si 7^*S£ 3ni: Aovaan ivnoiivn NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE ^! i&hJ i Cm? % J y$j NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE n/ \ 3NIDI03VY dO Aovaan IVNOIIVN E NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE . I < ,£fL 1 ^ > ■->~&r\ * 4' \^- NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE ^YW% i SNiDiasw do Aavaan ivnoiivn E NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 3NIDI03W dO Aavaan IVNOIIVN no i 4 3NIDI03W dO AaV»8n IVNOIIVN ii .$&. i IE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE ■J - 3NOI03W do Asvaan ivnoiivn J. W ^ NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE x /%^' J >/-■ S ^*s ^ c- 3NIDI03W dO A8Vo9M IVNOIIVN o_ \ V^ CO >-' X X y s / V NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE V- ^7 7 1 IIDICI3W d 3NiDia3w do Aovaan ivnoiivn I / 2 TIONAl LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE ^ 4OI03W do Aavaan ivnoiivn / > ? X-JzrF^ •5" 3nidio3w do Aavaan ivnoiivn NATIONAL LIBRARY 3NIDIQ3W do Aav: l^ Ax, z>y i x|f NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 3NOI03W do Aavaan ivnoiivn \/\ 3NIDI03W dO A8V &- NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY \y^,. * .^k,, 3NiDia3w do Aavaan ivnoiivn ^ 3NiDia3w do Aavaan ivnoiivn -*£} a 3NIDIQ3W dO A8V jNmasw do Aavaan ivnoiivn A. / x 1 yJ^-i^. > | SNiDiasw do Aavaan ivnoiivn OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRAR DOMESTIC PRACTICE OF MEDICINE: AN ENTIRELY NEW AND ORIGINAL WORK, CONTAINING A MINUTE AND FAITHFUL DESCRIPTION OF THE CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES, AND DESIGNED FOB THB ESPECIAL USE OF HEADS OF FAMILIES, PLANTEES, EMIGRANTS, 8AILOE8, AND ALL OTHEBS, WHO ABE DEPErVED OF THE IMMBDIATll SERVICES OF A tHTSIOIAN. ^ BY JUSTIN DWINELLE, M. D. SYRACUSE, N. Y. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, J. G. K. TRCAZR £ CO., STEREOTrPERS AND PRINTERS. 1861. AN.B/V 1)9534 18k i Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1860, by JUSTIN DWINELLE, M. D., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of New York. PREFACE. This book is not designed to take the place of a physician, when his services can be obtained. No intelligent person will, for a moment, contend that there can be an adequate substitute for the services of an honest and competent physician. It is intended rather for the use of those who, from the nature of their employment or of their location, find themselves per- manently or temporarily compelled to exercise their own judg- ment, in the treatment of their diseases, or of those under their care. To such it is confidently recommended as an assistant. It can also be referred to by all, for information to settle ques- tions of doubt relative to the nature of diseases, and their probable results—thus frequently putting the mind at rest— when unnecessarily disturbed. With a view to present as much information in as small space as possible, all useless descriptions, and all theories, so common to medical works, have been discarded, and a style adopted supposed to be better calculated to instruct those for whom the work is intended. In every important instance, where a medicine composed of two or more articles is mentioned, a formula is given, unless it has been mentioned in some other place, in which case, it can be found by referring to the index. It will frequently be found that one prescription will contain the same articles mentioned in another, but in different quan- tities to meet a particular case. iv PEE FACE. The work contains over six hundred Formulas, as prescribed by the most eminent physicians of ancient and modern times; also, tables of Weights and Measures—Marshall Hall's ready method in Asphyxia—a list of Synonyms—of Medicines and their Doses—of Poisons and their Antidotes—a Glossary of medical words—Signs an* Abbreviations—and also a list of Medicines and their Uses, for the Medicine Chest. It is not expected that these formulas will be compounded every time they are wanted ; most of them, or at least their component parts, can be found prepared in drug stores, where it will be best to purchase them when it can be done. They are given to convey a general idea to those who use them of their nature and medical properties, and to be compounded by them, when they cannot be purchased in that condition. It is not expected that the medicines recommended in a par- ticular instance are not to be used in other cases, nor that they must invariably be used where they are advised. Cathartics of rhubarb are particularly adapted to cases of dysentery, and they might answer a tolerable purpose in bilious fever, but they would not be as applicable, especially at the commence- ment of the fever, as jalap. It will be best to conform, if pos- sible, to the directions laid down; but when it cannot be done, to make such a selection as the judgment may dictate. JUSTIN DWINELLE. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CLASS I. GENEKAL DISEASES. Intermittent Fever, or Ague and Fever,......................15 Remittent, or Bilious Fever,................................24 Yellow Fever,............................................28 Typhoid Fever,...........................................34 ' Typhus Fever,............................................39 Small-Pox,..............................................45 Varioloid,................................................49 Vaccine Disease, or Cow-Pox,..............-...............50 Vaccination,.............................................50 Re-Vaccination,..........................................51 Chicken-Pox,...................'.........................51 Measles,.................................................52 Scarlet Fever,............................................57 Erysipelas, or St. Anthony's Fire,...........................67 Rheumatism,.............................................'5 Gout,................................,..................83 CLASS II. LOCAL DISEASES. SECTION I. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION. Inflammation of the Mouth. 1, Thrush ; 2, Aphthae; 3, Can- ker; 4, Nursing Sore-Mouth; 5, Gangrene of the Mouth; 6, Mercurial Salivation,..................................B9 Vi TABLE OY CONTENTS. Inflammation of the Throat,—Sore-Throat. 1, Diphtheritib ; 2, Ulcerated Sore-Throat; 3, Malignant Sore-Throat,.......98 Inflammation of the Tongue,...............................109 Inflammation of the Tonsils, or Quinsy,.....................110 Inflammation of the Esophagus, or Gullet,...................113 Tooth Ache,............................................113 Inflammation of the Stomach,.............................117 Dyspepsia,.............................................119 Inflammation of the Bowels,...............................124 Inflammation of the Peritoneum,...........................128 Dysentery,.............................................130 Diarrhea, or Looseness,...................................135 Colic,..................................................140 Painters' Colic, or Lead Colic,.............................144 Cholera,................................................148 Cholera Morbus,.........................................152 Cholera Infantum, or Summer Complaint,...................154 Scrofula,...............................................157 Hemorrhoids, or Piles,...................................161 Constipation,............................................165 Worms,................................................168 SECTION II DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Catarrh,.................................... 172 Influenza,.................................. yil Inflammation of the Nostrils,...................... # 172 Inflammation of the Larynx, or Voice Apparatus,............175 Bronchitis,............. -. - - ' .........*...............•..............lit Croup,................................................. 181 Hooping-Cough,....................................... 184 Asthma,................ ,„„ ................................101 Inflammation of the Lungs,................... lf)n Pleurisy................................................192 Consumption,.............................. " " TABLEOFCONTENTS. VII SECTION III. DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATING ORGANS. Inflammation of the Heart,...............................199 Scurvy,................................................200 Bleeding from the Nose,..................................201 Bleeding from the Gums,.................................203 Bleeding from the Lungs,................................203 Bleeding from the Stomach,...............................205 Bloody Urine,...........................................20c SECTION IV. DISEASES OF THE SECRETORY ORGANS. Inflammation of the Liver,................................201 Jaundice,...............................................2<).L Inflammation of the Spleen,...............................210 Inflammation of the Kidneys,..............................211 Inflammation of the Bladder,..............................213 Diabetes,...............................................213 Suppression of the Urine,............................;.... 215 Retention of the Urine,...................................21( Incontinence of the Urine,................................217 Diuresis,...............................................219 Gravel,.................................................220 Dropsy,................................................221 Dropsy of the Brain,.....................................224 Bright's Disease of the Kidneys,...........................225 Itch....................................................22C Shingles,...............................................228 Ringworm,.............................................229 Ringworm of the Scalp,..................................230 Scald-Head,.............................................231 Nettie-Rash,............................................233 Blotched Face,..........................................233 yiii TABLE OF CONTENTS. SECTION V. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Inflammation of the Brain,..,.............................236 Delirium Tremens,............................•..........238 Apoplexy,.............................................• 240 Palsy, or Paralysis,......................................242 Tetanus or Cramp,.......................................245 Epilepsy or Falling Sickness,..............................248 Chorea, or St. Vitus' Dance,...............................251 Hysteria, or the Hysteric Disease,..........................254 Acute Dropsy of the Brain,...............................258 Hydrophobia,...........................................260 Neuralgia,..............................................263 Sun Stroke,............................................265 CLASS III. MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. Irritative Fever,.........................................267 Pernicious, or Congestive Fever,...........................268 Milk Sickness,..........................................268 Inflammation of the Eyes,.................................269 Burns and Scalds,........................................273 Cancer,...............................................% 280 Ear Ache and Inflammation of the Ear,.....................282 Sick Headache,.;.......................................284 Mumps,................................................285 Bronchocele, or Goitre,...................................286 Bites and Stings of Insects,...............................286 Bites of Venomous Snakes,................................287 Frost-Bitten,............................................288 Chilblains,................................... _ _ 288 Chapped Hands,.............................. % 1290 Teething,...............................................291 Convulsions,............................ 292 Cramps,.............................'...................293 Hiccough,.................................. 294 TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix Palpitation,.............................................295 Wind in the Stomach and Bowels,..........................295 Fainting,..............................................295 Risus Sardonicus, or Sardonic Laugh,......................296 Nightmare,...................................'..........296 Sea Sickness,...........................................296 Rickets, or Rachitis,.....................................297 White Swelling,.........................................297 Corpulence,............................................299 .Sprains,................................................300 Felon, or Whitlow,......................................301 Carbuncle,..............................................301 Boils,..................................................302 Corns and Warts,........................................302 Falling of the Fundament,................................303 Plague,................................................304 Milk, or Swelled Leg,....................................-304 Scaly Leprosy,..........................................304 Hives,.................................................305 Bed Sores,..............................................305 Salt Rheum,............................................306 Glanders,...............................................306 Miscellaneous Formulas,..................................307 Marshall Hall's Ready Method in Asphyxia,.................331 Synonj'ms..............................................333 Medicines and their Doses,................................335 Poisons and their Antidotes,...............................339 Glossary,...............................................343 Signs and Abbreviations,.................................351 Medicine Chest and its Contents,...........................353 Index of Formulas,............................- ........355 General Index,..........................................369 INTRODUCTION The following table of Weights and Measures will be fre quently referred to in the course of this work: APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. - 20 Grains............................make one Scruple 3 Scruples.......................... " "Drachm 8 Drachms.......................... " " Ounce. 12 Ounces............................ " " Pound. WINE, OR APOTHECARY MEASURE, 60 Drops........................make one Fluidrachm. 8 Drachms...................... " " Fluidounce 1G Ounces........................ " " Pint, 8-Pints......................____•" " Gallon. There are various other measures frequently used, especial- ly, in domestic practice. The two following tables will be sufficient for all practicable purposes; the first is from the United States Dispensatory, and the last is given by Dr. Chris- tison: Teacup, as coutaining about..............Four Fluidounces. Wineglass " " ............Two Fluidounces. Tablespoon " " ............Half a Fluidounce. Teaspoon " " ..............One Fluidrachm. Tumbler to contain..................Eight Fluidounces. Breakfastcup " ___...........*.... .Eight Fluidounces. xii INTRODUCTION. Teacup " ..................Five Fluidounces. Wineglass "...................Two Fluidounces. Tablespoon ".................. Half a Fluidounce. Dessertspoon " .................Two Fluidrachms. Teaspoon " ...................One Fluidrachm. The doses of medicines mentioned in this work, are in all cases calculated for grown persons, except when otherwise ex- pressed; women, children, and aged persons, as a rule, will require smaller doses than men in the prime of life. Various tables have been given to graduate doses to differ- ent ages. The one given by Gaubius is considered the best, and is as follows : Dose for a person in adult age being 1 Drachm or 1. That for a person from 14 to 21-years would be 2 Scruples or*|. " 7 to 14 " i Drachm or l. 4 to 7 "I Scruple or f " 4 "15 Grains or 4. 3 "10 Grains or 4. "2 "8 Grains or 4. 1 5 Grains or J^. Dr. Young has revised a formula, which, on some accounts, might more accurately conform the dose to different ages. It is calculated for children ■Under twelve \ ears of a°-e The dose has to be diminished in the proportion of the age, aj the ago. increased by twelve; thus : At two years, to 4, viz : 2+12 = 4: or At six years, to 4_, viz: G At 21 the full dose to be mven. INTRODUCTION. xiii The amount of any medicine administered by injection, as a general rule, should be three times as large as a dose of the same taken into the stomach; but as this is not always the case, it will be more safe when the active medicines are used, to increase the quantity but twice, instead of three times. Powdered medicines may be taken in syrup, cream, mucil- age, or water; pills in sweetmeats, bread, or raisins ; castor oil warmed, or in coffee; Epsom salts, after the mouth has been rinsed with vinegar, or they may be moderately soured with cream of tartar, or with tartaric acid; and calomel, particular- ly, in syrup, or mucilage sufficiently thick to prevent it from sinking to the bottom of a spoon. Acid medicines, of much strength, should be taken through a glass tube to prevent their coming in contact with the teeth. Bleeding from the arm, as a general rule, can be most safe- ly done with a spring lancet, and in the large veins of the ai'm, A bandage must be tied around the arm, just above the elbow, tight enough to stop the circulation in the veins, but not in the arteries. The veins will soon become hard below the bandage, when the lancet may be placed over the vein, slightly cross ways of it, calculation being made as to the size of the hole to be cut—and the spring touched. When sufficient blood has been taken, the bandage must be removed, and the skin over the wound pinched together, and a small compress of cloth applied over it and held there with the fingers, until a bandage is carefully wound around the arm. The wound may be secured with sticking salve if preferred. If the thumb lancet is used, the same course is to be pur- sued—care being taken not to pass the point of the instrument through the vein into other parts. Leeches may be applied to a part after it has been washed and wiped dry. The operation may be facilitated by making a small puncture, with the point of a lancet, in the skin, so that a drop of blood may escape. The leeches should be left on XIV INTRODUCTION. until they drop off of their own accord, when a warm poul- tice should be put on over the bites to encourage bleeding. Cupping is performed by applying the cups, after the air has been exhausted by passing them over a flame, over a part of the skin that has been scarified. They should be applied three or four times over the same place, and allowed to stay on until they loosen of themselves. The parts are usually scarified by an instrument called a scarificator. The cups are bell-shaped, and may be made of glass or tin. In case of ne- cessity, scarification may be made with the point of a knife, and wine glasses used for cups. Dry cupping consists of the same operation, except the parts are not scarified. The object of dry cupping is to "pre vent the activity of absorption from any wounded part; oc- casionally, to excite suppuration in indolent abscesses; and to remove the pus when an abscess is opened." *. f PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. CLASS I. GENERAL DISEASES, FEYEKS. There is but little known of the exact cause of fever, farther than that it frequently arises from marsh miasma, confined impure air, exposure to cold, a want of proper food and clothing, and intemperance. INTERMITTENT FEVER, OR FEVER AND AGUE. This disease consists of fits of fever, between each of which there is an intermission. The time between the fits may be one, two or three days, and possibly as long as a week; there may be two fits in one day. Occasion- ally other varieties take place, as a change of one type into that of an other. When the fits are full and regular they have three stages, called the cold, hot and sweating stages. Usually the fit is preceded by the ordinary symp- toms of fever—languor, uneasiness, loss of appetite, and pain in the head, back and limbs—but occasionally there 16 INTERMITTENT FEVER, OR FEVER AND AGUE. is little or no warning of its approach, and it attacks those who, to all appearance, are in good health. The cold stage commences with yawning, stretching and chills. The*sensations of cold streak over the body until the whole frame is convulsed and the teeth chatter in consequence of the chills and shivering of the patient. Sometimes the body is warmer and at other times colder than in health. The surface has the appearance of cold- ness. The skin and hands are shrunken, and the face, lips and the ends of the fingers are of a purplish color. Generally the tongue is pale and moist; there is thirst and more or less vomiting of food and bilious matter; the breathing is heavy and accompanied with oppression of the chest; and the pulse is subject to great variations. As the cold stage gradually passes off, the body feels the sensations of warmth, which increases until the whole surface becomes hot. The skin will soon become red, the face flushed, the eyes excited, and a burning heat will de- note that the hot stage is fully established. Other symp- toms follow ; the mouth becomes hot and dry, the tongue furred, the breathing quickened, the skin dry, the urine diminished in quantity, and usually there will be great thirst. Pain in the back, head and limbs often accompa- ny the hot stage. This stage may last from two to fifteen hours. Following the hot stage, the perspiration, generally commencing on the face, spreads over the whole surface, at times being profuse, and usually affording relief to the patient. The skin soon becomes cool and all the Tebrile symptoms abate, and the sufferer is refreshed by sleep. The difficulty above enumerated is commonly known as shaking ague; when the (it commences at the hot stage INTERMITTENT FEVER, OR FEVER AND AGUE. 17 not having been preceded by the cold, it is called the dumb ague. When the fit has gone off, and the intermission is es- tablished, the general symptoms are much the same as before the attack; there will be much paleness and a look of great anxiety. The fits are apt to recur at the same hour of the day, but there will be frequent variations from that hour. They most always occur in the day-time. Treatment.—The curative treatment must be employ- ed as soon as the intermission is established; but reme- dies can frequently be used during the fit, that will be of much service. When the chills come on, the indications are to produce warmth by covering the patient in bed, and by giving him hot drinks, as toast water, herb tea, and, if agreeable, warm sour drinks, and by the application of heated bricks to the back, legs and feet. These remedies must be used according to the severity of the symptoms. If, at any time, there is much pain, a grain of opium, or thirty drops of laudanum may be given. If the stom- ach will not retain the opium nor laudanum, mix one teaspoonful of laudanum with four tablespoonfuls of thin starch, and inject it into the rectum. ** Should there arise great feebleness and prostration, stimulants must be resorted to. Give half a teaspoonful of spirit of camphor, first rubbed with sugar, and then mixed with a tablespoonful of water; or, give ten grains of carbonate of ammonia, mixed with twenty drops of the spirit of turpentine. Either of the above may be re- peated in fifteen or twenty minutes, if necessary; ether may also be given, in teaspoonful doses, in water. Ex- 18 intermittent fever, or fever and ague. ternal applications of Cayenne pepper in hot water, whis- key, or brandy—one ounce to the pin1>—and if the symp- toms are sufficiently urgent to indicate it, friction with hot oil of turpentine, or mustard paste, may be applied to different parts of the body, and at the same time wine and brandy should be taken internally. When there is a desire to vomit, fifteen or twenty grains of ipecac, or a teaspoonful of ground mustard mixed in half a teacupful of warm water may be given as an emetic, and followed with copious draughts of warm wa- ter, till vomiting is induced. Bleeding has sometimes been resorted to in the cold stage, but except in cases of full habit, threatened with inflammations and congestions, it will oftener do harm than good. In the hot stage give freely of cool sour drinks, as lem- onade, or water soured with cream of tartar, or currant jelly. The effervescing draught, given every hour or two, is well adapted to this stage and to the condition of the stomach. Should there be danger from inflammation, which may be known by a full, hard, strong pulse, and local pain, bleeding from the arm will be a proper remedy ; but lo- cal bleeding, with cups and leeches, will answer the pur- pose in ordinary cases. Relief is frequently had in the hot stage by bathing the whole surface with cold water. But little can be done in the sweating stage, except to prevent taking cold, and keeping the skin wiped dry. When the intermission is established, if the stomach is overloaded and there is a desire to vomit, an emetic of tartar emetic and ipecac should be administered. If vom- INTERMITTENT FEVER, OR FEVER AND AGUE. 19 iting is not indicated, the bowels must be moved with calomel and jalap, or with some other active physic. As soon as the bowels have been acted on, some of the combinations of quinine should be regularly taken. Peruvian bark, and also Fowler's solution, seem, occa- sionally, better adapted for the cure of old cases, where there is a strong disposition for the chills to return after an apparent cure, or when they are kept up from habit, than quinine. They cannot be considered as good gen- eral remedies, but they may be superior in obstinate ca- ses, and can be resorted to with a good prospect of suc- cess. If at any time the stomach will not retain quinine, it may be given by injection. I wish to state, here, that in all the combination of med- icines, where water is used, it is desirable that it be dis- tilled ; but as it frequently cannot be had, in that condi- tion, without much trouble, I have omitted the word distilled whenever water is mentioned in the formulas. Rain and river water should be preferred to well water. Distilled water can be easily obtained, by condensing the steam from a tea-kettle, in a tin pail surrounded by cold water. I also desire to make known, in order to avoid errors, that the abbreviation fl. in the formulas, stands for fluid, and that instead of writing fluidrachms and fluidounces, I have written fl. Drachms and fl. Ounces. 20 INTERMITTENT FEVER, OR FEVER AND AGUE. Effervescing Draught. Carbonate of Potash....................Two Drachms. Water..............................Four fl. Ounces. Dissolve. Fresh Lemon Juice....................Two fl. Ounces. Water...............................Two fl. Ounces. Mix, add two tablespoonfuls of the lemon juice and water to on3 of the potash and water, and let the mixture be taken in a state of effervescence. Ellis. An Emetic of Tartar Emetic and Ipecac. Tartar Emetic............................ One Grain. Ipecac................................One Scruple. Mix in half a teacup of warm water, and take at one dose. If it does not vomit within twenty or thirty minutes, it should be assisted by drinking freely of warm water. It sometimes happens that instead of acting as an emetic, it acts on the bow- els as physic, in which case it will be useless to continue our efforts to vomit. Physic of Calomel and Jalap. Calomel................................Ten Grains. Jalap..................................Ten Grains. Mix, and take in molasses. If this docs not operate in two hours, it may be followed with castor oil, or Epsom salts, in teaspoonful doses, every hour till the bowels are moved. Physic of Jalap and Cream of Tartar. JalaP................................One Drachm. Cream of Tartar........................One Drachm. Mix, and take in sweetened water. The quantity of Jalap may be lessened, for a milder physic. INTERMITTENT FEVER, OR FEVER AND AGUE. 21 Fever and Ague Powder. Sulphate of Quinine................Twenty-four Grains. Sulphate of Morphine....................Half a Grain. Tartaric Acid..........................One Drachm. Mix, and divide into eight powders. Take one powder, in cold coffee, every four hours. Fever and Ague mixture. Sulphate of Quinine................Twenty-four Grains. Sulphate of Morphine....................Half a Grain. Elixir of Vitriol........................Eight Drops. Water................................Two Ounces. Syrup of Gum Arabic....................Two Ounces. Mix, and take a tablespoonful every four hours. Those Fever and Ague mixtures containing small portions of Morphine, I regard as the best, as they prevent, in a great de- gree, the unpleasant effects of the Quinine. Fever and Ague Mixture. Sulphate of Quinine................Thirty-two Grains. Water................................Two Drachms. *Elixir of Vitriol..........................Six Drops. Simple Syrup............................One Pound. Dissolve the quinine in the water and vitriol and add the syrup. Take a tablespoonful every two hours. Fever and Ague Mixture. Sulphate of Quinine................Twenty-four Grains. Copperas.............................Twelve Grains. Powdered Fennel Seed..................Four Drachms. Oil of Chamomile......................Twelve Drops. Syrup of Gum Arabic............One and a half Ounces. Mix, and take a teaspoonful every three hours.— Phoebus. This preparation is well calculated for cases of long standing in the old and enfeebled. 22 INTERMITTENT FEVER, OR FEVER AND AGUE. Fever and Ague Mixture. Sulphate of Quinine................Twenty-four Grains. Strong Coffee............................Five Ounces. Sugar................................Four Drachms. Mix, and take a tablespoonful every two or three hours. Beasley. Fever and Ague Pom dor. Sulphate of Quinine..................Thirty-six Grains. Cayenne Pepper....................Twenty-four Grains. White Sugar............................One Drachm. Mix, and divide into twelve powders. Take one every two hours in Molasses. Fever and Ague Pill. Sulphate of Quinine....................Thirty Grains. Extract of Gentian......................Thirty Grains. Mix, and make into twenty pills. Take one pill every two or three hours. Fever and Ague Pill. Calomel..............................Thirty Grains. Powdered Opium .....................Fifteen Grains. Sulphate of Quinine......................Sixty Grains. sy™P....................................Sufficient. Beat into a mass and divide into sixty pills. One pill to be taken morning, noon and night, in cases of long standing de- pendent on a torpid condition of the liver. Fever and Ague Pill. Blue PiU............................Twelve Grains. Sulphate of Quinine....................Twelve Grains. Aloes • • •'............................Twelve Grains. Syrup of Rhubarb..........................Sufficient. Beat into a mass and divide into twelve pills. A pill to be taken morning, noon and night, in case of torpid liver. INTERMITTENT FEVER, OR FEVER AND AGUE. 23 ■■« Fever and Ague Pill. Quinoidine............................Forty Grains. Dried Copperas..........................Ten Grains. Oil of Black Pepper......................Ten Drops. Make into ten pills. One to be taken every four hours. Fever and Ague Powder. Powdered Peruvian Bark................Four Drachms. Powdered Virginia Snakeroot............One Drachm. Carbonate of Soda....................Half a Drachm. Mix, and divide into four powders. One to be taken every three or four hours, in case of debility, or acidity of the stomach. Fowler's Solution. Fowler's solution is usually given, in doses of ten drops, in sweetened water, two or three times a day. Its principal ingredient is arsenic. Quinine and Laudanum Injection. Sulphate of Quinine....................Twelve Grains. Laudanum............................Thirty Drops. Thin Starch..............................Six Ounces. This quantity may be injected into the rectum every six hours. To be used when the stomach will not retain medicine. Peruvian Bark and Gruel Injection. Peruvian Bark..........................One Ounce. Thin Gruel................................One Pint. Mix well, and inject into the rectum, in two parts. 24 REMITTENT OR BILIOUS FEVER. Bilious fever is much like fever and ague in some of its symptoms. The latter is much the most excessive in its peculiarities. Bilious fever has its types, and is sub- ject to variations in them. It may be so mild that the patient can be about his business, or so violent as to en- danger life from its first attack. The symptoms vary, but the most common ones that precede the fever, are pain in the head, back and loins, trembling of the limbs, a sickening feeling and sense of heaviness about the region of the stomach, accompanied with a loss of appetite, a bitter taste in the mouth, and soreness of the flesh. The tongue is furred, the pulse sometimes excited, and the white of the eyes and the skin have a peculiar yellowish white appearance. The fever is usually preceded by a sensation of chilli- ness, either slight or severe. The system is depressed, and occasionally there is vomiting. The chill may be accompanied with flashes of heat, lasting from a few min- utes to an hour. When the fever is on, the skin is dry, hot and excited, the breathing quickened, and the pulse increased in frequency and fullness. The tongue is usu- ally coated yellow, and there will be nausea, thirst, a flushed face, suffused eyes, and headache. These are characteristic symptoms, and are always, more or less, present. A remission follows the fever in from six to eighteen hours, when the above symptoms abate, and are followed by perspiration, commencing about the face and neck, and spreading over the whole surface—affording relief to the patient. The remission may last from two to twenty- four hours. The fever and remission will follow each, REMITTENT OR BILIOUS FEVER. 25 other until they suddenly disappear, or gradually wear off, if the fever is to have a favorable termination. Treatment.—The chills that precede the fever may be managed with warm herb drinks and friction applied to the surface, if severe enough to require treatment. If there is nausea and sour eructations with a desire to vom- it, an emetic should be given. It is generally best to give an active emetic at the commencement of the fever, and afterwards those of a milder character. If an emetic is not required, an active purge should be given to unload the bowels of their contents. It will be necessary to have a movement of the bowels, daily, while the fever lasts; castor oil, Epsom salts, or magnesia, will be proper for this purpose. Unless there is danger from inflammation and congestion, bleeding from the arm should not be re- sorted to; it will be better to reduce the excitement of the system by other means, if possible. The application of the cups or leeches, in case of local pain, and swelling, will be advisable. After the physic has operated, those medicines should be given that have a tendency to induce perspiration. Among the most desirable are the neutral mixture, and a solution of tartar emetic and ipecac. Wlien the tongue is heavily loaded, with a disposition not to part with its coat, and especially if it is black and dry, an alterative pill or powder of blue pill, containing from three to five grains, should be given three or four times in twenty-four hours, and its use kept up until the gums are slightly affected. When calomel is used as an alterative, it is sometimes desirable to combine it with the, fever powder. The nitrous powder contains this com- bination. 2 26 REMITTENT OR BILIOUS FEVER. When the skin is hot, much relief may be had by sponging the whole surface with cold water, soda water, or with whisky and water. Should there be griping pains in the stomach or bow- els, fifteen or twenty drops of laudanum in a teaspoonful of sweetened water, or a quarter of a grain of the sul- phate of morphine, or ten or twelve grains of Dover'3 powder, mixed in syrup, may be given. If the urine is not Voided in sufficient quantity, a tea- spoonful of the sweet spirit of nitre may be given, in a little water, two or three times a day. Deep seated pain can be resisted best by the use of cups, leeches, fomentations, mustard poultices and blisters. The drinks should consist of water, softened with toast or soda, or made mucilaginous with slippery elm or gum Arabic; and, if the patient is not taking calomel, there is no objection to his having cool sour drinks. The diet should consist of such articles as thin gruel and porridge. It sometimes happens that when the fever goes off, there is a greatly depressed condition of the system, as in the intermission of fever and ague. In such cases it will be necessary to use stimulating remedies. Give ten or fif- teen grains of the carbonate of ammonia in a little water every hour or two, or wine and brandy may be used. It will occasionally be necessary to use tonics of a more permanent character, in which case some of the fever and ague mixtures may be given. It will generally be advisable to give a solution of car- bonate of soda, several times a day, to prevent sourness of the stomach. REMITTENT OR BILIOUS FEVER. 27 Active Emetic of Tartar Emetic and Ipecac. Tartar Emetic............................TwoGrains. Ipecac.......-.........................Two Scruples. Starch...............................Hall" a Drachm. Mix, and divide into three powders; one every quarter of an hour, till vomiting is induced.—Radius. Mild Emetic of Ipecac. Ipecac................................Fifteen Grains- Warm Water..........................Two Ounces. Mix well, and take at one dose. Its operation may be assist- ed by drinking large draughts of warm water, after it has been swallowed twenty or thirty minutes. Active Physic of Blue Pill and Extract of Jalap. Blue Pill................................Ten Grains. Extract of Jalap..........................Ten Grains- Beat into a mass and make four pills. To be taken at one dose. Mild Physic of Epsom Salts and Manna. Epsom Salts"..........................Two Drachms. Manna...................:..............One Ounce. AVater..............................Four fl. Ounces. Dissolve. A tablespoonful every two hours. Neutral Mixture. Citric Acid............................Half an Ounce. Oil of Lemon............................Two Drops. „r . ..........Half a Pint. Water.......................... Bicarbonate of Potash......................Sufficient. Rub the citric acid with the oil of lemon, and then with the water till dissolved; lastly add the bicarbonate of potash grad- ually till the acid is perfectly saturated, then strain. Dose, a tablespoonful every two hours.— TJ. S. Ph. 28 YELLOW FEVER. Active Physic of Calomel and Castor Oil. Calomel..............................Fifteen Grains. Castor Oil........................."......One Ounce. Mix, and take at one dose. Solution of Tartar Emetic and Ipecac. Tartar Emetic............................One Grain. Ipecac................................Fifteen Grains. Water................................Four Ounces. Mix, let it settle, and give a teaspoonful every three or four hours, to induce perspiration. Nitrous Powders. Nitrate of Potash........................One Drachm. Tartar Emetic............................One Grain. Calomel................................Four Grains. Pulverize and divide into six powders. One to be taken ev- ery six hours in syrup or molasses.— U. S. Ph. YELLOW FEV,ER. Yellow fever seems to arise in consequence of long con- tinued hot weather, and is confined to certain locations. Heat develops it, and cold frosty weather cuts off its pro- gress. Perhaps there is no disease that may be so mild, or terrible in its course. Its attack may be preceded by the same symptoms common to bilious fever—chills, pain in the head, general restlessness and nausea—or it may attack without warning. Pain, in the back and loins, of an aggravated character, is a constant symptom, previous to the accession of the fever. When the fever is on the skin is hot and dry, the breathing quickened, the 'face red, and the eyes injected. The tongue is generally moist YELLOW FEVER. 29 and covered with a white fur. Sickness at the stomach and sometimes vomiting will attend at the commencement of this disease, but these symptoms are more troublesome later in the course of the fever, when there may also be retching, and tenderness of the abdomen. A disagreea- ble sensation in the stomach and bowels, accompanied with feelings of great apprehension, is a prominent symp- tom. The pulse has considerable force, and ranges from 100 to 120, and may run as high as 140, in a minute. Wind and great heat in the stomach and bowels, costive- ness, violent headache, delirium and stupor, are, more or less, constant symptoms. If the attack is severe, the fever may last but a few hours, but if mild, it will be apt to last two or three days. When it abates, there is a remarkable freedom from pain. The patient expresses himself as being much better, and hopeful for his recovery. Except in mild cases his feel- ings are delusive; for he has yet to struggle with debili- ty, and extreme prostration, from twelve to twenty-four hours. If he has sufficient powers of resistance, and can be sustained through this state of debility, till reaction is established, and the secondary fever comes on, there may be some hope of his recovery ; but if there is pain and great tenderness, on pressure, over the stomach and bow- els, yellowishness of the eyes, face and neck, with a ten- dency to spread over the body, little or no pulse to be felt in the wrist, dark purplish color of the fingers and toes, a brown, dry, chapped tongue, black vomit, hiccough, bleeding gums, a discharge of blood from the bowels, and a cold clammy skin, it is almost certain there will be a fatal termination—death usually taking place between the third and sixth day. 30 YELLOW FEVER. Treatment.—While there are some cases of yellow fever so mild they would get well without treatment, there are others so violent that all that can be done for them will be of no avail. At the commencement of this fever if the stomach is overloaded and there is a desire to vomit, an emetic of ipecac should be given. Twenty grains may be mixed in a teacup of warm water and taken at one dose ; and if necessary this quantity may be repeated, and its ope- ration promoted by large draughts of warm water. La- ter in the disease, when the stomach and bowels are very irritable, an emetic would not be proper. Bleeding, during the first or second day, may be of service, but it is a remedy of such doubtful utility, unless the indications for it are absolute, it should not be resort- ed to. An active physic should be given, at the commence- ment of the fever, if we do not give an emetic. If we give an emetic, -after its operation a purge will be neces- sary, if the emetic does not also operate as physic. In case the stomach will not retain cathartic medicines, an active or mild injection, as the case may seem to require, should be administered. The bowels must be moved, as often as every twenty-four hours, by the use of mild physic or injections. After the bowels have been evacuated, three grains of blue pill should be given every four hours. Should it operate too freely on the bowels, it may be combined with a half or one grain of opium. Cold bathing, with a sponge, will afford great relief when the skin is hot, and it should not be neglected. For difficulty in making water, a teaspoonful of the YELLOW FEVER. 31 sweet spirit of nitre, in a tablespoonful of water, or some other diuretic, should be given several times a-day. Dover's powder, in ten or fifteen grain doses, will be good to allay pain when there is no headache; but if there is headache, six to ten drops of the black drop will be more suitable for that purpose. Cups, leeches or blisters, applied on the back of the neck or between the shoulders, cold water or ice applied to the head, or bathing the feet in warm water, may be had recourse to, as occasion may require, to relieve head- ache and congestion of the brain. Thiek cloths wrung out in hot water, and applied over the stomach, renewing them as often as they get cold, will control pain in that organ. When the depressed stage comes on, the above reme- dies must be discontinued, except the blue pill, which may be continued to the end of the disease, or till they affect the gums. To allay irritation of the stomach and bowels, one or two grains of the sugar of lead, taken in sweetened water or syrup, every one or two hours, till thirty or forty grains have been taken, is recommended by the highest author- ity. For the same purpose, a blister may be drawn over the stomach or bowels, and one or two grains of the sul- phate of morphine sprinkled on its raw surface. The diet must be sustaining, consisting of such articles as milk, animal broths, and wine whey, combined, if nec- essary with stimulating tonics. ' In case of extreme prostration, brandy, wine, or some tonic preparation containing turpentine, should be used internally; at the same time the surface must be stimu- lated with Cayenne pepper in hot water or warm spirits, 32 YELLOW FEVER. or with hot oil of turpentine or mustard paste. An in- jection of spirit of turpentine would also assist in pro- ducing reaction. This seems to be the best treatment for yellow fever, but it is quite a question with some eminent medical men, whether it will not be better, after all, to trust to such mild remedies as the judgment may dictate, at the bedside of the patient. Active Physic of Blue Pill and Croton Oil. Blue Pill............................Fifteen Grains. Croton Oil................................One Drop. Beat together and divide into three pills. To be taken at one dose. A good pill in case of obstinate costiveness. Active Injection of Soap and Salt. Common Bar Soap.................One Tablespoonful. Common Salt......................One Tablespoonful. Molasses..........................One Tablespoonful. Warm Water ,...........................One Pint. Dissolve. Mild Injection of Molasses and Warm "Water. Molasses ........................One Tablespoonful. Warm Water............................One Pint. Mix. Diuretic of Juniper* Berries and Cream of Tartar. Juniper Berries..........................One Ounce. Cream of Tartar........................Half an Ounce. Warm Water............................0ne pint> Mix, and when cool take a wineglassful every three hours. YELLOW FEVER. 3£ Dover's Powder, Powdered Opium........................One Drachm Powdered Ipecac........................One Drachm. Sulphate of Potash........................One Ounce. Rub them together into a very fine powder.— U. S. Ph. Wine Whey. White Wine.........:..........One to Two fl. Ounces. Sugar....................................Sufficient. Boiling Milk............................Half a Pint. Boil for ten minutes, constantly stirring, then strain. A good mode of giving wine as a stimulant. Dose must depend on circumstances.—Ellis. Mild Stimulant of Ammonia and Camphor. Carbonate of Ammonia....................Five Grains. Gum Camphor..........................Three Grains. Sugar....................................Sufficient. Mix, and take this quantity every one or two hours. Stimulating Tonic of Quinine and Turpentine. Sulphate of Quinine.......................Ten Grains. Spirit of Turpentine....................Twenty Drops. Syrup of Gum Arabic"....................One Ounce. Mix, and take a tablespoonful every two hours. Injection of Turpentine and Yolk: of Eggs. Spirit of Turpentine...........#...........One Ounce. Yolk of Eggs................."................Two- Water..................................Half a Pint. Mix. 34 TYPHOID FEVER. TYPHOID FEVER This fever may begin, like other fevers with a chill, but more frequently it comes on gradually, increasing from day to day in severity. The characteristic symp- toms are uneasiness, soreness, numbness, hot skin, quick pulse, impaired appetite, and the tongue covered with a thin white fur. Chills, followed by flashes of heat, and diarrhea, are also common in the forming stage. The above symptoms, with occasionally a slight headache, be- come more and more severe, until the patient is confined to his bed. When the fever is fully formed the headache becomes severe, the pulse more accelerated, and the loss of appetite complete. Pain in the back and loins, great soreness of the flesh, and bleeding from the nose are fre- quently attendant sj^mptoms. As the fever progresses, the countenance becomes darker, the tongue covered with a thick fur with an inclination to dryness, and redness on the borders and end. Pain in the bowels on pressure, bloating of the bowels, diarrhea, and an annoying cough are now common. From the seventh to the ninth day, the tongue becomes dry and brown, the throat sore, and swallowing painful. The bowels are distended, and sound hollow, when tapped on with the fingers. About this time small rose-colored spots may be seen on the face, ab- domen and extremities, which are generally followed, in a few days, by small eruptive vesicles on the neck, chest and other parts of the body. If the fever is to terminate unfavorably, the following symptoms will be very likely to ensue—ringing in the ears, delirium, stupor and a trembling of the tongue. The TYPHOID FEVER. 35 tongue will become brown, dry, cracked, and, with the teeth, lips and gums, covered with a dark crust; the pulse quickened and enfeebled, increasing to 100 or 120 in a minute; the skin hot in one place and cold in ano- ther ; and there will be a peculiar smell arising from the body. Before death takes place, there is generally delir- ious muttering, jerking of the extremities, picking of the bed clothes, suppression of the urine, bloody discharges from the bowels, and purple-colored spots and blisters on different parts of the body. When the fever is to terminate favorably, the tongue will become moist and gradually clean, the pulse and skin natural, the bloating of the bowels diminished, and there will be a return of the appetite and of consciousness. Treatment.—It will, at the commencement, be neces- sary to evacuate the bowels; and to avoid irritating them as much as possible, we must use the mildest kinds of physic. A teaspoonful of castor oil, or Epsom salts dis- solved in water, or a drachm of magnesia in milk or wa- ter, may be taken, and repeated in one or two hours, if required. If there is much irritation, of the bowels, ten or fifteen drops of laudanum may be added to either of the above laxatives. It will be necessary to move the bowels every day, with the mildest means, if they do not move of them- selves.; for this purpose a Seidlitz powder, or half a drachm of magnesia in milk, will answer. If the stom- ach will not retain these medicines, or if they cause too much irritation, it will be better to evacuate the bowels with mild injections. In the latter stages of the fever, or when there is much distention of the bowels, a turpen- tine injection will be the most suitable. gg TYPHOID FEVER. During the fever, when not taking mercurials, cool sour drinks, as weak lemonade, and water soured with cream of tartar, are admissible. Ice may be allowed to dissolve in the mouth, and the neutral mixture may also be given as directed. The nitre and morphine mixture, and Hoffmann's ano- dyne, will be excellent remedies to control nervous irri- tation. Sourness of the stomach may be arrested with soda in water, or magnesia in milk. When the fever is on, the patient should be bathed, frequently, with cold water, or whisky and water—care being taken not to produce chills. Ice water, or ice in bladders, applied to the head when there is severe headache, will be of great service. -The diarrhea should not be checked, unless it becomes excessive, in which case the bowels may be restrained with half grain doses of opium, taken every two, three or four hours, or by astringent anodyne powders. The above treatment will generally be sufficient, if the fever has the appearance of terminating favorably; but if, at about the eighth or ninth day, the unfavorable symp- toms enumerated above, supervene, we must give some form of mercurial, and keep up its use till the gums are slightly affected. For distention of the bowels, we may give some turpen- tine mixture, use warm fomentations, and lay soft poulti- ces, or mustard paste, over the abdomen. The usual remedies for local pain, are fomentations, cups, leeches and blisters. To regulate suppression of the urine, we may use the TYPHOID FEVER. 87 infusion of buchu, decoction of uva ursi or the fox-glove mixture. Quinine is a valuable remedy in this fever. It will frequently be necessaryto resort to it early in the disease. The dose must be governed by the necessities of the case. Large doses are occasionally necessary to support the strength of the patient through the sinking stages of the fever. In the latter stages, attended with much debility, we must make a careful use of stimulants—wine whey, in tablespoonful doses, or ether in teaspoonful doses, in waj ter, may be taken as often as seems necessary. If occa- sion requires it, wine, brandy, or the egg and brandy mixture may be used. The diet, in the forepart of the fever, should consist, mostly, of liquid drinks, as gum Arabic, slippery elm and barley water, crust coffee, gruel and porridge. In the lat- ter part of the fever, a more sustaining diet will be re- quired, and may consist of nourishing gruels, tea and toast, crackers and tea, and animal broths. Mild Physic of Senna. Senna................................Four Drachms. Aniseed................................One Drachm Boiling Water.........................Eight Ounces. Let it stand till it cools and strain. Take one-third every hour till it operates. Injection of Turpentine and Castor Oil. Spirit of Turpentine....................Four Drachms. Castor Oil...............................One Ounce. Warm Water..............................One Pint. Mix well before using. 38 TYPHOID FEVER. Mild Injection of Castor Oil. Castor Oil...............................One Ounce. Warm Water............................One Pint. Mix. Mixture of Spirit of Nitre and Morphine. Sulphate of Morphine......................One Grain. Sweet Spirit of Nitre......................One Ounce. Mix, and give a teaspoonful, every three or four hours, till the pain is quieted. Astringent Anodyne Powder of Opium and Rhubarb. Powdered Opium........................One Grain. Powdered Rhubarb........................One Grain. Prepared Chalk..........................One Grain. Mix. This quantity to be taken every three or four hours, as may be necessary. Infusion of Buchu. Buchu Leaves............................One Ounce. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Steep two hours, in a covered vessel, and strain. The dose, is from two to four tablespoonfuls.— XI. S. Ph. Mixture of Foxglove and Nitre. Powdered Foxglove...................Three Grains. Powdered Nitre........................0ne Drachm. Cream ofTartar........................Four Drachms. Mix, and divide into six powders. One to be taken every four hours, in suppression of the urine. Mixture of Turpentine and Simple Syrup. Spirit of Turpentine....................One Drachm Simple Syrup............................One Ounce Mix. A teaspoonful every four hours. TYPHUS FEVER. 39 Mercurial of Calomel, with Opium and Rhubarb. Calomel..............................Twelve Grains. Rhubarb................................Six Grains. Powdered Opium.........................Six Grains. Mix, and divide into six powders. One to be taken every four or six hours. Useful when there is troublesome diarrhea. Mercurial of Blue Pill, with Extract of Rhubarb. Blue Pill............................Eighteen Grains. Extract of Rhubarb.......................Six Grains. Mix, and make into six pills. Take one every four hours. This pill is preferable to the above powder, when diarrhea does not exist. Mixture of Eggs and Brandy. Brandy..............................Four fl. Ounces. Cinnamon Water......................Four fl. Ounces. Yolk of Eggs..................................Two gUo-ar................................Half an Ounce. Oil of Cinnamon........................Three Drops. As a stimulant in the sinking stage of fevers.—Lond. Ph. TYPHUS FEVER. The patient is first affected, in this fever, with peculiar disagreeable sensations, which seem to be the result of weakness or soreness. There is great fatigue and wea- riness, accompanied with pain in the head, back and loins, tightness across the stomach, attended with nausea and want of appetite, and restlessness, with disturbance of the brain. Most of these symptoms progress gradually, until chills and debility confine the patient to his bed. The chills may be slight and of short duration, or very 40 TYPHUS FEVER. severe and protracted, when the skin will become cold and pinched, and the countenance denote great anxiety. There may be oppression of the chest and stomach, with feeble pulse and great prostration. Unless the patient is cut off in this depressed condition, in from one to twelve hours after alternate chills and heat, the fever will become established, and attended with the usual symptoms—hot skin, hurried pulse and breathing, coated tongue and head- ache. The coat on the tongue will be white or yellow, and moist, the eyes injected, and the face, by its dark red color, will denote an impeded circulation, the mind be- comes confused, and nervous anxiety supervenes. These symptoms increase, from day to day, in severity, until the whole surface becomes hot, and the pulse increased to 100, 150 or 160 a minute. About this time, small, red, pur- plish colored spots, from the size of the head of a pin to that of a dime, make their appearance. They are not confined to any particular place, but may be seen on all parts of the surface. There may be few or many of them, and they will vary in color as the disease advances. They usually make their appearance from the fourth to the eighth day, and last about ten or twelve days. The tongue presents almost every variety of appearance, from dry and brown, to clean, red and smooth ; but it is gen- erally, with the teeth, gums and lips, covered with a dark brown crust. Other symptoms, as diarrhea, suppression of the urine, bleeding from the nose, tenderness of the skin, deafness^ trembling and jerking, and delirium and stupor are not uncommon. Delirium and stupor may alternate. The following may be enumerated as symptoms of a fatal character:—great prostration, sinking, fainting, op- TYPHUS FEVER. 41 pressed and suffocating feelings at the chest, stupor, de- lirium, picking of the bed clothes, spasms, unconscious discharges from the bowels, coldness of the extremities, and a fluttering pulse. An abatement of the unfavorable symptoms, with a free perspiration, a copious discharge of urine, and quiet sleep, will betoken a favorable result. This fever usually runs from one to four weeks. Treatment—If the depression of the system does not contraindicate it, we may commence the treatment by giving a mild emetic of ipecac or sulphate of zinc; but if there is much prostration, an emetic must not be ad- ministered, but a resort had to stimulants. The carbon- ate of ammonia, in ten or fifteen grain doses, in a table- spoonful of water, every hour, or wine, wine whey, spirit of Mindererus, the egg and wine mixture, or some of the quinine mixtures mentioned in fever and ague, should be given in quantities suited to the necessities of the case. If the urgency of the symptoms demands it, brandy or ether may be taken, and, at the same time, the body, ex- tremities, and the spine should be rubbed with Cayenne pepper or mustard in water, or with hot oil of turpentine, and bricks, or bottles of warm water should be applied to the back, hips and legs. When reaction has taken place and the fever is fully established, the bowels should be moved with some mild physic. If the fever runs high, perhaps a tablespoonful of Epsom salts, dissolved in a proper quantity of water, -will be the best physic for this purpose. The bowels should be moved as often as every day, with mild laxa-' tive, assisted, if necessary, with mild injections. Local bleeding with cups, or leeches, and blisters m;vy 42 TYPHUS FEVER. be had recourse to when there is danger from congestions. Bleeding from the arm can never be as safely employed; but there may possibly instances arise, of great determi- nation of blood to vital parts, with a full, hard and strong pulse, when it will be justifiable. When there is any doubt of its propriety, it should not be resorted to. Sponging the body, when hot, with saleratus water, whisky, or reduced alcohol, will be very grateful to the patient, and it will afford temporary relief; but great care must be taken not to.carry the sponging to that extent as to produce chills. Small doses of a solution of soda, or magnesia, several times a day, may be required to correct acidity of the stomach. Sweet spirit of nitre, or some tonic diuretic, should be taken in case the urine is not discharged in its usual quan- tity and with freedom. Should there arise a tendency to inflammation of the chest, the calomel, opium and ipecac powder must be given, until the gums are slightly touched, and counter- irritation should be made, over the lungs, with mustard paste, or blistering salve. For restlessness and irritability, give either powdered camphor in five grain, sweet spirit of nitre, or Hoffmann's anodyne, in teaspoonful, or the musk mixture in table- spoonful doses, every hour or two, till relief is obtained. A blister applied to the back of the neck, will materially aid the other means recommended, for the cure of head- ache. In the latter part of the fever, cold water and ice - may be applied to the head for the same purpose. "Do- ver's powder, in ten or fifteen grain doses, repeated every TYPHUS FEVER. * 43 four or five hours, will be very useful in quieting irrita- bility, when it is not accompanied with headache. Cooling drinks will be agreeable, and useful to reduce the fever, as the effervescing draught, lemonade, and in- fusion of tamarinds. The diet, at the commencement of the fever, should be governed by the depressed or excited state of the system; but generally, it should commence with porridge and gru- el, and as the system becomes depressed, increased in rich- ness, including beef and mutton tea, and the egg and wine mixture. Emetic of Sulphate of Zinc. Sulphate of Zinc....................... .Thirty Grains. Water..................................One Ounce. Dissolve, and take a .tablespoonful every twenty minutes, till vomiting is induced. Wine Whey. White Wine............................Half a Pint. Boiling Milk..............................One Pint. Loaf Sugar................................Sufficient. Stir a few minutes and strain, to separate the curd. Dose, a tablespoonful as often as necessary. Spirit of Mindcrcrus. Diluted Acetic Acid........................Two Pints. Carbonate of Ammonia......................Sufficient. Add- the carbonate gradually to the acid, stirring constantly until all effervescence ceases. Take from half to one fl. ounce ever / three or four hours.— U. S. Ph. 44 TYPHUS FEVER. Mixture of Eggs and Wine. Yolk of Eggs..................................Two Oil of Cinnamon......................Twenty Drops. Mix, and add, Madeira Wine.....................__Three fl. Ounces. Cinnamon Water....................Three fl. Ounces. Water...............................Two fl. Ounces. Sugar................................Two Drachms. Mix. Three or four tablespoonfhls for a dose. In convales- cence from low fevers.—Ellis. Mild Physic of Calomel and Rhubarb. Calomel................................Ten. Grains. Rhubarb......................;.........Ten Grains. Mix, and take in syrup. Mild Physic of Rhubarb and Magnesia. Rhubarb................................Ten Grains. Magnesia............................Half a Drachm. Mix, and take in Molasses. Mild Injection of Soap and Gruel. Soft Soap..........................One Teaspoonful. Thin Gruel................................One Pint. Mix, and inject, one half or the whole, into the rectum, and repeat the operation in two hours, if necessary. Tonic Diuretic of Extract of Dandelion and Nitre. Extract of Dandelion....................Two Drachms. Sweet Spirit of Nitre................Twelve Drachms. Water..............................Four Drachms. Dissolve. Dose, a teaspoonful every two or three hours. Infusion of Tamarinds. Pulp of Tamarinds................'........One Ounce. Boiling Water............................Two Pints. Infuse for one hour and strain. As a cooling drink in fevers. Cotteraeu. SMALL-POX. 45 Powder of Calomel, Opium and Ipecac Calomel............................Twelve Grains. Opium..................................Six Grains. Ipecac..................................Six Grains. Mix, and divide into six powders. Take one every four hours, to affect the gums. Musk Mixture. Musk................................Two Drachms. gUgar................................Two Drachms. Gum Arabic............................One Ounce. Water......*...........•...............Six fl. Ounces. Mix. A tablespoonful every hour or two, in low fevers.—Ellis. SMALL-POX. This is an eruptive, contagious disease, which makes its appearance after exposure, in from six to twenty days. It may be taken from those who have the varioloid, which is modified small-pox, and varioloid may be taken from those who have the natural small-pox. It may be com- municated from the commencement of the fever until af- ter the body is dead. It is more fatal in the young and aged than in the middle aged. Symptoms.—We have, for the first three or four days, what is known as the primary fever, which is followed by an eruption of small pimples or pustules, that soon become bladders or vesicles filled with a thin fluid, which ripens into matter. When the pustules are separate, the disease is known as the distinct, and when they run to- gether, as the confluent small-pox. Three stages occur in this disease : first, three or four days of fever, which is followed by an eruption; second, 46 SMALL-POX. the time from when the eruption is fully out to when it begins to decline; third, the time of the declining of the eruption. Small-pox may be characterized as an eruptive fever, the general symptoms of which are much the same as in other fevers. In the confluent variety the symptoms are more violent than in the other form. In this variety, sore mouth, throat and eyes, increased accumulation of fluids in the throat, vomiting, and pain in the back, and especially in the loins, are constant symptoms. The fever subsides when the eruption -makes its ap- pearance, which usually commences about the head, in small red pimples, and gradually extends to the extremi- ties, and covering the whole surface in about ten days. When the limbs arc covered with the eruption, those - pimples that first made their appearance on the face have become vesicles, and in about twenty-four hours after- wards they become depressed or flattened in their center. They increase in size, and become more turbid, until the fifth day, when they are cup-shaped ; and about the eighth of the eruption, or twelfth day from the commencement of the fever they begin to turn brown colored, burst and dry away. The pustules disappear in the order that they came. The number of the pustules may be few, or they may be hundreds or thousands. It is not uncommon for the eruption to be preceded by a red or scarlet rash, which is sometimes mistaken for the rash peculiar to measles and scarlet fever. Occasionally the eruption may be seen in the mouth and throat, and also an appearance of an ef- fort of the eruption to make its way through the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. While the pus tules are maturing the skin becomes swelled, particularly SMALL-POX. 47 about the head and face, so much so, at times, as to close the eyes for several days. From the sixth to the eighth day of the eruption, what is known as the secondary fe- ver makes its appearance. About this time, also, the body emits a peculiar stench, which, when once known, will always afterwards be recognized. By the twentieth day the scabs have mostly fallen off, leaving dark red spots and pits. Mild cases of distinct small-pox are not very danger- ous ; the confluent variety is often fatal; and when it is of a malignant character it is almost surely so. Treatment.—In the great majority of cases of small- pox the treatment ought to be very simple, little more being necessary than to keep the room well ventilated, the patient cool and the bowels open. A small-pox pa- tient cannot bear heat. If he is kept hot he will surely die. Lemonade and buttermilk are cooling and refreshing drinks, and may be freely indulged in without fear of bad consequences. If the bowels do not move of themselves, as often as every twenty-four or thirty-six hours, they must be operated on by giving castor oil, Epsom salts or Seidlitz powders, or by administering an injection. When the fever runs high the patient may be sponged with cool water, unless it produces chills, in which case warm water should be used. For pain and restlessness, give either a quarter of a grain of the sulphate of morphine, a teaspoonful of Hoff- mann s anodyne, five to ten drops of black drop, or from ten to twenty drops of the acetated tincture of opium, every four or five hours, as the occasion may seem to re- quire. Local pain that cannot be subdued by fomentations, 48 SMALL-POX. cupping or leeching, may possibly be relieved by bleed- ing from the arm, which will be justifiable when the pulse is full and strong, and there is unmistakable evi- dence of congestion of some of the vital organs. The strength and fullness of the pulse are better evidence of congestion than pain, which may be severe without it. But later in the disease, and when the pulse is feeble, in- stead of bleeding from the arm, we must make every ex- ertion to relieve local pain by the use of cups, leeches, mustard paste and blisters, and by the internal use of calomel and opium, in alterative doses. For obstinate vomiting, make use of a quarter of a grain of morphine, or five drops of black drop, in a little water, and repeat the quantity in one or two hours if necessary. A mustard paste or a blister applied over the stomach will also be useful. In the latter part of the disease the diet must be more nourishing, and it may consist of4 rice, custard, essence of beef, chicken jelly, and, if necessary to prevent pros- tration, ale, wine and brandy may be used. The sweet spirit of nitre, or a decoction of uva ursi, may be used to regulate the secretion of the urine. To prevent itching, the parts may be covered with cold cream, sweet oil or lard. Pitting may, in a measure, be prevented by touching the pustules with nitrate of silver or the tincture of io- dine, or by opening each one and dressing the parts with blue ointment. The earlier this is done the more likely will it be of service. The room should also be kept darkened, and the face covered with silk saturated with sweet oil, or covered with blue ointment. VARIOLOID. 49 Seidlitz Powders. Rochelle Salts........................Two Drachms. Bicarbonate of Soda .................. Two Scruples. Dissolve in half a tumbler of water. Tartaric Acid ;.....................Thirty-five Grains. Dissolve in nearly half a tumble of water. Pour one into the other, and drink while effervescing. The salts and soda are usually put up in a blue paper, and the tartaric acid in a white one, for the sake of convenience. Hoffmann's Anodyne. Sulphuric Ether..........................Half a Pint. Alcohol..................................0ne Pint- Ethereal Oil..........:.............Three fl. Drachms. Dose, a teaspoonful in sweetened water. Decoction of Uva Ursi. Uva Ursi.................•..............0ne 0unce- Water............-.................Twenty Ounces. Boil down to one pint, and strain. Dose, one to three ounces, three or four times a-day.— U. S. Ph. VARIOLOID. The disease known by this name is a modified form of small-pox, the person afflicted with it having had the small-pox or the cow-pox, which amounted but to a partial protection. There'may be fever with or without erup- tions; but more generally the fever is followed by an eruption, which may be slight or extensive. The erup- tion is mostly confined to red spots, which 'occasionally advance to pimples, but seldom to a partial suppuration. 50 VACCINE DISEASE, OR COW-POX. The treatment is generally simple and does not vary from that of the other form of small-pox. The patient must have fresh air and be kept cool. VACCINE DISEASE OR COW-POX. Cow-pox is usually produced by vaccination as a pre- ventive against small-pox. The next day after the introduction of the vaccine mat- ter, there will appear a small red spot which soon after will disappear; but about the third day a small red eleva- tion will show itself, which, after a while, will be covered with a scab, that usually falls off by the twenty-first day, leaving a small scar. OF VACCINATION. Infants, in the third month, are about as young as it is advisable to vaccinate. Unless there is a special ne- cessity, those only should be vaccinated who are in good health. The operation had better be deferred till the sub- ject of it is brought into a proper condition, that the matter may have a good chance to work in the system. The* matter taken from the pustule the fifth day is the most desirable; but if taken any time before the ninth day, it will generally answer the purpose. The matter must be taken from healthy individuals. When the scab is used, it may first be moistened on glass, with a drop of water. All that is necessary in vaccination is to intro- duce some of the matter under the outer skin. This may be easily done, by raising the skin on the point of a lancet, or knife blade, and conveying a very little of the CHICKEN-POX. 51 virus into the puncture. As a matter of safety, there had better be made three of the punctures, about the eighth of an inch apart, and the matter put into all of them. The arm is the most convenient place to vacci- nate, and the spot selected should be where the scar will be of the least annoyance. Treatment.—If the inflammatory symptoms are vio- lent, give a dose of Epsom salts, and confine the patient to a low diet, and cooling drinks. If the arm is much inflamed and painful, it may be bathed with cold water, or with a common solution of sugar of lead. A Dover's powder, or a dose of paragoric, may be necessary, to allay irrita- tion—especially with children. OF RE-VACCINATION. About one-half of those who have been vaccinated, and a portion of those who have had the small-pox, are but partially protected from attacks of some form of this disease. Re-vaccination should be employed in every case, unless the person knows that he has been exposed to the contagion of small-pox, with impunity. CHICKEN-POX. This is a contagious eruptive disease, that commences with a slight fever, attended with the usual symptoms, and followed by an eruption. The fever is mild and some- times may be wholly wanting. It will last for a few hours, or it may last for two days. The eruption is first seen on the breast, shoulders and back, and then spreads upwards and downwards, cover- 52 MEASLES. ing the whole surface. The pustules are distinct. The eruption is composed of small red spots, which soon be- come vesicles, and are frequently attended with much ir- ritation. When the vesicles are broken, as frequently will happen, by scratching or rubbing, they spread and become irregular, and appear more like blotches. There may be two or three crops of pustules succeeding each other. They mature on the fourth or fifth day, when they will be found filled with a whitish colored fluid, and soon after they will begin to shrink and dry away. By the tenth day a crust has formed, hardened and fallen off, leaving the skin discolored. The pustules seldom leave pits, but when they have been broken and irritated, so as to form matter, and there has, in consequence, been a loss of sub- stance, they will do so. Treatment.—The bowels should be kept open by the ■ use of some mild evacuent, as castor oil, Epsom salts, or Seidlitz powders. After the scabs have fallen off, the skin may be washed with warm water, or with weak soap suds. This, in general, is all the treatment that will be necessary. MEASLES. This is also a contagious disease, and is accompanied with fever. It often commences with weakness, chills and pain, which are soon followed with a quick pulse, hot skin, coated tongue and a loss of appetite ; but a more especial symptom, is the inflamed condition of the eyes, nose, mouth, throat, windpipe and lungs, which causes suf- fusion of the eyes, sneezing, difficult swallowing, hoarse- ness, cough, oppressed breathing and constriction of the MEASLES. 58 chest. Sometimes there will be bleeding from the nose, pain in the stomach, sickness and vomiting. Like other febrile diseases, this may vary from the mildest to that of the most serious character. The fever increases for two or three days, in severity, when it will become milder for awhile, or until the breaking out of the rash, at which time it returns with increased violence. This disease generally comes on about a week after exposure. The eruption may be expected about the fourth day—though from improper management it may be delayed for sever- al days. The rash, at first, is composed of clusters of small, dis- tinct, elevated, red spots, much like flea bites, that dis- appear under pressure with the fingers. They are first to be seen on the face and neck, and afterwards on the body and limbs. They are generally all out in two days . from tb jir first appearance. They soon run together, forming irregular, dark-red blotches, which will vary in coior according to the severity of the fever. Occasion- ally, the rash will make its first appearance on some part of the body, and be confined to a small extent of surface. About the third day, when the eruption is at its height, the itching and irritation will sometimes cause convul- sions, in infants. Unlike the small-pox, the fever and inflammatory symp- toms do not abate when the eruption comes out, but vom- iting, pain in the stomach and bowels, and such symptoms as are dependent on nervous irritation, become less vio- lent, and soon cease in ordinary cases. On the fourth day of the eruption, the rash begins to disappear, leaving those places first, where it first made its appearance. Treatment.—When the disease is mild, all the indi- 54 MEASLES. cations of treatment will be answered by putting the pa- tient on a low diet, confining him to the house, prevent- ing exposure to cold and dampness, and by properly reg- ulating the bowels. The extremes of heat and cold must be avoided. Chil- dren should be watched closely, and those confined to the bed kept comfortable, and of uniform warmth, by a prop- er arrangement of the bed-clothes, and by sufficiently ventilating the room. The ordinary drinks should be of the character of an infusion of flaxseed, slippery elm, or barley water acid- ulated with lemon-juice, or a solution of gum Arabic. When the skin is hot and dry, cool sour drinks, as lem- onade, water soured with cream of tartar, or an infusion of tamarinds, may be used. The bowels may be regulated with castor oil, Epsom salts, or the compound infusion of senna. Dover's powder will be useful to allay irritation and to induce perspiration. Paregoric will also be useful, es- pecially with children, to quiet irritability. Local pain, arising from congestion, when practicable, should be subdued by fomentations of warm water, cup- ping, leeching and blistering, otherwise, by bleeding from the arm, which must not be resorted to without great caution. If, after the eruption has declined, the cough is still troublesome, some of the expectorant mixtures should be used, one of the best of which in this case, is the sper- maceti mixture. In the event the eruption does not come out sufficient- ly, or if there is a sudden recession of it, stimulating poultices and blisters should be applied to the extremi- MEASLES. 55 ties, and warm herb and stimulating drinks partaken of freely, the infusion of saffron being thought as good as any in mild cases, and pepper tea in obstinate ones. Milk punch is also a favorite remedy for this purpose. The warm bath will be of much service in calling the erup- tion to the surface. After an attack of measles, the eyes are frequently left in a weakened condition, which will call for the occasion- al use of some astringent eye-wash. A little honey, or borax and honey placed on the tongue several times a-day, will be useful to cleanse the mouth of tenacious mucus, which is often a source of great annoyance to the patient. " When the measles prevail epidemically, it may be advisable to confine such children as have never had them to a vegetable diet, giving a gentle aperient once or twice a week. Children thus prepared will be likely to have a mild disease." Jellies, toast, panada, rice, arrow root, sago and gruel will be proper articles of diet in this disease. Infusion of Slippery Elm Baric. Bruised Slippery Elm Bark................One Ounce. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Macerate for two hours and strain.— U. S. Ph. Barley Water, or Decoction of Barley. Pearl Barley............................Two Ounces. Water........................Four and a half Pints. Wash the barley in cold water, drain, pour on it half a pint of the water, boil for a short time, drain off this water, add the remainder in a boiling state, and boil down to one-half^ and strain.— U. S. Ph. 56 MEASLES. Compound Infusion of Senna. Senna................................Half an Ounce. Epsom Salts............................One Ounce. Manna..................................One Ounce. Fennel Seed............................ One Drachm. Boiling Water...........................Half a Pint. Macerate in a covered vessel till cool, and strain. Dose, one- third every four or five hours, till it operates.— Wood. Paregoric. Powdered Opium........................One Drachm. Benzoic Acid...........................One Drachm. Oil of Anise........................One fl. Drachm. Extract of Liquorice......................Two Ounces. Camphor..............................Two Scruples. Proof Spirits............................Two Pints. Mix, let it stand two weeks, and strain. It should be shaken occasionally, and, if convenient, kept in a warm room. Dose, for an infant, five to fifteen drops ; for a grown person, one to three teaspoonfuls, in water. Spermaceti Mixture. Spermaceti............................Two Drachms. Yolkof Egg....................................One. Powdered Gum Arabic................Two Drachms. Paregoric......-......................Six fl. Drachms. Antimonial Wine....................Four fl. Drachms. White Sugar........................ Three fl. Drachms. Water.......•'........................Six fl. Ounces. Mix. Rub the spermaceti with the yolk of egg, then add the other ingredients separately. When well incorporated, intro- duce the water gradually. A tablespoonful every two or three hours to an adult. Useful in catarrh, especially of measles. Dewees. SCARLET FEVER. 57 Mixture of Syrup of Squill and Ipecac. Syrup of Squill..........................One Ounce. Syrup of Ipecac..........................One Ounce. Mix, and take a teaspoonful, occasionally, as an expectorant. Infusion of Saffron. Saffron...............................Two Drachms. Boiling Water............................Two Pints. Infuse and strain. Useful to bring out the rash in measles and scarlet fever. Infusion of Cayenne Pepper. Cayenne Pepper.....................-.. Half an Ounce. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Infuse for two hours and strain. Dose, half a fl. ounce. U. S. Ph. Astringent Eye-Wash. Sulphate of Zinc........................«.One Grain. Rose Water............................. One Ounce. If, on trial, this does not appear to be sufficiently strong, an- other grain of the zinc may be added to the solution. SCARLET FEVER. Scarlet fever is a contagious disease, characterized by a rash, and a peculiar affection of the tonsils and throat. The fever comes on with a hot skin, quick pulse, coat- ed tongue,- loss of appetite, thirst, and more or less pros- tration. .Other symptoms, as chills, pain in the back, sickness at the stomach, vomiting, headache, stupor, and convulsions, so common to fevers, will generally be pre- sent. A more constant symptom, is inflammation of the 58 SCARLET FEVER- throat and mouth, which become unusually red and swell- ed. The inflammation extends to the tongue, and there may be seen on its surface, small red elevations, and a redness at its tip and edges. Sooner or later than the third day the rash will make its apppearance. It gener- ally commences on the neck and face, and in about twen- ty-four hours spreads all over the surface. There exists a great variety, in different cases, as to the character of the eruption, and as to its location. At one time it com- mences with small red spots, which soon run together, forming broad patches that spread over large portions of the surface. At another time the rash will be finer, smooth to the touch, more scarlet from the first, and cov- ering the whole body, being equally diffused, except at those parts partially protected from the air, as the arm- pits and groins, where it will be thicker and darker col- ored. The color disappears under pressure, but immedi- ately returns when the pressure is removed. If, from any cause, the system becomes excited, in proportion to the excitement the color of the rash will become intense. Oc- casionally the skin will be swelled and much irritated. The fever, like the fever in measles, will progress indepen- dent of the rash. The pulse may run as high as 130 and upwards in a minute, having, at the same time, consider- able force, though this is not always the case. Either costiveness or diarrhea may occasionally prevail. In favorable cases the rash will usually disappear by the sixth or seventh day, and by the ninth day, or before, the fever will arrive at its height, and soon after begin to decline, when there will be an abatement of all the symptoms. The skin will peel off, and be attended with itching and tenderness. This is the ordinary course,' and SCARLET FEVER. 59 these the usual symptoms of scarlet fever. We will now proceed to mention the different varieties: 1. Simple Scarlet Fever.—This variety is very mild in its course, and seldom attended with much danger. It commences with a slight scarlet redness of the face and neck, attended with mild fever, both of which go off by the fifth day, if not sooner. Occasionally the rash is high colored, and covers considerable surface. At such times there is a quick pulse, considerable heat of the skin, and sometimes delirium. 2. Sore Throat.—The principal peculiarity of this variety of scarlet fever, is the inflammation of the throat and its attendant symptoms. There is soreness about the throat and jaws, and the patient has great difficulty in swallowing. The eruption generally commences the third instead of the second day, and is more apt to be confined to patches, or to a particular portion of the surface, than to become general; and it may disappear and return again before it has run its course. As the inflammation of the mouth and throat advan- ces, it is attended with a number of unpleasant and dis- agreeable symptoms. The eyes become injected, there will be a dry cough, and occasionally bleeding at the nose, the tonsils and the contiguous soft parts, will be much swelled, and of a dark-red color, and covered with a thick, tough, dirty, yellowish-colored slime. This exudation spreads all over the throat and mouth, and is a source of great annoyance to the patient, and gives a very offensive smell to the breath. At the same time there will be much swelling on the outside, about the neck and jaws, which is bard and painful, and makes it difficult to open the mouth to discharge the fluids that accumulate in the 60 SCARLET FEVER. throat. It is for this reason that the fluids are frequently swallowed, and not unfrequently are a cause of nausea and diarrhea. When both the inside and outside of the throat are swelled, it is difficult, especially with children, either to swallow or discharge fluids from the mouth. The tongue and lips become dry, cracked and bleed, the lining of the nose becomes affected and discharges a cor- roding fluid, that eats into the skin. Similar fluids may flow from the corners of the mouth and into the stomach, causing ulcerations about the mouth and chin, and prob- ably in their path to the stomach. 3. Malignant Scarlet Fever.—Malignant Sore Throat.—Usually the primary symptoms, in this variety of scarlet fever, seem to be wanting, and the fever com- mences at once with the most fatal ones. " In some in- stances, the patient is completely prostrated in the very first stage. Now and then during the prevalence of scar- let fever, cases are met with in which the patient is at- tacked, at once, either with comatose symptoms, or with oppressive faintness, and great anxiety; the pulse being slender, feeble, frequent and irregular; the surface either cool, or hot in one part and cold in another; the respira- tion preternaturally slow, or hurried and irregular; the face pale and livid; and the muscles almost powerless. Feeble attempts may be made at reaction ; febrile heat may be partially developed to disappear again; and even some violet specks may appear as if they were endeavor- ing to struggle through the skin. But the resistance of the skin soon ceases, and the patient dies upon the second or third day. From a less degree of the above symptoms, reaction may take place, and a low fever may be estab- lished, with delirium, stupor, or mental inertness a fee- SCARLET fever. 61 ble circulation, and a livid, purplish or dark-red erupt- ion, petechias or vibices, passive hemorrhage, involuntary alvine discharges, and, unless a favorable change is ef- ected, death in a few days." If the fever is to terminate fatally, there will probably be bleeding from the mouth, or bowels, and exhausting diarrhea, which will soon destroy the patient. When scarlet fever is prevailing, there are frequently to be noticed, cases of fever that simulate it, but as there is no "eruption, much doubt exists respecting its particular character. It most likely stands in the same relation to scarlet fever that varioloid, does to small-pox. It undoubt- edly is some form of this fever, and may be capable of communicating itself to others. The difficulties that follow scarlet fever, are often more to be dreaded than the fever itself. The following are some of the most important of them—extensive and long continued formations of matter, obstinate diarrhea, in- flammation of the brain, lungs and other important or- gans, rheumatism, swelled joints, puffiness of the flesh followed by partial or general dropsy, and deafness. Treatment.—In the simple and common cases of this disease, there is more danger of doing too much than too little, in the way of treatment. The symptoms are de- ceptive, and apt to lead one into the use of debilitating remedies, which will prove fatal, when a well ventilated room, proper diet, herb drinks, as warm saffron tea, and regulated bowels, would be all the treatment required. If there is considerable heat of the skin and sickness at at the stomach in the early part of the fever, it will be well to administer an emetic ; give to children from one- half to a teaspoonful of the wine of antimony every fif- 62 SCARLET FEVER. teen minutes, until it operates, or mix twenty grains of powdered ipecac in half a tumbler of sweetened water, and give a teaspoonful every five or ten minutes till vom- iting is induced, which, in either case, may be promoted by drinking freely of warm water. If the emetic does not act as physic, as soon as the next day give from five to eight grains of calomel, mixed in molasses or cream, and if that does not move the bowels within three or four hours, a teaspoonful of castor oil must be taken every hour till the bowels are acted on. They should be evac- uated daily, to free them from all irritating substances, choosing such medicines for that purpose as each partic- ular case may seem to indicate at the time. If there is fever with hot dry skin, give Epsom salts; sour stomach, magnesia; griping of the bowels, castor oil, containing from three to five drops of laudanum, according to the age of the child; or debility, rhubarb, or rhubarb and magnesia. Sponging the surface with cold water or diluted alco- hol, will conduct off much heat and give the sufferer re- lief. It ought to be done frequently, and we are at the same time to be careful not to allow it to produce chills. If there is danger of this, warm should be used instead of cold water. Ice held in the mouth until dissolved, will be grateful to the patient and may be allowed, and also such cooling drinks as lemonade and the effervescing draught. If the skin is very hot, twenty or thirty drops of the syrup of ipecac may be added to some of the drinks, every three hours. Great relief may be had to the patient, when the skin is hot, and especially when there is much itching and ir- ritation, by covering the whole surface, every day, with SCARLET FEVER. , 63 some fatty substance, as long as it seems to afford mitiga- tion from pain and suffering. Fresh lard, sweet oil, or the cream and glycerin mixture may be used for this purpose. So much benefit may be derived from this unction, it should never be neglected. Pain and irritation may be controlled by the use of sweet spirit of nitre, Dover's powder, Hoffmann's ano- dyne cordial, infusion of valerian, or sulphate of morphine, in solution, or in some one of its various combinations. Sourness of the stomach may be corrected by the use of soda or magnesia; and difficulty in making water, with nitre, or infusion of juniper berries. The sore throat will demand the use of sour gargles, as flaxseed or slippery elm tea, soured with sulphuric or muriatic acid, or a little vinegar. Strong alum water may be used for the same purpose. One of the best washes for the throat will be Cayenne pepper, of good strength. If the child cannot gargle its own throat, then it must be wiped, several times a-day, with a rag or piece of sponge, attached to a stick, soaked in one of these fluids. Doctor Wood, in speaking of Cayenne pepper, says: " Its most important application, however, is to the treat- ment of malignant sore throat and scarlet fever, in which it is used both internally and as a gargle. No other rem- edy has obtained equal credit in these complaints. The following formula was employed in malignant scarlatina, with great advantage, in the West Indies, where this ap- plication of the remedy first originated. Two tablespoon- fuls of the powdered pepper, with a tablespoonful of com- mon salt, are infused for an hour in a pint of boiling liquid composed of equal parts of water and vinegar. This is 64 SCARLET FEVER. strained, when cool, through a fine linen cloth, and given in a dose of a tablespoonful every half hour. The same preparation is also used as a gargle. It is, however, only to the worst cases that the remedy is applied^ so energet- ically. In milder cases of scarlatina, with inflamed or ulcerated throat, much relief and positive advantage of- ten follow the employment of the pepper in a more dilu- ted state." Common brown sugar allowed to dissolve in the mouth will be very grateful to the sufferer, and may be freely indulged in. In violent cases, where the condition of the throat will require more efficient remedies, we can use a solution of the sulphate of zinc, or of the nitrate of silver, with a swatr. Should the throat be much swelled externally, with great heat of the skin, benefit may be derived by the application of ice to the throat and jaws. In less ser vere cases, unattended with heat of the skin, a large, warm, soft poultice applied over the swelling and renewed every hour or two, will answer the purpose. A solution of the chlorate of potash, is highly recommended when there is ulceration of the mouth and throat. For debility and prostration that may arise in the con- valescent state, we may give wine whey, mulled wine, and spirit of Mindererus, internally, and apply volatile lini- ment externally, rubbing it briskly about the chest and throat. The diet must also be nourishing, including such articles as custards, beef tea and fowls with rice. Diarrhea and profuse sweating, are regarded as critical discharges, and should not be interfered with, unless ex- cessive. It is so seldom that the abstraction of blood even with SCARLET FEVER. 65 cups or leeches applied externally to the throat, is requir- ed in this fever, that I think resorting to it, in any in- stance, will so much more likely be followed by great in- jury than by any good, that I will only say, that in some forms of some epidemics which will present themselves, it may be justifiable. It will always be very difficult to know what cases will bear bleeding; and perhaps it will require more judgment to discriminate those cases than it will to treat them successfully otherwise. The diet should conform, as far as possible, to that rec- ommended in other fevers. Wine of Antimony. Tartar Emetic...........................One Scruple. Wine................................Ten fl. Ounces. Dissolve. Dose for children, from thirty to sixty drops eve- ry fifteen or twenty minutes, till it operates.— U. S. Ph. Lemonade. Lemons ...,................................Three. Boiling Water............................Two Pints. Sugar ......................•.........Two Ounces. Cut the lemon in slices, pour the water on them, and add the sugar at the end of an hour, and strain. Cream and Glycerin Mixture. Cold Cream............................One Ounce. Glycerin..............................One Drachm. Rub well together, and apply with the fingers.—Meigs. Solution of Sulphate of Zinc. Sulphate of Zinc......................Twenty Grains. Water............................-.....One Ounce. 66 SCARLET FEVER. Solution of Nitrate of Silver. Common Nitrate of Silver..............Fifteen Grains Water..................................One Ounce Solution of Chlorate of Potash. Chlorate of Potash......................One Drachm. Water...........;........................One Pint. To be used as a gargle and drink several times a-day. Infusion of Valerian. Valerian............................Half an Ounce. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Let it stand for an hour in a covered vessel, and strain. Dose two ounces three or four times a-day.— U. S. Ph. Infusion of Juniper Berries. Bruised Juniper Berries...................One Ounce. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Infuse, and strain. To be taken during twenty-four hours. Mulled Wine. Bruised Cinnamon....................Two Drachms. Grated Nutmeg........................One Drachm. Bruised Cloves.......................... ^en Sugar................................Half an Ounce. Boiling Water..........................Half a pin(. Hot Port or Sherry Wine....................One Pint. Infuse the cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves in the boiling water for half an hour, strain, and add the sugar, and pour the whole into the wine. A good cordial and restorative in the low stages of fevers or in the debility of convalescence from fevers. A. T. Thompson. 67 Aqua Ammonia........................One fl. Ounce. Olive Oil............................Two fl. Ounces. Mix. ERYSIPELAS, OR ST. ANTHONY'S FIRE. " In this disease there is generally constitutional distur- bance, more or less fever, and disordered secretions. There is a shining redness and swelling of the parts affected, accompanied with very distressing irritation. There are itching, smarting and burning sensations, with acute pain on pressure of the inflamed parts. Frequently serous or watery effusion takes place from the inflamed surface, ele- vating the skin into smaller or larger vesicles, like those produced by blisters ; or raising it by a soft, yellow jelly- like deposite, which remains slightly adherent to both the cutis and cuticle. The contents of the vesicles are trans- parent, sometimes nearly colorless, but more commonly yellowish ; sometimes they consist of a thin pus or mat- ter, or they may exhibit a bloody or livid discoloration. The fluid loses its clearness, becoming thicker, opaque, and whitish or yellowish. The cuticle gives way; the fluid escapes, and incrustations form, which soon fall off, leaving the skin sound ; or they may lead to superficial ulcerations. Erysipelas sometimes produces gangrene, but this is of comparatively rare occurrence. Ulceration sometimes follows, and becomes very tedious and distress- ing; red, deep-seated ulcers being formed, particularly on°the legs. It appears on various parts of the body, more especially the ears, eyes, face and extremities." ^ The fever, in erysipelas, usually commences at the time 68 ERYSIPELAS. of the eruption, but it may come on before or not until sometime afterwards. If the attack is severe and the in- flammatory symptoms run high, there will be weariness, soreness, chills, quick pulse, hot skin, a coated tongue, headache and frequently sickness at the stomach. Gen- erally about the second or third day of the fever, there may be seen small, red, elevated spots on different parts of the body, but most frequently on the nose, cheeks and ears. These spots are painful to the touch, and spread in different directions. As they inflame they become hard and have a glassy appearance, disappear momentarily un- der pressure, and they may be confined to a particular part, or spread over a large portion of the surface. When- the disease is confined to the head it is attended with un- usual danger, on account of its nearness to the brain. When deep-seated parts, as of an arm or leg, are af- fected, producing swelling, hardness, and,the formation of abscesses, that discharge offensive matter, and when mortification of the skin takes place, followed by great prostration, the disease is of a malignant character, and is generally epidemical, and it often accompanies other malignant diseases. It may frequently arise from dissec- tion wounds, mechanical injuries, and from surgical op- erations. " Infantile erysipelas is a very dangerous species of diffuse inflammation, which is not often met with, how- ever, but in lying-in hospitals. It seizes the most robust as well as delicate children, and in a very sudden man- ner; the progress is rapid; the skin turns of a purplish hue, and soon becomes hardened. The milder species appear often on the fingers and hands, on the feet and ankles, and sometimes upon 01 ERYSIPELAS. 69 near the joints, forming matter in a very short time. The more violent kind is generally seated about the pubes, and extends upwards on the belly, and down the thighs and legs, though sometimes it begins in the neck and is equally fatal. It seems, indeed, to be always less dan- gerous when confined to the extremities, than when it seizes on, or spreads to, any other part of the body." . It is probable that the numerous cases of new diseases, Hack tongue among the others, reported from time to time, in vaidous parts of the country, are some one of the forms •of erysipelas. Treatment.—Mild cases of erysipelas require simply rest, cooling drinks, an unstimulating diet, and mild cathar- tics to regulate the bowels. What is said in regard to bloodletting in scarlet fever, is equally applicable in this disease. It can only be nec- essary in those cases complicated with congestion and in- flammation of important organs, as the brain and lungs. We are, even then, to exercise great caution, in regard to the amount abstracted, and make due allowance for its 'depressing influence on the system, after the danger from : ;he above causes has been averted. If the stomach is overloaded and there is nausea, and es- pecially if the tongue is coated yellow, and there is a bitter ' aste in the mouth, a mild emetic may be given, and the ;- rext day it should be followed by a purge of calomel and £ astor oil. If the bilious symptoms are not so prominent, the emetic may be omitted, and the calomel and oil taken t first. If the bilious difficulties become protracted, we e"mst not hesitate to give from three to five grains of blue Fill every five or six hours, with a view to affect the urns. 70 ERYSIPELAS. The remedies .given in fevers, to determine to the sur- face, and induce perspiration, will generally be required in this disease, after the more active means, above men- tioned have been resorted to. For this purpose we may give Dover's powder, or a solution of tartar emetic in combination with ipecac, to grown people of full robust habit, and the wine or syrup of ipecac, or the spirit of Mindererus, to children and enfeebled persons. Spong- ing the surface with warm water, will materially aid in accomplishing the above object. Such refreshing drinks as lemon peel and currant jelly water may be freely indulged in, when the patient is not under the influence of calomel, at which times the effer- vescing draught and neutral mixture, soda and toast wa- ter will be proper. Dover's powder, sulphate of morphine, or Mangendie's solution, will be useful remedies to allay pain and induce sleep. They must be given in doses equal to the occasion that calls for their use, not forgetting that in inflammato- ry affections of the skin, the pain and irritation is gov- erned by the extent of surface affected rather than by its depth. The external remedies recommended for this disease are various, all of which, at times, are probably useful. Cream, lard, blue ointment; British oil, tar ointment and mucilages, and various other articles of a like nature are highly extolled, as applications to the skin. They most likely owe their virtues to their power of excluding the air from the skin, and may be used as directed in scarlet fever. "Professor Gilbert, of Philadelphia, has been in the habit of using, for a long time past, pure creosote as a rem- ERYSIPELAS. 71 edy in erysipelas. He applies it lightly once a day, to the affected surface, with a camel-hair pencil, and has found it more effectual in arresting the disease than any other article he has ever tried. It destroys the cuticle, converting it into a whitish substance, which thus defends the inflamed surface from contact with the air. Solutions of acetate of lead and opium, Goulard's -ex- tract, alcohol, chloride of sodium, carbonate of potassa, sulphate of copper, quinine, and bichloride of mercury, often prove beneficial in this disease. They are employ- ed of varying strength, and are generally most grateful when used tepid, upon flannel cloths, frequently renewed. In warm weather, and in strong, plethoric subjects, they may be applied cold; but when this is done, their'effects should be sedulously watched, lest they repel the disease, or force it upon some internal organ." As an application to the extremities, when swelled and inflamed, a solution of borax and sugar of lead will give great relief; and as a general application to inflamed and excoriated parts, there is nothing superior to a slippery elm poultice. It will give immediate relief when there is great distress. "The superfine flour of the bark should be mixed with pure milk, and what is sometimes preferable, buttermilk or fresh cream, when it can be procured; and if this disease terminates in ulceration, or gangrenous blis- ters appear, a little good brewer's yeast must be added to .the same.poultice." ' ) When the inflammatory symptoms are severe, and at- tended with unusual burning and itching, the camphora- ted tincture of soap may be used as an external applica- tion. It must be used with caution, and not be applied o a large surface at once. 72 ERYSIPELAS. It will frequently be desirable to prevent the spreading of erysipelatous inflammation, especially on the head and towards vital parts. For this purpose we may make use of the nitrate of silver or the tincture of iodine. It is usual to apply them on the edge or just outside of the affected parts. If these applications do not prevent the spreading of the disease, they will so modify it as to ren* der it much less dangerous. Before the application of these remedies, the parts should be washed clean and wiped dry. The silver may be applied in substance, af- ter moistening the skin, or in a strong solution. The tincture of iodine should be of full strength, and may be applied with a small soft brush. In erysipelas of children, for the first few days, when the heat of the surface is considerable, cold applications of slippery elm, flaxseed or gum Arabic water, or a so- lution of copperas, and afterwards the application of Kent- ish ointment or the glycerin lotion, will afford relief. Whenever there is a formation of matter in any part, it should have free vent, by incision, and afterwards a poultice of slippery elm or flaxseed applied over it; or if there is danger of mortification, a poultice of yeast or carrots should be used. The application of cranberry poultices, to all sores and swellings in erysipelas, cannot be too highly recommended. The berries are to be bruis'- ed, applied cold and changed frequently. In the debilitated state of the system, arising in conse- quence of continued discharges of matter, or from gan- grene, we must use, to support the strength of the patient, the muriated tincture of iron, quinine, wine, wine whey, ale, and a rich, nourishing diet, of easy digestion. It will often be necessary in cases of malignant erysip- ERYSIPELAS. 73 elas, to have the sick room fumigated with the chloride of lime. The room must be well ventilated, the bed- clothes changed frequently, and all evacuations must be removed from the house immediately. Kentish Ointment. Oil of Turpentine........................Half a Pint. 9 Hesin Cerate............................One Pound. Melt the cerate and add the turpentine.— U. S. Ph. Solution of Copperas. Copperas................................One Ounce. Water....................................One Pint. Dissolve. Liniment of Laudanum, Ammonia and Olive Oil. Laudanum,............................Two Ounces. Ammonia..............................One Ounce. Olive Oil..............................Two Ounces. Mix. Useful as an application in mild cases of erysipelas. Lotion of Glycerin. Glycerin............................One fl. Drachm. Borax..................................Ten Grains. Rose Water.........................Seven fl. Ounces. Mix. Useful as a lotion in lichen, three times a-day; also in chapped hands.—Clymer. OTagendie's Solution. Sulphate of Morphine....................Sixteen Grains. Acetic Acid............................Four Drops. Water..................................0ne Ounce. Alcohol................................0ne Drachm. Mix. Dose, six to twenty drops.—Magendie. 4 74 ERYSIPELAS. Blue Ointment. Mercury...............................Two Pounds* Lard..........................Twenty-three Ounces. Suet....................................One Ounce. Rub the mercury with the suet and a little of the lard, till the globules disappear; add the remainder of the lard mixing well.— U. S. Ph. The above is known as the strong mercurial ointment. It must be reduced two or three times, with lard, when used for* the purpose of excluding air from the skin. Solution of Borax and Sugar of Lead. Borax................................One Drachm. Sugar of Lead........................Half a Drachm. Water....................................One Pint. Dissolve. Apply linen cloths wet with this mixture to the extremities. Camphorated Tincture of Soap. Shavings of Soap........................Four Ounces. Camphor..............................Two Ounces. Oil of Rosemary......................Half a fl. Ounce. Water..............................Four fl. Ounces. Alcohol................................Two Pints. Mix the alcohol and water, and digest the soap in the mixture, on a water-bath, till dissolved. Filter, and add the camphor and oil.— U. S. Ph. Strong Solution of Nitrate of Silver* Nitrate of Silver......................Four Drachms. Rain Water............................0ne 0unce< Add an ounce more of water when applied to the skin of children. RHEUMATISM. 75 Tincture of Iodine. Iodine................................One Drachm. Alcohol................................Two Ounces. This tincture, may be applied to the skin with a common cam- el's-hair pencil. RHEUMATISM. This is, essentially, an inflammatory disease, though the inflammation does not run its full course. It is a con- stitutional affection. The different varieties are named from the parts affected, and from the manner and severi- ty of the attack. When a single one or more of the large joints are affected, accompanied or soon followed by fe- ver, a full strong pulse, swelling, redness and heat of the skin, and excessive pain of the parts, with or without bilious ■ derangement, it is called acute rheumatism. If there is considerable pain in two or more of the joints, es pecially when the limbs are disturbed, with very little if any swelling, it is called subacute. This variety has, also, particular names, governed by the part affected, as when the pain is in the back and loins, it is called lumbago, in the muscles of the neck, wryneck, and when in the large nerve of the leg, sciatica. After the disease loses its acute, or subacute character, and becomes fixed on the joints, or in other parts, with dull, heavy, shifting pains, usually without heat or fever, and a moderate degree of redness and stiffness of the joints, more severe in cold and wet, than in dry, warm weather, it is called chronic. When the symptoms are mostly nervous and without fe- ver, it is usually known as nervous rheumatism. " Acute rheumatism generally comes on with weariness 76 RHEUMATISM. and chills, followed by heat, thirst, anxiety, restlessness, and a hard, full, and quick pulse ; the blood, when drawn from a vein, exhibits an inflammatory surface upon cool- ing, and the tongue preserves a steady whiteness. After a short time, excruciating pains are felt in different parts of the body, but more particularly in the joints of the shoulders, wrists, knees and ankles, or perhaps in the hips ; and these keep shifting from one joint to another, leaving a redness and swelling in every part they have occupied, as likewise a great tenderness to the touch. Towards evening there is usually an exacerbation or in- crease of fever, and during the night the pains become more severe, and shift from one joint to another." Some- times the pain is confined to a few joints, in other cases it affects many at the same time. In no disease do we meet with such remarkable instances of translation, or removal from one part to another; and no muscular part is exempted from the pain. The face in general is not flushed, there is seldom much headach, and in most cases there seems to be but little tendency to delirium. The stomach is not much affected, but the bowels are usually costive. Chronic rheumatism is attended with pain in the large joints, and at one time is confined to a particular joint, and at another shifts from one joint to another, without occasioning any inflammation or fever; and in this man- ner the complaint often continues for a considerable time, and at length goes off, leaving the parts that have been affected in a state of debility, and very liable to fresh im- pressions on the appearance of moist and cold weather. Treatment.—In inflammatory rheumatism, if the pa- tient is of a full, strong, robust habit, and the inflamma- RHEUMATISM. 77 tory symptoms are prominent, it will be necessary to bleed from the arm, and, if occasion require, to repeat the op- eration. This will do more to modify the course of the disease and prepare the system for other remedies, than anything else that can be done. To be of the most ser- vice it should be resorted to early in the disease. After a full bleeding, or if that is not necessary, " eight or ten grains of calomel, with a grain or grain and a half of opium, according to the age of the patient and severi- ty of the case, are to be administered every night, and followed every morning by a strong black draught, suffi- cient to ensure four or five stools at least. With this treatment is combined thrice a-day the neutral mixture, containing from fifteen to twenty drops of the wine of col- chic um, and five grains of Dover's powder. When the pain and swelling are greatly abated, if not almost gone, the calomel may be omitted; or it is omitted sooner if the gums become at all tender. The opium,- however, is con- tinued, to the amount of a grain or a grain and a half, at bedtime, and in severe cases a grain at noon is added, and the colchicum and the black draught are still given, as at first." When rheumatism is owing to an acid condition of the system, manifested by sourness at the stomach and an acid perspiration, the alkaline salts are strongly demand- ed. The nitrate of potash, in barley water, and a solu- tion of the acetate of potash, are considered as among the best of these remedies. Rheumatism partaking of an alkaline character, may be successfully treated, by giving half an ounce of lemon- juice, in sweetened water, three or four times a-day, or 78 RHEUMATISM. by eating as many lemons as the stomach will bear, com- mencing their use. after the bowels have been purged. In the inflammatory stage of the disease, a Solution of tartar emetic and nitre will have a tendency to equalize the circulation and moderate the excitement of the ner- vous system. If this solution is not agreeable to the stomach, the neutral mixture may be substituted for it. Dover's powder is one of the best remedies to quiet pain, induce sleep, and to determine to the surface. A powder of opium and ipecac will also make a useful com- bination for the same purpose. After the more violent inflammatory symptoms have subsided, one of the above powders may be given every four or five hours, in suffi- cient quantities to keep up their constant effect on the system. In chronic rheumatism, and in some recent cases, after the inflammation has somewhat subsided, especially if it is at all connected with bilious derangement, we may fre- quently receive prompt relief from the use of calomel, given to the extent of slightly affecting the gums. The calomel, opium and ipecac powder possesses several ad- vantages over the use of calomel alone. Instances will occasionally arise in the treatment of rheumatism, requiring the use of small, repeated doses of the sulphate of quinine, to counteract debility arising from exhausting night sweats. As the subacute variety partakes either of the acute or chronic form, it will not be necessary to point out a special treatment for it. That form of chronic rheumatism attended with local heat, swellings, and fever, will require the same kind of treatment as the acute, only in a much less degree- but RHEUMATISM. 79 where there is coldness, stiff and painful joints, without fever, heat, and swelling, the patient should be covered while in bed so as to ensure warmth, and when dressed well protected with flannel. Much, may be done, when particular parts are affected, as the spine, hips and loins, by keeping them well pro- tected against sudden changes of the atmosphere. The old remedies for this purpose are lambs'-wool and carded cotton, but I do not know that they possess any ad van* tage over soft flannel, of sufficient thickness, properly adapted to the parts affected, The mixtures of turpentine, cod-liver oil and guaiacum, are good internal remedies. The iodide of potash, five grains in water, several times a-day, is also highly rec* ommended. Warm bathing, the warm air bath, and fric- tion to the surface with opodeldoc, volatile and camphor liniments, are good external remedies. When the disease attacks the vital organs, every exer- tion must be made to call it to the surface and extremi- ties. General bleeding will be necessary, and also by cups and leeches applied as near to the organs affected as possible. A prompt use must also be made of blisters of large size, directly over the seat of the trouble. If the brain is the part affected, it may become necessary to shave the head, that they may be applied to the scalp. The application of blisters, mustard poultices, and fric- tion with hot liniment, the warm bath and bathing the feet in hot mustard or pepper water, are the usual means for restoring the disease to the surface in cases of recession to internal parts. 80 RHEUMATISM. Wine of Colchlcum Boot. Bruised Colchicum Root....................One Pound. Sherry Wine............................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, express and filter. Dose ten to thirty drops, three times a-day, in water.— U. S. Ph. Wine of Colchlcum Seed. Bruised Colchicum Seed................Four Ounces Sherry Wine............................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, express and filter. Dose, one to two teaspoonfuls, three times a-day, in sweetened water. U. S. Ph. Mixture of Nitrate of Potash and Barley Water. Nitrate of Potash......................Two DrachmSi Barley Water............................0ne p.^ SuSar....................................Sufficient. The above mixture may be taken in divided doses, during twenty-four hours. Solution of Acetate of Potash. Acetate of Potash........................One Ounce. Water............. m, ~. ......................Ihree Ounces, Dose, a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful three times a-day. Mixture of Turpentine and Ammonlated Tincture of Guaiac. Oil of Turpentine........ rp, _ _ , Yolk of Eggs......................Three fl. Drachms. Simple Syrup...... ..........' *........Two' Paregoric..........................Three fl. Ounces. Ammoniated Tincture of' G^^. \......^wo D T'' Essence of Cinnamon . ......"' DrachmS' Mix. A teaspoonful to be tlken'three or'fo'u7 ^ ^T^' neuralgia and rheumatism " timeS a"da^ in RHEUMATISM. 81 Mixture of Cod-Liver Oil and Carbonate of Potash. Cod-Liver Oil........................Four fl. Ounces. Solution of Carbonate of Potash........Half a fl. -Ounce. Simple Syrup........................Half a fl. Ounce. Peppermint Water....................Seven fl. Ounces. Mix. Dose, one and a half to three fl. ounces, two or three times a-day.—Bcasley. Useful in cases of rheumatism dependent on an acid and de bilitated condition of the system. Mixture of Guaiacum and Nitrate of Potash. Powdered Resin of Guaiacum............Two Drachms. Powdered Nitrate of Potash.... One and a half Drachms. Powdered Gum Arabic....................One Drachm. Powdered Tartar Emetic....................One Grain. Powdered Liquorice......................One Scruple. Mint Water.........................Eight fl. Ounces. Mix. A tablespoonful, three or four times a-day, in rheuma-, tism, &c.—Ellis. Decoction of Guaiacum and Raisins. Shavings of Guaiacum....................Three Ounces. Raisins................................Two Ounces. Rasped Sassafras Root....................One Ounce. Bruised Biquorice Root....................One Ounce. Water ,...............................Eight Pints. Boil the guaiacum and raisins in the water, down to five pints, adding the other ingredients, towards the close of the opera- tion, and strain.—Ed. Ph. From one to two pints may be taken, during the day, in chronic rheumatism.- Camphor Liniment. Camphor............................Half an Ounce. Olive Oil............................Two fl. Ounces. Dissolve the camphor in the oil.— U. S. Ph. 82 RHEUMATISM. Colchicum Pills. Powdered Colchicum........t...........Three Grains. Soap....................................Sufficient. Make three pills, to be taken during the day, gradually in- creasing to six.—Ritton. Black Draught. Senna................................Ten Drachms. Mint................................Ten Drachms. Boiling Water............................Two Pints. Macerate for an hour, strain, and add Sulphate of Magnesia.......'.............Eight Ounces. Dose, two to four fl. Ounces.—Guy's Hosp. Gin and Sulphur. Gin......................................One Pint. SulPhur................................One Ounce. Dose, a wineglassful three times a-day, in chronic rheumatism. Shake the mixture before using. Infusion of Poppy Heads and Potash. Poppy Heads............................One Ounce. CarbonateofPotash,..,....................OneOunce. Boiling Water............................0ne pint Apply a cloth, saturated with this infusion, ta painful and swelled joints. Solution of Tartar Emetic and Nitre. Solution of Tartar Emetic.........One and a half Ounces. Nitre............ r>- „ -. -p. ...................One Drachm. Dissolve. Dose, a teaspoonful every two or three hours. Powders of ©^n aad Ipecac# Opium.......... Ipecac............'*'...................Five Grains- Mix, and make into 'six powde'rs' "(Y»l......./' ^ GrainS' oftener, if necessary, to^Jet ^'in ^ **" h0W> ^ GOUT. 83 Decoction of Prickly Ash Bark, Contused Prickly-Ash Bark................One Ounce. Water................................Three Pints. Boil down to a quart. One pint to be taken in divided doses, during the twenty-four hours, in chronic rheumatism. G, B, Wood, GOUT. This disease is very much like rheumatism in its char- acteristics, and it is frequently complicated with it. Gout chiefly attacks men and especially high livers of indolent habits; but occasionally women of full, robust constitutions. Doctor Cullen gives as the characteristics of gout, he- reditary, arising without an apparent external cause, but preceded generally by an unusual affection of the stomach; pyrexia; pain at a joint (particularly at the great toe), attacking the articulations of the feet and hands, return^ ing at intervals, and often alternating with affections of the stomach or other internal parts. " The exciting causes of the gout may be divided into those which induce a plethoric state of the body, and those which occasion weakness of the body in general, or of the stomach in particular. Among the latter may be enumerated, interrrperance of every kind, late hours, in- tense application to study, long want of rest, much grief or anxiety of mind, great sensuality, long-continued fa- tigue ; exposure to cold, particularly by getting wet in the feet; too free a use of acescent wines, such as claret and champagne; a sudden change from a full to a spare diet; excessive evacuations, accumulated acidity in the 84 GOUT. primas viae, violent passions of the mind, &c. A full diet of animal food, ragouts, and rich sauces, with a free use of fermented liquors, such as beer, ale, porter and wine, together with indolence and inactivity, are the cau- ses which give rise to corpulency and a plethoric state of body; hence the frequency of gout among the rich. Dr. Darwin mentions it as a common opinion, that this disease is as frequently owing to gluttony in eating, as to intemperance in drinking fermented or spirituous liquors • but that he has never seen any person afflicted with the gout who has not drank freely of fermented liquors, as beer or wine ; though, as the disposition to all the disea- ses which have originated from intoxication is in some degree hereditary, a less quantity of spirituous potation will induce the gout in those who inherit the disposition or constitutional bias from their parents." Its attacks may be preceded by chills, loss of appe- tite, and with a coated tongue. They are generally sud- den and occur in the night. They are usually ushered in by sharp, tearing pains in the ball of the great toe, and in some of the small joints of the feet. It occasion- ally attacks the ankle, wrist and finger joints. " The joints soon begin to swell, the skin becomes hot and of a bright red color, and the tenderness so exquisite that the least jar is intolerable, the weight even of the bed-clothes cannot be borne, and the patient dreads the approach of any one, lest by accident the limb might be touched" These symptoms are kept up from five to eight hours, when they abate, but leave the parts red, swelled, hard, and of a shmmg appearance. The same set of symptoms are liable to return for several successive days, when the disease may go off for a long time. These attacks are GOUT. 85 apt to come on again in three or four months, and after- wards sooner, and last longer, until they are almost con- stant. Sometimes the fits come on as often as one, two or three months, and last for several weeks, going from one joint to another. At other times, long continued, dull or sharp pains may affect different organs, as the stomach, liver and kidneys, causing great functional disturbance. " A paroxysm of regular gout sometimes comes on sud- denly, without any warning; at other times it is preceded by an unusual coldness of the feet and legs, a suppression of perspiration in them, and numbness ; or by a sense of pricking along the whole of the lower extremities; and with these symptoms the appetite is diminished, the stom- ach is troubled with flatulency and indigestion, a degree of torpor or languor is felt over the whole body, great lassitude and fatigue are experienced after the. least exer- cise, the body is costive, and the urine pallid. Some pre- vious affection of the stomach, or dyspepsia, almost con-- stantly occurs." Treatment.—Medicine will not cure this disease. It can only palliate it. Those subject to its attacks, so far as possible, should avoid all known causes, be temperate in all things, and use moderate exercise. The diet should be light and nourishing, the bowels evacuated daily, and sourness of the stomach corrected by the use of the carbonate of socla or magnesia. If bilious troubles exist, calomel may be given as physic, or a blue pill may be given at night, and followed with a dose of rhubarb and magnesia the next morning. After the bowels have been moved, we must commence giving the wine of colchicum every four or six hours. If it produces pain and griping, give in connection with 86 GOUT. it fifteen or twenty drops of laudanum, or a Dover's pow- der as often as it may be required for that purpose. Warm medicated water may be applied to the joints, by means of flannel cloths, as camphor water, or water containing as much carbonate of soda as it will dissolve. Cold applications should never be used. When the vital organs are attacked, the feet must be put into hot, stimulating water, blisters, mustard poulti- ces and hot liniments applied to the surface, as over the stomach when the disease affects that organ, and warm, stimulating drinks taken freely. In acute gout, great relief is afforded by applying three or four leeches to the affected joint and afterwards warm fomentations and poultices. Many of the remedies recommended for rheumatism, are well adapted to this disease. Colchicum Mixture. Wine of Colchicum.....................Forty Drops< • Acetated Tincture of Opium............Twenty Drops. Sugar--->............................Thirty Grains. Water................................. One fl. Ounce. Mix. In gout, after inflammation is allayed. To be taken at bedtime.—Dewees. Liniment of Colchicum and Camphor. Tincture of Colchicum Root............Three fl> 0unces< Tincture of Camphor..................Three fl> ^^ Mix. As an embrocation, in gout, rheumatism and neuralgia. Ley-cock. GOUT. 87 Camphor Water. Camphor............................Two Drachms. Alcohol...............................Thirty Drops. Carbonate of Magnesia................Four Drachms. Laudanum,..............................One Ounce. Water..................................Two Pints. Rub the camphor with the alcohol, then with the magnesia, and afterwards with the water, gradually added, and strain. U. S. Ph. To be applied warm to painful joints, in gout, by means of flannel cloths. Scudamore's Mixture. Sulphate of Magnesia..............One to Two Ounces. Mint Water..........................Ten fl. Ounces. Vinegar of Colchicum..................One fl. Ounce. Syrup of Saffron........................One fl. Ounce. Magnesia............................Eight Scruples. Mix. Dose, one to three tablespoonfuls, every two hours, till four to six evacuations are produced in the twenty-four hours, In gout,—Scudamore. Warner's Gout Cordial. Bruised Rhubarb........................One Ounce. Senna................................Two Drachms. Bruised Coriander......................One Drachm. Bruised Fennel........................One Drachm. Rasped Red Sanders....................Two Drachms. Saffron..............................Half a Drachm. Liquorice........................•.... Half a Drachm." Stoned Raisins........................Half a Pound. Diluted Alcohol..........................Three Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, express and filter. Dose, from a half to one fl. ounce.— U. S. Ph. S8 GOUT. Pills of Soap and Ox Gall. Powdered White Soap..................Two Drachms. Extract of Ox Gall......................0ne Drachm. Mix, and incorporate Powdered Resin of Guaiacum..........Half a Drachm. Calomel............................Half a Drachm. Powdered Guaiacum Wood..................Sufficient. Mix, and make four-grain pills. In gout, one to two, morning and evening.— Vicq. D'Azir. Powder of Guaiacum and Cream of Tartar. Powdered Resin of Guaiacum............Two Drachms. Cream of Tartar........................Half an Ounce. Sugar................................Six Drachms. Mix. Three teaspoonfuls a-day, in gout.—Phozbus. Pills of Carbonate of Ammonia and Capsicum. Carbonate of Ammonia..................One Scruple. Cayenne Pepper..... -................One Scruple. Powdered Cloves........................ One Scruple. Powdered Mace.........................One Scruple. Oil of Caraway..........................Five Drops. Extract of Gentian....................Twelve Grains. Simple Syrup.............................Sufficient to form twenty pills. One every two hours, in gout in the stom- ach.—Parrish. Tincture of Veratria. Veratria................................Four Grains. Alcohol................................One fl. Ounce. Dissolve. Dose, from ten to twenty drops, in a wineglassful of water, in dropsy, gout and rheumatism.—Magendie. INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 89 CLASS II. LOCAL DISEASES. SECT. I.—DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Inflammation is frequently the result of a viciated con- dition of the system. The general causes are irritating substances, heat, cold and light. The intemperate use of food and drinks, is also a frequent cause of inflammation. INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. This inflammation may cause a slight degree of pain and tenderness, or an unusual heat, redness, swelling and violent pain. The membrane, during the inflammation, may be cov- ered with white streaks or patches, blisters or ulcers, and in some instances gangrene takes place. Treatment.—There are various conditions of inflam- mation of the mouth, that give rise to different names, the general treatment of which is-so similar, it will not be necessary to treat of them as distinct diseases. The general remedies will first be given, and then, under dif- ferent heads, some special remedies will be mentioned. 90 INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. When there is much excitement of the system the bow- els should be moved with Epsom salts, magnesia, Seidlitz powders, or rhubarb and magnesia, and the patient con- fined to a vegetable diet. In the later stages of the dis- ease, the patient, on account of debility, may require the use of milk, animal broths, jellies, wine, wine whey, and perhaps some of the quinine mixtures. The bowels should be kept open, daily, with some mild physic, mag- nesia being particularly useful for that purpose, when there is acidity of the stomach. If there is much fever and heat of the skin, the nitrous powder may be given. Should the inflammation be violent, we had better at first ' give a full dose of calomel, and afterwards small repeated doses, until an impression is made on the system by it. The inflammation may be sufficiently violent to require bleeding from the arm to subdue it. The mouth should be thoroughly examined from time to time, to ascertain its true condition, and such applica- tions as each particular case may require ought, to be ap- plied immediately. The infusion of flaxseed, slippery elm, a solution of gum Arabic, or the almond emulsion, will be good appli- cations to the inflamed parts. The frequent use of soda or magnesia, to correct sour- ness of the stomach, will be necessary. Dover's powder, paregoric or Hoffmann's anodyne may be used to allay pain. Thrush.—This is one form of the inflammation under consideration. It is mostly confined to infants. In two or three days after the commencement of the inflamma- tion, there may be noticed, about the lips and mouth, small white specks, that increase in numbers and run to- INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 91 gether, forming blotches of a white or yellowish brown. color. Powders of Chlorate of Potash and 'Sugar. Chlorate of Potash......................Eight Grains. Sugar................................Eight Grains. Pulverize, and divide into eighfrpowders. Put one of the pow- ders on the tongue several times a day, and let it dissolve, in cases of thrush. Powder of Borax and Sugar. Powdered Borax........................One Drachm, Powdered Sugar........................One Drachm. Mix, and put a small pinch on the tongue every few hours. Useful in thrush. Solution of Sulphate of Zinc and Honey. Sulphate of Zinc........................Two Grains. Water................................One fl. Ounce. Honey..............................Half an Ounce, Mix. To be applied a number of times a-day. Solution of Nitrate of Silver. Nitrate of Silver..................One to Five Grains. Water .,................................One Ounce, Dissolve. To be used as a wash in thrush. Emollient. Yolk of Eggs..................................Two. Cream..................................One Ounce. Syrup of Poppies......................Half an Ounce. Mix. To be used as an emulsion, in thrush. Aphtha.—This name denotes an eruption in the mouth, which soon becomes small whitish ulcers. These ulcers 92 INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. are sometimes distinct, and at others confluent. It attacks both children and adults, but is mostly confined to adulta —women in child-bed being frequently subject to it. Solution of Acetate of Lead. Acetate of Lead........................Three Grains. Water................................One fl. Ounce. Dissolve. A wash for ulcerated sore-mouth. Solution of Sulphate of Zinc. Sulphate of Zinc........................Thirty Grains. Water..................................One Ounce. Dissolve. Touch the ulcer with the solution. Solution of Nitrate of Silver. Nitrate of Silver........................One Drachm. Water..................................One Ounce. Dissolve. Apply to the ulcers, in small quantities. Canker.—This affection, when first noticed, consists of ulcers of a white or grayish color, generally situated on the inside of the lips and cheeks. The ulcers are red, swelled, and painful. There is an increased flow of sa- liva, and an offensive breath. Children, under six years of age, are very frequently troubled with a cankered mouth. Tkeatmeht.—The same as for aphthae Nuesing Soee-Mouth.-TMs is also an ulcerated inflammateon of the mouth. "It comes ou with a loss of appetite, and a seusatiou described similar to that pro- duced by scalding liquids, and is sometimes very suddea m ,* attacks One or more minute, hard, painful turn™ occur, at the beginning of the complaint, on the side of the tongue, wbueh after a time ulcerate, producing very INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 93 painful sores, with hard elevated borders, and a circle of inflammation around them." Treatment.—The bowels should be kept open by the use of mild physic, and the patient put on the use of por- ter, some of the quinine mixtures, or some preparation of iron. A solution of iodide of potash is highly recommended as an internal remedy, in nursing sore-mouth. The com- pound iron mixture is also recommended as an internal remedy, using at the same time a solution of the nitrate of silver as a gargle. A decoction of smart-weed, applied to the ulcers, will frequently cure this disease in twenty-four hours. Should all other means, fail to cure, the child must be removed from the breast, when the patient will get well. Compound Iron Mixture. Sulphate of Iron........................One Scruple, Gum Myrrh............................One Drachm. Carbonate of Potash................Twenty-five Grains. Spirit of Lavender....................Half a fl. Ounce. Refined Sugar........................One Drachm. Rose Water................Seven and a half fl. Ounces. Rub the myrrh with the rose water gradually ; then mix with these, the spirit of lavender, sugar, and carbonate of potash, and, lastly, the sulphate of iron. Pour the mixture immedi- ately into a glass bottle, which is to be well stopped. Dose, a teaspoonful three times a-day.— U. S. Ph. Decoction of Smart-Weed. Leaves and Tops of Smart-Weed............One Ounce. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Boil for twenty minutes, and apply to the affected parts every hour through the day.— Wilcox. 94 INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. Pills of Iron and Columho. Prepared Metallic Iron................Half an 0unce. Powdered Columbo....................Four Scruples. Powdered Rhubarb......................Two Scruples Powdered Cinnamon....................Two Scruples. Extract of Quassia.........................Sufficient. Mix and form pills of three grains each. Three to four a-day, as a tonic in debility.—Jahn. Useful in nursing sore-mouth, in debilitated persons. Solution of Iodide of Potash. Iodide of Potash........................Forty Grains. Water ................................ One Ounce. Dissolve. Dose, a teaspoonful three times a-day. Solution of Nitrate of Silver. Nitrate of Silver........................Two Grains. Water ................................ One Ounce. Dissolve. To be used as a gargle several times a-day, in con- nection with the above mixture of iron. Gangrene of the Mouth.—Some of the ulcerated conditions of the mouth, treated of under other heads, when neglected or badly managed, cause great destruc- tion of the parts. Mortification sometimes takes place, when dead portions of the flesh and bone are thrown off. It is attended with a great flow of saliva and an extreme- ly fetid breath. * This disease is mostly confined to children of feeble health. Treatment.—This affection calls for a nutritious diet, exercise in the open air, and the use of some of the veg- etable or mineral tonics. The preparations of iron and quinine are especially adapted to this trouble. A solu- INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 95 tion of chlorate of potash is frequently used internally, with good success. After the use of proper diet and tonics, our chief reli- ance is on the application to the ulcers of caustics, as the nitrate of silver, and astringents, as a strong solution of the sulphate of copper, or the muriated tincture of iron. To prevent the fetor of the breath, the mouth may be frequently washed with a solution of common salt, or with creosote water. Should there be occasion to apply poultices to the parts, those made of carrots, charcoal, or yeast will be the most suitable. Tonic Powders of Quinine and Soda. Sulphate of Quinine___..................One Scruple. Carbonate of Soda......................Two Scruples. Sugar................................One Drachm. Mix, and divide into twenty powders. One to be taken every six hours, by a child from six to eight years old. Tonic Pills of Iron and Extract of Bandelion. Subcarbonate of Iron....................One Drachm. Extract of Dandelion....................One Drachm. Mix, and make into twenty-four pills. One three times a-day. Solution of Chlorate of Potash. Chlorate of Potash ....................One Drachm. Water ................................ Six Ounces. Dissolve. Take a tablespoonful every four hours. Solution of Sulphate of Copper. Sulphate of Copper....................Half a Drachm, Water ................................ One Ounce. Dissolve. To be carefully applied to the ulcer two or three times a-day. 96 INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. Creosote Water. Creosote............................Twenty Drops. Water ...,...............'.............Four 0unces' Mix. To be used several times a-day as a wash, in fetor of the breath. Muriated Tincture of Iron. Subcarbonate of Iron....................Half a Pound. Muriatic Acid............................One Pint. Alcohol................................Three Pints. Pour the acid upon the subcarbonate of Iron, in a glass or porcelain vessel, mix them, and, when effervescence has ceased, apply a gentle heat, and continue it, stirring occasionally, un- til the carbonate is dissolved; then filter the solution", and mix it with the alcohol.— U. S. Ph. Mercurial Salivation.—This form of inflammation arises from an injudicious use of mercury. It may be known by a peculiar metallic taste in the mouth, the fetor of the breath, excessive flow of the saliva, soreness of the gums, stiffness of the jaws, and the swelled and painful sensations of the parts affected. Treatment.—Before there is ulceration, weak astrin- gent solutions may be used as mouth-washes. A solution of the acetate of lead will be one of the best. As an application to the ulcers, a strong solution of sulphate of zinc, or nitrate of silver, as recommended in aphthae, may be used. The decoction of smart-weed is much recommended in this complaint, and it may be applied as directed in nurs- ing sore-mouth. Pills of iodine and extract of gentian are also recom- mended ; and much reliance may be placed on the inter- inflammation of the mouth. 97 nal use of the chlorate of potash. The water of creosote or a solution of salt may be used as a mouth-wash. Gargle of Borax. Borax................................ One Drachm. Tincture of Myrrh................Half a fl. Drachm. Clarified Honey........................ One fl. Ounce. Infusion of Sage........................One fl. Ounce. Mix. Use .as a mouth-wash. Gargle of Sulphate of Copper. Sulphate of Copper....................Twenty Grains. Infusion of Sage........................Six fl. Ounces. Tincture of Myrrh .................... One Drachm. Tincture of Catechu.........%..........One Drachm. Tincture of Kino........................One Drachm. Tincture of Aniseed....................Five Drachms. Honey........*........................Six Drachms. Mix well. In obstinate salivation.—Kopp, Gargle of Tannic Acid. Tannic Acid...........................One Drachm. Honey................................Two Ounces. Water................................Half a Pint. Mix. Useful as a gargle in salivation. Almond Emulsion. Sweet Almonds........................Half an Ounce. Gum Arabic........................Half a Drachm. Sugar................................Two Drachms. Water................. ..............Half a Pint. Blanch the almonds, beat them with the gum and sugar till thoroughly mixed ; then rub the mixture with the water grad- ually added, and strain.— U. S. Ph. As an application to irritated and inflamed mucus mem- branes. 5 INFLAMMATION OF-THE THROAT, Pills of Iodine and Extract of Gentian. Iodine.....................................Six Grains. Extract of Gentian....................One Drachm. Mucilage of Gum Arabic....................Sufficient. Mix, and make into twenty-four pills. Take one pill three times a-day.—Radius. INFLAMMATION OF THE THROAT.—SORE-THROAT. The parts affected in inflammation of the throat, are back of the mouth, including the uvula and the loose folds of membranes on each side of it. The different forms of inflammation of the mouth, mentioned in the preceding article, frequently extend to the throat; but the inflammation now under consideration, is of a different character. Symptoms.—Dryness, heat, redness and swelling, which may affect one or both sides of the throat. There is much soreness of the throat, and sharp pain in swallowing. The voice becomes hoarse, and after a short time there may be seen small, whitish patches on the inflamed parts, and there will be an unusual accumulation of sticky mucus in the throat, which will sometimes be streaked with blood. Fever does not always attend this difficulty; but when it approaches the character of the sore-throat in scarlet fever, it will frequently be present. Ordinarily, after a few days the inflammation gradual- ly declines, without the formation of matter in the swol- len parts; but sometimes the glands about the throat be- come painfully enlarged, suppurate, and involve other parts. The inflammation may extend to the larynx, INFLAMMATION OF THE THROAT. 99 bronchial tubes'or lungs, causing inflammation of the larynx, bronchitis or inflammation of the lungs. Deaf- ness is occasionally the result of the inflammation invol- ving parts connected with the organs of the ear. In the chronic form of the disease, much the same dif- ficulties exist, though perhaps in a less degree. The un- easy sensations are constant, and the whitish patches about the throat now appear like portions of thickened membrane, and seem to cause a continual hawking, and a desire to clear from the throat something that exists there only in imagination. Irregular ulcers occasionally form on the diseased parts and are a source of great irri- tation, A disagreeable cough may also be the result of a thickening of the membrane or of an enlargement or elongation of the uvula. The irritation extending to the windpipe, will frequently give rise to an annoying cough. These difficulties occasionally disappear for awhile, and return again with a change of the weather, or in conse- quence of some slight imprudence of the patient. Treatment.—Early in the disease, we should direct the patient to be purged with Epsom salts, confined to a low diet, as of gruel and porridge, and to use, twice a-day a gargle of the solution of alum. Exposure to cold and wet weather should be avoided. If the alum gargle does not agree with the inflamed condition of the throat, it may be changed for one of a weak solution of the sul- phate of zinc, acetate of lead, or nitrate of silver. The infusion of flaxseed, slippery elm, and sage, may like wise be used as an application to the inflamed-surfaces. If in the chronic form of the disease there should arise considerable inflammation, with a full, hard pulse, it may become necessary to apply leeches to the throat and chest, 100 INFLAMMATION OF THE THROAT. or even-to bleed from the arm. It is better, however, to reduce the inflammation by the use of saline cathartics, the neutral mixture, and a solution of tartar emetic with ipecac, if possible. These means are well calculated to reduce the fever and to determine to the surface. Bilious troubles connected with this difficulty, of recent date, may be cured by the use of one or two doses of cal- omel or blue pill, as physic ; but when of long standing, we will have to resort to a continued use of some combi- nation containing calomel. Plummer's pills are well cal- culated for this purpose. They are also an excellent rem- edy in cases of chronic rheumatism dependent on affec- tions of the skin, especially if connected with a syphilitic taint. Costiveness must be avoided, by the means directed under that head. This alone will frequently cure chron- ic cases of inflammation of the throat. The external remedies used in the cure of this difficul- ty are numerous. They include cold water, mustard, Cayenne pepper, turpentine, leeches and blisters, accord* inp- as the case is mild or obstinate. Counter-irritation established over the diseased parts, and kept up for a long time, by the use of tartar emetic, and croton oil ointment, will frequently be of great service in this disease. Those cases of inflammation of the throat connected with scrofula, gout and syphilis, must be treated with the appropriate remedies for those diseases. When the enlargement of the uvula cannot be reduced by the usual means, and it is a cause of irritation and of a eouo-h, excision of it will be necessary. INFLAMMATION OF THE THROAT. 101 Solution of Alum. Alum........................Ten to Twenty Grains. Water '.............................. One fl. Ounce. Dissolve. Use two or three times a-day as a gargle. Infusion of Flaxseed. Flaxseed............................Half an Ounce. Bruised Liquorice Root ,...............Two Drachms. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Macerate for two hours in a covered vessel, and strain. U. S. Ph. Infusion of Sage. Sage................................Two Drachms. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Infuse in a covered vessel, one hour, and strain. P! umliter's Pills. Calomel..............................Two .Drachms. Oxysulphuret of Antimony..............Two Drachms. Powdered Resin of Guaiacum............Half an Ounce. Molasses..............,.............Two Drachms. Rub the calomel with the antimony, and then with the other ingredients, till well incorporated.—Lond. Ph., 183G. The pills should contain about three grains each. Dose, one or two pills, morning and evening. Tartar Emetic Ointment. Tartar Emetic..........................One Drachm. Lard....................................One Ounce. Mix, and rub on the skin to bring out a pustulous eruption. Ointment of Croton Oil. Croton Oil................................Six Drops. Lard.................................Two Drachms. Mix. To apply to the skin, to bring out pustules. 102 INFLAMMATION OF THE THROAT. Almond Emulsion. • Blanched Almonds........................One Ounce. Pound in a marble mortar, and gradually add Water..............................Sixteen Ounces. Strain.—Beral. As .an application to inflamed mucus membranes. Diphtheritis.—This disease is characterized by the ex- udation of fibrinous and albuminous matter, which may affect both the mucus membranes and the skin. The following symptoms and treatment are taken from Wood's Practice of Medicine. Those who wish to far- ther investigate this subject, are referred to the above work, which also contains the causes and diagnosis of this disease. Symptoms.—The disease commences with some red- ness of the fauces and uneasiness, such as occur in ordi- nary sore-throat, but usually in a less degree. This con- dition lasts but a very short time, before the exudation commences; and, when first seen by the physician, the surface almost always exhibits small, irregularly circum- scribed, whitish, yellowish-white, or ash-colored patches, sometimes seated in a portion only of the fauces, some- times scattered here and* there over almost their whole extent. These patches bear no inconsiderable resem- blance to superficial sloughs, or to the surface of ulcers, for both of which they have not unfrequently been mis- taken ; but it has been shown, by the most careful mi- croscopic observations, that they consist of a concrete ex- udation similar to false membrane, and that the surface of the membrane beneath them has not necessarily un- dergone any loss of substance. In some instances they inflammation of the throat. 103 are translucent. Their consistence is various, occasional- ly pultaceous, but more frequently somewhat dense and even tough. The membrane around them is inflamed and reddened, and the tonsils are usually more or less swollen, as are frequently also the cervical and submax- illary glands, and sometimes even the parotids. In mild cases, such as often occur, sporadically, the patches are few, more regularly circumscribed than in the severer forms, and not disposed to spread; while there is little tumefaction either of the tonsils or the external parts, and little or no fever. They are apt, however, to be attended with much pain in swallowing. In the seve- rer cases, the patches spread with greater or less rapidity, sometimes in the course of a few hours coalescing and covering the whole fauces, but more frequently, advancing rather slowly, and leaving portions of the membrane un- covered. There is comiionly more of *the exudation on one side than on the other; and on that where it is most abundant, the swelling of the tonsils and external parts is greatest The deglutition now becomes more difficult, and liquids often return by the nostrils in attempts to swallow. The patches, soon after they are completely -formed, begin to be removed, sometimes separating in strips, sometimes softening and mixing with the fluids of the mouth, and in a few cases disappearing by absorption. They are often renewed, occasionally several times, each time becoming whiter and thinner, till at length they leave the surface covered with a puriform mucus. The process of separation usually lasts eight or ten days. During its progress, it is attended with the discharge of some blood, and copious vitiated secretions, which occasion much haw- king and spitting, and have a very offensive odor. There 104 inflammation of the throat. is often also a flow of extremely fetid sanies from the nos- trils, indicating the extension of the disease to the nasal passages. The odor of the discharges in -these cases has tended to confirm the erroneous idea, that the disease is es- sentially gangrenous. In the course of the complaint, the disposition to exudation often travels downwards, and the larynx, trachea, and even bronchia, become lined with false-membrane, which obstructs respiration, and often leads to fatal results. This extension of the disease constitutes,, indeed, its chief danger. It may come on at any period from the first appearance of the patches to the seventh or eighth. day, and is indicated by those changes' in the voice and respiration which characterize pseudo-membranous croup. A distinguishing character of this diphtheritic affection, showing that it is connected with the state of the system at large, or of the blood, ia that it is disposed to appear on *all other surfaces which may be excoriated or suppurating. When the local affection is considerable, the system is brought into sympathy, and fever is developed. The stomach is sometimes irritable, and the bowels, though at first generally disposed to constipation, are apt towards the close of the disease, to be affected with a fetid diar- rhea. Both of these results are ascribable to the acrimo- ny of the liquid secreted in the fauces, more or less of which is swallowed. In good constitutions, the fever is usually sthenio; but sometimes, especially when the dis-' ease prevails epidemically, it has a typhoid or malignant character; and this condition of the system reacts on the local affection. In the former case, the inflamed mem- brane is bright red, the patches white and of a firm con- sistence, and the pulse full and strong. In the latter, the inflammation of the throat. 105 membrane, when visible, is purplish or livid, and the ex- udation yellowish or ash-colored, or darkened by the bloody liquid "effused, and often of a soft pultaceous con- sistence. The discharges from the mouth and nostrils are excessively acrid and offensive, and often mixed with a dark blood which oozes from the fauces, and even from the gums and lips. Occasionally, obstinate hemorrhage from the nostrils takes place. The pulse is rapid and feeble; the delirium of the early stages is succeeded by coma ; and the whole s}rstem is in a state of great pros- tration. Between the two conditions here presented there are various grades, in which their characteristic symptoms are more or less mingled or modified. In the malignant cases, the system is probably under some poisonous influ- ence superadded to that of the local affection. Such ca- ses are happily rare. The diphtheritic exudation differs decidedly from that of thrush, and in some points also from that which ac- companies scarlet fever. In the thrush, the white coat- ing appears first in separate points which afterwards coa- lesce ; is formed upon the surface of the epidermis, or at least not beneath it; may be readily removed without affecting the integrity of the mucus membrane, or caus- ing the lea^t hemorrhage, and, when examined under the microscope, is found to contain abundantly a peculiar fungus plant. The diphtheritic exudation forms in patch- es, beneath the epidermis; adheres strongly to the mem- brane, so that it can rarely be detached without causing the extravasation of some blood; and under the micro- scope exhibits the ordinary constituents of false mem- brane ; namely, interlacing fibrils, molecules or granules, and exudation or pus corpuscles. The exudation in scar- 106 inflammation of the throat. latina occurs generally first in points like the thrush, is much less cohesive than the diphtheritic, less adherent to the mucus membrane, much less disposed to spread into the larynx, and also less disposed to make its appearance upon surfaces elsewhere that may be excoriated. The duration of the disease, when severe, is usually two or three weeks or more. Except in its malignant form, or when it occurs in constitutions previously much enfeebled, or assumes the character of pseudo-membranous croup, the prognosis is favorable. Treatment.—In the mildest cases, little general treat- ment is required. The patient may take a dose of sul- phate of magnesia, or some saline cathartic, and should strictly avoid animal food. In somewhat severer cases, with moderate fever, the cathartic may be repeated, and antimonials and the neutral mixture administered at short intervals. Wrhen the pulse is full and strong, blood should be taken freely from the arm, especially in adults; but venesection does not exercise the same controlling influence over this, as over the common inflammation; at least, it does not obviate the tendency to the plastic effusion; and, in some instances, in consequence of the feebleness of system, is not well borne. When the symp- toms are threatening, either from the general condition of the system, or the disposition in the local disease to enter the respiratory passages, calomel should be resorted to. Under these circumstances, no general means of cure is so effectual as the establishment of the mercurial influ- ence. If the patches should have reached the glottis, or be extended towards it, a full purgative dose of calomel should be giveD, and the medicine afterwards continued in doses of from half a grain to two grains, every hour inflammation of the throat. 107 or two, until the mouth is affected, or the disease relieved. Even young children, under these circumstances, bear calomel well in the quantity mentioned. Should it irri- tate the stomach and bowels very much, the dose may be diminished, or the mercurial pill, and frictions with mer- curial ointment substituted. Emetics have been recom- mended ; but they scarcely modify the peculiar character of the affection; and are only sometimes useful, in the advanced stages, by promoting the expulsion of the false membrane from the larynx. Should the symptoms be malignant, with great depression, Peruvian bark or qui- nia, wine-whey, carbonate of ammonia, and animal broths may be required. The exterior local treatment is not very important. Leeches may be used, as an adjuvant to the lancet, or as a substitute for it in doubtful cases; and recourse may be had to rubefacients and blisters, as mentioned under the head of common inflammation of the fauces. By far the most important remedies are those addressed immediately to the part affected. By these the peculiar character of the inflammation, upon which its danger chiefly depends, may be changed ; and, if the disease has not already reached the larynx, its progress may be ar- rested. In the slighter forms, a solution of sulphate of zinc containing fifteen or twenty grains of the salt in a fluidounce, applied daily or twice a day to the pseudo- membranous patches, will be found sufficient. When a stronger impression is required, caustic substances must be .employed. Of these the best is nitrate of silver, which may be applied either in the solid state, or dissolved in six or eight parts of water. Muriatic acid is highly recommended by some writers, and in the worst cases is 108 INFLAMMATION OF THE THROAT. used undiluted. In those of slower progress, it may be diluted more or less according to the impression desired. Alum is another very efficient application. It is used in saturated solution, or in the form of a very fine powder, which is applied directly to the part by blowing it through a tube adapted to the purpose. These substances should be allowed to come in contact, as little as possible, with any other part of the surface than those covered with the exudation. The liquids may be applied by means of a large camel's-hair pencil, or of a piece of sponge or soft linen attached to the end of a stick. In the intervals be- tween the caustic applications, mucilaginous gargles, swee- tened or not with honey of roses, may be beneficially used. A gargle, made of a fluidrachm of chlorinated soda and four fluidounces of water, is reconimended in ca- ses attended with fetid discharge. Howard's calomel, ap- plied to the diseased surface by means of a tube, was ad- vised by Bretonneau j but its chief advantages are prob- ably derived from the portion of it which may be swal- lowed. For the local treatment of those cases in which the disease has entered the larynx, the reader is referred to pseudo-membranous croup and chronic laryngitis. Ulcerated Sore-Throat.—It is unnecessary to treat of this affection, as a distinct disease. It is generally, if not always, connected with other difficulties, and by a careful perusal of. the articles on inflammation of the mouth and throat, ample treatment will be found for the management of ulcerated sore-throat. Malignant Sore-Throat.—Putrid Sore-Throat. —It is a question of much doubt among the most expe- rienced medical men, whether there is a distinct disease worthy of this name. " Indeed, we are inclined, from INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. 109 our own experience, to affirm that the simple scarlet fe- ver, scarlet fever with ulceration of the throat, and the malignant scarlet fever, and the sore-throat without efflo- rescence on the skin, are merely varieties of one and the same disease. Hence it is manifestly unnecessary to give a separate account of the malady designated as putrid sore-throat, for which we must refer the reader to that part of a former article which treats of malignant scarlet fever." INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. The tongue is occasionally subject to inflammation, which is rapid in its progress, and violent in its action. It is at first red and painful, and may soon become so much: swelled as to fill the mouth and protrude from it, rendering swallowing and articulation difficult, or even impossible. The usual symptoms of inflammation exist, as fever, and a quick pulse. It is not uncommon for a portion of the tongue to mor- tify and separate from the other parts. Treatment.—Blood must be taken from the arm, and be repeated in a short time, if necessary, to subdue the inflammation. Leeches applied to the throat, as near the tongue^ as possible, will sometimes remove the necessity of bleeding from the arm. The bowels should be moved with Epsom salts, or with some active physic, that can be swallowed with as little difficulty as possible. If, from the swelled condition of 110 INFLAMMATION OF THE TONSILS. the tongue, medicine cannot be swallowed, the bowels must be acted on by means of strong injections. The diet will have to be of the nature of gruel and porridge, and of mucilaginous drinks, as slippery elm and gum Arabic water. When the patient cannot swallow the tongue must be kept moist. After the inflammatory excitement is somewhat sub- dued, soft poultices and blisters may be applied to the throat with benefit. If suffocation is likely to be produced by the enlarge- ment of the tongue, free incisions must be made into it; and should there be formations of matter in it, the ab- scesses must be lanced, and then dressed with soft poul- tices. Should there be a want of action in the tongue after it has been lanced, it must be stimulated with sage or pepper tea, or with the tincture of myrrh. In case.of danger from immediate suffocation, there will be no other course left but to open the windpipe, Tincture of Myrrh. Bruised Gum Myrrh......................One Ounce. Alcohol ............................Twelve Ounces. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter. INFLAMMATION OF THE TONSILS, OR QUINSY. Inflammation of the tonsils and the contiguous soft parts, is attended with a florid redness of the mucus mem- branes of the throat, and particularly of the tonsils, and also with painful and difficult swallowing, and with con- INFLAMMATION OF THE TONSILS. Ill siderable inflammatory fever. One or both of the tonsils may be affected at the same time. Treatment.—Should the patient be of a full habit, and have a full hard pulse, and high fever, bleeding from the arm may be necessary; but it will be advisable to reduce the inflammation by the application of leeches to the throat, and by the use of cathartics, if possible. When we can we must prevent the formation of mat- ter, and with that design we should give some active physic, and put the patient on a low diet, consisting prin- cipally of milk, thin gruel and porridge. Soft poultices of bread and milk, Indian-mush, or flax- seed, may be applied externally to the throat and jaws, and at the same time the tonsils may be frequently wash- ed with warm water, flaxseed, or slippery elm tea, or alum or borax gargles, with much advantage and tempo- rary relief. At the commencement of the inflammation the appli- cation of the oil of turpentine, or oil of origanum, pow- dered alum, or a strong solution of nitrate of silver, will frequently prevent the formation of matter. They may be applied to the tonsils with a feather or swab. If we are satisfied that there will be a formation of mat- ter, it must be assisted without delay, by gargling soft warm fluids, a decoction of figs in milk being as good as any for this purpose. The patient may also breathe through an inverted tunnel, the steam arising-from warm vinegar and water. As soon as matter has formed, it should have free vent by incision. Scarification of the parts is frequently resorted to at the commencement, to prevent the formation of matter. Sometimes, especially when both tonsils are affected, 112 INFLAMMATION OF THE TONSILS. we will be compelled to lance them and the adjacent parts several times a-day, to prevent suffocation and enable the patient to swallow. Gargle of Alum. Alum................................One Drachm. Water..............................Four fl. Ounces. Dissolve. Said to be useful when the breath is offensive. Cavarra. Gargle of Alum and Oak Bark. Powdered Oak Bark......................One Ounce. Boiling Water....................Oneandahalf Pints. Evaporate to one pint, filter, and add Alum..............................Half a Drachm. brandy..............................Two fl.- Ounces. Used as a gargle in inflammation of the mouth and throat. Augustin, Gargle of Sage and Sulphuric Acid. Infusion of Sage.......;....................One Pint. Diluted Sulphuric Acid.................Two Drachms. Syrup of Gum Arabic....................One Ounce. Mix. Use as a gargle in inflammation of the throat. Gargle of Figs and Mallow Hoot. ° " "'".............................One Ounce. Mallow Root......... r\ r\ , ,.................... One Ounce. Milk...................... rp tj. . ...................1 wo Pints. Boil away one-fourth. As an emollient gargle in sore-throat. Radius. INFLAMMATION OF THE ESOPHAGUS. 113 Decoction of Figs and Milk. Figs....................................One Ounce. Milk....................................One Pint. Boil and strain. As a demulcent application to inflamed mu- cus membranes. INFLAMMATION OF THE ESOPHAGUS, OR GULLET. The-passage through which the food passes from the mouth to the stomach, is not so frequently subject to in- flammation as would be supposed, when we consider the great variety of hot drinks and other irritating substan- ces that come in contact with it. . Heat and pain in the parts and difficult swallowing are the principal symptoms. The treatment consists in general and local bleeding, the application of soft poultices, and in the latter stages of the inflammatory action, blisters to the throat, and of demulcent drinks. In obstinate cases a seton may be inserted over the region of the pain, and we may also resort to mercurial ptyalism. In case the patient cannot swallow food, his strength must be kept up, with rich animal broths injected into the rectum. It is possible that in some instances, food might be passed into the stomach through a gum elastic tube. TOOTHACHE. Toothache is of two kinds, the nervous and inflamma- tory. The nervous may commence mildly and increase gradually in severity, or its attacks may be sudden and 114 TOOTHACHE. severe. The inflammatory usually comes on with a dull, deep-seated pain near the root of the tooth affected, and increases in severity until an abscess is formed in the gums. Several of the teeth and sometimes the bone may be affected at the same time. Fever, headache, and swel- ling of the gums are annoying symptoms, especially of the inflammatory kind. The causes of toothache are as various as the causes of nervous derangement and of inflammation. It frequently arises sympathetically from other diseases. Decayed teeth, causing an exposure of the nerves, is probably the most frequent cause. Treatment.—So far as possible, in every instance the exciting cause must "be removed. If a person afflicted with the toothache has a yellow-coated tongue, denoting bilious derangement, and lives in a fever and ague dis- trict, if upon inquiry we find it is of a. periodical charac- ter, we may safely call it malarious toothache. In such a case, an emetic followed by a cathartic, and afterwards a free use of some of the fever and ague mixtures, would undoubtedly cure the trouble. Persons suffering from rheumatic and gouty pains are also frequently afflicted with the toothache ; most likely a proper use of those remedies, suited to the cure of rheu- matism and gout would cure the toothache. Debilitated persons, from whatever cause the debility may arise, are frequently subject to the nervous toothache. Strengthening remedies, particularly some preparation of iron, should be given in such instances. In recent cases of nervous toothache, such anodynes as Dover's powder, laudanum, morphine, and infusion of valerian, may be taken internally, and camphor, opium, TOOTHACHE. 115 oil of cloyes, creosote, chloroform, and various toothache mixtures applied to the cavity of the tooth. The exter- nal application of mustard, ginger, or pepper paste, and sometimes a blister, in the vicinity of the affected parts, are of great service. Soft poultices, containing, camphor, laudanum, or opium, are also frequently applied to the face with good results. For inflammatory toothache, our first object should be to prevent the formation of matter in the gums, or in oth- er words ulceration of the tooth. This can sometimes be done, early in the disease, by applying the strongest so- lution of nitrate of silver, on the gums, over the tooth affected; pepper or ginger held between the lips and gums, in little bags, will also occasionally answer the same purpose. Leeches applied to the jaws, scarification of the gums, physic, and low diet, are the usual remedies for re- ducing the inflammation. Epsom salts in inflammatory toothache, and rhubarb and magnesia in nervous toothache, will be good medi- cines to act as physic. If matter is to form, we must encourage it by applying warm water and soft fluids to the gums, and by such oth- er means as directed in quinsy. The sooner matter is formed and discharged, the sooner will the sufferer be free from pain. In many instances there will be no other resort left but to extract the tooth. Mixture of Iron and Ginger. Subcarbonate of Iron....................One Drachm. Ginger..............................Half a Drachm. Mix. Divide into eight powders and take one every four hours. In toothache from debility. 116 TOOTHACHE. Solution of Alum. Alum................................Two Drachms. Sweet Spirit of Nitre................Seven fl. Ounces. Dissolve. Stated to be an almost infallible cure for the tooth- ache. To be applied to the cavity of the tooth.—Blake. Toothache Mixture. Oil of Cloves..........................Twelve Drops. Tincture of Aniseed....................Two Drachms. Sulphuric Ether........................Two Drachms. Aromatic Tincture......................One Drachm. Mix. To be applied to the carious tooth.—Augustin. Turpentine ILotion. Oil of Turpentine..............One and a half fl. Ounces. Oil of Cloves........................Haifa fl. Ounce. Balsam of Peru........................Two- Drachms. Opium................................Two Scruples. Alcohol............................Half a fl. Ounce. To be well rubbed together. As an application to the face in nervous and inflammatory toothache. Toothache Drops. Opium..................................Ten Grains. Camphor................................Ten Grains. Oil of Cloves..........................One Drachm. Alcohol..............................Half an Ounce. Chloroform...........................Two Drachms. Mix. To be applied to carious teeth. Toothache Drops. Laudanum................;...........Two Drachms. Hoffmann's Anodyne...,................Two Drachms. Oil of Peppermint.....................Two Drachms. Mix. In friction of the cheeks and applied to carious teeth, on cotton.—Dobberan. INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. 117 Solution of Creosote. Creosote..........................J.....One Drop. Alcohol..............................Sixteen Drops. Mix. A drop or two placed in the cavity of an aching tooth, will afford relief.—Marinus. INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. Active Inflammation of the stomach is of rare occur- rence, except when it arises in consequence of swallowing poisonous substances, improper food, cold and hot drinks, and violence. "It is readily to be distinguished by the burning pain, heat, and tension in the region of the stomach; by the aggravation of that pain when anything is swallowed, with the immediate rejection of it, and by the sudden and greater depression of strength in this than in any other inflammation. Indeed inflammation of the bowels is the only disease it can be confounded with ; and from this it can be easily discerned by the seat of pain on pressure with the hand. The symptoms which attend it are, a violent burning pain and some external heat in the region of the stom- ach, with great soreness, distension, and flatulency, a se- vere vomiting, especially after anything is swallowed, whether it be liquid or solid, most distressing thirst, rest- lessness, anxiety, with great debility, constant watching, and a quick and contracted pulse. In some cases a severe purging attends." Treatment.—In some rare instances, when the inflam- matory symptoms are violent, it will be necessary to take blood from the arm; but usually, cupping, leeching, and 118 INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. warm fomentations, over the stomach, with other mild means, will answer a better purpose. Five drops of lau- danum in mucilage, or a calomel and opium powder may be given every four hours, until the symptoms are much moderated, or if the disease is obstinate, give the powder till the gums are slightly affected. To quiet the stomach when vomiting is violent, ice may be allowed to dissolve on the tongue, or small pieces of it may be swallowed. Lemonade, in small repeated quan- tities, will frequently arrest the vomiting. Port sano-aree will often stop the vomiting when other means fail; por- ter sangaree may be used for the same purpose. Mustard poultices and blisters will assist in quieting the stomach, after the inflammation has been somewhat subdued. The bowels should be kept open with some mild injec- tion. If there is much bloating, and danger of ulcera- tion of the stomach, one of the turpentine mixtures must be taken regularly for several days. The diet should consist of the mildest drinks, and he ta- ken in small quantities. The proper antidotes for poisons may be found under the head of poisons and their antidotes. Chronic inflammation of the stomach forms one of the varieties of dyspepsia, and will be sufficiently treated of •under that head. Powder of Calomel and Opium. Calomel........ _,. „ . _ . ........................Six Grains. Opium............ „ _, . ,,. n ,. . ..............-.......-bour Grains. Mix, and divide into six powders. One to be taken every four hours. J DYSPEPSIA. 119 Port Sangaree. Port Wine..............................Two Ounces. Nutmeg..................................Sufficient. Sugar....................................Sufficient. Ice Water..............................Two Ounces. Mix. To be taken in such quantities as the stomach will re- tain. Porter Sangaree. Porter................................Two Ounces. Aje....................................Two Ounces. Ice Water ............................Two Ounces. Sugar....................................Sufficient. Nutmeg................. ..............Sufficient. Mix. To be taken as often and in such doses as will be re- tained on the stomach. Mixture of Turpentine and If oik of Eggs. Oil of Turpentine......................Two Drachms. Yolk of Eggs..................................One. Syrup of Gum Arabic....................Two Ounces. Dose, from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful every two hours in acute cases; and the same quantity every four or six hours in chronic cases. DYSPEPSIA. Symptoms.—Uneasiness at the stomach, pain after eat- ing, belching of sour wind, spitting up of the food, a sense of fullness of the stomach, irregular appetite, imperfect digestion, costiveness, heart-burn, and the discharging of a thin glary fluid from the stomach, called water brash. If the disease is of long standing, there will be emaciation, palpitation, depressed spirits, and great derangement of the liver and nervous system. 120 dyspepsia. The symptoms of dyspepsia are more numerous and va- ried than of any other disease. Treatment.—First of all regulate the food and drinks; it is difficult to direct particular articles, because the sto- mach is so variable in its wants. The patient can tell the best what food and drinks will agree with his stomach, he must, therefore, have great latitude in their selection. He will find that what will agree with it one day, may not the next. It is safe however, to give the general di- rection to avoid the use of tobacco, spirituous liquors, coffee and tea; generally fat meats, vinegar, and pastry are not allowable. There will be some conditions of the stomach where benefit may be derived from the cautious use of wine, porter or brandy. What exercise the patient can bear, especially in the open air, is of great importance. ' The bowels must be kept open with mild physic; the combination of rhubarb and magnesia is one of the best for this purpose. Carbonate of soda, magnesia, or lime water, may be given, to correct the sourness of the stomach, as often as occasion requires. The nervous symptoms can be controlled the best by such preparations as the black drop, Hoffmann's anodyne cordial, Dover's powder, valerian, and morphine. ' In cases of long-standing, and accompanied with water brash, an excellent remedy will be found in the suhni- trate of bismuth. It may be taken twice or three times a-day, commencing with five-grain doses, gradually in- creasing the same. When headache and vomiting come on in consequence dyspepsia. 121 of improper food in the stomach, a mild emetic should be administered ; but if they arise in consequence of weak- ness of the stomach, small doses of some of the prepara- tions of quinine, or of the carbonate of iron, should be taken several times a-day. They may be changed for some other tonic remedies, if the stomach rejects them. Attacks of dyspepsia which are dependent on a bilious condition of the system, may be successfully treated by administering a full dose of calomel, and following it in two or three hours afterwards with some mild physic, or by giving small doses of calomel and rhubarb every six hours, till four or six doses have been taken, and then operating on the bowels with magnesia and rhubarb. Infusion of Orange Peel and Cloves. Dried Orange Peel....................Half an Ounce. Bruised Cloves........................One Drachm. Fresh Lemon Peel ,..,................Two Drachms. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Macerate for a quarter of an hour, and strain. As a grateful tonic to the stomach, in dyspepsia.—Lond. Ph. Infusion of Cinnamon. Bruised Cinnamon....................Half an Ounce. Boiling Water............................Two Pints. Infuse. In dyspepsia and nervous colic.—Radius. Pills of Prepared Iron and Wormwood. Prepared Metallic Iron....................Two Ounces. Extract of Wormwood......................Sufficient. Mix, and make six-grain pills. Three or four, morning and evening, in dyspepsia.—Soubeiran. 6 122 dyspepsia. Pills of Pepper and Gentian. Powdered Cayenne Pepper................One Scruple. Extract of Gentian......................One Drachm. Powdered Gentian........................Sufficient. Form mass and divide into sixty pills. In chronic dyspepsia. Take one three times a-day, and if the stomach will bear it, oftener.—Radius. Mixture of Lime Water and Milk. Lime Water............................Four Ounces. New Milk..............................Six Ounces. Mix. As an antacid, and to remove sickness of the stomach. Dose, one or two tablespoonfuls. Mixture of Potash and Ammonia. Caustic Potash........................Half an Ounce. Aqua Ammonia...........,............. .Two Ounces. Powdered Rhubarb....................Half an Ounce. Rain Water............................Half a Pint. Mix. As an antacid, and useful in pain of the stomach after eating. It should not be taken on an empty stomach. Dose, one-half to a teaspoonful, immediately after eating, in a tea- cupful of new milk.—Mrs. Rogers. Powders of Oxide of Zinc and Colombo. Oxide of Zinc...........,...............Four Grains. Powdered Colombo....................Thirty Grains. Mix, and divide into four powders. One every three hours in dyspepsia.—Brera. Pills of Subnitrate of Bismuth. Subnitrate of Bismuth....................One Drachm. Mucilage of Gum Arabic....................Sufficient. Mix, and make thirty pills. Two to be given every six hours in Dyspepsia. dyspepsia. 123 Mixture of Ashes and Soot. Hickory Ashes............................One Quart.' Soot....................................Six Ounces. Boiling Water............................One Gallon. Mix, and digest for twenty-four hours, frequently stirring, and decant. A teacupful three times a-day, used in dyspepsia. Ellis. Aromatic Powder. Ginger................................Tw0 Ounces. Cinnamon...............................Two Ounces. Cardamon Seeds..........................One Ounce. Grated Nutmeg..........................One Ounce. Mix, and rub together in fine powder.— U. S. Ph. Dose, ten to twenty grains, in dyspepsia with flatulence. Powders of Mercury with Chalk and Ipecac. Mercury with Chalk......................One Scruple. Powdered Ipecac..........................Ten grains. Mix, and divide into six powders. One, night and morning, in syrup. In dyspepsia with biliary derangement.—Paris. Powder of Soda and Rhubarb. Dried Carbonate of Soda ................One Ounce. Powdered Rhubarb....................Eour Drachms. Ginger................................One Scruple. Mix. In cardialgia and dyspepsia. Dose, ten to twenty grains.—Beasley. T--- Mixture of Soot and Potash. S0ot................................Half an Ounce. Carbonate of Potash........... .One and a Half Ounces. Carbonate of Ammonia................Two Drachms. Elder-Flower Water..................Nine fl. Ounces. Digest for some time by a gentle heat, and filter. Good to correct acidity of the stomach.—Dunglison. 124 INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. Infusion of Gentian and Rhubarb. Bruised Gentian........................One Drachm. Bruised Rhubarb......................Two Drachms. Boiling Water......................Twelve fl. Ounces. Macerate for an hour, strain, and add Carbonate of Ammonia.................Two Scruples. Dose, one to two fl. ounces, in dyspepsia, chronic rheumatism, &c.—Steph. and Church. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.. This name would naturally imply an inflammation of the whole intestinal tube; but as dysentery is an inflam- mation of the large intestines, and will be treated of un- der that head, we will consider this disease as an inflam- mation of that portion of the bowels between the large intestines or the colon, and the stomach, generally known as the small intestines. Symptoms.—Uneasiness and moderate griping pains in the region of the navel, which gradually increase in se- verity, and become excessive on pressure, are symptomatic of this disease. In some instances the symptoms are much more violent at the commencement. Diarrhea is frequent, and the passages may be dark green and over- charged with bile, or chalk or clay colored and deficient in bile. They frequently contain undigested food, and occasionally they are streaked with blood. . The usual febrile symptoms are present, as loss of ap- petite, dry skin, and quick pulse. The tongue is gener- ally moist and furred. This disease is commonly mild, and runs its course in a short time, under proper management. But sometimes "it comes on with an acute pain, extending in general INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 125 over the whole of the abdomen, but more especially around the navel, which is greatly aggravated on press- ure, accompanied with eructations, sickness at the stom- ach, a vomiting of bilious matter, obstinate costiveness, thirst, heat, great anxiety, and a quick and hard small pulse. After a short time the pain becomes more severe, and the bowels are affected with spasms, the whole region of the abdomen is highly painful to the touch, and seems drawn together in lumpy contractions; invincible costive- ness prevails, and the urine is voided with great difficul- ty and pain. The inflammation continuing to proceed with violence, terminates at last in ulceration, scirrhus, or gangrene; or it goes off by resolution." Treatment.—Bleeding from the arm is our most pow- erful remedy, and should always be resorted to when the danger is imminent. Our next best means of cure is the abstraction of blood from over the seat of the pain, by the use of cups or leeches. Mild abstractions of blood will generally answer the purpose, and frequently we will be able to safely control the inflammation with other means. The bowels should be moved with some cathartic, and from its known effects in inflammatory- diseases, calomel is considered the best in this, especially if the inflamma- tion is complicated with bilious derangement. If it does not operate within two-or three hours, a dose of castor oil or some other physic may be given to assist its action. Should there be watery stools, and an inclination to di- arrhea, with griping pains, castor oil, containing from ten to twenty drops of laudanum, will be a suitable physic. Magnesia is preferable when there is much acid in the 126 inflammation of the bowels. bowels, which may often be known by the odor and col- or of the stools. A mixture of magnesia and manna with fennel seed tea forms a very good combination in such cases. The bowels should be regularly evacuated with mild laxatives, as smalL repeated doses of Epsom salts, or Seidlitz powders, given so as to procure two or three mild evacuations, each day. If, from any cause, the stom- ach will not retain the laxative medicines, we must move the bowels by means of injections. For fever and hot skin, the neutral mixture may be given as directed in fevers. Pain may be controlled by the use of opium or laudanum, separately, or in combi- nation with other remedies. " Great care is requisite in relation to the diet. In ve- ry severe cases, with much fever, a solution of gum Ara- bic is sufficient. When something more is required, the farinaceous drinks, such as barley-water, rice water, bread water, and solutions of arrowroot, sago, and tapioca may be given. A little black tea and dry or toasted bread may be allowed to patients who can bear them. In the declining stages, weak chicken or mutton broth, without fat or vegetables, will sometimes be found useful." Warm fomentations of the decoction of smart-weed, and soft poultices, kept up for a long time, and applied over the bowels, will be of great service; if occasion re- quires it, the poultices may be made anodyne, by combi- ning laudanum or hops with them, or more active, by mixing with them mustard or pepper. Blisters will oc- casionally be necessary, especially in the latter stages of the disease. When the inflammation extends so as to involve the stomach and liver, the new complications must be treated inflammation of the bowels. 127 as directed under the head of inflammation of the stom- ach and of the liver. Physic of Manna and Magnesia. Manna..................................One Ounce. Magnesia.............................One Drachm. Fennel Seed Tea............................Sufficient. Dissolve. To be taken at one dose, and the same quantity re- peated, if necessary. Mixture of Magnesia and Epsom Salts. Carbonate of Magnesia................Half a Drachm, Epsom Salts........................Three Drachms. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia............One fl. Drachm. Tincture of Rhubarb................Half a fl. Ounce. Tincture of Henbane................Half a fl. Ounce. Mint Water........................Four fl. Ounces. Mix. As a carminative cathartic. A tablespoonful two or three times a-day.—Meigs. Solution of Gum Arabic. Gum Arabic...........................Four Ounces. Boiling Water.........................Half a Pint. Stir till dissolved, and add Cold Water............................Half a Pint. A nourishing drink in inflammation of the bowels. Rice "Water. Rice,.................................Four Ounces. Water................................ Two Quarts. Wash the rice, and boil an hour and a half. This may be sweetened and flavored, according to circumstances. 128 INFLAMMATION of the peritoneum. Sago Mucilage. Sago.....................................Two Ounces, Water....................................Two Pints Macerate by a gentle heat, for two hours, then boil for fifteen minutes, stirring continually, till the grains are perfectly dis solved; add sugar or flavoring, according to circumstances. A. T. Thomson, Tapioca Jelly. Tapioca...........................Two Tablespoonfuls. Water....................................One Pint. Boil gently for an hour, or till it becomes gelatinous; flavor with sugar, wine, &c, according to circumstances.—Ellis. INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONEUM. This is an inflammation of a thin membrane that covers the internal surface of the abdomen. It is so closely con- nected with the bowels, that they are very apt to become involved in the inflammation. Symptoms.—There is at first a sharp pain felt over some part of the bowels, that soon spreads and becomes general. There is shivering and more or less fever, the pulse are small and quick, the tongue dry, the breathing hurried, the urine diminished in quantity, and there is frequent vomiting. To get relief from the pressure of the bed-clothes, and to take the strain off from the bowels, the patient lies on his back with his thighs drawn up towards his body. There is great tenderness of the bowels, and the sufferer cannot bear the slightest pressure on them. This inflammation attacks suddenly, runs its course rapidly, and is always a most dangerous complaint, fire- INFLAMMATION of the peritoneum. 129 quently ending in ulceration and perforation of the bowels. Treatment.—The inflammation must be conquered by bloodletting. If necessary, bleeding from the arm ought to be resorted to freely and repeatedly. Leeches and cups may also be applied over the seat of the pain, for the same purpose. Bleeding, to be of the most service, must be resorted to at the very onset of the attack. Warm fo- mentations, or warm poultices, should be applied to the bowels, after the leeches or cups have been used, if they can be borne by the patient. After bleeding it will be necessary to act smartly on the bowels. For this purpose, calomel may be given in a full dose with castor oil, or alone in ^molasses, and followed with the oil two hours afterwards. The bowels are to be moved, daily, either with mild physic or injections. If there is much bloating of the bowels, turpentine may be given in combination with castor oil, as physic, or, it can be given as directed in inflammation of the stomach, or it may be administered by injection. Pain and irritation must be subdued by the use of opium or some of its combinations. If the disease does not yield to the above treatment and runs on several days, mustard poultices and blisters should be applied over the abdomen, and the patient put on the use of calomel and opium, in small repeated doses, with a view to the general effect of the calomel on the system. Two grains of calomel, combined with half a grain of opium, may be taken every six hours until the symptoms moderate. In the active part of the inflammation, the diet should be composed of mild, cooling, and mucilaginous fluids. 130 DYSENTERY. Lemonade, and slippery elm water soured with cream of tartar, will be agreeable drinks, and may be indulged in, when the patient is not taking calomel. In the later stages of the disease a more nourishing diet will be re- quired. • Physic of Castor Oil and Turpentine. Castor Oil............................Two Ounces. Turpentine.................................One Ounce. Mix. Dose, a tablespoonful. * DYSENTERY. Dysentery is an inflammation of the lining membrane of the large intestines and the rectum. Symptoms.—At first there is an uneasy sensation of the bowels, moderate pain, loss of appetite, and costive- ness or diarrhea. These symptoms are soon followed by griping pains, just before the patient desires to go to stool. The passages, at first, are mostly mucus with a little fecal matter, but they soon become streaked with blood, or blood alone. As the disease continues, the passages be- come more watery, darker colored, of a peculiar offensive smell, and will contain small flesh-like shreds, the appear- ance of which has been compared to the washings of meat, or the scrapings of intestines. There is a frequent desire to go to stool, much straining, and occasionally bloating of the bowels. When bilious symptoms are prominent in this disease, it is called bilious dysentery. Treatment.—If the inflammation runs high it may be dysentery. 131 necessary to bleed once from the arm; but it can gener- ally be managed by the use of cups or leeches, applied over the seat of the pain. If there is much bilious diffi- culty, or crudities in the stomach, it will be well to give a mild emetic of ipecac, and follow it the next day with a calomel purge. If the emetic is not given, the calomel must not be omitted. The bowels should be moved every day. Castor oil, rhubarb and magnesia, and the oleaginous mixture, will be good medicines Tor this purpose. After the bowels have been moved, they should be restrained, or held in check, by the use of opium, sugar of lead, sulphate of zinc, tincture of kino, tincture or syrup of rhubarb, de- coction of cranesbill, or some other astringent Dover's powder in five-grain doses, every four hours, may be giv- en for the same purpose, and in obstinate cases it may be combined with blue pill. This combination should be kept up till there is a sensible change for the better. If this is not sufficient to restrain or relieve the pain of the bowels, opium or laudanum may be given at the same time. It will frequently be necessary to give starch and laudanum injections :to assist in restraining the bowels. Later in the disease, especially if there is much bloat- ing, great relief may be had from the internal use of tur- pentine, taken in oil or mucilage. Perhaps the best com- bination would be with the balsam of copaiba. The external application of warm fomentations and warm soft poultices, containing laudanum or camphor, will frequently give great relief If other means are not . successful in relieving the soreness and pain of the bow- els, a blister must be applied over them. • The diet in the forepart of the disease should be mild, 132 DYSENTERY. and consist mostly of fluids, as slippery elm and flaxseed tea, or a solution of gum Arabic, and afterwards increas- ed in nutriment and variety, as may seem to be necessary to support the patient's strength. Dysentery generally runs its course within ten days, if it is not to terminate fatally, or become chronic in its character. Decoction of Cranesbill. "" Cranesbill................................One Ounce. Water............................One and a half pints. Boil down to a pint. Dose, from one to two fl. ounces. Wood. Mixture of Turpentine and Copaiba. Turpentine............................One Drachm. Copaiba................................One Drachm. ,Mucilage of Gum Arabic..................One Ounce. Mix. A teaspoonful three or four times a-day. In bloating of the bowels in dysentery. Powders of Calomel, Opium and Ipecac. Calomel............................Sixteen Grains. Opium................................Four Grains. Powdered Ipecac........................Eight Grains. Mix, and divide into eight powders. One to be taken every hour or two, in dysentery.— Chapman. Mixture of Camphor Water and Laudanum, Camphor Water......................Four fl. Ounces. Laudanum....................Forty to Fifty Drops. Compound Spirit of Lavender............Two fl. Ounces. Mix. A teaspoonful, every two hours, in diarrhea and dys- entery.—EUis. A DYSENTERY. 133 Mixture of Starch and Suet. Cow's Milk............................Six Pounds. Mutton Suet............................Two Ounces. Boil by a gentle heat, constantly stirring, and add Starch..................................A Spoonful. Boil a short time, and add White Sugar............................A Sufficiency. Recommended in wineglassfuls, in dysentery.—Pringle. Syrup of Blackberries. Juice of Blackberries..................Twenty Ounces. Sugar................................Three Pounds. Boil, and strain. Said to be very useful in dysentery. Ambrose Smith. Mixture of Logwood and Kino. Extract of Logwood..................Three Drachms. Tincture of Kino....................Two fl. Drachms. Essence of Cinnamon....................One Drachm. Water................................Ten fl. Ounces. Mix. Two spoonfuls every three or four hours. In diarrhea and dysentery. Draught of Syrup of Poppies and Chalk Mixture. Syrup of Poppies........................One Drachm. Water................................Two Drachms. Chalk Mixture................One and a half Ounces. Ipecac.................................Five Grains. Mix. As a draught in dysentery. Pills of Opium and Acetate of Lead. Acetate of Lead....................Twenty-four Grains. Powdered Opium........................Three Grains. Syrup....................................Sufficient. Mix, and make twelve pills. One every three hours, in hem- orrhages, dysentery, and cholera.— Chapman. 134 DYSENTERY. Oleaginous Mixture. Powdered Gum Arabic................Two Drachms. Sugar................................One Drachm. Rub together with a little mint water, and add gradually Castor Oil................................One Ounce. Mint Water........................Four fl. Ounces. Triturate well. A tablespoonful, every hour or two hours, till it acts on the bowels.—Ellis. Mixture of Opium and Syrup of Poppies. Opium........................ Two to Three Grains. Syrup of Poppies........................One Ounce. Chamomile Water.....................'... Six Ounces. Mix. A spoonful every half hour in dysentery.—Swediaur. Pills of Rhubarb and Ipetac. Powdered Rhubarb...................... One Scruple. Powdered Ipecac........................Ten Grains. Opium................................ Three Grains. Oil of Cinnamon......................... Five Drops. Gum Arabic..............................Sufficient. Triturate together, and divide into ten pills. One to be given every two or three hours, in dysentery, to relieve tormina and tenesmus.— Chapman. Starch Jelly. Starch..................................Six Ounces. Water.................................Six Pounds. Boil till reduced to three pounds, and add Wine..................................Four Ounces. Lemon Juice............................0ne 0unC6i Simple Syrup..........................Two 0{mc&it Mix well, and permit to cool. A nourishing diet for conval- escents .—Stvediaur. DIARRHEA. 135 Solution of Sulphate of Zinc. Sulphate of Zinc........................Two Grains. Chamomile Water.................M.. Three fl. Ounces. Dissolve. A spoonful two or three times a-day, in chronic dysentery.—Radius. DIARRHEA, OR LOOSENESS. " Diarrhea consists in frequent and copious discharges of feculent matter, by stool, accompanied by griping, and often, at first, with a slight degree of vomiting, but unat- tended either by inflammation, fever, or contagion. The presence of these, with tenesmus and an evacuation of blood and purulent mucus, with hardened balls of scyba- la, instead of natural feces, which prevail in dysentery, will always enable the practitioner readily to discern the two diseases from each other. It is to be distinguished from cholera morbus by the discharge not being bilious, and also by there being no vomiting of bile. In diarrhea, each discharge is usually preceded by a murmuring noise and flatulence in the intestine, together with a sense of weight and uneasiness in the lower part of the belly, which cease on the discharge taking place, but are again renewed before the one which is to succeed, ensues. The appearance of the stools is various. Some- times they are thinner than natural, from the admixture of a large quantity of fluid poured out by the exhalants of the intestines, than common. Sometimes they are sli- my, and sometimes they are green, when first discharged ; sometimes they are evacuated of a yellow color but be- come green on exposure to the air, and now and then they are of a dark brown color, and very fetid. As the 136 DIARRHEA. disease progresses, the stomach becomes affected, and sick- ness, nausea, and vomiting occasionally prevail, the coun- tenance turns pale/'and the skin is dry and rigid." Treatment.—In simple cases of diarrhea, when the evacuations are unattended with pain, a teaspoonful of paregoric may be given, and repeated if necessary. If more convenient, eight or ten drops of laudanum may be substituted for the paregoric. If the bowels are filled with undigested food, we may give a dose of castor oil, or if there is sourness of the stomach, rhubarb and magnesia. Should there be reason to believe that the discharges are caused by worms, a dose of calomel or some of the mix- tures directed to dislodge worms should be taken. Small repeated doses of calomel, followed in due time by physic, would have the double advantage of destroying worms, and acting as an alterative on the stomach and bowels. If opium fails to restrain the bowels, small doses of some of the astringent combinations may be given, when they can be taken, without causing griping pains. In protracted cases, and especially when the stools are white, small doses of calomel and opium.should be given every four hours, till the evacuations become natural. It will sometimes become necessary to make use of starch and laudanum injections to assist in restraining the bowels. Diarrhea in children may frequently be cured with proper diet, clothing, cleanliness, and the chalk mixture, with a few drops of laudanum in it. As irregularity of diet is one great cause of producing and keeping up this disease, care must be observed that the milk taken by children is healthful, and that no im- proper food is taken into the stomach by others. DIARRHEA. 137 We shall sometimes have occasion, in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, where the disease is kept up for a long time from a want of a proper determination to the surface, and as a consequence the skin being rough and dry, to put the patient into a warm bath, from which course we will often notice an immediate improvement. The patient should be kept in the bath ten or fifteen min- utes, and when taken out, wiped dry, and wrapped up in warm blankets, to induce, if possible, a general perspira- tion. Mixture of Antlmonial Wine and Laudanum. Antimonial Wine....................Three fl. Drachms. Laudanum............................One fl. Drachm. Mix. Fifteen drops every half hour, in rheumatic diarrhea. Munro. Syrup of Galls-. Bruised Galls....................,... Two Drachms. Brandy............................Eight fl. Ounces. Mix. Burn out the spirit and add Powdered Cinnamon....................Two Drachms. Powdered Mace........................Two Drachms. While hot, add sugar by burning it over the inflamed brandy, till a syrup is formed. Decant. Dose, a tablespoonful every two hours. In obstinate chronic diarrhea.—Parrish. Roasted Rhubarb. Powdered Rhubarb...........................At Will. Heat in a covered vessel, constantly stirring, till it becomes almost black, then smother it in a covered jar. Dose, five to ten grains, as an astringent in diarrhea.—Hoblyn. 138 DIARRHEA. Pills of Calomel, Opium and Acetate of Lead. Calomel ..............,................Two Grains. Opium....................................One Grain. Acetate of Lead..........................Six Grains. Mix and make into twelve pills. One to be taken every half hour. This combination is recommended " when the evacua- tions are alarmingly copious and exhausting.— Wood. Electuary of Kino. Powdered Kino........................Six Drachms. Powdered Alum........................Two Drachms. Powdered Cinnamon....................Two Drachms. Syrup....................................Sufficient. Mix into an electuary. One drachm two or three times a-day. Swediaur. Diarrhea Mixture. Prepared Oyster Shell..............One Half Drachm. Laudanum................................Six Drops. Blue Pill................................Three Grains. Powdered Gum Arabic................Half a Drachm. White Sugar........................Half a Drachm. Cinnamon Water....................Half an Ounce. W ater....................................One Ounce. Mix. A teaspoonful to be given at intervals of two, four or six hours, or less frequently. In infants, affected with bilious diarrhea.— Wood. Powders of Alum, Opium and Cinnamon. Powdered Alum.........................One Drachm. Powdered Opium........................Four Graing< Powdered Cinnamon......................0ne Scruple Mix and triturate, and divide into four powders. One to be taken every four hours, in diarrhea.—Radius. DIARRHEA. 139 Compound Chalk Mixture. Chalk Mixture........................Five fl. Ounces. Aromatic Confection......................One Drachm. Solution Carbonate Ammonia-............One fl. Drachm. Laudanum.............................Twenty Minims. Mix. A tablespoonful, occasionally, in diarrhea.—Ainslie. Sedative Mixture. Flaxseed.............................Two Drachms. Poppy Head....................................One. Water.....................................Sufficient to obtain eight ounces of infusion. Add Yolk of Egg....................................One. Mix well. In.painful diarrhea.—St. Marie. Decoction of White Oak Bark. White Oak Bark................One and a half Ounces. Water....................................Two Pints. Boil down to one pint, and strain.—Dub. Ph. Dose, a wineglassful as an astringent in chronic diarrhea. Mixture of Rhubarb, Ammonia and Syrup of Opium. Infusion of Rhubarb........One and a half fl. Drachms. Spirit of Ammonia....................Two fl. Scruples. Cinnamon "Water............One and a half fl. Ounces. Syrup of Opium....................Six fl. Drachms. Mix. A teaspoonful every two hours in the chronic diarrhea of young children.— Vogt. Powders of Subnitrate of Bismuth. Subnitrate of Bismuth............Three to Six Grains. Sugar.....................................Ten Grains. Make six powders. Place one powder on the tongue of a child (one year old), three or four times daily. Used in the diar- rhea of children.— Trousseau. 140 COLIC. Physic of Magnesia and Rhubarb. Magnesia............................Half a Drachm. Powdered Rhubarb........................Two Grains. Powdered Sugar........................One Drachm. Essence of Peppermint....................Six Drops. Water........................One and a half fl. Ounces. Mix. In bowel complaints'of children. A teaspoonful, every two hours, till it operates.—Ellis. Decoction of Blackberry Root. Small Roots of Blackberry..................One Ounce. "Water................-.........One and a half Pints. Buil down to one pint and strain. Dose, one or two fl. ounces, three or four times a-day, in diarrhea, &c.—Smith. Chalk Mixture. Prepared Chalk........................Half "an Ounce. Sugar................................Two Drachms. Powdered Gum Arabic................Two Drachms. Cinnamon Water....................Four fl. Ounces. Water.................................Four fl. Ounces. Rub them together until thoroughly mixed. Dose, a table- spoonful, occasionally, in diarrhea.— U. S. Ph. Starch and Laudanum Injection. Thin Starch............................Four Ounces. Laudanum....................Twenty to Thirty Drops. Mix. As an injection to restrain the bowels, in diarrhea and dysentery. COLIC. Colic is known by griping, twisting pains in the bow- els, but particularly around the region of the navel, ac- companied with vomiting, costiveness and contraction of the muscles of the abdomen. Unlike the inflammation COLIC. 141 of the bowels, the pain is relieved by pressure. Some- times the lower region of the bowels are painfully dis- tended, and there is bilious vomiting, followed by a low pulse, prostration and coldness of the skin. When much complicated with bilious difficulties, there will be yellow- ishness of the eyes and skin, and tenderness over the re- gion of the liver. This condition is called bilious colic. Treatment.—When colic arises from spasm, relief may generally be had by the use" of warm stimulating drinks, such as pepper or ginger tea, the essence of mints, paregoric, and the compound spirit of lavender. If the symptoms are sufficiently urgent to require more active remedies, camphor, water of ammonia, ether, valerian, Hoffmann's anodyne, soap pills, opium, laudanum, or morphine, may be used with success; and at the same time the feet should be bathed in warm water, and fric- tion with the hand, warm fomentations, and large soft poultices should be applied to the bowels. After the pain and cramps are relieved, a dose of castor oil ought to be given to move the bowels. If the attack comes on from an overfullness of the stomach, an emetic will be necessary, and after its opera- tion the bowels are to be moved by some mild physic, as Epsom salts, or the compound infusion of senna. In obstinate cases, attended with bilious derangement, it will be necessary to give a full dose of calomel, or four or five grains every two or three hours, till it operates as 'physic, or until several doses have been taken, when its operation should be promoted by the use of some other physic. Croton oil, in some instances of obstinate cos- tiveness, has been given from necessity. The bowels should be kept open by the use of physic, 142 COLIC. and injections, of such strength as the case may require. Bleeding and blistering are sometimes resorted to, for the purpose of relieving spasm, with success. The warm bath to relieve spasm and to determine to the surface, is an important help, especially in colic with children. Compound Spirit of Lavender. Spirit of Lavender........................Three Pints Spirit of Rosemary........................One Pint Bruised Cinnamon........................One Ounce Bruised Cloves........................Two Drachma Bruised Nutmeg........................Half an Ounce Rasped Red Saunders... t..............Three Drachms Macerate for fourteen days, express, and filter.— U. S. Ph. A carminative and stimulant. Dose, half to a teaspoonful Embrocation of Oil of Caraway, Peppermint, and Sweet Oil. Oil of Caraway . -......................One Scruple, Oil of Peppermint........................One Scruple^ Sweet Oil....................One and a Half Ounces Laudanum.............................One Drachm Mix. As an application to the abdomen of infants in colic. ' Dewees' Carminative. Carbonate of Magnesia. .*..............Half a Drachm. Tincture of Assafetida................___Sixty Drops. Tincture of Opium....................Twenty Drops, Sugar................................One Drachm. Water................................One fl. Ounce. Mix well. Dose, twenty-five drops to a child two to four weeks old.—Dewees. colic. 143 Infusion of Caraway. Caraway Seeds........................Two Drachms. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Infuse and strain. In flatulent colic of infants.— Wood. Soap Pills. Powdered Opium......................Half an Ounce. Soap..................................Two Ounces. Beat into a pilular mass, with water. Dose, three to five grains.— U. S. Ph. Infusion of Catnip. Catnip...............'...............Half an Ounce. Boiling Water...................»......Half a Pint. Infuse in a covered vessel. Dose, a teaspoonful whilst hot, in flatulent colic, for an infant. Infusion of Fennel Seed. Fennel Seed............................One Drachm. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Infuse for two hours and strain. Given in teaspoonful doses to infants, in windy colic, or used as an enema, for the same purpose.—Taddei. ---- » Opium Plaster. Opium................................One Drachm. Simple Plaster..........................Two Ounces. Galbanum..............................One Ounce. Oil of Caraway........................Two Drachms. Melt the last three ingredients, and add the opium. As an application to the abdomen in flatulent colic, diarrhea, and dysentery.—Swediaur. Assafetida Injection. Assafetida............................One Drachm. Hot Water............................One fl. Ounce. Triturate together. In flatulent colic.—Foy. 144 painter's colic. Laudanum Liniment. Laudanum............................Half an Ounce. Sulphuric Ether........................Two Drachms. Tincture of Camphor......................One Ounce. Tincture of Cayenne Pepper................One Ounce. Mix. As an embrocation to the bowels in colic arising from wind in the bowels. Pills of Opium and Cayenne Pepper. Opium..................................Six Grains. Cayenne Pepper......................Eighteen Grains. Molasses..................................Sufficient. Make into six pills. One to be taken every four or six hours, in cramp of the bowels. Physic of Calomel and Croton Oil. Calomel..............................Fifteen Grains. Croton Oil..............................Two Drops. White Sugar..............................Sufficient. Mix and make into six powders. A powder to be given to children on bread and butter, every two hours till it operates, in obstinate constipation. painter's colic, or, lead colic. This disease is called painter's colic, in consequence of its being mostly confined to those persons who work in lead. Symptoms.—The symptoms at first are much like those of dyspepsia and mild cases of common colic. There are slight pains, costiveness, and much debility for several days, when the symptoms gradually become more violent, until there is severe pain in the bowels, back, Kips and chest, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, obstinate cos- painter's colic. 145 tiveness and headache. " The patient finds it impossible to remain long in one position; Sometimes rising, and walking about the chamber, and again resuming his bed; now turning upon one side, then on the other, getting upon his knees, or lying upon his face, and assuming the most grotesque postures, often with his body bent almost double, and his hands pressed together upon his abdo- men." Sometimes there is paralysis of some of the joints,, especially those of the wrists and ankles. Treatment.—This should consist mostly of the judi- cious use of cathartics, injections, opium, acids and calo- mel internally, and of liniments and fomentations exter- nally. The bowels should at first be moved with calomel con- taining opium. The dose may consist of ten or fifteen grains of the calomel with one or two grains of opium, which should be followed in two or three hours with Ep- som salts, the senna compound, or some active physic. Two grains of opium in severe cases of this difficulty is no more of a dose than one grain would. be in ordinary diseases. If other means fail to move the bowels, some of the preparations of croton oil should be given, and persevered in, and at the same time large quantities of warm water must be injected into the rectum, to assist in evacuating,the bowels. When it is desirable to allay irritation o*f the stomach and opium is rejected from it, starch and laudanum injec- tions may be used for that purpose. In prolonged cases of this disease, it has been the for- mer practice to give repeated doses of calomel and opium, until the gums were affected. But this practice.seems to be yielding to that of giving alum and opium, in the 146 painter's colic. quantities of twenty grains of alum and one of opium, every three hours. Some resort to this practice at first, while others wait until they have failed to cure by the use of calomel and opium. The alum is supposed to act chemically, and on the same principle water soured with sulphuric acid and combined with laudanum is taken for the same purpose and with the like effect. Diluted vin- egar will also frequently afford relief. Various other remedies are recommended, but which do not possess, in my opinion, any advantages over those advised in colic. Paralyzed limbs must be blistered and rubbed with stimulating liniments. Much benefit may be had by sup- porting paralyzed joints in splints. Julep of Alum. Alum................................Two Drachms. Sulphuric Acid..........................Ten Drops. Essence of Wintergreen....................Six Drops. Syrup of Lemon......................Two fl. Ounces. Water..............................Three fl. Ounces. Mix. A tablespoonful every hour, in lead colic. Chloroform Paregoric. Chloroform...................One and a half fl. Ounces. Tincture of Opium............One and a half fl. Ounces. Tincture of Camphor..........One and a half fl. Ounces. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia.... One and a half fl. Ounces. Oil of Cinnamon........................Three Drops. Brandy............................Two fl. Drachms. Dose, half a teaspoonful, or less, in spasmodic affections of the stomach, cholera, ecc.—Dr. Henry Hartshorne. painter's colic. 147 Electuary of Jalap. Powdered Jalap___ ...................Two Drachms. Cream of Tartar................One and a half Ounces. Powdered Ginger........................One Scruple. Molasses......................Two and a half Ounces. Mix. Dose, two drachms.—Beasley. Powders of Opium and Camphor. Powdered Opium........................Two Grains. Powdered Camphor...............----Two Grains. Powdered Sulphur....................Half a Drachm. Powdered Sugar...................-"---Half a Drachm. Mix, and make four powders. One, every three hours, in lead colic—Hildebrand. Liniment of Belladonna, and Sulphuric Ether. Extract of Belladonna..................Two Scruples. Sulphuric Ether........................One fl. Drachm. Infusion of Wild-Cherry Bark............Four fl. Ounces. Mix. To be used as a friction to the abdomen, in painter's colic. Liniment of Chloroform, Aqua Ammonia and Sweet Oil. Chloroform................................One Ounce. Aqua Ammonia.............................One Ounce, Sweet Oil.................................Two Ounces. Mix. As an application over the bowels, in lead colic. Pills of Calomel and Extract of Colocynth. Calomel................................Fifteen Grains. Extract of Colocynth..................Eighteen Grains. Opium................................Three Grains- Oil of Peppermint......................Twenty Drops. Beat into a mass, and divide into nine pills. Three pills to be taken every four hours, until the bowels act freely. 148 CHOLERA. Physic of Blue Pill and Croton Oil. Blue Pill............................Twenty Grains Croton Oil.............................Four Drops. Mix, and make into four' pills. Dose, for an adult, one pill every two hours, till it operates as physic. CHOLERA. This disease is usually preceded by a diarrhea of some hours or even days standing, before the more active symp- toms present themselves; but sooner or later " the fea- tures become sharp and contracted, the look expresses terror and wildness, there is giddiness of the head, rigors and chilliness, sickness at the stomach followed by vom- iting, griping pains in the bowels with frequent purging, the appearance of what is discharged, both by vomiting and £tool, being very similar to rice-water; the pulse is small and low, becoming, after a few hours, intermitting; the eyes sink; there is great depression of the living powers ; the skin and soft parts are wrinkled and shriv- eled ; the nails of the fingers and toes put on a blueish or pearly appearance ; the lips, face, neck, hands and feet, and soon afterwards the thighs, arms, and the whole sur- face of the body, assume a leaden,* blue, purple, or brown tint, according to the complexion of the individual, and varying in shade with the iuU'nsity of the attack; and severe spasms come on, beginning at the tops of the fin- gers and toes, but rapidly extending to the trunk of the body and limbs. At length the skin becomes deadly cold and often damp, the tongue is flabby and chilled like a piece of dead flesh being sometimes moist and at others loaded with fur; the CHOLERA. 149 respiration is quick, irregular, and imperfectly performed, the patient seems to struggle for breath, and often places his hand over his heart, as being apparently to him the chief seat of the disease. In general the secretion of urine* is wholly suspended ; the vomiting and purging continue, however, with great violence; and a state of syncope puts a period to the sufferings of the patient." Treatment.—We have to regret that there is not a well established, uniform course of practice in this dis- ease. Our best course will be, so far as possible to equal- ize the circulation, arrest the discharges from the bowels, and correct the condition of the liver. We must remember that in the treatment of this dis- ease the means used, must be commensurate to the vio- lence of the symptoms. To restore the circulation to the surface, we must have recourse to bottles of hot water,' and hot bricks, applied to the back and feet, stimulating frictions, mustard poul- tices, and blisters applied to the surface, especially over the stomach, and the feet should be bathed in hot water, containing pepper, or salt, while at the same time we make use internally of such article as ether, ammonia, Cayenne pepper, camphor, laudanum and brandy. The vomiting and purging may be influenced, and sometimes restrained by the use of small repeated doses of calomel, opium, and sugar of lead, or blue pill with opium. The vegetable astringents may Be used, either with opium or calomel. Ice, allowed to dissolve in the mouth, will sometimes assist in quieting the stomach. If there is an acid smell to what is vomited, lime water in milk will be a proper drink, and will aid in correcting the acidity of the stomach. Astringent injections may 150 CHOLERA. also be used, to assist in quieting the bowels. Laudanum, in quantity from one-half to a teaspoonful, combined with starch or mucilage, may be used for this purpose. To correct the action of the liver and bowels after the more violent symptoms have disappeared, a dose of rhu- barb, or rhubarb and soda, sufficient to keep the bowels naturally active, should be given once or twice a-day. If there is a torpid condition of the liver, small doses of cal- omel given every four or six hours, for twenty-four hours, or a blue pill, containing five grains, taken at night and followed the next morning with a dose of rhubarb, suffi- ciently large to act on the bowels, will have a good influ- ence in restoring the liver to its natural functions. Pros- tration must be managed the same as directed in typhus fever; and the directions for the management of diarrhea as a distinct disease, are applicable to the diarrhea attend- ing cholera. All stimulants must be discontinued as soon as the surface gets warm and can maintain its natural heat without them. A warm mustard bath may be used to restore the cir- culation to the surface, using at the same time internal stimulants, with a good prospect of success. Great care must be taken with the diet, to avoid all ir- ritating substances, and those articles alone allowed of a light nutritious nature and easy of digestion. Mixture of Blue Ointment and Camphor. Blue Ointment..........................Two Ounces. Camphor................................One Ounce. Cayenne Pepper............................One Ounce. Mix. As a friction all over the surface in cholera. CHOLERA. 151 Asiatic Tincture for Cholera. Opium....................................One Ounce. Camphor................................One Ounce. Oil of Cloves...........................One fl. Ounce. Capsicum................................One Ounce. Hoffmann's Anodyne........................One Pint. Macerate ten or twenty days and filter. Dose, one half to a teaspoonful every two or three hours, as occasion may require. It may be taken in sweetened water.—Parrish Pharmacy. The Sun Cholera Mixture. Tincture of Opium........................ One Ounce. Tincture of Cayenne Pepper (treble strength). .One Ounce. Tincture of Rhubarb......................One Ounce. Essence of Peppermint (treble strength)......One Ounce. Spirit of Camphor........................One Ounce, Mix in a bottle; dose from five to thirty drops, to be repeated in every ten or fifteen minutes, if necessary, until relief is ob tained.—JV. Y, Sun. Lime Water. Lime...................................Four Ounces. Water....................................One Gallon. Slake the lime with a little of the water, and add the remain- der. Stir well, and let it stand for three hours. Keep in well- stopped bottles. Dose, one or two tablespoonfuls in the same quantity of milk. As an antacid, and to remove sickness of the stomach. Mixture of Nitric Acid and Opium. Nitric Acid............................Two fl. Scruples. Opium..................................Two Grains. Water..................................Two fl. Ounces. Syrup of Cinnamon....................Half a fl. Ounce. Mix. A spoonful every hour, in barley water. In dysentery, cholera, &c.—Ammon. 152 CHOLERA MORBUS. * Pills of Acetate of Lead and Opium. Acetate of Lead,........................0ne ScruP}e- Opium....................................One Grain. Conserve of Roses...........................Sufficient. Mix, and make twelve pills. One every hour at first, then every two hours, in cholera.—Graves. Mixture of Camphor and Ether. Camphor............................... .One Scruple. Sulphuric Ether...................... • .Two Drachms. Dissolve and add Laudanum............................Twenty Drops. Cinnamon Water.................'.........Six Ounces. Mix. A spoonful every three or four hours.—Augustin. Sugar of Milk Draught. Sugar of Milk........................Half an Ounce. Boiling Water..........................Two Pounds. Lemon Juice...............................Sufficient. Mix. Recommended in cholera , to appease the thirst. Amnion. CHOLERA MORBUS. Frequent and violent vomiting and purging of bilious matter attended with pain and griping, and great pros- tration, constitute the symptoms of this disease. In vio- lent attacks there may be suppression of the urine, thirst, weak pulse, and coldness of the surface. "Cholera morbus is to be distinguished from diarrhea and dysentery by the matter which is discharged being pure bile, unmixed with blood ot mucus, and with scarce- ly any admixture of feces. It may be distinguished from painter's colic by the evacuation; for in the latter, al- CHOLERA MORBUS. 153 though there is sometimes a considerable quantity of bil- ious matter thrown off by vomiting, yet the bowels re- main obstinately costive." Treatment.—If the vomiting and purging have not been sufficient to remove the substances from the stomach and bowels that cause the trouble, we should give a mild emetic; but if the contents of the stomach have been re- moved, we must endeavor to stop the vomiting by apply- ing cloths wrung out in a warm decoction of poppy-heads, containing one-fourth part spirit of camphor, and mustard poultices, over the stomach, and by giving such mild drinks as a solution of gum Arabic, barley-water, flax- seed tea, toast water, or weak chicken tea, in small quan- tities frequently repeated. The mustard should be kept on till the surface is reddened, or till the vomiting ceases. Blisters may occasionally become necessary, when the mustard fails to accomplish its object. It will frequently be necessary to resort to the use of mucilaginous injections, containing laudanum or opium, to allay irritation of the bowels. When there is not much disturbance from bile, and the stomach has been freely evacuated, we will be able to control the vomiting and the action of the bowels with frequent but small doses of opium or laudanum ; but if bilious difficulties are prominent, several small doses of calomel and opium may be given, and, if the stomach will retain it, they should be followed with some mild physic. Care must be taken not to stop the discharge too suddenly nor too permanently. This disease sometimes becomes simply diarrhea, when it must be treated as directed in that disease. Various preparations advised for cholera, cholera infan- 154 CHOLERA INFANTUM. turn, diarrhea and dysentery, will be found useful in chol- era morbus. Mixture of Spirit of Camphor, Laudanum and Ammonia. Spirit of Camphor....................Half an Ounce. Laudanum..................................0ne °unce. Aqua Ammonia........................Half an Ounce. Mix, and rub over the region of the stomach, frequently, to arrest vomiting. CHOLERA INFANTUM, OR, SUMMER COMPLAINT. Infants are mostly subject to this difficulty during teeth- ing, and the summer months. It usually comes on with thin light-colored stools, and is soon followed by pain in the stomach and bowels, rest- lessness, vomiting, purging, and prostration. The skin is hot but not uniformly so, one part being hot while an- other is cold. The tongue at first is moist and coated white. Delirium, injected eyes, loss of appetite, loss of flesh, cold shrunken skin, dark dry tongue, dark offensive stools, and bloating of the bowels, are among the extreme symp- toms. If possible, the child should have plenty of pure fresh air, warm dry clothing, the bowels well protected with a flannel bandage, and a suitable diet. This alone would cure most all ordinary cases. If the child is weaned the food should consist of such articles as arrowroot, tapioca, and sago water, and the mixture of milk and suet. The drinks must be taken CHOLERA INFANTUM. 155 in small quanties. The child may be allowed to hold small pieces of ice, confined in muslin, in its mouth, till dissolved. It will be a useful means to allay irritation of the stomach. If the child is not weaned it must be confined entirely to the breast, and care taken to see that the nurse is healthful. A teaspoonful of the chalk mixture containing two, three or more drops of laudanum, according to the age of the child, will generally restrain the bowels; but if this fails to do it the quantity of laudanum must be increased and given every two or three hours. Paregoric is also a good remedy for this purpose. When the vomiting is kept up from undigested food in the stomach, a light emetic of ipecac, or of chamomile tea, may be administered, to remove the offending cause; or should the boWels contain crudities which cause the continuance of diarrhea, they may be moved with the tincture or syrup of rhubarb. If the disease is prolonged by bilious derangement, the mercury^and chalk mixture should be given, at intervals of 'three or four hours, till four or six doses have been taken, after which the bowels ought to be moved by one of the preparations mentioned above. Bloating of the bowels may be relieved by a few drops of spirit of turpentine, three or four times a-day in a lit- tle sweetened water, or on sugar. Anodyne injections of starch, containing from five to ten drops of laudanum, will 'assist the other remedies in restraining the bowels. Doctor Dewees especially recommends,'for the purpose of quieting the stomach, a teaspoonful of clear strong 156 CHOLERA INFANTUM. coffee, every fifteen minutes, and an injection of a gill of warm water, holding a teaspoonful of common salt in so- lution. If the vomiting is severe, the dose of coffee will have to be repeated. Mustard poultices may be applied over the stomach, when there is great irritation, and obstinate vomiting; they may also be applied to the back of the neck when there is headache or stupor. The gums must always be examined, and when found swelled and inflamed, freely lanced. Mercury and Chalk Mixture. Mercury...............................Three Ounces. Prepared Chalk...........................Five Ounces. Rub them together till all the globules disappear. The dose for a child is two or three grains every three or five hours; for an adult, ten to thirty grains two or three times a-day. Lond. Ph. Tincture of Rhubarb. Bruised Rhubarb......................Three Ounces. Bruised Cardamon......................Half an Ounce. Diluted Alcohol.............................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, express, and filter.— U. S. Ph. Dose, for an adult as physic, half to one ounce ; for restrain- ing the bowels, one to two teaspoonfuls; dose for a child one- quarter of the above quantity. Infusion ofLogvoGd. Rasped Logwood........................Half an 0uncei Boiling Water..............................0ne pint Infuse for two hours, and strain. A tablespoonful every two or three hours, in cholera and diarrhea in children. SCROFULA. 157 Syrup of Rhubarb. Bruised Rhubarb.........................Two Ounces. Boiling Water..............................One Pint. Macerate for twenty-four hours, and strain, then add Sugar...................................Two Pounds, and make a syrup. The cathartic dose for a child is one or two teaspoonfuls.—Ed. Ph. Syrup of Rhubarb and Senna. Bruised Rhubarb...........................One Ounce. Senna.........................'...........Two Ounces. Fennel Seed............................Two drachms. Bruised Cinnamon........................Two Drachms. Boiling Water....................Two and a half Pints. Macerate for twelve hours, strain, and add Sugar.................................Three Pounds. Make syrup. Dose, the same as the syrup of rhubarb. Ed. Ph., 1744. SCROFULA. This disease denotes a state of the system characterized by indolent glandular tumors. Symptoms.—At first there may be seen an enlargement of one or more glands, as in the neck, breast, or groins, which will increase in size and involve other glands, form- ing an irregular bunch or chain of tumors, unless arrest- ed by proper treatment. These glands may become sta- tionary at a particular stage and remain so for years, or until some new condition of the system is favorable to their developement; but if the glands are much inflamed, they will, most likely, go on to suppuration. After the formation of matter, the tumors will gener- ally open and discharge their contents, which may be of 158 SCROFULA. different colors and thickness, sometimes dark and watery, "and at others like curd. Scrofulous ulcers are frequently a long time in healing, and the sufferer, under their exhausting discharges, will - become pale, weak, and emaciated; there will be pain in the bowels, irregular appetite ; the nose and lips become inflamed and swelled; and the eyelids become thickened and discharge matter. Treatment.—Our attention must first be directed to internal remedies, and afterwards to the tumors them- selves. But before we can expect much benefit from oth- er means, the patient must have pure fresh air, moderate exercise, good dry clothing, good substantial diet of easy digestion, and resort to cold bathing, or sea water bathing. The object of this is to invigorate the system generally, and prepare it for the reception of proper remedies for the cure of scrofula. At the commencement of the disease, when inflamma- tory, the diet should consist of such articles as milk, ar- rowroot, sago, tapioca and rice; later in the disease, when the inflammatory symptoms have disappeared, and the system requires to be sustained, toasted bread and crack- ers, custards, puddings, beef tea and chicken broth will be necessary. The circulation must be kept equalized, by the use of friction and liniments of a stimulating character, especial- ly to the extremities. In debility, an infusion of columljo, bitter orange peel, and chamomile flowers, separately, or in combination, will have a happy effect. The iodide of potash, tincture of iodine, and the com- pound tincture of iodine, are among the most reliable rem- SCROFULA. 159 edies in this complaint. Cod-liver oil is a more modern remedy in this disease, and it possesses gr^at curative properties. The usual dose is a teaspoonful, three times a-day ; but if the stomach will bear more than that quan- tity, it should be given. Whatever remedy is used, it must be persevered in for a long time. When the tumors are inflamed and painful, leeches may be applied to them with benefit. If the tumors are not inclined to suppurate, they may frequently be dispersed by the use of the mercurial, or the iodide of potash ointment; the volatile liniment, and a bread and milk poultice, saturated with a solution of common salt, are highly useful for the same purpose. When we are satisfied that there will be a formation of matter in the tumors, we must apply to them warm poultices, changing them as often as they get cold, till matter is formed, when the swelling should be opened, and afterwards allowed to heal up under a poultice. Pill of Iodide of Iron and Bromide of Sodium. Iodide of Iron..........................One Drachm. Bromide of Sodium...................Half a Drachm. Extract of Liquorice.....................Sufficient. Mix and form pills of two grains. One to three, morning and evening, in scrofula, &c.— Wernick. Iodine Lotion. Iodine ..........................One or Two Grains. Alcohol .'.'.' *'*''.....................One fl. Drachm. Water....................................0ne Pintl Mix. To wash scrofulous ulcers.—Fay. 160 SCROFULA. Plaster of Mercury and Belladonna. Mercurial Ointment..................*.....One Ounce. Extract of Belladonna..................Four Drachms. Ammoniac............................Six Drachms. Hydrocyanic Acid......................Thirty Drops. Make mass with ammoniac and extract, with a little water; mix mercurial ointment and acid, and rub the whole together. Useful as an application to scirrhus and scrofulous tumors. Med. Chirurg. Pharm. Ointment of Iodide of Mercury. Iodide of Mercury........................One Scruple. Lard...........................One and a half Ounces. Rub well together. In scrofulous swellings, indolent glandular tumors, &c.—Soubeiran. Cataplasm of Iodine. Tincture of Iodine....................Half a fl. Ounce. Flaxseed Meal.....................,......One Ounce. Oatmeal.................................Three Ounces. Water....................................Sufficient. Make a cataplasm. Used as an application to scrofulous tu- mors and goitre.—Dunglison's J¥. Rem. Mixture of Cod-Liver Oil. Cod-Liver Oil........................Two fl. Ounces. Simple Syrup............................One Ounce. Sugar................................Half an Ounce. Peppermint water.........................Eight Ounces. Mix. A tablespoonful three times a-day. Iodide of Potash and Sarsaparilla. Iodide of Potash........................0ne Drachmi Decoction of Sarsaparilla..................Two Pints. Syrup of Orange Peel................Four fl< 0unces< Mix. To be taken in glassfuls, during the day. Magendie. PILES. 161 Iodide of Potash Ointment. Iodide of Potash........................One Drachm. Boiling Water........................One fl. Drachm. Lar Two Scruples. Mucilage of Tragacanth.......................Sufficient. Make mass, and divide into sixty pills. One, night and morn- ing, in asthma.—Halford. Assafetida Mixture. Assafetida............................Two Drachms. Sugar................................Four Ounces. Water................................Half a Pint. Hoffmann's Anodyne................Half a Drachm. Rub the assafetida, sugar and water together, adding the water gradually, and make an emulsion, then add the anodyne. Dose, a teaspoonful, in asthma. ASTHMA. 189 Mixture of Galbanum and Vinegar of Squill. Galbanum............................Two Drachms. Vinegar of Squill....................Two fl. Ounces. Spirit of Mindererus................Two fl. Drachms. Nitric Ether........................One fl. Drachm. Syrup of Gum Arabic....................One fl. Ounce. Mix. A spoonful every three or four hours. Pills of Musk, Castor and Camphor. Musk................................Twelve Grains. Castor.............................Twenty-four Grains. Camphor...............................Ten Grains. Assafetida............................Thirty Grains. Tincture of Valerian........................Sufficient. Make twenty-four pills. Four, three times a-day, in nervous complaints, as hooping-cough and asthma. Elixir Paregoric, or Asthmatic Elixir. Opium................................One Drachm. Brandy................................ Two Pints. Camphor.................................One Drachm. Flowers of Benzoin....................Half a Drachm. Mix, and let it stand a week or ten days, and strain. Dose, a teaspoonful. An old and excellent medicine in asthma. Pills of Ipecac and Foxglove. Powdered Ipecac........................One Drachm. Powdered Foxglove....................One Drachm. Powdered Opium........................Ten Grains. Molasses...................................Sufficient. Mix. Make into one hundred and twenty pills. One every three hours in spasmodic asthma. 190 INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS, Infusion of Skunk. Cabbage Root. Skunk Cabbage Root........................One Ounce. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Infuse in a covered vessel for an hour, and strain. Dose, one to two ounces. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. This difficulty is also known by the names of pneumo- nia, and peripneumonia, and it denotes difficult breathing, dull heavy pains in the chest, a cough, quick full pulse, high colored urine, headache and fever. The tongue is generally moist and coated white, but in some instances it is coated yellow, and it may be dry and red. The cough is usually dry, with an expectoration of blood or of dark tough mucus and blood. The blood, after standing a short time, presents a buffy and cupped appearance. " The flush on the face has a dark hue, often circumscrib- ed and confined to the cheek, according to some observers, on the side of the disease." Treatment.—In cases of a full habit, and of an active inflammatory character, bleeding from the arm is our most reliable remedy, and it should be resorted to at the commencement of the disease, and, if necessary to subdue the inflammation, the operation must be repeated the same or the next day. In less violent cases, the abstraction of blood with cups or leeches will answer the purpose. Bleeding from the arm is only admissible in the early part of the disease. After bleeding, an active purge should be given. The bowels ought to be kept open daily by the use of mild cathartics of a cooling nature. After the bowels have been moved, if there is a hot skin and fever, INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 191 a teaspoonful of a solution of one grain of tartar emetic in an ounce of water should be taken every four or five hours, or as often as it can-loe borne without vomiting. Cooling drinks, as "thin gruel and barley-water, sweet- ened with honey, or a decoction of liquorice in which a small portion of currant jelly is dissolved, to give it a pleasing tartness," will be necessary and agreeable. Ice may also be allowed to dissolve in the mouth. When the inflammation becomes complicated with bil- ious troubles, it is known as bilious pneumonia, and it will require small doses of calomel every six hours, and its use should be kept up until the symptoms are better. As soon as the inflammation is partially subdued a small portion of opium or opium and ipecac may be combined with the calomel, especially if there is pain and fever. A blister may, at the same time, be applied to the chest with propriety. It should be of large size, and at times it will be necessary to repeat its application. Caution must be observed not to make use of a blister until the inflamma- tion is mostly subdued. " In the declining stages of the disease, expectorant medicines are often useful. The syrup of squill may be combined with a little tartar emetic and one of the salts of morphine, and given in such doses as the stomach will bear without being nauseated. If the pulse, as sometimes happens, remains frequent, the tincture of digitalis, may be added to the other ingredients. Not unfrequently it will be found best to omit the antimonial, in consequence of its depressing properties." Another form of this inflammation is known as typhoid pneumonia, from its complication with typhoid symptoms. Such cases do not bear bleeding, unless it be with cups 192 PLEURISY. or leeches, in small quantities. Their treatment, other- wise, is much the same as the other varieties of the in- flammation, except that as soon as there are signs of de- bility the patient must be sustained with stimulants, as recommended in typhoid and typhus fever, including such articles as carbonate of ammonia, wine whey, quinine, wine and brandy, and with such articles of diet as arrow- root, sago, milk, jellies and animal broths, reserving^the use of the richer preparations till the latter stage of the disease. Syrup of Seneka. Bruised Seneka......................... Four Ounces. Water....................................One Pint. Sugar.................................. One Pound. Boil the seneka with the water, to one-half. Strain, and add the sugar, and form syrup. Dose, one or two teaspoonfuls. U. S. Ph. Physic of Manna,-Salts and Compound Infusion of Senna. Manna..............................Three Drachms. Epsom Salts..........................Two Drachms. Compound Infusion of Senna......One and a half Ounces. Mix, and take as a cooling laxative draught. PLEURISY. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the lining membrane of the chest. Symptoms.—Sharp cutting pains in the side, quick and difficult breathing, short dry cough, hard and strong pulse, fever, heat of skin, and loss of appetite. The pain is fre- PLEURISY. 193 quently compared to that which would follow the stick- ing of a sharp instrument into the side, and is sometimes called " a stitch in the side.'" The expectoration is frothy mucus, generally streaked with blood. Treatment.—Our first object must be to subdue the inflammation as soon as possible, and there are no means so powerful to accomplish this, as bleeding from the arm; the blood must be allowed to flow till relief is had from the pain, or till the patient is faint. Should there be a return of the pain, and a full hard pulse, the bleeding must be repeated- After the bleeding, a purge should be given, and the bowels must be kept regularly open, by means of mild physic. To assist in regulating the bow- els, quieting paiilf and inducing perspiration, a grain of opium combined with one grain of ipecac and three of calomel may be given at night When there is considerable thirst and heat of the skin, a small quantity of the solution of tartar emetic may be taken with the drinks every three or four hours. Should the inflammation continue for a number of days, it may become necessary to use poultices, cups, leeches or blis- ters over the chest If bilious derangement is prominent, the difficulty is known by the name of bilious pleurisy, and will require a purge of calomel and afterwards several small doses of it, to correct the action of the liver. After the inflammatory and fever symptoms have been subdued, expectorant mixtures should be resorted to, for the purpose of freeing the lungs from accumulated fluids. A variety of these mixtures may be found under the heads of consumption, asthma, croup, and inflammation of the lungs. 9 194 CONSUMPTION. Infusion of Pleurisy Root. Bruised Pleurisy Root.....................One Ounce. Boiling Water............................Two Pints. Digest for two hours. Dose, three or four fl. ounces, warm, to be given every two or three hours, until it operates by pro- ducing perspiration, or as physic. Nitrate of Camphor. Nitric Acid..............................One Ounce, Camphor..................................Sufficient, to saturate. Decant. Ten drops every two hours on sugar, or in syrup, in chronic pleurisy.— Van Mons. i CONSUMPTION. This disease is characterized by a deposit of tubercu- lous matter in the lungs, and its development into an abscess. Symptoms.—Hacking cough, which at first is dry, but as the disease advances is*accompanied with various kinds of expectoration, commencing with mucus, and followed with mucus and matter; later in the disease, there is dark green, gray or yellowish pus, mixed with blood; there are also, in the expectorated matter, small white or yellow specks, which have been aptly compared to kernels of boiled rice. One of the most constant peculiarities of the expectoration, after an abscess of the lungs has opened, " consists of a series of globular mucus of a whitish yel- low color, with a ragged woolly surface, and somewhat like little rolled balls of cotton or wool. These common- ly, but not always, sink in water." The pulse is quickened and there are numerous darting pains shooting through the chest; and " as the complaint advances, the patient CONSUMPTION. 195 will experience febrile sensations towards evening, with some flushing of the cheeks, and heat in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet." Later, the fever becomes, as it is called, " hectic," and at the same time the patient is troubled with night sweats. Emaciation is a promi- nent symptom, always present, and frequently the first to cause alarm. Sometimes the disease is so insidious in its progress, that the first serious intimation the patient has of his danger is bleeding from the lungs. The al- most constant cheerfulness of the patient, and his deter- mination to get well, might be counted among the prom- inent #ymptoms of consumption. Treatment.—The idea that people never get well who have the consumption, has had a tendency to cause many to relax their efforts to cure, and to adopt a routine course of practice. Patients laboring under this disease demand our best exertions and most scientific treatment. These may be bestowed, in many instances, with a reasonable prospect of success, for there is now no longer a doubt • but that many have been cured of consumption, especially in its incipient stages, and that thousands of lives have been prolonged by judicious treatment. The patient should partake of light, nutritious food, of easy digestion, care being taken not to overload the stomach with food, nor overstimulate the system with spirits. The rule would seem to be, to partake of food and drinks, so far as can be done without increasing the excitement of the system beyond a healthful condition. Exercise in the open air is of the highest importance, and should be indulged in whenever inclement weather does not prevent it. Walking, and riding on horseback, are among the best kinds of exercise in this disease. The 196 consumption. patient should be warmly clothed, and the chest protect- ed with flannel. Some cases of consumption require a bracing, stimula- ting atmosphere; and others, a mild, unstimulating one. In the one case a northern climate and in the other a southern climate would be the most suitable. But as a general rule, any advantage derived from a change of climate, will be more than balanced by unavoidable de- privations of the comforts of home and friends. Home sickness has a very depressing influence on the sick, and of itself, in the great majority of cases, ought to de- ter the patient from seeking relief in other climates. It is very likely that under some circumstances, at the com- mencement of the disease, the winter might be spent south, inland from the sea, by a consumptive person, with benefit. The old system of bloodletting, and of counter irrita- tion, at the commencement of consumption, with blisters, and ointments of tartar emetic and croton oil, is resorted to with much more caution,'as a means of cure, than for- merly. Much more reliance is now placed on the care- ful use of anodynes, expectorants, nourishment and stim- ulants. In the course of the disease there may arise va- rious pains in the chest, from different causes, which will require the use of counter irritants, or even leeches. The preparations of iodide of potash and cod-liver oil, especially in scrofulous habits, are particularly useful in consumption. The long continued use of cod-liver oil, is among the best means of cure in this disease. " The dose is a table- spoonful three or four times a-day for an adult, a teaspoon- ful repeated as frequently for children, which may be gradually increased, as the stomach will permit, and con- consumption. 197 tinued for a long time. It may be taken alone, or mixed with some vehicle calculated to conceal its taste, and ob- viate nauseating effects." Water, moderately soured with sulphuric acid, in the proportion of one part of the acid to fifteen of the water, and taken in sweetened water, in doses of twenty drops, several times a-day, will be an excellent remedy for night sweats. Syrup of Cod-Liver Oil. Cod-Liver Oil............................Ten Parts. Powdered Gum Arabic....................Six Parts. Simple Syrup............................Five Parts. Make an emulsion, and add Sugar............................Twenty-four Parts. Dissolve by gentle heat, and add Essence of Wintergreen....................Two Parts. Dose, one or two tablespoonfuls, or as much as the stomach will bear, three times a-day. Mixture of Hydrocyanic Acid and Tartar Emetic. Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid........___Sixteen Drops. Tartar Emetic.............................Two Grains. Sulphate of Morphine............One and a half Grains. Syrup of Gum Arabic....................Two Ounces. Mix. A teaspoonful every four hours. As an anodyne ex- pectorant in consumption. Mixture of Iodide of Potash and Hydrocyanic Acid. Iodide of Potash........................Ten Grains. Medicinal Hydrocyanic Acid............Twelve Drops. Syrup of Gum Arabic....................One Ounce. Mint Water............................Four fl. Ounces. Mix. A_ teaspoonful every hour, in consumption. 198 consumption. Syrup of Wild-Cherry Hark. Coarsely Powdered Wild-Cherry Bark......Five Ounces. SUgar...................................Two Pounds. Water....................................Sufficient. Macerate the bark for twenty-four hours in a close vessel, trans- fer to a percolator, and gradually pour on water till a pint of filtered liquor is obtained. To this add the sugar in a bottle, and shake occasionally till dissolved. Highly useful in the hectic fever of scrofula and consumption.— XI. S. Ph. Wine of Tar, or Tar Beer. Water................................Three Quarts. Wheat Bran............................One Quart. Tar........................................One Pint. Honey................................Half a Pint. Simmer together for three hours, and when cool add a pint of brewers' yeast, and let it stand for thirty-six hours. Then bottle. Dose, a tablespoonful.—Duhamel. Liniment of Turpentine and Acetic Acid. Oil of Turpentine... r.................Three fl. Ounces. Acetic Acid........................Five fl. Drachms. Rose Water.................. .Two and a half fl. Ounces. Essence of Lemon....................Four fl. Scruples. Yolk of Egg..................................One. Mix. As an external embrocation and liniment in consump- tion.—Stokes. Artificial Goat's Milk. Fresh Suet................................One Ounce. Cut in small pieces, and tie in a muslin bag, and boil in Milk."...................................Two Pints. Sugar Candy............................Two Drachms. A good diet in scrofulous emaciation, or in the latter stages of consumption.—A. T. Thompson. INFLAMMATION OF THE HEART. 199 Pills of Myrrh and Canada Balsam. Myrrh...............„,.................Three Drachms. Canada Balsam................One and a half Drachms. Opmm................................Half a Drachm. Mix, and make pills of two grains. Two to four, every hour, in ulcerated consumption.—Augustin. Powder of Acetate of Lead and Opium. Acetate of Lead.............................Six Grains. Powdered Opium........................Six Grains. Sugar........................... .Twenty-four Grains. Mix. Three grains, morning and evening, to check night sweats and diarrhea in consumption.—Foy. SEC. III.—DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY ORGANS. INFLAMMATION OF THE HEART. Symptoms.—Pain, irregular action of the heart, diffi- cult breathing, restlessness, and great oppression at the heart. It is very difficult, or impossible, for the patient to breathe, except in an upright position. There are va- rious unnatural sounds of the heart, which can be heard by placing the ear over it. Treatment.—This consists, when the patient is of a full habit and the inflammation is active, of bleeding from the arm, and cupping or leeching over the heart and be- tween the shoulders. Afterwards a purge should be giv- en, and at night a Dover's powder. Calomel and opium, given through the day in small doses, have a powerful influence in equalizing the action of the heart. After the 200 SCURVY. active inflammatory stage has passed, much benefit may be had from the application of blisters over the region of the heart. Much judgment must be exercised to ascertain if the inflammation arises in consequence of some other affection, as gout, or rheumatism, and if so, to treat it measurably according to the principles laid down in those diseases. SCURVY. This disease is owing to an impoverished condition of the blood, which arises from the want of sufficient and proper vegetable food. Symptoms.—Debility and faintness, pale sallow com- plexion and swelled face, the gums are soft and of a pur- plish color, and bleed easily. There may be bleeding from the nose, mouth, stomach, or bowels. The feet and legs swell and become painful. As the disease progressr es, the gums become dark colored, emitting.an offensive smell, and the teeth loosen and fall out. Discharging ulcers also make their appearance upon the legs, and crust over, forming irritating scabs. Treatment.—The treatment consists in resorting to the use of vegetable food. Those kinds of a strongly acid nature are the best. Lemons, limes, or their products, citric acid, and vinegar, cannot be dispensed with. " Cab- bage, turnips, radishes, horseradish, scurvy-grass, mustard, water cress, and capers," are excellent vegetables, for per- sons afflicted with scurvy. Potatoes and onions should be eaten in quantities. Those laboring under this disease, and who have been BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. 201 confined on board ships, and in hospitals, will derive great benefit from pure, fresh, country air. Extract of Wood Sorrel. « Wood Sorrel..............................One Part. Bruise in a mortar, express the juice, and pour on the marc, Water.................................Three Parts. Boil for an hour, express, evaporate, adding the juice, to the consistence of an extract. Acid and bitter. Dose, a scruple to half a drachm.—Pideret. Electuary of Scurvy Grass. Conserve of Scurvy Grass.......One and a half Drachms. Sweet Flag ...........................One Drachm. Syrup of Orange Peel......................Sufficient. Elixir Vitriol..............................Sufficient. Mix. A teaspoonful every two hours in scurvy.—Augustin. Collutory of Lemon Juice. Lemon Juice.................................One Part. s«gar.....................................One Part. Claret Wine---........................Sixteen Parts. As a mouth-wash in scurvy.—Br era. Solution of Chlorate of Potash. Chlorate of Potash........................Four Ounces. Water................................One Drachm. Dissolve. As a lotion to ulcerated gums. BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. Treatment.—The patient must be kept in the cool air and in an upright position. _ If he is of a full habit an active purge should be taken, and afterwards cool sour drinks partaken of freely, lemonade among others. 202 BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. It frequently happens that bleeding from the nose is necessary, and will, in due time, stop of itself; but it is also often unnecessary and should be stopped as soon as possible. We must resort to the application of cold wa- ter and ice to the head and neck, and if we fail with these means to arrest the bleeding we must then make use of astringent injections in the nostrils, of solutions of alum, white vitriol, sugar of lead, kino and cranesbill. Snuf- fing into the nostrils finely powdered charcoal, galls, or alum, is highly recommended. If all of the above means fail, the nose can be plugged with cotton or lint with success. Powder of Alum and Kino. Alum.................................One Drachm. Armenian Bole........................One Drachm. Kino................................Half a Drachm. Red Oxide of Iron....................Two Drachms. Mix, and rub well. To be snuffed into the nostrils in nosebleed. Radius. Mixture of Sulphate of Copper and Sulphuric Acid. Sulphate of Copper......................Three Grains. Sulphuric Acid........................Twenty Drops. Water................................Two Ounces. Dissolve. In bleeding from the nose. Twenty to forty drops, to be taken in water, every hour.—Thatcher. Injection of Sulphate of Iron. Sulphate of Iron........!...........Half to One Ounce. Sage Water............-................Four Ounces. Mucilage............................Half a Drachm. Mix. As an injection in bleeding from the nose.—Berends. BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS. 203 Mixture of Alum, Vinegar and Water. Alum................................Two Drachms. Vinegar................................One Ounce. Water..................................Six Ounces. Mix, and use as a wash or injection. Mixture of Muriated Tincture of Iron and Water. Muriated Tincture of Iron......One and a half Drachms. Water.............................,---Six Ounces. Mix, and use as an injection. BLEEDING FROM THE GUMS. Treatment.—The gums may be washed with astrin- gent solutions, as directed for nosebleed. If the bleed- ing is confined to a particular part, we must apply the powdered astringents, and confine them to that part by pressure. The same general remedies may be used as ad- vised in bleeding from the nose. BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS. This difficulty is generally preceded by pain and unea- sy'sensations in the chest, and a cough, which is followed by the patient spitting up mouthfuls of florid blood. Treatment.—There are occasional instances arising in consequence of a full plethoric habit, which will be ben- efited by bleeding from the arm. In cases of a less mark- ed congestive character, cupping, or leeching over the lungs, will deplete sufficiently. The patient should have plenty of cool, fresh air, and should not be oppressed with bed-clothes. The bowels must be regulated, and the patient allowed the use of cool, sour drinks. Small do- 204 BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS. ses of sugar of lead and opium, repeated every three or five hours, will be our best remedy, while the discharge of blood continues; afterwards, a teaspoonful of alum wa- ter, every three or four hours, will, in general, be- suffi- cient. Common salt, either in solution or swallowed dryr has a marked influence over this difficulty, and may be taken both in the active and passive stages of the disease. " After the effusion is stopped, we are to use every pos- sible means for preventing its return. If the complaint has arisen from predisposition, and where an inflammato- ry diathesis prevails, it may be necessary to obviate this by small bleedings, repeated according to the urgency of the symptoms} besides which, we may employ cooling purgatives occasionally, the patient at the same time ad- hering strictly to a cooling diet, and avoiding all vigorous exertions of the body, agitations of the mind,, and other occasional causes." Mixture of Opium and Vinegar. Opium..................................Ten Grains. Vinegar.............. ^...............Half an Ounce. Mint Water............................Six Ounces*- Syrup of Gum Arabic....................One Ounce. Mix, and filter. In spoonful doses, in spitting of blood. Mixture of Tolu i*nd Laudanum. Tincture of Tolu........................One Drachm. Laudanum............................Two Drachms. Tincture of Foxglove....................One Drachm. Mix. In the chronic cough in spitting of blood. Forty to fif- ty drops, every three or four hours,—Dewees, BLEEDING FROM THE STOMACH. 205 Powders of Sngar of Lead and Opium. Powdered Sugar of Lead................Twelve Grains. Powdered Opium..........................Six Grains. Mix, and make six powders. One every four or five hours, in bleeding from the lungs. BLEEDING FROM THE STOMACH. Symptoms.—In most cases, there are premonitory symp- toms, such as tension and pain about the region of the stomach, with faintness, anxiety and a sense of sinking, at this region; flatulent or acid eructations; lassitude, with irregular chills, and flashes of heat. Treatment.—Should the bleeding come on in conse- quence of a full plethoric habit, inducing congestion of the stomach, it can be managed best by bleeding from the arm at first, and afterwards with cups and leeches ap- plied over the stomach, if necessary. A cathartic should next be given, and as calomel will be the least irritating to the stomach, it should take the preference. It may be necessary to follow it with salts and senna, and care should be taken to see that it has a thorough operation. In cases of great urgency, the calomel should soon be fol- lowed with a full dose of turpentine, taken with castor oil. After bleeding and purging, the acetate of lead and opium should be freely administered. To avoid irritating the stomach, all kinds of food Bhould be abstained from, till the bleeding is subdued. Common salt, taken into the mouth and swallowed, is, perhaps, the best and most convenient remedy, in cases of active bleeding. 206 INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. The same medicines may be used in bleeding from the stomach as for bleeding from the lungs. BLOODY URINE. In consequence of falls, blows, bruises, or some violent exertion, we have a discharge of bloody urine, which pro- ceeds from the kidneys. It is usually attended with sharp pain and a feeling of heaviness in the back, and some- times with difficulty in making water. Treatment.—Cups, or leeches, applied over the region of the kidneys, repeated small doses of balsam of copaiba, spirit of nitre, or turpentine, a free use of mucilages, per- fect rest, and abstinence from stimulating food and drinks, will generally effect a cure. The muriated tincture of iron is a useful remedy in this disease, and a pint a-day of the decoction of peach leaves, has performed remarkable cures in this affection. SEC. IV.—DISEASES OF THE SECRETORY ORGANS. INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. Symptoms.—Fever, full hard pulse, aching pain in the right side, over the liver, frequently attended with pain in the right shoulder, sickness at the stomach and vomit- ing, cough, with or without expectoration, and sometimes hiccough; there may be constipation or looseness of the bowels, and red or yellow colored urine. The skin and eyes have frequently a jaundiced appearance. A long INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 207 breath increases the pain, and occasionally ordinary breath- ing is attended with distress. The patient will generally be observed to lie on the right side. After the disease has run for several days, if there are chills, with a frequent pulse and throbbing sensations, followed by night sweats, we have reason to fear the for- mation of an abscess has taken place. Treatment.—The inflammation, in severe cases, must be arrested by bleeding from the arm, and in ordinary cases by the use of cups or leeches over the region of the liver. A purge should be given to cleanse the bowels, and when there is costiveness, the daily use of rhubarb or rhubarb and magnesia, assisted, if necessary, by other evacuents, should be had recourse to, for the purpose of insuring a regular action of the bowels. Calomel will be the most useful purge after bleeding. If the bowels are overactive, they may be restrained with opium or Dover's powder. When there is much fever, small doses of ipe- cac, or tartar emetic, in solution, may be given several times a-day, with a view of reducing inflammatory action, and inducing perspiration. Cases that prove obstinate, and do not readily yield to the above treatment, will re- quire calomel in small doses, three or four times a-day, till the gums are slightly touched. In the latter part of the disease we may derive much benefit from the use of blis- ters over the region of the liver, from pustulous eruptions, induced with tartar emetic or croton oil, and from setons and issues. Much reliance may also be placed on pur- gative medicines, a change of climate, moderate exercise, cooling drinks and a proper diet. In the first stages the diet should be low, and afterwards gradually increased in richness as the inflammatory symptoms disappear. 208 JAUNDICE. Mixture of Nitric Acid. Nitric Acid........................Half a fl. Drachm. Water..........................One and a half Pints. Syrup of Cinnamon............One and a half fl. Ounces. Mix. In chronic liver complaint. A spoonful every two or three hours.—Augustin. Pills of Mercury and Ipecac. Blue Pill................................Five Grains. Powdered Ipecac........................Two Grains. Camphor......................One and a half Grains. Syrup of Ginger............................Sufficient. Mix, and make two pills. One, morning and evening, in liver complaints, till the mouth is affected.—Ainslie. Nitro-Muriatic Acid Bath. Nitro-Muriatic Acid..................-. .Six fl. Ounces. Water................................Three Gallons. Mix. Recommended by Scott as a foot-bath in chronic liver complaints. JAUNDICE. Symptoms.—Yellow skin, yellow-coated tongue, yel- low urine, and pain in the head and in the liver. The yellow skin generally commences about the face and neck, and extends over the whole surface, varying in color as the disease advances, from a light yellow to a brown or black. The evacuations are lighter-colored than natural, being deficient in bile. Treatment.—If there is much pain in the liver, the cups or leeches should be applied* over it. We may give a blue pill at night, and in the morning a dose of some active physic. This should be repeated, daily, for four or JAUNDICE. 209 five days, if the stools do not become natural before that time. If the .difficulty does not yield to this course it may be necessary to give several small doses of calomel a-day, and at the end of each twenty-four hours a full purge. It seems to be necessary that the patient take soda or mag- nesia frequently, for its alkaline effect In many instances jaundice seems to depend on debility of the stomach, at which times, the vegetable bitters will be of very great service. The cause of jaundice is supposed to be an obstruction of the bile; it is therefore thought that emetics, from their violent action, are well calculated to free the gall- duct from obstructions, and thus, in many instances, cure the disease. Turpentine Ether. Alcohol................................Two Pounds. Spirit of Turpentine....................Half a Pound. Mix, and add gradually Nitric Acid............................Two Pounds. Distil off one-half at a gentle heat. Dose, from twenty to for- ty drops, in syrup or mucilage. Used in cases of biliary cal- culi, jaundice, and enlargement of the liver, both internally and externally.—Cadet. Elixir Proprietatis. Tincture of Aloes....................Three fl. Ounces. Tincture of Myrrh....................Four fl. Ounces. Tincture of Saffron....................Three fl. Ounces. Mix. Used in jaundice. Dose, one-half to one teaspoonful. Soubeiran. 210 INFLAMMATION OF THE SPLEEN. Elixir Pro., or Proprietatis. Powdered Aloes........................Three Ounces. Saffron....................................One Ounce. Tincture of Myrrh.........................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter through paper. Dose, from one to two fluidrachms.*— XI. S. Ph. Powder of Senna and Guaiacum. Powdered Senna..........................One Ounce. Powdered Guaiacum......................One Ounce. Mix. Dose, a teaspoonful, twice or thrice a-day. In jaundice. Augustin. Infusion of Barberry. Barberry Bark.............................One Ounce. Boiling Water............................One Pint. Macerate for two hours. Used in jaundice. Dose, one fl. ounce.— Copland. INFLAMMATION OF THE SPLEEN. This difficulty may be known by a sharp, or dull pain in the left side, between the stomach and the ribs, which will be increased by any movement of the side. Treatment.—Bleeding from the arm, or by cups and leeches over the seat of the pain, purging, warm fomen- tations, mustard paste applied over the region of the pain, and blistering. If there is much fever, small doses of tartar emetic or ipecac, in solution, may be given every four hours. Bleeding, except in violent and well marked inflamma- tory cases, should be resorted to with great caution ; gen- erally, local bleeding with the cups, or leeches, will, with other means, answer the purpose; and in mild cases, fo- INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 211 mentations, and Dover's powder will answer all the indi- cations of cure, without resorting to depletion. The warm bath is a useful remedy in this affection. When this difficulty is complicated with biliary de- rangement, calomel may be given as a purge, or as an alterative; but calomel is not supposed to act favorably on this organ. If this difficulty is connected with fever and ague, after the inflammatory stage has passed, some of the prep- arations of quinine ought to be taken. Solution of Iodide of Potash and Mercury. Iodide of Potash................Three and a half Grains. Red Iodide of Mercury..........Four and a half Grains. Water................................One fl. Ounce. Dissolve first the iodide of potash, and then the mercurial salt in the water. The compound salt amounts to about eight grains. The dose is from two to five drops, three times a-day, much diluted, in dyspepsia, enlargement of the spleen, drop- sy, &c.— Channing. INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. Symptoms.—"Deep seated pain in the small of the back, .extending down to the groins on one or both sides, increased by pressure; urination either increased or di- minished ; urine scanty and high-colored, and mixed with blood or gravelly matters." If both kidneys are affected there may be suppression of the urine. Treatment.—The treatment consists in bleeding, both general and local, and in purging. The same reasons 212 INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. should govern us in bloodletting as in inflammation of the spleen. The patient should make a free use of gum Arabic, slippery elm and flaxseed drinks ; and in chron- ic cases, of turpentine and copaiba. A half or a drachm of uva ursi taken three times a-day, is a useful remedy in cases where the urine deposits muco-purulent matter, showing that the inflammation has terminated in suppu- ration. Emulsion of Manna. Manna..................................One Ounce. Oil of Almonds..........................One Ounce. Carbonate of Potash....................Twelve Grains. Cinnamon Water....................Three fl. Ounces. Water............................Three fl. Ounces. Rub the first three ingredients together, and gradually add the waters. Two fl. ounces to be taken daily, in divided doses, in inflammation of the kidneys.—Babington. Diuretic Wine. Oil of Turpentine....................Two fl. Drachms. Lemon Juice.............................One fl. Ounce. Wine................................Four fl. Ounces. Mix. For a single dose. In inflammation of the kidneys. Pier quia. Compound Ointment of Turpentine. Mucilage................................One Pound. Fresh Butter............................Two Pounds. Olive Oil....................Three and a half Pounds. Melt .together, and add Turpentine............................Three Ounces. Mix well. As an application in enlargement of the heart, dis- eased kidneys, &c.—Swediaur. DIABETES. 213 Infusion of Carrot Seeds. Carrot Seeds..............................One Ounce. Boiling Water..............................One Pint. Infuse for one hour, in a covered vessel. To be taken during the day in kidney complaints. INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. Symptoms.—Sharp, darting pains, and tenderness on pressure, over the bladder, and sometimes tumefaction of the abdomen. The treatment is much like that directed for inflamma- tion of the kidneys—bleeding, purging, fomenting, poul- ticing, and blistering, with a free use of mucilaginous drinks, as infusion of flaxseed, slippery elm, and gum Arabic water. Mixture of Soda and Copaiba. Bicarbonate of Soda....................One Drachm. Almond Emulsion....................Four fl. Ounces. Copaiba............................Two fl. Ounces. Mix. A tablespoonful occasionally, in acute pain in the blad- der.—Ellis. DIABETES. Symptoms.—An increased discharge of saccharine urine, thirst, emaciation, dryness of the skin, and an unusual ap- petite. The urine of diabetic patients is almost always of a pale straw color. Its smell is commonly faint and pe- culiar, sometimes resembling sweet whey, or milk diluted 214 DIABETES. with water. In a greater or less degree its taste is decided- ly saccharine.* Treatment.—The patient must be confined to an ani- mal diet, almost exclusively, the bowels kept regularly open, and no other vegetables be allowed than such as spinach, cabbage, and celery. The drinks should be composed, as far as possible, of animal broths. Should there be pain or tenderness over the region of the stom- ach or kidneys, the application of the cups or leeches will give relief; and the use of opium and Dover's powder will quiet irritability. Sweating the patient has some- times given temporary relief from pain. Doctor Watson saw good effects from the use of creo- sote, one drop suspended in mucilage, in one ounce of water, taken three times a-day, in the case of a child eight years old. Iron and cod-liver oil are useful remedies, in cases attended with debility. It is thought by some, that soda, carbonate of ammo- nia, and magnesia, will materially assist in curing this disease. They are particularly applicable as remedies in this affection, when there is an acid condition of the system Pills of Kino and Camphor. Powdered Kino........................Two Scruples. Powdered Camphor....................Thirty Grains. Aromatic Powder........................One Scruple. Oxide of Zinc............................Ten Grains. Mucilage of Gum Arabic....................Sufficient. Mix, and make twenty pills. Two, morning and evening, in diabetes.—Augustin. ♦See Note on Page 220. SUPPRESSION OF THE URINE. 215 Phosphoric Acid Lemonade. Diluted Phosphoric Acid............Twenty-four Drops. Simple Syrup.............................Two Ounces. Water....................................Two Pints. Mix. Dose, about an ounce, to relieve thirst in diabetes. Ratier. Pills of Copper and Opium. Ammoniated Copper........................Ten Grains. Opium...................................Ten Grains. Extract of Dandelion....................Two Scruples. Powdered Gum Arabic..................Two Scruples. Mix, and form fifty pills. Dose, two, thrice a-day, in diabetes. Pills of Morphine and Copper. Acetate of Morphine....................Fifteen Grains. Ammonio Sulphate of Copper..........Half a Drachm. Inspissated Bile.........................Four Scruples. Powdered Quassia......................Four Scruples. Mix, and make one hundred pills. Two, morning and even- ing in diabetes. SUPPRESSION OF THE URINE. The cause of this suppression is, generally, inflamma- tion of the kidneys. It is sometimes the effect of inflam- tion of other organs. In such instances the treatment has already been detailed under the heads of inflamma- tion of the kidneys, bladder, &c. In cases arising from other and milder causes, those, medicines should be exhibited, calculated to induce the secretion of the urine, and the patient should drink free- ly of slippery elm, gum Arabic, and flaxseed tea. 216 RETENTION OF THE URINE. Powder of Cream of Tartar and Squill. Cream of Tartar........................One Drachm. Powdered Squill..........................One Grain. Powdered Foxglove.......................>-One Grain. Mix, and take this quantity every three hours, in suppression of the urine. Pills of Turpentine and Magnesia. Turpentine........................Fourteen Drachms. Calcined Magnesia..................Thirty-six Grains. Mix, and at the end of twelve hours make pills of six grains. Dose, one pill every four hours, in suppression of the urine. Monchon. RETENTION OF THE URINE. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between reten- tion and suppression of the urine. Suppression is when the urine is not secreted, and retention when it is not voided after it is secreted. In retention there is most al- ways a little discharge of urine, much pain and a very distressed feeling in the region of the bladder. The dis- tended bladder may occasionally be felt externally, and should be examined frequently while the difficulty con- tinues. The cause of retention may be spasm, inflammation, tumors, or strictures. When it arises in consequence of inflammation of the neck of the bladder, or of parts ex- ternal to the bladder, the usual course for reducing in- flammation should be pursued; if arising from spasm, an- odynes by the stomach, and anodyne injections must be administered; when arising from tumors they ought, if admissible, be removed with the knife; and if from strict- INCONTINENCE OF THE URINE. 217 ure, the usual operations should be resorted to. In all ca- ses, when it is possible, the water must be drawn off with a catheter. If this is impossible, and all other means fail, there is no other course left but to puncture the bladder. Mucilaginous drinks and the occasional use of sweet spir- it of nitre must not he neglected. Mixture of Benzoic Acid and Copaiba. Benzoic Acid.............................One Drachm. Copaiba........................... .Half a fl. Ounce. White of Egg..............................Sufficient. Camphor Water.......................Seven fl. Ounces. Mix. Dose, two tablespoonfuls" three times a-day. Recom- mended in chronic retention of the urine, and vesicle irrita- tion.— Walker. Pills of Nitrate of Potash and Gum Arabic. Nitrate of Potash........................Six Drachms. Powdered Gum Arabic................Three Drachms. Powdered Liquorice Root................Three Ounces. Powdered Marsh Mallow................Three Ounces. Simple Syrup......'.......................... Sufficient. Mix, and make pills of five grains. In inflammation of the water passage and retention of the urine; five three timea a-day.—Foy. INCONTINENCE OF THE URINE. This affliction is mostly confined to children, and con- sists of an involuntary discharge of urine at night It oc- casionally affects older people. Patients may frequently experience the same difficulty during the day time, but in a less degree. Weakness and irritation appear to be the 10 218 INCONTINENCE OF THE URINE. cause of this difficulty, and it is sometimes kept up from habit. Some incurable cases arise in consequence of com- plete paralysis, and from mechanical injury. Treatment.—When it arises as a sequence of other diseases, it will cease soon after those diseases are cured. All irritating causes should be removed, and such meas- ures taken as will give strength to the parts, and improve the general health. For this purpose the vegetable and mineral tonics, and cold bathing, may be used, and a proper regard must be paid to the clothing and diet. Sea- bathing, belladonna, blisters to the sacrum, and electrici- ty,* are all, at times, useful remedies in this complaint. The tincture of eantharides, and nux vomica may be cau- tiously used in obstinate cases. The patient ought to drink sparingly after tea, and empty the bladder on going to bed. It would do much towards curing this disease, if the patient could awake in the night, and evacuate the contents of the bladder. All kinds of food and drinks that have a tendency to increase the quantity of the urine must be prohibited. When this difficulty is kept up from habit, we must resort to a change of diet, traveling, and to such diver- sions of the mind and exercise of the body as are calcu- lated to change the usual course of life. Powders of Iodide of Sulphur. Powdered Iodide of Sulphur................Ten Grains. Powdered Gum Arabic......................Sufficient. Mix, and divide into six powders. One, morning and evening, for an adult. Useful in nocturnal incontinence of urine.' Escolar. DIURESIS. 219 Pills of Nux Vomica and Iron. Extract of Nux Vomica.................... Six Grains. Black Oxide of Iron,.....................One Drachm. Mix, and make twenty-four pills. Three a-day, in incontinence of urine from debility.—Mondiere. DIURESIS. Symptoms.—An increase of urine, " affecting the com- fort of the individual by the frequent and harassing calls to evacuate his bladder, often at the most unseasonable times, interrupting his rest at night, occasioning trouble- some thirst, and, if not corrected, producing at length a greater or less degree of debility, and loss of flesh." This affection must not be confounded with diabetes. It may usually be distinguished by its temporary charac- ter, and by its known cause, which is generally improper food and drinks. When doubt exists as to which disease is present, the urine must be subjected to chemical tests, which will, at once, determine the nature of the disease.* Treatment.—This consists, mostly, in regulating the diet. All food calculated to increase thirst should be avoided; and the patient must be confined to as little drink as possible, and his bowels kept regular with mild physic; rhubarb and magnesia will be suitable for this purpose, but Epsom salts are too irritating. The clothing should be warm and comfortable, and pains must be ta- ken to prevent unnecessary exposure. Debilitated cases will require the use of tonics, and if there is much irrita- tion, anodynes. The nitro-muriatic acid foot-bath, and cod-liver oil, are ♦See Note on Page 220. 220 GRAVEL. remedies thought to be particularly efficacious in this dis- ease, and the remedies advised in dyspepsia will be use- ful in diuresis when it is complicated with that disease. GRAVEL. This disease arises from an unnatural condition of the blood, which causes sand-like deposits in certain parts of the body. There are three principal varieties of these deposites; the uric acid, phosphatic acid,' and oxalic acid. To ascertain what particular variety you have under con- sideration, the urine must be subject to chemical and mi- croscopical tests.* The treatment of this affection, so far as respects the extraction of gravel or stone from the bladder, must be put into the hands of a surgeon. Treatment.—"In the uric acid form, the alkalies ara indicated, especially bicarbonate of soda given in carbonic acid water; also mild diuretics, and a free use of diluents; strict attention to diet, a very sparing use of animal food, avoidance of alcoholic drinks, and of all acescent and indigestible articles of food ; the warm bath; and mode- rate exercise. In the phosphatic variety, the treatment appropriate for dyspepsia is indicated; the mineral acids; the alkaline bicarbonates act by dissolving the phosphates ; opium is specially indicated; stimulant diuretics to alter the char- acter of the mucus surfaces; warm clothing. The oxalic variety requires a general tonic treatment. Dr. G. Bird recommends sulphate of zinc, and in anaemic ♦For a full account of the tests mentioned for gravel, Bright's disease, diabetes, and diuresis, the reader is referred to Golding Bird's work on " Urinary Deposits." DROPSY. 221 cases the chalybeates, and also colchicum. All articles containing this acid should be avoided." DROPSY. The cause of dropsy is generally the effects of other diseases. A family predisposition, and the pressure of tumors, so as to hinder the circulation, are occasional causes of dropsy. When the legs, body and arms are affected, it is called general dropsy. The cavities of the chest may or may not be affected at the same time. The evidence of general dropsy can be seen, and will not require the mention of symptoms. When the fluid accumulates in the chest it is called dropsy of the chest; when in the heart case, drop- sy of the heart;- and when in the cavity of the abdomen, dropsy of the belly. The symptoms of dropsy of the chest and heart are very difficult to distinguish from each other, except by a thorough knowledge of the use of the stethoscope, and by percussion. In both cases there will be great uneasiness at the chest, difficult breathing, irregular action of the heart, and a feeling of suffocation. The patient desires an upright position, and in dropsy of the chest to lie on the affected side. The face is apt to become swelled, and, owing to an imperfect circulation, purple-colored, and the lips of a dark livid color. Dropsy of the belly may be ascertained by the enlargement and fluctuation of the fluid in the abdomen. Treatment.—This must depend on the cause which gave rise to the disease. The same treatment suited to the disease that caused the dropsy, may be that to effect its 222 DROPSY. cure; if, for instance, the cause of dropsy of the chest ia chronic inflammation of the lungs, the treatment calcula- ted to cure the inflammation, will be the treatment re- quired to cure the dropsy. In some instances, tapping the chest and abdomen is found beneficial; but latterly, the operation is considered of doubtful utility and is not so often performed as at one time. When there is thirst the patient must not be deprived of his usual drinks, and care must be taken not to have him change, too suddenly, his usual habits. If he is accustomed to the use of spirituous liquors, we can- not safely deprive him of them, when the dropsy arises from debility. From the fact that gin increases the se- cretion of urine, it should be used in preference to other spirituous liquors. When the extremities are badly swelled, very great temporary relief may sometimes be had by puncturing the feet and legs with the point of a pin or lancet It is surprising what quantities of water will escape from the punctures, and what comfort the pa- tient may receive from it. Cathartic and diuretic medi- cines are the best remedies in this disease. Their various combinations are well expressed in the following formu- lies. mixture of Elaterinm, Ether and Tincture of Squill. Elaterium................................0ne Grain« Spirit of Nitric Ether..................Two fl. Ounces. Tincture of Squill....................Half a fl. Ounce. Oxymel of Colchicum.................Half a fl. Ounce. Syrup................................0ne fl- 0unce' Mix. A teaspoonful, three or four times a-day in a little wa- ter. In dropsy of the belly and chest.—Ferriar. DROPSY. 223 Compound infusion of Juniper. ____ Calamine Cerate. Turner's Cerate. Prepared Calamine......................Three Ounces. Yellow Wax...........................Three Ounces. Lard...................................One Pound. Melt the wax and lard, anl as they cool stir in the calamine. A soothing application, in scalds and burns, excoriations and ulcerations. 280 CANCER. Canon Oil Liniment. Flaxseed Oil.............................One Ounce. Lime Water.............................One Ounce. Mix. Much used for burns and scalds.—Ed. Ph. CANCER. This is a malignant growth which has power to destroy the parts with which it comes in contact. " It consists of a scirrhous, livid tumor, intersected by firm, whitish, divergent bands; and occurs chiefly in the secreting glands. The pains are acute and lancinating, and often extend to other parts. The tumor ultimately terminates in a fetid and ichorous ulcer. It is distinguished, ac- cording to its stage, into occult and open; the former being the schirrous, the latter the ulcerated condition." Almost every part of the body may be the seat of cancer, and it is named from the part affected, as cancer of the womb, stomach, tongue, lips, eyes, etc. It is supposed to require a peculiar condition of the system to favor its development; but it often comes on when the patient is in apparent good health. " When the disease has advanced so far as to involve the system, the patient has generally a peculiar wan, sallow paleness of complexion, which, with an expression of sadness, is almost characteristic." Cancers are called hard, soft, or gelatinous, according to their consistence. When it is difficult to ascertain the character of a cancer, the substance of it must be exam- ined by a microscopist Treatment.—This consists of quieting pain, support- ing-the strength, and excision of the parts. Opium, CANCER. 281 hyoscyamus, stramonium, and belladonna and their prep- arations, taken into the stomach, applied to the surface, or thrown into the rectum, are useful remedies to quiet pain in cancer; and nourishing food, exercise in the open air, and tonics, useful means to support the strength. The removal of the tumor must be left to the judgment of the surgeon; the question to decide being whether the operation will prolong or shorten life. Arsenical Powder. White Arsenic...........'..................0ne Part* Calomel...........One Hundred and Ninety-nine Parts. Mix. Recommended in obstinate cases of lepra and cancer- ous ulcers.—Dupuytren. Cataplasm with Acetate of Ammonia. Extract of Hemlock......................One Ounce. Extract of Henbane....................Half an Ounce. Powder of Belladonna...................One Drachm. Solution of Acetate of Ammonia..............Sufficient, to form a cataplasm. Has been found useful in ulcerated can- cerous sores.—Radius. Pills of Belladonna and Blue Pill. Extract of Belladonna..................Twelve Grains. Blue Pill.............................Twelve Grains' Powdered Ipecac......................Twelve Grains. Mix, and make twelve pills. One to be taken, morning and evening, in cancerous affections.—Ainslie. Cataplasm of Carrot Root. n ,-p f ..................At Will. Carrot Root..................... Scrape down to a pulp. As an application to foul and cancer- ous ulcers.— Wood. 282 EARACHE, AND INFLAMMATION OF THE EAR. Compound Soot Ointment. Soot.................................Half an Ounce. Lard.................................Half an Ounce. Extract of Belladonna "...................One Drachm. Triturate together. As an application to cancerous sores. Radius. Ointment of Hops. Hops..................................Two Ounces. Lard...................................Ten Ounces. Digest for several hours, by a gentle heat, express and strain. Recommended to relieve the pain of cancerous sores. Swediaur. Ointment of Iodide of Potash and Laudanum. Iodide of Potash...............One and a half Drachms. Lard..........................One and a half Ounces. Laudanum...........................One fl. Drachm. Mix. As a dressing in cancerous sores.—A. T. Thompson. Injection of Stramonium and Alum. Stramonium Leaves....................Half an Ounce. Boiling Water............................Two Pints. Infuse for half an hour, strain, and add to infusion, Alum......................Two Drachms to an Ounce. In cancerous affections of the uterus.—Foy. EARACHE, AND INFLAMMATION OF THE EAR. This inflammation is not generally accompanied with fever, but sometimes there is fever attended with delirium, convulsions, and stupor. The pain is frequently very se- vere when fever is not present Exposure to cold is the most frequent cause of these difficulties, but the ordinary causes of inflammation may give rise to them. EARACHE, AND INFLAMMATION OF THE EAR. 283 In the treatment of these complaints, we must endeavor, when the inflammation and fever are active, to subdue them by the application of leeches behind the ear and by the use of cathartics. If the symptoms become like those of inflammation of the brain, our treatment must be more active, and as directed in such cases. If the pain, notwithstanding our treatment, continues, we will have good reason to think that a formation of matter is going on, in which case we must urge it forward by the use of warm poultices and fomentations. As soon as an abscess has formed, it must be opened, if possible, and afterwards occasionally syringed with weak soapsuds or with some mucilaginous fluid, as slippery elm water, or flaxseed tea. After the abscess is opened, the violent pain usually abates. "Earache sometimes continues many days without any apparent inflammation, and is then frequently removed by filling the ear with cotton or wool wetted with lauda- num or ether, or even with warm oil or warm water." An onion poultice is an excellent remedy in such cases. Sometimes pain in the ear exists in consequence of an as- sociation with a diseased tooth, in which case the usual remedies should be applied to the tooth. Acoustic Balsam. Beef Gall..........................Three fl- Drachms. Balsam of Peru.......................0ne fl- Drachm. Mix. To be occasionally dropped into the ear to correct a fetid discharge, syringing it also, daily, with a weak solution of soap and water.—Hugh Smith. 284 SICK HEADACHE. Injection of Morphine. Sulphate of Morphine.....................Two Grains. Yolk of Egg...................................One. Oil of Olives.............................One Ounce. Oil of Poppies...........................One Ounce. Mix. To ease pain in earache. Liniment of Laudanum and Chloroform. Laudanum............................Two fl. Ounces. Chloroform....................One and a half Ounces. Tincture of Camphor...................Two fl. Ounces. Mix. As an external embrocation in earache and toothache. SICK HEADACHE. Remedies.—When it arises in consequence of bilious derangement, a gentle emetic, or a mild cathartic; from acidity of the stomach, magnesia, soda, and lime-water; from nervousness, Hoffmann's anodyne, paregoric, mor- phine, strong tea, and infusion of valerian. Various ap- plications may be applied to the head, as spirit of cam- phor, water of ammonia, spirit of lavender, cologne water, ether, and chloroform. In cases of full habit, leeches to the temple and active cathartics may be required. Mus- tard paste bound on to the forehead, or, a simple band tightly applied, will frequently cure the most violent headache. Soaking the feet in warm water containing a handful of salt or ashes is an excellent assistant remedy. To prevent a return of the headache, or to break up its periodical character, it will be necessary to give up the use of tea, coffee, tobacco, and spirits of all kinds. Every practice that can enervate the system must be avoided. The bowels must be kept regulated, and in debilited ca- MUMPS. 285 ses the system ought to be toned up with the vegetable and mineral tonics. MUMPS. This is a contagious disease of the glands, generally confined to those of the face, but it is subject to trans- lations to' other glands, as to the breast and testicles. Symptoms.—Pain, heat, and swelling about the jaws, usually commencing just under the ear. The swelling extends in different directions, involving other parts, till it becomes a large and painful tumor. Occasionally there is considerable fever, a dry, coated tongue, and hot skin. • It usually runs its course in about six or eight days. One or both sides of the face may be affected at the same time. This disease generally runs its course mildly, but when the swelling suppurates, opens and discharges matter, or when the disease suddenly leaves one part and attacks another, it sometimes is very dangerous, and will occa- sionally prove fatal. Treatment.—Avoid taking cold, use a low diet, keep the bowels open with salts or Seidlitz powders, and keep the swelling well covered with flannel or wool. If there is much fever, take a purge and afterwards nauseating doses of tartar emetic. When there is considerable in- flammation, bleeding from the arm may be necessary to reduce it, but leeches applied to the part will often answer the purpose. " Should the tumors in the neck suddenly disappear, and febrile symptoms increase, so as to induce an apprehension that the brain will be affected, it will be 286 BITES AND STINGS OF INSECTS. advisable to promote and reproduce the swelling by warm fomentations and stimulating liniments. When the testicles become affected and are swelled, every endeavor should be exerted to prevent suppuration from ensuing, and we are, therefore, to have recourse to bleeding, both general and topical, cathartics, cooling and discutient applications, and a suspensory bag. Much the same means are to be used when on a retrocession of the tumor of the neck, the female breast becomes swelled and indurated." BRONCHOCELE, OR GOITRE. This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, situated on the front part of the neck. It is free from pain, ten- derness, discoloration, and poisonous taint It is mostly inconvenient from its size and pressure on other parts. From its prominent position it is frequently a source of annoyance and mortification to the afflicted. Treatment.—Most all recent cases and many old ones can be cured by the persevering use of the compound tincture of iodine three times a day, internally, and an application of iodide of potash ointment twice a day to the swelling. BITES AND STINGS OF INSECTS. Wash the parts bitten with liquid hartshorn, or apply to them lint or cloth covered with a mixture composed of one drachm of powdered opium rubbed down in one ounce of oil. If there is much inflammation, give a dose of Epsom salts. BITES OF VENOMOUS SNAKES. 287 Mixture of Tallow, Camphor and Pennyroyal. Beef Tallow..............................Six Ounces. Gum Camphor..........................Two Ounces. Oil of Pennyroyal.......................Two Ounces. Creosote.............................Half an Ounce. Mix. Used externally. As a preventive and antidote to mus- quito bite. . BITES OF VENOMOUS SNAKES. The bite of the viper, rattlesnake, and of the cobra de capello, are usually fatal unless prompt assistance is ren- dered. The symptoms are "smarting or severe pain in the parts, rapid swelling, extending from the wound to the whole limb, lines of inflammation along the course of the lymphatics; then nausea, perhaps vomiting of bilious matter, fever, delirium, and fatal collapse—characterized by a small pulse, an anxious countenance, cold extremi- ties, quick respiration, and a death-like sensation about the region of the heart. All these effects manifest them- selves in the course of a few minutes, and in less than six hours death usually closes the scene. The treatment is of two kinds. 1st. The abstraction of the poison by means of the knife, suction, or the free use of any liquid caustic. It is advisable also to put a tight ligature around the part on the side next to the body, to prevent the poison from entering the circulation. 2d. The depressing effects of the poison on the system must be counterbalanced by powerful stimulants, such as hot brandy and water and ammonia." Large quantities of whisky are now chiefly relied on in the Western States 288 CHILBLAINS. for this purpose. It is not material what spirit is used, the object being to keep up the strength until the depress- ing effects of the poison have passed off. Indigo is also a remedy much used. It. is applied to the wound in the form of a paste. It is said to whiten the sore and the surrounding parts. It is to be renewed, from time to time, till the cure is complete. FROST-BITTEN. Our object in the treatment of frost-bitten parts is to restore them to their natural condition without producing so much reaction as to destroy their vitality. The pro- cess of restoration must be gradual, and the means for that purpose used with great caution. " The patient should be placed in a cold room, without a fire, any approach to which would certainly lead to the destruction of the mem- bers. They must be gently rubbed with snow or cold water, and held between the hands of the person manip- ulating ; as reaction comes on, they may be enveloped in flannel or woolens, and a small quantity of some warm liquid or spirit and water administered to the patient. In this way sensibility and motion will gradually return, often with much burning and stinging pain, redness and vesication of the part." If the parts frozen cannot be re- stored, they will have to be allowed to slough off, or am- putated, as the judgment may dictate. i CHILBLAINS. This is an inflammation, generally of the hands and feet, characterized by red, smooth, tumid fullness of the CHILBLAINS. 289 parts, accompanied with burning pain, which sometimes ends in painful or indolent ulcers. This difficulty is caused by exposure to cold ; is most common to youth; and is cured by accustoming the parts to exposure, and by the use of washes, ointments, and liniments. Ointment of Sulphuric Acid and Olive Oil. Sulphuric Acid............................0ne Part- Olive Oil.................................TenParJs. Oil of Turpentine.........................Four Parts. Mix. To be .applied to the affected part, night and morning. In chilblains. Camphor Ointment. Camphor.............................Two Drachms. Olive Oil................................0ne 0unce- \\rax..................................• One Ounce. Lard....................................0ne Ounce. Suet.......................*............0ne 0unce- Melt the lard, suet, oil and wax together, and add the cam- phor. As an application in chilblains. Concentrated Tincture of Cayenne Pepper. Cayenne Pepper........................Four Ounces. Rectified Spirits.....................Twelve fl. Ounces. Macerate for seven days and strain. Used as an embrocation for toothache and chilblains.—A. Turnbull. Solution of Nitrate of Silver. Nitrate of Silver..............One and a half Drachms. Water...............................One Ounce. Dissolve. As an application to chilblains, after the parts have been washed with warm soapsuds. 13 290 CHAPPED HANDS. Ointment of Creosote and Sugar of Lead. Creosote................................. Ten Drops. Solution of Sugar of Lead..................Ten Drops. Extract of Opium...............One and a half Grains. Lard....................................One Ounce. Mix. As an application to chilblains.—Devergie. Lotion of Iodine. Tincture of Iodine.....................One fl. Drachm. Black Drop.........................Two fl. Drachms. Dil of Almonds.......................Two fl. Ounces. Lime Water..........................Two fl. Ounces. Mix carefully. As a lotion for chilblains.—Cadet. Mustard Liniment. Lard................................Twelve Ounces. Oil of Almonds.......................Twelve Ounces. Yellow Wax............................Four Ounces. Melt by a gentle heat, pour into a heated mortar, and when cooling, add Oil of Lavender........................Three Ounces. Carbonate of Ammonia.................Half an Ounce. Tincture of Mustard...................Two fl. Ounces. Camphor................................One Ounce. Triturate the ammonia with the oil of lavender, dissolve the camphor in the tincture, and add both to the melted mass, in- corporate well. As an application to chilblains.—Berarl. CHAPPED HANDS. This difficulty consists of small clefts or openings, gen- erally confined to the hands of those exposed to the wea- ther, and to certain mechanical employments. TEETHING. 291 Camphor Ice. Powdered Gum Camphor.................One Drachm. Spermaceti..............................One Ounce. Oil of Almonds....................... • -Pour Ounces. Melt the spermaceti, add the camphor and oil and stir till cool. In chapped hands, chafed and excoriated parts. Camphorated Soap. White Soap..........................Sixteen Ounces. Boiling Water..........................Eight Ounces. Olive Oil...............................Six Ounces. Powdered Camphor......................One Drachm. Dissolve the soap in the water, evaporate gently to the con- sistence of a soft paste, add the camphor incorporated in the oil. Mix well, and pour into moulds. For chapped hands. Lotion of Glycerin, Borax and Rose "Water. Glycerin.............................One fl. Drachm. Borax...................................Ten Grains. Rose Water.........................Seven fl. Ounces. Mix. Used as a lotion, in chapped hands, several times a-day. Cold Cream. Rose Water.........................Half a fl. Ounce. Oil of Almonds.......................Two fl. Ounces. Spermaceti................••..........Half an Ounce. White Wax............................0ne Drachm. Melt the oil, spermaceti and wax, add the rose water, and stir till cold. Used for chapped hands.—B. Canavan. TEETHING. Teething is a natural process, but it frequently gives rise to spasms, convulsions, and fits. It is also a source of great disturbance in other diseases, as in diarrhea. In all instances of sickness in children, the gums should 292 CONVULSIONS. be examined, and if found tender and swollen, they should be freely lanced. It is remarkable how much relief may be obtained by this operation, and no senseless fears should prevent its accomplishment. CONVULSIONS. Convulsions are frequently connected with other diffi- culties, and in different parts of this work much has been said in regard to them ; but they frequently arise, espe- cially in children, when they will have to be treated more as a primary disease. They are generally produced by teething, worms, indi- gestible food, irritation of the brain, cold, sour stomach, and wind in the stomach and bowels. Recession of eruptions, and suppression of old discharges, are frequent causes of convulsions. Treatment.—We must subdue the convulsions, and then prevent their return.' The patient should be placed on his back where he can have fresh air; all his clothes must be loosened; the feet and legs should be put into warm water, and cold water applied to the head when it is hot. Mustard paste may also be applied to the feet and legs and over the stomach. When the con- vulsions are obstinate, it is usual to put the patient into a warm bath, or if they occur in subjects of a full pleth- oric habit, to bleed from the arm. An emetic, from its sedative effect on the system, and by removing irri- tating substances from the bowels, will frequently subdue convulsions when all other means fail. When convulsions arise from teething, the gums are to be lanced; from worms, they must be expelled; from in- CRAMPS. 293 digestible food, it must be removed ; from acidity of the stomach, it must be corrected; and if from irritation of the brain or bowels, it must be subdued. They not un- frequently arise from-sympathy, in seeing others who are afflicted with the same difficulty; the patient must be re- moved from the sight of such persons. • The management of irritation of the brain, when it gives rise to convulsions, has been sufficiently detailed under the heads of apoplexy, epilepsy, and St. Vitus' dance; and of irritation of the womb under the head of hysteria. CRAMPS. This difficulty consists of involuntary contraction of the muscles. It is generally sympathetic of other disea- ses ; but it frequently comes on, seemingly, independent of other difficulties, as cramp in the legs, neck, and in vari- ous other parts, when the flesh will be contracted into knots which may be readily felt with the hand. The difficulty may be momentary, or it may last for hours. It occasionally travels from one muscle to'another, as rheu- matism does from one joint to another. The cause of this affection may be nervous irritation of all kinds. Those causes peculiar to rheumatism and gout may also give rise to it. Treatment.—Rubbing the part affected, with the bare hand, or with a cloth covered with anodyne liniment, will frequently be all that is necessary. Simply getting out of bed and walking about the room will be sufficient in many instances. It will often occur that the same treatment for convulsions is that required for cramps. 294 HICCUPS. Numerous external applications are recommended, as opodeldoc, laudanum, and chloroform; the tincture of musk, and ether are also useful remedies. If this diffi- culty is connected with gout or rheumatism, the prepara- tions of colchicum, guaiac, and potash, will be valuable remedies and may be given as directed in those diseases. The warm bath will also at times be a useful remedy. HICCUPS. This affection, like convulsions and cramps, is fre- quently symptomatic of other diseases. It arises most generally from derangement of the stomach and bowels. Treatment.—When mild it can usually be cured by exciting some emotion, or fixing the attention of the pa- tient to some particular object. Many remedies are used for this complaint which are successful more from their effects on the mind than from any real medical virtue they possess. Holding the breath, until a given number can be counted, and various other means as simple, are often successful. In difficult and^protracted cases, counter-irritation to the spine will occasionally give relief; but more frequently it is procured from the use of such articles as musk, opium, camphor, assafetida, and their various combinations. In all cases the bowels, diet, clothing, and exercise, should be properly regulated, and when the patient is debilitated he must use tonics—especially quinine—to prevent the recurrence of the paroxysm. Hiccups sometimes occur at the close of inflammatory and malignant diseases, and in consequence of mortifica- tion when all our efforts for their cure will be unavailing. FAINTING. 295 Carminative Mixture. ^ Essence of Peppermint..................One fl. Ounce. Peppermint Water....................Four fl. Ounces. Syrup of Gum Arabic.................Three fl. Ounces. Oil of Cinnamon.........................Two Drops. Oil of Peppermint......................Three Drops. Mix. A spoonful every two hours, in convulsive hiccups. PALPITATION. . Usual Remedies.—Avoiding all known causes which may give rise to it, as tea, coffee, tobacco, over exertion, and sudden emotions; tonics, as wine and quinine; stim- ulants, as spirit of lavender, aqua ammonia, and camphor, and anodynes, as paregoric, Hoffmann's anodyne, musk, valerian, assafetida and opium. WIND IN THE STOMACH AND BOWELS. Remedies.—Hot pepper and ginger tea, essence of pep- permint, spearmint, and cinnamon, infusion of caraway, coriander, cardamon, and aniseed, oil of turpentine, par- egoric, Hoffmann's anodyne, magnesia, lime water, fo- mentations, cathartics, and stimulating injections. fainting. This difficulty is most frequently noticed* in the debili- tated, and may occur from a slight cause; but it will oc- casionally arise from more serious causes, as in conse- quence of a morbid condition of the brain, or of some organic affection of the heart REMEDIES,-Lay the patient on his back, in the fresh 296 SEA SICKNESS. air, loosen the clothes, sprinkle cold water in the face and on the chest, and let him carefully breathe the fumes of liquid hartshorn. A drink of cold water,, or some stimulating fluid, taken in time, will generally prevent fainting. A smart box on the ear, with the open handr will often prevent a faint- ing fit RISUS SARDONICUS, OR SARDONIC LAUGH. This affection is characterized by fits of laughter which come on spontaneously and may continue for a long time, preventing sleep, inducing debility, and sometimes fever. This difficulty does not yield to treatment; it either destroys life by its violence or ceases of itself. Musk, ether, castor and opium, are the remedies that naturally suggest themselves, in the management of this affection. NIGHTMARE. " A sensation of a distressing weight at the stomach during sleep, and of impossibility of motion, speech, or respiration, the patient at length awakening in terror, af- ter extreme anxiety. Nightmare is often the effect of difficult digestion, or of an uneasy position of the body. At other times, it occurs in consequence of severe emo- tions. The disease requires no particular treatment. The causes must be avoided." SEA SICKNESS. Remedies.—Laying on the back in that part of the vessel where there is the least motion, darkening the WHITE SWELLING. 297 room, and using drinks calculated to settle the stomach. Emetics are sometimes serviceable, and afterwards sour drinks as lemonade. The preparations of opium, bran- dy, and chloroform, are highly useful remedies. Doctor Wood confidently recommends raw salt oysters as being acceptable to the stomach. RICKETS, OR RACHITIS. " Rachitis first manifests itself in disease of the mes- enteric glands; the abdomen is increased in size, the head is considerably enlarged, and out of all proportion to the rest of the body, so that the disease is often mistaken for hydrocephalus." The bones of the chin, spine, ribs, and other parts of the body become curved and much de- formed; and if the disease is of long standing the bones become soft," rendering it impossible for the sufferer to support his own weight. The treatment is the same as that recommended for scrofula, and in addition to that, the use of various me- chanical contrivances for the purpose of supporting the curved bones. It is not probable this will be of much benefit except in some slight cases that admit of a perma- nent cure. r WHITE SWELLING. This is a scrofulous swelling of the joints, most fre- quently met with in the knee, hip, (when it is called hip disease,) foot and elbow joints, attended with fatigue of the limb, pain and stiffness of the joint. " It consists, at times, in tumefaction, and softening of the soft parts and 298 WHITE SWELLING. ligaments which surround the joints; extremities of bones; or both these states may exist at the same time." Treatment.—When the disease first makes its appear- ance, we must endeavor to prevent the formation of mat- ter by giving the patient a nourishing diet, fresh air, keeping the limb as quiet as possible, and by improving the general health, with such articles as cod-liver oil and the iodide of potash. Some of the preparations of opium will be necessary to quiet pain and irritability. The ap- plication of leeches, and counter-irritation with blisters, are our chief reliance in the first stages of the disease. If we are not successful with the above means, our best course will be, to establish a large issue^ver the affected part, by the application of a small iron button heated to whiteness. The sore should be dressed with a linseed poultice, and, if necessary to keep up the discharge, with some stimulating ointment, or *by the application of a small blister. -This sore must be kept open for a long time. In the latter stages of the disease an application of the simple or compound tincture of iodine, diluted one- half with alcohol, should be made to the swelling twice a-day. When matter has formed, it is customary to open the abscess, and afterwards dress the sore with a linseed poultice, and keep up the use of the tincture of iodine. If we are able to save the limb, it will gfnerally be with a stiff joint—hence the limb ought to be kept in that po- sition in which it will be the most useful, should it become permanently stiffened. It will be useless to attempt the cure of this disease, un- less the directions given are rigidly followed, and perse- vered in for a long time. Absolute rest of the limb and permanent counter-irritation are indispensable to a cure. CORPULENCE. 299 Savlne Ointment. Powdered Savine.......................One Drachm. Resin Cerate..........................Eight Drachms. Melt the cerate, and mix in the savine.—XI. S, Ph. As a stimulating dressing, to discharging sores. CORPULENCE. " Corpulence, when it arrives at a certain height, be- comes an absolute disease. A certain proportion of fat is indicative of health, and denotes being in good condition; nay, it is even in some measure conducive to beauty *r but when in excess amounting to obesity, it is not only in itself a disease, but may be the cause of many fatal effects.1' Exercise, low diet, and abstinence from the useof malt liquors, are the usual remedies for the cure of this dis- ease. " There is one class of medicines so universally ap- plicable to all eases of obesity, that I think a trial of them should never be omitted. The chemical affinities of alka- lies for fat, point them out as proper alteratives in this complaint, and experience proves that they are suitable to the state of the digestive organs. The most eligible one is solution of potash, and it may be administered in much larger quantities than any other. If given in milk and water, we may safely commence with half a drachm, and raise the dose to a drachm and a half, three times a-day. The milk covers the taste of the potash better than any other vehicle. It has, truly, the disadvantage of saponi- fying a portion of the remedy, but there is no evidence to prove that its efficacy is thereby endangered; indeed, soap itself has been strongly recommended, and it may also be taken in milk." 300 SPRAINS. " Vinegar and lemon juice are too frequently used by young women to reduce corpulence; but an excessive use of acids is apt to impair the digestive organs, and in the end to bring on a train of dyspeptic and other dangerous complaints." Solution of Potash. Caustic Potash..........................One Scruple. Water..............................• • One fl. Ounce. Dissolve. Dose, ten to fifteen drops.— W. Proctor. This solution may take the place of the solution in the phar- macopia, which is much more complicated. SPRAINS. A sprain is a violent injury occurring to the ligaments or tendons surrounding a joint, which are either forcibly stretched or lacerated. It usually happens from the sudden extension of the joint in a direction which the muscles are unprepared for; in the same manner as when a dislocation is pro- duced, only that the violence is not sufficient to occasion a displacement of the bones. Treatment.—If there is much swelling, the parts should be showered or bathed with cold water; ice is an excellent application in sprains; evaporating lotions are also useful. The position of the limb should be such as to prevent tension on the injured part Leeches will be useful when a blood-vessel has been ruptured and when there is much inflammation. Cathartics may also be nec- essary to reduce the excitement of the system. After the inflammatory stage has passed, the volatile or soap \ CARBUNCLE. 30i liniment may be used. Obstinate cases may require counter-irritation. The roller bandage will occasionally be useful in supporting the joint and the parts adjacent. FELON, OR WHITLOW. This disease is a painful inflammatory affection mostly confined to the thumb and fingers. In its mild form, the formation of matter may be prevented by the application of the tincture of iodine several times a-day, and the use of an active cathartic. Soaking the finger in strong lime-water, imbedding it in a plaster of lime and soap, and covering it with half of a lemon, will occasionally prevent the formation of matter. The remedies used to induce suppuration are fomenta- tions and poultices. The sooner matter is formed and has free vent, the better will it be for the sufferer. When the affected part is lanced, the incision should be deep and long, reaching down to the bone. It should after- wards be dressed with a poultice. CARBUNCLE. A carbuncle is "an inflammatory, or painful gangre- nous boil or ulcer." It soon becomes soft and a number of small ulcers form on the top of it. It is usually at- tended with headache, loathing of food, and great loss of strength, and sometimes fainting and delirium. Treatment.—The bowels should be acted on with some cathartic—calomel being the best—and afterwards kept solvent with cooling laxatives—cream of tartar and Seidlitz powders being as good as any. The strength 302 CORNS AND WARTS. must be supported in the latter stages of the difficulty. with nutritious food and vegetable and mineral tonic*. The tumor ought early to be cut across deeply and thoroughly, and then cross cut so as to leave four flaps; it should then be poulticed till it heals up. It will some- times require stimulating poultices to keep up a healthful discharge, in which case the port wine poultice may be used, or the abscess may be dressed with basilicon oint- ment BOILS. Treatment.—In the first place we must seek to pre- vent the formation of matter by applying leeches and warm fomentations; but, if we cannot do this, we should hurry on the formation of matter with soft poultices.. The poultices may be medicated with laudanum or opium. After the boil is opened it should be poulticed till the surrounding parts become softened. When successive crops of boils appear, alterative reme- dies may be required. Sulphur and cream of tartar com- bined is an old and useful remedy to cleanse the system when troubled with, boils. CORNS AND WARTS. Remedies.—The knife and caustics. The caustics may be applied, and in a day or two after the dead por- tions are cut away, applied again. Nitrate of silver, ni- tric acid, and caustic potash are the best applications for this purpose. When inflamed they may be touched with nitrate of silver to prevent pain. The application of al- * FALLING OF THE FUNDAMENT. 303 terative ointments, as citrine or mercurial ointment, will soften and render them less painful, when they are dry and hard. The application of creosote will occasionally de- stroy them. Citrine Ointment. Mercury................................0ne 0unce- Nitric Acid.....................Fourteen fl. Drachms. Fresh Neat's Foot Oil.................Nine fl. Ounces. Lard.................................Three 0unces' Dissolve the mercury in the acid, melt the oil and lard togeth- er, and when they become thick,'on cooling, add the solution and mix well.— XI. S. Ph. Used in skin diseases, diluted in most cases with lard. Verdigris Ointment. Powdered Verdigris.....................One Drachm. Simple Ointment....................Fifteen Drachms. Melt the ointment, and add the verdigris, and stir till cold. U. S. Ph. As an escharotic to corns and warts. Lotion of Iodine. Tincture of Iodine....................Half a fl. Ounce. Iodide of Iron.........................Twelve Grains. Chloride of Antimony..................Half an Ounce. Mix. As an application to corns and warts, after they have been pared.—Henderson. FALLING OF THE FUNDAMENT. In this difficulty the bowel protrudes beyond the verge of the anus. , , TEEATMENT.-The patient must be placed on h» back, and after the finger to been guarded wfth a piece of «!■ 304 PLAGUE. ed cloth, it should be placed against the parts, and gentle pressure made, till they return to their natural position. A compress of cloth, or sponge, wet with some astringent solution, as alum, galls, -logwood, or white oak bark, should be bound on to the anus, to prevent the return of the bowel. The parts may also be bathed with these solutions with good effect. Costiveness and diarrhea ought to be prevented. PLAGUE. This is an aggravated fever, accompanied with an af- fection of the glands, especially in the groins, and under the arms, and carbuncles in various parts. It is mostly confined to the country bordering on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. A discharge should be encouraged from the swellings, and the patient otherwise treated as directed in typhoid fever. MIL& OR SWELLED LEG. The cause of this disease is obstruction to the circula- tion of the blood in the leg. The treatment consists of cupping, leeching and foment- ing the limb, till after the inflammatory symptoms have subsided, when it must be bandaged. SCALY LEPROSY. " A foul skin disease, appearing in dry, white, thin, scurfy scales, attended with violent itching. It sometimes covers the whole body, rarely the face." BED SORES. 305 Treatment.—This consists of the use of the warm bath, alteratives and various ointments. As an alterative, a blue pill may be given at night, and followed in the morning with black draught,.for several days in succes- sion. ■Tonics are occasionally useful; but our chief reli- ance is on ointments, of the character of those mentioned for ringworm, ringworm of the scalp, and scald-head. HIVES.' In Scotland, according to Dr. Jameson, Hives or Hyves means any eruption of the skin, proceeding from any in- ternal cause; and in Lothian, it is used to denote both the red and the yellow gum. In the United States it is vaguely employed: most frequently, perhaps, for Urti- caria.—D unglison. A disease, the croup; rattles.— Webster. A popular name of an eruptive disease, allied to the chicken-pox.—Buchanan. BED SORES. These sores are found on the hips, shoulders, elbows, and over the projecting bones of the emaciated, who have, for a long time been confined to the bed. Alum Liniment. Alum.... ...........................Half an Ounce. Whites of Eggs...............................Four- Spirit of Camphor.......................Two Ounces. Mix. As an application to bed sores.—Augustin. 306 GLANDERS. Mixture of Camphor and Goulard's Extract. Tincture of Camphor.....................Two Ounces. Goulard's Extract........................Two Ounces. Mix. As an application to bed sores. SALT-RHEUM. This name does not stand for a disease, but for a class of diseases. It is " a vague and indefinite popular name, applied to almost all the non-febrile cutaneous eruptions which are common among adults, except ringworm and itch." GLANDERS. This is a poisonous disease contracted from horses. Its characteristics are inflammation of the passages of the nose, a pustular eruption, and tumors, on various parts, that degenerate into ulcers. There is also fever and its common attendant symptoms. This disease is so rare, in man, an opportunity has not been given for the profession to become settled on any particular plan of treatment; it is, therefore, left to be managed on general principles. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 307 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS, A part of the following formulas have been referred to in the course of this work, where it has not been convenient-to introduce them. The remainder of them are' not considered as officinal preparations, but from their long use, and many valuable properties, they have become extensively known, are frequently advised, will continue to be used, and there is no good reason why the profession should not adopt, regulate, and give to them their sanction. Aromatic Confection. Aromatic Powder..............Five and a half Ounces. Powdered Saffron......................Half an Ounce. Syrup of Orange Peel.....................Six Ounces. Clarified Honey.........................Two Ounces. Rub together and beat into a mass.— XI. S. Ph. A stimulant to the stomach. Dose, ten to sixty grains. Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb. Bruised Rhubarb................Two and a half Ounces. Bruised Cloves........................Half an Ounce. Bruised Cinnamon.....................Half an Ounce. Bruised Nutmeg.......................Two Drachms. Diluted Alcohol...........................Two pints- Macerate for fourteen days, and strain ; evaporate on a water- bath to one pint, and add, (while it is still hot), Syrup.................'...................Six Pints' previously heated.— XI. S. Ph. A warm laxative in cases of children. Dose, one fl. drachm, In bowel complaints, to be repeated every two hours. 308 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Acetated Tincture of Opium. Powdered Opium........................Two Ounces. Vinegar............................Twelve fl. Ounces. Alcohol.................................Half a Pint. Rub the opium with the vinegar, then add the alcohol, macer- ate for fourteen days, express and filter through paper. Dose, ten minims or twenty drops, which are equivalent to a grain of opium.— XI. S. Ph. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. Muriate of Ammonia.....................Five Ounces. Carbonate of Potash....................Eight Ounces. Bruised Cinnamon......................Two Drachms. Bruised Cloves.........................Two Drachms. Lemon Peel............................Four Ounces. Alcohol.................................Five Pints. Water..................................Pive Pints. Mix, and distil seven pints and a half. " A stimulant and an- tispasmodic." Dose, from twenty to thirty drops. Balsam of Honey. Balsam of Tolu..........................One Ounce. Benzoic Acid.................One and a half Drachms. Honey..................................Six Ounces. Powdered Opium......................Two Drachms. Cochineal..............................One Drachm. French Brandy..........................Three Pints. Mix. Let it stand for several days and strain. Beef Tea. Take half a pound of lean beef, cut into thin slices; water, one pint. Boil for twenty minutes, removing the scum, and when cold, strain. This is to be reduced to the proper strength, by the addition of boiling water, and flavored with salt, as occasion may require. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 309 Balsam of Sulphur. Washed Sulphur......:..................Two Ounces. Olive Oil..............................Eight Ounces. Heat the oil, and gradually stir in the sulphur, till it assumes the consistence of a thick balsam.—Bond. Ph., 1746. Used in making Haarlem Oil. Batemau's Pectoral Brops. Diluted Alcohol..........................One Gallon. Rasped Red Sanders...................Half an Ounce. Digest for twenty-four hours, filter, and add Powdered Opium......................Half an Ounce. Powdered Catechu..................... Half an Ounce. Camphor.............................Half an Ounce. Oil of Anise.........................One fl. Drachm. Digest for ten days. This preparation contains about one grain each, of opium, catechu, and camphor, to the fluid half ounce, corresponding to the strength of paregoric.— XI. S. Ph. Blue Pills. Mercury................................One Ounce. Confection of Roses.............. One and a half Ounces. Powdered Liquorice Root...............Half an Ounee. Rub the mercury with the confection, till all the globules dis- appear, add the liquorice root, and beat into a mass. Divide into four hundred and eighty pills.— XI. S. Ph. " One of the mildest and best of the mercurial preparations. From five to fifteen grains, as a purgative; one pill every night, or every other night, as an alterative ; one pill, two or three times a-day, as a laxative. Each pill contains one grain of mercury." Bread Poultice. Stale Bread................................At Will. Boiling Water.............................Sufficient. Stir the mixture in a basin, with a strong spoon, till it is of the right consistence. 310 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Blistering Plaster. Powdered Spanish Flies......."............One Pound. Yellow Wax...........................Seven Ounces. Resin.................................Seven Ounces. Lard...................................Ten Ounoes. Melt the wax, resin and lard, add the flies, and keep the mix- ture fluid for half an hour, over a water-bath; remove from the fire and stir till cold.— XI. S. Ph. British Oil. Oil of Turpentine..........'...........Four fl. Ounces. Oil of Flaxseed..........................Three Pints. Oil of Amber..............................One Pint. Oil of Juniper.......................Half a fl. Ounce. Barbadoes Petroleum.....................Two Ounces. American Petroleum.....................Two Ounces. Parrish Pharmacy. Carrot Poultice. Root of Garden Carrot.......................At Will. Boil till soft, and mash.—Dub. Ph. t----- Catarrh Snuff. Powdered Bayberry Bark..................One Ounce. Powdered Blood Root.....................One Ounce. This snuff is used either alone or combined with an equal part of common snufl* in catarrh and headache. Charcoal Poultice. Powdered Charcoal....................Three Drachms. Powdered Flaxseed......................Ten Drachms. Bread..................................Two Ounces. Boiling Water.........................Ten fl. Ounces. Macerate the bread with the water for a little while near the fire; then mix, and gradually add the flaxseed, stirring so as to make a soft poultice. With this mix two drachms of the charcoal, and sprinkle the rest upon the surface.—Bond. Ph. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 311 Chicken Jelly. Cut a chicken into small pieces, bruise the bones, and put the whole into a stone jar, with a cover that fits water-tight. Set the jar in a large kettle of boiling water, and keep it boil- ing for three hours. Then strain, and season with salt, pepper and mace, or with loaf sugar and lemon juice, according to circumstances and taste.—A. T. Thompson. Cold Custard. Take the yolk and white of an egg, and a tablespoonful of sugar; beat together, till the tenacity of the white of the egg is entirely destroyed; add gradually, constantly stirring, half a pint of cold water, two teaspoonfuls of rose-water, and a lit- tle grated nutmeg. A wineglassful to be taken every two or three hours.—Dewees. Compound Resin Cerate. Resin...................................One Pound. Suet....................................One Pound. Yellow Wax.............................One Pound. Turpentine............................Half a Pound. Flaxseed Oil.............".........'•......Half a Pint. Melt together; 'strain through linen, and stir till cold. XI. S. Ph. This Cerate is known as Deshler's Salve, and is. more stim- ulating than the Basil icon ointment. Compound Tincture of Rhubarb. Sliced Rhubarb.................Two and a half Ounces. Fresh Liquorice Root....................Six Drachms. Bruised Ginger.......................Three Drachms. Saffron..............................Three Drachms. Proof Spirits.............................Two Pints. Macerate for seven days, express, and filter.—Bond. Ph. 312 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Compound Poultice. Flaxseed Meal..........................Four Ounces. Barley Meal............................ Four Ounces. Rye Meal..............................Four Ounces. Boiling Water..............................Sufficient to make a poultice.— Cottereau. Compound Liniment of Ammonia. Stronger Water of Ammonia............Five fl. Ounces. Tincture of Camphor...................Two fl. Ounces. Spirit of Rosemary.....................One fl. Ounce. Mix. well. More powerful than the simple liniment. Edin. Ph. Confection of Roses. Conserve of Roses. Powdered Red Roses.......,............Four Ounces. Powdered Sugar.......................Thirty Ounces. Clarified Honey..........................Six Ounces. Rose Water.........................Eight fl. Ounces. Rub the roses with the rose water, heated to 150°; add grad- ually the sugar and honey, and beat together.— XI. S. Ph. Cough Cream. Simple Syrup...........................Four Ounces. Syrup of Gum Arabic....................Four Ounces. Tincture of Tolu.......................'. .Two Ounces. Sulphate of Morphine......................One Grain. Tartic Emetic............................One Grain. Water.................................Four Ounces. Dissolve the morphine in the water, and add the other ingre- dients. Dose, a teaspoonful several times a-day. Diachylum. Lead Plaster. Powdered Litharge......................Five Pounds. Olive Oil...............................One Gallon. Water..................................Two Pints. Boil together over a gentle fire, stirring constantly, till a plas- ter is formed.— XI. S. Ph. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 313 Dalby's Carminative. • Carbonate of Potash....................Half an Ounce. Carbonate of Magnesia.................Twelve Ounces. Laudanum...................•.........Six fl. Ounces. Oil of Peppermint....................Two fl. Scruples. Oil of Caraway......................Two fl. Scruples. Oil of Fennel........................Two fl. Scruples. Sugar............................Thirty-two Ounces. Water...................................Ten Pints. Triturate the oil with the sugar and magnesia, then add the remainder.—Phil. Coll. Pharm. Eclectic Dover's Powder. Powdered Opium.....................Half a Drachm. Powdered Camphor....................Two Drachms. Powdered Ipecac..........,.............One Drachm. Cream of Tartar.....^....................One Ounce. Mix thoroughly. Dose, ten grains.—^4m. Jour. Phar., 1854. Essence of Peppermint. Oil of Peppermint.....................Two fl. Ounces. Alcohol...................................One Pint. Mix.— XI. S. Ph. Essence of Beef. Take of lean beef, sliced, a sufficient quantity to fill the body of a porter bottle, cork up loosely, and place it in a pot of cold water, attaching the neck by means of a string, to the handle of the pot. Boil for an hour and a half to two hours, then decant the liquid and skim it. To this preparation may be added spices, salt, wine, brandy, &c, according to the taste of the patient, and nature of the disease.—Ellis. 14 314' MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Essences. The essences of peppermint, wintergreen, spearmint, sassa- ras, &c, for domestic purposes, will be sufficiently strong, nade with half an ounce of the oil to a pint of alcohol. The formula given for the essence of peppermint is for the stron- gest essence, which is but seldom used of full strength. Egg Nogg. Take yolks of eight eggs; beat them with six large spoon- fuls of pulverized sugar ; when this is a cream, add the third part of a nutmeg, grated ; into this stir one tumbler of good :>randy, and one wineglass of good Madeira wine. Mix them v-ell together; have ready the whites of the eggs, beaten to a tiff froth, and beat them into the mixture. When all are veil mixed, add three pints of rich milk.—Parrish Phar. Fever and Ague Mixture. Sulphate of Quinine....................Twenty Grains. Elixir Vitriol.........................Twenty Drops. Fowler's Solution......................Fifteen Drops. Water.................................Four Ounces. 3issolve the quinine in the elixir vitriol, and add the solution tnd water. Dose, a tablespoonful every two or three hours. This mixture is known by the name of Heffron's Bottle, and is an excellent remedy, particularly, in obstinate cases. G. A. Ostrander. Fever and Ague Pills. Sulphate of Quinine..................... Thirty Grains. Extract of Gentian......................Thirty Grains. Tannic Acid......................... . .Thirty Grains. Molasses..................................Sufficient. Make into a mass and divide into thirty pills. One every two ->r three hours. The tannic acid covers the bitter taste of the quinine, and renders this pill particularly valuable, MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 315 Flaxseed Poultice. Powdered Flaxseed..........................At Will. Boiling Water.............................Sufficient. Add gradually the flaxseed to the water, constantly stirring, so as to make a poultice. Fowls with Rice. Free a young fowl from the skin, and the fat on the exteri- or of the body, and simmer it in good beef tea, till it is very tender. Season with salt, and, having boiled some rice, add it to t^e liquor before the fowl is dissolved.—A. T. Thompson Freckle Water. Alum...................................One Ounce. Lemon Juice.............................One Ounce. Rose Water...............................One Pint. Usi as a wash. Freckle Wash. Castile Soap...........................Eight Ounces. Boiling Water....................'.......One Gallon. Rectified Spirit...........................One Quart. Oil of Rosemary......................Half an Ounce. Scrape the soap fine, put it into the water, stir for a while, and let it stand till cold, and then add the spirit and oil. Goulard's Extract. (solution of subacetate of lead.) Acetate of Lead......................Sixteen Ounces. Powdered Litharge.......••.....Nine and a half Ounces. Water..................................Four Pints. Boil together for half an hour, adding water, so as to preserve the measure, filter, and keep in close-stopped bottles. XI. S. Ph. 316 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Goulard's Balsam. Oil of Turpentine...........................At Will. Heat, and gradually add Acetate of Lead............................Sufficient. Constantly stirring, till no more will dissolve; let rest, and decant while hot. Used as an application to corroding and painful ulcers.— Van Mons. Green Salve. Turpentine............................Half a Pound. Bayberry Tallow.......................Half a Pound. Dissolve the tallow in the turpentine, and form into a salve. Add sweet oil, if necessary to soften the salve. Used for scrofulous ulcers. Godfrey's Cordial. Tincture of Opium................One and a half Pints. Sugar-House Molasses...................Sixteen Pints. Alcohol..................................Two Pink Water.............................Twenty-six Pints. Carbonate of Potash............Two and a half Ounces. Oil of Sassafras.....................Four fl. Drachms. Dissolve the carbonate of potash in the water; add the mo- lasses ; heat over a gentle fire, till they simmer ; remove the scum ; add the laudanum and oil of sassafras, previously mix- ed together.—Phil. Coll. Pharm. Gum Plaster. Litharge Plaster . -.......................Four Ounces. Ammoniac............................Half an Ounce. Galbanum............................Half an Ounce. Beeswax..............•...............Half an Ounce. Melt the ammoniac and galbanum together, and strain ; melt also the plaster and wax ; add the two mixtures together and thoroughly incorporate.—Edin. Ph. " A good digestive and suppurative for indolent tumors." MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 317 Goulard's Cerate. (subacetate of lead cerate.) Solution of Subacetate of Lead.. Two and a half fl. Ounces. White Wax............................Four Ounces. Olive Oil............................Nine fl. Ounces. Camphor............................Half a Drachm. Melt the wax and mix with eight fl. ounces of the oil; remove from fire, and when it begins to thicken, gradually add solu- tion of subacetate of lead; stir till cool, then add camphor, dissolved in the rest of the oil, and mix.— XI. S. Ph. Honey of Roses. Red Roses..............................Two Ounces. Clarified Honey...........................Two Pints. Boiling Water....................One and a half Pints. Macerate the roses in the water for two hours, and strain ; add the honey, and evaporate to proper consistence.— XI. S. Ph. " The honey of roses forms a pleasant addition to the gar- gles employed in inflammation and ulceration of the mouth and throat." Hair Restorative. Castor Oil.............................Six fl. Ounces. Alcohol........................Twrenty-six fl. Ounces. Dissolve, then add Tincture of Cantharides..................One fl. Ounce. Oil of Benramot......................Half a fl. Ounce. Harlem Oil. Balsam of Sulphur........................Three Pints. Barbadoes Petroleum.......................One Pint. Oil of Amber...................One and a half Pints. Oil of Turpentine........................Eight Pints- Oil of Flaxseed..........................Four Pints' Parrish Pharmacy. 318 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Infusion of Galls. Powdered Galls..................One to Two Drachms Boiling Water.............................One Pint. Digest for half an hour, and strain. Used for injections, fo- mentations, gargles, &c.—Taddei. Etifusion of Rhubarb. Bruised Rhubarb........................One Drachm. Boiling Water...........................Half a Pint. Infuse for two hours, and strain.— XI. S. Ph. Liniment of Turpentine. Yellow Wax..............................One Part. Melt, and add Turpentine................................One Part. Oil of Turpentine..........................One Part. Mix. Much praised in chronic ulcers on the legs.— Van Mons. Liniment of Opium. Castile Soap.............................Six Ounces. Opium........................One and a half Ounces. Camphor..............................Three Ounces. Oil of Rosemary......................Six fl. Drachms. Rectified Spirit............................Two Pints. Macerate the soap and opium in the spirit for three days; fil- ter ; add the oil and camphor, and agitate briskly.—Ed. Ph. Liquid Opodeldoc. Dry Spanish Soap........................Sixty Parts. Camphor..............................Fifteen Parts. Alcohol.........................Five Hundred Parts. Oil of Thyme............................Four Parts. Oil of Rosemary.........................Three Parts. Solution of Ammonia....................Thirty Parts. Mix, dissolve, and filter.— Giseke. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 319 Mustard Poultice. Powdered Mustard Seed.........Two and a half Ounces. Powdered Flaxseed.............Two and a half Ounces. Boiling Water............................. Sufficient. Add the powders, previously mixed, gradually to the water, stirring so as to make a poultice. Mutton Broth. Take a pound of mutton, freed from fat, put it into a pan with three pints of water, and simmer for two hours. Take thre?carrots, the same number of turnips, peel and cut them in slices, boil them for half an hour in a quart of water, throw them on a cullender to drain off the water, and having boiled two onions sliced in a pint of water, add the whole of these vegetables to the mutton liquor; after removing the meat, sea- son with salt and a little celery seed. Simmer slowly for four hours, put in the meat again, and continue to simmer for ano ther hour. The meat may be served with the broth. A pa* atable and very nutritious diet for convalescents. A. T. TJiompson Mercury with Chalk. Mercury..............................Three Ounce?. Prepared Chalk.......................; -Five 0uncei Rub together till all the globules disappear.— XI. S. Ph. " A mild preparation, well suited as an alterative in con plaints of Children. Dose, five grains to half a drachm, twicr a-day, for adults; two or three grains for children." Ointment of Elder Flowers. Fresh Elder Leaves.....................Three Ounce* T n ............Four Ounces Lard..................... m 0 ..............Two Ounces Suet..................... Boil the leaves in the lard till crisp. Express, strain, add suet and melt. In chapped hznds.-Dub. Ph., 1826. 320 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Opium Plaster. Powdered Opium........................Two Ounces. Burgundy Pitch........................Three Ounces. Lead Plaster............................One Pound. Boiling Water........................Four fl. Ounces. Melt together the pitch and plaster; then add the opium mix- ed with the water, and boil to the proper consistence. U. S. Ph. Plaster of ESIiitss Pitch. ♦ Black Pitch.............................Two Ounces. Resin..................................Two Ounces. Suet...................................Two Ounces. Turpentine..............................Two Ounces. ^ Yellow Wax...........................Three Ounces. Melt together.—Niemann. Plaster of ZZ]e.cIs Pitch. Black Pitch.............................Eight Parts. Resin..................................Eight Parts. Wax...................................Eight Parts. Suet.....................................One Part. Melt together.— Wirlem. Ph. Piaster of Gpinia .and Camphor. Opium..............................Half a Drachm. Camphor......................... • • • Half a Drachm. Lead Pinter...............................Sufficient. Melt and Mix. For local pai::,s.—Paris. Rose Lip Safcve. White Wax...............................One Ounce. Oil of Almonds..........................Two Ounces. Alkanet Root...........................One Drachm. Melt and digest till well colored, strain and add Otto of Roses.............................Six Drops. Par. Codex. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 321 Rose Lip Salve. Oil of Almonds........................Three Ounces. Alkanet..............................Two Drachms. Digest with a gentle heat and strain; then add White Wax......................One and a half Ounces. Spermaceti...........................Half an Ounce. Melt with the colored oil and stfr it until it begins to thicken, then add Oil of Rose Geranium..............Twenty-four Drops. Parrish Pharmacy. Kesin, or Adhesive Plaster. Powdered Resin........................Half a Pound. Lead Plaster...........................Three Pounds. Melt the plaster by a gentle heat, and add the resin, mixing well— XI. S. Ph. Rice Custard. Boil a cupful of the best ground rice in a pint of milk, until dissolved ; then mix it with a quart of cream ; flavor with nut- meg, mace, and a little brandy.— Cooley. Strengthening Plaster. Iron Plaster. Subcarbonate of Iron....................Three Ounces. Lead Plaster............................Two Pounds. Burgundy Pitch........................Half a Pound. Add the subcarbonate of iron to the lead plaster and burgun- dy pitch, previously melted together, and stir them constant ly until they thicken upon cooling.— U. S. Ph. Solution of Tartar Emetic. • „ ............Two Grains. Tartar Emetic................ . • ........Two Ounces. Water....................... Dissolve. Dose, as a diaphoretic and alterative, a teaspoon- ful everv three or four hours; as an emetic, a tablespoonful cv^v ten or fifteen minutes, till it operates. 322 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS* Steer's Opodeldoc. Alcohol.................................Eight Pints. Soap................................Twenty Ounces. Water of Ammonia...................Four fl. Ounces. Camphor..............................Eight Ounces. Oil of Rosemary.......................One fl. Ounce. Od of Monarda........................ One fl. Ounce. Dissolve the soap in the alcohol with a gentle heat, add the other articles, suffer the impurities to subside, and pour into phials whilst warm. Phil. Coll. Pharm. Soap Plaster. Sliced Soap............................Four Ounces. Lead Plaster..........................Three Pounds. Rub the soap into a semi-fluid state with water ; then mix it with the plaster, previously melted, and boil to proper con- sistence.— XI. S. Ph. Spirit of Lavender. Fresh Lavender.........................Two Pounds. Alcohol.................................One Gallon. Water...................................Two Pints. Mix, and distill a gallon by a slow fire.— XI. S. Ph. Spirit of Rosemary. Oil of Rosemary......................Four Drachms. Alcohol.................................One Gallon. Dissolve the oil in the Alcohol.— XI. S. Ph. •Used in lotions and liniments. Simple Cerate. White Wax................;............Three Parts. Spermaceti................................One Part. Olive Oil.................................Six Parts. Heat together gently, and stir till cold.—Ed. Ph. A good dressing for blisters and wounds. MISCELLANEOUS .FORMULAS. 323 Sydenham's Laudanum. . Opium.................................Two Ounces. Saffron..................................One Ounce. Bruised Cinnamon.......................One Drachm. Bruised Cloves.........................One Drachm. Sherry Wine..............................One Pint. Infuse them together in a bath-heat for two or three days, till the tincture becomes of a due consistence, and after straining it off, set it by for use. Dose sixteen or eighteen drops. Rush's Sydenham. Simple Cerate. Lard.........................•........EiSht Ounces. White Wax............................Four Ounces. Melt together, and stir constantly.— XI. S. Ph. Spirit of Camphor. Camphor................................One Ounce. Alcohol..................................-One Pint. Rum can be used in place of the alcohol, by those who pre- fer it. Spermaceti Ointment. Spermaceti.............................Six Drachms. White Wax...........................Two Drachms. Olive Oil...........................Three fl. Ounces. Mix, over a gentle fire, and stir till cold.—Bond. Ph. Slippery Elm Poultice. Ground Slippery Elm Bark...................At Will. Dot Water.................................Sufficient. Stir till well mixed. Syrup of Lemon. Strained Lemon Juice.......................0lie Pinl c...............Two Pounds- Sugar...................... Mix and form a syrup.— U. S. Ph. 324 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Syrup of Poppies. Bruised Poppy Capsules deprived of Seeds.. . Three Pounds. Sugar.........................•........Five Pounds. Boiling Water..........................Five Gallons. Rectified Spirits....................... Five fl. Ounces. Boil the capsules in the water down to two gallons; press strongly. Then boil the strained liquor to four pints, and strain, while hot. Set aside for twelve hours, for the dregs to subside; boil the clear liquor down to two pints ; in this, dis- solve the sugar, and lastly add the spirit.—Bond. Ph. Substitute for Syrup of Poppies. Sulphate of Morphine....................Four Grains. Water................................One fl. Ounce. Dissolve, and mix with Syrup.............................Fifteen fl. Ounces. Each fl. ounce contains one-quarter of a grain of the sulphate of morphine.— Wood. Syrup of Gum Arabic. Gum Arabic.................\..........Two Ounces. Sugar...............................Fifteen Ounces. Water..............................Eight fl. Ounces. Dissolve the gum in the water, without heat, then the sugar with a gentle heat, and strain. A good addition to pectoral and other mixtures.— XI. S. Ph., 1851. Syrup of Tlpccue. Coarsely Powdered Ipecac..................One Ounce. Diluted Alcohol............................One Pint. Sugar........................Two and a half Pounds. Water....................................Sufficient. Macerate the ipecac in the alcohol for fourteen days, and filter. Kvaporate to six fl. ounces, filter, and add water to make a \-'tA. La'tly, arid the sugar, and proceed as'for svrun. u. s. r,\ MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 825 Syrup of Opium. Opium...................................One Part. Water................................Sixteen Parts. Syrup...........................Five Hundred Parts. Dissolve the opium in the water, filter, add it to the syrup, heated to boiling, and filter.—Par. Cod. Syrup of Orange Peel. Bruised Orange Peel.....................Two Ounces. Boiling Water.............................One Pint. Macerate for twenty-four hours, strain, and add Suo-ar........................Two and a half Pounds. Make syrup.— XI. S. Ph. Syrup of Wormwood. Wormwood.............................Two Ounces. Boiling Water.............................One Pint. Infuse for twelve hours, strain, add to the filtered liquor twice its weight in sugar, and make a syrup. Dose, a tablespoonful. Par. Cod. Syr&p of Tola. Tincture of Tolu..............One and a half fl. Ounces. Water....................................One Pint. Refined Sugar..................Two and a half Pounds. Mix the tincture with the sugar in coarse powder; expose the mixture, in a shallow dish, to a gentle heat, until the alcohol has evaporated; then pour the water upon it in a covered ves- sel, heat gradually until the sugar is dissolved, and strain. XI. S. Ph. Simple Syrui*- guo.ar......................Two and a half Pounds. Water.'.'.'.'................................0ne Pint" Dissolve the sugar in the water, with the aid of heat, remove auv -cum which may form, and strain the solution while hot. ' J " U. S. Ph. 326 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Sugar of Milk. Whey.....................................At Will. Clarify with white of egg, and evaporate on water-bath, to crystalization, and set aside in a cool place.—Redwood. Dose, -two drachms to one ounce, as a cooling laxative. Tincture of Catechu. Catechu...............................Three Ounces. Bruised Cinnamon.......................Two Ounces. Diluted Alcohol...........................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, express, and filter.— XI. S. Ph. Tincture of Black Snakeroot. Bruised Black Snakeroot.................Four Ounces. Alcohol...................................One Pint. Digest for fourteen days, and filter. Dose, twenty drops, three or four times a-day.— Carson. Tincture of Guaiacum. Powdered Resin of Guaiacum............Haifa Pound. Alcohol..................................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.— XI. S. Ph. Tincture of Aniseed. Spirit of Aniseed......................Sixteen Ounces. Elixir Proprietatis........................One Ounce. Aromatic Confection.. ;................Half an Ounce. Saffron................................One Drachm. Filter, after sufficient maceration. Tincture or Bloodroot. Bruised Bloodroot.......................Four Ounc'es. Diluted Alcohol............................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, express, and filter.— XI. S. Ph. The tinctures of squill, valerian, colchicum seeds, cubebs, galls, assafetida, henbane and foxglove, are made in the same proportions as the tincture of bloodroot. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 327 Tincture of Aloes. Powdered Aloes..........................One Ounce. Liquorice..............................Three Ounces. Alcohol................................Half a Pint. Water..........................One and a half Pints. Macerate fourteen days, and filter. Dose, two drachms to an ounce. Purgative and stomachic.— XI. S. Ph. Tincture of Tolu. Balsam of Tolu........................Three Ounces. Alcohol..................................Two Pints. Macerate until the balsam is dissolved; then filter through paper.— XT. S. Ph. Tincture of kino. Powdered Kino................Three and a half Ounces. Rectified Spirits...........................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.—Bond. Ph. ^ Turlington's Ralsam. Balsam of Life. Alcohol.................................Four Pints. Benzoin.................................Six Ounces. Liquid Storax...........................Two Ounces. Socotrine Aloes.......................Half an Ounce. Peruvian Balsam.........................One Ounce. Myrrh...............................Half an Ounce. Angelica..............................Two Drachms. Balsam Tolu............................Two Ounces. Extract of Liquorice.....................Two Ounces. Digest for ten days and strain. Thomas' Eye Water. Sulphate of Zinc.........................One Pcruple. Chloride of Sodium......................One Scruple. Rose Water............................0ne fl" 0unce- Make a solution, and apply, suitably diluted, to inflamed eyes. 328 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. Tincture of Ginger. 'Bruised Ginger.........................Eight Ounces. Alcohol..................................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, express, and filter through paper. Tincture of Cantharides. Bruised Cantharides.......................One Ounce. Diluted Alcohol...........................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, express, and filter—XI. S. Ph. Tincture of Cayenne Pepper. Cayenne Pepper..........................One Ounce. Diluted Alcohol...........................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter.— XT. S. Ph. Thompsonian Composition Powder. Powdered Bayberry Root..................One Pound. Powdered Ginger.......................Haifa Pound. Powdered Cayenne Pepper.................. One Ounce. Powdered Cloves.........................One Ounce. Mix, by sifting. Thompsonian Mot Drops, or Wo. 6. Powdered Cayenne Pepper.................Qne Ounce. Coarsely Powdered Myrrh................Four Ounces. Alcohol..................................Two Pints. Mix, let it stand several days, and strain. Universal Plaster. Red Lead in fine Powder.................Eio-ht Ounces. 01ive 0il.................•..........Sixteen Ounces. Boil them in a proper vessel, with constant agitation, until the whole has assumed a blackish-brown color, then add Yellow Wax............................Four Ounces and after this has been melted and well mixed, Camphor.............................Two Drachms, previously dissolved in a little olive oil. The'mixture can now be put into any desirable shape.—Purrish Pharmacy. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. 329 Vinegar of Opium. Black E)rop. Coarsely Powdered Opium........One and a half Ounces. Diluted Acetic Aeid (Imperial Measure).......One Pint, Macerate for seven days in a close vessel, with oeeasional ag- itation ; then strain with expression, and filter.-—Dub. Ph. Dose, from seven to ten-drops. Vitriol Elixir. Elixir of Vitriol. Sulphuric Acid..............Three and a half fl. Ounces. Bruised Ginger...........................°»e °ul!Ce- Bruised Cinnamon...............One and a half Ounces. Alcohol...................................Sufficient. Graduall v add the acid to a pint of alcohol. Place the ginger and cinnamon in a percolator, and pour alcohol upon them until a pint of tincture is obtained, Then mix the diluted acid and the tincture. Dose,- ten to twenty drops in sweetened water.— XT. S. Ph. Worm Tea. Q n ........HalfanOur.ee. Senna ............................. • ,r .....Half an Ounce. Manna.......................... t»- i * .......Half an Ounce. Pinkroot............................ -p , cf n ..........One Drachm. Fennel-be^ d........................ ,,- c i .....Half a Dracnm. \ \ orrn-aeea. . •*-................... „ , 0 . .....Two Scrupii'.s. Savine.......................... m „, . r, • r rp „ ... .Two Scruples. C;\ am of j artar.................... v. . . . .-.......< lue v.cuart. ],X Itand' fbr tv,'mt.v minutes. Dose, for children, a teacup- ful three times o-day. It shoiddbe taken on an empty stomacn. "Veafjt PouHii'-e. . ... 1ftfto .........Five fl. Ounces. Yeast, hented to 100 .............. ' lt iAao .........Five fl. Ounces. Water, heated to 100 _........ ^ ... One Pour, 1. Wheat 1 lour........•.....' " " • ' a,..r\-n(r so -a - • tKo ve-t with the water and add me flour, stuimg *o .,, JU1X thC } , . ' Waco this near the fire until it begms to to make a poultice, x lace swell up.—Bond. Ph. 330 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. V The water, spirit and essence of various articles, as of mint and aniseed, are frequently advised as medicines. The follow- ing formulas of these combinations, as applied to aniseed, will convey a satisfactory idea for compounding these preparations generally. The essence of aniseed is of full strength. It may be made ' sufficiently strong for common use, with half an ounce of the oil to one pint of alcohol. Water of Aniseed. Essence of Aniseed.....................One fl. Ounce. Water..................................Four Pints. Mix with agitation, and filter through paper.—Dub. Ph. Dose, a tablespoonful. Spirit of Aniseed. Bruised Aniseed..........................Ten Ounces. Proof Spirit.............................One Gallon. Water...................................Two Pints. Mix, and distill a gallon by a gentle heat.—Bond. Ph., 1836. Spirit of Aniseed. Oil of Anise.......................Three fl. Drachms. Proof Spirit.............................One Gallon. Mix. Dose, a teaspoonful.—Bond. Ph., 1851. Essence of Aniseed. Oil of Aniseed.........................One fl. Ounce. Rectified Spirit.......•......:..........Nine fl. Ounces. Mi*x. Dose, twenty to thirty drops, on sugar.—Dub. Ph. MARSHALL HALL'S READY METHOD. 831 MARSHALL HALLS' READY METHOD. ASPHYXIA. Asphyxia is a term used to denote suspended animation, in consequence of the air being cut off from the lungs. Men are frequently thrown into this condition by going down into vaults and wells in which are accumulated noxious vapors. It may be produced by strangulation, as when people are hanged. But by far the most frequent cause of asphyxia is drowning. READY METHOD. 1st.—Treat the patient instantly, on the spot, in the open air, freely exposing the face, neck, and chest, to the breeze, except in severe weather 2d.__In order to clear the throat, place the patient gently on the face, with one wrist under the forehead, that all fluids, and the tongue itself, may fall forwards, and leave the entrance in- to the windpipe free. • 3d.—To excite respiration, turn the patient slightly on his side, and apply some irritating or stimulating agent to the nos- trils, as veratrinc, diluted ammonia, &c. 4th.—Make the face warm by brisk friction; then dash cold water upon it. 5*h —If not successful, lose-no time ; but, to imitate respira- tion place the patient on his face, and turn the body gently, but completely, on the side, and a little beyond; then again on 332 MARSHALL HALL'S READY METHOD. the faee, and so on, alternately. Repeat these movements de- liberately, and perseveringly, fifteen times only in a minute. (When the patient lies on the thorax, this cavity is compressed by the weight of the body, and expiration takes place. When he is turned on the side, this pressure is removed and inspira- tion occurs.) 6th.—When the prone position is resumed, make a uniform and efficient pressure along the spine, removing the pressure immediately, before rotation on the side. (The pressure aug- ments the expiration; the rotation commences inspiration.) Continue these measures. 7th.—Rub the limbs upwards, with firm pressure, and with energy. (The object being to aid the return of venous blood to the heart.) 8th.—Substitute for the patient's wet clothing, if possible, such other covering as can be instantly procured, each bystan- der supplying a coat or cloak, etc. Meantime, and from time to time, to excite inspiration, let the surface of the body be slap- ped briskly with the hand. 9th—Rub the body briskly till it is dry and warm, then dash cold-water upon it, and repeat the rubbing. Avoid the immediate removal of the patient, as it involves a dangerous loss of time—also, the use of bellows, or any for- cing instrument; also, the warm bath, and all rough treatment. When^persons are asphyxiated, by noxious vapors, in the bottom of a well or vault, and there is no present means at hand to bring them to the surface, we should immediately set the air in motion about them, by throwing down pailfuls of water. SYNONYMS. 333 SYNONYMS, Many of our common medicines are known under different names. The following list of such articles, with their several names, is given to assist the memory, and to avoid mistakes. It is well to state here, that, when speaking unqualifiedly of' salts, we mean Epsom salts—of oil, castor oil—of soda, car- bonate of soda—of ether, sulphuric ether—and of quinine, sul- phate of quinine : Alcohol—Rectified Spirits. Alcohol, Diluted—Proof Spirits. Anise—Anise Seed—Aniseed. Antimonial Wine—Wine of Antimony. Acid, Prussic, Diluted—Acid, Hydrocyanic, Diluted. Acid, Sulphuric—Oil of Vitriol. Ammonia, Muriate—Sal Ammoniac. Aqua Ammonia—Water of Ammonia—Liquid Hartshorn. Arnmonia, Carbonate—Hartshorn. Black Snakeroot—Black Cohosh. Blue Pill—Blue Mass. Blue Vitriol—Sulphate of Copper. Cream of Tartar—Bitartrate of Potash. Castor Oil—Oil Ricini. Copperas—Sulphate of Iron. 334 SYNONYMS. Circuma—Turmeric. Cayenne Pepper—Capsicum. Epsom Salts—Sulphate of Magnesia. Foxglove—Digitalis. Guaiac—Guaiacum. Glauber Salts—Sulphate of Soda. Gum Arabic—Acacia. Henbane—Hyoscyamus. Laudanum—Tincture of Opium. Nitrate of Silver—Lunar Caustic. Paregoric—Elixir Paregoric—Camphorated Tinct. of Opium. Pinkroot—Spigela. Red Precipitate—Red Oxide of Mercury. Spirit of Nitre—Sweet Spirit of Nitre—Nitric Ether. Suo-ar of Lead—Acetate of Lead—Subacetate of Lead. Spanish Flies—Cantharides. Salt, Common—Chloride of Sodium. Saltpetre—Nitre—Nitrate of Potash. Sweet Oil—Olive Oil—Oil of Olives. Salts of Tartar—Pure Carbonate of Potash. Senega—Seneka. Tannin—Tannic Acid. Tartar Emetic—Emetic Tartar—Tartarized Antimony. Oil of Turpentine—Spirit of Turpentine. Virginia Snakeroot—Serpentaria. MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 335 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES, Acid, Benzoic.......'..................10 to 20 Grains. Hydrocyanic, Diluted.....................1 Drop. Nitric, in Sweetened Water............2 to 6 Drops. Muriatic, in Sweetened Water.........5 to 10 Drops. Sulphuric, in Sweetened Water.........2 to 5 Drops. Aloes, Powder..........................5 to 10 Grains. Tincture......................1 to 8 Teaspoonfuls. and Myrrh, Tincture............1 to 2 Teaspoonfuls. Alum..................................5 to 20 Grains. Ammoniac..............................5 to" 20 Grains. Ammonia, Carbonate......................5 to 10 Grains. Water, reduced.................5 to 15 Drops. Aniseed...............................20 to 30 Grains. Tincture......................1 to 2 Teaspoonful. Antimonial Wine.......................30 to 60 Drops. Assafetida, Gum.........................2 to 10 Grains. Tincture......................1 Teaspoonful. Belladonna, Extract............................\ Grain. Tincture.....................15 to 25 Drops. Blue Pill, as Physic.....................10 to 15 Grains. as an Alterative......................3 Grains. Black Snakeroot, Powder..................1 Teaspoonful. Decoction................1 to 2 Ounces. Tincture.....................20 Drops. Bloodroot, as an Emetic.................10 to 20 Grains. as an Expectorant...................5 Grains.. as an Alterative.....................5 Grains. Tincture, as an Emetic......3 or 4 Teaspoonfuls. as an Expectorant.....30 to 60 Drops. as an Alterative.......30 to 60 Drops. Black Drop............................'^ to 10 Drops. Buchu, Leaves..........................20 to 30 Grains. ' Infusion...........................lto2 0unce3- 836 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. Calomel, as Physic.......................5 to 15 Grains. as an Alterative..................Vo to ^ Grain. Camphor Gum..................••.......3 to 10 Grains. Spirit...........................5 to 20 Drops. Castor Oil...............................£ to 1 Ounce. Catechu, Powder........................10 to 20 Grains. Tincture....................1 to 3 Teaspoonfuls. Chloroform.............................5 to 20 Drops. Colchicum, Powder.......................2 to 8 Grains. Wine, Root,.................. 10 to 20 Drops. Seeds..................SO to 60 Drops. Tincture, Seeds............^ to 2 Teaspoonfuls. Colocynth, Powder.....................'. 5 to 10 Grains. Extract.......................5 to 10 Grains. Extract, Compound.............5 to 15 Grains. Copaiba, Balsam........................20 to 60 Drops. Tincture.......................30 to 60 Drops. Cream of Tartar..............................^ Ounce. Croton Oil...............................1 to 2 Drops. Dandelion, Decoction..................... 1 to 2 Ounces. Extract.....................20 to 40 Grains. Elixir Vitriol, in Sweetened Water.........15 to 20 Drops. Epsom Salts.............................3 to 1 Ounce. Essence of Peppermint, in Water..........10 to 20 Drops. Ether, Sulphuric, in Water.............| to 1 Teaspoonful. Foxglove, Powder.........................i to 1 Grain. Infusion............................Jr Ounce. Tincture......................10 to 20 Drops. Galls, Powdered.........................5 to 25 Grains. Syrup.................................I Ounce. Tincture.........................1 to 2 Drachms. Galbanum.............................10 to 20 Grains. Gamboge.................................1 to 3 Grains. Gentian, Powder........................10 to 25 Grains. Extract........................10 to 15 Grains. Infusion..............................1 Ounce. Tincture, Compound...........1 to 2 Teaspoonfuls. Ginger, Powdered......................10 to 20 Grains, Syrup...............................2 Ounce. Tincture....................1 to 2 Teaspoonfuls. Guaiac, Resin..........................10 to 20 Grains. Wood, Decoction..................1 to 2 Ounces. Tincture.........................1 to 2 Ounces. Henbane, Powder.........................2 to 5 Gains, MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 337 Henbane, Extract..............................1 Grain. Tincture......................20 to 30 Drops. Ipecac, Powder.........................15 to 30 Grains. Syrup..........................1 to 2 Drachms. Wine...........................1 to 8 Drachms. Iron, Carbonate.........................10 to 40 Grains. Iodide..............................2 to 3 Grains. Muriated Tincture, in Water,.........10 to 30 Drops. Jalap, Powder..........................10 to 30 Grains. Extract...........................5 to 10 Grains. Tincture......................1 to 2 Teaspoonfuls. Kino, Powder..........................10 to 20 Grains. Tincture......................1 to 2 Teaspoonfuls. Laudanum.............................10 to 30 Drops. Magnesia, Carbonate....................20 to 60 Grains. Morphine, Sulphate........................& to I Grain. Myrrh, Powdered.......................10 to 25 Grains. Tincture.................'---| to I Teaspoonfuls. Nitre..........................•........4 to 5 Grains. Spirit, in Water.................2 to 1 Teaspoonful. Opium..............................~.........1 Grain. Paregoric.....................5 Drops to 2 Teaspoonfuls. Pepper, Cayenne.........................5 to 10 Grains. Infusion.......................3 Ounce. Tincture.............2 to 2 Teaspoonfuls. Pinkroot, Powder....................~... 1 to 2 Drachms. Infusion.........................Uo 1 Ounce. Potash, Iodide...........................1 to 10 Grains. Chlorate........................10 to 20 Grains. Prepared Chalk., .\.....................10 to 20 Grains. Quassia, Infusion................... — .'.......1 Ounce. Extract..........................2 to 5 Grains. Tincture.......................1 to 2 Drachms. Quinine, Sulphate..........................1 to 20 Grains. Rhubarb, Powdered.....................5 to 30 Grains. Roasted........................5 to 10 Grains. Infusion........................1 to 2 Ounces. Extract........................5 to 20 Grains. Syrup........................1 to 4 Drachms. Tincture......................1 to 4 Drachms. Sarsaparilla, Powder.'..'..................2 to 1 Drachm. Decoction....................4 to 6 Ounces. Syrup........................2 to 1 Ounce. Extract....................10 to 20 Grains. 15 138 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. Salts of Tartar..........................5 to 20 Grains. senega, Powder......-..................10 to 20 Grains. Infusion..........................1 to 2 Ounces. Decoction.............................i Ounce. Syrup..........................1 to 2 Drachms. 'enna, Powder..........................4 to 2 Drachms. Infusion...................•........2 to 4 Ounces. Syrup..........................1 to 2 Drachms. 3oda, Carbonate........................10 to 20 Grains. iquill, Powder...........................1 to 2 Grains. Syrup............................ 1 Teaspoonful. Tincture........................ 20 to 40 Drops. Vinegar.........................2 to 1 Drachm. ^ugar of Lead............................1 to 4 Grains. ulphate of Copper, as an Emetic............1 to 3 Grains. Sulphur............................1 to 2 Teaspoonfuls. Tannin..................................2 to 5 Grains. Tartar Emetic,............................g to 1 Grain. i'olu, Balsam...........................10 to 20 Grains. Syrup............................1 to 4 Drachms. Tincture..........................1 to 2 Drachms. Turpentine, Gum.........................1 to 5 Grains. Oil.........'.................5 to 50 Drops. Uva Ursi, Powder......................20 to 60 Grains. Decoction......................1 to 2 Ounces. Valerian, Powder........................^ to 1 Drachm. Infusion........................1 to 2 Ounces- Tincture......................1 to 4 Drachms- Oil .............................2 to 5 Drops. Extract........................2 to 10 Grains. /irginia Snakeroot, Powder......,........5 to 20 Grains. Infusion................4 to 2 Ounces. Tincture..........1 to 2 Teaspoonfuls. ^inc, Solution................................4 Ounce. Sulphate...........................1 to 30 Grains. POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. . 339 POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. The first course we are to take is to see that the stomach is thoroughly evacuated with emetics. Mustard, from being found in every house, will generally be the best emetic at hand and should be given without delay. The sulphate of Zinc (White Vitriol) and Sulphate of Copper (Blue Vitriol) are particular- ly useful as emetics, for their prompt action. The nature of some poisons causes vomiting, which may be encouraged, suf- ficiently, with warm water. Drinks of gum Arabic, flaxseed and slippery elm water will be highly useful to assist the vom- iting and to shield the coats of the stomach from corrosive poisons. When vomiting cannot be induced, the stomach pump must be used. In some instances, when the poison itself has vomited the patient most thoroughly, and more than sufficiently, in the ex- citement of the moment and without due reflection, tartar emet- ic has been given for the purpose of vomiting. Nothing could be more inappropriate; and it shows the great necessity of self-command in cases of emergency. The various effects of poisons must be treated according to their nature. They may produce congestion, inflammation, or prostration. The occasional instances of poisoning, from eating certain kinds of fish poisonous vegetables, and diseased meats, will generally require the use of emetics and ca'.hartics, 340 POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. POISONS. ANTIDOTES. Acids.—The Alkalies, soft or hard soap, freely drank in solu- tion. Warm water or mucilaginous drinks should be taken after it. When Sulphuric Acid has been taken, the use of much water will be improper. Nitric and Oxalic Acid.—Solution of magnesia, chalk, whi- ting, or plaster from a wall. They should be mixed **' with as little water as possible. Afterwards drinks should be freely used. >> Prussic Acid.—Ammonia; chlorine; cold affusion. Alkalies and their Salts.—Common vinegar, castor, flaxseed, almond and olive oils, in large quantities. Copper and its Compounds.—" Albumen, as milk or whites of eggs in solution, should be freely administered. Vinegar must be avoided." Gold, Salts of—" Sulphate of Iron, with a free use of mucil- aginous drinks." Iron, Salts of.—" Carbonate of Soda, with mucilaginous drinks." Lead,Salts of.—"Sulphate of Magnesia (Epsom Salts), or diluted Sulphuric Acid." Mercury, Salts of.— "Albumen, as white of eggs, milk, or wheat flour beaten up with water." Silver, Salts of.—" Common Salt (Chloride of Sodium), large- ly given." Tin, Salts of.—''Albumen. Whites of eggs, milk or flour." Zinc, Salts of.—"Albumen, or carbonate of soda, with copi- ous draughts of warm water, and especially milk." Phosphqrus.—"Magnesia, with water, and copious draughts of mucilaginous drinks." Gases.—"Ammonia, cautiously inhaled, is recommended for chlorine. Asphyxia, produced by carbonic acid or oxide gases, or sulphuretted hydrogen, must be treat- ed by copious effusions of cold water, especially to the head, blood-letting, artificial respiration, stimu- lants carefully administered, &c." POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. 341 POISONS. ANTIDOTES. Creosote.:—"Albumen or white of eggs, milk or wheat flour. Alcohol or Spirituous Liquors.—"A powerful emetic should be given, followed by copious draughts of warm wa- ter. Congestions of the brain, and other symptoms, to be treated on general principles." Opium and other Narcotics.—"The chief reliance is to be placed on the most active emetics (as mustard, tar- tar emetic, sulphate of zinc, or sulphate of copper), and the stomach pump, when the narcotic has been ta- ken in substance." "Strong decoction of coffee; elec- tro-magnetism ; tannic acid." " The patient should be kept in motion, and cold water dashed on the head and shoulders. Should the above m.eans fail, the electro-magnetic battery, or if that cannot be obtain- ed, artificial respiration, may be resorted to." Earths. Baryta and its Salts. Lime.—" Epsom salts, glau- ber salts and diluted sulphuric aeid. The fixed oils have the same effect as with the alkalies proper, when not in a compound state." Iodine. Iodide of Potash.—"Starch, wheat flour, or arrow-root, in large quantities, well mixed with water. For io- dide of potash,there being no antidote, vomiting must be promoted by copious draughts of warm water." Arsenic and its Compounds.—"Hydrated Peroxide of Iron, in tablespoonful doses, every 5 or 10 minutes. If this cannot be obtained, magnesia, animal charcoal, or equal parts of oil and lime-water, may be adminis- tered." To make Hydrated Peroxide of Iron. "Take of Sulphate of Iron, four ounces; Sulphuric Acid, three fluid drachms and a half; Nitric Acid, six fluid drachms, or a sufficient quantity; Solution of Ammonia, a sufficient quan- tity • Water, two pints. Dissolve the Sulphate of Iron in the 342 POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. water, and having added the Sulphuric Acid, boil the solution • then add the Nitric Acid in small portions, boiling the liquid a minute or two after each addition, until the acid ceases to pro- duce a dark color. Filter the liquid, allow it to cool, and add Solution of Ammonia in excess, stirring the mixture briskly. Wash the precipitate with water, and keep it in close bottles, with sufficient water to cover it."—XT. S. Ph. poisons. antidotes. Antimony and its Salts.—"Astringent infusions, as of galls, oak bark, Peruvian bark, or green tea, very strong." Bismuth and its Compounds.—" Albumen. Copious draughts of milk, combined with sweet mucilaginous drinks." Strychnia.—" Emetics should be freely given. If vomiting cannot be produced, or proves useless, chloroform, by inhalation, should be administered. Camphor. If these means fail, Marshall HalFs Ready Method may be tried." Arnica.—Vinegar. Aconite.—Stimulants, externally and internally. It will frequently happen that it cannot be known what poi- son has been taken. The following combination constitutes the best General Antidote to be used in those cases. Calcined Magnesia, ) Pulverized Charcoal, >• Equal parts, in a sufficient quantity Sesqui-oxide of Iron, ) of water. This preparation is perfectly innocent, and is very likely to be efficacious, for its ingredients, though simple, are antidotes to the most common and active poisons.—Bull, de Therap. Calomel and Corrosive Sublimate are included under the head of Mercury and its Salts—Tartar Emetic, under that of Antimony and its Salts—Sugar of Lead, under that of Lead and its Salts—Morphine, under that of Opium—Fowler's So- lution, under that of Arsenic and its Compounds. GLOSSARY. 343 GLOSSARY. Abdomen—the belly. Abscess—a cavity containing matter. Absorbent—a substance used to absorb acids. Acescent—becoming sour. Acid—sour; a sour substance. Acrid—sharp ; biting to the taste. Adhesive—sticky ; tending to adhere. Adult—a full grown person. Albumen—the principle that constitutes the white of an egg. Alkali—a substance that will neutralize an acid. Alterative—a medicine that will gradually induce a change. Alvine—pertaining to the lower intestines. Anemia—bloodless ; privation of blood. Anodyne—any medicine which will allay pain. Antacid—an alkali; an absorbent. Anthelmintic—a remedy for worms. Antidote—a medicine that will counteract a poison. Antimonial—a medicine composed mostly of antimony. Antiperiodic—that which prevents a periodic disease. Antispasmodic—that which is opposed to spasm. Anus—the opening at the lower extremity of the rectum. Aperient—a mild purgative. Aqua—water. Asthenic—characterized by weakness and debility* Astringent—that which contracts or constringes. Belly—the body between the breast and thighs. Bile, or Gall—a green fluid secreted by the liver. Blanch—to make white by stripping of the peel. Blister—a thin bladder on the skin, containing watery matter. Blotch—a pustule or large eruption. ■Bowels—the intestines. Bronchia—the subdivision of the windpipe in the lungs. Buffy—a yellow crust observed on blood in inflammation. 344 GLOSSARY. Cardialgia—heart-burn ; burning pain in the stomach. Carious—mortified ; ulcerated ; as a tooth. Carminative—a remedy that expels wind from the stomach. Cataplasm—a poultice. Cathartic—a purge; a purgative. Catheter—an instrument for drawing off the urine. Cauterize—to burn or corrode the fleshy skin or bone. Caustic—-a substance that will burn or corrode the fleshf. Chemically—according to chemical principles. Chill—a sensation of cold. Chronic—of long continuance ; old. Chyme—digested food. Circulation—the motion of the blood through the system. Clammy —cold sweat; soft and sticky ; adhesive. Clarified—made pure and clear. Coagulate—to curdle or congeal. Coalesce—to runr or grow together. Coated—covered with a coat, as the tongue with fur. Collapse—a complete prostration of strength, Collutory—a mouth-wash. Collyrium—an eye-water. Comatose—preternaturally disposed to sleep ; lethargic. Concrete—a mass formed by the union of separate particles. Congestion—an unusual accumulation of blood in any part. Conical—in the form of a cone. Conserve—fruits, flowers, or herbs and sugar, beat together. Constipation—an obstructed state of the bowels. Constitution—the state of the different organs of the body. Contagion—an infectious matter from a diseased body. Convalescence—renewal of health and strengths Corpuscle—an extremely small particle. Counter—in opposition. Critical—a crisis ; a turning point in a disease. Crudity—raw ; undigested ; imperfectly done. Cuticle—the outer skin ; the scarf-skin. Debility—feebleness ; weakness. Decant—to pour off carefully a liquid from its sediment. Decoction—a liquid in which has been boiled some herb. Deglutition—the act of swallowing. Delirium—disorder of the intellect; a wandering of the mind. Demulcent—a medicine that corrects acrid conditions of parts. Diagnosis—a discriminating knowledge of diseases. , Diaphoretic—a medicine that will cause perspiration. Diathesis—a particular habit of the body, good or bad. GLOSSARY. 345 Diet—food ; food directed or regulated by a physician. Digest—to be prepared with heat. Digestion—the conversion of food into chyme. Diluted—weakened; rendered more thin. Discutient—a medicine that disperses a tumor. Dispensatory—a book that treats of composition of medicines. Dispersed—scattered ; driven away. Displacer—an instrument used to leach water through herbs. Dissolve—to convert a solid into a liquid. Diuretic__a medicine that increases the discharge of urine. j)ose—a prescribed quantity of medicine. Draught—the quantity of liquor drank at once. Draughts—stimulating applications to the surface. Effervescence—bubbling; foaming. Efflorescence—a diffuse redness of the skin ; a rash. Effused—poured out. Electuary—a medicine mixed with conserve, honey or syrup. Emaciated—thin in flesh. Embrocation—a lotion for rubbing any part of the body. Fmetic—a medicine that provokes vomiting. Emollient—a substance of a soft and oily nature. Emulsion—a soft, milk-like mucilage. Endemic—peculiar to a people, place, or a particular season. Enervation—weakening or being reduced in strength. Epidemic—a prevalent disease. Epidermis—the cuticle or scarf-skin. Eructation—the act of discharging wind from the stomach. Eruption—a redness or pustules on the skin. E^eharotic—having the power of destroying the flesh. Ethereal—formed of ether ; containing ether. Evacuation—matter discharged by stool or otherwise. Evaporate—to escape and pass off in vapor. _ Exacerbation—a stated increase of violence in a disease. Excision—a cutting out or off any part of the body. Excoriated—abraded ; deprived of the skin. Exhalants-vessels in the body that throw out fluids. Expectorant-a medicine that expels secretions from the chest. FxES^an S°princiPle obtained by digesting vegetables. Ix vlation-an Scape of *f*'?*™™^£^ Exudation-a sweating; a discharge of fluids from the Fauces—the back part of the mouth, the throat. Febrile—pertaining to fevers. Feces—excrement. 346 GLOSSARY. Feculent—foul; thick ; muddy. Ferment—to work; to effervesce. Fetid—having a disagreeable smell. Fever-sore—a common name for a carious ulcer. Fibrin—a whitish, tough substance, composed of fibres. Filter—a strainer of cloth, paper, or other substance. Flabby—soft; loose. Flatulence—air generated in the stomach and bowels. Formula—a prescription ; a prescribed form of medicine. Friction—the rubbing a part with the hand or other substance. Fumigation—the act of filling a room with smoke or gas. Fundament—the lower part of the body; the anus. Function—the performance executed by different organs. Fungus—a spongy excrescence on animal bodies. Fur—a peculiar substance that collects on the tongue. Gangrene—mortification. Gargle—a medicated wash for the mouth and throat. Gelatinous—like jelly ; moderately stiff and cohesive. Giddy—a swimming sensation in the head. Glands—small fleshy organs, in various parts of the body. Globules—a small globe-like particle of matter. Glottis—the narrow opening at the upper part of the windpipe. Glutton—a person who eats to excess. Granule—a small particle. Griping—a peculiar twisting pain in the stomach and bowels. Groin—that part of the body between the belly and thigh. Grotesque—ludicrous ; whimsical. Gums—the fleshy substance that surrounds the teeth. Habit—a mental or physical condition. Hemorrhage—a bleeiriug from any of the blood vessels. Hereditary—capable of being transmitted. Hoarseness—roughness of voice. Hydragogue—a medicine that causes watery discharges. Iclior—a colorless, thin, and watery humor, as from ulcers. Imbibe—to absorb; to drink in. Impervious—not penetrable. Impoverished—poor ; exhausted. Incision—a cutting into, or opening with an instrument. Indolent—inactive ; sluggish. Indurated—hardened. Inflammation—a heat, redness and swelling of any part. Infusion—the liquor in which plants are steeped. Ingredient—one of the parts of a compound. Inhaled- breathed. GLOSSARY. M7 Injection—usually a medicated liquid. Insidious—deceitful; treacherous. Inspissated—thickened, as a juice. Intermission—a cessation, as of a fever. Intestines—the bowels. Intuitive—instantly perceived; without testimony or reason. Irritant—any substance or cause that frets, chafes or vexes. Issue—an ulcer, made to promote a discharge. Jelly—the juice of fruit thickened by boiling with sugar. Lacerate—torn ; to separate by violence. Lancet—a double-edged, sharp-pointed instrument. Lancination—a tearing; laceration. Laryngitis—an inflammation of the larynx. Larynx—the upper part of the windpipe or trachea. Lassitude—languor; weariness. Laxative—a mild purgative. Leech—a blood-sucker. Linctus—a medicine taken by licking with the tongue. Livid—dark-colored; black and blue. Local—a fixed spot or place. Lotion—a liquid preparation ; a wash. Macerate—to extract the virtues of a substance in water. Malady—sickness or disease. Malignant—extremely dangerous. Malaria—foul air which produces disease. Marc—refuse matter. Matter—pus -, the yellow substance in a boil or abscess. Maturity—ripeness, as the maturity of a boil. Medicated—prepared with medicine. Membrane—a thin lining or skin, as in the mouth or throat. Mercurial—a medicine that contains mercury. Microscope—an instrument which magnifies an object. Minim—the sixtieth part of a fluidrachm. Molecule—a minute particle of a body. Morbid—diseased ; not sound and healthful. Mortification—the death of a part of the body. Moxa—any substance used for burning on or near the skin. Mucilage—a substance like gum dissolved in water. Muscle—an or^an of motion ; the lean flesh of an animal. Mucus—a slimy fluid, secreted by mucus membranes. Nape—the prominent part on the back of the neck. Nasal—relating to the nose. Nausea—sickness at the stomach ; loathing Navei__the depressed part in the center of the abdomen. 848 GLOSSARY. Nervous—affected with weak nerves. Nocturnal—pertaining to night. Numbness—with little or no feeling. Nutriment—that which nourishes ; nourishment. Obesity—fleshiness ; excessive fatness. Obstinate—stubborn ; unyielding. Oleaginous—oily. Opaque—obscure; cannot be seen through. Ophthalmia—pertaining to the eye. Organ—a part of the body that exercises a function. Oxymel—a mixture of vinegar and honey- Palliative—to mitigate; to lessen in severity. Panada—food made by boiling bread in water. Paroxysm—a fit of any disease. Percussion—tapping on the chest or abdomen with the fingers. Perforation—a hole into or through any thing. Periodic—having a stated time to make its appearance. Perspiration—an exudation of moisture on the surface. Petal—a flower leaf. Petechias—purple spots on the skin, observed in severe fevers. Phthisis—consumption. Physic—a medicine ; a medicine that purges. Plastic—capable of being organized. Plethoric—a fuil habit; the vessels overcharged with fluids. Potation—a draught. Premonitory—giving a previous notice. Prima3 Via3—the stomach and bowels. Prognosis—a judgment respecting the future of a disease. Prostration—deprived of strength. Pseudo—false, as a pseudo-membrane. Ptyalism—salivation ; a morbid excretion of saliva. Pubes—the prominent point between the hip bones, in front. pinse—a beating of the heart and arteries. Pultaceous—macerated ; softened ; nearly fluid. Pulmonary—connected with the lungs. Pulverize—to make fine. punch—a mixture of water, sugar, lemon-juice and spirit. Puriform—like pus ; in the form of pus. Purge—a physic ; a cathartic. pus—a yellowish-white matter. Pustule—an inflamed elevation on the skin, containing matter. Putrid—corrupt; rotten ; disorganized. Pyrexia—fever. logout—a sauce or seasoning for exciting an appetite. GLOSSARY. 349 Rash—a slight eruption or redness on the body. Reaction—a returning of vital power and energy. Recession—going back ; returning. Remedy—a medicine for curing a°disease. Respiration—the act of inhaling and exhaling air; breathing. Restrain—to hold in check. Rigid—stiff; inflexible. Rigor—a chill; shuddering ; tremor. Roseate—rosy ; of a rose color. Routine—a uniform course of practice. Rubefacient—that which will produce redness of the skin. Saccharine—having the properties of sugar. Saline—having the properties-of salt. Salivation—th.-. act of producing an increased flow of saliva. Sallowness—yellowish color ; tinged with a dark yellow. Sangaree—wine and water, sweetened and spiced. Sanies—a thin reddish discharge from wounds or sores. Saturation—filled ; supplied to fullness. Scarificator—an instrument for making incisions in the skin. Schirrhus—hard; indolent; apt to become cancerous. Scybala—hard, fecal matter. Secretions—fluids manufactured by various organs of the body. Sedative—a medicine that quiets pain and irritability. Semi—half. * - Seton—an ulcer made and kept up by some foreign substance. Sensual—given to the gratification of the low passions. Serum—the thin transparent part of the blood. Simmer—to boil moderately. Sinapism—a paste made of mustard or other irritants. Slime—a soft, moist, sticky -substance. Slough—a dead part that separates from the living. Solution—a liquid in which any substance is dissolved. Solvent—having the power of dissolving. Spasm—a short, sudden contraction of a muscle. Spirit—a liquid obtained by distillation. Splint—a thin piece of wood, paper or stiffened cloth. Sporadic—single ; scattered ; accidental.. Stertorious—heavy snoring, as in apoplexy. Sthenic—attended with a morbid increase of vital energy. Stool—a seat or vessel; a discharge from the bowels. Stimulant__a medicine that excites to increased action. Stupor—a diminution or suspension of sensibility. Suffused—overspread, as with a color or fluid. Suppository—a substance introduced into the rectum. 350 GLOSSARY. Suppression—the obstruction of an accustomed discharge. Suppurate—to form pus ; to maturate. ^ Syncope—a fainting ; a temporary loss of sensation. Sympathetically—in consequence of sympathy. Symptoms—the affections and changes that accompany diseases. Taint—infection ; corruption. Tart—-acid ; sharpness. Tenesmus—an uneasy sensation at the lower part of the rectum. Tepid—moderately warm. Thorax—the cavity of the chest. Toddy—a mixture of spirit and water sweetened. Tonic—any medicine that increases the strength. Torpid—stupid; inactive. Trance—a suspension of mental power and voluntary motion. Trachea—the windpipe. Translation—removing or changing from one part to another. Translucent—partially clear. Tubercule—a pimple ; a swelling ; a tumor. Tumor—a morbid enlargement of any part. Type—a peculiarity in the form of a disease. Ulcer—a morbid sore that discharges pus or other fluid. Unction—the act of anointing ; an ointment. Urine—an animal liquid secreted by the kidneys. Uvula—a small spongy body suspended from the palate. Varicose—enlarged or dilated veins. Vehicle—any substance in which medicine is taken. Venesection—blood-letting. Vertigo—giddiness; dizziness ; swimming of the head. Vesicle—a little bladder filled with fluid. Vibices—large purple spots. Viciation—depravation ; corruption. Virus—the active principle of contagious matter. Vital—pertaining to life, as a part or fluid. Vomiting—the act of throwing up from the stomach. Windpipe—the pipe through which the air passes to the lungs. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 351 SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS, The annexed signs and abbreviations are very common in medical formulas, and will be frequently met with by the gen- eral reader. The Roman letters are used for the purpose of numbering with these signs and abbreviations in place of fig- ures, and some use j instead of i when they wish to express but one, and also, when several numbers have been expressed, to close them with a j, as iij three ; or iii three. ». Recipe—Take. f |. A fl. ounce or ounces. ft>. A Pound or Pounds. f 3 . A fl. drachm or drachms. \. An Ounce or Ounces. r\. A Minim or Minims 3- A Drachm or Drachms. Gr. A Grain or Grains. 3. A Scruple or Scruples. Gtt. A Drop or Drops. a a. Of Each. Q. S. A sufficient quantity. 0. A Pint .or Pints. |Ss. A Half. 3 Example. Laud anura. Opium.......................................3 «ss. Diluted Alcohol.................................0ii- Macerate for fourteen days, and filter. Dose, gtt. x to xxx. Explanation. Laudanum. Take Opium....................Two and a half Ounces. Diluted Alcohol...........................Two Pints. Macerate for fourteen days, and filter. Dose from ten to thir- ty drops. 352 SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. Rose Water. Example. n Oil of Roses.................................gu- xx- Water........................................° iv- Shake well and filter. Rose Water. Explanation. Take Oil of Roses...................'. .Twenty Drops Water..................................Four Pints- Shake well and filter. Example. Syrup of Gum Arabic...........................5>ij. Quinine, Tannic Acid, aa.................................3D- Morphine.....................................3 ss. Extract of Dandelion.........................grxxxv. Essence of Wintergreen........................f 3 iv- Essence of Sassafras...........................f 3 vj- Oil of Lemon.........."......................TTbxviJ- Water........................................1- s- . •# Explanation. T\,Vp fivriin of Gum Arabic...............Two Pounds. Water MEDICINE CHEST AND CONTENTS. 353 MEDICINE CHEST. A chest containing the common medicines, as nearly pre- pared as possible for immediate use, should be in the posses- sion of every ship, train of emigrants, and of every commu- nity not having the services of a physician or the benefits of a drug store. This chest should contain a set of apothecary scales and weights, and a graduating measure. The scales are small, compact and sufficiently accurate, and the denomination of each weight is marked on its surface. The graduating measure is made of glass, and has two scales marked on one side—one for ounces and the other for drachms. The chest should also contain a common pocket case of surgeon's instru- ments, including needles and ligatures, lint, proper cloths for bandages, several catheters and syringes, and a scarificator, with the necessary cupping glasses. CONTENTS OF MEDICINE CHEST. MEDICINES. PROPERTIES AND USES. Adhesive or Sticking Plaster.—Dressing wounds and sores. Alcohol—In the preparation of medicines and for bathing. Alum — Astringent. In large doses purgative and emetic. _ Antimonial Wine.—As an emetic, expectorant and diaphoretic. Arrow Root.—Diet, especially in bowel complaints. Basilicon Ointment.—As a dressing for burns, scalds and sores. Blistering Ointment.—For raising blisters; counter-.mtan,. Blue Pill —A Mercurial; cathartic and alterative. Rrandv —Stimulant; in liniments and for bathing. Buchu-A dmretic a mild stimulant to the unitary organs. oucnu j* ' alterative and anthelmintic. pttl°T; 3vne'; antispasmodic; a mild stimulant. rS oi^Atild laxative, and speedy in its action. Catechu -A mild tonic and powerful astringent. 351 MEDICINE CHEST AND CONTENTS. MEDICINES. PROPERTIES AND USESs Cathartic Pills.—Alterative, purgative and anthelmintic. Carbonate of Soda.—Antacid ; as a lotion in skin diseases. Cream of Tartar.—Refrigerant, diuretic and laxative. Dover's Powder.—Anodyne and diaphoretic. Elixir Vitriol.—Solvent, tonic and astringent. Epsom Salts.—Cathartic—producing watery stools. Essence of Peppermint.—Carminative; aromatic stimulant. Flaxseed.—Emollient; useful in drinks and poultices. Gum Arabic.—Mucilage ; in solution a nutritious drink. Iodide of Potash.—Alterative; useful in scrofula. Ipecac.—Emetic, diaphoretic and expectorant. Jalap.—An active cathartic, producing watery stools. Kino.—Astringent; useful in suppressing hemorrhages. Laudanum.—Anodyne; a stimulant narcotic. Lunar Caustic.—Tonic, caustic and antispasmodic. Magnesia.—Laxative and antacid. Morphine.—Anodyne and diaphoretic. Muriated Tincture of Iron.—Tonic ; a supposed diuretic. Nitre.—Refrigerant; diuretic; diaphoretic. Opium.—Anodyne, sedative and narcotic. Paregoric.—Anodyne ; carminative. Pinkroot.—To destroy worms; a powerful remedy. Quinine.—Tonic and antiperiodic; in ague and fevers. Red Precipitate.—Escharotic; used externally. Rhubarb.—Laxative, tonic and astringent. Salts of Hartshorn.—Stimulant; diaphoretic; antispasmodic. Senna.—Laxative ; frequently used in combination with salts. Simple Ointment.—A mild dressing to sores and wounds. Soap Liniment.—As an embrocation for sprains and bruises. Spirit of Hartshorn.—Stimulant, antacid and rubefacient. Spirit of Lavender.—Stimulant and carminative. Spirit of Nitre.—Diuretic, diaphoretic and stimulant. Sugar of Lead.—A powerful astringent; sedative. Sulphuric Ether.—A diffusible stimulant; antispasmodic. Sulphur.—Laxative and diaphoretic. Syrup of Squill.—Emetic and diaphoretic. Sweet Oil.'—In liniments ; a mild laxative. Tannic Acid.—Astringent; in gargles and ointments. Tartaric Acid.—Tonic and refrigerent; in Seidlitz powders. Tartar Emetic.—Emetic, alterative and diaphoretic. White Vitriol.—Emetic, tonic and astringent. INDEX OF FORMULAS. 355 INDEX OF FORMULAS. Balsam, Acoustic..................................283 ------Goulard's.................................316 ------ of Honey.................................308 .-----■ of Life...................................327 -----. of Sulphur................................309 Black Drop......................................32,9 Bolus, Castor. Valerian and Assafetida................264 Broth, Mutton....................................319 Camphor Ice......................................290 Camphorated Soap.................................2J1 Carminative, Dalby's..............................313 __________Dewees..............................142 .--------- Mixture..............................295 Cataplasm, Acetate of Ammonia.....................281 ________ Carrot Root........................310, 281 -------- Iodine.................................1G0 Catarrh Snuff.....................................310 Cerate, Calamine..................................27J ------ Goulard's..................................317 ■------ Resin.....................................*j® ------• Resin, Compound........................• • • • 311 ------Simple.................................... " ------■ Turner's.......................>..........*™ Cider Mixture................................... ', Cold Cream...................................... '~. Collutory of Lemon Juice...........................*«* Confection, Aromatic............................... .________of Roses................................JjJ Conserve of Roses.......................... '' gi^ Cough Cream..................................31 ^ Custard, Cold............................ * * g2l ______Rice..................................... 356 INDEX OF FORMULAS. Decoction, Barley.................................. *5 ■-------- Blackberry Root.........................140 --——---- Black Snakeroot..........................254 -------- Cranesbill..............................• • 132 --------Dandelion Root..........................223 -------- Elder Bark..............................224 --------Figs and Milk............................U3 --------Guaiac and Raisins....................... 81 -------- Prickly-ash Bark......................... 83 -------- Sarsaparilla, with Iodide of Potash..........160 -------- Smart-weed.............................. $3 --------Soot...................................229 --------Uva Ursi................................ 49 --------White Oak Bark.........................139 Draught, Black................................... 82 ------ Effervescing.........;.................... 20 ------• Svrup of Poppies and Chalk Mixture.........133 ------ Sugar of Milk.............................152 Diachylum.......................................312 Diuretic, Juniper Berries and Cream of Tartar......... 32 ------• Extract of Dandelion and Nitre.............. 44 ------ Wine, Turpentine and Lemon Juice..........212 Drops, Bateman's Pectoral..........................3 9 ---- Toothache, Opium, Camphor and Chloroform.... 116 Egg Nogg........................................344 Electuary, Charcoal................................H>o --------Cowhage................................171 -------- Jalap...................................147 --------Kino...................................138 --------Senna and Sulphur.......................164 --------Scurvy Grass............................201 -------- Turpentine..............................223 Elixir, Asthmatic..................................189 .---- Paregoric..................................189 ---- Proprietatis............................209,210 . ____ Vitriol.....................................329 Embrocation, Oil of Caraway and Peppermint..........142 Emetic, Alum.....................,.,..,.........183 ------Ipecac.................................... 27 ------ Sulphate of Zinc....................■....... 43 ------ Tartar Emetic and Ipecac..................20, 27 Emollient, Eggs Cream and Syrup of Poppies.......... 91 Emulsion, Almond..............................97, 102 ----,---- Indian Turnip................,...........H9 INDEX OF FORMULAS. 357 Emulsion, Manna..................................212 —------ Senega..................................179 Essences.........................................314 ------■ Aniseed..................................330 ------ Beef.....................................313 ------Peppermint................................313 Extract, Goulard's.................................315 ._____. Wood Sorrel..............................201 Eye Wash, Anodyne, Laudanum and Saffron...........272 .________Anodyne, Opium and Camphor............272 .___.---- Astringent, Zinc and Lead................273 .___---- Borax.................................273 ._______Camphor..............................273 ________Iodide of Zinc...........................272 .________Sulphate of Copper......................273 -___ Sulphate of Zinc and Rose Water.......... 57 Freckle Wash....................................315 Fowls with Rice.............................•---315 Gargle, Alum......................................]]* ._____Alum and Oak Bark........................llz ______Borax, Tincture of Myrrh and Honey.......... 97 ._____, Figs and Mallow Root.......................112 ._____Sage and Sulphuric Acid.....................112 ._____Sulphate of Copper, Sage and Myrrh........... 97 ______Tannic Acid, Honey and Water................ 97 Goat's Milk, Artificial..............................\9% Godfrey's Cordial..................................31b Green Salve......................................*l» Gum Plaster......................................' * ' ----Lozenges....................................g|^ Hair Restorative.....................•............. „ Harlem Oil....................................... .„ Hoffmann's Anodyne Cordial........................ *£ Honey of Roses...................................' „ Hot Drops.......................... " 244 Infusion, Arnica...................................01Q ------- Barberry...............................^ ------- Bloodroot................................ „g _______. Buchu Leaves............................ g ------Caraway ... •..............................213 ------. Carrot Seed.........................*" " 14g .------ Catnip................................' ' ' 5,7 _______. Cayenne Pepper........................... ,_______Cinnamon................................ 358 INDEX OF FORMULAS. Infusion, Fennel Seed..............................143 ----- Idaxseed.................................101 ----- Galls....................................318 ----- Gentian and Rhubarb.......................124 ----- Horseradish..............................244 .-----. Juniper Berries............................ 66 ----- Juniper Berries and Cream of Tartar......... 32 .-----. Juniper, Compound........................223 —----Logwood.................................15(3 -----Orange Peel, Cloves and Lemon Peel,........121 -----. Pinkroot.................................170 -----. Pleurisy Root............................194 -£---■ Poppy Heads and Carbonate of Potash........ 82 ----- Red Poppies..............................174 ----- Rhubarb .*................................318 ----- Saffron................................# # 57 ----- Sage................................!... 101 -----Senna, Compound......................... 56 '----- Senna and Pinkroot........................170 -----Skunk Cabbage Root.......................190 ■-----■ Slippery Elm Bark........................ 55 ■----- Tamarinds............................... 44 ■-----■ Tansy..................................170 ■-----■ Valerian................................. 66 Injection, Ammonia..............................266 ----- Assafetida................................143 -----■ Castor Oil................................ 38 •-----• Cayenne Pepper...........................266 ■-----Croton Oil...............................266 —*---- Molasses and Water....................... 32 ■----- Morphine................................164 ■----- Morphine, Yolk of Egg and Oil..............284 -----■ Peruvian Bark and Gruel................... 23 ■----— Quinine, Laudanum and Starch.............. 23 -----Salt and Arnica...........................242 -----Soap and Gruel............................ 44 ■----- Soap, Salt and Molasses.................... 32 ----- Starch and Laudanum......................140 -----• Stramonium and Alum.....................282 ----- Sulphate of Iron...........................202 ----- Turpentine and Castor Oil................... 37 ----- Turpentine and Yolk of Eggs................ 33 ----- Venice Turpentine and Yolk of Eggs.........168 Jelly, Chicken.........................;...........311 INDEX OF FORMULAS. 359 Jelly,Starch......................................134 ___Tapioca......................'...••.........iZ° Julep, Alum......................................146 Laudanum.......................................£>J _____.— Sydenham's.............................°zo Lemonade........................................ _____— Phosphoric Acid..........................Zit> Lime Water..................................151 Linctus, Opium, Peruvian Bark and Camphor..........i»J Liniment, Alum and Camphor.......................™° . Ammonia, Compound.....................*l* _____Belladonna and Sulphuric Ether.............147 _____Camphor and Olive Oil.................... |J _____Carron Oil..............•.....• •......... _____ Chloroform, Ammonia and Sweet Oil.........14 / _____Chloroform and Soap Liniment..............~J>o _____ Flaxseed Oil and Lime Water..............27 J _____ Laudanum, Ammonia and Olive Oil.......... 7d _____Laudanum, Ether and Cayenne Pepper.......144 _____Laudanum and Chloroform ••••••••.........*°J _____Lime Water, Opium and Linseed Oil.........~/» _____Mustard, Lavender, Ammonia and Camphor.. . 2JU _____Oil of Amber and Cloves...................1°° _____Opium, Camphor and Rosemary.............*™ _______Soap, Camphorated Tincture................ ' _______Tincture of Colchicum and Camphor......... bo _______Turpentine and Acetate of Lead.............*»» ,_______Turpentine, Opiated...........•........... „ _______ Turpentine and Yellow Wax...............• ^ _______Volatile...........• •.....• • * *:...........97q _______White of Eggs and Flaxseed Oil............£'» _______ Yolk of Eggs and Flaxseed Oil..............£ < • Lotion Glycerin, Borax and Rose Water. ............g _____ Iodine, Black Drop and Lime Water...........290 _____Iodine, Iron and Chloride of Antimony..........30o _____ Tu^Snt Sn o^and Balsam «*™^™ Mercury with Chalk.............. ......185 Mixture, Alum and Ginger ....... •;;;;;;;;.......203 Alum Vinegar ana w ater---. ■----- Ammoniac, Squill and Paregoric.............™ ___ iSonial Wine and Laudannm.............J~ __W_ ^WmiVAnodVnV.V.V.......188 360 INDEX OF FORMULAS. Mixture, Assafetida and Syrup.......................185 ------ Benzoic Acid and Copaiba...................217 ------ Benzoic Acid Sulphur and Ipecac..............175 ------• Blue Ointment, Camphor and Pepper..........150 .------ Blue Pill and Extract of Rhubarb............. 39 .------ Calomel and Castor Oil..................... 28 ------ Calomel, Opium and Extract of Rhubarb....... 39 ------ Camphor and Ether........................152 ------ Camphor and Goulard's Extract..............306 ■------ Camphor, Laudanum and Ammonia...........154 ------ Camphor Water, Laudanum and Lavender.....132 ------ Castor Oil and Ether.......................171 ------ Chalk Mixture and Aromatic Confection........139 ------Chalk, Gum Arabic and Cinnamon Water......140 ■------ Cod-Liver Oil and Carbonate of Potash........ 81 ------ Cod-Liver Oil, Syrup and Sugar..............160 ■------• Cream and Glycerine....................... 65 ------ Eggs and Brandy.......................... 39 —---- Eggs and Wine............................ 44 ■------ Elaterium, Ether and Squill.................222 ------ Epsom Salts and Manna..................... 27 ------ Essence of Peppermint and Oil of Cinnamon... .295 •------ Extract of Dandelion and Spirit of Nitre....... 44 ------ Foxglove and Nitre...................•.___ 38 -----— Galbanum and Vinegar of Squill..............189 ------ Gin and Sulphur..............?............ 82 ------Guaiac and Henbane.................'.......264 ------ Guaiac and Nitrate of Potash................ 81 ------ Hoffmann's Anodyne.......................258 ------ Honey, Turpentine and Guaiac...............264 ------ Hydrocyanic Acid and Tartar Emetic.........197 .------. Ioclide of Potash and Hydrocyanic Acid........197 ------. Iron and Ginger...........................115 .-----. Iron, Myrrh, Potash and Lavender............ 93 ------Laudanum and Ether.......................240 ------ Lime and Sulpher..........................227 ------Lime Water and Milk...................... 122 ------Logwood and Kino.........,.....,......,,. 133 ------ Magnesia and Epsom Salts..................127 ------ Musk, G&mphor and Laudanum...............24S ------ Musk and Laudanum.......................247 ■------ Musk, Sugar and Gum Arabic................ 45 ------ Nitrate of Potash and Barley Water.......... 80 ------ Nitric Acid and Camphor...................194 INDEX OF FORMULAS. 361 Mixture, Nitric Acid and Opium.....................151 ■------Nitric Acid and Syrup of Cinnamon___•......208 ------Oil of Almonds and Gum Arabic.............174 __---- Oil -of Cloves, Aniseed and Ether.............116 ------ Opium and Syrup of Poppies................134 .______ Opium and Vinegar........................204 .------ Oxymel of Squill and Valerian...............183 .______. Oyster Shell, Laudanum and Blue Pill-.........138 ______. Potash, Ammonia and Rhubarb..............122 ______ Potash and Cochineal.......................186 ______ Quinine and Coffee...................•*..... 22 .______ Quinine and Copperas...................... 21 .______ Quinine and Elixir Vitriol................... 21 ______ Quinine, Morphine and Elixir Vitriol.......... 21 .______ Turpentine and Syrup of Gum Arabic......... 33 ______Rhubarb, Ammonia and Syrup of Opium......139 ______Senega aud Ipecac..........................184 ------ Soda and Copaiba..........................213 ______. Soot and Potash...........................123 ------ Spermaceti and Paregoric...................173 ------ Spirit of Xitre and Morphine................ t)'A ------Starch and Suet............................133 ------ Sulphate of Copper and Sulphuric Acid........202 ------Syrup of Squill aud Ipecac.................. 57 ----— Sulphate of Quinine and Fowler's Solution.....314 ------ Tallow, Camphor and Oil of Pennyroyal.......2*7 ------ Tincture of Iron and Water.................203 ------ Tincture of Opium, Pepper and Rhubarb......151 ■------ Tolu and Laudanum........................204 ------Turpentine, and Ammoniatcd Tincture of Guaiac. . 80 ------ Turpentine and Copaiba.....................132 ------ Turpentine and Nitric Acid..................209 ------ Turpentine and Simple Syrup................ 38 ------ Turpentine and. Yolk of Eg^s................119 ______ Wine of Colchicum and Acid Tincture of Opium 86 ______ Wormseed, Castor and Anise Oil.............171 Mucilage, Sago....................................]28 Mulled Wine.....................................™ Neutral Mixture........•......................... ^ Nitrate of Camphor................................^4 Nitrous Powder. .-••••............................ *» Nitro-Muriatic Acid Bath............................208 Number Six...................................... (Sintment, Aconite.................................*M 16 362 INDEX OF FORMULAS. Ointment, Alum and Simple Cerate..................163 __----- Basilicon................................279 ___---- Belladonna..............................247 -------- Belladonna, Compound....................165 .-------- Black Pepper............................233 -------- Blue................................... 74 --------Calomel and Alum........................232 --------Camphor................................289 --------Carbonate of Ammonia and Simple Cerate___184 -------- Citrine..................................303 ■--------Ofeosote and Sugar of Lead................290 -------- Croton Oil and Lard......................101 --------Elder Flowers.. . :.......................319 ■-------- Galls, Compound.........................163 --------Hops...................................282 -------- India Cockle.............................229 --------Iodide of Mercury........................160 --------Iodide of Potash and Laudanum............282 --------Iodide of Sulphur........................231 --------Kentish.................................. 73 -------- Laudanum and Spermaceti Ointment.........164 -------- Mercurial, Blue.......................... 74 --------Nitrate of Silver.........................273 ■-------- Nitrate of Strychnine.....................245 --------Red Precipitate..........................231 --------Red Precipitate and Sulphur...............227 --------Savine..................................299 --------Soap, Salt and Sulphur....................227 --------Soot, Compound.....................232, 282 -------- Spermaceti..............................323 .--------Stramonium.............................164 --------Sulphur.................................228 ________Sulphur and Lime........................227 ________Sulphuric Acid and Olive Oil___...........289 ________Tar....................................231 _------- Tar. Compound..........................232 --------Tartar Emetic and Lard...................101 .--------Turpentine, Compound....................212 _-------Verdigris...............................303 Oleaginous Mixture..................,..............134 Opodeldoc.......................................318 -------- Steers'..................................322 Paste, Marsh Mallew..............................174 Paregoric............................-............ 56 INDEX OF FORMULAS. 363 Paregoric, Chloroform..............................146 F'ills, Aloes, Assafetida and Soap....................167 ---- Aloes, Rhubarb, Soda and Soap.................167 ---- Assafetida, Iron and Extract of Chamomile.......256 ---- Belladonna and Blue Pill..................247, 281 ----Belladonna and Camphor......................257 ---- Blue Pill, Mercurial...........................309 ----Blue Pill, Calomel and Croton Oil...............168 ---- Blue Pill aud Extract of Jalap................. 27 ---- Blue Pill, Quinine, Aloes and Rhubarb........... 22 ---- Calomel and Extract of Colocynth...............147 ----Calomel, Opium and Acetate of Lead............138 ---- Calomel, Opium and Sulphate of Zinc............ 22 ---- Cantharides, Capsicum, Camphor and Guaiac......244 ----Carbonate of Ammonia and Capsicum............ 88 ■—:— Castor, Stramonium and Gentian................257 ---- Colchicum and Soap .......................... 82 ■----Copper and Opium............................215 ---- Dinner..................................... .167 ---- Extract of Nux Vomica........."...............244 ---- Ferrocvariuret of Zinc.........................253 ---- Galbanum, Myrrh and Assafetida,. . .............256 ---- Iodine and Extract of Gentian.................. 98 ---- Iodide of Iron and Bromide of Sodium............159 ---- Ipecac and Foxglove..........................189 ---- Iron. Columbo, Rhubarb and Quassia............. 94 ---- Iron and Extract of Dandelion.................. 95 ---- Kino, Camphor and Oxide of Zinc...............214 ----Ladv Webster...............................167 ---- Mercurial, Blue Pill..........................3C9 ----Mercury and Ipecac..........................208 ■---- Morphine and Copper.........................215 ---- Musk, Castor, Camphor and Assafetida...........189 ---- Myrrh, Canada Balsam and Opium......"........199 ____ Myrrh, Squill and Extract of Henbane..........180 ----Myrrh and Zinc..............................186 ____ Nitrate of Potash............................217 ____ Nitrate of Silver and Opium...................250 ____Nitrate of Silver, Opium, Musk and Camphor.....251 ____ NUx Vomica and Iron.........................219 ____ Opium and Acetate of Lead................133, 152 ____. Opium and Cayenne Pepper....................144 Opium, Musk and Valerian.....................257 __ Oxide of Zinc, Valerian and Castor..............250 364 INDEX OF FORMULAS. Pills, Cavenne Pepper and Gentian...................1-2 ---- Plummer's..................................1^1 .---- Prepared' iron and Wormwood.................121 ---- Quinine, Gentian and Tannic Acid...............314 ---- Quinoiuine, Copperas and Cayenne Pepper........ 23 ---- Rhubarb, Ipecac and Opium....................1°4 ---- Soap and ()pium.............................1^"J ■---- Soap. Ox Gall, Guaiac and Calomel.............. (S8 ---- Stramonium and Soap.........................188 ---- Subnitrate of Bismuth........................1 ~2 ---- Sulphate of Quinine and Extract of Gentian....... 22 ---- Tartar Emetic and Opium......................174 ---- Turpentine and Magnesia.......................21(5 ---- Valerianate of Zinc and Tra;„acanth..............2(54 ---- Whvtt's.....................................P>8 Plaster, Adhesive.................................321 ------ Belladonna and Resin Plaster.................2*54 ------Black Pitch, Resin, Wax aud Suet............3,20 ------ Black Pitch, Pesin, Suet and Turpentine........320 ------ Blistering.................................310 ------ Croton Oil and Lead Plaster.:............... . 177 ------Diachylum.......................*.........312 ■------ Iron, Lead Piaster and Burgundv Pitch........321 —---Lead.................."...*..............3!2 ------ Mercury, >-« iladonna and Hydrocyanic Acid ... .100 ------ Opium, Simple Plaster and Galbanum.........143 ------ Opium, Camphor and-Lead Plaster............320 ------ Opium, Pitou and Lead Plaster...............320 ■------ Soap and Lead Plaster......................322 ------ Universal, Lead, Oil, Wax and Camphor.......328 Powders, Acetate of Lead and Opium.................1 i'9 ■------ Alum and Kino...........................202 ------- Alum, Opium and Cinnamon................ 138 -------Ammonia and Camphor.................... 33 -------Aromatic................................123 ------- A rsenical................................2S1 ------ Black Snakeroot...........................2-"3 ------ Borax and Sugar........................... 91 ------ Calomel and Opium........................118 ——— Calomel, Opium and Ipecac................. 45 ■------ Calomel, Rhubarb and Opium............... 39 ------ Chlorate of Potash and Sugar................ 91 ------Colocynth, Gum Arabic and Liquorice........223 ------■ Composition, Thompsonian..................328 INDEX OF FORMULAS. 365 Powders, Cream of Tartar and Squill.................216 ------ Dover's.................................. 33 ------Dover's, Eclectic.......................• • • • 313 ------- Fern, Gamboge, Calomel and Scammony......171 -------Foxglove and Calomel.....................260 ------■ Foxglove, Calomel, Valerian and Castor.......260 -------Foxglove, Nitre and Cream of Tartar.........224 ------■ Fumigating...............................186 -------Guaiac and Cream of Tartar................ 88 ______Indigo and Aromatic Powder................250 ------Iodide of Sulphur.........................218 —----- Iron and Myrrh...........................263 ______Jalap, Ginger and Cream of Tartar...........223 ------ Mercury with Chalk and Ipecac..............123 ______Musk, Camphor and Valerian..........:.....256 ------ Olibanum, Benzoin and Storax...............186 ______Opium and Camphor...................147, 187 ------ Opium and Ipecac......................45, 82 ______Opium, Musk, Magnesia and Sugar of Milk---240 ------ Oxide of Zinc aud Columbo.................122 ______Peruvian Bark, Virginia Snakeroot and Soda... 23 ______. Pinkroot and Calomel......................170 ------Prussian Blue......"....................• • • 250 ------ Quinine and Soda......................... 95 ------Santonine.................................Ijl ------ Senna and Guaiac..........................*10 ------ Soda, Ginger and Rhubarb............... • • • 123 ______ Spermaceti and Potash.....................175 ------ Sugar of Lead and Opium..................205 ------ Subnitrate of Bismuth......................139 ______ Sulphate of Quinine and Cayenne Pepper...... ZZ ______ Sul phate of Quinine and Sulphate of Morphine.. 21 ______. Sulphur, Cream of Tartar and Fennel Seed .... 167 Physic, Blue Pill and Croton Oil..................^ S ____ Blue Pill and Extract of Jalap................ f' ____ Calomel and Castor Oil...................... f* ____ Calomel and Croton Oil...................• • • }** ____ Calomel and Rhubarb....................44, 84 ____ Calomel and Jalap.......................™, l»* ____ Castor Oil and Turpentine....................m _____ Epsom Salts and Manna..................... ~' ____. j ..Jap and Cream of Tartar................... j" Manna and Magnesia................•.......'■•' Manna, Salts and Compound Infusion of Senna.. .192 366 INDEX OF FORMULAS. Physic, Rhubarb and Magnesia...................44, 140 ---- Senna and Aniseed.......................... 37 ---- Sulphur and Cream of Tartar.................163 Port Sangaree....................................119 Porter Sangaree...................................119 Poultice, Bread...................................309 ------ Charcoal.................................310 ------ Compound...............................312 ------ Flaxseed..............................'... 315 ------ Mustard.................................319 ■------ Slippery Elm.............................323 ------ Yeast....................................329 Roasted Rhubarb..................................137 Rose Lip Salve................................320, 321 Rose Water......................................352 Scudamore's Mixture.............................. 87 Sedative Mixture..................................139 Seidlitz Powders.................................. 49 Solution, Acetate of Lead........................... 92 ■------ Acetate of Potash......................... 80 ------Alum................................101, 116 ------ Borax and Sugar of Lead.................... 74 ------Caustic Potash___<•...................247, 300 —--- Chlorate of Potash..................66, 95, 201 ------Copperas................................. 73 ------ Fowler's................................. 23 ------Gum Arabic..............................127 ------ Iodide of Potash........................... 94 ------Iodide of Potash and Mercury...............211 —----Magendie's...............'................ 73 ------ Nitrate of Silver,..........66, 74, 91, 92, 94, 289 ------Creosote.................................117 ■-----■ Sulphate of Zinc....................65, 92, 135 ------ Sulphate of Zinc and Honey................ 91 ------Sulphate of Zinc and Quinine................186 ------Tartar Emetic............................321 ------ Tartar Emetic and Ipecac................... 28 Spermaceti Mixture................................ 56 Spirit, Ammonia, Aromatic..........................308 ■---- Aniseed....................................330 ---- Camphor...................................323 ---- Lavender...................................322 ---- Lavender, Compound ..............'..........142 ■---- Mindererus................................. 43 INDEX OF FORMULAS. 367 Spirit, Rosemary...............................322 Sugar of Milk....................................326 Suppository, Charcoal, Wax and Butter...............164 ---------- Soap, Sulphate of Soda and Honey........167 Syrup, Blackberries................................133 .---- Cod-Liver Oil...............................197 ---- Galls......................................137 ■---- Gum Arabic................................324 -----Hive, Cox'e's................'................180 ---- Ipecac.....................................324 .---- Lemon....................................323 ---- Opium.....................................325 ---- Orange Peel........................*.......325 ----Poppies....................................324 ---- Poppies, Substitute for.......................324 ---- Rhubarb...................................157 ---- Rhubarb, Aromatic..........................307 ---- Rhubarb and Senna..........................157 ---- Sarsaparilla................................161 ---- Senega....................................192 ----Simple...................................325 ----Squill.....................................181 .---- Squill, Compound...........................183 ---- Tolu......................................325 ---- Wild Cherry Bark...........................198 ---- Wormwood...............................32o Tar Beer.........................................198 Thomas' Eye Water...........................---327 Tincture, Aloes...................................327 ------ Aniseed..................................326 ------ Assafetida...............-•................326 ------ Assafetida and Castor......................257 ------ Black Snakeroot.. ^........................326 -----r Bloodroot................................326 ------ Cantharides...............................328 ■------ Catechu..............................ofto'lq ______ • Cayenne Pepper.......................-«°», *f » ______ Chloride of Zinc, Ethereal...................^J* ------ Colchicum Seeds..........................32b ----- Cubebs..................................Hi ■------ Foxglove................................326 ■------Guaiac..............................."-326 .______Ginger..................................*J*° _____. Henbane..................................3"26 368 INDEX OF FORMULAS. Tincture, Iodine................................... 75 ------ Iodine, Compound.........................161 ■------ Iron, Muriated............................ 9(5 ------Kino.................................... 327 ------Myrrh...................................110 —--- Opium, Acetated..........................308 ------. Rhubarb.................................156 Rhubarl>, Compound.......................311 p, Camphorated........................ 74 s ■50!l ------Soot.....................................257 ------ Squill—See Note on Page..................826 ■------T^nsy, Wormwood and Rhubarb.............172 ------ Tolu....................................327 ------ Valerian—See Note on Page................326 ------ Veratria................................. 88 The Sun Cholera Mixture...........................151 Toothache, Drops.................................1 ]6 ■>-------Mixture................................116 Turpentine Lotion.................................116 Vinegar of Borax..................................230 ----— of ()pium.................................329 Warner's Gout Cordial............................. 87 Wash, Sulphate of Zinc and Sugar of Lead............229 ----Sugar of Lead and White Vitriol..............230 Water, Aniseed..................................330 ------ Barley.................................... 55 —■----Camphor.................................. 87 ------ Creosote.................................. 96 ------Pice......................................127 Worm Tea..................,....................329 Wine, Antimonial................................. (55 ----Colchicum Root............................. 80 ----C< dchicum Seeds............................ 80 ----Mulled.................................... 66 ----Tar.....•..................................198 ----Wiry...................................33, 43 GENERAL INDEX. 369 GENERAL INDEX. .2^(5 o>v> A phthcc.......................................... 91 Apoplexy.......................................240 Asthma.".........................................187 Bed Sores.......................................305 Bites ami Stints of Insects..........................286 Bites of Venomous Snakes..........................287 Bleedim: from the Gums............................203 ------ fri mi the Lungs............................2o3 ------ from the Nose.............................2. 1 ----— from the Stomach..........................20o Bloody brine................................. Blotched Face...............................'• Boils............................................302 Bii-ht's Disease of the Kidneys......................2^.j Bronchitis........................................vn Bronchoceh', ^r Goitre..............................286 . Burns and Scalds..................................~' •' ;-r..........................................-:: ( aiiKer............................................^ Catarrh..........................................^ Carbuncle........................................301 Chapped Hands...................................'-';'' Chicken-Pox..................................... "1 Chilblains........................................r°° Cholera.................................. 1 . . _______ Infantum, or Summer Complaint..............*<>;* ______- Morbus...................................l5'Z Chorea, or St. Vitus' Dance.........................->1 /. i ■ ................................] ■* 'J Colic -• ••;..... 144 -----Painter s................................... Constipation................-.....................„J* ( orns and W a«"ts..................................'*-()~ Consumption.....................................oqo Convulsions.......................................~ ■* Corpulence...................... 370 GENERAL INDEX. Cow-Pox, or Vaccine Disease........................ 56 Cramps..........................................293 Croup...........................................1P1 Delirium Tremens.................................238 Diabetes.........................................213 Diarrhea, or Looseness.............................135 Diphtheritis......................................162 Diuresis.........................................•*l J Dropsy..........................•...............221 ------ of the Brain...............................224 ■------ of the Brain Acute..........................258 Dysentery.......................................130 Dyspepsia........................................119 Earache and inflammation of the Ear.................282 Epilepsy, or Falling Sickness......-..................248 Erysipelas, or St. Anthony's Fire.................... 67 Fainting.........................................29.) Falling of the Fundament...........................303 ■------Sickness................................... 248 Felon or Whitlow.................................301 Fever, Intermittent, or Ague and Fever............... 15 ------Irritative..................................267 ------Pernicious, or Congestive.....................2(58 ------Remittent or Bilious......................... 24 ------Scarlet.................................... 57 ------Typhoid................................... 34 ------Ty phus.................................... 39 ■-----■ Yellow................................:... 28 Frost-Bitten......................................288 Gangrene of the Mouth........^.................... 94 Glanders......................................... 306 Glossary.........................................343 Goitre...........................................286 Gout............................................-83 Gravel............................................220 Headache........................................284 Hemorrhoids, or Piles..............................161 Hiccups.........................................294 Hives............................................305 Hooping-Cough................................... 18 4 Hydrophobia.,....................................260 Hysteria, or Hysteric Disease.......................254 Hysteric Disease.................................*. • 254 Incontinence of the Urine...........................217 GENERAL INDEX. 371 Index of Formulas.................................355 Inflammation of the Bladder.........................2L3 ----------of the Bowels..............'............124 ----------of the Brain...........................236 ----------of the Ear..........................;. 282 ----------of the Esophagus or Gullet..............113 ----------of the Eyes...........................269 ----------of the Heart..........................199 ----------of the Kidneys.........................211 ----------of the Larynx, or Voice Apparatus........175 ----------of the Liver...........................206 ----------of the Lungs...........................190 •----------of the Mouth.......................... 89 ----------of the Nostrils.........................172 ----------of the Peritoneum......................128 ■----------of the Spleen..........................210 ----------of the Stomach........................117 —--------of the Throat; Sore-Throat.............. 98 ---------- of the Tongue.........................109 ----------of the Tonsils, or Quinsy................110 Influenza.........................................172 Introductory Remarks.............................. 11 Itch.............................................226 Jaund ice.......................,.................208 Lead Colic, or Painter's Colic.......................144 Leprosy, Scaly....................................304 Locked Jaw......................................245 Malignant Sore-Throat.............................108 Marshall Hall's Ready Method......................331 Measles......................................... 52 Medicines and their Doses..........................335 Mercurial Salivation.........'....................... 96 Milk or Swelled Leg...............................304 Milk Sickness.....................................268 Miscellaneous Formulas............................307 Mnnrms..........................................285 Piles 372 GENERAL INDEX. Plague..........................................301 Pleurisy.........................................' • '"- Poisons and their Antidotes.........................339 Quinsy...........................................1' 6 Retention of the Urine.............................210 Re-Vaccination.................................... 51 Rheumatism...................................... 75 Rickets, or Rachitis................................297 Ringworm......................................'• 229 ■--------of the Scalp.............................230 Risus Sardonicus, or Sardonic Laugh.................293 Salt-Rheum.......................................306 St. Anthony's Fire................................ 07 Scald-IIead.......................................231 Scrofula.........................................157 Scurvy...........'..............................200 Sea Sickness......................................296 Shingles.........................................228 Sick Headache....................................2S4 Signs and Abbreviations............................351 Small-Pox........................................ 45 Sore-Throat...................................... 98 Sprains..........................................300 St. Vitus' Dance..................................251 Summer Complant.................................154 Suppression of the Urine.. '.........................215 Sun Stroke............<......................':%. 295 Synonyms.......................................333 Teething.........................................291 Tetanus, or Cramp.................................2d5 Thrush.........................-................. 90 Toothache........................................113 Trismus..........................r?......:......2 15 Ulcerated Sore-Throat....................T.........108 Vaccination...................................... 50 Vaccine Disease, or Cow-Pox........................ 50 Varioloid.........................................'. 49 Warts...........................................302 White Swelling...................................297 Wind in the Stomach and Bowels....................295 Worms..........................................168 LIBRARY OF MEDICINE > i /: v^§>-^ NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDII ^ >^;' _■ C^v n'\_v^^r/ - NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDIC y '\& '^0P "S * /(" ^v^ - ii_^. %^r "X - 'nX do Aavaan ivnoiivn 3NiDiaaw _o Aavaan IVNOIIVN '/* SNiDiaaw do Aavaan ivnoi *t7' s v*«^ \ NATIONAL LIBRAR 3NiDia3w do Aavaan ivnoiivn t ■' 1 >^ NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE y 3NOIQ3W do Aavaan ivnoiivn \>-^>' ^ Cn/ 3NIDI03W dO A8 ^3 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE -.-v. > S < ^£>r ?. >i _^-. ^ -S „/' z\^*-\ V K£ 3NiDia3w do Aavaan ivnoiivn jNiDiaaw do Aavaan ivnoiivn i jJT^\ j fJA)jf.M^\ It BRARY OF MEDICINE 3NIDIQ3W dO A* \ NATIONAL LIBRA / / NLM032746129