cV-a • • - • fi ¦& v tVi ra m ' c fc REPORT ON THE CHOLERA IN PARIS. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT. TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL, AND PRINTED BY RECOMMENDATION OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH AND THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK. NEW- YORK : SAMUEL S. & WILLIAM WOOD, 261 PEARL-STREET. 1849. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the )ear 18-19, By P. BARTI-IiSLEMY, In the Clerk's Office of the Pi-trict Court of the United States for the Southern District of New-York. JiiiiN F. Trow, Pri-iTKR, 49 Anu si , N. Y. PREFACE. OF THE TRANSLATOR. * lbout eight years have elapsed, since M. Alexandre Vattemare, a native of France, first proposed to the consideration f the American public, the adoption of a system of interational exchange with Europe, by which, whatever was aluable in science, or curious in art, might, as far as praccable, be made the joint property of both continents, 'his philanthropic project of promoting the growth of seful knowledge, and thus increasing the sum of human mppiness, was too much in accordance with republican >rinciples not to be received here with favor and applause, 'he Federal Government, the authorities of the sevral States, City Corporations, and the People in general, nited in giving to M. Vattemare's system their counteance and support, and its happy results are already beginning to be felt in the transmission of many valuable scientific and other works from Europe to America, and from America to Europe. I Among the number of books presented by the City of ris to the Corporation of New York, it was my fortune discover the "Report on Cholera" made by direction of PREFACE. the French government in 1832, and a translation of which is now offered to the public. Generous minds will understand and forgive in me the expression of a feeling of exultation, that one Frenchman should have been the originator of a scheme so beneficial to humanity as that of International Exchange, and another, the first to prove its utility by giving to that scheme a practical and more extended application. Justice, however, requires me to state, that so soon as I brought the existence of this Report to the knowledge of the public authorities, the advantage to be derived from its translation and publication was at once felt and admitted by them, and every facility afforded me to undertake and complete the task. Among those whose influence was, most active, I may name his Honor the Mayor, W. F. Havemeyer ; Timothy R. Hibbard, M.D., Chairman of the Sanatory Committee of the Board of Health ; Messrs. Theo. R. De Forest, Alderman of the First Ward ; Morris Franklin, President of the Board of Aldermen ; Linus W. Stevens, Chairman of the Committee of Arts and Sciences; D. T. Valentine, Clerk of the Common Council; Messrs. J. B. Beck, M.D., J. M. Smith, M.D., and S. W. Moore, M.D., Medical Counsel ; and Mr. R. L. Morris, Health Commissioner. To Dr. Valentine Mott, President of the Academy of Medicine, I am also under great obligations for his attentive examination of the manuscript translation, and (when convinced of its importance) for bringing the subject of the proposed publication before the Academy of Medicine, and lending to it the sanction of his favorable opinion. The Academy, with that prudence which should always characterize public bodies, referred the translated Report to a select Committee, and I am happy to add, that this Committee, composed of learned and able professional men, has also approved of my labors. It may not be amiss to say a few words respecting the manner in which the eminent individuals appointed by the French Government, in 1832, to investigate the causes and 4 PREFACE. xamine the progress of Cholera, executed their difficult ask. Avoiding abstract theories, they confined their attenon to the close examination of the circumstances under which the disease first manifested its presence, and which ccompanied its march ; they did not make themselves the dvocates of any peculiar doctrines relative to contagion or on-contagion, nor did they venture to offer other than the ost certain and legitimate deductions, even from the facts )served and recorded by themselves. They seem to have onsidered, rightly, that their principal duty was, to note the arious phenomena attending the appearance, increase, dimnution, and gradual extinction of the pestilence, or, in other ords, to collect and arrange materials from which medical ience and art might, at a future day, form a clear and onclusive judgment. The intelligent reader will do justice to the minuteness and strict exactness of their investigations. The geographical position, and geological formation of the district of the Seine ; the number and size of the streams by which it is watered ; the extent of woods, or of roads, which diversify or traverse its surface in every direction ; the dryness or humidity of the atmosphere ; the nature of the winds usually prevailing at different seasons ; — each and all of these things became subjects of research, with the view of ascertaining how far, and in what manner, their influence was exercised on the pestilence which then raged. From these subjects, the members of the Committee necessarily passed to the consideration of others of equal, if not greater importance : in what respect density of population, or the neighborhood of hospitals, slaughter-houses, burying-grounds, manufactories, &c, operated on the increase or diminution of the disease ; how far it was modified by the ages, habits, pursuits, or trades of individuals, and lastly, what means were employed by the Government and its agents to arrest the progress of Cholera. This brief summary of what was done by the French 5 Investigating Committee, can give the reader but an imperfect conception of the extent and value of its labors. It is only by a perusal of the Report itself, that we can learn to do justice to the patient industry, close research, varied science, and clear judgment manifested in the execution of an arduous, disagreeable, but necessary duty, the ultimate effect of which cannot but prove highly beneficial to suffering humanity. 6 To the Honorable W. F. Havemeyer, Mayor of the City of New.York. Sir : — I had the honor this morning to call your attention to le valuable statistics, compiled with great care and ability under le direction of the Authorities in Paris during the years 1832-3, of the nature, progress, influence, and course of the Cholera n that city, upon the locality, habitations, trades, occupations, )ositions, ages, and professions of the inhabitants; as well also as n the prisons, hospitals, houses of refuge, and barracks. I This important document being among M. Vattemare's llection, appears to have been overlooked by our Public Auarities. should be happy to be instrumental in bringing it before the lie. I am, with great respect, Your Honor's humble servant, P. BARTH&LEMY. New- York, January 9, 1849. In answer to the above, the Mayor gave me a letter to the hairman of the Committee on Arts and Sciences, Alderman L. W. Stevens, in whose custody the documents of international exmnge were placed, in order that I might have free access to the >ook alluded to. It was readily and kindly granted by that geneman. When the translation was done, I addressed the folowing letter to The Chairman and Members of the Sanatory Committee of New- York. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to lay before you the transla- RESOLUTON OF THE SANATORY COMMITTEE. 1832 by the Authorities in Paris, to investigate the origin and progress of Cholera in the Department of the Seine, and its dependencies. I This Committee, composed of men eminent throughout Europe r professional knowledge and experience, entered diligently on 3 execution of its duties. Rejecting all theories, it limited its aors to the observation of facts and the statement of such conasions as facts alone would warrant. A glance at the table of apters will suffice to show with what careful minuteness its instigations were conducted, and under how many different sects was examined that frightful pestilence which then raged Asia, Europe, and America, and now threatens this jntry with another visitation. My manuscript translation has already been submitted to several eminent members of the Faculty in this city, who have expressed a favorable opinion of its merits. Should you, after due reflection, concur with them in the belief that its publication, at this juncture, would be a measure of utility, I would respectfully call your attention to the following propositions : Ilstly. That the Corporation subscribe for a given number of ies, at a stated price, leaving me to bear the expense of publion; or, |2dly. That it purchase the right of printing at its own charge eh a number of copies as may be deemed necessary, reserving me the privilege of satisfying whatever additional demand for ; work may exist, in this and other cities. I have the honor to be, With high consideration and respect, Your obedient servant, P. BARTHELEMY. New- York, March 27, 1849. I At a meeting of the Sanatory Committee of the Board of alth, held at the Mayor's Office, April 2d, 1849, the following olution was adopted : t Resolved, That the "Board of Health" be requested to subbe two hundred and fifty dollars, and receive that number of ies therefor of a translation of the History of Cholera as it 8 REPORT OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE. occurred in Paris in 1832, made by order of the French Government, and now translated from books presented by M. Vattemare to the Corporation of this city, and preserved in the archives of our city in original form. Timothy R. Hibbard, ") Theo. R. De Forest, I Sanatory Commit- Wm. Adams, I tee of Board of Niel Gray, Health. C. Crolius, J I hereby certify that the above is a correct transcript from the original on file. John H. Chambers, Secretary. April 21, 1849. At the same time, the manuscript had been submitted to the New- York Academy of Medicine for encouragement and recommendation. Its honorable president, Dr. Valentine Mott, being convinced after a perusal of the work, that its publication would prove of general utility, undertook, in the kindest manner, to bring it to the special notice of the Academy, and proposed the tpointment of a committee instructed to examine and report on its merits. The proposal was warmly seconded by Mr. hn L. Vandervoort, Secretary of the Academy, whose friendly sistance I take pleasure in thus acknowledging, and at once KAt an extra meeting of the Academy convened on the 18th of ril, the following paper was read : The Committee appointed by the Academy of Medicine at their meeting on the 4th of April, 1849, to examine and report upon a manuscript document submitted to them, REPORT : That said document bears the title of " History of the Cholera in Paris in 1832, prepared by order of the French Government," and is a translation of portions of a work in the possession of the City Authorities, entitled " Report on the Progress and Effects of the Cholera Morbus in Paris and the Rural Districts of the De- 9 REPORT OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE. partment of the Seine," by a Commission appointed with the approbation of the Minister of Commerce and Public Works and the Prefects of the Seine and of Police. tThe Commission consisted of ten members, belonging to varis learned and scientific bodies, and holding important official ,tions. The Committee have carefully read the document and com>ared it with the original Report, and though the high sanction )is Report has already received precludes the necessity of their mssing judgment upon its merits, they may be permitted to say lat it evinces the most elaborate research and exactness in all s details, and will be esteemed of lasting value among the stores science on account of the important materials it furnishes as ell as the eminent scientific ability which characterizes it. lAII questions relating to the causes of Cholera and its mode propagation had been studiously excluded from the Report ; d as it was intended to enlighten thp public generally, as well the profession, all technical terms have been avoided. t While such a Report must necessarily relate to many subcts of purely local interest, there are also questions treated of at are common to all great cities, the investigation and discus- Dn of which are of universal interest. I In the document under consideration, the translator has had ference to this distinction in his selections ; and though the jmmittee have found nothing omitted that would be of general terest, they are of opinion that still more might have been exuded that is purely of local interest, and that without injury to c general value of the translation. In conclusion, the Committee are further of opinion that the translation is executed in a creditable manner, and for the most part, faithfully renders the meaning of the original Report. Gurdon Buck, M.D., Chairman. William P. Buel, M.D. Samuel B. Phillips, M.D. James C. Paul, M.D. Jackson Bolton, M.D. motion being made to adopt the above Report, it was earunanimously. 10 Extracts of a Report of the Sanatory Committee, which was adopted at a meeting of the Board of Health, held May 4th, 1849. Your Committee have received a communication from Mr. P. arthelemy on the subject of a translation from French works of lolera as it existed in France in the years 1832 and '4. It is r. Barthelemy's intention to publish the same if encouraged. nd your Committee, believing that the publication of such a il uable work at this time would be productive of beneficial suits, and would no doubt be the means of throwing much im>ortant light upon the subject of that much dreaded disease, they lave concluded to recommend for adoption the following resolu- Resolved, That the Board of Health be requested to subscribe for two hundred and fifty copies of a translation by P. Barthelemy, of the History of Cholera as it occurred in Paris in the years 1832 and '4, made by order of the French Government ; the said translation being taken from the books presented to the Corporation of this city by the authorities of the city of Paris and now preserved in the archives of our city. D. T. Valentine, Clerk 11 CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. PRECAUTIONS TAKEN BY THE ADMINISTRATION. CHAPTER 11. PHYSICAL AND SANATORY STATE OF PARIS AT THE TIME OF THE INVASION. CHAPTER 111. INVASION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER IV. THE CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY AGE — SEX — AVERAGE DURATION OF THE ATTACK. CHAPTER V. THE CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE. CHAPTER VI. r CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY LOCALITY-^DIFFERENCE OF EXPOSURE — ELEVATION OF SOIL — HUMIDITY. CHAPTER VII. THE CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY DENSITY OF POPULATION. CHAPTER VIII. rUENCE OF PROFESSIONS, MORAL AFFECTIONS, AND REGIMEN — EXAMINATION OF CLASSES, AND OF THE PROFESSIONS OR TRADES WHICH COMPOSE THEM — INFLUENCE UPON CHOLERA OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE VARIOUS PROFESSIONS ARE EXERCISED. CHAPTER IX. EFFECTS OF CHOLERA ON THE MILITARY. CHAPTER X. EFFECTS OF CHOLERA IN PRISONS AND THE HOSPITALS OF PAKIS. CHAPTER XI. RURAL COMMUNES. CHAPTER XII. INFLUENCE OF INSALUBRIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS. SUMMARY. TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA FOR EACH FROFESSIOX IN THE CITY OF PARIS, FROM THE INVASION OF THE CHOLERA IN 15 MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE. BENOISTON DE CHATEAUNEUF, Member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. CHEVALIER, Chemist, Member of the Board of Salubrity and of the Central Committee. DEVAUX, Auditor to the Council of State. MILLOT, Of the Polytechnical School. PARENT DUCHATELET, M. D., Physician of the Hospitals, Member of the Board, and of the Central Commit- tee of Salubrity. PETIT (de Maurienne), M. D., Physician of the Hospitals, Member of the Board, and of the Central Com- mittee of Salubrity. PONTONNIER, Chief of the First Division of the Prefecture of the Department. TREBUCHET, Lawyer, Chief of the Bureau of Health, at the Prefecture of Police, and 31ember of the Central Committee of Salubrity. VILLERME, M. D., Member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, and Member of the Central Committee of Salubrity. VILLOT, Chief of the Etat-Civil and of Statistics, at the Prefecture of the Department of the Seine. INTRODUCTION. When a great city is visited by some terrible calamity, such as a famine, a pestilence, or an epidemic, terror is the first sentiment awakened. One thought, one object fills every mmd — to escape from the evil which threatens. Those whose position, and whose fortune permit, hastily remove ; while those to whom flight is impossible, and they are the greater number, yielding to a fatal despondency, regard themselves as already doomed to immediate death. Given up to continual apprehensions, they are wretched more from the calamities their imagination creates, than from the scourge they dread — a scourge whose visitations they perhaps will escape. Some, however, less accessible to fear, uniting with the authorities, aid them with advice and information, assist in tranquillizing the 2 INTRODUCTION. !üblic mind, and in taking such measures as the ccasion demands. At such times every mind is ngrossed by one absorbing interest. But when the violence of the disease has abated, when fear has subsided, when no longer under the influence of immediate impressions and more sure in our judgment, we recur to what has passed, and direct our attention to the examination of circumstances and localities ; we investigate the extent of the ravages of the disease, and we ascertain those still greater ravages which, without the precautions adopted and the obstacles opposed, it might have made : we note all the circumstances, we collect all the facts ; and in short, endeavor to obtain such a precise account of the character and progress of the pestilence, as will serve, should it suddenly reappear, to enlighten the present by experience of the past ; or to instruct us for the future, should the disease make its appearance only at long inter- iSuch an account, the Commission charged with le investigation of the facts relating to the history f the Cholera in Paris, and the Department of the cine, has been called upon to render, and now •esents. L Placed in the midst of the capital, and in a city arded by Europe as its intellectual centre, the 18 INTRODUCTION. Commission has not concealed from itself to what In extent that position rendered the task imposed pon it at once honorable and difficult. The majrials for the work were immense, the details infiite, a selection was often embarrassing. Many icts had been exaggerated by fear; the distress hich accompanies the first moments of attack, had allowed many others to escape unnoticed. To Iscertain them was impossible ; much research, quiry, and verification have been required. And the Commission cannot venture to flatter itself at, among so many investigations, it has always jen enabled to ascertain the truth and incorporate with every page of this report, it can at least bear stimony, that it has done all in its power to attain c highest degree of accuracy possible, nor does hesitate to assume the responsibility of its state- IBut first, it desires to express its obligations to ose estimable citizens who have assisted it by eir efforts, their information, and often by their rsonal exertions. The Commission subjoins the mes of those whose labors have been so useful, tieir modesty will not be offended, for it is less an logium upon them, than a homage to truth, to knowledge the valuable assistance we have defed from their zeal, as well as from that of the 19 INTRODUCTION. t embers of the Sanatory Commissions of the arronssements and districts. The Commission has thought it proper to present a map of each district of Paris, more regular and accurate than any hitherto published.* It has also thought it necessary to annex to this report many explanatory tables ; their great number, the difficulty of collecting their varied materials, and of compressing them into a small compass, without impairing their interest, or detracting from their clearness, has demanded long and irksome labor, and the services of an experienced editor. M. Villott has kindly assumed this task, and that part of the report has become, in his hands, one of its most important and valuable portions. The Commission hopes that these tables, addressing themselves to the eye, will render the comprehension of the facts more easy, and the narrative more attractive. Obliged to enter into a multitude of necessary but uninviting details, they have sought to supply by accuracy and clearness, that interest which the subject-matter may not itself always I* In this edition, intended for publication in a foreign country, the maps ye.been suppressed, with the exception of two, which are of much neral interest, as also the table of names above alluded to. — Note of the ranslator. t A member of the Commission. 20 INTRODUCTION. The Commission will esteem itself happy, if it shall be thought not to have been unequal to its subject, and if the approbation bestowed upon this work shall respond to its efforts to merit it. 21 CHAPTER I. / rECAUTIONS TAKEN BY THE ADMINISTRATION PREVIOUS TO THE INVASION OF THE CHOLERA. IfiANCE and its capital have been visited by a arful pestilence. For centuries its existence and vages were confined to the place of its origin, ar the marshy mouths of the Ganges in India, iddenly, leaping beyond their narrow limit, it asnded in 1817 to Jessore, to Malacca, and to va, destroying four hundred thousand inhabitants tof a population of four millions. Next it visited Benares and Borneo, and swept through Bengal from Calcutta to Bombay (1818). Thence, in the following year, it spread to the Molluscas and the Isles of France and Bourbon, and, in 1820, passed REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. tough the Burman empire, and desolated China m Canton to Pekin. I Soon after, turning to the north and west, it ached Persia in 1821, and spread from thence i Bassorah and Bagdad in Arabia. Two years ibsequently, it was seen and felt at the base of le mountains of Caucasus on the Caspian Sea, id in 1826, appeared in Siberia, near the Polar gion. Thence it penetrated to the heart of the ussian empire, and numberless victims attested 3 presence and power at Petersburgh and Mos>w, in 1830. I The following year it successively invaded gypt in Africa, and Poland, Gallicia, Austria, Bojmia, Hungary, and Prussia, in Europe. Continng its fearful progress, it crossed the seas and lowed itself in England, whence, leaping the hannel, it broke out at Calais on the 15th of 'arch, 1831, and soon after reached Paris, having, that giant-journey, run over more than three illions of square leagues, covering that immense >ace with human graves. Efforts are every where made to combat it, and every where in vain. It scoffs at the barriers opposed to its progress, as well as the remedies resorted to against its malignity. It comes without any known cause ; it disappears without any revealed 24 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Isason. The bodies of its victims are in vain exnined ; — death is interrogated ; — death betrays )thing ; — it does not bear in its bosom the secret ' the plague ; it departs, carrying with it the dark ystery, and leaving dreadful gaps in the midst of c population which it has laid waste, and the fear ' seeing it again to succeed the fear inspired by 3 sight. !The most exact study, the closest investigation, ye not, up to this day, discovered any thing upon it fatal disease, the cause as well as the nature which remain alike unknown. Every conjecre, every system, has been successively admitted d rejected : art has confessed its impotency. I The Commission does not pretend to have sen more fortunate than art. But having in its inds an immense quantity of facts gathered from cry part of the capital and department, it ls thought, that by classifying them with meod, by comparing them with care, science would srhaps find an unexpected light which might sudnly dissipate the profound darkness it has hithervainly attempted to dispel. That hope was too ,ttering not to be seized upon by the Commis)n: it has sustained its zeal, and directed its At the first news of the appearance of the 25 cholera in London, it was easy to foresee that it would invade Paris, although no one could exactly specify the time. From that moment, the Administration thought it its duty to take in advance all the precautions required by the circumstances. From the 21st July, 1831, M. Le Comte de Bondy, then Prefect of the Department, wrote to the General Board of the Hospices a letter containing several questions, for the solution of which the Board appointed, on the 26th of July, two committees, one of administration, composed of the Comte de Chaptal, Baron Camet de la Bonardiere, and Cochin, to whom were added Messrs. Desportes and Jourdan, administrators of the Hospitals ; the other Sanatory, of which Baron Portal, Anthony Dubois, M.D., Lisfranc, M.D., Chomel, M.D., Cruveilhier, M. D., Parent-Duchatelet, M. D., and Ganneron de Mussy, were selected members. This last committee proposed (the 19th September, 1831) to establish in the districts the most remote from the centre, three or four hospitals exclusively devoted to the treatment of patients attacked by cholera. They indicated for that special service the hospitals Beaujon, Saint-Louis, Saint-Antoine, and Cochin. They, in the mean time, suggested the formation of hospices at Montmartre and at the Mont-Valerien, to receive the convalescent. 26 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I They recommended, likewise, the prohibition, hile the epidemic prevailed, of all large assemies of men ; of the sale of old clothes and of Lst-off clothing ; the removal of the markets to c exterior boulevards, not far from the barriers ; put outside of all the houses where there should ) a cholera patient a particular and uniform sign, remain for eight days after the cessation of the They added moreover to these suggestions, advice full of wisdom and charity for the poor and the needy, to whom they proposed to distribute clothing, and every day a small quantity of wine, beer, I The Administration, without entirely rejecting c opinion of the committee upon the nature of c disease, which all the proposed measures tend. to represent as eminently contagious, thought oper, however, not to adopt them fully. To the gelations for public salubrity already in force, it ntented itself with adding (and it seemed all that is required) some new ones, the execution of lich was to be rigidly enforced. {Persuaded moreover, and with reason, that it uld not see and do all itself, it resolved to call a rtain number of citizens, accustomed by profes>n or by taste to be concerned in matters of 27 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. liblic utility, in order to profit by their advice henever needed, and to direct at the same time c measures which necessity might require in the :pected emergency. They felt, besides, that such >mmittees should be composed of men learned, id sufficiently known to their fellow-citizens to be itened to ; that they should be invested with a srtain authority ; lastly, that they were to be nuerous enough to perform all the duties required. I In order to accomplish this triple object, the refect of Police jointly with the Prefect of the epartment, made, on the 20th of August, 1831, a scree, creating at the same time, a Central Board ' Salubrity, composed of 43 members ; and twelve fard Committees charged with the duty of corsponding with the Board and of communicating ith other committees appointed in each of the 48 stricts of the city, and of the rural wards of the spartment. I Several physicians, chemists, apothecaries of tablished reputation, together with some respecble citizens presented by the Aldermen, were isignated to fill those committees, and in order at they might not be in need of useful or necesry information, they were to be attended by city spectors and commissaries of police. The District Committees were more especially 28 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Istructed to visit private dwellings ; to ascertain c condition of sinks, of gutters, of cesspools, cisrns, &c. ; to inspect the institutions, the school)uses, the wet-nurse establishments, the houses of caning and of health ; establishments for keeping >rses, dogs, hogs, rabbits, poultry, pigeons, &c. hey were also to pay attention to the lodging )uses, the tanneries, the baths, the gut-workers, c rag-gatherers ; lastly to the shops of all kinds, ible to become nuisances by bad management or c stench they create. I The Ward Committees, intermediate between le Board and the District Committees, had the ities assigned them of receiving the reports of le latter, to examine them, to verify their exact-3ss whenever they thought proper ; to make exacts of them to be sent to the Central Board, hey had also to assist by their advice and support f their approbation the zeal and efforts of the istrict Committees. Lastly, the Central Board, adding to its own information the knowledge of the facts communicated, was to enlighten the Administration, and to propose the adoption of new measures, if needed, i- the modification of old ones, if considered suffient. The Board reserved for itself the inspection ' the great public establishments of the capital, 29 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. excepting the churches and temples of the various religious denominations, because it was of opinion that these did not require any measures in regard to salubrity. I As to other places of public resort, such as >ffee-houses, smoking-houses, billiard saloons, the Dard thought it necessary merely to recommend em to the special care of the District Committees, ider which they naturally were placed. The zeal th which the honorable citizens composing these mmittees sought to justify the confidence resed in them is a proof, that it would have been Jicult to make a better choice. I In fact, these generous citizens, new ediles eated by necessity, divided amongst themselves I the public places situated within the limits of eir respective districts, and in a few days they ,d visited the markets, the theatres, the colleges, c school-houses, the boarding-houses, the barcks, the guard-houses, the coffee-houses, readingoms, burying-grounds ; they carefully registered the causes of insalubrity which they noticed, d reported them to the Administration, who gave c necessary orders to have them removed. I It would be impossible to mention here all the rk simultaneously accomplished in the 48 districts Paris. The Board will select, however, as an 30 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I stance, the district of the Luxembourg. To sayhat has been done by the members of the Sanary Committee of that district, is to say what has sen done in every other. The same devotedness oduced every where the same efforts and the me good result. I In less than two months 924 houses, public as )11 as private, which compose the district of the ixembourg, were visited, and 402 noticed as salubrious, either on account of the bad condition the privies, the wells, the cesspools, the gutters, the pavements, or on account of the stagnation rain or waste water, the crowding together of mestic animals, or the heaping of ordure or other I These domiciliary visits caused more than 400 ters to be written to different householders, i more than 200 reports to the authorities j but ove all, they revealed how numerous are yet in ris the causes of infection and insalubrity. The mmission regrets that this report is destined too en to furnish such proof. I All these measures concerned only the cleansing dwellings ; there were other precautions to pt for the health of the inhabitants. IThe Commission established in every district ces of Assistance or Medical Stations, in which 31 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I physician, an apothecary, and a certain number ¦ medical students, and male and female nurses, ere to be ready night and day to attend the sick, hese stations were provided with every thing jcessary, such as medicines, bedding, blankets, ind-barrows, &c, under the immediate direction the Alderman, whose duty it was to give 24 >urs' notice in advance to the physicians and >othecaries designated for that service. I Lastly, the Central Board published (the 25th November, 1831) a notice respecting the diet to adopted as a preservative against cholera, and c treatment to be followed as soon as the first mptoms became manifest. It recommended cleaness in clothing and houses ; abstemiousness in )d, moderation in pleasures ; and above all, caused the citizens against the pretended infallible nedies vaunted every day in the newspapers by acks, or in handbills posted over the city. I The Administration of the Hospitals did not on part remain idle ; it prepared new receptacles the sick attacked by the epidemic ; purified the ones ; increased the number of students and of rses ; and in order not to neglect any precaution t prudence dictated, ordered the suspension of dies in anatomy. Such have been the measures taken by the 32 3 Idministration against the epidemic threatening aris. It is useless to say, that the greatest part of lose measures were intended alike for the Capital id the Department. 1 Before proceeding further, it is necessary to ye some brief particulars of the actual physical ite of the one and of the other. 33 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER 11. FETCH OF THE PHYSICAL AND SANATORY STATE OF THE CAPITAL, AT THE TIME OF THE INVASION. Situated in the middle of a region formerly known under the name of Island of France, at 2° 25' east of the meridian of the Island of Iron, and 0 of that of Paris, and at 48° 50' of north latitude, the Department of the Seine is surrounded on all sides by that of Seine and Oise. Its elevation above the level of the sea, is 24 metres,* 50 centimeters ; its shape is nearly that of a great circle, of which the communes of Pierrefitte, Epinay, Colombes, Nanterre, Surene, Le Plessis-Piquet, Antony and Rungis, form the western half from north to south, and of which the eastern half, stretching from south to north, is indicated by the communes of Orly, Bonneuil, Champigny, Brie-sur-marne, Fontenay-sousbois, Villemomble, Bondy, le Bourget, Dugny and Pierrefitte. I* The league is equivalent to 4000 metres, or 3 miles, and the metre 37 inches, and a centimetre the hundredth part of a metre. 34 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I The diameter of this circumference, of which ris occupies the centre, does not extend over ,000 metres (7£ leagues) from east to west, and >m north to south, or, in other words from Chamrny to Nanterre, and from Pierrefitte to Rungis. has 94,000 metres (23 leagues) of development, d its whole surface is of 475,000,000 metres, or ,500 hectares.* I The Department of the Seine presents therere three peculiarities: — Ist. It is inclosed entirely ithin another j 2d, it is the smallest ; and 3d, the ost populous, after the Department of the North, '•all the 85 Departments which divide continental ranee. f I Its soil is the same as that of the vast basin of 3 Seine, of which it constitutes a part. On the ;ht shore of the river, from Charenton to Creteil, d on its left shore, from Issy to Montrouge, to Lrene, to Colombes, it is composed of marl, of alk, and chiefly of building-stone (coarse sea calreous), enormous quarries of which extend beath the villages of Conflans, Thyais, Villejuif, igneux, Chatillon, Clamart, Montrouge, then etch, but in lesser masses, in the direction of the me, penetrate under the city from Poliveau-street 35 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. (t one side, as far as Vaugirard on the other, and ?read themselves beneath the Garden of Plants, c School of Medicine, the Church of Saint-Sulce, and Sevres and Colombier streets. I On both banks of the river are found pebbleones, and made-grounds, which bound the plains the Sablons and of Boulogne, whilst from north east rise the hills of Montmartre, Belleville, and 'enilmontant, entirely composed of gypsum or aster. Thus by a fortunate disposition of the •il, Paris finds at its gates, on the south, the stones jcessary for construction, and on the north, the aster required as cement. I Calcareous flints (Champigny) ; red sand, and 3e-stone (Fontenay-aux-roses, Plessis-Piquet) ; ay (valley of Bievre) ; salted marl (Barriere of evilly, Martyrs-street) ; and lastly, soft marshy irth (Plains of Saint-Denis, and Vincennes), comete the abridged enumeration of the chief comment parts of the soil of the Department. To have a precise idea of its configuration, or f the relief it presents, it is enough to ascend one f the most elevated edifices of Paris, such as the owers of Notre-Dame, or the cupola of the Panleon: from thence the eye discovers a large valley jounded on the west and south by a circle of high lills ; they are those of Saint-Cloud, Meudon, Bag- 36 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. neux, Sceaux, and Villejuif. The first, decline abruptly towards the banks of the Seine ; the other, or the hills of Sceaux and Villejuif, reach as far as the flat grounds of Bicetre, of Gentilly, of Montrouge, which themselves terminate at the west, in the plains of Vaugirard and Grenelle, and at the south within the limits of Paris, where they disappear on the left bank of the Seine by an inclined plane, that rises again only to form Mont- Sainte-Genevieve : for one cannot consider as worthy of attention the hillocks of Sainte-Hyacinthstreet, nor of the Estrapade, any more than those of the Charity. The researches of M. Girard upon the waters of Paris, have demonstrated, that those slight elevations of earth were but old common sewers, and owe their present existence to the rubbish and gravel therein deposited. I On the north, other hills, such as those of Fonlay-sous-bois, of Montreuil, of Pierrefitte, and arer the city, those of Menilmontant, of Bellele, of Saint-Chaumont, of Courbevoie, of Mont- Llerien, bound the horizon ; at their feet lie the tins of Montreuil, of Virtues, of Saint-Denis, of Dnceaux, as also the valley in which the whole rthern part of Paris is built. tHere the ground presents outside of the walls Paris, the hills of Etoile, of Chaillot, of Passy, 37 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Ihich descend towards the plains of the Roule, of iblons, of Billancourt, of Boulogne; and, inside ' Paris, the hillocks of the suburbs of Saint-Denis, id Saint-Martin, which decline from the platform ' La Villette to the right bank of the river by an sensible declivity, uninterrupted by any elevation, though one sees the small ridges of Meslay-street, * Bonne-nouvelle, of Petits-carreaux, Petits-Peres, id dcs Moulins, but these ridges have the same •igin as those of the Estrapade and of Sainteyacinth-street, on the left side of the river. Among those elevated points which command le surface of the Department, there are some that eserve attention, such as Mont-Valerien, which s 136 metres (420 feet) above the level of the cine ; Montmartre, which is 105 metres (324 feet) ; nd in the city itself, Mont-Sainte-Genevieve, that s 35 metres or 108 feet. I No great streams of waters flow from the bosom * these mountains, but many springs escape ; some * these are mineral, such as that of Passy, which mtains iron ; that of Montmartre, which is sulmrous; a third, exists at Vaugirard (65 Blometreet); another, at Auteuil ; the waters of Passy one are used medically. Three rivers run through the middle of the Detment: the Seine, the Marne, and the Bievre. 38 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. The first, and most important of the three, rosses it from east to west, from Villeneuveaint-George to Nanterre. The length of its course 59,845 metres (15 leagues); and its breadth aveages 188 m. (570 feet) ; its declivity is of Im. 3 feet 1 in. ) upon 2300 m. ; its swiftness, of 1 metre 42 centimeters per second. The Marne and the Bievre reach the Department, the former above Brie-sur-marne, the latter )elow Anthony. The Marne unites its waters with those of the Seine at the Hamlet dcs Carrieres )elow Charenton; the space it runs through at lat point is 22,675 met. (5£ leagues), its breadth n the average is 85 met. (262 f.). I The Bievre throws itself in the Seine not far 3m the Hospice of la Salpetriere. This small fer, which is but 3 metres wide in the average, esents, nevertheless, this remarkable peculiarity, at it supplies in the Department alone the moving »wer of 200 manufactories erected on its banks. I Other streams, such as the Croult, the Rouil>n, the Vieille-Mere, the brook of Sarcelle, those Pierrefette, of Montfort, the Rhone, the Moree, c Mortbras, Saint-Joye, Lanoue, the rivulets of ontreuil, and of Champigny, irrigate the Depart- 39 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Saint-Martin, and Saint-Maure, seven docks, and eleven ponds, complete the list of waters. The land they cover is estimated at 13,645,097 metres square (or one 37th part of the whole surface of the Department). I A Department so limited in extent cannot conin extensive woods; the only remarkable ones, imnants of the large and old forests that, in forer times, covered that part of France, are those ' Vincennes, of Boulogne, and those that reach eudon and Fleury. Others, but of less size, are ssseminated in groves on the territory of the >mmunes of Romainville, Bondy, Pantin, Fonnay, Maisons, &c. Their totality, should they s united, would occupy 2657 hectares, of which >9 lie at the north, and 858 at the south. t Thirteen royal roads present together a length 104,000 met. (26 leagues), and a width of 27 m. 4 feet). They start from the Cathedral of Paris, d extend even beyond the limits of the kingdom. The departmental roads number 77 ; they measure 12 m. in breadth (37 feet), and taken together, give a length of 525,000 metres (64 leagues) ; some of these, like royal roads, start from the Capital, the others cross them at various points. I The ground occupied by all these roads is equal 5568 kilom. or 1392 leagues, and if there be 40 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. dded to them about 150 (734 kilom.) for the communal ways, there will be a total of 1500 or 1600 eagues, the course of which, broken into a thouand unequal portions, furrows in every direction le surface of the Department. [ Lastly, 20,000 hectares, or about half of the rritory, is given to the cultivation of wheat, rye, trley, oats, leguminous plants, &c, and 3000 to at of the vine. The political division of the Department of the Seine, is in accordance with its small extent. There are but two Sous-Prefectures ; the former, or northern, is that of Saint-Denis ; the latter, or southern, that of Sceaux. t These two circuits, divided from east to west r a line perpendicular to the meridian and not by c course of the river, are themselves partitioned to 8 cantons and 80 communes, in which are imbered more than 5000 country-seats. I In the midst of habitations of all kinds, of merous hamlets, and villages, and boroughs, read over the soil, and separated sometimes by le avenues, sometimes by fields, by meadows, woods, rises in the lowest part of the valley, like amphitheatre, on both shores of the river, an ormous mass of houses, in a word, an immense ;y ; that city is Paris, respecting which more 41 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. than a century ago Vauban wrote the following remarkable words : "It is not possible to deny it, that city is to France what the head is to the human body. It is the head of the Kingdom, the common mother of the French and the abridgment of France by whom the People of that great state subsist ; and whom the Kingdom could not repudiate without essential injury." Paris, which already deserved in the time of Vauban such high praise, occupies now more than wo square leagues (34,379,016 met.)* and is 6 eagues in circumference (26,551 m.). The wall, vhich surrounds it completely, is pierced by 58 ates or barriers, through which is entered its vast nclosure. Its shape is nearly that of an irregular oval, the rcatest diameter of which from east to west, rom the barrier of Passy to that of Charenton, is wo leagues (7,809 met.) ; and the smallest from orth to south, in the sense of the meridian, or rom the barrier of Health to that of Martyrs, is ne league and a half (5505 met.). I Its chief establishments number 200. There c 37 churches, 7 temples consecrated to various tPekin has according to Balby, 15400 toises, and 1,300,000 inhabi; London, 1,472.000; Constantinople, 700,000; Jedo, capital of :, 1,200,000. 42 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Eorship, 1 bank, 1 exchange, 1 mont-de-piete, I markets, 7 large markets or halles, 27 theatres, colleges, 42 barracks, 27 hospitals and hospices,* I prisons, 5 slaughter-houses, and 3 cemeteries. I Divided as regards public administration into 2 wards and 48 districts, Paris is again divided hysically by the Seine, which crosses it in all its mgth, and the various branches of which separate into five islands of unequal size. The two prinipal are, one on the north of the right shore, conlining 9 wards ; the other, on the south on the ft bank, containing but 3. In the middle of the ver are the Isle of Saint-Louis, Isle of Louviers, id Isle of the City, whose name indicates that its irrow inclosure was formerly sufficient to contain Twenty-six bridges, four of which are suspended, unite between them different portions of the city, which are by themselves whole cities, subdivided by more then 1800 streets, lanes and pas- I Paris contains now 785,862 inhabitants, and 000 houses, of which 11,000 only have porteiheres. 1* Hospices are establishments for the reception of invalids and old pie. Hospitals for sick and wounded. 43 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. The circuit of Saint-Denis numbers 86,682 souls. 73,154 do. of Sceaux The whole population of the Department is 945,698 individuals. Its small extent subjects it to the same conditions as the capital with regard to temperature and climate. Situated in the middle of the temperate zone, it experiences neither burning heat nor rigorous cold. However, it happens sometimes, that the thermometer ascends, in the summer season, to 28 and 30 degrees R. (36 and 38 centigr.), and descends, in winter, to 14, 17, and 18 R. below zero (17, 21, and 24 centigr.), but these are rare instances. It has been remarked that the lowest term was on the 14th of January, 25 days after the winter solstice, and that the highest could be fixed on the 15th of July, also 25 days after the summer solstice. IThe average temperature of the year is about deg. R. (10° 81 centig.), and corresponds pretty snerally to the 23d of April and 22d of October. >But that numerical expression gives but a very iperfect idea of the usual state of the atmosphere Paris ; it is necessary, for the purpose of this port, to make it better known. IThe winds that prevail most commonly on the rizon of the capital are the south, southwest, 44 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. lest, north, and northwest. On an average year, ken from a series of observations recorded at the bservatory, and which include 21 years (1806 to 326), those winds blow during 279 days, or three larters of the year ; those of east, northeast, and mtheast, during 86 ; they constantly bring along ith them, in summer, a clear sky and fine eather ; in winter, a smart and sharp frost. I The winds of northwest, west, and southwest, l the contrary, and they ai;e the most frequent, ad the atmosphere with thick clouds, bring oomy weather, dark days, rain, fog, snow, a mperature sometimes soft and warm, but more ten damp and cold. From the usual direction of the winds we may udge of the constitution of the year. Thus we umber but 57 days of heat, and we can count 58 uring which it freezes, 12 when it snows, 180 when fogs prevail, and 140 of rainy weather.* quantity of water that falls during the rainy eason is 21 inches (55 centim.).f * It is understood here that we mean the day, such as it is noted in meteorological observations ; that is to say, that it may happen, that on the same day we have fog, rain, and snow ; in that case the day is marked three times. In the space of 135 years (1689 to 1824) they have noticed only three times one month without rain. f It is at Milan 28, at London 21, at Naples 25 inches. 45 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Such a state of the atmosphere accounts for he long winters, the chilly and piercing springs of ; it explains why its damp climate so rapidly orrodes the paint on iron or wood ; why it affects marbles and statues exposed to the air; darkens >eneath the hand of the workman the stone that he arves, and blights on the cheek of the child, >rought up within the walls of Paris, the freshness f infancy. I Nevertheless, in w spite of the picture that has jen here presented, in spite of the sudden varia)ns of the atmosphere from 10 to 15 degrees in [ hours, the climate of Paris is not unwholesome, warm summer and beautiful autumn compensate r the rigors of a spring in its nature too closely sembling winter. I If a favorable climate be one of the first condins of health, the salubrity of dwellings is anothno less important ; in this respect Paris cannot compared with what it once was. Not yet 60 years have elapsed since its streets were badly paved, scarcely lighted, full of mud, of filth, of dirt. High, narrow, dark houses overlooked the bridges and quays. I The factories, the shops where repulsive or judicial trades were followed, tan-yards, guttories, foundries, slaughter-houses, whence large 46 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. treams of blood escaped to the gutters in the entre of the streets, were all situated in the inteor of the city. Death had also its depots, the argest as well as the most ancient of which was n the Cemetery of the Innocents, situated on the cry spot where is now the market of that name. Venty parishes each day carried forth their dead o that deep gulf, always ready to receive them, nd which already contained more than a million f bodies. During the soft, wet weather of winter, lere escaped from that dreadful sink of infection apors so noxious that they very soon corrupted 1 alimentary substances, and generated in the eighborhood dangerous diseases. I Beneath the pavement of churches many vaults so existed, and during the celebration of divine rvice the effluvia of dead bodies was frequently srceptible, which rising from the sepulchres, asnded through the soil, and spread itself through c interior of the temples. The spectacle that the hospitals offered was ost offensive. One single bed contained as many s six and eight sick. Women in need and pregant, went to the Hotel-Dieu to be confined : there ere fourteen or fifteen hundred patients a year. were put four in a bed. We leave to the magination of the reader to depict what must 47 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. lave been the situation of four women recently deivered, put together in a small bed, from which, when the blanket was raised, escaped so thick a loud of vapor, that the eye could see and the land divide it. Half of these unfortunate crea;ures did not survive. Lastly, the interior of the jails was so horrid, that criminals preferred death to remaining in their walls. These times are no more. New laws, new intitutions, have created new manners and a new ity. Wise regulations have removed from its entre, establishments necessary to the wants of a jreat agglomeration of men, but the uses of which re noxious and repulsive. Localities, better seected, have been appropriated to them, and the milding of large abattoirs, the monumental graneur of which corresponds with their utility, proves s much the progress of art as of a regard for pub- The cemeteries have been transferred outside the walls of the city, and the heaps of filth and remnants of infectious matter, which neglect or interest crowded near the habitations of men, have been transported far away. I The hospitals are at the same time more numeus and better managed. There are some pre- 48 >ared for all ages, all sexes, all diseases. Interior istribution better understood, a greater degree of eanliness, a healthier diet, have reduced to one n seven the mortality which formerly was one in bur, at the Hotel-Dieu ; and the system of amelioation which thus preserves the lives of the poor, las not perhaps reached its furthest limits. Among the institutions, the creation of which is due to modern times, there are four that deserve a particular notice : the Hospital Saint-Louis, specially devoted to the treatment of diseases of the skin ; that for venereal patients ; that for sick children, and lastly, the Lying-in-Hospital, exclusively appropriated to women in a state of advanced pregnancy. There, each patient has a bed to herself, and receives assistance not merely as a patient, but as a mother. Three thousand each year are generally admitted. This establishment, quite modern in its origin, is perhaps the greatest benefit that civilization has conferred upon the distressed poor. To it they are indebted for the preservation of the only worldly happiness they can enjoy, wives and i Dispensaries, benevolent offices, are organized each of the 12 wards ; advice and treatment 3e of charge are besides daily afforded in all the ospitals ; the diseases of the poor mechanic are 4 49 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. thus relieved or cured without his being obliged to separate from his family, or cease his labor. Humanity has still less to complain of with espect to prisoners. Underground cells and duneons no longer devour their victims, and if morality is yet very great, at least imprisonment does ot cost the wretch deprived of liberty, 17, 25, and yen as much as 35 years of life. The bridges, cleared of the old and clumsy houses which encumbered them, are now more pleasant and commodious, and the quays and streets to which they give access, receive more light and more air. Narrow, crowded, and unwholesome quarters f the city have disappeared; others have been nlarged, and rendered more airy by large squares nd wide streets ; others have been erected on egular plans, affording at every point, easy communication. A pond always full, that of La Villette, a vast eservoir for the waters of the Ourq Canal, distrimtes them to each ward of the city through suberraneous pipes, whose numerous branches feed ew fountains constructed during the last twenty ears* in the public places, markets, and at differ- 50 lit intervals throughout the principal thoroughfares, he supply of water, though as yet insufficient, has ivertheless permitted its use not only for public it also for private purposes, and it is a remarkae progress in our manners, and ameliorated sanary habits, to see bathing establishments so much creased in the capital, and even in surrounding Such are the improvements that Paris has ex>erienced for the last fifty years ; they are nuraeous and important ; they prove softer manners nd more liberal ideas, but they are yet far from >eing complete ; for as far as the public good is oncerned, the limit of human effort will be found only when nothing is left to be done. 51 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER 111. INVASION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHOLERA IN PARIS. In the 6th of January, 1832, many Physicians ready believed* that they had discovered in seval patients symptoms of cholera, when, on the Jth of February, a rumor was suddenly heard, lat in Lombard-street, in the 6th ward, a door-3eper had died of it. The impression made by lis event upon minds previously disposed to alarm, as strong enough to induce the Central Comission to send one of their number in order to jrify the truth of the report. I Nevertheless, medical men still hesitated to deare their opinion, when, on the 26th of March, ur persons were suddenly attacked and died in few hours. L* The cholera had made a short appearance at Calais on the 25th of rch of the previous year. 52 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I The first was a cook ; the second a little girl ten years of age ; the third, a pedler-woman ; c fourth, an egg dealer. I The next day, 27th, six inhabitants, in whom 1 the symptoms of cholera were pronounced to j in the highest degree apparent, were taken to c Hotel-Dieu. I On the 28th, the number of sufferers amounted 22; on the 31st it was already 300, and out of c 48 districts of Paris, the disease had invaded , viz : Ist ward, Le Roule and the Champs ysees ; 2d ward, the Faubourg Montmartre ; h, 7th, Bth, 9th, 10th and 11th wards, in each it districts; and in the 12th ward, Saint Jacques, tint Marcel and the Jardin dcs Plantes. I From that moment the Central Commission deired its sitting permanent ; Offices of Assistance organized in each district, and temporary spitals established at the Seminary of Saint-Sul:e, in the Grenier d'Abondance ; and the Lazaites, of Sevres-street ; at the Gros-Caillou ; at c Leprince Hospital ; at the Bons-Hommes ; at c Hospices dcs Menages ; at the Orphan House, tubourg Saint-Antoine ; in that of the Convalesnts at Picpus ; lastly, in the mansions of Messrs. allet, Rue de Clichy, of M. Derosnes, at Chart, and of M. Amelin, Rue de la Pepiniere. 53 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. The third ward alone, had until now been >ared, but from the 31st of March, to the Ist of April, the epidemic spread itself over the whole ity, and raged with a peculiar virulence in the istricts situated on the shores of the Seine, such s those of the Hotel-de-Ville, of the City, of the nvalides, of the Gros-Caillou.* I Already out of 300 patients, existing on the Ist, and the residence of 249 of whom was known, 5 were no more. The cholera broke out on the 3th of March, and on the 2d of April more than 30 perished daily; on the 3d, the number was )0; on the sth, 300. Every twenty-four hours le mortality increased in a fearful ratio. On the ;h, more than 1200 persons were attacked, 814 of horn died. In short, eighteen days after the first appearnce of the plague, (14th of April,) 12 or 13,000 ck were counted, and 7,000 dead ; for such was le terrible nature of the epidemic that the earliest ymptoms were but too often followed by death in few hours. IThe rapid march of the disease, that had leaped, it were, from London to Paris, its sudden ap- I* At Vienna, the disease made its appearance from the 13th to the i of September, in six districts ; the next day it had invaded all the srs. 54 larance for which no one was prepared, and its treme violence, unexampled in Europe, thwarted calculation, and rendered nugatory every preution hitherto taken. It became necessary to sort promptly to new measures, to employ new pedients ; the magistrates, the central and disct Commissions, redoubled their zeal, and a numr of good citizens seconded their efforts. By order of the Prefect of Police, the common sewers, and the puddles which existed in several districts were removed; infected lanes were closed, — others paved. The emanations from the sinks that could not undergo immediate repair, were neutralized. The ditches of the Boulevards, that it had been dangerous to cleanse, were sprinkled with chlorined water, with which the pavements of the streets, and the flagging of the markets were also washed several times a day ; the number of hydrants was increased ; lastly, the trenches of the Isle-Louviers, which had become receptacles of mud and filth, were overflowed by the waters of the Ourq Canal, brought there for the purpose. The city by these precautions was rendered more wholesome, but the preservation of the inhabitants required others no less pressing. The condition of two classes, in particular, was calculated to excite the deepest interest ; the poor, and the 55 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Means were provided for assisting the former at leir own houses, and a certain number of ambulaory hospitals were established in districts less disant from their abodes than the temporary hospials, which were almost all situated at the extreme nds of the city. Ambulances were placed at the Id Ministere-des-Finances, at Saint-Germain,auxerrois, in the Rue Grange-Bateliere, at the This measure had the double dvantage of multiplying the means of assistance, nd of preventing the overcrowding of the hospials, so often attended with fatal results ; but these lasty asylums were in a great measure destitute of nattresses, blankets and linen. The necessity admitted of no delay. The Administration resolved o make an appeal to public benevolence. The ommission would consider itself as deserting le most pleasing part of its duties, should it mit to mention here the zeal of those generus citizens, who, in these mournful moments, lowed their eagerness to offer either large sums for le use, or a part of their own dwellings for the reeption of the sick ; and the royal benevolence, not atisfied with opening the large infirmaries of the I* Now the residence of the first President elected by the French public. — Note of the Translator. 56 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. household, added a gift of 584,000 francs, and 1200 beds, all complete. Twenty-four hours had scarcely elapsed, and public charity had furnished all that was necessary for the ambulances, the temporary hospitals and the medical stations. It did more : it brought there many young men, students in law and other schools, and many young women, who, during the whole intensity of the disease, devoted themselves to the service of the sick. Rare and privileged beings ! to whom every new misfortune is but the occasion of revealing a new virtue, and whose tender benevolence would wish, by the sacrifice of themselves, to redeem humanity from all the evils that afflict it, the Commission, in this report addressed to its fellow citizens, could not forget either their ardent zeal, nor its own* I Among prisoners, the Prefect of Police caused c distribution of warmer clothing, and more submtial nourishment. The inside walls of the isons were whitewashed with pure lime, the air the rooms and of the dormitories purified by ntinual ventilation ; and the furniture and floors of c cells frequently washed with chlorined water. I But the Administration had other cares to obrve, other duties to perform, not less important ?r less difficult ; these related to burials, the de- 57 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. lay or neglect of which was forbidden by regard for public salubrity. It seems at the first glance, that nothing is more easy than to commit a dead body to the earth ; but in our present social state, how many cares, how many steps, how many formalities are required to accomplish it ! A member of the faculty must certify to the death; witnesses are necessary to authenticate the declaration ; clerks to give it legal validity; porters to place the body in its coffin, and the coffin in the hearse, &c. &c. How many things, how many hands, are employed to move him who moves himself no more ! And, if in ordinary times, these duties are readily performed, can we believe they will be as easy of fulfilment in the midst of an epidemic, the activity of which surpasses your own, daily accumulating heaps of dead which each morrow beholds increased ? Certainly, if there be at such a time a fear, distressing to an Administration, it is that of seeing the means at its command suddenly sink below the exigency that requires their employment. But there was something on this occasion, still more appalling for an Administration fully aware of the urgency of the requisitions, of the gravity of existing circumstances, and of the frightful responsibility that devolved upon it ; it was the fatality which seemed to 58 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. follow and oppose every measure of relief prescribed. I In spite of the zeal and activity shown by the erks in drawing up the legal certificates, death ruck faster than they could write the names of 3 victims. It was found necessary to increase ie number of those useful men, and that of the scords of the Etat Civil. The law intrusts their arveillance to the Crown Attorney (Procureur } Roi). The Prefet de-la-Seine had to consult at officer before he could be authorized to open new book in each arrondissement, and these itablished forms, generally so useful, then caused delay, the consequences of which it was most rrible to behold. I The pestilence had scarcely commenced its raves, and already the number of dead rose each day ove that of the most elevated rate of ordinary )rtality. Thence it was easy to foresee that the sans of transport of the Entreprise dcs Convois* mid prove insufficient. Already the number of >orers had been doubled, and fifty hearses had en ordered; 700 workmen were busy in their nstruction, for which they required only 8 days, t the disease moved at a pace more rapid than 59 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. ieir work. An attempt was made to induce them ;o labor during the night, by the promise of inreased pay; then these men, who until now had )een all willingness, growing fearful of exposure, eclined an extra labor, the consequence of which might have proved dangerous to themselves. "We >refer," they said, "life to high wages." It was bund prudent to yield, and the Administration, >ressed by a plague that nothing could check, was ompellcd to discover and employ other means for le disposal of the dead. It was then determined to employ artillerywagons ; these were all ready, and it was easy to obtain them from the Secretary of War in sufficient quantity. For one night the experiment was tried ; but the rattling noise so peculiar to this sort of vehicle, that noise so well known, disturbed, in a painful manner, the sleep of the inhabitants. Besides, an accident happened, that no one had foreseen. These wagons have no springs; the strong jolts given in the march to the coffins they contained, loosened the boards, the bodies fell out, and the stiffened tissues of the visceres bursting open, allowed the escape of a noisome fluid, which dripped from the wagons to the pavement. It became evident that this means of conveyance must be renounced. 60 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. But the plague increased; the dead accumulated in houses and hospitals ; the dead-rooms of those establishments were found too small. It was -feared that the typhus fever might add the horrors of a contagion to the calamity which already existed. The determination was then taken to convey the dead in the wagons of upholsterers and furniture makers. These at all events were large, suspended on springs, and had nothing to apprehend from the inconvenience of rough pavements ; besides they offered the advantage (no trifling one at this juncture) of admitting a greater number of coffins at once. Their service also, easily done at all points of the capital, prevented the danger which would result from an accumulation of bodies. But the sight of these new funeral cars, as they progressed slowly through the middle of the streets, delayed in their march by the weight of their mournful load, made on the minds of citizens, and chiefly of women, such an impression of grief and terror, that their use was soon abandoned, and the Administration found itself once more deprived of the means of encountering an epidemic, the end of which no one could predict. I At last the Entreprise-des-Convois had cometed their new means of service ; they hastened use them, and began to hope that the virulence 61 Ethe disease would not be such as to render them sufficient. I But new difficulties now presented themselves, teps had been taken for the inhumation of the cad, and orders issued to the General Inspector F the three burial grounds of the capital, to en•rce their strict execution. It is known that the sgulations prescribe to each private grave a width *2& (8 decimeters) and a depth of 5 feet, (1 m., 5 jc, or 2 m.) ; experience having shown that the iasma arising from decomposed bodies cannot cape through a bed of earth of such thickness, irticularly when the ground has been well tramed, a precaution insisted upon. [As to the common graves, a sort of trench, sn on a length of 60 feet (20 m.), it was exissly forbidden to put in more than one layer of lies upon which a coat of quick-lime* was imdiately spread, and covered with 4£ feet of earth m. 50 cent.). I* Eight hundred metres, cubic, of quick-lime have been thus used ; General Board of Hospitals thought proper not to conform itself to 3e dispositions, and by its resolution of the 28th of March, 1832, perted the deposits in the graves of the burial ground, exclusively used the hospitals, of as many as three layers of bodies, one above the other, ng care to cover each over with a few inches of saturated water of >rure and one foot of earth. In spite of this precaution, and of the th of 8 feet given to each grave, an infectious smell constantly arose a that cemetery during the whole duration of the epidemic. 62 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. For some days it had been noticed that the workmen, alarmed at the great number of graves o be dug, and already frightened by the rumor mt the disease was contagious, approached the offins with great repugnance. Suddenly giving way to a dread, rendered more intense by their gnorance, they absented themselves altogether, nd no reasoning, no entreaties could prevail upon lem to resume their labors. The narration of the terrible and sanguinary enes, of which the capital became the theatre, ust form no part of this report. The Commission happy not to be compelled to relate them ; and it permits itself this passing allusion, it is lat the reader may the better understand the uel position of the Administration, whose reurces and means of action were dependent on lose very men who at that moment were animated r a spirit of resentment and revolt. I Many bodies had been brought to the burial ound, and in a few hours decay would begin ; it is urgent to bury them instantly, and the means so doing suddenly failed. Besides, what was to done with the dead of the morrow and those of ming days ? Were they to remain without selture ? Were the cemeteries to become but urces of infection which living men must shun ? 63 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. What would be the fate of the capital itself, thus delivered over to pestilence and death ? The situation was embarrassing in the extreme, but perseverance and firmness overcame all obstacles. laborers declined working; the General spector received from the Prefect of the Departnent an order to replace them by others ; many of lese refused, but at last his adroitness and zeal >revailed on a number to follow him. Their arrial on the ground disconcerted their comrades, who vere not prepared for this movement. Exhortaons and the offer of high pay had their influence pon many, and the most obstinate were distiarged. In the meantime, in order to soothe eviving apprehensions, a medical station was stablished at every burial-place. From that molent order was restored, and the necessary labor apidly performed. The Administration dared to lope that, however serious the epidemic might |3come, it would no more have the desolating jprehension of seeing the means of relief unequal > daily exigencies, and it must be confessed, such id been the case during a few days ; it was doubtss a great affliction, but it had passed away, and c whole energy of the Commission could now be jvoted to conquer or mitigate the pestilence. In fact, its fury did not relent. Vainly was it 64 liblished in the newspapers, and supported by the >inions of medical men, that the march of the >idemic would resemble that of its predecessors, at the plague was too violent to last long, and iving reached its highest degree of intensity, 3uld necessarily diminish as rapidly as it had incased ; the events of to-day gave the lie to the sertions of yesterday, and the distemper conlued its deadly ravages. It was then, when the capital of France was a prey to a horrid evil, in contending against which art had exhausted its resources, and of which it could no more indicate the term, than it had been able to subdue the violence ; when the terrible plague devoured every day from 7 to 800 persons, and threatened to carry off 25,000 in a month, without any diminution of the mortality caused by ordinary diseases;* when the streets presented continually the painful spectacle of sick people dying, or already dead, carried on hand-barrows to the nearest hospital ; or the sight more woful still of those large wagons, the mournful draperies of which, agitated by the wind, exhibited the numerous t ! The number of deaths in Paris had been for the year 1832, 44,119, counting the bodies deposited at the Morgue. Deducting 18,402 Is caused by the cholera, 25,717 will be left. The average for the 10 years has been 25,300. 5 65 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. coffins they contained ; it was then that desolation and terror knew no limits, and that the inhabitants, believing themselves devoted to inevitable death, hastened to abandon a city already changed into a At last the evil abated ; the 14th of April, the number of deaths fell from 756 to 651 ; the 30th they amounted to little over 100, (114,) and from the 17th of May to the 17th of June, they were but from 15 to 20 a day. Already the public mind began again to cheer ), and the hope was entertained, that the plague lad expended its force ; when at the end of June nd in the first days of July, a pretty large augmenation became manifest in the mortality, which inreased and varied daily between 30 and 45. Suddenly, that limit was passed : the 9th of July, 71 persons died ; on the 18th, 88 ; the next day, 107; 128 the 15th; 170 the 16th, and 225 the 18th. Again terror reigned in the city. In the uncertainty which existed as to the duration, as well as the degree of intensity which characterized that return of the disease, or what medical men agreed L* The number of post-horses taken on the sth, 6th, and 7th days of ril, was 618. That of the passports increased 500 per day. 66 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. to call its recrudescense, it was thought prudent to resort immediately to the means of counteracting it already employed at the time of the first appearance of the disease. The temporary hospitals had been closed; two were re-opened, those of the Bons-Hommes, and of the Grenier-d'Abondance. Fortunately, these precautions proved useless. On the day following the 18th the deaths diminished to 130, and the same rapid decrease continued some days after. The 28th of July, there were but 25 to 30 deaths per day,* and although such a mortality might at any other time, and from any other disease, have been regarded as a very great calamity, it was then thought light, and the plague as comparatively over, when it was remembered that thousands of victims had previously fallen in a single month. I The disease kept within these limits during the tole of August, and the beginning of September, om the Bth of this month, the number of deaths ctuated between 10 and 20 per day; it oscillated erwards between 1 and 10 from the 18th of Sepnber to the Ist of October; then between 0 and At that time (25th of September), the cholera * The 30th of July ; 16th, 21st, 27th and 3d of August, they were from 30 to 47. 67 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. was considered as extinct ; the newspapers ceased to publish the deaths, and the capital thought herself relieved from a plague, that had not ceased during the space of six months to decimate its unhappy inhabitants. I The total duration of the epidemic-cholera in aris, if counted by days, had been 189, or 72 eeks, from the 26th of March to the 30th of Sepmber (from one equinox to the other). The period of the augmentation or increase of le disease was 16 days, and of its diminution 62. 'hus it appears that the latter lasted four times onger than the former. The same observation as made in several cities of the north of Europe, here the mortality seems to have diminished less apidly than it increased. I When the disease first appeared, it carried away ore than three-fifths of the sick ; out of the 22 st cases that occurred, 18 proved fatal ; but on c 20th of April, the proportion was reduced to le-half. In the beginning of May, it was oneird,* and at a later period a fraction less than a drd. However, 3200 beds were still occupied by lolera-patients, of whom the greatest portion sue- I* The average in the hospitals was from 70 to 71, in the first days of y j and that of the deaths from 27 to 28. 68 tssfully resisted the first attacks of the disder. The number of convalescents appeared also to ncrease, as the number of new patients and of eaths diminished,* so that it might be believed lat the malignity of the epidemic had subsided uring its progress, and could no longer strike ither so fast or so frequently. During the four first weeks of the decrease of the disease, that is from the 17th of April to the 12th of May, the mischief subsided so gradually, that only on three occasions was the mortality as great as it had been some days before. The number of the sick and of the dead increased up to the 9th of April, at which time it seems to have reached its maximum [814] ; but from the 10th of May to the 10th of June, when the plague becoming less violent carried away but 30 or 40 persons daily, the number of deaths presented frequent oscillations, during which the epidemic seemed inclined either to revive again in full force, or to abate entirely. Thus it was that on the 20th of May it caused 9 deaths, and the next day 22 ; then falling to Bon the 25th, increased on the 29th of May, and 4th and 19th June, to 23, 25, and 42. 69 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. It was observed that in those districts which lad been last attacked, such as the 2d and 3d rrondissments, the period of greatest mortality vas delayed for them as had been that of the first ssaults, and that it came only on the 13th and 14th f April ; thus each ward presented a complete listory of the rise and progress of the disease, and le same thing may be said of the rural districts. following observations complete the history the epidemic in the capital. It spread itself rapidly through the city for 15 days. Arrived at its highest degree of virulence it remained stationary during 6 other days ; then began its period of decrease, which lasted 2 months. I On the 18th of June, it revived suddenly with ?sh vigor ; butthis recrudescence, already much sdified by the constant alternations of increase id diminution, was also marked by different chacteristics. The first invasion had employed only weeks or 15 days in reaching its maximum of tensity. The latter took 4 weeks or one month, •om the 17th of June to the 18th of July,) and at maximum (226 deaths) fell far short of the st, which had reached as high a number as 814. lis second period, compared with the first, differs >m it in two respects : longer duration and less 70 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. (The wards in which the epidemic, on its first )pearance, struck the greatest number of victims, ere those which suffered most during the recrudes;nce. The following table shows in this respect le relative proportions existing between them. First Invasion. Recrudescence. Arrondiss- From Arrondissi- From merits. Ist April to 1 7th June. merits. 13th June to 31st Sept. 10th 1272 10th 413^1 9th 1030 Bth 352 Bth 954 i 5761 7th 342 I 1947 12th 874 (deaths. 12th 320 [deaths. 7th 859 11th 269 | 11th 772 J 6th 251 J 6th 566 sth 214 Ist 435 9th 209 sth 405 2d 178 4th 378 Ist 165 2d 357 4th 150 3d 256 3d 147 Total, 8158 Total, 3010 I A glance at this table is sufficient to demonrate that during the first appearance of the epiimic, out of 8,158 deaths, 5,761, that is to saj 6T 100, or somewhat more than two-thirds, took ace in the 7th, Bth, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th rondissments, and that during the recrudescence ese same 6 wards, excepting the 9th, which was placed by the 6th, furnished 1647 out of 3010, a 71 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Eoportion nearly equal to the first, since it was of > in 100, or two- thirds. When we reflect on the disposition of the disease to affect certain localities more than others, and recollect, at the same time, that the arrondissments particularly assailed form that portion of the city which extends from south to east, and that in these wards, the streets that suffered most severely were generally those where the population was most dense, and composed of the poorer classes ; we may easily judge what degree of credit can be given to the assertion so frequently made, that the cholera, from first to last, selected its victims more particularly from the higher and wealthier classes. But this question will be examined, with all necessary developments, in another I It has been said that the whole duration of the olera was of 6 months and 6 days, or 189 ys. This period divides itself into two epochs : at of invasion and that of recrudescence ; each stinguished from the other by progressive augsntation and diminution of the sick and dead. I The first epoch begins with the invasion and ds about the middle of the month of June ; it is of days. The second begins where the first ends, and 72 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. has for its termination the extinction of the epidemic itself; it embraces a space of 101 days, if the cholera is to be considered as being over on the Ist of October, or at least as having lost its epidemical character. Finally the cholera cost the Fench capital : f In March, 90 -. First nprinH n April, 12,733 *irstpenod,i r L 13,901 deaths. Invasion. In May, 812 [ lln June up to the 15th, 266 J r End of June, 602^ 2d Period, lln July, . 2,573 | Recrudescence, j j n August, 969 [ In September, 357 J Total, 18,402. I In publishing this result, the Commission is >t ignorant of the exagerated reports that have en circulated, and which still circulate, respects' the number of victims that the cholera carried f within the limits of Paris. It is known, that my persons have not hesitated to state with a Lestionable confidence, that the number of the ad was not less than 40 or 50 thousand, and that hers, more moderate in their estimate, believe emselves right in affirming the loss to have been least 30,000. It has been maintained that the Administration 73 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. >ossessed no means of attaining any thing like ertainty in this respect ; that in the midst of the rouble and embarrassment consequent on the first ppearance of the disorder, it had neither the time or the means of ascertaining the exact number of eaths; that many declarations were not made, nd that those omissions, involuntary no doubt, but ot the less certain, justify the little confidence to >c placed on the report of the number of the dead made by the Commission. First, it may be answered, that because an vent may have happened in such a manner, it oes not follow necessarily that it has so hap)ened. The deduction drawn from a supposed act does not demonstrate its truth ; and it is bad easoning to begin by advancing, as an established act, what requires to be first proved ; and besides, re those who thus speak aware of all the formalies that precede the inhumation of a corpse ? It ill not, perhaps, be useless to mention them I When an individual dies, a declaration of the ct is to be made to the proper authorities of the rondissment ; a warrant is immediately directed the physician, appointed for that purpose, to iter the dwelling of the deceased and visit the >dy, in order to certify the death, and ascertain 74 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. E cause ; this is a precaution required alike bymoral and physical well-being of society. This preliminary step having been taken, the officer issues duplicate affidavits of the fact, one copy of which is put on file, and every month the files are sent for examination to the Prefecture of the Department; the other copy remains at the office of the Alderman of the Ward. It is on the presentation of that document and the attestation of two witnesses, that the acte-de-deces (the authentic act of decease) is made out, and that the Mayor issues the warrant of burial to be presented to the keeper of the cemetery where the body is taken. Such are the conditions to be fulfilled burial is allowed. They are many; Ist, declaration and attestation of death ; 2d, the warrant of inquest ; 3d, the draft of the civil-act ; 4th, the warrant of inhumation.* I Members of the Commission were sent to all the imeteries of the capital ; they caused the books be produced, and copied the number of deaths scribed during the months of April, May, June, ily, August and September ; others, at the same ne, made similar investigations in the 12 arron- k* These conditions are the same for the deceases in the Hospitals ; ept that the Physicians of those establishments are authorized to :ify the cause of the death. 75 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Issments, for the same months. The Commission len compared the results of these inquiries with lat furnished by the inspection of the number of arrants issued from the first of April to the first " October at the Prefecture of the Department. re extract from the books of the Etat-Civil in the 12 wards gives a total of 32,240 From the affidavits sent every month to the department 32,240 " books of the Cemeteries of Paris, 21,319"} " of the Hospices and Hospitals, 10,470 I " of the Military Hospital of the Val [ de Grace, - - - 689, J Difference between the number of buried bodies and the acts of decease, - 238 I This difference, though trifling in itself, would nd to throw a doubt on the accuracy of our timate, were it not susceptible of explanation, proceeds solely from double entries, as difficult discover, as they are easy to account for. It metimes happens, that the family of a hospitalsfunct, actuated by a religious respect for the mains of their deceased relative, determine upon Lying the body buried in one of the burying ounds of the city. In such case, the declaration the death is sent as usual to the Ward Office in bich the hospital is situated ; but the dead, alady inscribed as entitled to burial in the special 76 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. lound of the hospital, is again recorded on the ioks of the Etat-Civil, at the Ward Office, where ion the demand of the family, a permit of burial the cemetery of the city is delivered, and thence ises the double-entry : there is but one corpse, Ld yet there exists two proofs of inhumation, he Commission who discovered, thinks it right to ing this irregularity to the notice of the authori- Ilt has been seen by the above, that the total mber of deaths that occurred in the capital ring the six months of the epidemic was 32,260 ; only remains to determine, how many of these 3 to be attributed to the cholera. The Comssion has found that they amounted to 18,402 ; d has no hesitation in presenting this number as I If notwithstanding the inquiries and researches the Commission with regard to this important d much contested point, they have not succeeded overcoming the fixed prejudice of certain minds, will be a cause of regret, but they must seek their nsolation in the belief, that it is impossible to nvince those who are determined to confide in I It is then to that number 18,402, that was limited c ravage of the epidemic in the capital, and the 77 Commission verily believe that this estimate is rather over than understated, because many deaths in the beginning were attributed to cholera, which were not formally verified as such. 78 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER IV. SECTION I. THE CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY SEX. Ihe total number of deaths by cholera was 18,402 ; lat number was composed of 9170 men, and 9232 omen, the proportion being nearly equal between c sexes, though springing out of unequal num;rs, inasmuch as the census of 1831, which estiated the whole population of Paris, including the irrison, at 785,862 souls, showed an excess of ),640 women. Males. Females. Total. 1. Died in their houses, 5,123 6,045 11,168 2. " in the civil hospitals, 2,852 2,552 5,404 3. " in the civil hospices, 91 430 521 4. " in the military hospices and hospitals, 830 7 837 5. " in the prisons, 9 10 19 6. " whose residence was unknown, . . 265 188 453 _ 9,170 9,232 18,402 79 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I The aggregate is to the general population in the roportion of 1 to 42*70. If the mortality of each sex be compared with ts respective number, a trifling discrepancy will be bund ; the proportion for males being one death n 42-23, (387,608 men, and 9,170 deaths,) and for emales 1 death in 43*14, (398,254 women, and ,232 deaths.) The result furnished by a comparison of the urn total of deaths by the cholera with the whole >opulation of Paris, might be allowed without falling nto any great error ; nevertheless, as it would not >c altogether exact, it behooves us to seek the means of approaching more nearly, if possible, to le truth. I The population of Paris such as it has been yen, (785,862 inhabitants,) is composed of difrent classes of inhabitants, which the Commission mid not with any propriety place indiscriminately ider one and the same head. There are classes individuals, who though they reside within the alls of the city, cannot, on account of their ocipations, diet and mode of life, be confounded ith the rest of the inhabitants : such are hospital curables, soldiers of the garrison, and prisoners, is therefore necessary to subtract these classes )m the whole population, and to subtract also the 80 timber of cholera patients which they furnished, his will give the following result : (pulation reduced, 368,940 men, 390,195 women, or 705,135 laths by cholera, 7,975 « 8,597 « or 16,572 I Thus out of 100 persons inhabiting Paris, the olera destroyed 2 and somewhat less than a ;h (2-18), or one forty-sixth (145-81). rt of 368,940 men the cholera took off 7,975, or 21 61 in 1000 " 390,195 women " " 8,597, or 22-03 (Here women seem to have been greater sufrers than men, while the first estimate exhibited r each sex an almost equal mortality. At the beginning of the epidemic, more men lan women perished : until the fifth of April, le proportion was as 3 to 2 ; but this difference eased gradually to exist, and from the middle of pril to the 10th of May, a few more women than men were counted. After this date, those last gain took precedence, and continued to keep it 11 the epidemic drew near its close, so that the month of September witnessed between the two exes, the same difference in mortality that had been oticed at the beginning of April. G 81 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. SECTION 11. THE CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY AGE. The relation subsisting between age and the mortality caused by cholera, presented a subject of interesting inquiry. In order to treat it with exactness, the Commission was obliged to base its calculation upon the sum total of deaths (18,402). The tables of mortality prepared at the bureaux of the Prefecture during the last 10 years (1820 to 1829), as well as those which treated of the population with reference to age, placed together indiscriminately all classes of citizens, military, prisoners, &c. It has therefore been found necessary to place them together here, in order to institute a comparison between the rates of epidemical and ordinary mor- Out of 18,402 deaths, there were From birth to 5 years 'of age, 1311 " 5 to 10 " " 392 " 5 to 10 " " 392 11 10 to 15 " " 202 « 15 to 20 " « 377 " 20 to 25 " " 959 " 25 to 30 " " 1206 " 30 to 35 « " 1423 Carried up 5870 82 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Brought up 5870 From 35 to 40 years of age 1348 " 40 to 45 " " 1311 " 45 to 50 " " 1416 11 50 to 55 " " 1473 11 55 to 60 " « 1440 " 60 to 65 « « 1527 " 65 .to 70 " " 1594 " 70 to 75 " " 1288 " 75 to 80 " " 756 " 80 to 85 " « 307 11 85 to 90 " " 58 " 90 to 95 " " 13 11 95 to 100 " " 1 Total 18,402 A little attention to this table will suffice to show, that early infancy from birth to five years inclusive, furnishes about one 14th part of the dead, (1311) or 71 out of 1,000. K;ond infancy from 5 .to 15 years, a 30th (594,) 32 out of 1,000. olescence, from 15 to 30 years, a 7th (2542,) 138 out of 1,000. tature age from 30 to 60 years, almost one half, (8411,) 457 out of 1,000. rstly, old age from 60 to 100 years, about one third, (6544,) 301 out of 1,000. I From this first result, it would seem, that very ung children, patients of middle-age, and old ople have been most liable to the epidemic ; but 83 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Eis is but a simple statement of the numbers of ;aths, which cannot indicate the intensity of the alady in reference to various ages. In order to scover this, we must recur to other modes of calilation. I If we compare the deaths by cholera at each iriod of life with the population out of which they ere taken, we shall find that out of 53,124 children om 1 to 5 years, existing in Paris at the moment ' the invasion of the cholera, there died 153,124 from birth to 5 yrs., there died 1311 or 24-67 104,755 from sto 15 " " 594 or 5-67 of 236,938 " 15 to 30 " " 2542 or 10-72 ¦ the 304,129 " 30 to 60 " " 8411 or 27-65 1 » 000 86,916 " 60 to 100 " " 5544 or 63-75 - 785,862 ' 18,402 or 23.41 do. From the above it appears, that first infancy suffered more than childhood and adolescence ; mature age more than adolescence ; and advanced age more than every other. I Lastly, if we compare the mortality caused by olera to ordinary mortality, and examine what Dportion the first bears to the last, we shall •ive at the following result, which shows the difent degrees of its intensity at different periods of 84 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. The deaths in Paris on an average of 10 years. From birth-day to five years,. 7920" " 5 to 15 1380 11 15 to 30 3420 23,900 " 30 to 60 5360 " 60 to 100 5820. The deaths by cholera have been — From birth to 5 yrs., 1311 inhabitants, or l-6th ") fe.£ " 5 to 15 yrs., 594 inhabitants, or 4-10ths J"2 "15 to 30 2542 " or 2-3ds ¦1 f. "30to 60 8411 " or]-2andmore -If "60 to 100 5544 " or 9-10ths do. J | Total 18,402 I The cholera therefore increased by l-6th the ances of death by which early infancy is yearly •eatened j* it added 4-10ths to the deaths of childod j increased by 2-3ds those of adolescence j t its fatal influence seems to have been doubly t by middle age, the mortality of which was nost brought to equal that of senility. According to Messrs. Guinard and Girardin, the t Generally children under 7 years have been seldom struck. (Dv ra Morhus in Russia, Page 36.) 85 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. east mortality would have been in Russia, from 30 035 years ; the next from 35 to 45 years, and the greatest from 45 to 50 years. If it be true, that t is from that period that man's strength begins o decline, and that in old age it gradually sinks owards extinction, it is not surprising that a isease, the chief effect of which is rapidly to )rostrate all physical power, should strike most atally these two periods of existence. SECTION 111. AVERAGE DURATION OF THE ATIACK. I Having determined the influence of the epidemic )on human mortality at various periods of life, the ommission desired to know what degree of restance had been opposed to the action of the sease by patients of different ages. They have und, that — I From birth to 1 year, the average duration of the malady did extend over 43 hours. From 1 year to 5 it was 49 hours, or 2 days and 1 hour. From 5 years to 10 it was 42 hours, or 1 day 18 hours. From 10 to 15 it was 55 hours, or 2 days 7 hours. In the years included between 15 and 60 years, 64 hours or Eays 16 hours, and lastly from 60 to 90 and over, 60 hours or ays and a half. 86 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Thus with the exception of the age from 5 to 0, the resistance of nature to the progress of the vil showed itself in direct ratio to the physical trength of the patient as inferred from his age, but o seldom did that strength prevail, that the only >enefit of its efforts was to delay death, not for ome weeks or for some days, but only for a few lours. If the duration of the cholera, as a malady, be xamined without reference to the age of the >atients, it will be seen, that out of 4907 indiviuals, respecting whom it has been possible to ob;ain positive information, 204 have lived from 1 hour to 6 hours. 615 " 6 " 12 " 392 " 12 « 18 " 1173 « 18 « 24, or one day. 823 " . 1 day to 2 days. 502 « 2 " 3 « 382 " 3 " 4 « 240 " 4 " 5 « 125 " 5 " 6 " 79 " 6 " 7 " 171 « 7 " 8 " 35 « 8 " 9 " 36 " 9 " 10 " 111 " 10 " 15 " 19 " « 15 " 20 " 4907 87 Here the average duration was 61 hours 8 mintes; considered with reference to age, that duraion was but 61 hours 41 minutes ; and if reliance >c placed on observations made upon 1,000 individals only, it would seem, that in the month of April le patients died in the space of 61 hours [average me], and during the month of July, or during the ecrudescence of the disorder, in about 43 hours. I In May, June, August and September, months ring which the epidemic had lost much of its )lence, its duration was in the average, three days d a half. 88 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER V. THE CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE. Although endemic and epidemic diseases are ot always caused by any peculiar state of the tmosphere, yet it must be admitted that they ften originate in meteorological phenomena, and lerefore the study of those phenomena should not >c neglected in the history of any epidemic. tit was proper, consequently, carefully to exine the atmospheric constitution of the two us 1831 and 1832, since the first preceded the )lera, and the second witnessed its coming. I The observations of 21 years, made at the Obrvatory of Paris, have shown, that in ordinary or erage years there may be reckoned at Paris, 47 days of heat, 58 " frost, 180 « fog, 142 " rain. 89 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. That the quantity of rain is 0 meter, 640 millimeters. That the north wind blows during 45 days. " south " 63 " « east " 23 « " west " 70 " " northeast " 40 « " northwest " 34 « " southeast " 23 « " southwest " 67 " 365 " The average temperature of the year is 10° 81 entigr : — It had however been remarked, that uring the year 1831, there was an overplus of 85 bggy and rainy days, or nearly three months of the verage, and that the wind blew from south to outhwest 145 days instead of 130 as usual. 0 m. 611 mill, of rain fell instead of 0 m. 564 mill. t Lastly, the temperature rose to 11° 69 cent., stead of falling 1° below the ordinary rate, hus, the year 1831 had been more damp than y, more warm than cold. Incessant variations of the atmosphere, which caused the thermometer to fall or rise from 3 to 8 degrees in the space of a few days, or even in 24 hours, marked the course of the month of March of the year 1832. 90 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. (The sky was almost constantly obscured by ouds, fog, or rain, and remained during that hole month dark and lowering. [The winds sometimes blew from the north and >rtheast, sometimes from the south, southwest id west, making the air alternately cold and arp or soft and damp, when on the 26th of arch the cholera appeared. The thermometer en indicated 7° 75 centigr., and the wind was Until the 12th of April, that is to say, during 17 days, it blew constantly from north and northeast, and it is known with what rapidity the epidemic attained its maximum of intensity about the 9th of April. tin that space of time, "(if the 3d, 4th and sth >ril be excepted,) though the thermometer rose idenly from 15 to 17 degrees, the temperature anged only from 7 to 11 in travelling over the ermediate space between these two extremes. I After the 12th of April, and during the lole period of the months of May and June, it adually reached 23 degrees (the 7th of May) ; ree days afterwards (the 10th, 12th and 17th) it ddenly fell to 8 and 7° 65, and rose afterwards 18° (20th May). After that day it did not fall low 15 degrees. 91 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I In the meantime, the wind, that until the middle f April had remained constantly north, passed, le 16th, to southeast; the 24th it blew again om the north, and soon after varied successively om west to northwest, from east to southwest, 11 the end of the month. tFrom the first to the 20th of May, the wind ew sometimes southeast and southwest, somenes north, northwest, west and east. I From the 21st to the 30th, it remained conntly north, northeast, and northwest. Lastly, excepting the 16th, 17th and 18th of June, as well as the last five days of the month, when the same winds again prevailed, they blew from the south. I Under the influence of these atmospheric contions, sometimes similar, sometimes different from ose which had seen the- coming and increase of c disorder, the violence of the cholera abated, stead of 7 or 800 deaths per day, from 15 to 20 3re numbered ; but it was under the influence of temperature of from 18 to 23 degrees, and of a nd blowing from the north and northeast, during c first five days of July ; afterwards, from south d southwest, till the 14th, that the epidemic rered suddenly and the mortality increased from 20 laths to 225 (the 18th July). Soon after, under 92 Ec same degree of heat, and with a wind from the >rtheast and northwest that blew constantly duig the last half of the month, the evil lost again ; energy and never recovered it. It results from these details, that from the climate of Paris, whatever may have been the degree f temperature and the direction of the winds,* the lolera derived neither relaxation nor activity, and lat its action was entirely independent of the ariation of the atmosphere. The same remarks ere made at Warsaw and in Prussia.f * The year 1832 was particularly remarkable for the sharp' and smart cold winter and the dryness of the summer. f Dr. Brandin, who for a long time observed the progress of the lolera at Warsaw, thus speaks in the work he published upon that epiemic: " I have ascertained upon the clearest evidence, that the cholera ay increase in intensity without being affected by any change of tempeture, and that neither the nature of the winds nor their direction, nor Terence of localities, influence in the least the activity of the epidemic, lich seems to act independently of all variations of the atmosphere." — M Cholera Asiatico. — Paris, 1832.) 93 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER VI. THE CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY LOCALITY. If it be true that changes of temperature, whether idden or gradual, are without effect upon cholera, either increasing nor diminishing its intensity, can le same be said of locality ? !Man is powerless to arrest the lightest breeze wind, nor can he prevent the least drop of rain Dm falling ; but he knows how to build an abode at will shelter him at the same time from the iects of both, and that abode he is at liberty to ect in either a low or elevated spot ; upon a soil y or wet, protected or exposed to the sun or nds; isolated in its position, or surrounded by tier habitations. IFrom the reunion of these different circuminces results for the individual a mode of existce more or less favorable to health, and expos- 94 lig him in a greater or less degree to the influence f disease, whatever may be its nature. Lin writing the history of cholera, the question locality was one of those that more specially ested the attention of the Commission. tit thought it its duty to inquire in what various grees the intensity of the disease had been felt — plst. Within the 12 wards and 48 districts of Paris. 2d. How it had been influenced by their different exposures. 3d. How affected by the elevation or lowness of the soil, and 4th. Whether mitigated or increased by a lower or higher degree of dryness or dampness. To arrive at a complete knowledge of these arious subjects, the Commission engaged in the minutest inquiries with respect to the capital, its wards, its districts, its streets; they ascertained le extent of its waters, its population, its various dnds of industry, and lastly, its habits, manners nd wants. The general extent of Paris is as follows : Earth, 32,910,000 square metres Water susceptible of evaporation, as the Seine, Bievre, Canal St. Martin, &c 1,469,016 34,379,016 95 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I This estimate diners from the one found in the tatistics of the Department of the Seine only by 7,784 metres, or one hectare and a half. I. MORTALITY CAUSED BY CHOLERA WITHIN THE 12 WARDS AND 48 DISTRICTS OF PARIS. I The deaths by cholera divide themselves beeen the 12 wards, in the following order, arisr from the more or less loss they have ex- tble of the repartition of deceases by Cholera, in the 12 Wards of Paris. 2 Males. Females. Deaths Propor- Deaths Propor- Total of Total of Propor£> Population by t ion out Population. by tion out the the tion out << cholera, of 1000. cholera, of 1000. population, deaths, of 1000. 2 ~35^239 353 10.02 39,848 352 8.33 75,087 705 9.39 3 23,727 259 10.92 25,344 288 11.36 49,071 547 11.14 1 31,079 395 12.71 35,427 417 11.77 66,497 812 12.21 5 31,696 502 15.74 34,651 490 14.14 66,547 992 14.90 6 39,478 665 16.85 41,559 642 15.44 81,037 1,307 16.12 4 22,821 390 17.09 22,380 443 19.84 45,151 833 18.45 8 35,524 991 27.90 37,205 1,005 27.04 72,729 1,996 27.44 12 34,900 980 28.08 35,289 1,008 28.56 70,189 1,988 28.32 10 39,566 1,023 25.86 41,9141,363 32.52 81,480 2,386 29.28 7 29,531 843 28.55 29,413 884 30.09 58,944 1,727 29.20 11 24,432 61125.01 26,076 746 28.60 50,508 1,357 26.67 9 20,756 963 46.40 21,139 959 45.37 41,895 1,922 45.87 368,940 7,975 21.62 390,195 8,597 22.03 759,135 16,572 21.83 96 I It is remarkable that of these 12 wards the 6 st, or one half of them, fall under the average 11.23) and the 6 last above it. The wards that c epidemic seems to have treated with least verity, include the largest part of the city built i the right bank of the river, and which extends i the outside from Chaillot and the barrier of the 3ule to that of Menilmontant, and in the interior, >m the quay of Billy, the Champs-Elysees, and the ft shore of the river to the streets of Saint Marl, of the Corderie, of Bretagne, and of Menilmonnt, at the termination of which is found the barjr of that name. I Their population is 383,390 individuals, or a tie more than the half of the whole population of iris (759,135). I That portion of the population inhabiting the Dre exterior districts, lives on ground generally Dre elevated and open to the air. It is not much 9wded, for each one occupies 540 square feet 7 sq. metres) of ground, average valuation ; there ;re 2,482 deaths out of 185,956 inhabitants, or .34 in 1000 inhabitants. I The less exterior districts, occupying low and nfined situations, and having a dense population one inhabitant to every 113 feet of ground, lost by olera, 2,714 inhabitants out of 197,414, or 13.74 7 97 in 1000. This mortality is about the same as that found in districts enjoying more air and space. Of the six wards in which the mortality rose much above the common rate, (being in the 9th, as high as 45 in 1000,) three, viz. the 10th, 11th, and 12th, constitute the southern part of Paris, lying on the left bank of the Seine. Their exterior districts, like those on the north side of the river, are elevated and open on all sides to the action of the winds ; and the population is, taken collectively, 189,253, or one inhabitant to 777 feet of ground. Yet here the epidemic proved fatal in the proportion of 29.45 in 1000. The more interior or central districts, lost 31.08 in 1000, and this too with a population of much less density than that found in those districts where the loss by cholera was only in the proportion of 13.74 to 1000. To sum up, the number of deaths in the first six wards of Paris was 5,196 out of a population of 383,390 inhabitants, or 13.55 per 1000 ; the loss in the six last wards was 11,376 out of a population of 375,745, or 30.28 per 1000. I The cholera seems in its visitations to have ruck these wards unequally, nor was it alone iring the prevalence of this pestilence that this equality was to be noted : observation having tablished the fact, that in ordinary times there c annually more deaths in the six first wards of iris, than in the six last. 98 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. LThe former, lose commonly 1 individual out of ; the latter, 1 out of 40. 11. CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENCE OF EXPOSURE. I To ascertain what influence difference of ex- Dsure may have in diminishing or increasing the olence of cholera, it will not be amiss to recur to hat has already been said respecting the elevation * the ground of the capital, from the banks of the Bine to the exterior barriers. It will be remem?red, that the average height of the district of lint-Thomas d'Aquin, below the bridge of La ournelle, is 27 feet, and that of the Barriere- Enfer 111 feet ; the sum of these two heights is 18 feet, or about the elevation of three ordinary mses placed one above the other. I As Paris occupies a kind of amphitheatre on th banks of the river, it follows that those discts which are nearest to the water and lowest in sition, are partly sheltered by those immediately hind them, which, in turn, are covered by the discts which terminate at the Barrieres. Conseently such portions of the city as are situated at b northwest, north, and northeast, are open to the 99 !inds blowing from the southeast, south, and southest; and such other portions as face southeast, >uth, and southwest, are exposed to the winds om the northwest, north, and northeast. According to the calculation first made, the average of deaths in the twenty districts exposed o winds from the southeast, south, and southwest, was 12.07 in 1000 ; in the nine districts open to the orthwest, north, and northeast winds, 28.46 ; and n those facing the east or west, the proportion ppears to be the same as the last, 28.54 and 28.50. tit would seem therefore that the northwestern, rthern, northeastern, eastern, and western exsures were more liable to cholera than southstern, southern, and southeastern. I Desirous however of throwing more light upon is question, the Commission sought its solution another way: it believed that the double line houses which border the quays and exterior >ulevards of the city, were sufficiently extensive id open to the air, and presented exposures fficiently satisfactory to answer the purpose re- On the quays, it was found that southern exposures had suffered most ; and the boulevards presented a similar result (14.16 and 14.19 in 1,000). Thus the second calculation contradicted 100 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. The Commission learnt also that Messrs. Rohoux and Dupuytron had observed, that a larger umber of cholera-patients were to be found in the wards of Bicetre and the barracks at Courbevoie, which are open to the south and north, than in any ther having an eastern or western exposure.* It was now resolved to try a third calculation. The ffidavits of deaths made by ward physicians always state the exposure of the room in which a >atient died ; the Commission sought new light by onsulting the register. r 11,168 deaths by cholera occurring in private dwellings, there happened in rooms having northern, northeastern, and north- western exposures, ...... 3,141 Eastern, ....... 2,053 Western, ....... 2,029 Southern, southeastern, and southwestern, - - 3,768 Unascertained, 177 11,168 Here again it was found that a southern exposure was more fatal than any other. The fact seemed positive, incontestable, yet a single observation sufficed to destroy it : it was possible that, owing to one cause or another, there were 101 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I Parisian houses more bedrooms facing the south id north, than the east and west. It was now rtermined to recur to the bills of mortality of the •eceding year, and if the number of deaths ocirring in the various exposures, presented the me difference, the cholera could no longer be reirded in 1832 as the cause of an inequality which ready existed in 1831. Verification was made ?on the six months of that year, corresponding with c six epidemical months of 1832. We subjoin c result : out of 7,565 deaths, 1,975 occurred in northern, northeastern, and northwestern exposures. 1,349 " eastern. 1,588 " western. 2,436 " southern, south-eastern, and south-western. 208 unascertained. I In 1831, as in 1832, the different exposures em to have kept between them the same relative oportions. The south and north number twoirds of the deaths, the west a fifth, and the east out a sixth. From the above facts, the Comssion does not feel warranted in drawing any nclusion. They will simply remark, that the eater or less degree of mortality in any given jtrict, most frequently depends on the character the population that inhabits it. 102 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. 111. THE CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY ELEVATION OF SOIL. I Paris was originally built on an island in the ver Seine ; and by degrees extended itself over le hills which bound on the north and south the illey through which the river flows. The greatest sight of these hills is 117 feet, and their descent gradual to the margin of the stream. The most evated of the city districts is that of the Obseritory on the left bank of the river. The suburb * Montmartre, occupying the highest point on the £*ht bank, is but 76 feet above the level of the The following table presents the 48 districts of Paris, placed according to an approximative estimate of the elevation of each above the bridge of La Tournelle. 103 Names of the Districts. A ™* f^^f ° f Names of the Districts. Eight Bank. Left Bank. 30 met. or 92 ft. Observatory, '"aubourg Montmartre. 26 " 80 " Saint-Martin. 24 " 74 " Poissonniere. 23 " 71 22 " 68 Luxembourg. 21 " 65 Saint-Martin. « Saint-Denis ; ) „ Champs-Elysees. \ bZ 20 " 62 Sorbonne. "haussee d'Antin. 19 " 59 oule ; Bonne-Nouvelle. 18 " 55 'opincourt. 17 " 52 ? aubourg Saint-Antoine. 16 " 49 Temple. 16 " 49 15 " 46 Garden of Plants. uinze-Vingts. 14 " 43 rcis. 12 " 37 1;l v g4 (Faubourg Saint-Ger( main. 11 " 34 Invalides. [arches; Banquej Sain-"! te Avoye ; Mont de Piete : Feydeau : Pa- t i o• . t • n lais Royal; MaroM-f 10 « 31 \ l f c S S A a^ Lo^ s > Pa- Saint-Jean • Mail; ( lais-de-Justice. Louvre; Montmartre; Arsenal. J lace-Vendome; Saint-] Eustache; Lombards; \ ?, _, . . . Marais- Saint-Honore' fMonnaie ; School-ofiTrgueT Tort^ » " 28 Medicine ; Saint-Tho- Saint-Denis; Saint- j 1 mas-d Aquin ; City. Martin-des-Champs. J « 6tel de Ville. 8 " 26 Thuilleries. Level of the Seine. 104 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. The highest of the city districts, the elevation f which is from 52 to 92 feet, contains together population of 249,165 inhabitants, of which 4,624, r 18.55 in 1000, died of cholera. The lowest istrigts, the average height of which is 28 feet bove the level of the river, lost out of a populalon of 242,111, 5,715 individuals or 23.60 in )00. Consequently the advantage offered to the arisians by a residence in one of the higher disicts, resolved itself into an exemption from the lolera, in the proportion of sin a 1000— an adintage much less considerable than is generally Let us examine the subject in all its details : I If we compare particular districts, placed at fferent heights — such for instance as Faubourg t. Martin, the elevation of which is about 74 feet, id the districts of Montmartre and Feydeau, both L feet lower — it will be remarked that the first lost [ inhabitants in 1000, and the second and third ily 10 and 9. In this case, the lowest locality ipears to have been the most highly favored, aking the two extremes of the scale, and comiring the district of the Observatory, 92 feet high, ith that of the Thuilleries, 26 feet, the same re- It will be found : the mortality at the Thuilleries as 9in 1000, that of the Observatory 16. If 105 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. istricts be selected, the level of which is the same, nd where similarity of position may seem to varrant similarity in mortality, great differences will be discovered. The Thuilleries numbered but deaths in 1000, the Hotel de Ville 53. The ? aubourg St. Denis, the Champs-Elysees, the Sor>onne, (all of the same elevation of 62 feet,) numered 17, 19, and 29 deaths in 1000. Lastly, the bombards, Marais, Place Vendome and city, (four istricts each of which are 28 feet above the level of the river,) showed a mortality of 23, 31, 8 and Suspecting that such different results arose out of error in the premises forming the basis of their calculation, and thinking too that the comparisons of mortality in the wards were but averages furnished by reports as various as the localities which produced them, the Commission sought in the localities themselves a solution of the question. There the conditions that were supposed to affect the intensity of the disease, were most clearly pronounced, and therefore most easy of demonstration. Taking the streets leading to the hills which close at the north and south the valley of the Seine, the Commission first counted the population existing in them, and then ascertained the number of deaths occurring in these streets from the spot where the 106 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. ground begins to rise, to the barriers forming this terminus. The streets alluded to have an elevation varying from 77 to 128 feet, and may be considered the highest points in Paris. I The numbers obtained were then compared ith those furnished by an equal number of streets tuated from 15 to 30 feet above the level of the ver, and including the lowest parts of the city, 'he results are as follows : In the left bank, 17,276 inhabitants, 521 deaths, 30.15 of 100 Q. n the right bank, 36,006 do. 981 do. 27.23 do. 53,282 1,501 23.18 Summary. High localities, 53,219 inhabitants, 1,118 deaths, 21.00 [of 1000 Low do. 53,282 do. 1,502 do. 28.16 do. Difference in favor of the first, 7.119 out of 1000. J IV. THE CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY HUMIDITY. Low ground is naturally more damp than that which is elevated. What has been said with respect to the last is equally applicable to the first, and the question how far cholera is influenced by dampness, may be considered as already solved in the preceding section. Nevertheless, the Com- 107 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Eission thought it proper to enter into further itails. There are many cities built on low, marshy ground, the surface of which, partly dried by the summer heat, gives forth in autumn constant exhalations, productive of intermittent fevers. It may be, that under the influence of like causes, the cholera assumed a higher degree of activity, and that its malignity was more fully developed amid the canals of Holland and swamps of Poland. It has been said that at Moscow, the lower part of the city, situated on a sort of peninsula formed by a bend of the river, was most fiercely assailed ; and that at Breslau, the greatest mortality was found in the suburb of the Oder, the low and swampy position of which had always proved a prolific cause of fever. I But the soil in and about Paris offers nothing this extreme character, and when we speak of imidity of certain quarters of the city, or of par;ular streets, it is in a limited sense. It is true at some streets are unpaved and muddy ; that hers are narrow, obscure, and deprived of free rculation of air ; and that the pavement of others, )m various causes, is more retentive of moisture an it should be. The districts where such •eets are found, are the dirtiest and dampest in 108 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Paris, yet it has not been observed that the inhabitants are more liable than their neighbors to fevers, or to those diseases of the viscera, supposed to be common in wet and marshy grounds. I The Commission sought to ascertain the dccc of violence manifested by the epidemic in ose streets generally regarded as the narrowest, rtiest, and most unhealthy in the capital. To is end fifty streets were selected, and the number ' deaths that occurred in them, was compared to c number which occurred in fifty other streets, peri or in width, cleanliness and general salubrity. I In the streets first named the mortality, occaoned by cholera, was 33.87 in 1000; in the jcond only 19.25; presenting a difference of more lan one half. Of the dirty and narrow streets, 3 show a mortality above the average rate (24 in 300) ; of the wide and better ventilated streets, only offer a similar excess. The Commission has added, as a subject of urious speculation, the number of deaths which ook place in the different stories of houses, during le 6 cholera months of 1832, as compared with le number of deaths in the 6 corresponding months of the preceding years. I It will be seen with surprise that the basements d entresols offer a greater number of deaths than 109 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Ie 4th, sth and 6th stories, but a much smaller umber than the Ist, 2d and 3d stories. This cerainly would not be the case if we were to carry o the account of each story the number of deaths ccurring among those who left it to die in the lospitals. At all events, there exists in the two ears so equal a proportion between the deaths, lat it is not possible to trace the effect of any mrticular disease. 1832. 1881. Deaths by Proportion Ordinary Proportion cholera. in 1000. deaths. in 1000. Ground floor (entre-sols), 1566 14.08 1113 14.73 First stories, .... 2808 25.14 1917 25.37 Second " .... 2264 20.27 1543 20.42 Third " .... 2023 18.21 1293 17.11 Fourth " .... 1375 12.11 926 12.25 Fifth, 6th, and 7th stories, 962 10.13 618 8.17 Undetermined, . . • . . 170 . . . 146 . . . I It has been said that cholera was most prelent in the neighborhood of rivers, and folwed their course ; and this circumstance has ien cited as a proof of the influence exercised on it by humidity. The fact, however, though may have been observed elsewhere, is not conmed by Parisian experience. The districts coml in contact with either the current or the surface 110 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. f evaporable waters, such as the Seine, the ievre and Saint-Martin's Canal, are 10 in num>er. The following table will show the relative )roportion between the surface of water and the uperficies of land in each district, and also the reative proportion between the number of deaths by tiolera, and the population of each district. Wa , Square metres of su- Proportion with Pro P° rtio " of deaths Wards. * . j. , , by cholera perficies of water. the ground. ol t ' 9 604,000 | 45.87 4 108,000 | 18.44 10 630,000 | 29.20 11 231,000 tV 26.86 12 403,600 T V 28.32 1 523,200 T V 12.21 7 40,000 2V 29.29 8 258,400 A 27.44 5 48,600 T V 14.90 6 21,600 ,V 16.12 I Here the average of deaths is 29 in 1000, a moriity much less serious than that before stated as ocrring in narrow, dirty streets. The average would still less if we were to deduct from the account these districts the number of deaths which took ice in those of the Hotel de Ville and the Cite, a duction the more proper as the excessive mortalr which reigned in these districts was the result of 111 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. auses peculiar to themselves. Ten of the twenty istricts fall below the average, and of these the reatest sufferers are not those most abounding in water. Taken together, they offer 329,000 metres f evaporable surface, and 3,240 deaths, whilst thers give fewer deaths (1,530) and a much greater uantity of water (857,800 metres). Besides, it is s impossible to detect, in the midst of a series of ontinually varying relations, any tendency to inreased mortality, as it is easy to recognize it in arrow and filthy localities. I But there is an easier way of settling the ques>n. No habitations are more in contact with the imidity caused by the evaporation of water, than oee placed on the banks of the river. To the tails already given on this point, the Commission bjoin the following : Inhabitants. Deaths. Banks of the Seine, 10,662 313 or 29 in 1000 Banks of the Bievre, 3,486 80 or 23 " Banks of St. Martin's Canal, 2,070 34 or 16 " 16,221 426 26.26 llt has been said that the average mortality in elevated districts of Paris was 23 in 1000;* 112 insequently the effect of evaporable waters on the velopment of cholera has been to augment its >rtality in the ratio of 3 in 1000. 113 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER VII. OF CHOLERA AS INFLUENCED BY DENSITY OF POPULA- TION. t has been seen that Paris covers a surface of 34 millions of square metres (3,438 hectares). Such s in our days the extent of a city, which, at its oriin, was included within the limits of an island conaining a territory of but 15 hectares. Since the first day of its foundation the capital las continued to increase. From age to age each ucceeding sovereign enlarged its boundaries, but a rowing population still found itself ill at ease, XIV. fixed its limits within that chain of ram>arts which, beginning at the gate of St. Antony, nds at the gate of St. Honore ; since that time, carcely a century and a half have passed away, and lose bounds have become part of the centre of the apital and one of its finest promenades. Even ow, Paris, surrounded by walls more than six 114 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. t agues in circumference — Paris, two hundred and irty times larger than it was in its infancy — tends lily to an enlargement of its limits. I When will this continued development cease to b operative ? Only when the population, now assed together within the city in a proportion of 28 inhabitants to each hectare, are able to breathe ore freely. Nor does the above number, though chibiting a rate of population four hundred times •eater than can be found in the rest of France, cpress the highest degree of concentration of huan life existing in Paris, since there is a district here a single hectare contains more than 1500 The question now to be determined is, how far the cholera was influenced by density of population? I To solve this question we must recur to the amination of wards, districts, streets, and even uses ; we must again present calculations, tables, 3., differing only in their details, and requiring in sir exposition a constant recurrence to the same •ms of phraseology. Were we to rely alone on lat took place in the wards, we would be led to 1* The Arcis ; it belongs to the 9th ward and contains 10,602 inhakifsin 7 hectares, or 1,515 for each hectare. (See Map.) 115 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Ijlieve that the severity of the disease was neither creased nor diminished by the union of a greater • less number of individuals on any given space, he 12 wards of Paris are classified in the following anner, as regards extent of territory and amount 1 population. Number Superficies of terri- sn^meUes Number of P X?h?io Of of the toryin Popalation. deatils 1000 Yards. square metres. inhabitant. inh ™° nU , 8 6,110,000 72,729 84 1906 27.44 1 5,550,000 66,497 83 812 12.21 10 5,300,000 81,480 65 2386 29.20 12 4,140,000 70,189 59 1988 28.32 5 2,350,000 66,547 35 992 14.90 2 2,320,000 75,087 31 705 9.39 11 2,090,000 50,508 41 1357 26,86 6 1,670,000 81,037 21 1307 16.12 3 1,250,000 49,071 25 547 11.14 9 840,000 41,895 20 1922 45.87 7 730,000 58,944 12 1727 29.29 4 460,000 45,151 12 833 18.44 otal, 32,910,000 759,135 43 16572 21.83 24.68 to 1000 was the rate of mortality in the Bth, Ist, 10th, and 12th wards, which include twothirds of the city, and contain a population of 290,000 {habitants, being one inhabitant to 72 square me-3S. The 6th, 3d, 9th, and 7th possess a popu;ion of 276,098 individuals who occupy but oneventh of the city (five millions of square metres), 116 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. tlB metres to each inhabitant. In these wards c average mortality was 22.94 in 1000. I Taking each ward separately we find still less lation between the number of deaths and the exnt of population. In the Ist and Bth wards, where there are 84 and 3 square metres of ground to each inhabitant, the oss varied from 12 to 27 in 1000. In the 7th and th, where the rate of population is one individual o 12 metres of ground, the mortality was from 18 029 in 1000. It was also 29 in the 10th, where 5 metres are reckoned for each person. I Thus it appears that the less populous wards c not those where the smallest number of deaths ,ye occurred. tThe following is the order that the mortality llowed in the 48 districts of Paris, where the vision of the soil among its occupants offers other oportions than those above stated. In the wards in fact, the largest allotment to each inhabitant is 84 square metres — the smallest 12 metres. On the contrary in the districts, the inhabitant the best off, enjoys a space of 190 square metres ; in those where he is worse off, he has but 7, or a little more than three times the space required for a grave. 117 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I The general average of the districts, as well as at of the wards, is 43 square metres of ground to ,eh inhabitant. 16 districts fall below this average. I In those districts where are counted from 45 to 6 square metres to each inhabitant, the average deaths by cholera was 22.19 in 1000. LThe districts below 43 metres to each inhabitt are 32 in number. I In these last districts were numbered 21.62 eaths in 1000; and there the inhabitant had but om 7to 42 metres of space. Where the average Dace was from 45 to 186, the loss was 22.19. In lis second division of the soil of Paris, the spaious, extended localities seem to have had less dvantage than the narrower localities. One disict, having but 7 metres to each inhabitant, (les jcis,) furnished 42 deaths in 1000, and one other es Marches) had 21 with the same extent of soil aint-Thomas-d'Aquin, having 55 metres to each individual had 38 deaths; the Invalides, 34 with 147 metres ; the district of Feydeau 9 and 21 metes ; and that of Montmartre 8 for a lesser space ;t, 15 metres. I In streets, as in wards and districts, the disease aintained the same characteristic, of confounding an equal mortality localities, having nothing in 118 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. (mimon between them but this unlucky similitude, ut of 1,292 streets, 1,105 were indiscriminately flicted; 187 only remained unscattered. I The truth is that no comparison can be made, 3 identity established as far as regards salubrity, 3ntilation, and manners of life between the populaon of those various streets. I Shall we then refer to houses for an answer to c question ? Many of these numbered 4, 5, 6, deaths, and some of them as many as 8, 9, 10, and 11. All without exception, were situated in the worst districts, or in the worst streets of the best districts, and their inhabitants were among the most wretched in Paris, huddled together in small rooms where they had scarcely 3 metres of space per individual. Nos. 24 and 26 of Marmousets-street, where the deaths were 2; at No. 126 of Saint-Lazarrestreet, where 492 individuals have not the space of a metre per man,* the unfortunate tenants do not obtain in sufficient quantity the corrupt air they breathe. The Commission would mention other instances ; they could point out many houses where the lodgers are kept by the night ; those, the stories of which are multiplied beyond all proportion, or 119 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Ie rooms badly distributed, deprived of air, and tept in a filthy condition : all these would tend to low that except in a very limited number of cases where the intensity of the cholera seems to have >een great, without cause, such as at Grenelle, Gros-Caillon, and in the neighborhood of the Mili;ary School ; or again where the disease suddenly )urst forth at the same time upon many points, here a miserable population was heaped up in irty and narrow lodgings, there the epidemic bund the greatest number of victims.* I The Commission must here express an opinion hich the readers of this report have perhaps fore;en. Seeing the epidemic sometimes destructive high places, sometimes equally so in low situa- Dns ; or manifesting its power in localities differg from both; observing these continual contrasts Ld variations, the Commission could but suspect c existence, in this kind of disorder, of an element ' perturbation present at all times and places, nor •uld they believe that this element was other than at of population, which complicates every result the calculation of which it enters. * " The epidemic visited usually the dark and filthy damp houses situated in low streets, little accessible to the sun and the wind." — Considerations sur la nature and le traitement dv Cholera-morbus, by Chevalier de Kerckhowe, Membre de la Commission Mcdicale d'Anvers. 120 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. What took place at Breslau, a city of 90,000 ouls, lends to this opinion new strength. When le disease appeared, clothing, fuel and food were istributed to the poorer classes ; their habitations were purified ; families that were too numerous nd crowded in narrow rooms were divided, and, >y these means, if the ravage of the cholera was ot entirely prevented it was at least essentially iminished. In Paris two companies of Sapeurs-Pompiers, (firemen), making together 300 men, were gathered at the barracks of the Vieux-Colombierstreet, in rooms large enough perhaps, but the windows of which, opening only on one side, gave to the air no free circulation and rendered its renewal difficult. The pestilence spread itself rapidly among these men. In the first days of April, 17 were attacked and 11 died. The two companies were immediately separated, and from that moment the mischief was checked. I It was also remarked that the German colonies tablished in Gallicia were indebted to their habit diet and cleanliness, which distinguish them from c Slavian population, for their exemption from sease in the midst of infected Polish villages (hisire dv cholera en Russie). Knowing those facts, it has been impossible for 121 le Commission not to believe that there exist a wind of population as well as a certain nature of ocalities, which favor the progress of cholera and dd to its fatality. These causes appear to be more formidable than any variations of temperaure, direction of winds, exposure of ground, or yen than the greater or lesser degree of elevation, owness, dryness, or humidity of the soil. The aeon of cholera has therefore been like the action f other diseases, but in a manner peculiar to itelf, that is to say, killing by the thousand and in venty-four hours. 122 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER VIII. tTHE INFLUENCE OF PROFESSIONS, MORAL AFFECTIONS, AND REGIMEN, ON CHOLERA. The researches of the Commission, the facts noticed by them, and the results obtained by comparison, seemed to indicate that to the physical causes which might have concurred to develope the epidemic, was to be added the influence of another more general in its effects, by which they all were modified. The influence alluded to was that caused by the different professions and pursuits of the victims of the disease. In order to examine and appreciate its effects, it became necessary for the Commission to extend its investigations to individuals, and to ascertain their trades, their manners of life, their habits. I It has been seen that the number of persons o died of cholera, since its first appearance until 123 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. and including the 30th of September 1832, in Paris, was 18,402. This number is distributed among the several professions, as follows : ( Persons of all ages and sexes ( L t-u 1 . . . _._„ S , , . ? , ... \to the Liberal Ist class, 2073 < belonging directly or mdi- < c . ) l / professions. 2d class, 1816 « j Commercial ( professions. 3d class, 6523 « (Mechanical ( professions. ( Salaried pro-4th class, 4180 " 1 fessions (or ( wages). sth class, 1034 « | i Children of both sexes, the 983 < profession of whose parents ( has not been ascertained. C Of both sexes, whose profes( sions were unknown. Total, 18,402 If we subtract the sth class, which will form the subject of a separate chapter, and the 2,876 persons whose profession was unknown, there will remain 14,592, which are distributed in the 4 first I The question arises, are the deaths occurring each of these classes in proportion to their reive number, or do they show that one class has 124 been more afflicted than another ? Unfortunately no census has hitherto been able to afford exact information of the number of persons engaged in each profession. I In order to supply as much as possible the )sence of so important a document, the Comission has thought that by making a table, upon c same principle, of the professions of the indiduals deceased during the six corresponding onths of 1831, and comparing its results with lose of the table of 1832, that comparison would dicate the influence of the cholera upon mortality those professions. I This new document has been made out from le first of April to the 30th of September, incluvely, and it gives 12,268 deceased. I Out of that number, 842 belong either directly indirectly to the military class; these we will t now consider. I The trades of 2,488 have not been ascertained ; ere remains only 8,938 individuals whose prossions are unknown, and which are divided in the ur following classes. Ist class, 1624 deceased belonging to Liberal professions. 2d class, 871 do. Commercial professions. 3d class, 4328 do. Mechanical professions. 4th class, 2115 do. Waged professions. Total, 8»38 125 I Now are these numbers in proportion to those resented by the tables of deaths by cholera ? The articular examination of each class will inform us. I. rAMINATION OF CLASSES, AND OF THE PROFESSIONS OR TRADES WHICH COMPOSE THEM. I The first class seems to have been less severely sited by the cholera than by the ordinary mortalf. The second more so. The examination of that class shows that that esult is owing to the fact, that those professions re practised in the interior of houses, and that ley suppose a comfortable life, and therefore xhibit but a small number of deaths. The case reversed with those concerned in trade in rticles in damp and unwholesome places, in the pen air, or displayed in the public streets. Thus, among the following professions the cholera has made fewer victims than the ordinary diseases. 126 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. PROFESSIONS. D^ths by cholera. 111^ Number. Per 1000. Number. Per 1000. Furniture merchants, . 16 8 16 20 Linen merchants, ... 6 3 5 6 Wine merchants, . . . 140 76 91 100 Thread and needle dealers, . 25 14 2S 30 Grocers, .... 58 32 62 70 Fruit stores, .... 82 45 43 50 Booksellers, .... 15 7 19 20 Hardware-men, ... 5 3 7 8 The following professions have given an entirely different result : Inkeepers, boarding-house keep- ) IOQ * Q O7 O i ers, and lodgers, ) Dealers in old books, ...42 1 1 Lumbermen in lumber-yards, 35 19 12 10 Vegetable dealers, . . . 166 91 49 60 Poultry dealers, . ... 19 10 3 3 Graziers, . * 10 6 2 1 Blacking sellers, ... 15 8 1 1 Old clothes brokers, . . 74 40 26 30 Crockery dealers, china ware, .10 6 1 1 Dealers in clothing, . 15 8 4 5 Dealers in female cast-off clothing, 5 8 5 5 Refreshment dealers, ... 11 6 1 1 Marketmen, ...» 21 11 3 3 Fish dealers, .... 31 17 4 4 The third class seems to have experienced a less fatal influence. It will be observed that a certain number of professions which compose it, present, more particularly at the two epochs, different results. 127 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. (Three professions, that have proportionally imbered a much greater number of deaths by lolera than by ordinary diseases, are exercised in c open air. Tv _ii_ i. i. i Deaths by ordinary PROFESSIONS. Deaths by cholera. diseases. ' Number. Per 1000? Per 100? Washerwomen, .... 533 37 277 25 Mattress-makers, ... 80 6 26 3 And nine professions, which present a result trectly opposed to the last, are exercised in the terior of habitations. Jewellers and silver-smiths, . 141 10 115 13 Cabinet-makers, . . . 11l 8 109 12 Joiners, . . . . . 291 20 206 23 Shoemakers, .... 459 32 344 35 Dress-makers, .... 665 46 491 55 Flower-makers, ... 21 1 24 3 Shirt-makers, .... 99 7 149 16 Tailors, . . . . .305 11 275 31 Lastly, the influence of the cholera on the fourth class appears to have been stronger than that of ordinary diseases. Among the professions composing it, a very small number exhibits an equality in the number of deaths at the two epochs, and in almost all of them is remarked a constantly increasing mortality by cholera; and 128 some are especially distinguished by the different results they present, viz. : I Two professions have had a smaller number of eaths by cholera than by ordinary diseases : 1832. 1831. PROFESSIONS. Deaths by cholera. Number. Per 1000. Number. | Per 1000? Coachmen, .... 140 10 104 12 ervants, . . . . 616 42 403 55 Fifteen professions present a different result from the preceding one : I'eet-sweepers, ... 37 3 10 1 atmen, .... 28 2 9 2 arcoal-men, .... 74 5 31 3 g-pickers, .... 62 4 91 blic porters, . . . . 194 13 90 10 3ks, 295 20 153 17 irks of the markets, 48 3 4 0.4 irses (for children), . . 29 2 6 0.6 irses (for sick people), 77 5 35 4 irmiers (male nurses in hos- ) QQ o ? o pitals), . . . .] 38 3 14 Persons working by the day, . 1171 80 588 66 Water-carriers, ... 89 6 49 5 Door-keepers, . . . . 496 34 231 26 Knife-grinders, ... 9 0.62 1 0.1 Laborers, 54 4 20 2 o 129 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. » 11. rAMINATION OF THE INFLUENCES UPON CHOLERA OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE VARIOUS PROFESSIONS ARE EXERCISED. I The Commission had to seek what had been c influence of the cholera upon the 14,592 de;ased, as affected by the circumstances under hich their various professions were exercised by lem ; that research has rendered necessary a new assification, in which they have been grouped •gether according to those circumstances ; it is to (Professions protected by shelter from the changes of air, distinguishing between those that are particularly sedentary, and those which require a frequent contact with the patients, number of deaths, . 9790 2. Professions in open air, deaths, .... 2982 (Professions in damp places, upon the river, or making a constant use of water, ..... 1258 (Professions tending to infect the air breathed, by those who exercise them, ...... 562 14592 JThe same classification has been made also for c 8,938 persons who died during the six corres- 130 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. fmding months of the year 1831 ; it has given the llowing divisions : 1 7329 2 928 3 467 4 214 8938 The persons who professionally were near the sick, experienced a greater loss by 378 thousandth, than they had experienced in 1831 ; but it must be borne in mind that that increase was chiefly caused by the extraordinary augmentation, which the epidemic rendered necessary, in the number of those who devote themselves to the sick, a circumstance without which we cannot believe that this difference would have been perceptible. In fact, out of 2035 persons specially employed in attendance on cholera-patients, in the civil hospices and hospitals of Paris, permanent as well as temporary, 138 were seized with cholera and 45 died ; that is to say 1 patient out of 15, and 1 death out of 45, or 22.11 out of 1000, a proportion that scarcely goes beyond the average mortality of the inhabitants of Paris (21.83), and which is more favorable than the general average in reference to 131 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. the whole population of Paris, 1 death out of 42 inhabitants, or 23.42 out of 1000 * . The differences that the compared reports ' 1832 and 1831 present, demonstrate with force at the exercise of professions not exposed to ternations of temperature, was particularly favorae to those who enjoyed that advantage. I It has been alleged that mental emotions agavate, in many cases, the condition of the sick, id even produce the disease ; excess of labor, rong passions, unexpected griefs, all moral afctions, and above all, fear, have been regarded as tuses of cholera. I The Commission admit the rapid and powerful ;tion of moral affections upon human organs, and c pain and disorders of all kinds that they can I* More favorable proportions have been noticed in different countries. Revel, out of 113 persons attached to the service of the hospital, only lave been attacked, 1 male and 1 female nurse, and their conduct was hing less than regular. (Gaimard and Girardin, page 19.) — At Saint tersburg, out of 58 persons attached to the temporary Hospital of Adralty,a single one fell sick from having drank some cold Kwas when he s warm ;he recovered. (Same ; page 38.) — Out of 123 attached to i Hospital at Moscow, 2 only were attacked. (Same ; page 39.) — Out of 3 individuals belonging to the service of the cholera-patients, at the irine Hospital of Cronstadt, 4 only were struck — in the Bengal, out of 3 or 300 health officers, of whom the most part had seen many sick, 3 ly were struck by cholera, and but one of them died. (Report of Dr. larles MacLeon, sur les loisde quarantaine.) 132 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. reate ; they acknowledge the alliance between our )hysical and moral nature, — an alliance proclaimed without contradiction, by the voice of ages ; they will not deny that in many instances the fear of isease may have brought it on, but they could also efer to many instances where fear produced no vil effects. Certainly, if there be any thing capable of diffusing in the highest degree terror throughout a numerous population, it is a battle fought in its midst ; it is the sound of the cannon in the streets ; the showering of bullets and grape-shots ; the spectacle of dead, dying and wounded j the fear of incendiarism, of plunder, of violence, of all the crimes prevalent at such a time. The Commission carefully examined the progress of the cholera in those places that were theatres of the events of the sth and 6th June, and they noticed at that time no increase of disease nor of deaths in the houses of the street Saint Mery.* It is only from the 18th day of June, that is to say 12 days afterwards, that the first symptoms of recrudescence began to appear. Until then the entries in the hospitals maintained themselves at 11, 14, and 20 per day. Lastly, another point of hygiene appeared to * It was during these days that Paris was put in ctat de siege, by Louis Philippe.— Note of the Translator. 133 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Ie Commission worth studying ; that is, the inuence exercised upon the disease by the Sunday nd Monday's of the working classes. It s known that during these two days, they have the eplorable habit of changing a necessary rest to a )ernicious idleness, and that their want of foresight, areless of the fact that the enjoyment of to-day ill call for deprivation to-morrow, squanders in a ew hours the earnings of the week. I The Commission thought that the number of lolera patients admitted each day into the hospi,ls, during the whole duration of the epidemic, ould furnish an indirect means of measuring the fluence that intemperance may have had, as reirds the population received in those establish- IThe result of the investigation is found in the Mowing table : ADMITTED BY MONTH. ENTRIES BY DAYS OF THE WEEK. i * v , * v Average of Number of n . __f»u_ Number of Months. , , Da^ the , , daily entries. the days. the sick. the days, j the sick. March, 6 20:) Sundays, 27 1833 67.88 April, 30 8934 Mondays, 27 2075 76.85 May, 31 1293 Tuesdays, 27 1947 72.11 June, 30 635 Wednes's, 27 1978 73.26 July, 31 1576 Thursd's, 27 2004 74.22 Aug., 31 808 Fridays, 27 1971 73.00 Sept., 30 328 Saturdays, 27 1969 72.92 Total, 189 13777 Total, 13777 134 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. This table shows : fThat during the 189 days, which from the 25th of March to the 30th of September make the whole epidemical period, each day of the week recurs 27 times. I That in dividing the number of cholera patients, admitted in the civil hospitals and infirmaries of the hospices, (13,777,) by the number of days noticed (189), we find that 72.36 cholera patients per day have been admitted, on an average, in these establishments. . If afterwards we examine what has been the number of admissions for each day of the week, separately, we find : For 27 Mondays, .... 76.85 For 27 Tuesdays, - - - - 72.11 For 27 Wednesdays, .... 73.26 For 27 Thursdays, .... 74.22 For 27 Fridays, .... 73.00 For 27 Saturdays, .... 72.92 For 27 Sundays, .... 67.88 That is to say, the maximum of admissions has been on Mondays, and the minimum on Sundays. I Perhaps this excess of admissions into the hostals on a particular day of the week would have sen more marked in Paris, if the rapidity with hich, at the first invasion, the victims of intemper- Lee were struck down had not made it often im>ssible to carry them to those establishments, and sometimes families, actuated by the fear of poisling, and of typhus fever, had not prevented the ansfer of their sick. 135 Moreover, the Commission is not ignorant that a similar effect was before noticed in ordinary times and free from all epidemical influence ; and that it las been considered as an established fact, that the dmissions in hospitals are generally more numerous on Mondays than on any other day of the week. REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER IX. OF THE EFFECTS OF CHOLERA ON THE MILITARY. IFe have considered in the preceding chapters the Fects of cholera upon the population of a large ty, a mass of individuals of each sex, of all ages, id of every condition of life ; men and women, old id young, rich and poor ; but all free in will and ition, subjected to no direct control, and living cording to their own fancy. I But in the midst of that population there is an tier composed of men having the same habitation )thing, food, age, occupations, and, it may b ded, the same ideas, this being the moral resu a physical condition common to them all : w ude to the soldiery, who are subjected to habit diet and discipline not found out of barrack le Commission thought proper to inquire wha d been the influence of cholera upon them. 137 IThe troops in garrison in the Department of the cine as well as in the capital at the time of the nvasion of the cholera numbered 28,700 men of 11 arms. The Secretary of War took immediate measures to preserve them from the pestilence. Warmer clothing was distributed among them ; to leir ordinary rations rice and wine were added; le time of drilling was reduced, and the severity of mnishment modified ; a strict cleanliness was mainained in the rooms, where fires were kept up during ie night ; lastly, to avoid the danger that might result from crowding the military hospitals already existing, three new ones were established at Courbevoie, at Saint-Denis, and at Vincennes ; a fourth was even prepared at Picpus and the Rue-dcs- Postes. IThe Prefects of Police and of the Department opted the same measures at the barracks of the unicipal Guards and of the Sapeurs-Pompiers remen). IFrom the 26th of March to the Ist of October c loss of the different corps was as follows : 138 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA Number of j Death , Proportion in Garrison, 28790 743. 25.08 Veterans, .... 825 30 36.3 Municipal Guard, . . . 1479 19 13.7 Firemen, .... 604 18 30.0 Total, I 30698 810 25.08* Thus considered in a mass, without distinction 7 arms, or reference to the nature of the service ley were called upon to perform, the military sufered from the pestilence as well in Paris as in the )epartment of the Seine, in the proportion of 28.08 o 1000 j a proportion greater than that of the civil )opulation, the loss of which was only 21.08 in I This difference of mortality, without being very •eat, would nevertheless have attracted the attensn of the Commission even if the opposite elements hich establish it, and the information derived from ie various regiments had not required investigation. Some of the military stations seem to have been, I* The total loss of the military population is divided as follows, in is, between the various grades : Generals, 2 Superior officers, 21 Officers in active service, 66 Soldiers, 676 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. tit were, overlooked by the epidemic, while others ffered severely. In several corps, such as those of the garrison nd of the municipal guard, the rate of mortality vas scarcely greater than that of the city ; in others, uch as the firemen and veterans, it was more than alf (1,45). JThe difference observed not only between corps ibjected to the same mode of living and same et, but between companies of the same regiment, quired the attentive examination of such reports had been received. I Out of 49 firemen struck by the disease 31 or r o-thirds were attacked in a single barrack, that Vieux-Colombier-street. The two others, situed in the Rue de la Paix and Rue Culture-Sainteitherine, had together but 18 patients. The >mmission noticed before (see page 121) the uses of this great difference ; it would be useless repeat them here. I The five companies of Veterans, each 140 rong, were distributed in 5 barracks, situated in c Rue Rousselet and d'Enfer, at the square of istrepade, at the Garden of Plants, and in the i college of Montagu : the number of sick was, 140 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. In the barrack of Montagu, .... 18 of l'Estrapade, ... 9 of Rousselet-street, . . 8 of the Garden of Plants, . . 6 of Luxembourg, or Rue d'Enfer, 1 18 The quarters of the Municipal Guard were also five in number ; they had In the barrack of Mouffetard-street, . . 38 sick of the Minimes, ... 24 of Saint-Martin, ... 23 ofTournon, ... 21 of the barriere d'Enfer, . . 0 Total, 106 Lastly, the troops of the line, lodging in 25 barracks, suffered most severely in those of the Aye-Maria and of Mouffetard-street, and in the Rues de Baby lone, dv Foin, and de VUrsine. It is true that the stations where the cholera raged with the greatest intensity, were the most unwholesome of Paris, either because too many soldiers were crowded in small rooms, or because the rooms themselves were damp, low, and often without sufficient ventilation. We have already seen in a preceding chapter* what was the mourn- * See Chapter VII, page 121. 141 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. 11l consequence of a bad disposition of the localies of the firemen-barracks jof the Vieux-Colomier-street. We will add but one more instance of le same kind. tThe first company of Veterans, quartered in barracks of the Rue d'Enfer, out of 145 men but 1 sick. In those barracks the rooms have high ceilings, and the air enters on both sides through a double range of windows, which open on the left upon a spacious yard, and on the right on the vast garden of the Luxembourg. The building, already old, is not in a very good state of repair, but it is light, airy, and free from dampness. |[n the barracks of Montagu, the rooms on the trary are low and shadowed by the walls of the theon, which shut out the sun and light. A le row of narrow windows affords the only ns of ventilation. The dampness is such that toils in a short time any object hung against walls, and destroys the hair of the haversacks he soldiers. A moist smell is perceived on entering those rooms where there is no free ilation of air, which are badly heated, and in 3h 30 men sleep each night. Out of 135 solg, 18 became sick; in the barrack of the Luxourg but one. The severity of military discipline is well 142 known, and the high degree of cleanliness which it requires from the soldiers in quarters ; this discipline was strictly enforced, nor did any cause other than the unwholesomeness of the locality exist for the violent development of the disease. I By writers on the subject of the cholera-moris in other countries, we are told that the right >servation of all the means calculated to preserve c health of men gathered in great numbers in one ace, has not a little contributed to diminish the olence of the- disease among troops. In Russia, Dorpat, there was not in the garrison a single Lse, and at Berlin only 30 cases, out of 12,000 en ; at Breslau, on the other hand, there were I out of 2819 or 2| to 100. It was the general r erage of mortality at Paris. One observation of some importance the Commission have been enabled to make is, that men of 11 constitutions were indiscriminately subject to le epidemic. However, it was plain that those men whose physical strength had been impaired by ther diseases, or whose moral energy was affectd, were more particularly liable to the complaint. was also observed that the cavalry regiments ered less than the infantry. 143 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER X. OF THE CHOLERA IN PRISONS AND HOSPITALS OF PARIS. tin: vii are 7 prisons within the city of Paris; ese are: f. Le Dtpot, near the Prefecture of Police, where persons arrested are first detained. I. La Maison d'Arr&t, or La Force, for men charged with crimes or misdemeanors. 3d. La Maison de Justice, known under the name of La Conciergerie, where persons of both sexes, indicted for offences, are detained. t. La Maison de Saint-Lazarre, for women charged with crime, or already sentenced. P. La Maison de Saint-Pe'lagie, specially allotted to debtors or those condemned for political offences.* r. La Maison dcs Jeunes detenus dite dcs Magdelonnettes, where the male juvenile delinquents are sent previous to and after conviction. * The debtors are now in a new and special Prison, Rue de Clichy. 144 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. r. La Maison de Basancourt, for boys detained by paternal authority.* I From the invasion of the cholera-morbus till c first of October, the average population of the isons was 2,725, and the total number of deaths T cholera 61. This is one death in 44.67 or 22 1000 ; a much smaller proportion than that of c mortality among the inhabitants of the city > Certainly, when the cholera appeared it was pected that the prisons would suffer greatly ; it is thought that confinement and low diet would :rease the number of victims. I The Administration had, it is true, taken in adnce all the measures necessary to diminish the tiger : several prisoners obtained leave to be nsferred to the Mav'sons de Santc of the capital, lose that were sick, and who at any other time uld have been treated in the infirmaries of the sons, were sent to the hospitals. Lastly, many ividuals arrested as vagrants, or detained in the I* Young girls detained by request of parents are sent to a religious se of retreat, such as the Dames Saint-Michel, or to the Protestant se of the Rue dcs Billettes. Irhe military prison, de VAbbaye, is not included in this chapter, as not g under the civil authority. — Note of the Translator. 10 145 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. fuse of correction of Saint-Denis, were sent back their respective departments. IThe following table presents the details relative the prisons of Paris : i|fc| Deaths by cholera Reports %-~ § § ;n; n .i,B ' °f the deathi with a_q « s in me . £/§ 2j'g the average popu- PRISONS. Prisons^ Total, T* JiJt^-BIS. _Oneoutof^ Dep6t near the Prefecture) OQ _ . . Q Q o _ Q _ _ n of Police, . ) 2 Maison d'Arret, . . . 759 6 6 12 63.25 16 Maison de Justice, . 100 3 2 5 17.60 57 Maison de Saint Lazarre, 834 10 10 20 41.70 24 Saint P Pelacrie^ Correction ' 298 * ' " ll 27 - 09 37 bainteFelagie 'J debtors, 160 .. 4 4 40. 25 Juvenile Delinquents, . 278 1 . . 1 278. 4 Maison of Basancourt, . 21 Totals, . . . 2725 20 41 61 44.67 22 I It will be a cause of astonishment, on glancing ver the last column but one of this table, to see ie cholera destroying at the Magdelonnettes (Juenile Delinquents) but one prisoner out of 278. lut in treating a subject of this nature, we must onsider the age of prisoners, and their habits of fe. The proportion of Ito 278, was obtained exlusively among young men, who seem to have had ie privilege of escaping the epidemic. LHas the moral disposition of the prisoners deed in the Maison de Justice to await their trials 146 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. It the Courts of Assizes, (Oyer and Terminer,) ally occasioned a mortality of 1 out of 17 or 18 ? is possible. However, it must not be forgotten at in many populous streets, the loss has been uch greater than in the Maison de Justice ; and r en in the prisons some wards have experienced much greater mortality than others. It will be observed also that there have occurred in the prisons, in proportion, fewer deaths by cholera than in the hospices of Paris intra * and extra j muros. In these last establishments, the epidemic carried off, during the six months that it lasted, 747 poor out of 12,572, that is 1 out of 16.83, or 59.42 out of 1000. I That mortality which is naturally explained by c advanced age of the people who inhabit these >spices, offers the same results as the deaths of hers, inhabitants of Paris, of the age of 60 years td upwards. However, there are hospices in hich the proportion of deaths to the population yes greater differences than the above average : us the Hospice dcs Orphelins had but 1 death and c House of retreat of Sainte Perrine but 1 1 out of I* Old women, at the Salpetriere :— lncurable, men and women.—Hose dcs Menages. — Maison de relraile de Sainte Perrine. f Old men, at Bicetre.— Hospice La Rochefoucault. 147 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. 1000, while the Hospice dcs Menages lost 113 persons out of 759, or 135 out of 1000. But if it be admitted that the favorable result observed as regards the two first, is owing to the age of the orphans, and to the relative degree of comfort of the inhabitants of the Maison de retraite de Sainte Perrine, it will be proper to conclude that the contrary effect observed at the Hospice dcs Menages was caused by the advanced age of the persons there admitted, together with that indigence to which the admission gave but little relief; for one must not lose sight of the fact that that establishment has but the name of an hospice ; that a menage of which one of the parties must be 60 years, and the other at least 70, in order to be admitted, receive nothing but the room they occupy and some little assistance besides,* while in other hospices the poor have each day a sufficient ration of food, a bed, linen, clothing, and all the care that their age and health may require ; for this reason it is, that viewed together, and putting aside the Hospice dcs Menages, they exhibit only a loss of 54.51 out of 1000, that is to say a loss not half as great as that which befell the Hospice dcs Menages. t* They are : three francs in silver every ten days ; one and a quarter inds of bread daily ; one pound of raw meat every ten days ; one double re of wood yearly, and two voies of coal (little more than one ton). 148 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER XI. RURAL COMMUNES. Ihe Commission was not only intrusted with the ire of ascertaining facts relative to the cholera in aris ; they were also to extend their researches to ie whole Department of the Seine. To fulfil this ity, several of the members visited the rural comunes to the number of 80. The following is the suit of their observations. I Out of 80 rural communes of the department, c epidemic appeared in 9 before the Ist of April ; 33 before the 6th; in 51 before the 11th ; in 67 fore the Ist of May ; and on the Ist of October 77. I As in Paris, its progress presented in most of communes two distinct phases : the first, during ich it raged with most violence ; and the second, led the recrudescence, which proved less fatal in 149 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. 13 attacks. The localities spared at the time of ie first appearance of cholera, were not equally •rtunate at the second. Among the latest sufferers lay and Chevilly alone were attacked with great iverity. It was also remarked, in the communes here the disease made the most progress, that the 3riod when mortality was greatest, was either Ivanced or delayed, as in the districts of Paris, in •oportion to the early or late appearance of the sease. Number of the Communes Average num-1 umber and position of the / *¦ \ ber of deaths _ . Communes. attacked be- Spared until by cholera out KemarKS. fore 6th April. Jst May. of 1000 inhab. 6 situated at the west, 4 .. 30 i " northeast, 3 .. 20 (If abstraction 0 " north 8 9fi is made of the v nortn, .. 4tt I d6p3t of men . 1 " northeast, 6 1 19 1 dioity at st. o a a o l | Denis; or2Bif O east, 4 6 1 l_ it is included. " southeast, 2 .. 13 4 " south, 3 7 14 (Without Bit\ it ,i n r» c\ ¦ \ cetre ; or 22 if 9 " southwest, 3 2 21 included. It will be seen that it is in the communes lying to the west and north of the capital that the cholera made its first and greatest ravage, and that the communes situated east and south suffered less severely. investigation of the influence of other local nditions has given the following table of results, which the Commission have taken care to place 150 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. I the communes which, by their position, or the rection of their streets, are particularly sheltered ainst one or more winds, or are equally open to ; those that are in contact with large surfaces evaporable waters, or which are distant from eh ; lastly, those whose soil is low or high, dry or In 37 communes well opened to the air cholera carried off 1,522 individuals out of 64,457, or 24 in 1000 j and 1,311 out of 86,897, or 15 in 1000, in communes more or less sheltered. Number and situation of the Communes. Population. P**§l r^ y 1 Communes sheltered on the west, 13621 291 21 " " " northwest, 4539 54 12 «• « " north, 16146 • 231 14 " « " northeast, 17971 226 12.5 " " " east, 4126 61 15 " « " southeast, 6947 111 16 " " " south, 12432 150 21 " " " southwest, 4321 90 12 " almost wholly sheltered, 6794 17 14 Totals, 86897 1311 15 - The communes open on all sides to the winds seem to have experienced a great loss ; and on the other hand, those that were more or less sheltered suffered but little, excepting however such as were exposed to the east, and above all to the northeast winds ; but a fact that would seem to indicate that 151 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. lielter, expositions, or particular winds, had not *ter all a great influence on cholera, is, that beveen the communes differences and inequalities of le highest character exist, even when by the reports hich have just been investigated, these communes belong to the same category. The communes low or high, far from of near to water, occupying a dry or humid soil, are the following : I Defalcation made Totals of e P ort °f B ic etre . and tne depot of Number and position of the Popula- deathsbv on 1000 mendicity of St. Denis. Communes. tion. h i J inhabit- cholera. antg pp O pula- Deaths by Tn innn tion. cholera. ln iuuu iuuu-29 in contact with great) 65892 1468 22 surface or water, $ 18 humid ground. . . 47498 1366 29 43488 1059 . . 29 low ground, . . . 64735 1635 35 60685 1328 24 34 far from water, . . 57950 847 15 . . . . 22 43 dry ground, . . . 75735 1139 15 38 elevated ground, . . 67478 1055 16 It seems to result from the above calculations that the neighborhood of water, humidity and a low situation, increased the activity of the epidemic, while contrary circumstances appear to have checked it. In comparing the effect of cholera upon various professions in the communes with details of the same character obtained in Paris, it will be seen that in the country, as well as in the city, the 152 Eourge had most influence on those professions that c less comfortable in their nature, and chiefly upon ose that are exercised in open air. LTwo professions were entirely exempt from es of cholera : hostlers and restaurateurs. 153 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. CHAPTER XII. ON THE INFLUENCE OF INSALUBRIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS UPON CHOLERA. Ir a great number of rural communes are to be und certain processes of industry, certain prossions or trades, which may be supposed to have [ercised upon the epidemic an influence either vorable or otherwise. I These communes presenting several kinds of >pulation, more distinct and separate from each her than those existing in the various districts, became easier to verify the existence of an inlence to which so much importance had been tached before the invasion of cholera. This new bject required on the part of the Commission an act and scrupulous investigation. (That investigation has confirmed the fact that cry where the cholera sported with human pro- 154 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Isions ; gave the lie to opinions the most generally ceived, and rendered questionable what seemed be most firmly accredited. It was often in the ost salubrious and least exposed villages that its vage was most severe, while it left scarcely a ace of its passage in localities which were always msidered as sources of infection and disease, he Commission will content itself with the men:>n of a few facts in support of this assertion : to port all would be both long and tedious. It is difficult to have an exact idea of the filthiness of Gentilly, chiefly of that portion of the village which lies nearest to Paris and is called Petit- Gentilly. Shut up in a narrow defile, it is traversed by the Bievre, whose waters move sluggishly, mixed with the impurities of a multitude of wash-houses, of wool-cleaning establishments, dye-houses, and other factories, situated as well at Gentilly as at Arcueil, and others points in the upper banks of the stream ; Gentilly contains besides, factories of animal black, smelting houses of grease taken from bones, chemical laboratories ; but above all, clothdressing establishments, so many in number, that the spectator might be led to believe at first sight, that all the followers of that branch of the business had fixed their habitations in the same village. Lastly, to complete the sketch we must add that a great 155 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. [any of the wells of Grand-Gentilly are so saturated f infiltrations from the sewer of Bicetre, that the ater cannot be used even for the commonest msehold purposes. As to the commune of Clichy, the Commission will but quote what one of the members of the Council of Salubrity said with regard to it in his report of the 6th of May, 1831 : "In insalubrity that village is constantly increasing ; all the evils complained of by the Mayor exist in the highest degree ; but one great cause of mischief, which he does not mention, is the general want of care and cleanliness. To say nothing of the ponds dug in the neighboring fields, or of the ditches alluded to by the Mayor in his report (each house was surrounded by one of these ditches full of soap and lie), the streets themselves are common sewers, and each step one takes is amid stagnant waters, &c." Nevertheless, the mortality in these two villages, which it was expected would be fearfully great in Ise of the visitation of the most terrible of all idemics, was for Gentilly but 12, and for Clichy ly 11 in 1000 inhabitants, while many communes which the Sanatory Committee found nothing to ime, lost 35, 37, 40, 50, and 55 out of 1000. Can 3 small mortality presented by Clichy be attributed its being sheltered against the northeast wind, and 156 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. tbove all to the ammoniacal state of the atmoshere? At Saint-Denis the Sanatory Committee reported s an unhealthy establishment, a house situated in le Place-aux-Gueldres, where twenty cows were cept, and a skin-dresser resided and prosecuted his msiness. The urine and the water having no outet ran into a cesspool, became corrupted there, nd in that state were thrown in the highway by means of a pump, occasioning far and near an inectious odor. That house had but one cholera )atient, and nobody was affected in the adjacent louses, though orte of these (a school) had 80 >oarders and 40 day pupils. It was neither among le butchers nor the graziers of that city that the isease made the most progress, though in their >remises slaughter-houses, cow-houses, and sheepolds existed, many probable causes of infection. IBercy, through which runs a muddy sewer which mes from the Great-Pint, and which, dug in open ound, exhales a noxious and repulsive effluvia, held but one case of cholera within its limits; d the epidemic spared the village known as the eche-aux-Loups, and the Rue de la Lancette, inbited by washerwomen, and constantly overflowed th soap-suds to such a degree that the houses are rrounded by it, and the highway rendered imprac- 157 I cable ; nothing could surpass the stench of that nk when first visited. Lastly, in the village of Colombe was a large lue factory, and in a dreg-house basins full of lie >resented a large surface from which fetid emanaons exhaled ; yet the cholera spared those facories, and its immediate vicinity proved less unlealthy than the rest of the village. I The same remarks, as regards the effect of amoniacal air, apply to the communes of La Villette, olombe, and Grenelle. The inspection of the Voirie of Montfaucon, that curious locality so worthy of fixing the attention of medical men and public administrators, will complete the picture of the influence which infectious emanations seem to have had on cholera. The villages of Pantin, of La Villette, of Saint- Germain-des-Pres, and of Belleville, which surround Montfaucon and receive its emanations, are placed in the category of those that have suffered least (17, 18, 19 in 1000). Let us examine Montfaucon. It is known that this commune, in the interior of which live most of the workmen of the Voirie, is divided in two parts, separated one from the other by the basin of Ourq ; that which contains the Voirie itself is called the Petite-Villette ; the other, at seven or eight hundred metres distance, the Great- Villette. 158 I By a report forwarded to the Commission (re•rt which was rendered more complete by adding >m the books of the Hospital Saint-Louis, where jre removed the sick workmen of La Villette and I that died of cholera), it has been ascertained at during its duration the mortality was, for the jtite-Villette, sheltered at the north and at the st, 1 out of 69 inhabitants (14 in 1000), and for c Great- Villette, 1 out of 60 (17 in 1000). I Whence this difference ? It was too constant to i but the result of chance, it must be sought in the ily resources that the workman of Montfaucon ids in his labor, which, never suspended, never pose him to privations, so much the more severe they succeed almost always to a sort of abun.nce, the. frequent cause with other mechanics of temperance and its consequences. To these considerations, taken in mass, we will add a few observations of details which present no less interest. I During all the time of the epidemic no horseler was taken sick. At this period, out of 154 hands, male and female, employed in the desiccation of human excrements, only one died of cholera. Ten persons,. men and women, were obliged to suspend their labors for several days on account of slight indisposition, but they soon returned to their work. 159 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Out of 30 gut-workers employed in the middle of the equarrissage yard,* and working in close hops where air is not easily renewed — where eigns habitually an effluvia offensive beyond decription or imagination — one alone died of cholera. >ne woman, overwhelmed by fear at the sight of le many funerals she met in Paris, became sick, >ut recovered in a few days. I Thirty gut-workers, working at a short distance, Mrs. Taxada's, experienced no alteration in their alth during the whole period of cholera. I The labor of these people, performed in the dst of putrid matter, might warrant the belief that bit has nullified in them the influence attributed the deleterious emanations supposed to be proctive of cholera accidents. Here the following its, however, tend to prove that they are not inbted to that habit for their safety. I Round the Voirie, and chiefly in the equarris- yard, are placed numerous plaster-kilns, which ye employment at the time of the appearance of olera to 87 men ; several were taken sick during 3 epidemic ; three had the cholera pretty severebut one alone died. tEquarrisseurs are men employed to take apart the carcasses of js in order to obtain from them various animal products, such as aniblack, ammonia, glue, skin, hair, hoof, prussian blue, gut-ccrds, fish, &c, &c. — Note of the Translator. 160 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. Again, the repairs of one of those kilns having equired during two months the labor of 17 masons, ose to the worst kept yard and in the most inectious part of Montfaucon, the cholera attacked ne of them, who resumed his work after six days' eatment at the hospital Saint-Louis ; the foreman, ho never left Montfaucon, always enjoyed good lealth, but his wife, who lived in the central part of J aris, died of cholera. During the epidemic, the inhabitants residing nearest the places where animal manure was deposited were not even attacked. The tenants of houses nearest to the depot of these matters, who are liable to fevers, experienced no indisposition. An old man, who made it his business to sell to farmers animal manure, was continually among large heaps in fermentation, yet suffered not the least derangement. I The tenants of some houses in the yards of hich much of this manure had been clandestinely jposited, were not incommoded by it. I Far from believing that this manure was insaluious, the country people have been persuaded, for veral years past, that the matters kept in fermention purified the air. * village of Noisy-le-Sec lost but 12 out 01 0 inhabitants : a very small proportion. ii 161 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. SUMMARY. Khe Commission having terminated their investi- Ltion, deem it proper to sum up its results. 11. The cholera appeared at one and the same ne in Paris and in the rural communes of the epartment ; or, to be more positive, within an inrval of 48 hours, from the 26th to the 28th of 12. In the country, as in the city, its developent, its progress, its periods of abatement or incase (recrudescence), as well as its duration, ive been similar. 13. In the country, as in the city, more women an men died, but in the country the mortality of c females was one fifth greater than that of males, d comparatively larger than in Paris. 4. In the rural communes, as in the city, the ages that seemed most liable to disease and death, were first infancy, mature age, and senility; the period of human life that suffered least is that be- 162 tween 6 and 20 ; but in the rural communes, first infancy experienced relatively to other ages a greater loss than in Paris, and adolescence a lesser loss as well as persons advanced in life. Compared to the chances of ordinary mortality, the age between 30 and 40 is that which has presented every where the most unfavorable results. 15. The resistance of nature to the attacks of c disease, has been in a direct ratio to the *ength that age offered, excepting however the riod from 5 to 10 years* 16. It does not appear that the variations of the mosphere exercised more influence on the activity relaxation of the evil, in country than in town. 7. The total population of Paris lost 18,402 persons, or 23.42 out of 1000. I the wards of Saint-Denis 2,001 do. 21.03 do. the wards of Sceaux, 1,385 do. 17.62 do. Total in the whole Depart., 21,514* do. 22.75 do. And if the rural communes suffered less than the capital, the recrudescence in July proved more fatal in them in proportion to the total loss. * From the Ist of October, 1832, to the Ist of April, 1833, the number of persons, whose death has been attributed to cholera, was, for Paris 714, and for the country 80; giving, 22,308 victims, or 23.57 cit of 1000, as the deaths !by cholera fromJhe ¦ time of its invasion in March, 163 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. 8. The rural communes most exposed to the winds were most assailed, but in Paris the central istricts and narrowest and best sheltered streets, uffered most severely. Generally in the localities ast mentioned, wherever a poor wretched populaon was crowded in filthy, contracted lodgings, the )idemic multiplied its victims. 9. In the rural wards, as well as in the capital, the cholera seems to have more specially struck at the professions that indicate least comfort, and above all at those which are exercised in the open air. 10. The excesses in which, too often, the working classes of Paris indulge on Sundays, seem to have produced one-eighth of augmentation in the number of admissions to the hospitals on the Mondays following. 11. The mortality was less among prisoners than among other classes of the Parisian population. 112. The loss experienced in the hospices, taken a whole, presents the same proportion, 64 out 1000, that is presented by the deaths of the abitants of Paris of 60 years and upwards. 113. The military fell before the pestilence, both Paris as in the rest of the Department, in the oportion of 25.66 out of 1000; a proportion 164 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. which surpasses that of the civic population (21.83). 14. Lastly, in places infected by putrid emanations, the cholera was neither more extended nor more fatal than in other localities. I The Commission here end their report. To tie result offered by them they have nothing to dd. They believe these to be the direct and atural expression of facts, and believe, too, that leir own duty has been accomplished. Will the üblic recognize the justice of this belief? The Jommission hope so, and trust that it will not be made a ground of accusation against them, that ley have said nothing of the first cause of the tiolera, nor endeavored to explain what must long emain hidden from human knowledge, nor even ouched on the much controverted question of contagiousness. (Appointed merely to gather documents relative the invasion and progress of the pestilence in iris and the Department of the Seine, the Comission did not deem it proper to extend the object the mission intrusted to them. They were of linion (and several medical men among their ambers held the same opinion) that it would be oper, in their report, to hold themselves aloof )m medical controversy. 165 To gather facts, to give their history,, to deduce esults, such was their duty; they thought they would have travelled beyond its line by penetrating le dominion of art. It is also in consequence of ris principle that they have carefully avoided, in leir report, all scientific language. Writing for leir fellow-citizens, they have endeavored to be ntelligible to all. I The Commission have terminated their Report ; ey offer it to their fellow-citizens, and to the Magistrates of the city of Paris, as a testimony of eir efforts to justify the confidence reposed in era, and answer the public expectation; many ight have made an abler report, none could have inced more zeal and good faith. The Members of the Commission. 166 TABLE, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA FOR EACH PROFESSION, IN THE CITY OF PARIS, FROM The Invasion of the Cholera in March to the 30lh of September, 1832, inclusive. NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. t"« ' ' * PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic f *— — \ h olwifiMtionol Well Sheltered. Sjj 'I c the Professions > ~ js o DESIGNATION "Si I'o | | I OF PROFESSIONS. £ |.| it " -I g 2 i i • i if , , . . ( men 1 o Administrators < , ?, , \ * ( children ] ) Ambassador wife of 1 1 i men 9 ) Architects < women 2 > 12 ( cliildren 1 ) I men 10 ) Artists < women 1 > 12 f children 1 ; {men 13 "| women I 1O children 2 clerks 1 J •| fmen 7 "] <2 . women 2 I 1f - Attorneys ohildren 2 ld - L clerks 4 J 2 r men 17 J S Agents < women 4 > 22 f children 1 , ) S Actors (women 4 $ 8 i men 349 ) Clerks 1 women 83 > 462 •^ ( children 30 ) ... I men 2 ? q Aldermen J wives of 1 \ Verificators men ] 1 ( men 2 Dentists < women > 5 ( children 1 ) Memb's of house n 9 deputies ( men 5 ) Drawers < women 1 > 7 ( children 1 ) Doctors, L.D. men 1 1 10 NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. I ' ' ' PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , v w classification of w*i r Shfitered 6« " 3 >: the Professions. Wkll Sjiillterld. j; „ j. DESIGNATION t i | 1 » OF PROFESSIONS. JJ 5 jfia* 3 P HO o 5s5 s - * eg .2* g s :!„• | sij ii 6 5 —— - Ecclesiastics men 9 9 Students, school- \ boys ( 28 boys ( girls 6 ) Genealogists men 1 Geometricians men 2 2 Men of letters or { men 9 ? 10 editors ( women 1 ) \ men T ~\ Constables and j clerks 2 I 10 -^ deputy-sheriffs j praoti- Ltioners 1 J ¦M Engineers men 4 4 0 Interpreters men 1 1 1 ( men 6 ) y Magistrates < wives & 1 I ( children 1 ) Master of cere- ( wjfe of 1 I i w monies ( ) J^ [ Fencing-masters men 1 * _ Auditors men 2 " ,r 4 , . . ( men 2 ( o Mathematicians j women j \ rmen 30 1 • n, ¦ • j women 2 I 48 w Physicians < ?, , ? > *o J j children 4 5 L students 12 J Moulders, children 1 (men 24 ) Musicians < women 7 > 32 ( children 1 ; i men ) Notaries < wives of 3 l ( clerks 5 5 Peers of France men 5 **»~ \ZL a i I 3 - NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , ¦""— 1 _ clarification of Well Sheltered. S"S |j the Professions. > 3 Jigi g ' * ' «* t| . DESIGNATION *3 i ~ f .5 | ' g « l| fi h OF PROFESSIONS. _o.S «.>• 3~ 2 3 § 111*! £« II CCS L.^>c^- B S cti #aJ s S Its ° I s s* 5 5 __jL_^£fi-i_ji!__!^ ( men 93 ) Painters, col'rists < women 27 > 138 ( children 18 ) , , . i men 4 ) r. do on china j women j | » _. . . I men 50 I Schoolmasters, women 31 83 teachers (children 2 r men 5 { Music teachers, < women 1 8 ( children 2 •§ T . . . ( men 356 j Livmg on income N vomen 6n 977 or annuities ,) children 4 Referendaries at ( men 2 [. o Court of account ( > r5, Of religious or- < men 1 I 49 ¦-? ders ( women 48 ) I Sextons men 2 2 do of Hebrews men 1 1 3 ( women 9 1 ) 5 Midwives < children >• 11 A ( students 1 ) C men 26 ) Sculptors < women 2 >- 29 ( children 1 ) Surveyors men 4 4 i to ( men 1 Bankers < women 3 0 8 r children 1 (if ) no gS Traders, Merch- S m f^ ien H 55 3- j ants /children 6 ¦5 2 (men «> (.7 ?1 « Travelling clerks < women r = I children 1 ) NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified accordingrfo the condition in which the decease iiad been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , A , classification of «¦ •¦= the Profession*. Well Sheltered. c « * j , •- g -a 2 I < v So S o £ a DESIGNATION "g g so J| OF PROFESSIONS. . Iff. «'£ w ¦ £ ¦« ~ g . §« ;^ WO Z Jo. - -g. g_g > I" g 1:1 f -c || « r» i • i f men 1 \ ct I i DealerBlnbraM j children 1 \ ~ (men 2 > MS M S In iron & metals < children 1 > 5 .9 .g ( porters 2 ) Q In gold men 1 1 m. r i ( men 2 > o . g^Fn coals { won ,en 1 ]" 3 111 'r "SoJ (men( men J ? 5 In plasters •< women 1 ( 3 Jj.9 (porters 1 ) ro — : — — — 0 In bouquets women 3 3 'i T men 3 'p fn seeds •< women 1 6 £ £ ( children 2 -3 | . men 2 "3 £ In herbs women 4 i S children 1 1 |oi " men 10 O S 3 Venders in lum- womrn 7 gj§ -2 her yards children 2 w 5 M porters 16 • 160 -3 2 &c. ( children 3 ) a. =5 ¦< in pea-nuts, J men 1 v 2 .9 H, nuts, &c. 1 women 1 C to . f women 1 ) o 1 [m^ts, j men j | - a Merchants of bas- j women ) M kets 1 men ) do of tobacco, \ ' alii '¦< women b > n - — — NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PRnFF '3 classification of Well Sheltered If jj £ S the Professions. ,g fl ~ % 1 * ' it I & j a DESIGNATION *3 g *| | J OF PROFESSIONS. J, || if* lb 2 S ¦ j 1 it i -E." 0 «U 00*5 g"'Bi:M C -6i]C^ 1 > I" s lei i i £ g- 0 f men 68 mr Li. if i ] women 40 I 140 Merch'ts of wines chndren 10 [porters 22 J do of oils men 1 * (men 29 ) do of fruits •] women 50 y 82 ( children 3 ) ("men IT 1 •S I women 9 I .. Butchers j chndren 2 3a S3S 3 (_boys 7 J j; Cattle dealers men 1 1 5 fmen 7 "1 'm 'g women I 4 «| -| Horse dealers < children 1 > 45 £ « ostlers 9 - J [boys 24 J '§ Fish-women women 31 31 sS i§ ( men ® ) q Poultry dealers -< women 10 >¦ 19 (children 1 ) 4 men 6 ) Graziers 4 women 2 > 10 ( children 2 ) O Bird dealers women r, j , ( men 1 1 2 | Fur dealers ] w(jmen J } I » Milk venders' |^ c " J i 9 .9 1 ( men 1 ) | c"o c "o Butter venders •< women r ( children 2 ) ~j Glue dealers men NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS Classified according to the condition iv which the deceased rKUJ^tSSluwa. had been p|aced by the professions exercised hy them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic / — j~^ k classification of Well Sheltered. S» " the Professions. .£ a J5 o ¦*• , J p " g DESIGNATION *= g | | 1 " OF PROFESSIONS. If IT* g* g B ' J j I j fl || J_J_ > — . mj _. , ( men 5 ) « II | Cheese venders | women 2 | 7 'S -~ Wool merchants men 1 1 !o S (in rabbit ( men 7 t 8 MlSg 1 sklnS <- W ° men J j „ o (in feathers men * "gog -o Dealers in and ( men 5 ) Q £ dressers of skins (children 2 j o Bottle dealers men 4 4 •| m fmen 5 S .S n . , . , women 3 O gf . Blacking makers I chndren l I 15 I | | and traders 1 boQt pol _ | | * I ishers 6 J •I 1 1 Dealers in crys- ( n . j ! <5 -o S tals ( j? '2,-= do in brandies ( men 2 1 6 -g aO5 and liquors .( women 4 j '3 tjo"^ do in earthen- J men 3 t 5 fe .= ware ( children 2 ) | | do in broken j women 2 ) 3 £ glass (_ J A Inn-keepers, T men 45 ") J boarding-house, -j women 62 >¦ 123 g o keepers, lodgers ( children 16 ) « SPS men 5 ? ) -7 •3 £ Hosiers women 16 f a 3 ,- children 5 ) iS £ Old clothes deal- women 35 f 7 4 I § ers children 3 ) ¦§ S« , ] men 3 } 4 a r> -l 1 ( men 1 8 - NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had heen placed by the professions exercised by them. ,'' ' ' ' PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic t A » ? tsssssi w.llb™™« d . if i 111 1 f * , "¦ i ~ g j^_ .._ DESIGNATION 'o o « I°" OF PROFESSIONS. . 1= jfj, «l . g j j :| ,¦ Ji j; wo I I I 8"I 8 " ¦ *i 11 I I LJL*MJ_iiJI [men 9 1 Pork shop keep-J women L 1G ers 1 cliildren 1 f I assistants J Illumination con- j men j j tractors ( •S Sta B ecoachdriv -S children 1 1 s ers f -S „ . ? . (children 1 In § Freight carriers ¦< in r X 1 ° (porters 10 ) I China - men {children 2 } 10 i t. Fruit retailers women 2 2 \ * [men 14 § o Coffee-house J women 10 I 31 '& S keepers 1 children 2 «~ § [ waiters 5 J £ ; Coal dealers | women 4 } " g "5 fin matches women 2 2 | 2 • . ( men 1 I 5 E in brooms -< A i g bo ( women 4 ) 'Sa in boxes women 1 in tinder men 1 »5 in coffee women 1 1 •< a, in canes and ( men 3 1-6 O en umbrellas ( women 3 ) 'g _S in bandboxes women I 1 in rosaries women 1 a - 1 - 1 in gewgaws children 1 ( men 9 j in old iron < women ( children ( men in cakes -< women 20 & ( children 2 I [ in wick men 1 1 NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the decease had been placed by the professions exercised by them. , " ¦ ¦ *¦ ' PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , -*— \ B classification of T _ L" >.' '3 the Professions. Well Sheltered. || „ £ a DESIGNATION 'Si at 1 • OF PROFESSIONS. . || tfifi" 1 P s s 1 *¦ Jl 4 *» 11 mm S ¦£„&¦»• S§-gffis f men 7 ) in clothes -< women 7 > 15 (children 1 ) ( men 3 J in toys ¦< women 1 > 5 ( children 1 ; "8 g in / hoelaces '{ women 1 1 # -s in soaps men I 1 I J in ladies' r omen v , % | f st " off •) children 1 } Lj ,2 dresses ( I S T men 4 } i in drinks ¦< women 5 >¦ 11 o .2 ( children 2 _) '^ S fin embroid- ( , i ,SoS o ¦ i men 1 1 *5 genesg enes ( £ g fmen 1 ) -p o in eatables -< women 1 ! > 3 •g - (children 1 |) < men 3 ) in cloth -I women 1 >• 5 r9 r 9 '£b l children 1 ) l-J G v ... \ £ n \ men ! / o5 J= in furniture -i women 7 >- 16 < 2 1 I ( children 1 ) O a *- • j j ( m en 4 (10 SIS indr yg oods jvvomen 8 ) U °" . ?, ( men 1 | ) . a in ribbons •< or ' r 4 t—> (^ women o ¦ ) in wooden ( , i , -^ men 1 1 shoes ( ( men 4 in linen •< women 1 > G ( children 1 S . ?, (women 1 ) o t intlles {children 1 | " ; NUMBER OF DEATHS HY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic ? * » _, DESIGNATION 'So |o || OF PROFESSIONS. . §0 JJ !| O X I _J . Jl 3.5" H C -SoS _o 5 ™ a.o .2 J *1> g'2sa)i o ' T3 S'o£ r . it _ , o ( men 6 ) I 16 ( 25 i . needles \ children S J 8 | Jin looking- j men 2 2 13 o i glasses ( 5 I women 7 ,-,/, in paper j children 8 > 26 s og t, . , women 3 •I m" 5 E , atlll g- houBe children 1 19 J -|| perS m.wait'rs 4 .^ "§ Cooking shop women 2 3 § "% keepers children 1 | | Tripe dealers |™^ en \ 8 0 Glaziers •< women 2 17 { children 2 Q) __^^ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _______ men 21 _? g Hawkers < women 6 > 29 § ( children 2 ) w n i ••_ • C men 14 ) « B Brokers, spirit in. N omen 5 f 20 d | S P ectOrs /children 1 ) w £ ("men 23 a r< I women 20 k R | Grocers "j chi idren 10 f 58 2 [assistants 5 J § Various merch'ts t men 56 ) without special < women 174 > 233 o, designation ( children 3 ) a „ , (men 2 ) . - Hardware { children 3 | 5 178 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the decease< had been placed by the professions exercised by them. r 1 ' ¦> PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , *¦ , ? classification of .- ,. .B the Professions. Well Sheltered. £ « «< * • I**l -A DESIGNATION *3 g 3*B | | . OF PROFESSIONS. • §J trZ, Z& O a! § I 3 =| .s 13 H* HO 5" I 2e,t3 c -6ußlj 11 r i 111 J II iJ ¦g Merch'ts, pedlers ( men 4 "* 2 without any oth- < women 13 >- 19 , • "2 -5 cr designation ( children 2 's| .2 | Junk shop women 1 1 a S J f m en 2 > r 1 B I Stall keepers | women 3 } 5 "^l9 (men 1 w I do in markets •< women 19 >- 21 | § | ( children 1 ) I I Dealers in rags | women g | 5 2 -S do in findings women 2 2 Ot , , "3 , /M J v I J 1 f men 1 ) | | Old book dealers j women g j. 4 g Music publishers women l ; | £ [men 9 ] Q cd n i n J women 4 ,| | Booksellers j children 2 15 % '*o (clerks 1 3 £ Merchants of en- j men 3 ) ,3 gravings (women 2 j ° w g do of pictures women 1 ] J Reading-room f^^ >-i keepers ( Needle makers women 2 2 £ T men 3 ) Silver platers < women 1 C 6 .2 /children 2 ) § 5 ( men 12 i Gun makers -< women 4 C 17 g '<» o ( children 1 |«S "S Scale makers women 2 2 w JS ( men] 1 J Gold beaters •< women 1 \ 4 O children 2 ) Spur makers men 3 -" NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. A ___ r~ " ' ' PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic ( -*- \ ft classification of Shfitered S £ 5 • the Professions. Wkll Ssheltlrld. o £ „ g r * . |j» 21 A __^ DESIGNATION "Si f 2 1 $ < OF PROFESSIONS. \ j || tf^ •})« g ori j « ¦? el >; »f tri fc g "3 «j. -g "5. to c % 1 1 1 * if- I li 11 ™ > s g 111 ° T3T 3 |J" f^ 5 t> no-5£n o-5£ £ >55 fr, men 83 Jewellers, silver- women IS smiths I children H I 141 ? , I men « Polders women ia 14 i men 1 Burnishers < women 17 >m / children 1 ( men ••§ Coppersmiths \ women 4 83 5 ( children 1 I ( men 16 i I 90 Nail makers < women 5 > «* f children 1 ) • , ( men 9 1 10 I | Cutlers | women !J } "St | t men 19j ) •a ? Gilders women 20J > 46 I | (children T > i a _ , { men 4: ) g | - (Embossers J children 1 ) S Watch-case mak- women ! 1 ers ' 4 "» «i , (men 4 t 5 Brass workers | women i | File makers men 1 Plated manufac- ( men 4 ! turers (women J ' . , ( men 1 I 2 Spring makers j women 1 | (men ** f Tinmen < women & r ( children 4 ) fmen 48 ) Brass founders < women 3 r NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. A i ( . A ( PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic ? *" > '3 SKSSSSi W.U.SH.LT BMD . || jg i A ' •£ Is. j * DESIGNATION "Si ;» Ij «j OF PROFESSIONS. . |j ;,- ° 13 £ g ai § ' I S8 4' V li « * tig 8. 13 Jj g S £ !b oil £ £s £ f men 3 Type founders J women 4 I 9 I children 1 Type rubbers I women 1 c , ? (men 9 1 in Sword cutlers | children j } 10 t men 24 ) Clock makers < women 5 >- 33 -c ( children 4 ) „, ?a ? ( men 1 1 o Metal flatteners | women 1 | 2 0 Brass finishers men 6 6 1 I Clock finishers j children j \ 4 I | Brass planishers j women 2 } 7 g | Plumbers j women g j- 12 -^ H Iron potters men 1 1 -2 2 C m en 157 i •* Blacksmiths < women 26 202 "S *S / children 19 g r men 7 T I women 2 ok Ironmongers children 3 25 tforgemen 13 O Sh t ' men T men 18^ Metal turners •< women 1 21 ( children 2j .griQuarrymen | women 1 \ 24 g " Lapidaries men 4 4 => NUMBER OP DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , ¦ A — , classification of ?. a i? •= the Professions. Well Sheltered. » « -g , A 1 | * - g .ji DESIGNATION i so Jg. OF PROFESSIONS. ?. =_ 'f | ai S .« * J 8 |'3 ¦S.n* s a I I ftri 1 If 14 5 3 > iz; O£s « £5 £ | (men 19 1 o5 Stone sawers 1 women 2 > 22 "g | (children 1 S a '¦§ ( men ¦ 40 "^ S Stone cutters women 4 >- 49 ( children 5 ) ( men 16 "> -g Cultivators -< women 6 j- 23 s (^ children 1 ) '& w Farmers women 1 1 J 3 fraen 82 -2 women 45 i g> Gardeners -I children 14 I 143 § * men 1 1 £ asslstants [women 1 J ¦*$ Nurserymen men 1 ] Wine-growers j women ? | 16 _o — § Wooden ware ( men 1 to "§ -a merchants ( women 1 j* g ¦§ Cork cutters men 2 2 £ ( men 58 w g Carpenters -| women 6 67 ¦o ai o; ( children 3 6 §J I men 37 2 SB Wheelwrights < women 5 43 J§ & ? children 1 w > men 15 o S Box makers women 4 20 £ M i children 1 n men t ) g Rope makers - women 3 > 13 children 3 ) I" P »P— wo e Ln . 2 } 3 NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. -*¦ t s PROFESSIONS EXERCISED classification of w.n Soutorhi k'ta ' 3 ¦ the Professions. Wkll Sheltered. „ « t * , 'jj; S - 3 x DESIGNATION *S g \* j | < OF PROFESSIONS. . 8j »», |j O |_ J_JL!M_lJlil NT men 5 . Cotton workers •< women 20 28 'g ( children 3 J (men 83 "s Cabinet makers •< women 21 111 O ( children 7 | Hoop makers men 1 1 men •^3 3 Chair makers women 2 6 turners 1 •j§ £P men 239 I > T . women 29 OQI O | Joiners 2Q 291 X «S boys 3 g "§ Straw hat work'rs women 1 1 S I ( men 12 women 2 > 21 a g j children 3 ) Dog shearers women 1 1 Skin dressers men 2 2 NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased fchad been placed by the professions exercised by them. » , , , PROFESSIONS EXERCISED classification of .- . § the Professions Well biiELTERKD. a « o j .g ¦ -go f DESIGNATION _ workers ( women 4 f men 16 1 „ 1 I women 10 on Cart makers j children 2 V 30 [ workmen 2 I Brewers boys 8 8 - NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic *¦ classification of •' .- • •= the Professions. Well Sheltered. S «j c A .j: g JS s , A, . DESIGNATION oi ! ¦So IS. <4 OF PROFESSIONS. . 1.51 .5 i -°- !, f| 11 f if 1 {{ if 11 IJ_MIAJL_ Glass burners w(jmen J j 4 i 'men 1 \ Ash washers - children 1 v ; I washers 1^ ) men 10 tv *-n women 1 \ ? Distillers chiWren Jj I 14 boys 2 I | Enamellers ] women Q {. 10 J men 3 I .2 /-( ji l women 1 . [ g Candle makers x L 6 g -g melters 1 1 a v- nien 6 ) m Crock ry & china , f , a 2 t manufacturers women X [ 8 |^ *2 workmen 1 ) § Lamp-black , , i 1 makers Women 1 1 r^ ? Pearl makers men ? I 3 O |4 women 1 j « Makersofchemi-5 men 4 ) _ cal products j ™J en 4 F 9 r ( children 1 ) Pencil makers women . 1 Imen 13 T wo . I|"en 1 |" en 5 I 22 children 2 f students 2 J workmen 1 } ¦ NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. -*~ —^ r~ — — - — ~~~ "~ ~~ — * """" v PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic r * s .a classification of Well Sheltered. SSJ «j the Professions ,i ta g 2 __. DESIGNATION 'So 5 o .2 | <• i * 8 m o 8 1: « OF PROFESSIONS. £ || jfj, |f_ g si I ! iL ! j! h 5 > !z; SIJH « -S »h ( men 8 ) Saltpetre makers < women ,1 I 10 is T3 ( children 1 ) o | Match sulphurers women * l jf g Dyers scourers, > women 7 C 39 |1 and dressers children 1 ) "a w Tile makers men 1 1 "3 "ra rt men I a o- Varnishers S women 3 > 5 » -a .§ ( children x ; § § Glass blowers men 1 * I a"o ( men f i Vinegar makers < women 2 > 4 ( assistants 1 ; «§ Tuners men 1 1 (ij Spectacle or ope- ( men 6 i -3 -2 ra glass makers, < women 2 ( .2 S opticians ( children § 13 Tmen 1 ) "o "i Bellows makers ¦< women J ( § £ children 2 ) I j§ Musical instru-(^ en ® » o ment makers } children ] ) O hp „ . , men 14 I 15 .^ Frists J women 1 i (men 4 ) [g Lamp makers ¦< women r OT I assistants 1 § Tmen I-* f 'g Stove makers -^ women 3 r 1 ) Wooden pump men C 2 makers ( women 1 » 14 NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic ( ¦*• s M classification of a i» - 3 the Professions. Well Sheltered. gg g , *. , DESIGNATION *S g |<3 J | •tg § 2 •? a Eh OF PROFESSIONS. . || »* 2 w & * Z% ¦ II C men 1 Starchers .-< women 1 >• 4 ( children 2 ) Bandage makers women 3 3 men, 23 ~| Clothes washers JJ-^ J « 6 L 533 ironers 21 men 93 | i 2 women 18 •| S Bakers children 8 I 126 o 13 ovenmen 3 •g carriers 4 J o5 § men 1 J § 3 Embroiderers women 98 V 101 *g ® i children 2 S *« £ men 18 oil o r> i i women 3 nQ - Brush makers chndren & I 28 .2 .5 workmen 2 ea g men 13 i 0 is Brick floor layers - women 5 - 19 £ "5 children 1 ) 1 1 Belt makers men J 2 tg T3 women 1 men 6 a Chocolate makers women 2 9 Bi children 1 rj . j ( men 53 rlair-dressers, ) o R ~ , < women 8 65 wig makers J children 4 Paper hangers | men J 1 6 r & | women 2 j rmen 31 Roofers hS « (.boys 2 J — ¦ == NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , *¦ ¦ \ *. _Ss_£_? *_*__«__». m J. I A 1 «* »S j _. DESIGNATION e4 fj || 3 OF PROFESSIONS. =| •„->, 3 5 g « 5 4 ;s • si *£ s § 1 1 1| 5 ti li £3 £ £ oil £ £s 1"° ° - — — — fmen _ . , I women 5 Confectioners i drop t makers f women 577 _^ , I children 14 ggs Dress makers seam , [ stresses -a § ( women 3 1 Fan makers •< children 1 •« ( workmen 1 | I . . (men 1 3 0 i Lace makers | women 2 m S Blouse makers women 1 l % Is f men 1 -| women 6 *| o Hosiers <( workmen 4 >¦ °' £ § I darners 50 -j S [netters 3 j •| Purse makers men 1 * it! , , ( men 3 \t •§ f n Suspender and > women U W 17 | J> garter makers children 3 ) c 3c 3 Bird cage makers men 1 £ •% ( men J f 10 3 Paste box makers < women r ( children 1 ) « •§ ( men x (.8 S Cap makers < women o >- J (children 1 ) 1-1 Slipper and sock { men I 10 makers ( women _, , , (men I 5 C 21 .Blanket makers women 6 f ( men f 4 Whip makers < women f ( workmen 1 ) NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition iv which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , — *¦ classification of „, „ L" ii *a the Professions. Well Sheltered. g- -. < * • -* 11 a DESIGNATION co 5 o Jg. * OF PROFESSIONS. . -"-Jl ~J O , £ B 4 :| . SI ** H If men 1 Blonde lace mak- I ™ ome " * , n < d.work'rs 24 30 ers 1 , cutters 1 [ menders 2 ( men 4 Glove makers < women 21 28 ( children 3 *c -^ ( women 2 § Gauze makers •< children 24 S* (jour'men 20 0 B Toy makers smen5 men J 6 ' ( women 2 J; — Shuttle makers men 1 1 gog o Dressing-box < , , 1 I makers | men 2 l 1 | Wafer makers j wo . rkmen 2 I 3 £ § (bakers 1 ) qj Gingerbread men 2 > .2 - 1 - makers women 2 C -a bo Umbrella makers men ', 6 women 1 So men 9 | ,2 women 3 w Comb makers - children 1 - 28 ¦< B polishers 7 O s cutters 8 "o Pin-cushion do women 1 1 Pocket-book do men 1 1 ~ Night lamp do S men 1 I 3 ( women 2 j Smelling-bot. do men 3 3 Calico printers men 3 3 Milliners i w , om , en 9 ? 1 99 ( children 1 j Fancy dress arti- ( , n ) , n cles | women 10 } 10 NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased thad been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED classification of TTT _ if J ¦= the Professions. Well Sheltered. M "g . * > 1* SI DESIGNATION "Si 5o Sj OF PROFESSIONS. . § a ' ¦ "]j JoJ o IS" M If J* H 2 i ! l| i if ji 2 I t sis I S-a ss 5 > £ o-s^ ,2 £5 £ Tmen 317 i Masons -< women 19 > 351 ( children 15 S f men 9 women 36 Mattress makers < children 6 '80 carders 26 t combers 3 *b .S r men 2 s g „ „ women 2 „ | Perfumers j children 1 f 6 0 l # (^assistants 1 | § fmen 28 en * ri • i I women 18 «. n | g Fnnge makers j children 14 r 70 1 I [gWs 10 | § Pastrycooks J women n J- 30 •a o ( men 50 •H -S House painters -^ women 15 69 « o / children 4 *o bo ( men 6 S '53 Coach painters women 1 9 f children 2 s !l ' men 8 3 m Glass polishers women 3 la children 3 m n men 2 o » 2 Pewterers women 1 3 c i men 9 ) Earthenware women > 12 children 1 i men 23 ") Upholsterers women 12 V- 37 children 2 ) Vermicelli mak- men 5 \ 6 I ers women 1 ) NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. r~ " ' ' ' • PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic (— ( — ¦ ¦ ¦*- > ta classification of v- c '3 the Professions. Wbll Sheltered. |« „£ DESIGNATION 'Si JoJ o Jg. OF PROFESSIONS. j .j? ?~t, |l «j S 1 I s?a i. N 11 IE: s 1 l-i ° B B("men 171 women 53 ¦g rp ? I children 21 I « fte - S | Tailors | p . ma kers 39 f 3 ° 5 'g -S vest do 18 .stitchers 3 J § t> f men 42 i Coopers < women 9 > 5( H ( children 5 ) i men 4 '•s Harness makers < women 2 v § f children 2 ) <" men 16 ) Button makers < women 5 V 2 ( children 3 ) S ( men ) •g Coach makers ¦< women 2 > (children 3 ) "rt o5 men 24 ) .2 i Skein winders < women 8 V 33 § *j ( children 1 ) S Makers without f men 5 i g 'g any other desig- < women 1 > 7 | .H nation (children 1 ) m S f men 4 < £ women o O children 7 cashmere 2 shawls 8 . TT daubers 1 -170 Weavers < shearers fl V I™ cutters 8 . spinners 84 weavers 45 twisters 1 shavers 1 J E= — NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. . , , S. , PROFESSIONS EXERCISED A .S classification of -c _• the Professions. Well Sheltered. 6 « J5 5 DESIGNATION "Si I"3 -2 1 *-j OF PROFESSIONS. . §a *?_ -- o 00 £ £ 111 S 5S l§ ( men 2 ) Color makers < women 1 >• 14 ( grinders n \ Sheath makers j^ J j 3 Trimmers children 1 1 Machinists in ( men 2 ) s theatres 1 stageboys l | *c - ~ Til /> . f men 1 ) _ | § Manufacturers | foremen 2 | 3 •| S5S 5 tmen 23 « • Mechanicians < women 10 34 2 f children l <» ? (men 27 0 S Saddlers < women 5 36 '% 'o ( children 4 1 | Maid work m ak.|-» en * - £ ers 1 children 4 3S .2 mother-of-pearl [workers 3 § ( men 19 Wood turners < women 6 27 g ( children 2 1 Wire-cloth mak.j < " ers ( F i§ ( men 16 ) « S3 Chasers •< women 5 I 22 g (children 1 ) * Print colorers women 3 3 J| fmen 5 "j C! ,j r n , I women 6 o Wall paper mak- I ?,, a o1 m r r < children 2 I 21 printers 6 w^meT 17 ° Flower makers {^^ 4 } 21 192 REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceasec had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic ? •* — , classification of ¦- j ~ the Professions. Wkll Sheltered. S » * g - DESIGNATION 'So I o J | OF PROFESSIONS. j.S -°-* £j s F .1 „• Ji •* wo x 1 - § II "S "*« S-S T men 30 ") I Engravers -< women 7 >• 42 / children 5 ) % 'men 114 women 28 'f children 16 cj Typographical pressmen 1 194 | printers 1 stitchers 12 _» compos. 17 'I S folders 2 pU g overseers 4 .2 J2 Lithographers | women j | 2 2 <*- ( men & / g ° Marble cutters < women 8 >• 34 S " f children 1 J 'g Plaster moulders men 2 2 w Tmen 15 "> a Bookbinders •< women 17 V 34 U / children 2 ) « Glass cutters and j men 2 1 4 engravers ( women 2 ) Bill posters men 2 2 Taper lighters women 2 2 r j me n 8 ) £ Lantern do , v 9 women 1 j i men 29 ) Street sweepers women 7 v 37 i children 1 j <£ Mountebanks, men 3 Id jugglers women 1 j r, • men 19 ) I Boatmen, mann- women fl / 2Q children . 3 ) L men 45 Coalmen women 23 > 74 ( children 6 ) E- I NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED n on°s f W.n *»««». J| || t * \ Z S c 2 J __^__ DESIGNATION oi So .« | 5j ' * «£ Sg fa. fc OF PROFESSIONS. || si *i 8 d s > £ 111 a a 5 I a . men 1 1 q Sl "g ers women 2 } 3 Drovers wild- men 2 2 beast drivers n fmen 43 ) At . Cartmen | WQmen 2 j 45 „. (men 4 ) R Firemen | women 2 | 6 i men 28 i Rag pickers ) women 31 v 62 ( children 3 ) » ( men 114 \ $ Coach drivers < women 16 V 140 ( children 10 ) g T men 163 S w Public porters < women 22 > 194 .o ( children 9 j S C men 2 1a | Messengers j women 2 j 4 £ Public criers men 4 , 4 f men 63 ) w Cooks < women 231 > 295 2 ( children 1 ; „, , , (men 2 ) « | Wood stevedores | women : } d ttt- i ("men 5 1 fi Wine do | women 1 } ( men 125 ) Servants < women 483 > 616 ( children ; Horse killers women 1 * Canal lock keep- ( men 1 1 ers ( • ( men 15 ) Penmen, copyists •< women 1 C ( children 1 ) Grooms men 1 15 ===== NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition iv which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. , • ? ' , PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , .—. — * < classification of „_ _ •.- a the Professions. Well Sheltered. g; « *• i — * »£ v 2 a DESIGNATION oi | o .g g. J OF PROFESSIONS. %S tfj, fl II r i ill J 1 1-s Sewer cleaners men 4 4 f men 26 ~) Market porters •< women 14 >• 48 ( children 8 ) Postmen \ women 3 | 10 Mowers men 2 2 Prostitutes women 2 Grave-diggers men 1 1 Floor polishers men 18 18 ("men" . 2 m Bath attendants -< women 2 V 6 bo ( children 2 ) g Office servants -j women g [¦ 15 n C men 13 j Store porters -< women 3 >¦ 18 'i (children 2 ) ¦*g Children's nurses women 29 29 £ «• I (women 75 ) r "'w« i Sick nurses 1 u-i j « r ' ' ( children 2 j Mill keepers men 3 3 \k i i. i m en 2 o r^ Market keepers c 8 women 6 ~ men 11 Day workers women 12 25 children 2 men 19 Hospital nurses women 18 38 children 1 r\ i nien 4 ¦ Organ players wQmen j Smen 479 women 682 1171 children 10 Newspaper car- ( men 2 g | riers {women 1 NUMBER. OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic , •* \ classification of ?r „ l? c a the Professions. Well Sheltered. S^ Jg i * > \ * * 1 DESIGNATION "3 § so j| OF PROFESSIONS. J.a ,\ "|| So > X OS* £ £5 £ ( men 4 Hotel keepers women 2 V 7 ( children 1 ) Wet nurses women 7 7 Workmen with- 3 out designation | children 9 ( men 32 • Pavers < women 4 - 37 ( children 1 •S Fishermen men 2 2 t men 73 Water carriers < women 15 - 89 I. r children 1 <3 men 2 g Sea-fish carriers - women 3 ( * i children 1 0 men 210 s Door keepers women 251 496 •| children 35 Post-boys j women 3 I 7 Chimney sweeps men 2 2 Crock'ry menders men 5 5 Knife grinders j chndren j 9 ja n • i_x ¦ (men 1 o 1 Freight carriers | womell j 2 tir j ( men 4 p. Woodsawers j women 2 5 Hi- a: (men 9 f n Police officers | children 2 | " Bell-ringers men 1 1 ( men 49 1 Cellar-diggers -< women 3 > 54 ( children 2 ) Sand-diggers men 2 2 NUMBER OF DEATHS BY CHOLERA, PROFESSIONS. Classified according to the condition in which the deceased had been placed by the professions exercised by them. PROFESSIONS EXERCISED Systematic «classification of ¦- ¦ a the Professions. Well Sheltered. S 3 ™ j i * . U fl ,_— *— _ DESIGNATION "Si 5*3 38. d OF PROFESSIONS. . °J 'fj O I 1 1 I jj * !! li Night scavengers men 7 7 ("men 11 } Wagon drivers -c women 1 y 13 ( children 1 j ( men; 676 ) Military, inactive < women 7 > (599 ( children 16 ) S do active j men 23^ I 2 37 •3 . ( women 1 j ' S .2 ( men 66 f Officers ¦} women 3 > 70 (children 1 ) r^ Superior officers i men 1 4 0 ) women 2 ) 1 General officers | men 2 \ I 24 j (women 3 ) REPORT ON THE CHOLERA. 197 RECAPITULATION OF DEATHS. DESIGNATIONS OF CLASSES AND DIVISIONS. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th. sth. Professions General Liberal. Commercial. Mechanical. On wages. Military, unknown. Total . Bankers, merchants, travelling clerks, 67 In metals, 8 In metals, • 746 In minerals, 6 In minerals, 99 In vegetables, In vegetables, 184 In extracts from In extracts from vegetables, 456 vegetables, 715 In animals, 144 In animals, 22 In products In products from animals, 45 from animals, 548 2,073 In products In products 4,180 1,034 2,861 from chemical from chemical arts, 33 arts, 298 In products In products from physical from physical arts, arts, 65 In products In products from economi- from economical arts, 547 cal arts, 3055 In mixed mat- In mixed matters, 398 ters, 412 In products In products from fine arts, 27 from fine arts 379 2,073 1,731 6,523 4,180 1,034 2,861 18,402 14,507 1,034 2,861 18,402 RECAPITULATION ACCORDING TO THE CONDITION IN WHICH THE PROFESSIONS WERE EXERCISED. DESIGNATION OF THE CONDITIONS. PROFESSIONS Included in the four first classes ts EXERCISED | Sheltered from LT '3 THE BAD WEATHER. > £ oo' " » qj • '"t*-! "'^ &• 5 | "» .So 1 |i * o TOTAL. ¦ -i I* If ¦ •! ? "s i '» S'S -3 "?¦" § ci i "8 „ . rj 4 . I | lo §• 'S 8 | I Number of deaths £ h a tf belonging to each Bssion. 1277 164 8264 2982 1258 562 14507 1043 2861 18402 TOTAL. 9705 29821258 562 14507 1034 2861 18402 Without attempting to draw any additional infernce from the laborious Report that precedes, the ranslator would take the liberty to call particular ttention to a fact, which cannot fail to carry to very mind the conviction, that there is nothing in le nature of the Cholera calculated to deter any itizen from affording to patients all the assistance n his power, and thus to remain true to the duties f a good Christian. The total number of deaths by Cholera in Paris has been 18,402, which may probably be considered as one-third of the persons attacked, or 55,206 The number of persons whose duties or profesions called them to nurse or prescribe for the sick, nd who died in these occupations, was only 164, nd but one grave-digger, in the space of six months. I Consequently, it is this class of persons that as experienced the smallest loss, by an epidemic rat some people dread as contagious. P. B.