally, as to the longitudinal  fissures of the oc-
cipital  lobe, by which the convolutions of the upper
and lateral  surface  above described are  separated
from each other, they are, with the exception of the
first, of very variable formation.   If these convolu-
tions, as is sometimes the case, converge until  near
the  end of the  lobe without material interruption
from a sulcus occipitalis  transversus, and cross the
lobulus extremus, then these longitudinal or sagittal
fissures, sulci occipitales longitudinales, as I will name
   1 Sometimes two such gyri descendentes can be distinguished {medi-
alis and lateralis), of which the first ends in the lobulus lingualis, the
second in the lobulus fusiformis.
   a L. c, S. 143, 144. 
58         CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
them, in  contradistinction to  the sulcus occipitalis
transversus, are, of course, the plainest.  It is  then
easy to distinguish (see Fig. 1)—

   1. A sulcus  occipitalis  superior (e>j), which sep-
     arates the gyrus occipitalis primus from the se-
     cundus, and is nothing but  a convolution  of
     the sulcus interparietalis;'
   2. A sulcus  occipitalis mferior (o2), which sepa-
     rates the  second  from the third  occipital con-
     volution.
    Thus we may separate, in all, five series of convo-
lutions of the occipital lobe running in the antero-
posterior  direction,  three on the upper and  lateral
surface (those  described  above as gyrus occipitalis
primus, secundus, tertius), and two on  the under
surface (the gyri occipito-temporales, to be hereafter
described, p. 66).  Of tne three first named, the up-
per is in connection solely with the lobus parietalis
superior, the  second with the lower parietal  lobule
and the  second temporal convolution, and the third
with  the second and  third  temporal.   The  fourth
and fifth  are common to the occipital  and temporal
lobes (marked in the plates as  1\ and T6).

   1 In the foetus the two portions of the fissure, the posterior (sulc.
occip. sup.) and anterior  (sulc. interparietalis), arise separately from
each other and subsequently unite. 
FISSURES  OF THE OCCIPITAL  LOBE.
59
   Note.—We have above distinguished afissura parieto-occipitalis (po)
which separates the occipital lobe from the parietal, and sulcus occipitalis

                                Fig.  5.
The Convolutions of the Posterior Extremity of the HEMisrnERE, taken
      from Behind, Within, and Below, and Projected on a Plane.

L. e. lobulus extremus, Oz cuneus.
Pi'  praecuneus, po fissura parieto-occipitalis, ip fissura interparietalis.
o    Sulcus  occipitalis transversus,  oc  fissura  calcarina, oc  upper, oc" lower
        branch ;  i± sulcus occipito-temporalis inferior.
Ox   gyrus occipitalis primus, 02 gyrus occipitalis secundus.
D  gyrus descendens, Gf gyrus fornicatus, U gyrus uncinatus, T6 lobulus
        lingualis, T4 lobulus fusiformis, T3 gyrus temporalis inferior.
   The  dotted line a b marks  the  boundary between upper and medial, the
line c d that between the medial and lower surfaces.


transversus (o), which runs transversely over the upper surface of the
occipital.  If we seek the analogues of these fissures in the apes, we find,
in the genera furnished with an operculum, apparently only one of them,
the fissura occipitalis transversus (scissure perpendiculaire), present.  If 
60            CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.

we imagine, in the human brain, the gyrus occipitalis primus (Ox), which
borders the outer end of the fissura parieto-occipitalis, and lies entirely
superficial, sunk below the surface—as far as the sulcus occipitalis trans-
versus—and the borders of the furrow left by this depression brought
together, so that the posterior border of the fissure (being the posterior
border of the sulcus occipitalis transversus) might project over it like a
lid, we get the structure which is found in those ape-brains which have
an operculum.  Externally only one fissure is perceptible, the posterior
border of which forms the operculum.   Only at the bottom of this fis-
sure is the fissura parieto-occipitalis seen, bordered by the hidden gyrus
occipitalis primus (first outer pli de passage).  On the  other hand, it
we imagine in the brain of an ape, for instance Cercopithecus,  the
convolution named thrust up to the surface, the transverse depression
above described will  be completely filled out, and we can distinguish
two transverse fissures—in front the fissura parieto-occipitalis, bounded
externally by the gyrus occipitalis primus; and farther backward  the
sulcus occipitalis transversus, whose medial extremity is also surrounded
by the same convolution.  With  the great fissure, the operculum like-
wise disappears, and the occipital lobe appears much smaller.   Com-
pare especially Pansch,  1. c, S. 25.



IX  Temporal  Lobe, lobus temporalis / or, Temporo-Sphe-
          noidal Lobe, lobus temporo-sphenoidolis.

    The temporal lobe occupies on  each side the  mid-
dle  fossa  of  the  skull, thence  lies  lower than the
frontal and  occipital tlobes, and principally forms the
most  deeply-situated part of the  cerebrum, so  that
its apex lies at  about the same height  as the  floor
of the orbit.   Its form, corresponding to that of the
middle fossa of  the  skull, is cylindrical upon section, 
TEMPORAL  FISSURES.
61
and presents for description only two surfaces, which
pass into each other by rounded borders.
   The temporal lobe is the most distinctly bounded
of all the lobes ; in particular, it is very completely
separated from the frontal and the anterior part of
the parietal lobe by the fissura Sylvii, while,  on the
contrary, it is only indistinctly cut off from the  pos-
terior part of the last-named lobe and  from the oc-
cipital.   This is especially true of the lower surface,
where the occipital convolutions pass  into the  tem-
poral without any distinct limit,  so that it is better,
in order to avoid repetitions, to  consider the lower
surface  of the two lobes together, as the lower occip-
itotemporal surface.   It has already been mentioned
that a shallow indentation at the boundary between
the two lobes, caused by the upper edge of the pe-
trous portion of the temporal bone, may be perceived
in perfectly fresh brains, or  those hardened within
the skull.   It has not, however,  the slightest influ-
ence upon the convolutions.

   FISSURES AND CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE.
                      FISSURES.
    1. Sulcus temporalis superior,  upper temporal fis-
sure (fy.
  Syn.—Scissure parallele.  Parallel fissure.  Gratiolet.
      Antero-temporal sulcus.  Httxley. 
62         CONVOLUTIONS OF THE  BRAIN.
   This is the most constant fissure of the temporal
lobe—runs parallel with the fissura Sylvii (hence
the name given by Gratiolet), and  marks off an up-
per temporal convolution, which  bounds the fissura
Sylvii on the lower side.   It extends backward and
upward to very different distances in different cases.
Its posterior extremity lies, as a rule, higher than
that of the fissura Sylvii, and in every case the con-
volution described above as gyrus angularis winds
around it, to be continued  into the second temporal
convolution.
   The two following fissures are much more incon-
stant, and very  irregularly developed, interrupted,
and  bridged  over, and very seldom both  developed
with equal clearness.  These are—
   2. The sulcus temporalis medius, middle temporal
fissure (t2),
      postero-temporal sulcus (Huxley) ;
   And 3.  The sulcus temporalis inferior, the infe-
rior temporal fissure (t3).
   These run parallel with the upper temporal fis-
sure ; the middle one  lies almost entirely on the lat-
eral  surface of the temporal lobe, and only with its
anterior lower extremity reaches the lower surface;
while the lower, on the  contrary, lies in its greatest
part on this surface. 
CONVOLUTIONS OF  THE  TEMPORAL  LOBE.       03

                           Fig.  1.
View of the  Brain from the Side.
F Frontal lobe ;  P parietal lobe ; 0 occipital lobe ; T temporal lobe.
S Fissura Sylvii; S' horizontal, S" ascending branch.
c  Sulcus centralis ; A anterior, B posterior central convolution.
Fx Upper,  F* middle, Fs lower (or third) frontal  convolution.
fx Upper, /2 lower, f3 vertical frontal fissure (sulcus praecentralis).
Pi Upper,  P2  lower parietal  lobule;  Pi gyrus  supramarginalis, iY gyrus
       angularis.
ip Sulcus interparietalis.
rm End of the sulcus calloso marginalis.
Ox First, 02 second,  03 third,  occipital convolution.
po Fissura parieto-occipitalis.
o  Sulcus occipitalis transversus.
oa Sulcus occipitalis longitudinalis inferior.
Tx First, Ti second, T3 third temporal convolution.
tx First, U second temporal fissure. 
64
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
   Then follows a fissure which belongs to the lower
surface alone, and is a  part of the temporal  as well
as of the occipital lobe.

   4. Sulcus occipito-temporalis inferior, inner lower
longitudinal fissure (t4).
  Syn.—Sulcus longitudinalis inferior.  Husohke.
       Sulcus occipito-temporalis.  Pansch.
       Fissura collateralis. Huxley.
       Fissura collateralis s. temporalis inferior.  Bischoff.
   This fissure runs upon  the lower  surface of the
occipital and temporal lobes, and  begins somewhat
laterally from the hinder point of the former.  In its
course forward  it  separates  the gyrus hippocampi
and the gyrus occipito-temporalis medialis (P5), which
lie on its median side, from the gyrus occipito-tempo-
ralis lateralis (T^), which bounds it externally.   Its
extent forward is very various:  sometimes it reaches
to the anterior extremity of the temporal lobe, and
thus surrounds the gyrus hippocampi veiy complete-
ly (see Fig.  3, right side of the figure) ; sometimes it
ceases in the neighborhood of the  end of the gyrus
fornicatus (des Hakens), or is interrupted by a sec-
ondary bridging convolution.
   This fissure is  generally deep, and, as it appears,
sometimes so deep that the wall of the lateral ventri
cle externally to the cormi amm,onis is pushed inward
thereby.   It is called fissura collateralis by Huxley, 
       CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE.      65

because in  the interior of the lateral ventricle its re-

lation to the eminentia lateralis s. collateralis Meckelii

is similar to that  borne  by the fissura calcarina  to

the  calcar  avis, and  the fissura hippocampi to the

cornu ammonis, that is, it forms an incurvation which

appears in  the interior as a prominence.1


                      CONVOLUTIONS.

    The formation of the convolutions is, of course,

entirely dependent on the  development of the  fis-

sures ; and in the  region of the temporal lobe,  in

which the  latter are most variable, the convolutions

are so too.   We distinguish :

    1.  Gyrus  temporalis superior (Huschke)  seu in-

fra-mar ginalis, upper temporal convolution (T^.

  Syn.—Gyrus temporalis primus, erste obere Schlafenwindung. Wag-
          nee.
       Antero-temporal gyrus.  Huxley.
       Pli temporal superieur s. pli marginal posterieur (inferieur).
          Gkatiolet.

    This very constant convolution lies between the

fissura Sylvii  and  the sulcus temporalis superior,

   1 The name fissura collateralis, although it has the  advantage of
brevity, seems to me unadvisable, for the reason that the eminentia col-
lateralis, from which it is formed, is by no means a constantly-present
formation in the human brain (compare Jung on the lateral projection
in the lateral venticle of the human brain, Basle, and Arnold, Anatomie,
I., 2, 769), while the fissura collateralis (Huxley) belongs among the
typical never-wanting fissures.
          5 
66
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE  BRAIN.
 and, arching  around  the  upper  end of  the fossa
 Sylvii, passes into the lobidus supramarginalis.
    2.  Gyrus temporalis medius,  middle temporal
 convolution (T2).
  Syn.—Gyrus temporalis secundus, zweite oder mittlere Schlafenwin-
          dung.  Wagner.
       Mittlere Schlafenwindung.  Huschke.
       Pli temporal moyen, and partie descendante du pli courbe.
          Gratiolet.
       Medio-temporal gyrus.  Huxley.
    This convolution is most clearly marked off above
 toward the first  temporal convolution, since  the up-
 per temporal fissure is almost  never wanting, and it
 is also quite well separated behind and above by its
 passage into the gyrus angularis.  Below, on the
 other hand, it is  by no means invariably set off in its
 whole length  from  the third convolution, but fre-
 quently coalesces with it in a greater or less extent.
    3.  Gyrus temporalis inferior, lower temporal con-
 volution (Ts).
  Syn.—Gyrus temp, tertius s. inferior, dritte oder untere Schlafenap-
          penwindung.  R. Wagner.
   II.  On  the  Under  Surface.
         Gyri occipito-temporales (Fig. 3).
   The lower surface of the hemisphere, so far  as it
is situated  behind the fossa Sylvii, belongs  partly
to the lobus occipitalis,  and partly to the lobus tempo- 
CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE  TEMPORAL  LOBE.       61

                        Fig.  3.
View of the Brain from Below.
Fx Gyrus rectus Fa middle, F3 lower frontal convolution.
 ft Sulcus olfactorius, /6 sulcus orbitalis.
 T^ Second, or middle, T third, or  lower  temporal  convolution ; T<.  gyrus occi-
      pito-temporalis lateralis (lobulus  fusiformis),  Tb gyrus occipito-tempo-
      ralis medialis (lobulus lingualis).
ti. Sulcus occipito-temporalis inferior,  t3 lower, U middle temporal fissure.
po Fis-ura parieto-occipitalis.
oc Fissura calcarina.
 H Gyrus hippocampi; U gyrus uncinatus.
 Ch Chiasma nervorum opticorum;  cc corpora candicantia  (albicantia);  KK
      peiunculi cerebri;  C corpus callosum. 
68         CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE BRAIN.
ralis, which here  pass into  each other without dis-
tinct boundaries, and it is within the territory of the
former, so  far as  it rests on the tentorium, slightly
concave; in the latter, in the middle fossa of the skull,
convex.  There is here seen a deep and constant fis-
sure, the  above - described  sulcus occipito-temporalis
inferior.   It separates from each other two series of
convolutions, the  gyri occipito-temporales, which we
distinguish as—
    4.  Gyrus occipito-temporalis  medialis  (Pansch).
Lingual lobule (^5).
  Syn.—Lobulus lingualis, Zungenlappchen. Huschke.
       Untere innere  Hinterhauptwindungsgruppe (No. 17).  Bi-
          schoff.
    This  convolution  is bounded externally by the
before-mentioned  sulcus  occipito-temporalis inferior
(t4), and internally by the fissura calcarina (oc), and
has rather a club-  or leaf-shaped figure.  The narrow
part — handle — arises from the gyrus hippocampi
beneath  the splenium corporis callosi /   thence  it"
grows  wider as it goes backward, but near the ex-
treme  point of the  hemisphere regularly narrows
again.  This posterior narrow end is connected with
the  extremity of  the posterior lobe, and  especially
with the convolution  described above as gyrus  descen-
dens, which, arching around the  posterior branch of
the fissura calcarina, puts the convolutions  of  the 
      CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE.    69

upper surface of the lobus occipitalis in connection
with those of the lower.
   5. Gyrus occipito-temporalis lateralis.  (Pansch.)
Fusiform lobule (T^).
  Syn.—Lobulus fusiformis, spindelformiges Lappchen.  Huschke.
      Unterer ausserer Hinterhauptwindungszug (No. 18). Bischoff.
   This convolution is always clearly bounded on
the median side by the sulcus occipito-temporalis in-
ferior • laterally, the third  temporal  fissure, sulcus
temporalis inferior, forms its boundary toward the
lower temporal convolution.  But, since this  fissure
is frequently wanting or incomplete, the lateral boun-
dary of this convolution is by no means always alike
distinct.  It is of very various form, generally wider
in the  middle, somewhat narrowed  anteriorly and
posteriorly, and is connected with the convolution
described  just above,  as well  as with  the gyrus
clescendens.
   There have  been, in  all, five  temporal convolu-
tions described in the  foregoing.  But, as already
mentioned, they are by no means all at once or uni-
formly developed;  and, in order to  see  one's way
clearly, it is convenient, following the advice of Bi-
schoff, first  to  fix the eye  upon  those convolutions 
70         CONVOLUTIONS OF  THE BRAIN.
 which are subject to the least variation, in order to
 see  the  others  from this starting-point.  The most
 constant are : 1. On the lateral upper surface  of the
 temporal lobe, the gyrus temporalis superior s. infra-
 marginalis, which appears almost always distinctly
 bounded by the fissure of Sylvius and the upper tem-
 poral fissure.  So, also,  2. On the lower surface and
 on the median border of the temporal  lobe, the lin-
 gual lobule and the gyrus hippocampi  are always
 plainly to be distinguished, being bounded internally
 by the fissura hippocampi (h), and externally by the
 fissuyra temporo-occipitalis inferior.   As to what re-
 mains  between  this last-named fissure  on the  one
 side, and the fissura temporalis superior on the  other,
 it is very variously developed.  Sometimes in this
 space there are two fissures distinguishable, more or
 less  parallel with the above named, by which three
 convolutions are marked off; at other times only one
 fissure is to be recognized, and, of course, only two
 convolutions.1  There may then be distinguished, on
 the occipital as well as on the temporal lobe, five con-
 volutions running antero-posteriorly.  Two of  them,
 the gyri  occipito-temporales, belong to both lobes in
 common, and hence each of these lobes has only three
 convolutions of its own,  running  in the direction in-
   1 On this subject see especially my figures of the brain from the
eight and nine months' foetus in the Archiv fur Anthropologic, Bd. III.,
Heft 3. 
          FISSURE OF THE CORPUS  CALLOSUM.       71
 dicated;  and of these only one in each lobe, namely,
 the gyrus occipitalis primus and gyrus temporalis su-
 perior, are  entirely independent, while the second
 and third of each  group pass directly or indirectly
 into each other.


  E.  Medial Surface  of  the Frontal, Parietal,  and
                   Occipital Lobes.

    After  the  frontal, parietal, and occipital  lobes
 have been separately considered, it is  necessary to
 throw  another glance upon the  medial surface, the
 fissures and  convolutions of which extend over sev-
 eral of the lobes mentioned, and  hence must be con-
 sidered in common.

               FISSURES AND CONVOLUTIONS.
    1. Sulcus calloso-marginalis (cm), fissure of the
 corpus  callosum.  Huxley, Bischoff, Turner, Mar-
 shall, etc.
  Syn.—Grand sillon du lobe fronto-parietal.  Gratiolet.
      Sulcus fronto-parietalis internus. Pansch.
    This fissure is of so definite formation, that it was
clearly recognized and represented, as, for instance,
by Vicq d'Azyr, at a time when but very little atten-
tion was given  to the other convolutions.   In the
foetus it appears early. 
72
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
    This fissure takes its origin beneath the anterior
extremity (genu) of the  corpus callosum, passes up-
ward around the genu,  separated from the corpus
callosum by the gyrus fornicatus, and runs backward
about midway between the upper surface of the cor-
pus callosum and the upper border of the  hemi-
sphere ; at first it runs parallel with the, surface men-
tioned, but a short distance before reaching the pos-
terior extremity (splenium) of the corpus callosum it
turns upward, and ends at the upper medial border
of the  hemisphere.  The indentation of the medial
border with which it ends may generally be recog-
nized on looking at the brain from above. It is found
immediately behind  the medial end of the  posterior
central convolution (cm, Fig. 2).  From  the place at
which the fissure begins to turn upward there is fre-
quently, following  the original direction, a slight
prolongation backward of the fissure upon the quad-
rilateral surface of the precuneus.  Little secondary
fissures  pass, during its whole course, from the fissure
downward into the gyrus fornicatus, as well as  up-
ward into the marginal  convolution.   Not unfre-
quently the fissure is bridged over in places by con-
volutions which put the two series of gyri separated
by it into connection with each other.
   2. Gyrus fornicatus  (Arnold)  (Gf),  convolu-
tion  of the corpus callosum (Bogenwulst). 
     CONVOLUTIONS OF THE  CORPUS CALLOSUM.   73
  Syn.—Processo enteroideo cristato.  Rolando (1. c, S. 33, Taf. Ha).
      Oirconvolution de l'ourlet. Foville.
      Zwinge, cingula oder gyrus cinguli.  Bxtedach.
      Callosal gyrus. Huxley.
      Fornix periphericus, Susseres Gewolbe.  Aenold.

   By this name is designated the curved system of
convolutions surrounding the corpus callosum, which
begins beneath the anterior  extremity (genu)  of the
corpus callosum in the form of a narrow gyrus, bends
around the  genu to the upper surface, gradually in-
creasing in size, passes backward, and, having arrived
at the posterior  extremity of the corpus callosum,
turns around  this (splenium) downward to the tem-
poral lobe, along the medial border of which it con-
tinues as the gyrus hippocampi.   The narrow convo-
lution, with which the gyri fornicatus begins, arises
below the point of the genu corporis callosi, and be-
low  the septum pellucidum,  and is  here connected
with the septum, the inner root of the olfactory nerve,
and  with the gyrus rectus.   Then the  convolution,
becoming broader in its passage forward, divides
into  two—the anterior rises  and unites with the me-
dial  portion of the upper frontal convolution (pli de
la zone externe, Gratiolet), while the  posterior is the
gyrus fornicatus.  Before this is continued into the
gyrus hippocampi, it enters into several other connec-
tions.   First of all, it rises posteriorly, and  coalesces
with the precuneus (P/) the base  of which rests 
74
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
upon it in its whole  length;  then  (directly behind
the posterior  extremity  of  the corpus  callosum?) a

                             Fig. 4.
                                 A  c
                                  :   ;'  B
View of the Medial  Surface of the Right Hemisphere.
CC Corpus callosum, cut through in the middle.
Gf Gyrus fornicatus, H  gyrus hippocampi,  h sulcus  hippocampi,  U gyrus
      uncinatus.
cm  Sulcus  calloso-marginalis, Fx first  frontal convolution, its medial  side, e
      end of sulcus centralis, A anterior, B posterior central convolution.
P  Precuneus.
Oz  Cuneus,  po  fissura parieto-occipitalis, o  sulcus  occipitalis transversus,
      oc fissura calcarina,  oc'  upper,  oc" lower branch.   D Gyrus descen-
      dens.
7\  Gyrus occipito-temporalis lateralis (lobulus fusiformis).
Tb  Gyrus occipito-temporalis medialis (lobulus lingualis).


small convolution (Oz', Fig.  6)  arises  from the gyrus

fornicatus, which, previously sinking below the sur- 
         CONVOLUTIONS  OF  THE CORPUS CALLOSUM.    75

 face, is connected with  the  apex of  the cuneus (Oz).
■ I  will call it gyrus cunei.1

                              Fig.  6.
View of  the  Posterior Extremity  of  the  Right Hemisphere from  toe
                         Medial Surface.

P precuneus; Oz cuneus ; po fissura parieto-occipitalis; o sulcus occipitalis
   transversus ; Gf gyrus fornicatus ; Oz' convolution of the cuneus ;  oc fis-
   sura calcarina ; T& gyrus occipito-temporalis medialis (lobulus lingualis).


     Lastly, the gyrus fornicatus  coalesces with the

anterior extremity of the lingual lobule, gyrus occipi-

   1  Bischoff (1. c, S. 47) names this  convolution the lower  or fifth
parietal convolution (No. 15), and correctly considers  it as the ana-
logue of the lower inner transition convolution (pli de passage) of the
apex.  As above mentioned, Gratiolet describes two inner (that is, sit-
uated on the medial surface) transition convolutions, which pass from
the pracuneus to the cuneus, and distinguishes them  as inner upper
and inner lower transition  convolution (plis de passage interne supe-
rieur et inferieur).  As to the first, the upper inner transition convolu-
tion, I make  use of this opportunity to express my views  upon this
also.
   Bischoff (1. c, S. 79) is of the opinion that this  convolution  is ho- 
76           CONVOLUTIONS  OF THE BRAIN.
to-temporalis medialis, and then continues  as the gy-

rus hippocampi. Thus there pass successively into the

gyrus fornicatus:  1. The precuneus; 2. The cuneus;

3. The lingual lobule.   On the lower and media ledge

of this convolution, lying upon the corpus callosum,

a layer of white medullary substance  is developed,

which  covers its gray cortex (stria longitudinalis s.

tecta),  and, spreading more  widely as it passes back-

ward and downward, covers the surface of the gyrus

hippocampi as substantia alba reticularis.

    3.  Gyrus hippocampi.   Burdach (LI).

  Syn.—Subiculum cornu ammonis.  Burdach.
        Circonvolution a crochet.  Vicq d'Azyr.
        Pli unciforme s.  temporal  moyen interne et lobule de l'hippo-
           campe.  Gratiolet.
        Uncinate gyrus.  Huxley.

    This convolution lies on  the lower medial  border

of the  temporal lobe, which embraces the peduncuU

mologous with the first outer transition convolution of Gratiolet (our
gyrus occipitalis primus,  Ox), and hence is wanting where the latter is
developed, and vice versa.  I regret to be obliged to oppose this view :
not only do we find,  as I will more  particularly describe in another
place, in  the brain of various apes (Cercopithecus, Cynocephalus, etc.)
both convolutions most clearly developed together, but we also not in-
frequently find  in man a  convolution which arises at the posterior ex-
tremity of the precuneus  with the gyrus occipitalis primus, runs back-
ward in an arch convex inward and downward, while the former (gyrus
occipitalis primus, as  is known, makes an arch outward.  In the cune-
us the two convolutions again coalesce.  This  convolution is  regularly
sunk into the depths of the, fissura parieto-occipitalis, and only becomes
visible on pulling apart the borders of this fissure; but  sometimes it
also comes to the surface, and causes  then a very unusual appearance
of this part of the cerebral surface. 
               FISSURA HIPPOCAMPI.              77
cerebri.   It  is bounded  externally by the anterior
part of the fissura occipito-temporalis inferior, inter-
nally by the fissura hippocampi, and  may be consid-
ered as the common  prolongation of the gyrus forni-
catus, the convolution of the  cuneus, and of the lin-
gual lobule.  After the gyrus hippocampi has been
formed by these  three constituents below the poste-
rior end  of the corpus callosum, it runs to the  point
of the temporal lobe, where it ends at the beginning
of the transverse part of the fissura Sylvii, behind
the substantia perforata lateralis, with a hook-shaped
turn, the uncus gyri fornicati or gyrus uncinatus, TI.
    4. Fissura hippocampi (h).
  Syn.—Anterior part of the " scissure des hippocampes.1' Gratiolet.
      Dentate sulcus.  Huxley.
    The inner surface of the cerebral cavities is in im-
mediate  connection with the peripheral surface  of
the brain by a large cleft (rima transversa cerebri,
Burdach).  This cleft consists of a middle and two
lateral portions.
    The middle part of the cleft extends transversely
between the corpus callosum and corpora guadrigemi-
na, is bounded above by the first, below by the second
and the  pineal gland, and leads into the third ventri-
cle.   The lateral portion extends thence in a curve
outward, downward, and forward, on the inner side
of the lower lobe, between the inner portion of the 
 78         CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN.
 roof, and the floor of the lower horn, and leads into
 the cornu  desceiulens.   This fissure is thus bounded
 externally  by the concave border of the gyrus hippo-
 campi.   If this  border is somewhat  lifted, a sulcus
 will be  seen which runs along the border, and  in
 which lies a gray cord.  This sulcus stands in a rela-
 tion to  the cornu ammonis  precisely similar to that
 of the fissura calcarina to  the calcar avis—that is,
 the sulcus  pushes the wall of the descending cornu
 inward  toward the cavity, and  thereby produces on
 the lower  wall of the cornu the  elevation just
 named,  which is found in that place.  The fissure is
 thence named sulcus or fissura hippocampi.
   5. Gyrus dentatus s. fascia dentata.
  Syn.—Dentate gyrus.  Huxley.
      Corps godronne.  Gratiolet and others.
   The   cornu  ammonis  represents  a  convolution
 pressed  in  toward  the cavity of the  lower horn of
 the ventricle.  As the convolutions in general have,
 upon  a  transverse section, as Meynert  correctly re-
marks, the  form  of  a U—that is, of an  inverted  fl,
the convexity of which looks toward the surface—
and the fissures  that of an  upright  U, here such a
U of the latter kind juts into the cavity of  the de-
scending cornu as an embossed projection, and forms
the elevation of the  cornu ammonis.   The cavity of
the U, however, is not empty, but filled mostly with 
GYRUS DENDATUS.
79
gray substance, and in the deepest portion with a pro-
longation of the substantia alba reticularis.   Above
all lies a frequently-contracted cord of gray substance,
the fascia dentata or the gyrus dentahts.   This little
gray  convolution  begins  behind the  splenium cor-
poris callosi on the medial surface of the gyrus for-
nicatus, as the fasciola  cinerea, then descends along
the cornu ammonis, covered by the fimbria or taenia,
and  finally  ends with  the so-called cauda  on the
lower surface of the gyrus uncinatus.
    There is hardly a point in which the brain of
most apes  is so essentially distinguished from that
of man as in regard to the just-mentioned fissu/ra
hippocampi.  In man, as we have seen, the gyrus for-
nicatus passes without interruption into the gyrus
hippocampi, and thus  the fissura calcarina and fis-
sura hippocampi are separated from each other  by
this continuous series of convolutions.  In the apes,
on  the  contrary—so far as known, with the single
exceptions  of Ateles and Hylobates—the  two just-
named fissures pass immediately into each other, and
thence in them the gyrus fornicatus and gyrus hip-
pocampi are separated  from  each other.   Hence,
Gratiolet, who derived his  whole terminology from
the ape's brain, described the two fissures which we 
80          CONVOLUTIONS OF  THE BRAIN.
separate as fissura calcarina and fissura hippocampi
as one, the scissure des hippocampes.


                F.  Insular Lobe.
    Island.  Reil.
  Syn.—Stammlappen, lobus caudicis.  Burdach.
      Zwischenlappen oder verstecker Lappen, lobus intermedius s.
          opertus.  Arnold.                          '
    This  lobe lies concealed between the  frontal, pa-
rietal, and temporal  lobes, and  especially overhung
by the operculum, so that it is only seen after open-
ing out  the fissura Sylvii, and is surrounded  by a
furrow.   Its surface  is furnished with short convo-
lutions  (gyri  breves, Gall), which  diverge from  a
point on the lower side, forward, upward, and back-
ward, and have the form of a slightly-curved hook. 
APPENDIX.
    Actixg upon the  conviction  expressed  in the
preface, that it is  especially the task of physicians
to furnish the materials  for a future organology of
the brain, I do  not  consider it superfluous  to  add
something upon the methods of examination and the
recording of observations.
    In order to find one's way in the apparent chaos
of convolutions,  it is best to start from the principal
fissures.   After the pia mater has been as much as
possible removed1 from the brain taken out of the
skull, the fissura Sylvii  (S) is sought for, and its
two branches, the posterior horizontal (&) and the
anterior ascending  (S").   Starting from the opercu-
lum, which projects between these two branches, we
seek for the sulcus  centralis (c) and the two  central

  1 This is best done under water, but the stay of the brain in water
must be but a short one, as it otherwise becomes too soft by imbibition.
         6 
82
APPENDIX.
convolutions which border it, the anterior (A) and
the posterior (B).  Going from the anterior (A) we
follow the frontal convolutions, Fh F2, Fl, of which
the lowest, Fs, curves around the anterior ascending
branch of the fossa Sylvii.  On the portion of the
cerebral surface which lies behind the central fissure
(parietal and occipital lobes), the fissura parieto-oc-
cipitalis is sought for, cutting in from  the medial
border.  This  is  always  easy to find, if one  starts
from the medial surface.  It bounds, on  the surface,
the easily-recognizable cuneus (Oz) anteriorly, and
separates the parietal from the occipital  lobe.  The
external extremity of the fissure named is  surrounded
by an arched convolution, which I have designated
gyrus occipitalis primus.   If we follow forward the
fissure (ip) which bounds the convolution external-
ly, we find- that, although sometimes bridged over, it
runs outward and forward, and  divides the parietal
lobe into two portions.  This fissure is the sulcus in-
terparietalis, and  the two divisions of the parietal
lobe are the upper (Pi) and lower (P^) parietal lob-
ules.  The latter consists of an  anterior group of
convolutions (gyrus  supramarginalis, P2), which
curves around  the upper  extremity  of  the fissura
Sylvii, into the upper temporal  convolution, and of
a posterior (gyrus  angularis,  PJ)  which  curves
around the upper temporal fissure (tx), and passes 
APPENDIX.
83
into the second temporal convolution.  On the tem-
poral lobe, situated below the horizontal branch of
the fissure of Sylvius, it is  easy  to  recognize the
upper temporal convolution (T^) and the upper tem-
poral fissure (tt);  for the remaining portion of the
temporal,  as well as of the occipital lobe, I must re-
fer to the  previous description.   If a median section
has been made through the corpus callosum, and the
two halves of the brain  separated, we now see the
fissures  and convolutions of  the medial and lower
surfaces in connection.   First of all, we trace the
gyrus fornicatus (Of), embracing the whole  corpus
callosum, which  is then immediately continued into
the gyrus hippocampi (LI), and ends with the gyrus
uncinatus at the anterior lower and internal extrem-
ity of the  temporal lobe.  With the gyrus fornicatus
are connected:  1. The precuneus  (Pi); 2. The cu-
neus (Oz) ;  3. The lingual lobule (T6).
   The  great  difficulty  of an accurate  description
makes it seem advisable always to  make a sketch of
the portion  of the cerebral  surface where altered
convolutions  are met with.   For this purpose may
be recommended, as well for the sake of accuracy as
of easy  execution,  geometric drawing, with the diop-
ter of Lucse, for  the management of which I will es-
pecially refer to  the communication  of Landzert, in
the "Archiv fur  Anthropologic" (Bd. II., S. 1). 
84
APPENDIX.
   For preserving the brain, if one does not wish to
make a more careful exammation immediately after
the section, or wishes to keep the preparation, the
chloride of zinc advised by Gratiolet and Bischoff is
especially to be recommended, for the  reason  that
there is no need of removing the pia mater before
the brain is placed in this fluid, since  after it  has
been some time therein it is even more easily separa-
ble than in the fresh condition.  If it is desired to
use alcohol for the  hardening, the previous removal
of the pia metier is absolutely necessary; this may
be very well done under water, if the brain is placed
in absolute  alcohol  immediately afterward.  Brains
hardened  in chloride of zinc must also, after some
time,  be kept  in alcohol.   For completely retaining
the form  of the brain, the injection of alcohol or
chloride of zinc into the  carotids is  very advanta-
geous ; but, in using the former fluid, the subsequent
study of the convolutions is  subject to some diffi-
culties on  account of the firmly adherent pia mater.
   Finally,  I will  mention that Dr. Ad. Ziegler, in
Freiburg, has undertaken to make a wax model of
the human cerebral convolutions according to my de-
signs, which may soon be obtained from  him. 
LITE RAT U RE.
Arnold.  Bemerkungen liber den Bau des Hirns und Rucken-
    marks, etc.  Zurich, 1858.  8vo.
Baekow.   Comparative Morphologie 'des  Menschen und  der
    menschenSbnlichen  Thiere.  III.  Thl.:  Erlauterungen  zur
    Skelet- und Gehirnlehre.   Breslau, 1865.  2o.  (Taf. XII. u.
    XIII.: Negergehirne.)
Bischoff.  Die Grosshirnwindungen des Menschen mit Beruck-
    sichtigung ihrer Entwicklung bei dem Fotus und ihrer An-
    ordnung bei den Affen.  Aus den Abhandlungen der k. bair.
    Akademie der Wissenschaften, II. CI., X. Bd., II. Abthlg.,
    mit 7 Tafeln.  Miinchen, 1868.   4to.
Burdach, C. F.  Vom Baue und Leben des  Gehirns.  3 Bde.,
    4to, mit 10 Tafeln.   Leipzig, 1819 bis  1826.
Flower.   On the Posterior Lobes  of the  Cerebrum of  the
    Quadrumana.  With 2 Plates.   Philosophical Transactions,
    vol. 152.  London,  1863.  P. 185 ; Plates 2  and 3.
FoviLLE.  Traite complet de l'anatomie, de la physiologie et de
    la pathologie du systeme nerveux c6rel>ro-spinal.   lere par-
    tie : anatomic  1 vol. 8vo, and an Atlas of 23 Plates in 4to.
    Paris, 1844.
Gratiolet.  M6moire sur les plis cerebraux de l'Homme et  des
    Primates.   Paris.   1 vol. text, in 4to, and 1 vol. Atlas of
    13 Plates, in 2o. 
86
LITERATUEE.
Leuret and Gratiolet.  Anatomie compared du systeme ner-
    veux considere* dans ses rapports avec l'intelligence.   2 vols.
    in 8vo, with an Atlas of 32 Plates in 2o.  Paris, 1839-1857.
    (The second part, which contains the anatcmy of the brain
    of man and the apes, as well as the history of development,
    is prepared by Gratiolet alone.)
Huschke.  Schadel, Him  und  Seele des Menschen und  der
    Thiere, etc.  Mit 6 Tafeln.  Jena, 1854.  2o.
Huxley.  On the Brain of Ateles Paniscus.  With one Plate.
    Proceedings of the  Zoological Society of London.   1861.
    No. XVII., pi. XXIX., p. 247.
Marshall.  On the Brain of a Bushwoman, and on the  Brains
    of Two  Idiots of  European Descent.   With  9  Plates.
    Philosophical Transactions, vol. 154.   London,  1865.  P.
    501, pi. 15-23.
Meynert.  Der Bau  der Grosshirnrinde  und  seine ortlichen
    Verschiedenheiten.'  Vierteljahrsschriffc fur Psychiatrie, von
    Leidesdorf und Meynert.  Leipzig, 1867-'68.  I.  Jahrgang,
    1. Heft, S. 77;  2. Heft, S. 198.  II. Jahrgang, 1. Heft, S. 88.
Pansch.   De sulcis et gyris in cerebris simiarum et  hominum.
    Comm. anat. pro venia  legendi.  Kiel, 1866.  4to, with one
    Plate.
Reichert.   Der Bau des menschlichen Gehirns.  Leipzig, 1859
    bis 1861.   Zwei Bande, mit 33 Tafeln.  4to.
Rolando.   Delia struttura degli  Emisferi cerebrali.  Memorie
    della R. accad. delle scienze di Torino.  Tome XXXV., p.
    103 ;  with  10 Plates.   4to.   1829.
Rolleston.   On the premier pli de passage.  Natural History
    Review.  Vol. I., p. 211.
----On the Affinities  and Differences between the  Brains of
    Man and the  Brains of Certain Animals.   Medical Times
    and Gazette, 1862.   Vol. I., No. 608, p. 181.
Turner, W.  The Convolutions of the Human Cerebrum, topo-
    graphically considered.  Edinburgh, 1866.   8vo.
----Notes, more especially on the  Bridging  Convolutions in
    the Brain of the  Chimpanzee.  Proceedings of the Royal
    Society of Edinburgh, 1865-1866.  8vo. 
                      LITERATURE.                     87

Vogt, C.  Ueber die Microcephalen oder Affen-Menschen.  Mit
    26 Tafeln.  Archiv fur Anthropologic  Bd. II., S. 129.
Wagner, R.  Ueber die typischen Verschiedenheiten der Win-
    dungen der Hemispharen. &c.  Gottingen, 1860, 1862.
----Vorstudien zu einer wissenschaftlichen Morphologie  und
    Physiologie  des  menschlichen Gehirns als  Seelenorgan.
    Gottingen, 1860-1862.   2 vols., gr. 4.   With Plates. 
 
CATALOGUE
                                  OP

MEDICAL     WORKS.
                              ANSTIE.


 IN CUrctlglcl, and Diseases  which  resemble it.


             By FRANCIS  E. ANSTIE, M.  D.,  F. R. C. P.,

 Senior Assistant Physician to Westminster Hospital; Lecturer on Materia Meriica iu West-
    minster Hospital School; and Physician to the Belgrave Hospital for Children: Editor
    of " The Practitioner " (London), etc.

                         1 vol., 12mo.  Cloth, $2.50.

   " It is a valuable contribution to scientific medicine."—The Lancet {London).
   "His work upon Neuralgia is one of the most interesting, instructive, and practical,
 we have seen for a long time.  We have given it careful reading and thoughtful study,
 and, for a treatise of its size, we are free to say that we have never met one that gives
 more practical information and is fuller of useful suggestions."—Medical Record.


                             BARKER


 On   Sea-sickness.

                      By FORDYCE BARKER,  M. D.,

 Clinical Professor of Midwifery and the Diseases of Women in  the Bellevue Hospital
                             Medical College, etc.

                1 vol., 16mo.  36 pp.  Flexible Cloth,  75 cents.

   Reprinted from the  New York Medical Jottbnal.  By reason of the great demand
 for the number of that journal containing the paper, it is now presented in book form,
 with such prescriptions added  as the author has found useful in relieving the suffering
 from sea-sickness.

                             BARNES.


 ObstetriC   Operations,   including the  Treatment

        of Hemorrhage.

             By ROBERT BARNES,  M. D., F.  R. C. P., London,

 Obstetric Physician to and Lecturer on  Midwifery and the Diseases of Women and Chil-
    dren at St. Thomas's Hospital;  Examiner on Midwifery to the Royal College of Phy-
    sicians and to the Royal College of Surgeons; formerly Obstetric Physician to the
    London Hospital, and late Physician to the Eastern Division of the Royal Maternity
    Charity.

          WITH ADDITIONS,  by BENJAMIN F. DAWSON, M. D.,

Late Lecturer on Uterine Pathology in the Medical Department of the University of New
    York; Assistant to the Clinical Professor of Diseases of Children in the College of
    Physicians and Surgeons, New York; Physician for the Diseases of  Children to the
    New York Dispensary; Member of the Jiew York Obstetrical Society, of the Medical
    Society of the  County of New York, etc., etc.

        Second American Edition.   1 vol., 8vo.  503 pp.  Cloth, $4.50.

   To the student and practitioner  this work will prove of the greatest value, being, as it
is, a most perfect text-book on " Obstetric Operations," by one who has fairly earned the
right to assume the position of a teacher.

   " Such a work  as  Dr. Barnes's  was  greatly needed.  It is calculated to elevate the
practice of the obstetricart in this country, and to be of great service to the practitioner.''
—Lancet. 
D.  Appleton &  CoSs  Medical Publications.
Bellevue and  Charity Hospital  Reports.

        The volume of Bellavue and Charity Hospital Reports

       for 1870, containing valuable contributions from


ISAAC E.  TAYLOR, M.  D.,      WILLIAM A.  HAMMOND, M. D.,

AUSTIN FLINT, M.  D.,          T. GAILLARD THOMAS,  M. D.,

LEWIS A. SAYRE, M. D.,       FRANK H.  HAMILTON, M. D.,

                            and others.

                      1 vol., 8vo.  Cloth, $4.00.

   " These institutions are the most important, as regards accommodations for
patients and variety of cases treated, of any on this continent, and are surpassed
by but few in the world.  The gentlemen connected with them are acknowledged
to be among the first  in their profession, and the volume is an  important addition
to the professional literature of this country."—Psychological Journal.
                          BENNET



 Winter   and   Spring  on  the   Shores  of

       the  Mediterranean;  or, the  Riviera,  Mentone, Italy,

        Corsica, Sicily,  Algeria, Spain, and Biarritz,  as Win-

       ter Climates.

                   By J. HENRY BENNET, M. D.,

Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London; late Physician-Acconcher to the
   Royal Free Hospital; Doctor of Medicine of the University of Paris; formerly Resi-
   dent Physician to the Paris Hospitals (ex-Interne des Hopitaux de Paris), etc.

  This work embodies  the experience of ten winters and springs passed by Dr. Bennet
on the shores of the Mediterranean, and contains much valuable informaiion for physi-
cians in relation to the health-restoring climate of the regions described.

                  1 vol., 12mo.  621 pp. Cloth, $3.50.

  " Exceedingly readable, apart from its special purposes, and well illustrated."—Even-
ing Commercial.
  "It has a more substantial value for the physician, perhaps, than for any other class or
profession.  .  .  . We commend this  book to our readers as a volume presenting two
capital qualifications—it is at once entertaining and instructive.' —N.  Y. Medical Journal.



On  the  Treatment  of  Pulmonary  Con-

       sumption,   by Hygiene,  Climate, and  Medicine, in  its

       Connection with Modern Doctrines.


                 By JAMES HENRY BENNET, M. D.,

Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London; Doctor of Medicine of the University
                          of Paris, etc., etc.

                    1 vol., thin 8vo. Cloth, $1.50.

  An interesting and instructive work, written in the strong, clear, and lucid manner
which appears in all the contributions of Dr. Bennet to medical or general literature.

  " We cordially commend this book to the attention of all, for its practicl common-
sense views of the nature and treatment of the scourge of all temperate climates, pulmo-
nary consumption."—Detroit Review of Medicine. 
D.  Appleton &  Co.'s Medical Publications.
                        BILLROTH.

General  Surgical   Pathology  and  The-

        rapeutics, in Fifty Lectures.  A Text-booh for Students
        and Physicians.

                 By Dr. THEODOR  BILLROTH,
                       Professor of Surgery in Vienna.

Translated from the Fourth Germau Edition, with the special permission
                         of the Author, by

             CHARLES E. HACKLEY, A.  M.,  M. D.,
Burgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Physician to the New York Hospital; Fellow
                  of the New York Academy of Medicine, etc.
          1  vol., 8vo. 676 pp., and 152 Woodcuts.  Cloth, $5.00.

   Professor Theodor Billroth, one of the  most noted authorities on
Surgical Pathology, gives in  this volume a complete resume of the exist-
ing state of knowledge in this branch of medical science.  The fact of
this publication going through four editions in Germany, and having
been translated into French, Italian, Russian, and Hungarian, should be
some guarantee for its standing.
SPECIMK1I OF ILLT/8TBATI0NS.
Mammary Cancer, acinous form, magnified 50 diameters.
   " The want of a book in the English language, presenting in a concise form the
views of the German pathologists, has long been felt; and we venture to say no
book could more perfectly supply that want than the present volume.....
We would strongly recommend it to all who take any interest in the progress of
thought and observation in surgical pathology and surgery."—The Lancet.
   " A great addition to our literature."—N. Y. Medical Journal.
   " We can assure our readers that they will consider neither money wasted in
its purchase, nor time in its perusal."—The Medical Investigator. 
          B.  Appleton  & CoSs Medical Publications.


                            COMBE.

 The  Management  of  Infancy,  Physiologi-

        cal  and  Moral.  Intended  chiefly for  the  Use  of

        Parents.

                   By ANDREW COMBE, M. D.

                     REVISED AND EDITED

          By SIR JAMES  CLARK, K. C. B., M. D., F. R. S.,
                      Physician-jn-ordinary to the Queen.

 First American from the  Tenth  London Edition.  1 vol., 12mo.  302 pp.
                             Cloth, $1.50.

    " In the following pages I have addressed myself chiefly to parents
 and to the younger members of the  medical  profession; but it is not to
 them alone that the subject  ought to prove attractive.   The study of in-
 fancy, considered even as an element  in  the history and philosophy of
 man, abounds in interest,  and is fertile in  truths of the  highest practical
 value and importance."—Extract from Author's Preface.

   " This excellent little book should be in the hand of every mother of a family;
 and if some of our lady friends would master its  contents, and either bring up
 their children by the light of its teachings, or communicate the truths it contains
 to the poor by whom they are surrounded, we are convinced that they would ef-
 fect infinitely more good than by the distribution of any number of tracts what-
 ever .... We consider this work to be one of the few popular medical treatises
 that any practitioner may recommend to his patients; and, though, if its precepts
 are followed, he will probably lose a few guineas, he will not begrudge them if
 he see3 his friends' children grow up healthy, active, strong,  and both mentally
 and physically capable."—The Lancet.


                            DAVIS.

 Conservative Surgery, as exhibited in remedying

       some of the Mechanical  Causes that  operate injuri-

       ously both in Health and Disease.   With Illustrations.

                  By HENRY G.  DAVIS, M. D.,
               Momber of the American Medical Association, etc., etc.

                   1  vol., 8vo.  315 pp.  Cloth, $3.00.

   The Author has enjoyed rare facilities for the study and  treatment
of certain classes of disease, and the records here presented to the pro-
fession are the gradual accumulation of over thirty years' investigation.

   " Dr. Davis, bringing, as he does to his specialty,  a great aptitude for the
solution of mechanical problems, takes a high rank as an orthopedic surgeon
and his very practical contribution to the literature of the subject is both valu-
able and opportune.  We deem it worthy of a place in every physician's library.
The style is unpretending, but trenchant, graphic,  and, best of all, quite intelli-
gible."—Medical Record. 
D. Appleton  db Co.'s  Medical Publications.
                              FLINT.

The   Physiology   of  Man.     Designed to rep-

        resent the Existing  State  of Physiological Science  as
        applied to the Functions of the Human Body.

                   By AUSTIN FLINT, Jr.,  M. D.,
Professor of Physiology and Microscopy  in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and in the
   Long Island College Hospital; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine; Microscopist
   to Bellevue Hospital
                   In  Five Volumes.  8vo.  Tinted Paper.

    Volume I.—The Blood;  Circulation • Respiration.

                       8vo.   502 pp.  Cloth, $4.50.

                         SPECIMEN OP ILLUSTRATIONS.
                    Ducts and Acini of the Mammary Organs.

   " If the remaining portions of this work are compiled with the same care and
accuracy, the whole may vie with any of those that have of late years been pro-
duced in our own or in foreign languages."—British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgi-
cal Review.
   " As a book of general  information it will be found useful to the practitioner,
and, as a book of reference, invaluable in the hands of the  anatomist and physi-
ologist."—Dublin Quarterly Journai of Medical Science.
   " The complete work will prove a valuable addition to our systematic treatises
on human physiology."—The Lancet.
   " To those who desire to get  in one volume a concise and  clear, and at the
same  time sufficiently full resume  of ' the existing state of physiological science,'
we can heartily recommend Dr. Flint's  work.  Moreover, as a work of typographi-
cal art it deserves a prominent place upon our library-shelves.   Messrs. Appleton
& Co. deserve the thanks of the profession for the very handsome style in which
they issue medical  works.  They give us hope of a time  when it will be very
generally believed  by publishers that physicians' eyes are worth saving."—Medi-
cal Gazette. 
D. Appleton  <&  CoSs Medical Publications.
Flint's   Physiology.     Volume  II. — Alimenta-

        tion; Digestionj  Absorption;  Lymph and  Chyle.

                       8vo.  556 pp.  Cloth, $4.50.

   " The second instalment of this work fulfils all the expectations raised by the
perusal of the first.  .   .  .   The author's  explanations  and deductions  bear
evidence of much careful reflection and study.  .  .  .  The entire work is one
of rare interest.  The author's style  is as clear and concise  as  his method  is
studious, careful, and elaborate."—Philadelphia Inquirer.
   " We regard the two  treatises already issued as the very best on human physi-
ology which the English or any other  language affords, and we recommend them
with thorough confidence to  students,  practitioners, and laymen, as models of
literary and scientific ability."—N. Y.  Medical Journal.
   " We have found the style easy, lucid, and at the same time terse.  The prac-
tical and positive results of physiological  investigation are  succinctly  stated,
without, it would seem, extended discussion of disputed  points."—Boston Medical
and Surgical Journal.
   " It is a  volume which will be welcome  to the advanced student, and  as a
work of reference."—The Lancet.
   " The leading subjects treated of are presented in distinct parts, each of which
is designed to be an exhaustive essay on that  to which it refers."—Western Jour-
nal of Medicine.


Volume III.—Secretion; Excretion; Ductless Glands; Nu-

    trition ; Animal Heat; Movements ;  Voice and Speech.

                       8vo.  526 pp.  Cloth, $4.50.

   " Dr. Flint's reputation is sufficient to give a character to the book among the
profession, where it will chiefly circulate, and many of the facts given have  been
verified by the author in his laboratory and in public demonstrations."—Chicago
Courier.
   " The author bestows judicious care and  labor.  Facts are selected with dis-
crimination, theories critically examined, and conclusions enunciated with  com-
mendable clearness and precision."—American Journal of the Medical Sciences.
   " The work is calculated  to attract other than professional readers,  and  is
written with  sufficient clearness and freedom from technical pedantry to be per-
fectly intelligible to any  well-informed  man."—London Saturday Review.
   " From the extent of the author's investigations into  the best theory and prac-
tice of the present day, the world over, and the candor and good judgment which
he brings to bear upon the discussion of each subject, we are justified in regarding
his treatises  as standard  and authoritative,  so far as  in this  disputed subject
authority is admissible.—New  York Times.


               Volume IV.—The Nervous System.

    This  volume is now ready. It is a  work of great  interest, and, in
conjunction with the  " Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System," hy
Dr. Wm. A. Hammond, constitutes a complete work on " The Physiology
and Pathology of the  Nervous System."
Volume V.—Generation.   {In press.) 
D.  Appleton &  Co.'s Medical Publications.
                           FLINT.

Manual  of  Chemical  Examination   of
       the Urine in Disease.   With Brief Directions for the
       Examination  of the most Common  Varieties of  Uri-
       nary Calculi.
                 By AUSTIN FLINT, Je., M. D.,
Professor of Physiology and Microscopy in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College; Fellow of the
   New York Academy of Medicine; Member of the Medical Society of the County of New
   York; Resident Member of the Lyceum of Natural History in the City of New York, etc.
  Third  Edition, revised and corrected.  1 vol., 12mo.  77 pp.  Cloth, $1.00.
   The chief aim of this  little work is to enable the busy practitioner to
make for himself, rapidly and easily,  all ordinary examinations of Urine;
to give him the benefit  of the author's  experience in eliminating little
difficulties in the manipulations, and in  reducing  processes of  analysis
to the utmost simplicity  that is consistent with accuracy.
   " We do not  know of  any work in  English  so complete and handy as the
Manual now offered to the profession by Dr. Flint, and the high scientific reputa-
tion  of the author is a sufficient guarantee of the accuracy of all the directions
given."—Journal of Applied Chemistry.
   " We can unhesitatingly recommend this Manual."—Psychological Journal.
   " Eminently practical."—Detroit Review of Medicine.


On the Physiological Effects  of Severe
        and Protracted Muscular Exercise.  With Special Ref-
        erence to its Influence  upon the Excretion of Nitrogen.
                  By AUSTIN FLINT, Jr., M. D.,
    Professor of Physiology in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, eta, etc
                   1 vol., 8vo. 91 pp. Cloth, $2.00.
   This monograph on the relations  of Urea to Exercise is the result of
a thorough and careful investigation made in the case of Mr.  Edward
Payson Weston, the celebrated pedestrian.   The chemical analyses were
made under the direction of R. O. Doremue, M. D., Professor of Chem-
istry and Toxicology in  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  by
Mr. Oscar Loew, his assistant.  The observations  were made with the
cooperation  of  JVC.  Dalton, M. D., Professor  of Physiology in the Col-
lege of Physicians and  Surgeons; Alexander B. Mott, M. D., Professor
of Surgical Anatomy; W. H. Van Buren, M. D., Professor of Principles
of Surgery;  Austin Flint, M. D., Professor  of the Principles and Prac-
tice of Medicine; W. A. Hammond,  M. D.,  Professor of Diseases of the
Mind and Nervous System—all of the Bellevue Hospital Medical  College.
   "This work will be found interesting to every physician.  A number of im-
portant results were obtained valuable to the physiologist."—Cm. Med. Repertory. 
D. Appleton <&  CoSs  Medical Publications.
                         HAMMOND.

A  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Nervous
        System.
                By  WILLIAM  A.  HAMMOND,  M. D.,

Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System, and of Clinical Medicine, to the BeDeTue
   Hospital Medical College; Physician-in-Chief to the New York State Hospital for Diseases
   of the Nervous System, etc.. etc.
                  SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED.

      With Forty-five Illustrations.   1 vol., 8vo.  750 pp. Cloth, $5.00.

   The treatise embraces an  introductory chapter, which relates to the
instruments and apparatus employed in the diagnosis and treatment of
diseases of the  nervous system, and five sections.   Of these, the first
treats of diseases of the brain; the second, diseases of the  spinal  cord ;
the third,  cerebro-spinal diseases;  the fourth, diseases  of  nerve-cells;
and the fifth,  diseases of the peripheral nerves.  One feature which may
be claimed for the work is, that it rests, to a great extent, upon the per-
sonal observation and experience of the author, and is therefore no mere
compilation.



   " The author's clear and terse style of  diction renders  the book exceedingly
readable, and the cases reported and cited add much to the interest of the text.
  . . . There is so much that is entertaining in the mental and  other manifesta-
tions of nervous disorder, especially when presented as they are here, that a work
of this kind will find many readers outside the profession; and,  it may be hoped,
will serve not only to  interest and  amuse, but to induce a closer observance of
those  hygienic laws upon whose violation many of  the ailments here treated of
depend."—New York  Medical Journal.

   " The work is replete with useful knowledge, and every physician who expects
to be called on,  as an expert, to testify in cases of supposed insanity, after the
commission of crimes, should give  the book a thorough perusal"—Leavenworth
Medical Herald.

   " That a treatise  by Prof. Hammond would be one of a high order was what
we anticipated, and it affords us pleasure  to state  that our anticipations have
been realized."—Cincinnati Medical Repertory.

   " It affords  a vast  amount of information, is captivating, and worth reading."
— Cincinnati Lancet and Observer.

   " This is unquestionably the most complete treatise on the diseases to which
it is devoted that has yet appeared in the English language; and its value is
much  increased by the fact that Dr. Hammond has mainly based it on his own
experience  and practice, which, we need hardly remind our readers, have been
very extensive."—London Medical Times and Gazette.

   " Free from useless verbiage and obscurity, it  is evidently the work  of a
man who knows  what he is writing about, and knows how to write about it"__
Chicago Medical Journal. 
D. Appleton  &  Co.'s Medical Publications.
                           HOLLAND.



Recollections   of   Past   Life,



         By SIR HENRY HOLLAND, Bart., M. D., F. R. S., K. C. B., etc.,

President of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, Physician-in-Ordinary to the Queen,
                                  etc., etc.

                 1 vol., 12mo, 351 pp.  Price, Cloth, $2.00.

  A very entertaining and instructive narrative, partaking somewhat of the nature of
autobiography and yet distinct from it, in  this, that its chief object, as alleged by the
writer, is not so much to recount the events of his own life, as to perform the office of
chronicler for others with whom he came in contact aud was long associated.


  The " Life of Sir Henry Holland " is one to be recollected, and he has not erred in giv-
ing an outline oi it to the public."— The Lancet.
  " His memory was—is, we may say, for he is still alive and in possession of all his
faculties—stored with recollections of the most eminent men and women of this  cen-
tury. ... A life extending over a period of eighty-four years, and passed in the most
active manner, in the midst of the best society, which the world has to offer, must neces-
sarily be full of singular interest; and Sir Henry Holland has fortunately not waited until
his memory lost its freshness before recalling some of  the incidents  in it."— The New
York  Times.



                              HOWE.



 Emergencies, and  How  to Treat Them.

         The  Etiology,  Pathology, and  Treatment  of Accidents,

        Diseases,   and  Cases   of   Poisoning,  which    demand

        Prompt Attention.   Designed for  Students  and  Prac-

        titioners of Medicine.


                      By JOSEPH W. HOWE,  M. D.,

 Visiting Surgeon to Charity Hospital; Lecturer on Surgery in the Medical Department of

                        the University of New York, etc.


                     1 vol., 8vo.  265 pp.  Cloth, $3.00.


   This volume is designed as a guide in the treatment of cases of emergency occurring in
 medical, surgical, or obstetrical practice.  It combines all the important subjects, giving
 special prominence to points of practical interest in preference to theoretical considera-
 tions, and uniting, with the results of personal observation, the latest views of European
 and American authorities.


    " The style is concise, perspicuous, and definite. Each article is written as though that
 particular emergency were present; there is no waste of words, nor temporizing with
 remedies of doubtful efficacy. The articles on oedema glottidis, asphyxia, and strangulated
 hernia, are particularly clear  and practical, and furnish all the information required in the
 management of those urgent cases.
    " It will be found invaluable to students  and young practitioners, in supplying them
 with an epitome of useful knowledge obtainable from no other single work: while to the
 older members of the profession it will serve as a reliable and ' ready remembrancer.' "—
 The  Medical Record. 
D.  Appleton  &  CoSs Medical Publications.
            HUXLEY  AND  YOUMANS.


 The    Elements    of    Physiology   and

        Hygiene.   With Numerous Illustrations.

          By THOMAS H. HUXLEY, LL. D., F. E. S., and

                 WILLIAM  JAY  YOUMANS, M.D.

                     1 vol., 12mo.  420 pp.  $1.75.

   A text-book for educational  institutions, and a valuable elementary
work for students of medicine.  The greater portion is from the pen of
Professor Huxley, adapted by Dr.  Youmans to the circumstances and
requirements of American education.

   "A valuable contribution to anatomical and physiological science."—Religious
Telescope.
   "A clear and well-arranged work, embracing the latest discoveries and ac-
cepted theories."—Buffalo  Commercial.
   " Teeming  with  information concerning the human physical economy."—
Evening Journal.


                         HUXLEY.


The  Anatomy of Vertebrated  Animals,

            By THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, LL. D., F. R. S.,
Author of " Man's Place in Nature," " On the Origin of  Species,"  " Lay Sermons and
                           Addresses," etc.
                     1 vol., 12mo.  Cloth, $2.00.
   The former works of Prof. Huxley leave no room for doubt as to the impor-
tance and value of his new  volume. It is one which will be very acceptable to all
who are interested in the subject of which it treats.
SPECIMEN OP ILLUSTRATIONS.
  " This long-erpected work will be cordially welcomed by all students and teachers of
Comparative Anatomy as a compendious, reliable, and, notwithstanding its small dimen-
sions, most comprehensive guide on the subject of which it treats.  To praise or to criti-
cise the work of so accomplished a master of his favorite science would be equally out of
place.  It is enough to say that it realizes, in a remarkable degree, the anticipations which
have been formed of it; and that it presents an extraordinary combination of wide, gen-
eral views, with the clear, accurate, and  succinct statement of a prodigious number of
individual facts."—Nature. 
D.  Appleton &  Coi's Medical Publications.
                        JOHNSON.

 The   Chemistry    of   Common    Life.
        Illustrated with numerous Wood Engravings.
     By JAMES F. JOHNSON, M. A., F. R. S., F. G. S., etc., etc.,
 Author of "Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology," "A Catechism of Agricultural
                      Chemistry and Geology," etc.
                    2 vols., 12mo. Cloth, $3.00.
   It has been the object of the author in this work to exhibit the
 present condition of chemical  knowledge,  and  of matured scientific
 opinion, upon the subjects to which it is devoted.  The reader will not
 be surprised, therefore,  should he find in  it some things which differ
 from what is to be found in other popular works already in his hands or
 on the shelves of his library.

                     LETTERMAN.

 Medical  Recollections of the Army of
       the  Potomac.
              By JONATHAN LETTERMAN, M. D.,
        Late Surgeon U. 8. A., and Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac.
                  1 vol.,  8vo. 194 pp. Cloth, $1.00.
   " This account of the medical department of the Army of the Poto-
 mac has been prepared, amid pressing engagements, in the  hope that
 the labors of the  medical  officers  of that army may be known to an in-
 telligent people, with whom to know is to appreciate ; and as an affec
 tionate tribute to  many, long my  zealous and efficient colleagues, who,
 in days of trial and danger, which  have passed, let us hope never to re-
 turn, evinced their devotion to their  country and to  the cause of hu-
 manity, without hope of promotion or expectation of reward."-^-Preface.
   " We venture to  assert that but few who open this volume of medical annals,
 pregnant as they are with instruction,  will  care to do otherwise than finish them
 at a sitting."—Medical Record.
   " A graceful and affectionate tribute."—N. Y. Medical Journal.

                         LEWES.

 The  Physiology of Common   Life.

                 By GEORGE HENRY  LEWES,
               Author of " Seaside Studies," " Life of Goethe," etc.
                    2 vols., 12mo. Cloth, $3.00.
   The object of this work differs from that of all others on popular
science in its attempt to meet the  wants of the student,  while meeting
those  of the general reader, who is supposed to be wholly unacquainted
 with anatomy and physiology. 
           D.  Appleton  &  Coi's  Medical Publications.


                        MAUDSLEY.

The  Physiology  and   Pathology of  the

        Mind.

              By HENRY  MAUDSLEY, M. D., London,
Physician to the West London Hospital; Honorary Member of the Medico-Psychological Society
    of Paris; formerly Eesident Physician of the Manchester Eoyal Lunatic Hospital, etc.

                   1 vol., 8vo.  442 pp.   Cloth, $3.50.

   This work aims, in the first place, to treat  of mental phenomena from
a physiological rather than  from a metaphysical point of view; and,
secondly, to bring  the manifold instructive instances presented by the
unsound mind to bear upon the interpretation of the obscure problems
of mental science.

   " Dr. Maudsley has had the  courage to  undertake, and  the skill to execute,
what is,  at least in English, an original enterprise."—London Saturday Review.
   " It is so full of sensible reflections and sound truths that their wide dissemi-
nation could not but be of benefit to all thinking persons."—Psychological Journal.
   " Unquestionably one of the ablest and most important works on the subject
of which it treats that has ever appeared,  and  does  credit to his philosophical
acumen and accurate observation."—Medical Record.
   " We lay down the book with admiration, and we commend it  most earnestly
to our readers as a work of extraordinary merit  and originality—one of  those
productions that are evolved  only occasionally  in the lapse of years, and that
serve to mark actual and very  decided advances  in knowledge and science."—
N Y. Medical Journal.


Body    and    Mind :   An Inquiry  into their Con-

        nection and Mutual Influence, specially in  reference

        to Mental Disorders;  being the Gulstonian Lectures

        for  18 70,  delivered  before  the  Loyal   College  of

        Physicians.  With Appendix.

              By HENRY  MAUDSLEY, M. D.,  London,
Fellow of  the Eoyal College of Physicians; Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in University Col-
   lege, London; President-elect of the Medico-Psychological Association; Honorary Member of
   the Medico-Psychological Society of Paris, of the Imperial Society of Physicians of Vienna,
   and of the Society for the Promotion of Psychiatry  and Forensic Psychology of Vienna;
   formerly Eesident Physician of the Manchester Eoyal Lunatic Asylum, etc., etc.

                  1 vol., 12mo.  155  pp.   Cloth, $1.00.

   The general plan of this work may be described  as being to bring
man, both  in his physical and mental relations, as much as possible with-
in the scope of scientific inquiry.

   "A representative work, which every one must study who desires to know
what is  doing in the way of  real progress, and not mere chatter, about mental
physiology and pathology."—The Lancet.
   "It  distinctly marks a step in the progress of scientific psychology."—The
Practitioner. 
D. Appleton  <&  Coi's Medical Publications.
                            MARKOE.

A  Treatise  on  Diseases of  the   Bones.

                     By THOMAS M. MARKOE,  M. D.,
    Professor of Surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, etc.

             WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.

                         1 vol.  8vo.  Cloth, 84.50.
SPECIMEN OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.
   This valuable work is a treatise on  Diseases of the Bones,  embracing their
structural changes as affected by disease, their clinical history and treatment, in-
eluding also an account of the various tumors which  grow in or upon them.
None of the injuries of bone are included in its scope, and no joint diseases, ex-
cepting where the  condition of the bone  is a prime  factor in the problem of
disease.  As the work of an eminent surgeon of large and varied experience, it
may be regarded as the best on the subject, and a valuable  contribution to medi-
cal literature.


  " The book which I now offer to my professional brethren contains (he substance of
the  lectures which I have delivered during the past twelve years at the college. ... I
have followed the leadings of my own studies and observations, dwelling more on those
branches where I had seen and studied most, and perhaps too  much neglecting others
where my own experience was more barren, and therefore to me less interesting.  I have
endeavored, however, to make up the deficiencies of my own knowledge by the free use of
the  materials scattered so richly through   our  periodical  literature, which scattered
leaves it is the right and the duty of the systematic writer to collect and to embody in
any account he may  offer of the state of a  science at any given period."—Extract from
Author's Preface. 
D. Appleton  &  Co.'s  Medical Publications.
                            MEYER

 Electricity  in  its  Relations  to  Practical

        Medicine.
                     By  De.  MOKITZ  MEYEK,
                        Eoyal Counsellor of Health, etc.
 Translated from the Third German Edition,  with Notes and Additions,
                     A New and Revised Edition,

                By WILLIAM A.  HAMMOND, M. D.,
Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System, and of Clinical Medicine, in the Bellevue
   Hospital Medical College; Vice-President of the Academy of Mental  Sciences, National
   Institute of Letters, Arts, and Sciences; late Surgeon-General U. S. A., etc.
                   1 vol., 8vo.  497 pp.  Cloth, $4.50.
   " It is the duty of every physician to study the action  of electricity,
to become acquainted with  its value in therapeutics,  and  to follow the
improvements that are being made  in the apparatus for its  application in
medicine, that he may be able to  choose the one best  adapted to  the
treatment of  individual cases,  and  to test  a  remedy fairly and without
prejudice, which already, especially in nervous diseases, has been used
with the  best results, and which  promises to  yield an abundant  harvest
in a  still broader domain."—From Author's Preface.
SPECIMEN OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Baxton-Ettlnghansen Apparatus.
   " Those who do not read German are under great obligations to William A.
Hammond, who has  given them not only an excellent translation of a most ex-
cellent work, but has given us much valuable information and  many suggestions
from his own personal experience."—Medical Record.
   " Dr. Moritz Meyer, of Berlin, has been for more than twenty years a laborious
and conscientious student of the  application of electricity to practical  medicine,
and the results of his labors are given in this volume.  Dr. Hammond, in making
a translation of the third German  edition, has done a real service to the profession
of this country and of Great Britain.  Plainly and  concisely written, and simply
and clearly arranged, it contains just what the physician wants to know on the
Bubject."—N. Y. Medical Journal.
   " It is destined to fill a want long felt by physicians in this country."—Journal
of Obstetrics. 
D. Appleton &  CoSs  Medical  Publications.
                         NIEMEYER

 A  Text-Book  of   Practical   Medicine.

        With Particular Reference to Physiology and Patho-
        logical Anatomy.

              By the late Dr. FELIX VON NIEMEYER,
  Professor of Pathology and Therapeutics; Director of the Medical Clinic of the University of
                                Tubingen.

 Translated from the Eighth German Edition, by special permission of
                              the Author,

              By  GEORGE  H.  HUMPHREYS, M. D.,
 Late one of the Physicians to the Bureau of Medical and Surgical Belief at Bellevue Hospital for
         the Out-door Poor; Fellow of  the New York Academy of Medicine, etc.,
                                  and

                  CHARLES E.  HAOKLEY,  M.  D.,
 One of the Physicians to the New York  Hospital; one of the Surgeons to the New York Eye
         and Ear Infirmary; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, etc.

    Revised Edition.  2 vols., 8vo.   1,528 pp. Cloth, $9.00; Sheep,  $11.00.

    The author  undertakes, first, to give a picture of  disease which shall
 be  as lifelike  and faithful  to nature as possible, instead of being a mere
 theoretical scheme; secondly,  so to utilize the more recent advances
 of pathological anatomy, physiology, and physiological chemistry, as to
 furnish a clearer insight into the various processes of  disease.
    The work has met with the most flattering  reception and deserved
 success; has been adopted as a text-book in many of the medical colleges
 both  in this  country and in Europe; and has received the very highest
 encomiums from the medical and secular press.

    " It  is  comprehensive and  concise,  and is  characterized by  clearness and
 originality."—Dublin  Quarterly Journal of Medicine.
    " Its author is learned  in medical literature; he has arranged his materials
 with care and judgment, and has thought over them."—The  Lancet.
    "As a full, systematic, and thoroughly practical guide  for the student and
 physician, it is  not excelled  by any similar treatise in any language."—Appletons'
Journal.
    " The author is an accomplished  pathologist and practical physician; he is not
only capable of appreciating the new discoveries, which during the last ten years
have been unusually numerous and important in scientific and practical medicine,
but, by his clinical experience, he can put these new views to a practical test, and
give judgment regarding them."—Edinburgh Medical Journal.
    " From its general excellence, we are disposed to think that it will soon take
its  place among  the  recognized text-books."—American Quarterly Journal of
Medical Sciences.
   " The first inquiry in this country regarding a German book generally is, ' Is
it a work of practical value ? "  Without stopping to consider the justness  of the
American idea of the * practical,' we can unhesitatingly answer, * It is !' "—New
 York Medical Journal.
    " The author has the power of sifting the tares from the wheat—a matter of
the greatest importance in a text-book for students."—British Medical Journal.
    " Whatever exalted opinion our  countrymen may have of the author's talents
of observation  and his practical good sense, his text-book will not  disappoint
them,  while those who are so unfortunate  as to know him only by name,  have  in
Btore a rich treat."—New York Medical Record. 
D. Appleton <jb  Co's  Medical Publications.
                           NEUMAisrisr.

 Hand-Book  of  Skin   Diseases.
                       By  Dr. ISIDOR NEUMANN,
           Lecturer on Skin Diseases in the Royal University of "Vienna.
Translated from advanced sheets of the second edition, furnished by the
                          Author; with Notes,
                 By LUCIUS D. BULKLET, A. M., M. D.,
Surgeon to the New York Dispensary, Department of "Venereal and Skin Diseases; Assist-
   ant to the Skin Clinic of the College  of Physicians and Surgeons, New York; Mem-
   ber of the New York Dermatoiogical Society, etc., etc.
       1 vol., 8vo.  Abjut 45D page3 and 66 Woodcuts.  Cloth, $4.00.
SPECIMEN OP ILLUSTRATIONS.
&--<£
                        Section of skin from a bald head.

   Prof. Neumann ranks second only to Hebra, whose assistant he was for many years,
and his work may be considered as a fair exponent of the German practice of Dermatolo^
gy. The book is abundantly illustrated with plates of the histology and pathology of the
skin. The translator has endeavored, by means of notes from French, English, and Ameri-
can sources, to make the work valuable to the student as well as to the practitioner.

 .. " ** J? a wo,rk w^ich x 8ta11 heartily recommend to my class of students at the TJniver-
sity of Pennsylvania, and one which I feel sure will do much toward enlightening the pro-
fession on this subject."—Louis A. Duhring.                              °    y
   "I know it to be a good book and I am sure that it is well translated: and it is inter-
esting to find it illustrated by references to the views of co-laborers in the same field "'—
Erasmus Wilson.                                                        "•
   "So complete as to render it a most useful book of reference."— T. McCaU Anderson
    There  certain y is no work extant which deals so thoroughly with the Pathological
Anatomy of the Skin as does this hand-book."—^. T. Medical Record       «i"oio0iuu
rtJ'JJl*9 ori°inal nJ°tes by Dr. Bulkley are very practical, and are an important adjunct to
the text. .    . I anticipate for it a wide circulation."-^* Z>«rfee, Boston
 i„^ Jufe. .alre.ady twee expressed  my favorable opinion of the book in print, and am
glad that it is given to the public at last."—James C. White, Boston
^»2IoJe than two years ago we noticed Dr. Neumann's admirable work in its original
shape; and we are therefore absolved from the necessity of saying more than to rlpeat
our stroDg recommendation of it to English readers."—Practitioner 
D.  Appleton &  Coi's  Medical Publications.
                          NEFTEL.

 Galvano -Therapeutics.   The Physiological and
        Therapeutical Action of the Galvanic Current upon
        the Acoustic;  Optic, Sympathetic, and Pneumogastric
        Nerves.

                    By WILLIAM B. NEFTEL.

                  1 vol., 12mo. 161 pp. Cloth, $1.50.

   This book has been published at the request of several aural surgeons
 and other professional gentlemen, and is  a valuable treatise on the sub-
 jects of which it treats.  Its author, formerly visiting physician to the
 largest hospital of St. Petersburg, has had the very best facilities for in-
 vestigation.

   " This little work shows, as far as it goes, full knowledge of what has been
 done on the subjects treated of, and the author's practical acquaintance with
 them."—New York Medical Journal.
   "Those who use electricity should  get this work, and those who do not
 should peruse it to learn that there is one more therapeutical agent  that thej
 could and should possess."—The Medical Investigator.



                    NIGHTINGALE.

 N OteS On  N UrSing :  What it is, and what it is not.

            By FLORENCE  NIGHTINGALE.

                 1 vol., 12mo,  140 pp.  Cloth, 75 cents.

   Every day sanitary knowledge, or the  knowledge  of nursing, or, in
other words, of how to put the constitution in such a state as that it will
have no disease or that it can recover from disease, takes a higher place.
It is recognized as  the knowledge which  every one ought to have—dis-
tinct from medical knowledge, which only  a profession can have. 
D. Appleton  <& Coi's  Medical Publications.
                           PEASLEE.

A  Treatise  on  Ovarian   Tumors.    Their
        Pathology,  Diagnosis,  and  Treatment,  with  reference
        especially to Ovariotomy.

                By EDMUND R. PEASLEE, M. D.,  LL. D.,
Professor of Diseases of Women, in Dartmouth College ;  one of the Consulting Surgeons
   to the N. Y. State Woman's Hospital; formerly Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases
   of Women, in the N. Y. Medical College; Corresponding Member of the Obstetrical
   Society of Berlin, etc.
               In one large vol., 8vo.,  with Illustrations.
SPECIMEN OP ILLUSTRATIONS.
Syringe foe Exploration op Ovarian Cysts.
A, instrument, 5% inches long; B, gilded tube, 3 inches long, and ^ to ■& inch in diameter,
   with bevelled point;  B. similar tube, 4% inches long; C, rubber tube, to be attached to arm
   a, by which the fluid, drawn from the cyst through a\ is forced out.  The stop-cocks at a
   and a' are both shown as closed.

   This valuable work, embracing the results  of many years  of successful ex-
perience, in the  department of which it treats, will prove most acceptable to the
entire profession;  while the high standing of the author and his knowledge of
the subject combine to make the book the best in the language.  It is divided
into two parts: the first, treating of Ovarian Tumors, their anatomy, pathology,
diagnosis, and treatment, except by extirpation;  the  second, of Ovariotomy, its
history and statistics, and of the operation. Fully illustrated, and abounding with
information the result of a prolonged study of the subject, the work should be
in the hands of every physician in the country. 
D.  Appleton &  CoSs  Medical Publications.
                          STROUD.


 The   Physical   Cause  of  the  Death  of

       Christ,  and  its  Relations  to the  Principles and  Prac-

       tice of Christianity.


                By WILLIAM STROUD,  M. D.,


                   With a Letter on the Subject,

         By  Sir  JAMES  Y.  SIMPSOX,  Bart., M. D.


                 1 vol., 12mo. 422 pp.  Cloth, $2.00.

   This important and remarkable book is, in its own place, a masterpiece, and

 will be considered as a standard work for many years to come.


  The principal point insisted upon is, that the death of Christ was caused by rupture
 or laceration of the heart.  Sir James Y. Simpson, who had read the author's treatise
 and various comments on  it, expressed himself very positively in favor of the views
 maintained by Dr. Stroud."—Psychological Journal.



                           SWETT.



 A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest.

       Being  a  Course  of  Lectures  delivered  at  the  New

       York Hospital.


                     By JOHN A. SWETT, M. D.,
 Professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine in the New York University; Physi-
    cian to the New York Hospital; Member of the New York Pathological Society.

                     1 vol., 8vo.  587 pp.  $3.50.

   Embodied in this volume of lectures is the experience of ten years in hospital
 and private practice.



                           SAYRE.


 A Practical  Manual  on  the  Treatment

       of Club-Foot.

                   By LEWIS A. SAYRE, M. D.,
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery in Bellevue Hospital Medical College; Surgeon to BeDe-
                     vue and Charity Hospitals, etc.

                 1 vol., 12mo. 91 pp. Cloth, $1.00.

   " The object of this work is to convey, in as concise a manner as possible, all

the  practical information and instruction necessary to enable the general prac-

titioner to apply that plan of treatment which has been so successful in my own

hands."
  " The book will very well satisfy the wants of the majority of general practitioners.
for whose use, as stated, it is intended."—New York Medical Journal. 
          D. Appleton &  CoSs  Medical Publications.



                           SIMPSON.


 The  Posthumous Works  of Sir James

         Young Simpson, Dart., M. D.  In  Three Volumes.


 Volume I.—Selected  Obstetrical and Gynaecological Works of
      Sir James Y. Simpson, Bart., M. D., D. C. L., late Professor of Midwifery in
      the University of Edinbugh.  Containing the substance of his Lectures on
      Midwifery.  Edited by J. Watt Black,  A. M., M. D., Member of the Royal
      College of Physicians, London;  Physician-Accoucheur to Charing Cross
      Hospital, London; and Lecturer on Midwifery and Diseases of Women and
      Children in the Hospital School of Medicine.

                  1 vol., 8vo.  852 pp. Cloth, $3.00-

    This volume contains all the more important of the contributions of
Sir James Y. Simpson to the study  of obstetrics and diseases of women,
with the exception of his clinical lectures on the latter  subject, which
will shortly appear in a separate volume.  This first volume contains
many of the papers reprinted from  his Obstetric Memoirs and Contri-
butions,  and  also his Lecture Notes, now published for the first time,
containing the substance  of the practical part of his  course of midwifery.
It is a volume of great  interest to the profession, and a fitting memorial
of its renowned and talented author.

   " To many of our readers, doubtless,  the chief of the papers it contains are
familiar.   To others, although probably they may be aware that Sir James Simp-
son has written on the subjects, the papers themselves will be new and fresh.
To the first class, we would recommend this edition of Sir James Simpson's works,
as a valuable volume of reference ; to the latter, as a collection of the works of a
great master and improver of his art, the study of which cannot fail to make them
better prepared to meet and overcome its difficulties."—Medical Times and Gazette.


Volume II.—Anaesthesia,  Hospitalism,  etc.    Edited  by  Sir
     Walter Simpson, Bart.

                  1 vol., 8vo. 560 pp.  Cloth, $3.00.

   " We say of this, as of the first volume, that  it should find a place on the table
of every practitioner ;  for, though it is patchwork, each piece may be picked out
and studied with pleasure and profit."—The Lancet (London).


Volume III.—The Diseases of Women.  Edited by Alex. Simp-
     son, M. D., Professor of Midwifery in the University of  Edinburgh.

                      1  vol., 8voM  Cloth, $3.00.

   One of the best works on the subject extant.  Of inestimable value to every
physician. 
\
          D.  Appleton &  CoSs  Medical Publications.


                              TILT.

A   Hand-Book   of  Uterine   Therapeu-
        tics and of Diseases of Women.

                  By EDWARD JOHN TILT, M. D.,
Member of the Koyal College of Physicians; Consulting Physician to the Farringdon General
   Dispensary; Fellow of the Eoyal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and of several British and
   foreign societies.
                   1 vol.,  8vo.  345 pp.  Cloth, $3.50.
    Second American edition,  thoroughly revised and amended.
    The main points developed in this work are:
    1. The paramount importance of hygiene for the relief and cure of
diseases of women.
    2. The constitutional nature of many diseases  of  women,  and the
impossibility of curing them without constitutional remedies.
    3. The manifest reaction  of uterine diseases on the female system,
and the impossibility of curing many uterine complaints, without surgi-
cal measures.
    4. The great value of  therapeutics  to  assuage and cure diseases of
women, and the belief in  the value of those remedial measures that are
as old as medicine itself, such  as venesection, emetics, and caustics.

   " In giving the result of his labors to the profession the author has done a
great work.  Our readers will find its pages very interesting, and, at the end of
their task, will feel grateful to the author for many very valuable suggestions as
to the treatment of uterine diseases."—The Lancet.
   " Dr. Tilt's ' Hand-book of Uterine Therapeutics' supplies a want which has
often  been felt.   ...  It  may, therefore, be read not only with pleasure and
instruction, but will also be  found very useful as a  book of reference."—The
Medical Mirror.
   " Second  to none on  the therapeutics of uterine  disease."—Journal of Ob-
stetrics.

                       VAN BUREN.


Lectures upon  Diseases  of the  Rectum.
        Delivered at the Bellevue Hospital  Medical College.

        Session of 1869~"T0.

                  By W.  H.  VAN BUREN, M. D.,
Professor of the Principles of Surgery with Diseases of the Genito-TJrinary Organs, etc., in the
   Bellevue Hospital Medical College; one of the Consulting Surgeons of the New York Hos-
   pital,  of the Bellevue Hospital; Member of the New  York Academy of Medicine, of the
   Pathological Society of New York, etc., etc.

                  1 vol., 12mo.  164 pp.  Cloth $1.50.
   Lecture I.—Pruritus Ani,  Haemorrhoids, etc.   II.—Internal Haemor-
rhoids.  III.—Polypus.  IV.—Fistula in Ano.  V.—Fissure, or Irritable
Ulcer.  VI.—Stricture of the Rectum.   VII.—Cancer.  VIII.—Diagno-
sis, etc.
   " It seems hardly necessary to more than mention the name of the author of
this admirable little volume  in order to insure the character of his book. No
one in this country has  enjoyed greater advantages, and had a more extensive
field of observation in this specialty, than  Dr. Van Buren, and no one has paid
the same amount  of attention to the subject.  .  .  .  Here is the experience
of years summed up and given to the professional woild in a plain and practical
manner."—Psychological Journal. 
          D. Appleton &  Coi's Medical Publications.



                           VOG-EL.


A   Practical  Treatise  on  the  Diseases

        of  Children.   Second  American  from  the Fourth

        German Edition.  Illustrated  by Six  Lithographic

        Plates.


                    By ALFRED VOGEL, M. D.,

           Professor of Clinical Medicine in the University of Dorpat, Russia,


                     TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY

                  H.  RAPHAEL,   M. D.,

Late House Surgeon to Bellevue Hospital; Physician to the Eastern Dispensary for the Diseases
                           of Children, etc., etc.


                  1 vol., 8vo.  611 pp. Cloth, $4.50.

   The work is well up to the present state of pathological knowledge;
complete without unnecessary prolixity; its symptomatology accurate,
evidently the result  of careful observation  of a competent and experi-
enced  clinical practitioner.   The diagnosis  and  differential relations of
diseases  to  each  other are accurately described, and the therapeutics
judicious and discriminating.  All polypharmacy is discarded, and only
the remedies which appeared useful to the author commended.
   This work of Vogel's contains much that must gain for it the merited
praise  of all impartial judges, and prove it to be an invaluable text-book
for the student and practitioner, and a safe  and useful guide in the diffi-
cult but all-important department of Pasdiatrica.


   " Rapidly passing to a fourth edition in Germany, and translated into three
other languages, America now has the credit of  presenting the first English ver-
sion of a book which must  take a prominent, if  not the leading, position among
works devoted to this class of disease."—N. Y. Medical Journal.

   " The profession of this country are under  many obligations to Dr. Raphael
for bringing, as he  has done, this truly valuable  work  to their notice."—Medical
Record.

   "The translator has been more than ordinarily successful, and his  labors
have resulted in what, in every sense,  is a valuable contribution  to medicai
Bcience."—Psychological Journal.

   "We do not know of a compact text-book  on the diseases of children more
complete, more comprehensive, more replete with practical remarks and scientific
facts, more in keeping with the development  of modern medicine, and more
worthy of the attention of the profession, than  that which has been the subject
of our  remarks."—Journal of Obstetrics. 
NEW  MEDICAL  WORKS IN  PRESS.
 On Puerperal  Diseases.   Clinical Lectures de-
       livered at Bellevue Hospital.

               By FORDYCE BARKER, M. D.,
 Clinical Professor of Midwifery and Diseases of Women in the Bellevne Hospital Medical
   College; Obstetric Physician to Bellevue Hospital; Consulting Physician to the N. Y.
   State Woman's Hospital, and to the N. Y. State Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous
   System; Honorary Member of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society, etc., etc.
   A course of lectures valuable alike to the student and the practitioner.


 Hand-Book  of the Histology and His-
       to-Chemistry of Man.

                 By Dr. HEINRICH  FREY,
                         of Zurich.

                Illustrated with 500 Woodcuts.


 A Treatise on  Obstetrics, with an introduction
       on the Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth.

             By Dr. KARL SOHROEDER,
                of the University of Erlangen, Bavaria.


 On Surgical  Diseases of the Male Gen-
      ito- Urinary Organs, including Syphilis.
   By W. H.  VAN BUREN, M. D.,  and EDW. L. KEYES, M. D.


A New Work on the Anatomy,  Pathol-
      ogy, and Treatment of Diseases of the Ovaries.

              By T. SPENCER WELLS, M. D.,
Surg'eon-in-Ordinary to ner Majesty's Household; Surgeon to the Samaritan Hospital ror
  Women ; Member of the Royal Institutions, etc., etc.

Chemical  Technology.

             By RUDOLF  WAGNER.
                      Translated by WIT. CROOKES, F.R.S. 
     m  NEW  YORK   MEDICAL  JOURNAL.

                JJLS.  B. MVNXEJR, 31. D., \*<dttors.
  Published Monthly.   Volumes "begin in  January and  July.

  "Among the numerous records of Medicine and the collateral sciences published ih
America, the above Journal  occupies a high position, and  deservedly so."—The Lancet
{London).
Terms, $4.00 per  Annum.    Specimen Copies,  25 Cents.
                A QUARTERLY REVIEW OF

DISEASES  OF THE NERVOUS  SYSTEM, MEDICAL JURIS-

            PRUDENCE, AND ANTHROPOLOGY.
                           EDITED BY

           WILLIAM A. HAMMOND, M. D.
  " A Quarterly that does honor to the professions to which it is chiefly addressed.'
New York World.
Terms, $5.00 per  Annum.   Specimen  Copies, $1.00.
                                                           j

             Conducted by Prof. E.  L. Yonmans.

Published Monthly.   Each Number contains 128 pages.


               OPINIONS  OF THE PRESS.
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this country."—Home Journal.
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  " In our opinion, the right idea has been happily hit in the plan of this new monthly.'
—Buffalo Courier.
  "A journal which promises to be of eminent value to the cause of popular education in
this country."—N.  Y. Tribune.


   THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY is published in a large
octavo, handsomely printed on clear type.   Terms, Five dollars per an-
num, or Fifty Cents per copy.

New York Medical Journal and Psychological Journal...............................$8 00
New York Medical Journal and Appletons' Weekly Journal of Literature, Science,'
      and Art....................................................................  7 qo
Psychological Journal and Appletons' Weekly Journal.............................  8 00
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