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THE
MASTEE-MAEINER'S GUIDE
MANAGEMENT OF HIS  SHIP'S COMPANY,
RESPECT TO THEIR HEALTH;
DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY A SfflP'S MEDICINE-CHEST.
  By JOSEPH B. BOND,
FORMERLY HOME SURGEON AT THE LONBON HOSPITAL,
    MEMB. MED. SOC. PHILAD., XTC.
'IS,,
       BOSTON:
WM. CROSBY AND H. P. NICHOLS,
     111 Washington Street.
         1847.
A*-t  " 
 
 
 
THE
     MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE

                   IN THE

MANAGEMENT  OF  HIS  SHIP'S COMPANY,

                   WITH

       RESPECT TO THEIR HEALTH;

                   BEING
    DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY A SHIP'S MEDICINE-CHEST.


                 ---J
          By JOSEPH B. BOND,
       FORMERLY HOME StTRGEON AT THE LONDON HOSPITAL,
             MEME. MED. SOC. PHILAD., ETC.
          BOSTON:
WM.  CROSBY AND H. P. NICHOLS,
      111 Washington Street.
             1847. 
VCy
194-7
      Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847, by
              Wm. Crosby and H. P. Nichols,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
       CAMBRIDGE;
METCALF  AND  COMPANY,
   PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY. 
INTRODUCTION.
   1.  It has been truly said, that the lawyer who conducts
his own cause has a fool for  his client, and it  might,
with still greater reason,  be  said, that none but  a fool
would undertake  the cure of his own complaint.  Yet
although every  man  may not be  his own doctor, he
may occasionally be so situated that, with the assistance
of proper remedies, and a few plain directions for their
use, he  shall have it in his power to render valuable ser-
vice to  those  about him.  Let him  beware,  however,
how he  needlessly jeopardizes  the health, the life  per-
haps, of a  fellow-creature, by  his unnecessary interfer-
ence with the  province of the physician ; it  is only in
cases where proper medical advice cannot be obtained,
that the cure of disease should be attempted by those un-
learned  in the  profession.   If it be true, that those who
have  devoted  all their energies to this  one branch  of
study sometimes feel  their  insufficiency to cope  with
disease  in its  almost innumerable forms,  how sadly  defi-
cient must he  be  whose means of information have been
few, and whose experience,  real experience,  has been
less.
Aon ?-l^\ 
4
INTRODUCTION.
   2.  There are few situations in which the mind is more
painfully affected, than in witnessing the sufferings of a
fellow-being, without having it in our power to give re-
lief.  To enable those thus situated to afford  as  much
assistance as  the  circumstances of the case will  admit
(by a few plain directions, so plain that every body may
understand them)  has been my aim in preparing this
little book.  My apology for the undertaking is, that  in
the medicine-chests  for the use of the vessels belonging
to our ports, I have never seen books of directions at all
suitable.   This  little work  is to supply the deficiency
which must have been felt by every ship-master, having
no other  guide in  the management of disease than the
small book of directions usually accompanying medicine-
chests.
   3. It is particularly recommended to the person  in
whose charge  the medicines may be,  to read over  these
directions frequently, so as  perfectly to  understand
them, that in case of sudden emergency he  may not be
confused,  and  feel uncertain what to do ; for  nothing
insures so much success, as well as respect and  confi-
dence in those around you, as a  calm, decided conduct.
               Be quick, but  not in a hurry,
               Be careful, but not timid,
               Be cheerful, but not merry,
               Be serious, but not sad. 
RULES
FOR THE  PREVENTION OF DISEASE.
  4. Avoid the use of intoxicating drinks, particularly  of
ardent spirits, even in moderate quantities.   Strong drink
frequently predisposes to disease, and renders the cure more
difficult.   The moderate use of tobacco is seldom necessary,
and  frequently  injurious.  The  immoderate  use  of it  is
always dangerous, being sometimes attended with fatal con-
sequences.  A  strict  regard  to cleanliness  is absolutely
necessary to insure even  a chance of health;  therefore,
(especially in hot climates,) wash the body often with soap
and water.  The clothes and  bedding should  be frequently
changed, washed, and exposed to the sun and  wind.   Every
opportunity should be taken to air the vessel by opening the
hatches, doors, and windows.  The cabins, both of the men
and of officers,  should be kept as clean as  possible ; for
cleanliness there is no substitute; disagreeable smells may
be hid by burning vinegar, rags, &c., but perfect  cleanli-
ness  is only to  be  depended  on to prevent  disease.  Not
only should every part of the vessel be kept clean and well
ventilated, but dry also.  And this can be  done effectually
but by fires.  Every part of the vessel, therefore, which is
                1* 
6           THE MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.
occupied by the officers  or  crew should be supplied with a
stove, in which a fire is  to  be  made  up every day, be the
weather hot or cold, if the season be wet.
  5. In cases  of  death  from  malignant diseases,  let the
clothing and  bed of the  deceased be thrown overboard, or
burned.
  6. Allow nobody on board  to  sleep exposed to the  open
air, either by day or night, particularly the latter.
  7. Adapt the dress to the temperature of the climate.
  8. The food of seamen should also vary  with  the  tem-
perature of the climate ;  when the weather is very cold, the
quantity of animal  food allowed should be large, and of the
fattest kind, such as pork and butter ; on the contrary, in hot
weather the diet should be principally of vegetables, and the
animal food need not be  so fat; much less food is required
in warm climates than in cold.
  9. It  is the usual practice in American vessels to allow
the  crew tea at their meals ;  this is a very good practice, as
it tends  to the comfort and health of the men.  It seems to be
nearly as well adapted to warm as to cold weather.   The
use of lime-juice as a beverage will  be referred  to under
the  head of Scurvy. 
DISEASES.
   INFLAMMATION OF THE  BRAIN, OR BRAIN
                       FEVER.

   10. Symptoms. — Severe pain in the head; intolerance of
light, sound, and  sudden motion; wild expression  of  the
countenance ; restlessness ; dry tongue ; flushed face; pulse
generally quick, hard, and full; all the symptoms aggravated
by the head lying  low.
   11. Treatment.  — Bleed (see directions,  Par. 223) copi-
ously from the  arm ; let the blood run until  faintness comes
on.   Give  a  calomel and  jalap  powder  (No. 1) and a
glister (No. 11).  An hour after, bathe the head with flan-
nels  wrung out of hot water.   On the second  or third  day
apply a blistering-plaster (No.  12) between the shoulders.
Give one teaspoonful of the antimonial mixture (No.  2)
every two hours, beginning one hour after giving the physic.
If the physic does not operate copiously, repeat the powder
(No. 1), or give a dose of salts (No. 3).   Raise the head
higher than usual, and give  as much drink as  he wants, —
cold  water if  he  prefers it.  Bathe the  feet and legs in
warm water. 
8
THE MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.
PLEURISY, AND INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.
  12. These two complaints are so similar in their attacks,
that it is difficult to know them apart.
  13. Symptoms. — Pain in the breast or side, increased by
a full inspiration; shortness  of breath; frequent and  hard
pulse ; painful cough, with more or less expectoration after a
day or two.
  14. Treatment. — Bleed to faintness, and repeat the bleed-
ing every two or three days if necessary.  Give one tea-
spoonful  of  the antimonial mixture (No.  2)  every  two
hours, so as  to cause sickness  at the stomach.   After the
first  day or two, add  eight drops of laudanum  (No.  4) to
each dose of the antimonial  mixture.  After the third or
fourth day, raise a blister  (No. 12)  over the most  painful
part  of  the chest, and give one of the calomel  and opium
pills  (No. 5) every six hours, and discontinue the antimonial
mixture.   If the bowels are costive at any time, give  some
gentle physic, as castor oil (No. 6).  During  the whole
course of the complaint, let your patient drink plentifully of
warm toast-water sweetened with molasses or brown sugar.
  15. A severe  pain is sometimes felt in the seat of the
disease after  the inflammation  has subsided.  This  pain  is
not  increased by a deep inspiration, and is not benefited by
bleeding.  To relieve this pain give fifty drops of laudanum
(No. 4), which may be repeated every half-hour five times
if required;  at the same time apply a piece of flannel wet
with the strong liniment (No. 7).
  16. Bathe the feet in very warm water two or three times
a day, from  the beginning  to the end of this disease.

     INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH AND
                       BOWELS.
  17. These two diseases  nearly resemble each other, and
are often combined. 
THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.
9
  18. Symptoms. — Moderate  pain  and great soreness  in
the stomach or bowels ; great thirst; pain increased on taking
food ; vomiting and costiveness; pulse small and frequent.
  19. Treatment. — Bleed, but not so freely as in  the pre:
ceding complaints, and it will seldom be proper to repeat it.
Give  the calomel  and opium  pills (No. 5), one  every two
hours.  Apply the strong liniment (No. 7) to the  seat of the
complaint.   Give a small quantity of gum-water (No. 8) fre-
quently.  Bathe the feet in very warm water three or four
times a day.   Should there be no amendment  in  three or
four days, give  four or  five drops of the compound oil of
terebinthina (No. 9), with as much sweet spirits  of  nitre
(No.  10), every half-hour,  in a little  gum-water (No. 8).
Let the  diet be very low, even if there should be an appetite.
If the bowels are costive, give a glister (No. 11).

                        COLIC.
  20. Symptoms. — Severe pain in the  belly, having inter-
vals of ease; pain in the beginning not increased by  pres-
sure ; after a time there  will be some tenderness ; generally
attended with vomiting;  pulse not much affected in  the be-
ginning.
  21. Treatment.—Give  one  teaspoonful  of  laudanum
(No. 4) every half-hour, until the pain abates, and  keep
the feet in  very warm  water.  After this, should there  be
costiveness, give a dose  of castor oil (No. 6), and a glister
(No.  11).  Live very low for some time after the attack, as
a full meal might  bring it  on again.  If it should bring on
inflammation of the bowels, treat it as there directed.

               ACUTE RHEUMATISM.
  22. Symptoms. — Severe pain, which  may  attack the
back, limbs, or any other part of the body, attended with
thirst, quick,  hard pulse, and heat. 
 10         THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.

   23.  Treatment. — Bleeding sometimes required in severe
 cases.   Give a dose of calomel and jalap  (No. 1) ; a tea-
 spoonful of the  antimonial mixture (No. 2), with twenty
 drops of laudanum (No. 4), every two hours; bathe the part
 affected with the liniment  (No. 7), and  cover with flannel
 or carded wool.
   24.  In old cases of rheumatism give a teaspoonful of the
 " compound guaiacum powder " (No. 13), in molasses, and
 rub the part with strong  liniment  (No. 7)  three  or  four
 times a day, and dress warmly.

                CHOLERA MORBUS.
   25.  Symptoms. — Frequent vomiting and purging; thirst;
 restlessness; cold sweats ; cramp in the limbs; hickups, &c.
   26.  Treatment. — Give a calomel and opium pill  (No. 5)
 every half-hour, until he has taken four of them, and if the
 symptoms do not amend, begin with  the saturnine  mixture
 (No. 14).   Give one teaspoonful every half-hour until the
 purging and vomiting begin to abate, then gradually dimin-
 ish the dose, and apply strong liniment (No. 7) to the belly.

                    DYSENTERY.
  27. Symptoms. — Severe griping ; frequent inclination to
 go to stool;  bloody and slimy discharges; a strong pressing
 down of the bowels, and a quick, weak pulse.
  28. Treatment. — If the pulse is hard and the skin dry and
hot, bleed  from the arm; let the blood run until it produces
some amendment, or until  the patient begins to feel faint.
Give a dose  of castor oil (No. 6), and an  hour afterwards
thirty drops of laudanum  (No. 4).  If there is much blood
passed from the bowels, give the saturnine mixture (No. 14),
as directed under Cholera Morbus.  Keep your patient warm,
and let his diet be very low.  Apply the  strong liniment 
            THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          11

(No. 7) to the belly, and put the feet into warm water; re-
peat the laudanum  (No. 11) every  six hours, if the pain
and pressing down continue.

                       FEVER.
  29. In a little work like  this, it would be difficult to par-
ticularize  each different kind of  fever, and to the  persons
for whose use this is intended such a division of the subject
would  hardly be necessary, as  the  treatment  in all fevers
except fever and ague  is  very similar, especially in the
beginning, and in every case the treatment must depend on
the most prominent symptoms.
   30.  Symptoms of Fever in general. — 1st stage. At  first
a sense of fulness of the head, with more or less pain extend-
ing  down the back; chilliness, weakness of the limbs ; a
dislike to moving about; the face and hands look pale and
shrunk ; the appetite is gone, and the patient seems careless
of his condition; pulse weak.
   31.  2d stage.  These symptoms are  followed^by an in-
crease of headache, the face becomes flushed and  red, and
the skin hot and dry ; the  pulse more frequent, harder, and
fuller ; the countenance anxious ; tongue  red or dry;  thirst
increases ; breathing more  hurried and hot; eyes bloodshot;
the patient very restless.
   32.  3d stage. The third and last stage is marked by
the  pulse becoming much smaller;  the skin pale and
shrunk; sometimes delirium;  urine  very scanty ; bowels
either costive or too open ; tongue white, brown, or black,
sometimes very foul; belly swollen.
   33.  There are many other symptoms attending each stage
 of fever, but the above will be  sufficient to distinguish it
 from other diseases.
   34. The duration of  each of these stages is very uncer-
 tain, and the  symptoms of all may be so modified by cli- 
12         THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.

mate, constitution, or remedies, that it may be impossible to
tell exactly when one  stage ends, or the next  begins, and
there  may be many  other  symptoms which  I  have  not
mentioned, but which are also common to other diseases;
the foregoing, however, will,  it  is  hoped,  be sufficient to
enable any one of sound judgment to discriminate between
fevers and other complaints.
   35.  Treatment. — In the first stage give warm, weak tea ;
put the feet  and legs in warm water, especially if they  are
cold ; give a dose of salts (No. 3), or castor oil (No.  6),
whichever the patient prefers ; if there is vomiting, give warm
water until  the stomach is emptied  of food ; keep him as
quiet as possible; if the vomiting continues too long, give
him one quarter part of one of the calomel-pills  (No. 15)
every hour,  until  they operate on the bowels.  Should  the
pulse become full, bleed him until he begins to feel faint, or
the blood stops of itself.   Should he have severe pain, and
the skin be hot and dry, bleeding will be the more necessary ;
after bleeding  and the bowels are  open, if the skin still feels
dry and hot, and there is no cough, use the cold sheet-bath
in the following way.
   36. Wet  a sheet  in cold salt-water and wring it gently ;
then, stripping the patient quite naked, wind it  round him,
including  his whole  body except the face ;  then  put him in
bed between  blankets  (with  the  wet sheet round  him),
and cover  him with another  bed, or five  or six blankets
tucked well in, and leave him there until the skin becomes
again hot  and dry, when  it may be  repeated in  the  same
way; at the same time begin with  the antimonial mixture
(No.  2),  and  give  one  teaspoonful of it as often as  the
stomach will bear without causing vomiting ; continue  the
antimonial  mixture  (No. 2) as long  as the  skin is hot and
dry.
   37.  Should  there be severe pain, not  relieved  by  the 
<THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.           13
bleeding, apply a blister (No. 12) near the painful part, and,
if this should fail to give relief, give twenty drops of lauda-
num (No. 4) every two hours, until he shall have taken five
or six doses, or obtained ease.
  38. Give him for common drink toast-water or camomile
tea  (No. 16), or simple water; if the water is foul, stir into
it a handful or two of fine charcoal (No. 46), and let it  stand
until  wanted, when the  charcoal  may  be  separated  by
straining through a clean cloth or bag kept for that  purpose.
Lime,  lemon, or orange juice  may be added to the water,
in small quantities, to make it  more  palatable.  Give him
his  drink warm or cold,  whichever he  likes best, and as
much as he asks for.  There is no danger  in giving cold
drink, if the skin be not damp or cold ; so long as the skin is
dry and hot,  he may take as much cold water as he wants,
and  the  colder it  is the better.  Water  is not so  good for
having  been  boiled,  unless it is  very  foul, or  contains
animalcules.
  39. It is only in the last stages of putrid fever that wine
or bark  is necessary (except in Fever and Ague, which is
treated of separately).   Spirits are never required.
  40. The food of a fever patient should  be very  low ;
never give animal food;  toast-water, gum-water (No.  8),
gruel made  thin,  potatoes and salt, and arrow-root will
make a sufficient  variety.   Endeavour  to keep the patient
as quiet and as clean as possible, and err in giving too little
rather than too much medicine and food.

INTERMITTENT FEVER, OR FEVER  AND  AGUE.
  41. Symptoms. — This variety of fever begins by languor,
paleness, and a shrinking of the surface of the body, so that
the shoes feel loose on the feet, and rings easily drop from
the fingers;  this state  is quickly followed by rigors, and  a
sense of excessive coldness; this cold stage, as it  is called,
              2 
14
THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.
 is sometimes attended with severe pain in the head, back, or
 side.
   42.  The cold stage is followed by the hot, and this by the
 sweating stage.   These three stages are followed  by an in-
 termission of certain duration, in which the patient  is usually
 free from all complaint.   The length  of time between  the
 commencement of  one attack and  that of the next will be
 twenty-four,  forty-eight, or  seventy-two  hours, and these
 several periods have given the name of Quotidian, Tertian,
 and Quartan Agues.
   44.  Treatment. — Begin the treatment of this disease with
 an emetic (No. 17), given during the cold stage ; follow this
 by a dose of rhubarb (No. 18), given in strong allspice, clove,
 or ginger tea, every three hours, until it operates.   If there
 is violent pain in the head, breast, or side, which continues
 after the fever has gone, give a calomel  pill (No.  15) three
 times a day, and  apply  a blister to the painful part; also
 give a  teaspoonful of the antimonial mixture (No.  2) every
two hours.  If the  pain  should  be in  the head and very
severe, the emetic should be  omitted, and two calomel pills
 (No. 15) given instead, before the rhubarb.
   45. As  soon as  these inflammatory symptoms  are  sub-
dued, begin with  the quinine mixture  (No. 19), a dose of
which must  be given every two hours during the  intermis-
sion.   If it be a Quotidian, one teaspoonful of the mixture
(No. 19) is a dose ; a Tertian, half that quantity ; and for a
Quartan, one quarter of a teaspoonful.
   46. This plan must be  persevered in several days after
the fever has ceased to return on  its  regular days, as the
patient  will be very liable  to a relapse.  If  the  quinine
operates too much on the  bowels, let him take it in strong
clove or pepper  tea; if it cause  costiveness, give  a little
rhubarb (No. 18) in ginger tea.   Severe  purging  is some-
times injurious, it should therefore always be avoided.  Salts
are never proper. 
THE MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.          15
  47. If after the fever has been subdued there remain a
pain in the side, apply  a blister and  give  a calomel pill
(No. 15) every night.  Let him not be exposed to wet, cold,
or fatigue, and let his clothing be warm.  His diet during the
fever should be low and scanty, but nourishing; as the fever
goes off, let his diet be more full, but let him be careful at all
times not to overload the stomach.
  48. The practice of taking  spirits  before  the  cold  fit, to
shorten it, is  attended with danger, and is very seldom use-
ful.  A little wine and water, or porter and water, may be
indulged in during  the  intermission, if the  patient  is ac-
customed to stimulants of this kind ;  otherwise, they had
better be dispensed with.
  49. Bleeding, in this disease, is very seldom required ; it
should never be performed unless directed by a physician.

         SMALL-POX.   (A Contagious Disease.)
  50.  Symptoms.— This,  although  happily  now a  rare
disease, is still sometimes met  with in foreign voyages.  It
commences with fever twelve or fourteen days after  infec-
tion, with  pain in the  head and back, particularly  in the
back ; this is followed by a slight rash, like flea-bites, which
gradually  enlarge and  become filled with  thick matter;
these pustules have  generally a depression  in  the centre,
which is of a darker color than the edges.
  51.  In the mild or distinct kind, the pustules are separate
from each other, and the symptoms are milder.   In the con-
fluent, the pustules  run together, the contents of which are
much thinner than in the distinct.  In the  distinct, there is a
circle of red skin around each pustule, which in the con-
fluent  is not seen, and  the whole body is much  paler in the
beginning; but in the later stages the eruption assumes a
dark brown or black appearance.
   52.   Treatment. — This disease  must be  treated  in the 
16          THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.
 same way as other inflammatory diseases.  In the beginning,
 if the pulse be full, the skin red, and if there be much pain
 or thirst, take  one or  two pints of blood from the arm, and
 repeat the bleeding in a day or two after, if the same urgent
 symptoms continue.
   53. Purge with calomel  and jalap (No. 1), which should
 be repeated two or three times a week.  Give every three
 hours one teaspoonful of the antimonial mixture (No. 2) in
 a little thin water-gruel.
   54. Let the diet be quite low ; admit as  much fresh air
 as possible ; change his body and bed clothes every day, and
 give him cold  drink if he  prefers it to warm, provided the
 skin  is  dry and  warm.  In  severe cases of the  confluent
 kind, especially in the last stages, he should  be kept some-
 what warmer, and his drink should  be as warm as he likes
 it; bleeding must be omitted  in the confluent form of the
 disease, unless in  the very beginning, and his diet should be
 a little more nourishing, especially in the advanced stages.
   55. In very many cases  of small-pox, all that it  is neces-
 sary to do is to keep the body cool, the bowels rather loose,
 and the  diet low.
   56. Since the  discovery of  cow-pox  the  older  plan of
 inoculating with small-pox  is hardly used, yet it  is a very
 necessary practice in some instances, when the cow-pox
 matter cannot  be  procured, or where its efficacy, from  age,
 may be  doubted.
  57. In all  cases of  suspected  small-pox,  separate  the
 patient as much as possible from the remainder of the crew,
 and as soon as any matter can be obtained from the pustules,
 inoculate all hands with it;  for,  by having the disease by
 inoculation, instead of taking  it in the natural way, much
sickness and danger will be avoided.
  58. Inoculation  by small-pox, or by kine-pox, is  perform-
ed by inserting a little of the matter, on the point of a lancet 
            THE  MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.          17

or needle, under the scarfskin, just deep enough to draw a
very little blood.  The front of the left arm  just above the
elbow is the  place generally chosen for inoculation.

         MEASLES.  (A Contagious Disease.)
  59.  Symptoms. — The usual ones of fever, with cough
and hoarseness ; after a few days, a rash of a crimson color
breaks out on the forehead and breast; after  the rash disap-
pears, the scarfskin comes off, having the  appearance of
bran.
  60.  Treatment. — If the pain  in the chest or head be
severe, or cough be  distressing, bleed and blister, &c, as in
inflammation of the lungs or brain, as the case may be.
The patient should be kept comfortably warm, but not to the
exclusion of fresh air and cleanliness; avoid all hot, stim-
ulating drinks; let his food be the same as directed under
the head of fever.

          SCARLET FEVER.   (Contagious.)

   61. Symptoms. — The  beginning the same as that of most
other fevers to an inexperienced eye, except that the heat of
the body is  generally greater ;  the rash is of a brighter  color
than in  measles, — being scarlet, while that of measles  is
crimson. After the fever, the scarfskin separates in  large
pieces, especially on the hands  and feet, leaving  the  skin
very tender.   Ulcers or abscess  of  the throat sometimes
attend this  complaint, and delirium is not an unusual symp-
tom.
   62. This disease  is said to be confined to persons under
 forty years of  age,  but I have seen two instances of its hav-
 ing attacked persons of seventy.
   63.  Treatment. — Bleed in the beginning of the  com-
 plaint if there be inflammation of the brain (see Par. 11) ;
                   2* 
 18          THE  MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.

 give a dose of calomel and jalap (No. 1), and follow it with
 one  teaspoonful of the antimonial  mixture (No. 2) every
 three hours, and a calomel pill (No. 15) every six hours.
   64.  When the urgent inflammatory symptoms are sub-
 dued, leave the rest to nature, taking care to keep the bow-
 els open.  Should there be  much pain in the  head after
 bleeding, apply cloths wet  with hot water  to the face and
 head, and blister (No. 12) between the shoulders.  Should
 there still be  much pain, you may give thirty drops of laud-
 anum (No. 4) every two hours, until ease is obtained or four
 doses are taken.
   65.  Let the patient be kept cooler than in measles, but  not
 so cool as  in small-pox.  Give cold drinks if the skin be
 hot and dry, and the patient prefers it.
   66.  Dropsy is sometimes a consequence of scarlet fever,
 and  as frequently of a  mild  as of a  severe attack.  This
 form of dropsy is of a  more  inflammatory nature than ordi-
 nary dropsy, and requires a more energetic  treatment; even
 bleeding will be necessary, when the pulse  is full and there
 is much fever attending it; after the bleeding, give a dose
 of calomel and jalap (No.  1), which must  be repeated  ev-
 ery six hours until it operates;  then begin with the'diu-
retic  powders (No. 21); give  one teaspoonful  every two
 hours, in a little thin gruel.

                   NETTLE-RASH.
   67.  This disease is an eruption of wales or blotches, very
 nearly resembling mosquito-bites, both in appearance and in
 the intolerable itching  with  which it is accompanied,  but
 somewhat  different from mosquito-bites  in being attended
 with a soreness sometimes so severe as to  prevent scratch-
 ing.   The cause of this disease is generally by having taken
 something  into the stomach which does not agree with it.
 It sometimes  accompanies other diseases. 
            THE MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.          19

  68.  Treatment. — An  emetic (No.  17) may be given
when the  offensive substance still seems to be remaining  in
the stomach ; a large  quantity of warm water or weak tea
should be  drank during the vomiting; the emetic should be
followed   by one  teaspoonful  of  magnesia and  rhubarb
(No. 22), which may  be  repeated every twelve hours until
the eruption disappears.   A very light diet  should be en-
joined  during the continuance of the disease, and  until health
is completely reestablished.  If the cause of the disease  be
known, be careful to avoid it in future.

     ERYSIPELAS,  OR ST.  ANTHONY'S  FIRE.
   69.  Symptoms. — This is a peculiar inflammation of the
skin, which becomes  of,  a deep red  color, swollen, and
painful.   After a  few days  blisters arise, which generally
contain a pale yellowish thin fluid, but sometimes tinged with
blood ; if  the inflammation extends very deep, abscesses
may form beneath the skin, which is not (as in  common  in-
flammation) confined to the original seat of the disease, but
may, by its gravity or other cause, spread and be discharged
at some distance below.
   70. Treatment.  — In the beginning of erysipelas, give a
cathartic  of calomel and jalap  (No. 1), which   may be fol-
lowed by a dose of castor oil (No. 6), according to  the state
of the bowels; they  must be kept moderately open.   If
there  be  much fever, give the antimonial mixture (No  2),
a teaspoonful every  three hours ; if it cause  vomiting, do
not give so much at a dose ; three times a day give  one third
part of a calomel pill (No. 15).
   71.  The best  external  application  is  blue  ointment
 (No.  23), applied very thinly every three hours; if  the
 part is very painful, bathe it every three hours  for ten or fif-
 teen minutes in tobacco-water, made by steeping  about an
 ounce of good tobacco in a pint of fresh water ; before  re- 
20          THE MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.
applying the ointment, and before bathing with the tobacco-
water, wash the part well with warm water and castile soap.
  72.  If abscesses form  beneath  the  skin, they should  be
opened with a lancet. — N. B. Be careful to wash the lancet
well after using it, as  it may, if this precaution is not taken,
cause very bad sores on the person on whom it may be used
next.  A sharp penknife might be  used instead,  so as never
to use the lancet but for bleeding.
  73. If the discharge be very great, and there  appears to
be much weakness, give twenty drops  of the elixir of vitriol
(No, 24) every six hours ; after  a  few days'  use  of this
medicine, if the discharge still continues as  great as before,
especially if it smells very offensive, is bloody, or very thin,
give with each dose of the elixir vitriol one teaspoonful of
the quinine mixture (No. 19); both  these medicines should
be taken in a good deal of warm water well sweetened, and
in very bad cases half a glass of good wine may be added
to each dose.
  74.  Erysipelas assumes so many forms, and is so of-
ten  complicated  with other  diseases,  that  it is difficult to
give directions which  shall suit every  case.  When symp-
toms arise resembling those of other diseases, as inflamma-
tion of the  brain, stomach, or lungs, they  must be  treated
accordingly, and  the first opportunity for obtaining  medical
assistance must not be lost.

                         ITCH.
  75.  This disease  has two  varieties.  First, the common
itch, with watery pimples  ; and, second, the mangy or pu-
rulent, in which the sores become very foul, and discharge
a thick matter, which, drying, forms large scabs.   The latter
does not cause so much itching, but is more difficult to cure.
  76.  Treatment. — In both kinds, rub a little  of the  oint-
ment (No. 25) on the parts broken out every night, washing 
             THE  MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.           21

it well off in the morning with warm water and soap.  In
the purulent variety, in addition to the above, give one of the
itch powders (No. 26) every morning in a table-spoonful of
molasses.

                      APOPLEXY.
  77.   Symptoms. — The attack is generally sudden,  but
when any warning is  given there is a  feeling of heaviness
and pain in the head, disposition to sleep,  frightful dreams and
nightmare, spasms of the face and other parts of the body,
redness  and  fulness of the  face and eyes, breathing more
laborious.  The sight, hearing, and speech are affected, and
there is a failure of the memory.
   78.  With or without these symptoms  the patient is struck
down, and lies as in a profound sleep, from which he cannot
be  roused.  There is  sometimes a deep snoring, and foam-
ing at the mouth.
   79. Treatment. — To prevent an attack in a person who
is predisposed or subject to apopleptic attacks, he should  live
on low  diet, consisting principally of  vegetable food ; his
drink should be only cold water ; he should take regular, but
not violent  exercise,  and in  his  sleep,  as well  as in every
other indulgence,he should be very moderate ; he should take
opening medicine occasionally, so as to  keep the body quite
open, and if a pain in  the head or a redness of  the face  and
eyes show at any time  the danger of an  attack, take from
sixteen to thirty ounces of blood from the arm, put the  feet
in  very warm salt-water or  a  mustard-bath (No. 29),  and
bathe the head in blood-warm water, applying strong  lini-
ment (No. 7) to the back of the neck, inside of the  thighs
•and arms ; blister the  back of the neck afterwards.
   80.  The  neckcloth should  be worn very loose, and the
■ head not overloaded with too warm a covering.  Great care
 should be taken to keep the feet and  ankles always com- 
 22          THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.

 fortably warm;  should  they be found cold  or damp before
 going to bed, bathe them  in very warm salt-water, and  rub
 them dry with a rough cloth.
   81. If the person  is struck down without any warning,
 take  twenty or  thirty ounces  of blood from the  arm by a
 large opening  in the vein (see directions,  Par. 223) ;  the
 quantity of  blood  you take must  depend on  the age and
 strength of the  patient; in this disease a larger quantity is
 necessary than in most others.
   82. Should the patient at this time be very pale, the pulse
 very  weak, and the skin cold  and damp, postpone the bleed-
 ing until he  is a little revived  by the use of the hot bath and
 liniment (No. 7), as just described.
   83. Should the patient recover from the fit, you may give
 every six  hours for two or three  days a teaspoonful of  the
 antimonial mixture (No. 2); keep  him on  low diet.

                       PALSY.
   84.  In  this disease, there is a loss  of motion, sometimes
 of sensation, in one side of the body ; its attack may come
 on suddenly or more gradually.  It is sometimes an  accom-
 paniment of apoplexy, and in this case the  danger is  greater
 than when either attacks singly.
  85.  The  treatment must  be much the  same as  in apo-
 plexy, except that the bleeding must not be so  copious, and
 the opening medicine and liniment (No. 7) must be used
 more  freely.

                  EPILEPTIC FITS.
  86.  This disease consists in a sudden falling down, with
seldom any warning, attended with  convulsions, &c.   Noth-
ing can be done  during the attack but to prevent the patient
from hurting himself.  A sailor subject to fits should  imme-
diately give up going to  sea, and apply for medical  assist- 
            THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          23

ance while any chance remains in this almost incurable dis-
ease ; in the mean time, keep the  bowels open with pills
(No. 34), live quite low, and if the immediate cause of the
fits is known, avoid it.   As  there is not much immediate
danger, we will  pass over the further notice of this disease.

                      LOCKJAW.

   87.  It sometimes occurs in low latitudes, from exposure
to sudden and excessive changes in the atmosphere l it more
frequently  happens from wounds, especially of the  hands
and feet.
   88. It is a very difficult disease to cure, and gives no warn-
ing of its approach ; fortunately, however, it is of rare oc-
currence.
   89. It consists of a rigid and permanent contraction of the
muscles of the back, neck, jaw, &c.
   90.  Treatment. — When  the disease  proceeds  from  a
wound, rub into it the liniment (No.  7) every hour until the
sore is made to run ; then apply a large poultice made of
two  biscuits well soaked in salt-water, applied very warm.
The parts most affected with cramp  must be rubbed  every
half-hour with mercurial ointment (No. 23), whether the dis-
ease arise from a wound or otherwise ; at  the same time,
give the patient  a  teaspoonful of laudanum (No. 4) every
half-hour, until  some abatement takes place in the spasms.
Then begin with the blue pills  (No. 20), giving him one ev-
ery hour until his gums begin to be made sore.
   91.  Give him, from beginning to end, as much  wine or
warm weak spirits and  water as he can  take without  being
very much intoxicated.
   92. Very little hope should be entertained of his recov-
ery,  as the disease is but seldom cured. 
24          THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.

         INFLAMMATION OF THE  EYES.
  93.  This is sometimes, on shipboard and in southern lati-
tudes, a very severe malady, being accompanied with high fe-
ver, headache, and inflammation so severe as to endanger the
sight.  In such cases as these it will be necessary to bleed
copiously, but with due regard to  the strength and age of the
patient; give,  at the same time, a strong dose of calomel and
jalap (No. 1),  which  may be repeated every two or three
days if the inflammation continues severe;  give him, also,
every two hours, a teaspoonful of the antimonial  mixture
(No. 2).   The eyes  should  be well  bathed  in warm water
three or four times a day ; after each washing, and frequent-
ly during the day, let the eyes be wet with a little of the eye-
water (No. 28) ; if it cause much smarting, add to it a little
warm soft water.  The diet should  be  very low, and the
patient should  be kept in a moderately dark place.
  94. If the eyelids are very sore, especially if there is  a
running of matter, apply to the edge of each lid, just at the
root of the lashes, a little of the eye-ointment (No. 27) ev-
ery night, and wash it off with warm water and shaving-soap
in the morning.
  95. In common cases of sore eyes, the use of the  eye-
water (No. 28) and a  few doses of physic will be sufficient.

               CATARRH, OR COLD.
  96. This is  situated in the head, causing a running at the
nose ; or in the throat and lungs, causing a cough  and ex-
pectoration or  spitting of a yellowish matter.
  97. It is a disease of frequent occurrence, and seldom at-
tended with  danger.   Generally, all that is necessary is low
diet, bathing the feet in warm water before turning ; in dress
warmer than usual, especially if exposed to the night air, or
wet or cold weather.   Should the symptoms  be severe, you 
             THE  MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.          25

may give at bed-time two teaspoonfuls of the antimonial mix-
ture (No. 2), followed by a bowl of hot tea (peppermint, if you
have it); give a dose of calomel and jalap (No. 1) the next
morning, and keep the bowels open  afterwards with  castor
oil (No. 6).  After five or six days you may blister the neck,
if the inflammation and pain still  persist.  If the cold is at-
tended with much  pain in  the chest, you may bleed, if in the
beginning ; and apply a blistering plaster (No. 12) after the
fifth or sixth day of the attack, if  the  bleeding has not re-
lieved it.
  98.  The tonsils or almonds of the ears are sometimes the
seat of inflammation, which is apt to end in abscess ;  it may
be known by the throat being red and swelled, with pain and
tenderness.  Apply strong liniment (No. 7) to the neck, on
flannel, which pin loosely round the neck.  If an abscess has
formed, which you can easily see, touch the most prominent
part with the point of  a very sharp penknife or lancet.  If
it break during sleep it may cause suffocation.
  99.  If the throat remain sore for some time after the ab-
scess is  discharged,  gargle it well five or six times- a day
with a wash made  by dissolving an even teaspoonful of bo-
rax (No. 30) in half a pint of warm  water.
  100.  Through the whole of this complaint the  diet must
be low.

                        CROUP.

  101.  This is a disease seldom seen but in children ; it
will, therefore, be found on shipboard only  amongst the pas-
sengers.
  102. It is known by cough, and breathing  of a peculiar
sound, much resembling the crowing of a young cock.
  103.  Treatment. — The first thing to be done is to give
an emetic.   For a child  ten  years old, one quarter part of
an emetic  (No. 17) is  to  be  dissolved in  a cup of warm
                  3 
26          THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.
water, and  two teaspoonfuls of  it given  every half-hour,
until it causes vomiting; then leave off with the emetic, and
give as much warm tea as the child can be induced to drink.
Put the child in a warm bath, and now and then rub the neck
with liniment (No. 7), fastening loosely round the neck the
flannel with which it  is rubbed.  Let the bowels  be kept
loose with castor oil (No. 6), but active purging is not neces-
sary.
   104. After the effects of the emetic are quite gone  off, put
one teaspoonful of the antimonial mixture (No. 2) into six-
teen teaspoonfuls of warm  water, and give one teaspoonful
of this with a table-spoonful of gum-water (No. 8) every
two hours.   Let the diet be very low and very scanty;  be
very careful in this particular if the appetite  be good, as is
sometimes the  case.
   105. This is a very dangerous disease, but may be cured
if proper remedies are used in time.

                       MUMPS.
   106. A disease to which we are subject but once ; it  at-
tacks by a swelling under and before the ear, and is gen-
erally attended with severe pain in the  part, and with violent
headache.   If the complaint be  mild, nothing is necessary
but to keep  the bowels in good order (rather loose), and to
put the patient on short allowance.
   107. If the  pain is  severe, give a dose of calomel  and
jalap (No.  1); bleed from the arm, and  if this  does not re-
lieve the pain, give thirty drops of laudanum (No. 4), which
may be repeated every six or eight hours,  if in much pain,
— remembering to keep the bowels constantly loose at the
time, either with salts  (No. 3) or castor oil (No. 6).
   108. Should the privates become inflamed and painful, fo-
ment them with  flannels wrung out of warm  salt-water and
vinegar, and apply a blister (No. 12) to the back of the neck. 
             THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.         27

Should there be much fever in this disease, give the antimo-
nial mixture  (No. 2), one teaspoonful every two hours if
necessary.

                WHOOPING-COUGH.

  109. This is another disease which we have but once in a
lifetime, and it is contagious.
  110. Symptoms. — It consists in spells of coughing, often
attended with vomiting between the spells;  there may be a
considerable  time without cough;  the cough is  of a very
tumultuous character,  and  is  generally attended with a
whooping sound, which  gives the name to the  complaint.
The face during the spell of coughing  becomes very red,
sometimes purple.
  111. The patient is  generally obliged to support himself
during the coughing, else he may fall down, or be  very much
shaken by its violence.   In grown  persons  and large boys
this complaint is very seldom attended with  danger.
  112. The  treatment,  therefore,  in such cases  may  be
very  simple; as attention to  the state  of  the bowels and
low diet are all that is necessary.
  113. Should  the  disease  be very violent in  its attack,
bleeding  may be required in the  beginning.  An emetic
(No.  17) two or three times a week is sometimes necessary.
Give  a dose  of antimonial  mixture (No. 2), every three
hours, in gum-water (No. 8).
  114. It sometimes happens that the cough will  continue a
long time after the fever is nearly or quite gone ; in this case
give  one  of  the whooping-cough powders  (No. 31), every
six  hours, in  molasses; this is the dose for  a man ; if for a
child  or boy, the dose must be diminished in proportion.  If
these powders cause or increase the fever, give the anti-
monial mixture (No. 2) with it.
   115. A strengthening plaster (No. 32) to the chest may
also be proper. 
28         the master-mariner's guide.

                     JAUNDICE.
   116. This is known by a yellow color of the whites of the
eyes, the nails, and  skin;  the urine  is very yellow, and the
stools are clay-colored.  This disease is generally compli-
cated, or arises from some other.  All that it will be neces-
sary to do until professional assistance can be had is to keep
the bowels quite  loose, with  antibilious pills (No.  34) and
castor oil (No. 6), given alternately.

DIARRHCEA, OR  LOOSENESS  OF  THE BOWELS.
   117. This, when  mild, requires no medicine;  but if it is
attended with pain, or has been of long continuance, it must
be attended to.
   118. Treatment. — Begin with a calomel pill (No. 15) at
night, and a dose of rhubarb (No. 18) mixed in nutmeg tea
the next morning.   As soon as this  begins to operate, give
twenty drops of laudanum (No.  4), which  may be repeated
after each stool.   If the complaint is not cured in three  or
four days, repeat the calomel pill (No. 15),  and the rhubarb,
following them with the laudanum (No. 4)  as before.

                       DROPSY.
   119. This is a collection of water in any  part of the body;
it may not be complicated with any other disease, but in gen-
eral it is the effect of some previous disorder, and the danger
will depend upon the nature of this cause.   It may be seated
within the skull, and  is then called  Water on  the Brain.
If within the chest  or belly, the disease will be Dropsy of
the Chest or Belly, as the case may be.
   120. The treatment of dropsy generally consists in giving
a purge of calomel and jalap (No. 1) every  two  or three
days,  and  in  taking a  teaspoonful of   diuretic  powder
(No. 21)  every six hours, in molasses.   That  species  of 
THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          29
dropsy which is the consequence of Scarlet Fever requires
a peculiar treatment, for which see Par. 66.
   121. The diet must  be simple, and the  patient  must
refrain from all violent exertions.

           BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE.
   122. Generally this is a trivial occurrence, and requires
no  treatment.   Occasionally  it  is an  effort  of nature  to
relieve the  brain  from  impending injury;  this  may be
known by previous  redness  of the face, pain in the head,
&c.   When bleeding from the nose breaks out under these
circumstances,  it should not  be too quickly  checked, but
should the bleeding recur frequently, and fainting, debility,
and ematiation be the consequence, it must be stopped ; this
is  best done  by washing the face with blood-warm water,
and snuffing it up the nose, allowing the face to dry without
wiping it, and  by bathing the feet  in warm water.  Should
this not succeed,  a  bit of dry sponge, cotton-wool, or  soft
rag, either  linen or  cotton, must be pushed  up the nostril
until it reach the  bleeding.  The plug must  remain five  or
six days without being removed.
   123. On stopping a long continued  bleeding, you must
give two or three times a week a small dose  of epsom
salts (No. 3).
                 SPITTING BLOOD.
   124. This  is  generally a  dangerous complaint.   The
danger may arise from suffocation or from loss of blood ;  it
sometimes occurs in consumption.
   125. Blood in the  mouth may proceed, 1st, from the gums ;
2d, from the nose;  3d,  from the throat; 4th, the stomach;
or, 5th, the lungs.
   126. The first, second, and third may generally be easily
distinguished from each other, and from the fourth and fifth,
                  3* 
30          the master-mariner's guide.
by a careful examination.  Blood  from the stomach may be
known by being more or less mixed with the food, by being
vomited, unattended  by cough or difficulty of breathing;
the color  of the  blood  is also darker than that |from the
lungs.   In violent bleeding  from the stomach, faintness or
distress is a more prominent symptom ; and the next stool (or
the one succeeding it)  will be very dark-colored.   Some
clew to the seat of the bleeding may be  got from the pre-
vious complaint of the patient,  but this cannot always be de-
pended upon.
   127.  When the bleeding proceeds from the lungs, there is
almost always a  cough, a  difficulty of breathing, and the
blood is bright and more or less frothy.
   128.  Bleeding  from the mouth  may generally be treated
much in the same way, whether proceeding from the lungs
or stomach.
   129.  Treatment. — The first thing to be done  is to give
a  teaspoonful of  salt, mixed in a teacupful of cold water.
While this  is  being got ready and given, make a large
opening in one or both  arms,  and draw blood as rapidly as
possible, keeping the  patient  standing in  a tub  of warm
water until  he feels faint;  let the quantity drawn  depend
upon the effect, not on the number of ounces.   As soon as
faintness is brought on, let him sit or lie down, and give him
a teaspoonful of the antimonial mixture (No. 2), and repeat
this every half-hour, unless it cause  vomiting, when  you
must stop;  in three or four hours after  the  bleeding has
stopped, give a large dose of castor oil (No. 6), and repeat
the dose every three hours  until it  operates ; then apply a
blister between the shoulders.  Should the bleeding recur,
the same treatment must be repeated.  Keep the patient on
very low diet, perfectly still, and rather cool.
   130. All violent exertions  must be avoided ;  he should
carefully  avoid extremes  of heat or cold, particularly  the 
THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          31
latter ; the night air and damp weather are also to be avoid-
ed.  If the immediate cause of the bleeding (such as great
exertions, over eating or drinking, &c.) is known,  this must
in future be carefully avoided.

           SCROFULA, OR KING'S EVIL.
   131.  This disease is generally known by enlargement of
the  glands about the neck.   It is  not attended with pain,
and is very slow in its progress ; after a while, these enlarged
glands become soft and break, discharging a curdy matter.
The disease is so slow in its progress, that nothing need be
done, until medical advice can be obtained, except attending
to the patient's diet, which should be simple, but nourishing;
and  to his clothing, which, especially in cold weather, should
be warm.
   132. He should  not expose himself to damp or night air,
and  shall attend to the state of his bowels, taking about
half a pint of sea-water every morning if they are costive.

            THE  VENEREAL DISEASE.
   133. This is of  two kinds, Syphilis and Gonorrhoea, re-
quiring very different treatment.

                        SYPHILIS.
   134. This begins with a small itching pimple, which be-
comes  an ulcer, having  rough, hard edges; it  is situated
upon some part of the penis, sometimes just within the lips of
the  passage, sometimes on the foreskin, but generally on the
glans ; these ulcers are called chancres.  After a while sore-
 ness, and a  tumor, called bubo, arises in the groin, which
 softens and breaks, discharging matter.  If  the disease is not
 stopped here, it goes on to affect the skin in the form of
 copper-colored  blotches; the  throat  becomes   sore  and
 ulcerated ; the bones then begin to be affected, &c., &c. 
32          THE MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.

  135.  As soon as the disease is known to be Syphilis, give
a large dose of epsom salts (No. 3), and put your patient on
low diet.  Twelve hours  after the salts were  taken, begin
with the blue pills (No. 20), and give one pill  every eight
hours, until the gums begin to  be sore;  then leave off the
pills and give  a dose  of salts (No.  3)  if  the bowels are
costive.   Should the pills cause the bowels to be very loose,
give with each pill five drops of laudanum  (No. 4) ;  this
quantity of laudanum may be increased if necessary.
  136.  While  giving  the  pills,  be  careful to keep your
patient  confined to his bed, and comfortably  warm; give
him now and  then a handful  of allspice  to  eat at his
leisure.
  137.  If these precautions be attended  to, much less time
and less medicine will  be necessary for the  cure, and there
will be  less  risk of a relapse, as well as less  danger from
the  mercury.
  138.  If the  pills  do not  readily  affect  the gums,  rub
into Ihe skin of the inside  of each thigh,  every night, a
piece of mercurial ointment  (No. 23), about as large as a
bullet.
  139.  The duration of the salivation must in some meas-
ure depend upon the severity of the disease and the length
of time since the infection.   Generally it is not  necessary to
make the mouth very sore, but to keep it a little sore until
the  ship arrives at some port where the assistance of a skil-
ful  surgeon can be obtained; and, that the true state of the
disease may not be hid, it is best not to apply mercury to the
sores themselves,  but  merely to cover  them  with a little
simple cerate (No.  35), twice a day, they  being first well
washed  in warm water and soap.
  140.  A bubo may be poulticed  if painful, and  if it does
not break it may be opened with a sharp knife; do not use
your lancet for this purpose. 
            THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          33

              GONORRHCEA, OR CLAP.
   141. Great care must be taken to distinguish Clap from
Syphilis, for the two forms of venereal disease require very
different treatment, and an error from treating one complaint
for the other may, and almost must, be followed by lament-
able, if not fatal, consequences.
   142. Gonorrhoea, or Clap,  is known  by a discharge from
the urethra, causing  a smarting pain, which is also  felt in
making water.  The glans or nut is  generally swelled, and
has the appearance of a red cherry ; this redness, however,
is  sometimes  confined  to  within  a short distance of  the
opening of the urethra.
   143. The testicles sometimes swell and become painful,
and there is sometimes a painful erection of the penis, called
chordee.    There is sometimes a  stricture in the urethra,
causing a stoppage, or a difficulty in making water.
   144. Other  symptoms  attend   the  advanced  stages  of
gonorrhoea, not necessary to  be noticed in this work, which
is  only intended as a guide to the  proper treatment of those
diseases which may arise at sea, or in unfrequented places,
where the services of a skilful practitioner cannot be  had.
   145.  Treatment. — Restrict  your patient  to  the  lowest
diet; let him  have no spirits, or intoxicating liquor of any
kind.  Let him be exempt from all duty ; let him support
his testicles* with a handkerchief.  Make him  observe  the
greatest  cleanliness, frequently washing  his privates with
warm water and soap.
   146.  If he complain of much soreness and swelling, bleed
him from the  arm until he feels faint.   Give him a large
dose  of salts  (No.  3), and  let him drink  while  they  are
operating as much warm water sweetened with molasses as
he can ; the salts  may be repeated every three or four days,
if there is much pain.  As soon as the inflammation is partly 
34          THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.
abated, begin with the balsam of copaiba (No. 36), and give
him one teaspoonful with half a teaspoonful of sweet spirits
of nitre (No.  10), every eight hours, in  a table-spoonful of
molasses.   After the  inflammation is  somewhat more re-
moved, begin  with  the  injection  powders  (No.  37); one
powder is to be dissolved in a pint of water, and the whole
of this is to be injected in the course of every twenty-four
hours.
   147. For chordee, if troublesome, twenty drops of lauda-
num (No. 4) may be  taken at bed-time.
   148. For swelled testicle, rest, an occasional dose of salts
(No. 3), and suspending the testicle, are the best remedies.
If very  painful, after the salts have operated  give twenty
drops of laudanum (No. 4).
   149. Do not give any  mercury  for Gonorrhoea,  unless
ordered by a surgeon  to do so.

                       SCURVY.
   150. The scurvy is a disease very rarely met  with in the
present day, yet, as it may occur in long voyages, it is neces-
sary to be prepared for it.
   151. This is known by the patient looking pale and bloat-
ed ; he feels great disinclination to exertion or motion of any
kind."  The gums become spongy and apt to bleed on being
touched, and the teeth become loosened.   The skin becomes
rough or shining with large purple blotches, ulceTs break out
in different parts of the body, and old wounds  are sure to"
break  out afresh;  old  fractures  also  become disunited.
Very little pain is usually felt, and  the appetite is generally
pretty good.   In'the advanced stages, any exertion is apt to
cause sudden death.
   152.  The remedies for this disease are almost confined to
a change of diet, to free ventilation, and cleanliness.
   153.  The  diet should consist of fresh vegetables  of  all 
THE MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.          35
kinds, or of any kind that can be  procured, fruits of all
kinds,  especially limes,  lemons,  oranges, and  tamarinds.
His  drinks should  consist of lime-juice, tamarind-water,
black-tea, weak wine and water, spruce beer, &c.
  154. The ulcers  must  be dressed with simple  cerate
(No. 35), and his gums frequently washed with tincture of
myrrh (No. 38).
  155.  When scurvy has made  its appearance, or is  ex-
pected, the best means to prevent its speading are, to get the
water-casks filled afresh;  to free the ship from the smell of
bilge-water, by  letting  in sea-water, and pumping it  out
frequently ; by washing and whitewashing every part of the
hold and cabins; by admitting fresh air  to every  part as
freely  and  as frequently  as  possible;  in damp  or  cold
weather, by putting up stoves in the men's as well as the
officers' cabins ; and by procuring fresh provisions, particu-
larly fresh vegetables, on  which  the whole ship's company
should live freely.
   156. These precautions are necessary on long voyages,
even when scurvy is not expected.        <

   For DELIRIUM TREMENS, see Appendix, Par. 233,
       INJURIES  FROM  ACCIDENTS.

  157.  These may be Wounds and Bruises, Fractures and
Dislocations.
                      WOUNDS.
  158.  Wounds  may be incised or cut, as when inflicted
with a sharp instrument;  or they may be  lacerated or torn;
they may be flesh-wounds, or they may include more impor-
tant parts, as the bloodvessels, bowels, &c. 
36           THE  MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.
    159. In simple, incised flesh-wounds, the only thing to be
 done is to bring the parts together as near their natural posi-
 tion as possible, and to keep them there by strips of adhesive
 plaster (No. 33), or, if necessary, by a few stitches of white
 silk or cotton thread; the stitches should  be at least  one
 eighth of an inch from the edge of the  cut, and an eighth of
 an inch deep ; after applying the  plaster, a piece of  fine
 rag should be folded up and laid  over  the wound, and over
 this a  bandage snugly, but not very tightly, applied.
   160. Where there is  an artery cut, it may be known by
 the blood being of a very bright, light-scarlet color, and by
 its spirting from the wound in jets agreeing with the pulse
 at the  wrist.   Pressure or a cord tied below the wound does
 not check the flow, as it would do if the bleeding was from
 a vein.  If the bleeding be from a large artery, the patient's
 life will be lost in a few moments  unless it be stopped.  To
 be able  to  do this, it is necessary to know that the blood
 in the arteries flows from the heart, and is returned to it
 through the veins.   In order to arrest  a bleeding from an
 artery, pressure jnust be made on the artery between  the
 wound and the heart, so as to stop the circulation until  the
 artery  can be secured.
   161. The first thing to be  done, therefore, when a  person
 has received  a  wound,  with  great loss of blood,  is to tie
 a  handkerchief round  the  limb,  it having  a knot  in  the
 middle, or, what  is still better, having  in its fotds a ball of
 yarn or twine of about  an  inch in diameter, or, what would
 answer as well, a short  bit of inch-rope ; the  part  of  the
 handkerchief having  the knot, ball, or bit of rope  must be
 applied over the course, of  the artery above the  wound;
 in  the leg, this may be found by the beating or pulse  in  the
ham, under the knee, or in the inside of the thigh, and in  the
arm just below the armpit.   You must then  push under  the
handkerchief, on the opposite side  of the limb, a short piece 
THE MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.          37
of stick or a pocket-knife (not opened), and with it twist the
handkerchief until it is sufficiently tight to arrest the bleed-
ing.   When this is effected, search must be  made  for the
bleeding artery ; for this  purpose, also, the  clotted blood
must  be cleared away, and the wound  well washed with
warm water ; it may be necessary to allow a little bleeding,
by slightly loosening the twists in the  handkerchief, to ena-
ble you to see exactly where the blood  comes from; the end
of the artery must then be taken hold  of with  the point of a
shoemaker's closing-awl, and gently drawn a little out; then
another person  must pass a strong  thread round it beneath
the awl, and tie it steadily and perfectly tight, letting the ends
hang  out of the wound ; if the artery is  perfectly secured,
the bleeding will not return when the handkerchief is loosen-
ed.  The handkerchief should not be entirely removed for
some  days  after the  bleeding has stopped.  If you find  it
impossible to tie the  artery, fill  the wound with  sponge or
lint, after cleaning  out  all the clots of blood, and bandage
so tight as to stop the bleeding until the assistance  of a  sur-
geon can be had.
   162. If a vein be the bloodvessel cut, all that is general-
ly necessary is to bring the lips of the wound together and
apply a bandage to the whole limb below the wound, making
it tightest at the fingers  or toes, and gradually looser towards
the wound ; if the bandage is applied only round the wound,
the bleeding may be increased, unless  very  skilfully  put on.
   163. A wound, after being well done up, need  not be
opened for eight or ten  days.   If the limb swells or is pain-
ful, the bandages may be loosened a little.
   164. If the wound is torn or crushed, all you have to do
is  to  replace the torn parts as well as you  can, remove all
dirt, splinters, pieces of clothing, or other loose  substances,
but do  not cut  or tear  away any mangled  flesh or skin;  a
little simple cerate (No. 35) spread on a piece of lint or rag
                  4 
38          the master-mariner's guide.
 must then be kept over the wound by a bandage quite loose-
 ly applied ; the bandage must be kept wet with a wash made
 by putting one teaspoonful of liniment (No. 7) into half a
 pint  each of vinegar, spirits, and salt-water;  this may be
 applied warm or cold, as is  most agreeable to the patient.
 If the wound become very painful, remove the bandage, and
 apply a warm poultice made of one or two biscuit soaked in
 cold water and  afterwards warmed.   The poultice should
 be renewed two or three times a day; when  the pain is re-
 lieved, the poultice is to be removed and the wound dressed
 with the cerate (No. 35), as before.
   165. Should  the bowels,  or any part of the contents of
 the belly, protrude through a wound, they must be carefully
 replaced, and the wound kept  together by stitches, plaster,
 and bandages passed round the body.
   166. In violent bruises or sprains, where the skin is  not
 cut or torn, apply  the  lotion made of one teaspoonful  of
 liniment (No. 7), half a pint of vinegar, and the same quan-
 tity of spirits and of sea-water ; a  bandage or cloth kept wet
 with this is to be applied to the  part injured.  Should  there
 be much pain, especially if the injury should  be about the
 head or trunk, bleed from the arm until faintness is felt, or
 until the pain abates.  Should the injury cause inflammation
 of the brain, lungs, or bowels, the patient must be treated as
 directed under those heads.

                     FRACTURES.
   167.  The long bones of  the body may be broken with
 little or no injury to the surrounding soft parts ;  or the injury
 may be so serious that  the ends of the broken bones may
be driven into the surrounding muscles or through the skin;
or the bone may be crushed or broken in more places than
one.
   168. In fractures  of all kinds, the first thing to be done is 
            the master-mariner's guide.          39

to bring the parts into their natural  position, and to keep
them there.   Inflammation must be kept down by bleeding,
physic, and  the spirit and vinegar lotion.  Where the bone
has protruded through the skin, after setting the bone you
must treat the wound as directed under the head of Wounds.
For modes of reducing fractured  bones, see particular di-
rections for each.
                  FRACTURED JAW.
   169.  This is easily known, as the fracture is generally
near the chin.  The  bones must  be brought even, and a
pasteboard splint made to fit under and in front of the chin ; if
the teeth are broken  away on one  side, or previously lost, a
piece of cork must be cut so as to supply their place and give
support to the bandages.   To bandage it, take a  long  strip
of cotton, with  each  end  torn into two tails, and cut a hole
in the middle so as to fit the chin ; then tie two of the tails
above the head and two behind  the neck.  The patient must
be  fed without opening his mouth ; his food, therefore, must
consist of broth, gruel, and the like.

          FRACTURE OF THE COLLAR-BONE.
   170.  This is known by the outer end being lower than the
other;  the  patient  is unable to raise his hand to his other
shoulder or to his forehead.
   171.   Draw the shoulder back until the broken ends are
even, then bandage the shoulders back, and the elbow to the
side, after putting a ball  of tow  or cotton  in the armpit.
The arm must be slung  in a large handkerchief, that no
weight  may come on the shoulder.

FRACTURE OF  THE BONE OF  THE  ARM ABOVE  THE
                         ELBOW.
   172.  This is  easily detected and easily set.  It  requires
but two pasteboard splints, one on the inside and the other 
40         the master-mariner's guide.

on the outside of the arm, secured by a bandage.  Sling the
arm so that the wrist may be more supported than the elbow.

   FRACTURE  OF THE BONES OF THE FORE-ARM.
   173. This is known by the usual  signs; the hand cannot
be turned, and the patient holds the hand of the injured limb
in the palm of the other hand.
   174.  In setting this, put two splints, one on the outside,
the other on the inside of the arm, long enough to reach from
the elbow to the ends of the fingers, thus preventing all mo-
tion of the arm or hand.  The arm must be carefully slung
with  the elbow bent, and the thumb  (which is  left out) point-
ing upwards.

     FRACTURE OF  THE BONES OF  THE HAND.
   175.  These  must  be set with pieces  of pasteboard, wet
and softened, and each finger wrapped in a small bandage ;
a  soft cushion  must be exactly fitted to the curve of the
palm  and fingers, and the  whole  inclosed  in a bandage
brought down from the arm.

           FRACTURE OF THE KNEE-PAN.
   176. This may be known by the upper half being drawn
upwards on the thigh, while the lower part  remains station-
ary.
   177.  Raise the thigh square with the  body, as in sitting,
and straighten  the knee, as in standing ;  procure a board
eight  or ten inches broad, and long enough  to extend from
just above the heel to the top of  the  thigh ; on this must be
laid a soft blanket smoothly folded; the leg must be laid on
this and secured by a bandage about the knee, carried round
in the form of a figure 8, the  crossing to be  over the  splint
behind, and  in front it must be carried above and below the
broken bone, so as to bring the broken parts together. 
             THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          41

   178.  Sometimes the  ligament below the knee-pan is
broken ; this may be  distinguished from the fractured bone
by the whole knee-pan being drawn up, leaving a  hollow
below;  it must be treated  in the same way as if the knee-
pan were broken.

                  FRACTURED THIGH.

   179.  A very serious injury, sometimes causing death,  and
often lameness.   It may be known by the foot being easily
turned inwards or outwards while the patient lies flat  on his
back;  the foot when  left to itself generally falls outwards
from the other, and the knee turns with it.
   180.  A smooth mattress must be laid  in a large berth, or,
what is better, on the cabin-floor, and  properly secured there;
over this must be laid a soft blanket, and on that a strong
sheet, with a hole cut in the middle of it about eight inches in
diameter; this sheet must be firmly secured to a frame large
enough to  go outside the mattress;  the patient, with clean
feet, and clean stockings, must  be laid straight on his back
on this sheet,  being  first  undressed, and  having  his shirt
folded up under his back ;  his privates must be just over the
hole in the sheet.  If there is much motion to the vessel, he
must be held steadily in this position by one or two men,
until  finally secured by the apparatus.   Next procure  two
pieces of board, six inches wide and long enough to reach
from the armpits to the soles of the feet; secure the lower
ends of these to  a cross-piece of plank, twelve or fourteen
inches square; through this plank bore several augur-holes.
The upper ends of the  boards must be made smooth  and be
covered with old cloth, so as not to chafe  the armpits  into
which they  are to be placed.
   181. The apparatus, being placed  so  that the  body  and
both legs shall be between the boards, with  the plank nearly
touching the soles of the feet, is to be  secured there by a
              4* 
42          THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.

bandage  carried round  the body, and another round each
knee; the body and knees are to be kept perfectly straight,
and the upper ends of the boards in the armpits; the foot of
the  uninjured side must then  be placed  firmly  against the
plank, and secured there by bandages carried round the foot
and ankle and through some of the holes in the plank; the
other foot is then to be brought down in the  same way, so
that both legs shall  be  of equal length.  The  side-boards
and plank must be stayed or braced, so that they may not get
out of square.  The  spirit lotion may be then applied to the
fracture,  and the limb examined without disturbing the ap-
paratus.
  182. When the patient wants to  make water, he must be
supplied  with a cup, and when  he requires to pass a stool,
he must be lifted and held up  from  the mattress by means of
the frame, one man at each corner;  a pan or  pot may then be
placed under him, but he must not rest upon it.   The feet
must now and then be seen to,  for they are apt  to become
sore from the pressure of the  bandage.   The  object of this
apparatus is to make the well  leg keep the fractured one
fully extended, and consequently in its place.

           FRACTURED LEG.  {Below the knee.)
  183. When the small bone on the outside  of the  leg is
broken, which may happen from a direct blow, nothing is
required  but to keep the  leg quiet, and if it is painful to apply
the spirit lotion.
  184. When the large shin-bone  of the leg is broken, it
will be known by passing the fingers up and down the shin.
  185. It must be put in its natural position, and kept there
by two long splints reaching from above the knee to below the
heel.   The sole of the foot must not rest against any thing,
but the leg must be so fixed as in some degree to hang from
the knee.  The foot must be kept from falling on one side by 
THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          43
pillows.  At your leisure you must have a box made, with a
bottom and two sides, into which the leg must be secured,
after making a soft bed for it of cotton-wool, or  any other
soft substance you  may have at  hand, and the leg must be
kept steady by stuffing between it and  the sides of the box
some of  the same soft material.  Be careful that the heel
does not  press upon the bottom of the box, else a sore very
difficult to cure may be the consequence.

                   DISLOCATIONS.
   186. Dislocation is a displacement of the bones at a joint,
and is the effect of a twist of the limb, and not of direct in-
jury to the joint;  keeping this fact in mind  will very much
aid in determining the nature of an accident.
             DISLOCATION OF THE JAW.
   187. The marks  of this are, the mouth is open and the
teeth do  not correspond ;  on putting the finger just  before
the ear and causing the  patient to  move the jaw, you will
feel a  hollow instead  of  a prominence.  Spittle flows from
the mouth, and speech and swallowing are  somewhat  dif-
ficult.
   188. To reduce  it, first protect the  thumbs with  strong
gloves, or with a piece of linen wrapped round them, or the
opposite  corners of a pocket-handkerchief.
   189. The  patient should be  seated  low, and  have his
head firmly supported by an assistant; then, putting your
thumbs deep into  his mouth, place them on  his grinding
teeth and grasp his chin with your fingers.  The jaw is now
to be forced down by the strength of the thumbs, and at the
same time the chin  raised by the  palm and fingers, when
the jaw will come to its place, with so much force as to bruise
the operator's thumbs if not previously protected.
   190. The  only  bandage wanted is  one   to prevent  the
mouth from being opened too wide. 
44          THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.
       DISLOCATION OF THE  SHOULDER-JOINT.
   191.  This is known by a hollow on the top of the shoulder ;
the elbow cannot be carried to the side without pain; neither
can the arm be extended or raised  to the head, except with
difficulty.
   192.  There is sometimes  a numbness of the arm, or the
pulse is weak.
   193.  To  reduce it, place the  patient  in a strong chair;
pass a  sheet round  his  body under the injured arm, and
fasten the ends to a strong  post or beam ; put a towel or
handkerchief over  the shoulder, and fasten the ends firmly to
the sheet.
   194.  Tie two towels tightly round his arm, just above the
elbow;  let two strong men pull the  arm by them, gently at
first, but gradually increasing the force.   Then the operator,
taking hold  of  the arm with the  right hand, places the left
on the top of the shoulder, directs the bone a little upwards
and backwards, and brings the arm  round until  its direction
is upwards and forwards, when it will generally be reduced,
which is known by the audible jerk  made when the head of
the bone returns to its socket, by  the ease of the  patient, and
by the two shoulders being alike.
   195.  Another way to reduce  a dislocated shoulder is, to
make the patient lie down on his back ; the operator then sits
down by the side of the dislocation, facing  the  patient; he
removes his shoes and places his foot next  the  patient into
the armpit of the injured side ; then he makes extension by
pulling  forcibly the dislocated  limb, altering the position of
it as described above, until it is  reduced.   After reduction
it will be necessary to keep the patient's arm to his side by a
strap.
         DISLOCATION OF  THE ELBOW-JOINT.
   196.  This is easily known, by an unnatural prominence of
the elbow, and a painful stiffness of the arm. 
            THE  MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.          45

  197. To reduce it, grasp the arm with the left hand and
bend it, pushing the bone into its place with the right.
  198. If this does  not  succeed, grasp  the  arm with one
hand, and the wrist with the other, then thrust the knee into
the  fore part of the elbow-joint, and  thus bending the joint,
reduce the dislocation.
             DISLOCATION  OF THE WRIST.
  199. To reduce this dislocation, let an assistant weave his
fingers with those  of the patient and pull; then  grasp  the
lower part of the arm with the left hand, and with the other
bend the patient's wrist and  occasionally add  your strength
to the efforts of the assistant.
     DISLOCATION  OF THE THUMB  AND FINGERS.
  200. To reduce these dislocations, you must not pull di-
rectly  on the end of the member, but the thumb or finger
must be forcibly grasped and bent, when the parts will be
brought into their natural position.  A splint and bandage
will be required to support the joint.
           DISLOCATION OF THE  HIP-JOINT.
  201. This may happen  in three different ways; either
upwards or  downwards, and  very  rarely upwards and for-
wards.   Different  treatment is required to reduce each.
  202. The first may be known  by the shortness  of the
limb compared  with the other; the toes are turned inwards,
and the whole leg is distorted.  There is pain in the groin,
and the thigh is bent to relieve the pain and tension.
  203. To  reduce this, the patient is laid  partly  on his
back, inclined to the  uninjured side, on a bed, box, or strong
table, fastened  so  that  it cannot move;  a strong sheet must
then be passed  between his thighs,  carefully excluding the
privates, and be fastened to a post behind  him.  A  person
must keep the patient quite still, by placing a hand on each 
46          THE MASTER-MARINER'S  GUIDE.
hip-bone ; then, whilst strong men extend the thigh in a line
with the body, by means of towels firmly tied just above the
knee, the operator must bend  the knee and take the heel
and ankle in his hand to give a slight twisting motion to the
leg; when the  thigh  is sufficiently extended, give a  pretty
forcible jerk of the heel inwards, and  an audible snap will
show that the bone is in its place.
  204. Unless the socket of the bone is injured, no bandage
is required.

      2d.   When the bone is dislocated downwards.
  205. This  is known by  the  thigh being longer than the
other, the foot and toes are  turned outwards, and the leg
cannot be  brought into a  line with the body  without dif-
ficulty and pain.
  206. In reducing this, let the patient sit upright, with one
thigh on each side of a strong post; something soft should be
wrapped round the post, and a person sits behind him, to
prevent his lying down or risng up.  The thigh is extended
at right angles to  the body, in  the same way as in the last.
If  this does not succeed, pass a large cloth round his thigh,
as  near the body as possible, and pull  it so as to draw the
head of the bone  outwards, at  the same time bringing the
knees together, still extending the  thigh.
  207. The third is known by  the thigh being shorter, and
the knee  and toes turned  outwards, and is reduced  by ex-
tension as in case first, only at the last  jerking the heel out-
wards instead of inwards.

           DISLOCATION OF THE  KNEE-PAN.
  208. This is distinguished by the flatness of the knee, at
its front part.  The displaced bone is easily felt on  the in-
side  or outside of the knee.
  209. To reduce it to its place,  let the person sit upon the 
            THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          47

deck with as mall block of wood under his heel; this will
relax the muscles.   Then apply the thumbs to the knee-pan,
and the fingers to the sides of the joint, and, first pressing it
towards the foot, carry it to its place;  extension is not re-
quired.   A bandage will be necessary.
             DISLOCATION OF THE KNEE.
  210.  This is to be treated in the same way as the elbow.

        TREATMENT AFTER REDUCTION.
  211.  If the part  injured is much inflamed, apply a blister
(No. 12), and cause the patient  to live low.   When all in-
flammation has subsided, if the joint is weak, cover it with a
strengthening-plaster (No. 32).

              HERNIA, OR RUPTURE.
  212.  This is known by a tumor in the groin, or top of the
thigh, extending  sometimes into the scrotum ; it may be dis-
tinguished from enlargement of the testicle, or other disease,
by a jerk felt in the tumor when the patient coughs.
  213.  Ruptures are  generally  found very difficult to re-
duce, when the patient requires assistance, for he will have
already made every effort  himself.   Generally the  reason
of failure is want of perseverance.  The efforts need not  be
violent, but they must be steady, and continued without inter-
mission for at least an hour, if necessary.
  214.  The patient is placed  on his back, with  his heels
drawn  up to his buttocks.  The tumor must then be grasped
with both hands and pushed upwards, varying the direction
a little  now and then.   If these efforts should fail, make him
stand up, and in this position bleed him until  he  feels faint;
then, while he is standing, endeavour to reduce the rupture.
  215.  A rupture may generally be reduced by making the
patient stand against a wall or partition, after all other means 
 48          the master-mariner's guide.

 have failed.  The patient must be made to stoop a little
 forward.
   216.  Snow, pounded ice, or cold water, in  which as much
 salt has been thrown as the water will dissolve, is sometimes
 useful, being applied to the tumor for ten or fifteen minutes;
 then renew the endeavours to reduce.
   217.  Should this fail, give a " tobacco glyster," made by
 boiling about an ounce of tobacco in a pint of water.   Re-
 peat the glyster every half-hour, until  they shall have made
 a. sensible effect  upon  the whole  system,  resembling  in-
 toxication.   Then make  another effort, the  patient being
 (supported if necessary) in the standing position.
   218.  No  person having  a rupture should  be unprovided
 with a good truss.   And every ship's medicine-chest should
 be provided with one or two at least;  for if  one cannot be
 obtained when wanted, the patient must be exempted from
 hard labor, going aloft,  dec., or  even be confined to his
 berth.

             SUSPENDED ANIMATION.
  219.  This may be caused by drowning, hanging, suffoca-
 tion, impure air, or severe cold.
   220.  The patient, as soon as he is found, must be stripped
 of his clothes and laid rather on his  right side, in a warm
 bed ; rub all over his body any kind  of oil or fat, made quite
 warm ;  jugs, or bottles of warm water, warm bricks, warm
 clothes, or any thing warm that can be immediately procured,
 must be placed to his hands, feet, back, or any other part
 of his body.  Apply your mouth  to that of the patient, and
blow so as to inflate his lungs, taking care that your breath
 does not escape through the  patient's nose or the corners of
his mouth.   As soon as you have forced as much of your
breath as possible  into the patient's lungs by one expiration,
remove your mouth from his, and press on his chest, that the 
THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          49
air may be expelled ; then apply your mouth to his again as
before.   Continue this for three or four hours, unless he
revives before that time; for cases have occurred where four
hours' steady perseverance in this way has at last been suc-
cessful.  As this is  very tiresome, three or  four  persons
should take it in turn, so as to keep it up effectually.   While
this is going on, others should  be employed in keeping up
the warmth of the body  by changing the bottles of water,
6sc, and  by  moderately rubbing  the  body  with  heated
cloths.  Put a table-spoonful  of liniment (No. 7) into a pint
of warm water, and  inject it  into his bowels; this may be
repeated, if necessary, every  half-hour.   As soon as he can
swallow, give him sweetened  warm water, very little at first,
for fear of strangling him, and  repeat it often until  he can
swallow it easily; then give him some warm wine and water,
well spiced,  or, if no wine  can  be had, give him  ginger
tea, or strong black tea.   Should he remain very stupid, or
complain of pain after the breathing is restored, you must
bleed him for relief.   It is necessary that the patient should
have as much free air as possible ; nobody, therefore, should
be allowed in the room but such persons as are at the time
necessarily employed in his recovery.
  221.  Be careful not to burn the  patient, for one  in this
state cannot bear great heat without injury.
  222.  In  cases where any part of the  body is frozen, be
careful  not to apply warmth before the parts are thawed ;
this must be done by applying  snow in  small  quantities, or
water as cold as it can be got.   After a part has once been
frozen, it is more liable to the same accident again.

           DIRECTIONS FOR BLEEDING.
  223.  This operation is  generally performed at the bend
of the right elbow.   First feel for the pulse at the wrist, and
at the bend of the arm.   Then tie a piece of tape or  list
                 5 
50          THE master-mariner's  guide.

round the arm just above the elbow, not  so  tight as to stop
the  pulse at the wrist, but so as to swell the veins ;  feel for
the  artery at the elbow, and  choose a vein that does not lie
immediately over it; also prefer  a vein that does not (from
being loose under the skin) roll or slip from under  the
finger on pressure.
  224. Let an assistant stand behind, to support the arm
square with the body, and to hold the bowl.   The operator
stands in front of the arm ;  with the thumb of the left hand
he secures  the vein just  below where the opening is to be
made, and  with the fingers of the same hand he grasps the
arm.  The blade of the  lancet, half-opened, is  to be  held
between the thumb and fore-finger of the right hand, some-
thing in the same way  that a pen is held  in writing, the ring
and little fingers resting on the arm ; the  point of the lancet
is brought  to the vein,  and quickly pushed forwards into the
vein.   The want of resistance to the further insertion of the
lancet tells the experienced surgeon that he is deep enough;
the  blood starting up by  the sides of the lancet will show
that the vein is opened; the lancet must then be brought out
perpendicularly to the surface, so as to make the hole in the
skin directly over the hole  in the vein, that  the blood  may
escape  freely.   In general, when bleeding is necessary,
the  blood should be allowed  to run until it  produces faint-
ness, or relieves the complaint.
  225.  When you wish  to stop the blood, place the thumb
of the left  hand on the orifice and untie the tape ; bring the
edges of the  cut together,  and apply to  it a  small piece of
rag made eightfold ;  secure this  in its place by the tape, or
by a bandage put once round the arm above the elbow, and
once below, being crossed  over  the rag which covers  the
orifice.
  226. If it is required to let blood again  within twenty-four
hours, it can generally be  done  simply by removing  the 
THE MASTER-MARINER'S GUIDE.          51
bandage and applying it above the elbow as at first;  if this
does not succeed, and another good vein cannot be found  in
the same arm, it will be necessary to bleed from the left.

                BURNS AND SCALDS.
   227.  These  accidents must both be treated  in the same
way.
   228.  As soon as the clothes can be removed, apply a soft
rag, cotton-wool, or lint  wet with spirits of camphor (No.
40) ;  then wet  some  more  cotton-wool, or  other soft sub-
stance,  with a mixture of equal parts of oil of any kind and
of liniment (No. 7), and cover the part well, so as  to ex-
clude the air, light, and cold ;  let the dressing remain for at
least a fortnight before it is removed ; it must be kept soft by
moistening the  dressings for the first two or  three days with
a little of the liniment and oil, and afterwards with oil alone.
   229.  Be careful in doing up the accident, that the parts
are in their natural position, and that two  burnt  or scalded
surfaces do not come together, for if such should  be the case
they will adhere, and  cause great deformity ; the fingers  or
toes, should they be the seat of the injury, must be separated
by the first rag ; and should -the injury  be in the  bend of the
elbow,  knee, groin, armpit, neck, dec, lint or cotton-wool
must be laid well down into the hollow, so as to prevent the
raw surfaces from  coming in contact.
   230.  Nothing is so  beneficial  to a burn  or  scald as  to
keep  it  constantly well  covered  up.   If the pain is very
severe,  you must give, every three or four hours, thirty drops
of laudanum (No. 4).  Should  the patient become very
feverish, you must give a dose of calomel and jalap (No. 1),
and if  necessary, after this operates, a teaspoonful  of the
antimonial mixture (No. 2).
   231.  Let him live very low as long as there is any pain or
fever; afterwards,  if there should be a great discharge from 
52          the master-mariner's guide.

the sores, without fever, the diet may be rather more nourish-
ing, but still simple, and he may take, every eight hours,
twenty-five drops of the elixir of vitriol (No. 24), in a cup
of sweetened water.
  232. When you remove the dressings, dress the sores, if
they are not already healed, with simple cerate (No. 35),
and cover them well again as before.  If there should be
proud flesh protruding beyond the skin, touch it with a bit of
blue stone (No. 45), and cover it with a piece of dry lint. 
APPENDIX.
          INSANITY FROM DRUNKENNESS.

  233. Drunkenness is the immediate effect  of the abuse of in-
toxicating liquors, and  generally requires no medical treatment.
Cases, however,  sometimes occur, especially  in  young persons,
and in those unaccustomed to their use, where  the life of  the
patient may be in danger.  In these extreme cases, the patient
must not be allowed to  lie with his head lower than his body;
care must be taken to  keep his hands and feet quite warm ; he
must be occasionally roused ; if this cannot be done by speaking to
him, you must not use any violence about the head; the best plan
is to use a very small switch upon the bare skin of his shoulders
and back; if he can swallow, give him as  much warm water as
you can make him drink,  or, what would be still  better, if practi-
cable, have his stomach emptied by the stomach-pump.  If there
is any coughing, or difficulty of breathing from phlegm  in  the
throat, turn  him upon his side, that  the saliva may run from the
corner of his mouth; he should not be left alone in this posture,
for fear of his being suffocated ; after the immediate effect of the
debauch has gone off,  give him a dose of salts  (No. 3), or  a
Sedlitz draught  (No. 44).  Intoxication sometimes occasions in-
flammation of the brain, with delirium ;  this must be carefully dis-
tinguished from  Delirium Tremens; it will be known by a swollen
and red face, full pulse, &c, and must be treated by bleeding, &c.
See Par. 11.
                   5* 
54                         appendix.

         DELIRIUM TREMENS,  OR HORRORS.
  234. This is a disease, the remote cause of which is the abuse
of intoxicating liquors, but is caused immediately by the discon-
tinuance of them.  This discontinuance may have been voluntary,
or it may have  been because the longing of the debauchee for
spirits has changed to disgust.
  235. Delirium Tremens is known by a pale and shrunken face
the pulse is small and quick; the patient sometimes has pain in
the head, generally vomiting ; his feet if not cold quickly become
so on exposure; they are commonly damp.
  236. The patient is  delirious, and very  fearful, continually
listening, and thinking he hears and sees persons conspiring to
kill him; he imagines the presence of evil spirits, is afraid of being
left alone, seldom makes any attempt at self-defence, and is gener-
ally harmless to those  about him ; he is a coward, and by proper
management easily  controlled.  There is sometimes an  appear-
ance of the delirium being assumed;  this seems to arise  from a
strange mixture of sanity and insanity, or of  one state following
the other in rapid succession ; sleep has entirely left him, and his
mind is continually on  the stretch, and his eyes and ears  on the
watch, although  real objects of both senses, from their being pre-
occupied, seem sometimes to be unobserved by them.  There is a
constant picking at the bed-clothes, and  the  patient fancies he is
collecting small bodies, or bits of thread, which he will seem to
wind about his fingers, or into a ball, and hand to his attendant.
  237. There is commonly a trembling of the limbs, but this is
not constant.
  238. Treatment. — The patient must be confined to a moderate-
ly darkened room;  there must  not be a glare of light entering
between window-shutters or curtains;  a small  bright ray will
sometimes make a patient almost ungovernable.
   239. The utmost quietness must  be  observed,  and no more
persons admitted than sufficient to attend him; two at a time is
quite sufficient;  the windows must be well secured, else he may
escape from one  of them.  If on board ship, there will be great
danger of his jumping overboard, if not carefully watched.  He
must not be treated  harshly ;  severity may quiet him for the mo- 
APPENDIX.                        55
ment, but will make him more anxious to escape, and will not in
the least mitigate the complaint.   Persons of whom he feels a great
dread or hatred should be kept away.   Let the attendants converse
as little as possible with the patient, and never, if possible, contra-
dict him.  The treatment  must be kind, cheerful, and soothing,
but serious;  never be merry at his witticisms or  oddities, and
never resent his abuse except by silence. By a steady persever-
ance in this plan, the attendant  will become his best friend and
master.
  240. The medical treatment is  sometimes very  difficult, and
must vary with the symptoms.
  241. If there should be costiveness, give a glyster (No.  11),
and repeat it every hour until it operates.
  242- If there is vomiting, give large quantities of warm water
or camomile  tea  (No. 16), until his stomach  is  emptied of its
contents.
  243. Put the feet into very  warm  water, or a mustard bath
(No. 29), especially if they are damp or cold.
  214. After the stomach and  bowels have been  emptied, begin
with the  laudanum (No. 4), and give  three  or four teaspoonfuls,
well mixed with a little gruel or gum-water (No. 8), every hour,
until  he falls asleep ; if he vomits the laudanum, give two table-
spoonfuls of laudanum (No. 4), mixed with half a pint of warm
gruel, in the form of a glyster, every hour; apply a  blister (No 12)
to the pit of the stomach ; as  soon as the blister rises, remove the
scarfskin, and  apply a  cotton-cloth, eight times folded, well wet
with laudanum (No. 4) and compound  oil of terebinthina (No. 9),
in equal proportions.
  245. If, after persisting in this plan for a day or two, you find it
makes an  impression on the symptoms, give two teaspoonfuls of
the compound oil of terebinthina (No. 9), in a little gruel  or oil of
any kind (except boiled linseed), every two  hours.
  246. Bleeding is recommended by some physicians in Delirium
Tremens ; but I never saw  any good come from it, after the symp-
toms, such as I have described them, have made their appearance;
when the pulse is full, the face red, &c, indicating  inflammation
of the brain, bleeding is  indispensable, and although Delirium
Tremens may supervene upon  those  symptoms, yet as  soon as 
56
APPENDIX.
true Delirium Tremens makes its  appearance bleeding is no
longer proper.
  247. It  is the practice with many physicians  to  give  spirits
and wine in  Delirium Tremens, but I have never  seen  them do
much good, though often much harm.  Porter or ale is  the least
objectionable article of this class.
  248. Of all liquors, brandy is the most apt to cause Delirium
Tremens, especially if new.   New liquors are more apt  to cause
bad effects, from their  containing a poisonous oil,  which they
gradually loose by keeping.
         REMEDIES  REFERRED  TO.

             No. 1.   CALOMEL AND JALAP.
 R.  Hyd. Sub. Mur.  3j.  Pul. Jalap. § ss. Pul. Rhei § ss.  M.  ft.
                         pulv.  Vel,
 ft.  Hyd. Sub. Mur. 3 j.  Pul. Jalapae  g j.  M.  ft. pulv.

   This is a  very  powerful  purgative ;  it is therefore only used
 where thorough  purging is  required,  as in  fevers, inflammation
 of the brain, &c.
  A teaspoonful  is a dose ; it should  be  taken in molasses.   See
 Par. 11, 13, 53,  &c.

            No. 2.  ANTIMONIAL MIXTURE.
 ft.  Ant. Tart. gr. x.   Pot. Nit. gr. lx. - Tr. Camph. C.  3j.  Aqua
                   Purse § iv.  M. ft. mist.
  This  medicine is given in all cases,  when it is desirable  to
 moderate the force of the circulation; it is proper, therefore, in all
cases of fever and inflammation.  A  teaspoonful is generally a
proper dose, but the quantity must depend upon  the  effect pro-
duced.  It generally is necessary to induce  by it a slight sick-
ness,  a little  short of vomiting.   Give  it mixed in any kind  of
drink.   See Par. 11,  14, 23, &c. 
                       APPENDIX.                       57


                 No. 3.  EPSOM SALTS.
                       Mag. Sulph. ifoij.
  This is a proper purge in slight pains in the head, or  to be
taken occasionally  in hot climates.   Two table-spoonfuls is a
dose, taken in half a pint or more of warm water.   See Par. 11,
35, &c.
                   No. 4.  LAUDANUM.
                        Tr. Opii.gij.
   The use of this medicine is to allay pain, and to procure  sleep.
Great  caution is necessary  in  the use of it.   When given for
pain in the head, it should always be preceded by a  purgative,
and it must never be given to procure  sleep while  the bowels
are costive.
   In colic it must be given before opening medicine.
   The dose is usually twenty-five drops ; but this varies  in dif-
ferent complaints.  See Par. 14,15, 21, &c.

          No. 5.   CALOMEL  AND OPIUM PILLS.
ft.  Hyd.  Sub.  Mur. 3j.   Opii purif. 3ss.   Sap. Hisp.  3ivss.
   Muc. Acac. q. s.  Simul contund. ut ft. mas.  Div. in pil. 120.
   These pills are used  in complaints of the  bowels, and  in the
advanced stages of pleurisy and inflammation of the bowels.
The dose varies with the nature of the complaint.
   As these pills contain mercury,  they may salivate; should this
happen when not required, they must be discontinued, and  a dose
of rhubarb (No. 18), or castor oil  (No. 6), be given, and the
patient must not expose himself.   See Par. 19, 26, &c.

                   No. 6.  CASTOR OIL.
                        Ol. Ricini ftj-
   This is  a mild purgative, and may be given at any time that
the bowels require to be opened, provided there is  no sickness
at the stomach at the time.  The dose is about a table-spoonful.
See Par. 14, 21, 28, &c. 
58
APPENDIX.
                   No. 7.  LINIMENT.
ft.  Lin. Sap. C.  gij.  Ol.  Terebin. gj.  Ol. Oliv. gj.  M. ft.
                           Linim.
  This is useful applied externally after any injury, when the
skin is not  broken.  Also in pain from internal complaints.  It
is used also in  glysters.  It is applied warm, and well rubbed
in with a piece of flannel; the part, when sufficiently rubbed, is
covered with the same piece of flannel.  See Par. 15, 19, 23, &c.

                  No. 8.  GUM ARABIC.
                    Pul. Gum. Acac. g iv.
  Gum-water is made by dissolving  a table-spoonful of the gum
in a gill of  boiling water; it  is used in complaints of the lungs,
stomach, and bowels ;  also in the venereal complaint; there is no
danger in giving an over-dose; it is useful to allay irritation;
a table-spoonful may be taken every hour; it  will not interfere
with any other remedy.  See Par. 19,40, &c.

     No. 9. COMPOUND  OIL OF TEREBINTHINA.
ft.   Ol. Tereb. rec.  § ij.  Rad. Anchus.  gr. v.  01. Gauth. gutt. x.
                   Sp. Nit.  .ffith. g ss.  M.
  This is a useful medicine  in some complaints  of the  bowels
(which see).  The dose is four or five drops every half-hour, in
severe cases; or in old cases, where  the symptoms are not so
severe, twenty drops  three times a day; it may  be given in
molasses or gum-water.  See Par. 19.

         No. 10.  SWEET SPIRITS  OF NITRE.
                      Sp. ^th. Nit. g ij.
  Used mixed with compound oil of terebinthina, in inflammation of
the bowels,  and with balsam copaiba in Clap. See Par. 19,146, &c.

                  No. 11.  GLYSTERS.
           Glyster-pipe and bladder, or pewter syringe.
  These are given to assist the operation of purgative medicines,
when No. 1 must be used. 
APPENDIX.
59
  When it is wished to stimulate the system in cases of sus-
pended animation, then No. 2 must be given.
  When, in cases of  rupture, it is necessary to  use tobacco in
the form of a glyster, it must be made according to No. 3.
  In administering a glyster, you must oil  the pipe before  in-
troducing it; you must force it up very gently at first, and  when
you find it begin to  go up, use more force, that the glyster may
ascend well up into the  bowels.  The injections  must be  blood
warm.
  No. 1. Take one table-spoonful of molasses, one table-spoon-
ful  castor oil (No. 6), one pint warm sea-water.
  No. 2.  Take one table-spoonful of liniment (No. 7), one pint
warm fresh water.
  No. 3. Take one ounce tobacco, boil it gently for a few minutes
in a pint of fresh water.   See Par. 19, 21, 217, &c.

            No. 12.   BLISTERING PLASTER.
                       Emp. Lyttae  g ij.
  A blistering plaster is made by spreading so much of the plas-
ter on a piece of leather or canvas, of the required size, as will
make the coating about as thick  as a dollar.
  It is  useful  after  the first stage of many  inflammatory com-
plaints.
  The part whereon  it is to be put must be first well washed with
pepper  vinegar, or warm water and soap;  after the plaster is
removed, it is to be dressed with basilicon (No. 39).  See Par. 11,
14, 37, &c.

      No. 13.  COMPOUND GUAIACUM POWDER.
ft.  G. Guaiac. gj.  Sulph. lot.  gj.  Ferr.Carb.3j.  M. ft. pulv.
  This  is  recommended under  the  head of Rheumatism.  One
teaspoonful is a dose, which may be taken every four or six hours,
mixed in molasses.   See Par. 24.
            No.  14.  SATURNINE MIXTURE.
ft.   Plum. Sup. Acet. 9iij.  Tr. Opii gj.  Acet. Acid  gj.   Aquas
                    Purae g ij.  M. ft. haust.
  This  is  an astringent, given internally in dysentery, and in 
60
APPENDIX.
cholera morbus.  The dose is one teaspoonful every half-hour;
it may be taken in gum-water, or molasses and water.  See Par.
26, 28.
                No. 15.  CALOMEL PILLS.
ft.  Hyd. Sub.  Mur. 3iij.  Sap.  Hisp.  3j.  Muc. Acac. q. s.   Ft.
                     mas. Div. in pil. 60.
  These are given in several diseases, and in  doses varying  ac-
cording to circumstances.  See Par. 35, 44, 63, 118,  &c.
            No. 16.  CAMOMILE FLOWERS.
                     Flo. Camom. § viij.
  Camomile tea is used sometimes to check vomiting, and at other
times it is used  when an emetic is given to assist its operation.
  With the first intention it is made very strong, a handful being
steeped in half  a  pint of boiling water, and when it  is given to
encourage vomiting, the same quantity is sufficient  for two or
three quarts of  water.   Camomile tea is a very good  strengthen-
ing medicine after fevers and inflammatory complaints, and  may
be given with safety earlier in  the complaint than any other kind
of bitters; for this purpose  a cupful, made as strong as is pleasant
to the taste, may be taken  before  each meal.  See Par. 38, &c.
                    No. 17.   EMETICS.
ft.   Ant. Tart.  3j-  Ant. Sulph. gr. xij.  M. ft. pulv. Div. in ch. xij.
  Emetics are  often given in the beginning  of fevers, fever and
ague, nettle-rash, and of other complaints.  One of these powders
is to be well mixed in six table-spoonfuls of warm water, and one
table-spoonful is to be given every ten  minutes until it begins to
operate.
  During the operation, let the patient drink plentifully of warm
water,  or of camomile tea.  See  Par. 44, 68,103, &c.
                   No. 18.   RHUBARB.
                     ft.  Pul. Rhei gj.
  This is a very mild purgative, and  is given When the bowels
only require to  be opened without causing any  debilitating effect
The dose is a  teaspoonful, which  may be taken  in molasses or
mint-tea.  See. Par. 44, 46, &c. 
APPENDIX.
61
               No. 19.  QUININE  MIXTURE.
ft.  Quini.-Sulph. 3ij.  Acid. Sulph. 3ij.  Aquee Fuse g iv.  M.
                            ft. sol.
   This medicine is used principally in fever and ague, and in the
latter stages of some  malignant fevers.  It  being a very power-
ful medicine, it must be given with  care, according to the direc-
tions.   The dose  varies with the  disease.   In getting the  phial
filled up, be  careful  to have  it put  up according to the prescrip-
tion above.   See Par. 45.

               No. 20.  MERCURIAL  PILLS.
             ft.  Mas Hyd. 5v.  Div. in  pil. No. lx.
   These pills are generally given with the intention of salivat-
ing  the patient, as in lockjaw, syphilis, and some other diseases ;
in others blue pills are sometimes given, not with the intention
of producing a sore mouth.
   In giving mercury with the first intention, great care is neces-
sary, that the salivation be not carried too far, for very  profuse
spitting is not necessary ; violent salivation  is apt to cause ulcers
in the mouth  and throat, which might be taken for the disease
which the mercury is given to cure.
   There is  also great danger from exposure, especially in damp
or cold  weather ; the  more care that is taken to keep the  tem-
perature of the body comfortably warm, the less mercury will
be required, and the less danger from its use.
  Many persons are so easily salivated, that one dose of blue pill
is sufficient  to give them a very sore mouth.  Caution must be
used, therefore, lest too much be taken.   In  cases of over-saliva-
tion, leave  off the mercury,  and give twice a day  one of the
powders (No. 26), and occasionally a dose of castor oil (No. 6),
if required.    Wash the mouth  frequently with warm water, in
which a little  shaving-soap has been dissolved, or warm water and
tincture of  myrrh (No. 38), one teaspoonful of the  latter  to a
pint  of the former.
  In some cases, mercury, from some peculiarity of the constitu-
tion of the patient, will not readily produce salivation.  In this case,
                  6 
62
APPENDIX.
it is  necessary to vary the medicine ; give sometimes a calomel
pill (No. 15) instead of a blue pill; also rub mercurial ointment
into the skin of the  arms and thighs (see No. 23). . If the pills
cause a looseness of  the bowels, this will prevent salivation ;  in
this case give a little laudanum (No.  4) with each pill.
   While a  person  is  taking mercury  he should live low, and
amuse himself by chewing any kind of spice you may have, such
as allspice, cloves, ginger, nutmeg, &c.   See Par. 90, 135.

              No. 21.  DIURETIC POWDER.
ft.  Pot. Bitart.  g ij.   Pot. Nit. 3iv.  Min. Ferr. Rub. gr. xx.  01.
                  Tereb. gut. xx.  M. ft.  pulv.
   This medicine is intended to increase the flow of the urine ; it is
given in dropsy.  One teaspoonful is a dose, every six  or twelve
hours, according to the urgency of the case;  it may be taken  in
molasses, followed by a large draught of warm tea or other drink.
See Par. 66,120.

         No. 22.  MAGNESIA  AND  RHUBARB.
         ft.  Mag. Carb. g ss.  P. Rheigj.  M. ft. pulv.

   This is a gentle, opening medicine, and is  particularly recom-
mended in nettle-rash, but may be given  in any other  complaint
where gentle physic is required;  one teaspoonful is  a dose, in
molasses.  See Par. 68.

           No. 23.   MERCURIAL OINTMENT.
                  ft.  Ung. Hyd. fort, g iij.

  This ointment is used in erysipelas, and other diseases of the
skin;  it is also used to produce salivation in syphilis ; a piece about
as large as a nutmeg being rubbed into the skin on the inside of
the arms and thighs.  It  is necessary that the  skin be washed
quite clean with warm water and soap before applying it, and the
same care must  be taken while using it  as  recommended  under
"Mercurial Pill."
  It is useful  to kill vermin on the body; for this purpose very little
is necessary.   See Par. 71, 138. 
APPENDIX.
63
               No. 24.   ELIXIR OF VITRIOL.
         ft.  Acid. Sulph. D. g iss.  Sp. Lavend. C. g ss.
   This is a  strengthening medicine, and  may be taken after the
 active stages of fevers and inflammatory diseases have passed off;
 also in great discharges from abscesses or ulcers ;  twenty drops is
 a dose, every six or eight hours; it must be taken in a quantity of
 sweetened drink, either warm or cold.  See Par.  73.

                No. 25.   ITCH OINTMENT.
         ft.  Ung. Hyd. Alb. praec.  Vel, Ung. Hyd. Nit.
   This is the best external remedy for the itch; it should be  well
 rubbed into the skin.   See Par. 76.

                No. 26.   ITCH POWDERS.
 ft.   Sulph. lot. gj.  Ferri  Carb. 3j.  01. Berg.  gut. x.  M.   Div.
                           in ch. 84.
   This is used  in the purulent itch, and in cases of over-salivation
 from mercury.  One  of the papers  is a dose, to  be given in
 molasses.  See Par. 76, and under No. 20.
                No. 27.   EYE OINTMENT.
           ft.  Ung. Hyd. Nit. 3ij.  Adeps. 3 iij.  M.
   Very useful in inflammation of the  eyes of long standing.   If it
 causes much smarting, weaken the ointment by adding sweet oil,
 lard, or fresh butter.  See Par. 94.
                  No. 28.  EYE WATER.
 ft.  Plumb. Sup. Acet. 9j.   Zin. Sulph. Qj.  Tr. Opii 3ij.  Muc.
                   Acac. § ij.  M. et percol.
   To be. used in  inflammation of the eyes.   If it should cause
 much smarting, weaken it as you use it, by adding to it fresh water.
 Shake the phial well before using it.   See Par. 93.
                   No. 29.  MUSTARD.
                   ft.  Pul. Sem. Sinap. fly.
  This is used in the form of a bath for the feet, and as a poultice
to any part of the  body where it may be required.   To make a
mustard  bath,  put a  small sized teacup  half full of flour of 
64
APPENDIX.
mustard, or  of the seeds crushed, into a  quart of boiling water.
When this has stood, covered up, for ten or fifteen minutes, add
the whole to as much warm water as will cover the feet and
ankles; the  water into which the feet are  put should be as hot as
the patient can bear it, if he  is sensible ;  if he is  insensible, the
water  must  be  something above  blood  heat, or  105° by the
thermometer.
  A mustard poultice is made by mixing together half a cupful
of mustard and a little wheat or rye flour, and making it sufficiently
moist by adding vinegar.   See Par. 79.

                     No. 30.   BORAX.
               ft.  Sod. Sub. Bor. giij. ft. pul.
  Useful in sore throat, or mouth, to be used as a gargle or wash;
a teaspoonful of the borax being dissolved in half a pint of boiling
water.  See Par. 99.

        No. 31.  WHOOPING-COUGH POWDERS.
ft.   Ferri Carb.  gj.   Pv. Cinn. C.  g ij.   Ol. Anisi gut. x.  M.
                        Div. in ch. Ix.
  These  powders  are very useful in the advanced  stages  of
whooping-cough ; for a boy, half of one of the powders every six
hours is a dose.  See Par. 114.

         No. 32.  STRENGTHENING PLASTER.
                    ft.  Emp.  Robor. Jfoss.
  This is used in  whooping-cough, and  other affections of the
chest; also in cases of injury to the back, or elsewhere, and of bro-
ken bones, after more active remedies have been used.  The plas-
ter, after being warmed, is spread about as thick as a shilling on a
piece of thin leather, canvas, or  stiff paper.  See Par. 115, &c.

             No. 33.  ADHESIVE  PLASTER.
            ft.  Emp. Adh. Ext. et Emp.  Adh.  g viij.
  Used in drawing  the edges of wounds together, and in ripening
boils.  As it will not  stick well if kept  a long time spread, it is
necessary to have some  of the  plaster in a roll, which may be
spread when wanted.  See Par.  159, &c. 
APPENDIX.
65
              No. 34.   ANTIBILIOUS PILLS.
 ft.   Aloe Soc, Coloc, aa g ij.  Jalap. 3 xj.   Hyd. Sub. Mur., Sap.
      Hisp., G. Garab., aa g j.  M. ft. mas. Div. in pil. gr. iv.
   These are good purgative pills to take now and then, when
 there is costiveness, causing headache, &c, or when the bile is
 deranged.   Two or three may be taken for  a dose ; they  are
 particularly recommended in jaundice.  See Par. 116.

    No. 5.   SIMPLE CERATE, OR HEALING  SALVE.
                     ft.  Cerat. Simp, g iij.
   This salve must be used in all cases of wounds, when the parts
 are too much bruised or inflamed to admit the use of adhesive
 plaster, especially when the skin cannot  be  brought together; it
 is to be thinly spread on lint, tow, or soft rag. See Par. 139, &c.
               No. 36.   BALSAM COPAIBA.
                      ft.  Bals. Copaib.
   This is particularly recommended in Gonorrhoea, Par. 146.  It
 is also given in coughs of long standing, when there is no fever
 attending it, and in some complaints of the  bowels; the dose is
 one teaspoonful every eight or twelve hours.
            No. 37.  INJECTION POWDERS.
 ft.  G. Acac.  $iv.  Zinci Sulp. 3ij.  M. ft. pulv.  Div. in ch. 25.
   This is used in Gonorrhoea ; one paper dissolved in a pint of hot
 water is to be used in  twenty-four hours.   See Par. 146.

            No. 38.  TINCTURE OF MYRRH.
                    ft.  Tr. Myrrh, gij.
   This is very useful as a wash  for the mouth in scurvy ;  it may
be used with advantage when the gums  are  tender, or bleeding
from any cause;  it may be applied with a rag or a tooth-brush ; it
must be used without being diluted.  See Par. 154, and No. 20.
      No. 39.  BASILICON, OR DRAWING SALVE.
                   ft.   Cerat. Resin83 giij.
  This ointment is useful in dressing blisters, and  to apply to
                    *6 
66
APPENDIX.
indolent sores of any kind.  If it cause pain, use simple cerate
instead.
            No. 40.  SPIRITS  OF  CAMPHOR.
                       ft.  Sp. Camph.
  This is recommended as a good external application to a recent
burn or scald (see Par. 228).   It may  also be used in slight in-
juries, faintness, &c.
                    No. 41.  BITTERS.
ft.  Pimentse  3j.  Pterocarp. L. 3ss.  Flo. Anth.  g ss.  Rad. Gent.
  gss. Rad. Calami, Rad. Columb.,  aa 3'j-  Lig. Guaiac. g ss.  Lig.
  Quass. [)ij.  G. Myrrh., P. Rhei, aa g ss.  01. Berg. gut. v.  M.

  These are used for weak stomach, and for loss of appetite; one
of the packages is  to be steeped in a quart of boiling water for an
hour, and then strained into a bottle, which keep well corked; one
table-spoonful three times a day is a dose.

                No. 42.  TARTARIC  ACID.
                    ft. P. Acid. Tart, g ij.
                       No. 43.   SODA.
                  ft.   P. Sod. Sup. Carb.  g ij

               No. 44.   ROCHELLE SALTS.
                    ft. Sod. Tartariz. g iv.
   To make a Sedlitz draught.    Dissolve one even teaspoonful of
 soda (No.  43), and one  even table-spoonful of Rochelle salts
 (No. 44), in a half-pint of cold water,  and when  ready to drink it,
 add an even teaspoonful of tartaric acid (No. 42).
   To make Soda water, leave out the Rochelle  salts.
   Soda  water is  a pleasant and useful  draught in very warm
 weather, and is sometimes given as a  cooling and refreshing
 medicine in inflammatory complaints.
   Sedlitz draught, as well as the  above, has a quick  and  agreea-
 ble purgative quality.  Both  are commonly used by gentlemen
 after hard drinking! 
APPENDIX.
67
                  No. 45. BLUE  STONE.
                    ft.  Cupr. Sulp. 3j.
  Used to kill proud flesh. The sore is to be rubbed with a bit of
it, and is then covered with a piece of dry lint.  See Par. 232.
                  No. 46.   CHARCOAL.
                 ft.  Lig. Carb. ftj. ft. pulv.
  Useful to cleanse water on long voyages.  See Par. 38.
            No. 47.   LINT AND BANDAGES.
  See Wounds, Par.  158, 161, &c.
                    No. 48. SYRINGE.
   See Gonorrhoea, Par. 146.
                   No. 49.  LEATHER.
   See No. 32.
                    No. 50.  LANCET.
   See Directions for Bleeding, &c.  Par. 223, 72, &c.
  The doses are all prescribed as for adults.   Lads from fourteen
years of age to eighteen require two thirds of a dose.  For boys
from fourteen to eight years old, one half the usual  dose is suf-
ficient. 
 
GENERAL  INDEX.
              A.

Acid, Tartaric, No. 42.
Adhesive Plaster, No. 33.
Antibilious Pills, No. 34.
Antimonial Mixture, No. 2.
Apoplexy, Par. 77.
Arm, Broken, Par. 172, 173.
     Dislocated, Par.  191.
               B.

Balsam Copaiba, No. 36.
Basilicon, No. 39.
Bitters, No. 41.
Bleeding, Directions for, Par. 223.
         at Lungs, Par. 124.
         at Mouth,  Par. 124.
         at Nose, Par. 122.
         from Stomach, Par. 128.
Blistering Plaster, No. 12.
Blue Pills, No.  20.
Blue Stone, No. 45.
Borax, No. 30.
Bowels, Inflammation of, Par. 17.
        Wounds of,  Par. 165.
Brain Fever, or Inflammation  of
  the Brain, Par. 10.
Bruises, Par. 166.
Burns, Par. 227.
Calomel Pills, No. 15.
        and Jalap, No. 1.
        and Opium Pills, No. 5.
Camomile Flowers, No. 16.
Camphor, Spirits of, No. 40.
Castor Oil, No 6.
Catarrh, Par. 96.
Charcoal, No. 46.
Cholera Morbus, Par. 25.
Chordee, Par. 147.
Clap, Par. 141.
Cold, Par. 96.
Colic, Par. 20.
Croup, Par.  101.
Cuts, Par. 159.

              D.

Delirium Tremens, Par. 234.
Diarrhoea, Par. 117.
Dislocations, Par. 186.
Diuretic Powder, No. 21.
Dropsy, Par. 119.
Dysentery, Par. 27.
              E.

Elixir of Vitriol, No. 24.
Emetics, No. 17.
Epileptic Fits, Par. 86.
Epsom Salts, No. 3.
Erysipelas, Par. 69.
Eye, Inflammation of, Par. 93.
     Ointment, No. 27,
     Water, No. 28.
Fevers in general, Par. 29. 
70
GENERAL  INDEX.
Fever, Brain, Par. 1.0.
      Intermittent, or Fever and
          Ague, Par. 41.
      Scarlet, Par. 61.
Fractures generally, Par. 167.
       of arm, Par.  172.
         bones of hand, Par. 175.
         collar bone, Par. 170.
         fingers, Par. 175.
         knee-pan,  Par. 176.
         leg, Par. 183.
         lower jaw, Par. 169.
         thigh, Par. 179.
              G.

Glysters, No. 11.
Gonorrhoea, Par. 141.
Guaiacum Powder, Com., No. 13.
Gum Arabic, No. 8.
              H.

Hernia, Par. 212.
               I.

Inflammation of Bowels, Par. 17.
               Brain, Par. 10.
               Eyes, Par. 93.
               Lungs, Par. 12.
               Stomach, Par. 17.
Injection Powders, No. 37.
Injections (see Glysters), No. 11.
Intermittent Fever, Par. 41.
Itch, Par. 71.
     Ointment, No. 25.
     Powders, No. 26.
               J.

Jalap, and Calomel, No. 1.
Jaundice, Par. 116.

              L.

Lancet, No. 50.
Laudanum, No. 4.
Leather, No. 49.
Liniment, No. 7.
Lint, No. 47.
Lockjaw, Par. 87.

              M.

Magnesia and Rhubarb, No. 22.
Measles, Par. 59.
Mercurial Ointment, No. 23.
         Pills, No. 20.
Mixture, Quinine, No. 19.
         Saturnine, No. 14.
Mumps, Par.  106.
Mustard Bath, No. 29.
Myrrh, Tincture of, No. 38.

              N.

Nettle-rash, Par. 67.
Nose, Bleeding of, Par. 122.
              O.

Oil Terebinthina, Com., No. 9.
Ointment, Eye, No. 27.
          Mercurial, No. 23.
          Itch, No. 25.
Opium and Calomel pills, No. 5.
              P.

Palsy, Par. 84.
Pills, Antibilious, No. 34.
     Blue, No. 20.
     Calomel, No. 15.
     Calomel and Opium, No. 5.
Plaster, Adhesive, No. 33.
       Blistering, No. 12.
       Strengthening, No. 32.
Pleurisy, Par. 12.
Powder of Charcoal, No. 46.
       Injection, No. 37.
       Itch, No. 26.
       Jalap and Calomel, No. 1.
       Magnesia  and  Rhubarb,
          No. 22.
       Rhubarb, No. 18.
       Whooping-cough, No. 31.
              Q.

Quinine Mixture, No. 19. 
GENERAL INDEX.
71
              R.

Rheumatism, Par. 22.
Rochelle Salts, No. 44.
Rupture, Par. 212.
              S.

Salts, Epsom, No. 3.
      Rochelle, No. 44.
Saturnine Mixture, No. 14.
Scalds, Par. 227.
Scarlet Fever, Par. 61.
Scrofula, Par. 131.
Scurvy, Par. 150.
Sedlitz Draught, No. 44.
Simple Cerate, No. 35.
Small-pox, Par. 50.
Soda, No. 43.
Spirits of Nitre, No. 10.
Sprains, 166.
Stomach, Inflammation of, Par. 17.
         Weak, No. 41.
Strengthening Plaster, No. 32.
Suspended Animation, Par. 220.
Syringe, No. 48.
Syphilis, Par. 134.
              T.

Tetanus, Par. 87.
              V.

Venereal Disease, Par. 134.
              W.

Whooping-cough, Par. 109.
               Powders, No. 31.
Wounds, Par. 158. 
 
        No. 1.                                No. 26.
CALOMEL AND JALAP.                   ITCH POWDERS.
	
No. 2. ANTIMONIAL MIXTURE.	No. 27. EYE OINTMENT.
	
No. 3. EPSOM SALTS.	No. 28. EYE WATER.
	
No. 4. LAUDANUM.	No. 29. MUSTARD.
	
No. 5. CALOMEL AND OPIUM PILLS.	No. 30. BORAX.
	
No. 6. CASTOR OIL.	No. 31. WHOOPING-COUGH POWDERS.
	
No. 7. LINIMENT.	No. 32. STRENGTHENING PLASTER.
	
No. 8. GUM ARABIC.	No. 33. ADHESIVE PLASTER.
	
No. 9. COMPOUND OIL OF TEREBINTHINA.	No. 34. ANTIBILIOUS PILLS.
	
No. 10. SWEET SPIRITS OF NITRE.	No. 35. SIMPLE CERATE.
	
No. 11. GLYSTERS.	No. 36. BALSAM COPAIBA.
	
No. 12. BLISTERING PLASTER.	No. 37. INJECTION POWDERS.
	
No. 13. COMPOUND GUAIACUM POWDER.	No. 38. TINCTURE OF MYRRH.
	
No. 14. SATURNINE MIXTURE.	No. 39. BASILICON.
	
No. 15. CALOMEL PILLS.	No. 40. SPIRITS OF CAMPHOR.
	
No. 16. CAMOMILE FLOWERS.	No. 41. BITTERS.
	
No. 17.	No. 42, _ _,
	TARTARIC ACID.
*	
No. 18. POWDERED RHUBARB.	No. 43. SODA.
	
No. 19. QUININE MIXTURE.	No. 44. ROCHELLE SALTS.
•	
No. 20. MERCURIAL PILLS.	No. 45. BLUE STONE.
	
No. 21. DIURETIC POWDER.	No. 46. CHARCOAL.
         No. 22.
MAGNESIA AND RHUBARB.
        No. 23.
MERCURIAL OINTMENT.
       No. 47.
LINT AND BANDAGES.
  No. 48.
SYRINGE.
      No. 24.
ELIXIR OF VITRIOL.
  No. 49.
LEATHER.
     No. 25.
ITCH OINTMENT.
 No. 50.
LANCET. 
 
 
 
 
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