47tii Congress, 
Ist Session. 
SENATE. 
( Ex. Doc. 
\ No. 106. 
Treasury Department, > 
Document No 260. > 
Secretary—Customs. ) 
LETTEE 
FROM 
THE SECRETARY 0E THE TREASURY, 
TRANSMITTING 
In response to Senate resolution of February 10, 1882, the report of the 
Treasury cattle commission on the lung plague of cattle, or contagious 
pleuropneumonia. 
February 15, 1882.—Referred to the Committee on Agriculture and ordered to he 
printed. 
Treasury Department, 
February 13, 1882. 
Sir : I have the Honor to acknowledge the receipt of a copy of a res- 
olution of the Senate, adopted on the 10th instant, and attested by its 
acting Secretary, directing me to communicate to the Senate the report 
of the Treasury cattle commission on the lung plague of cattle, or con- 
tagious pleuro-pneumonia. 
In compliance with such direction, the report in question is herewith 
transmitted. 
Very respectfully, 
CHAS. J. FOLGEE, 
Hon. David Davis, 
Secretary. 
President of the Senate. REPORT 
OF 
THE TREASURY CATTLE COMMISSION 
ON 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, OR CONTAGIOUS 
PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
The Hon. Ohas. J. Folger, 
Secretary of the Treasury : 
Sir : In presenting- a report which we hope may not be altogether 
fruitless in securing or shaping legislation, we cannot close our eyes to 
the fact that many legislators are entirely ignorant of the plague of 
which we are treating, while others who have heard something of its 
prevalence are still in some doubt as to its contagious properties. We 
have therefore judged it desirable to enter somewhat fully into the his- 
tory of the disease in the Old World and the New, and in the Northern 
and Southern Hemispheres, so as to illustrate its purely contagious 
nature, its insidious progress, its destructive tendency, and the circum- 
stances in which it has been respectively possible and impossible to ex- 
tirpate it from an infected land. This was the more necessary in order 
to connect the disease as now existing in the United States with that 
imported in 1818, and to show the reasons for our comparative immunity 
from great extensions and losses in the past, and the increasing dangers 
of such diffusion and loss in the future. 
We have kept steadily in view the main object of our appointment, 
and have fully established the claim that the Western and Southern 
States, as well as the whole of New England, are free from this disease, 
and have set forth the conditions under which we believe that the 
cattle of these States could be shipped to Europe wdth a perfect guar- 
antee of soundness as regards this plague. Finally, convinced that any 
permanent guarantee of continued immunity for our as yet uninfected 
States, and our export cattle, can only be secured by the extirpation of 
this disease from the continent, we have set forth those measures which, 
in the light of history aud science, are the best calculated to secure its 
speedy and thorough extinction. 
NOMENCLATURE. 
It would be useless to furnish a long list of synonyms, yet it is well 
to note that in all lands this disease has been known by designations 
such as plague, epizootic, distemper, &c., which showed that it was rec- 
ognized as something more than a simple inflammation of the lungs, and 4 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
owed its origin and diffusion to a specific-disease poison. We much 
prefer, and throughout this report have freely used, the appropriate 
term, lung plague, rather than pleuropneumonia, mainly because the latter 
is already applied to a simple inflammatory affection of the lungs and 
their covering, without a suspicion of that contagion which is the es- 
sential element of this disease. The effect of the term pleuro-pneumonia 
on the average medical mind may be inferred from the fact that in the 
jSTew York legislature a bill providing for the extinction of the lung 
plague was defeated through the confident assertions of a medical 
member of the house that there was not, and could not be, such a thing 
as a contagious pleuro-pneumonia. No one thinks of calling small-pox 
ringworn, or scabies inflammation of the skin, typhoid fever inflammation 
of the bowels, hydrophobia inflammation of the brain, scarlet fever inflam- 
mation of the throat, nor pulmonary consumption inflamm atio nof the lungs. 
Yet, it would be no more absurd and misleading to call these simple in- 
flammations of the organs named than to call the contagions lung dis- 
ease of cattle pleuro-pneumonia. Not being a simple inflammation, but 
really a specific fever, it ought to be known by a specific name, and we 
have adopted the term lung plague, already in use, as one well calcu- 
lated to set forth its essentially pestilential character. 
HISTORY OF LUNG PLAGUE, AS SHOWING ITS PROPAGA- 
TION BY CONTAGION ONLY. 
The same excuse advanced in extenuation of the above reference to 
historic names will apply to the following presentation of important 
tacts in the history of this affection. The ultimate source of the conta- 
gmn of lung plague we do not know. Up to the present time this has suc- 
cessfully eluded all investigation. Like small-pox, measles, the plague, 
Ac., this affection is only known as it is transmitted by its own contagions 
products. If the sanitarian of to-day meets with a case of small pox, 
or of lung plague, he at once inquires after some pre-existing case of 
the same kind, from which this has been derived, and with the same 
confidence with which he would, on finding a young animal, inquire after 
its sire or dam. All historic records of lung plague betray its continu- 
ous existence in different parts of Europe, where it has prevailed from 
time immemorial, and show further that the invasion of a new country by 
the pestilence has ever been but the sequel of the transit of cattle from 
an infected region, either in the commissariat parks of a belligerent 
army or in the channels of an opening commerce. Whatever, therefore, 
may have been the conditions of the original generation of the lungplague 
virus, whether it was a primary creation at the foundation of the world, 
or whether it has been the product of an evolution under peculiar modi- 
fying circumstances, this much can be confidently affirmed that in 
Western Europe and in the Western and Southern Hemispheres its 
appearance can be traced in every case to the introduction of diseased 
cattle or their products. 
ANCIENT HISTORY OF LUNG PLAGUE. 
The early history of the lung plague of cattle cannot be followed with 
that certainty which characterizes the records of Russian cattle plague 
foot and month disease, sheep-pox, &c., which develop sooner after the 
system has taken in the infection. The average period of incubation 
or latency of the poison is, for foot and mouth disease two days, for 5 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
Russian cattle plague four days, for sheep-pox seven days, but for lung 
plague thirty days. As the exigencies of war or commerce usually led 
to the introduction into a new country of two or more of these plagues 
simultaneously, it is the exception rather than the rule to find any clear 
distinction drawn between them in these early days of medicine. Tims 
the Russian cattle plague, which developed most speedily apd proved the 
most deadly, naturally came in for the greatest share of attention, while 
the lung plague, which appeared a month later and proved more slowly 
though not less surely and ruinously destructive, was looked upon as the 
dregs of the same disease, and thus we have usually a most confusing 
medley of the two. Yonatt, whose works have been extensively read 
in America, gives a striking illustration of this, confounding as he does 
under the one name of “ malignant epidemic murrain” at least four dis- 
eases, namely, malignant catarrh, rinderpest, malignant anthrax, and 
lung plague. By exercising special care one can disentangle these 
records and show with reasonable certainty the existence of this malady 
in early times. 
Aristotle, writing three hundred and fifty years before Christ, says: 
“ The cattle which live in herds are subject to a malady during which 
the breathing becomes hot and frequent, the ears droop, and they refuse 
to eat. They die speedily, and the lungs are found destroyed.” Here 
the restriction of the disease to cattle which lived in large herds, where 
there was ample opportunity for a continuous succession of cases by the 
infection of new and susceptible subjects, the confinement of the mor- 
bid lesions to the lungs, and the high mortality, all strongly suggest the 
lung plague. Tacitus and Columella refer to an extended outbreak of 
lung disease in cattle in the middle of the first Christian century. The 
latter describes it as a “heavy mortality, with ulceration of the lungs, 
cough, emaciation, and finally phthisis.” As serving to identify this 
with lung plague we have the facts that cattle only are named as its 
victims, and that the epizootic attended and followed the great wars 
for the extension of the Roman Republic and Empire. The lung plague 
is confined to cattle, and the great means of its propagation in all ages 
have been the infected cattle in the commissariat parks, which moved 
from place to place with the advancing or retreating armies. 
LUNG PLAGUE IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES. 
A pulmonary affection of cattle which prevailed in Hesse in 1695 is 
thus described by Yalentini: 
The preceding winter being wet, but in the end very frosty, was followed in early 
spring by an unusual beat, which continued throughout the whole summer, which 
sudden change brought about an unequal and unnatural motion of the humors and 
breath, resulting in death to man and brute. Oxen and cows perished in great num- 
bers. From the observation of those who opened the bodies it appeared that they 
died of pulmonary phthisis, to which, doubtless, the severe cold and the succeeding 
intense heat largely contributed. In man, also, it caused dysentery and malignant 
fever; toward the end of June and the beginning of August this fever in places becom- 
ing intermittent and mainly tertian. 
This was doubtless the genuine luug plague, for its extensive preva- 
lence, its high mortality, and the fact that cattle only among domestic 
animals are mentioned as the sufferers, forbids the conclusion that it 
was due to the weather vicissitudes alone. The fact that the mortality 
supervened in the hot weather is exactly in keeping with the habits of 
the lung plague, the deadly effects of which are always greatly enhanced 
by a hot season or climate. Had it been true pulmonary phthisis (tuber- 
culosis), it would have been ameliorated, in place of aggravated, by the 6 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OE CATTLE. 
warm season and the open-air life in the fields. That it had no connec- 
tion with the contemporaneous sickness in man is shown by Yalentini 
himself, who shows the latter to have been of a malarious origin. 
In estimating the true nature and cause of the cattle disease, it must 
not be forgotten that Europe was about that time engaged in general 
warfare, an occurrence which has never failed to induce a universal 
extension of the animal plagues. Thus the Poles were waging a war 
with the Turks, the Swedes with the Russians, French, and Savoyards, 
and the French with the Dutch; and Hesse, where the plague was 
especially noted by the historian, was directly in the midst of the con- 
tending nationalities. 
That Yalentini attributed the outbreak to the weather is not surpris- 
ing, since physicians can still be found so antiquated as to attribute 
this and other animal plagues to the peculiarities of the seasons. But 
Yalentini inadvertently furnishes further evidence of the justice of our 
position in reporting in the same year the prevalence of the aphthous 
fever (foot and mouth disease) in animals and men. “In the autumnal 
equinox from the last of August inflammation of the gums, tongue, and 
mouth in men; in animals, inflammation of the feet was also observed7’ 
(Sydenham, Opp., I, p. 283). Both plagues were introduced by con- 
tagion by means of cattle driven with the armies. Equally careful 
historians would doubtless have noted these in most of the other coun- 
tries of Europe as well. 
Wirth records the prevalence of lung plague in Switzerland and adja- 
cent countries in 1726 and 1727, and that it continued its ravages in 
different localities until 1739. This was also a period in which the rav- 
ages of rinderpest iyere most extensive, both plagues having been man- 
ifestly propagated by the wars of Charles XII and of the Spanish suc- 
cession. 
From this time the records are more definite. In 1743 the disease is 
reported as ravaging Suabia (Wirth), but immediately afterward its ex- 
tensive prevalence is noted coincidentally with the war of the Austrian 
succession. Thus in 1764 Trumpy reports its presence in Pomerania; in 
1769-’7O Bourgelat records its continuous existence in Franche-Compte; 
in 1769 Wirth notices its ravages in Fulda, Germany; from 1772t0 1830 
its existence was virtually uninterrupted in Nassau (Franque); in1774-’76 
it ravaged Istria and Dalmatia (Fanti), and was still prevailing in the 
former in 1790 (Orus, Bottani); from 1778-’9O it devastated Wiirtemberg 
and Silesia (Kausch, Wirth); from 1786-791 Bavaria (Plank, Laubender), 
and in 1892 Franconia (Hensinger); these latter extensions were favored 
by the military movements in connection with the partition of Poland 
in 1772, and by the collection of troops in connection with the disputed 
succession in Bavaria in 1777 and 1785. 
LUNG PLAGUE PERMANENT IN THE MOUNTAINS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 
Bourgelat’s statement that this plague prevailed continuously in 
Franche-Compte about 1770 is only a solitary illustration of its perennial 
presence in the unfenced mountainous regions of Central and Eastern 
Europe. In these, herd was continually mingling with herd, so that 
fresh subjects were always presented for infection, and the contagion 
had every opportunity for its perpetuation. In the well-cultivated 
plains, where the separate holdings were inclosed, a natural limit was 
set to the life of the plague germ, since, after a time, in the smaller 
herds, all the susceptible animals had fallen victims to the pestilence, 
and if several months elapsed before the birth or introduction of new THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
7 
and susceptible stock, disinfection often ensued. Hence it was that 
whereas in the intervals between extensive wars the arable lands wTere 
to a large extent freed from this pestilence, the nnfenced and unculti- 
vated mountains, and the open commons, the property of the different 
towns and cities, remained the centers of infection. This digression 
seems necessary to explain what remains of this history, and to account 
for the persistence of the disease in certain localities in the United 
States. 
Franche-Comte, which was at this time the constant home of the 
plague, was situated between the Jura and Yosges mountains, and par- 
took of both, so that it was constantly liable to infection from these con- 
taminated regions. Lafosse asserts that from 1769 to 1789 lung plague 
was almost exclusively confined to the mountains of Switzerland, of 
Jura, of Hanphiuy, of Yosges, of Piedmont, and of Upper Silesia ; but 
that it spread widely on the plains of the different countries in connec- 
tion with the wars of the French Revolution. Delafond adds Hesse 
and Swabia, and Zundel the mountains of Auvergne and the Tyrol, to 
the countries where the plague habitually prevailed prior to this date. 
Swabia was specially favorable to such unbroken infection, because of 
the unfenced territory of the Swabian Alps, while Hesse was exposed 
through the Yogel Mountains and extensive forests like the Thuriuger 
Wald. We have the further testimoily of Huzard, Chabert, and Yicq 
d’Azyr that the disease ravaged Paris and neighborhood from 1772 to 
1794. Here the constant influx of strange cattle to supply the food of 
a large city, the endless changes in city dairy herds, and the presence 
of large parks and commons, sufficiently account for its perpetuation. 
This prevalence of the pestilence in the genial atmosphere of Paris 
sufficiently disproves the idea that the affection was kept up by the 
inclemency of the hills. This conclusion becomes absolute, however, 
when we add that this plague has never penetrated to the coldest and 
most exposed of the European mountains, which are, however, protected 
by situation alike from becoming the theater of great wars and the 
channels of cattle traffic. Among those which maintain this enviable 
immunity are the Pyrenees, the mountains of Norway and Sweden, and 
the Highlands of Scotland. 
EXTENSION DUE TO THE WARS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND 
EMPIRE. 
The above-mentioned statement of Lafosse relative to the general 
infection of Europe in connection with the French Revolution is fully 
indorsed by other writers. Zundel says : 
Under the republic and the first empire, peri-pneumonia is to he counted among Ih© 
miseries entailed by the war, and we find it not only in Switzerland, but in the different 
departments of France, Italy, and Germany. We may name particularly the years 
1812-15, when the affection was very prevalent in these countries; 1816-’lB, when it 
attained an extraordinary intensity in the Tyrol, Bavaria, Bohemia, Austria, and 
Styria; and 1820-22, when it ravaged severely Switzerland, Piedmont, Franche-Comte, 
Lyonnais, and Auvergne. 
The culmination of the ravages of the plague in 1812-’ls is fully ex- 
plained by the considerations that fur a quarter of a century, dating 
from the French Revolution in 1789, Europe had been the theater of an 
almost uninterrupted warfare, which led to the movements of infected 
cattle in every direction in the train of the different armies, and to the 
infection of the countries in which the latter operated. Finally, this 
reached its acme in 1812, in connection with Napoleon’s ill-fated expe- 8 
THE LUN(? PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
dition to Moscow with half a million men, and still more in the succeeding 
three years, when all Europe was literally in arms, arrayed for or against 
the French cause. The exhaustion of the different states by the con- 
stant wars, and the decay of agriculture in consequence of the heavy 
conscriptions, the burdensome taxation, and the devastations incident 
to the presence of armies in the field, lessened the available supply of 
cattle ,* and this, together with the greatly increased demand for the 
provisioning of the armies, necessitated the drawing of live stock from 
more distant points. Thus the commissariat drew not only on the in- 
fected herds of the mountains and forests of Central Europe, but also 
on the steppes of Eussia and Asia •, and with the steppe cattle Europe 
imported the lung plague and all those Oriental bovine pestilences which 
find a perennial home on these great and fenceless plains. 
Since this general invasion most of the countries of Central and 
Western Europe have remained under the sway of this baneful plague. 
It is reported as prevailing in Prussia in 1802 (Sick), and at intervals up 
to the present time (Dieterichs, Laubender, Wageufield, Gielen, Sau- 
berg, Seir, Keurs, Hering, Yerheyen, Gerlach, &c.). In Hanover it has 
prevailed extensively since 1807 (Haussmann, Grerlach, &c.). In Bel- 
gium and Holland, it was reported as all but universal from 1830 to 
1876, causing an average mortality of 10, 15, or 25 per cent, of the entire 
bovine population (Loiset), while in the greater part of France it has 
been widely prevalent since the days of the first Napoleon. 
RECENT INVASIONS IN THE CHANNELS OF COMMERCE. 
During the last half century the increasing activity of the cattle trade 
has taken the place of wars in the general diffusion of this plague. All 
through Western Europe have started up immense distilleries, sugar 
factories, &c., where the refuse products are devoted to the fattening of 
stalled cattle. These distillery and sugar-factory stables of to-day have 
taken the place of the army commissariat parks of the past in drawing 
upon all available regions for supplies of cattle; so that oxen from East- 
ern and Central Europe are fattened in the great commercial and manu- 
facturing centers of the West. The rapid extension of railroads has 
lent its aid to the traffic, until to-day a lucrative and peaceful commerce 
has become no less effective in the propagation of animal plagues than 
the desolating wars of former ages. 
Thus the northern department of France is said to have received the 
lung-plague infection in 1822 through cattle brought from Franche-Comte 
for the purpose of fattening (Delflache). Belgium and Holland were simi- 
larly infected by Flemish cattle in 1830. Holland (Gelderland) was again 
invaded through the introduction of infected Prussian cattle by Yan- 
derbosch, a distiller, in 1833 (Yerheyeu), and from 1840 onward, when the 
pemands increased for the large factory stables, the plague advanced 
with strides unprecedented for a period of peace. Zundel says: 
In 1840 and the succeeding years, the malady made all at once an extraordinary 
extension, invading Switzerland, Southern Germany, Alsace, and Franche-Gomt6, 
and ravaging in the most destructive manner more than forty departments of France. 
A remarkable point in this history is the confinement of the disease 
to Central and Western Europe, where the general wars were mostly 
carried on, and to which cattle from the open infected forests and steppes 
were naturally drawn; also, where later in more peaceful times we find 
the routes of cattle traffic from the infected districts to the great west- 
ern centers of commerce. Sweden was constantly at war during the 
reign of Charles XI I, but this never led to the appearance of lung plague, THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
9 
simply because the germ bad not been introduced; and in its absence no 
movement nor privation of cattle generated the disease in the Scandi- 
navian peninsula. So, later, nc cattle traffic set in from the infected por- 
tions of the continent, and in its absence no climatic vicissitudes served 
to generate the plague. Later still, when infected Ayrshire cattle were 
introduced from Scotland, the result showed clearly that the imported 
plague found in Sweden a not uncongenial home (see below). Similarly, 
in the war of the Spanish succession, in the end of the seventeenth cen- 
tury, though this plague was spread over the whole of Central Europe, 
yet Spain escaped, for the simple reason that no cattle were drawn from 
beyond the Pyrenees. Equally harmless in this respect have been the 
extensive military operations by the Erench and English in Spain from 
1808 to 1813, and finally the frequent civil wars which have disturbed 
that country since the accession of Isabella II in 1833. It need only 
be added that Spain is not a mercantile country, requires to import no 
cattle from abroad, is effectually barred from inroads of infection by the 
Pyrenees, and is far removed from the busy cattle traffic now maintained 
between the infected regions and the marts of Western Europe, and es- 
pecially of Great Britain; and Spain has accordingly been spared the 
devastations of the lung plague and other animal pestilences. Thus 
every additional page of history serves to confirm the truth that this 
plague is to-day propagated by contagion, and contagion alone. 
Though the invasion of Great Britain was effected through the me- 
dium of commerce, yet it is here placed under a separate heading as the 
first of a series of extensions of this plague over watery barriers that had 
long placed a limit to its progress. The British Isles were infected 
through imported Dutch cattle. The infection, which reached Holland 
from Flanders in 1830, and from Prussia in 1833, had in 1835 extended 
to Utrecht and South Holland. At first it ravaged the vicinity of the 
great cattle marts of Eotterdam and Schiedam, from which it extended 
over the whole of the Netherlands, including Friesland on the north and 
the islands of Zealand on the south. In the interval between 1839 and 
1841 the British consul at the Hague at different times sent Dutch cat- 
tle to a friend near Cork, Ireland, with the view of improving the native 
breed. With one of these importations the lung plague was introduced; 
and meeting with conditions favorable to its diffusion, it spread in a 
few years over the entire island; which, from that time to this, has con- 
tinued to send regular installments of the infection to Great Britain. 
In 1842, under the pressure of the chartist agitation, the British Par- 
liament reduced the duties on foreign cattle to 20.9. a head on oxen and 
bulls and 15s. on cows, and in that year 4,264 head of cattle were im- 
ported. But the price of beef still remained high, and in 1846 the duty 
on lean cattle was entirely abolished, with the result of increasing the 
importations for that year to 45,043 head, and inducing a steady increase 
till, in 1853, no less than 125,253 were imported. This enormous drain 
upon Western Europe proved injurious to both buyer and seller. By 
increasing the demand for stock and drawing upon more distant coun- 
tries to supply this, it drew a great influx of disease on Western Europe, 
and produced that extraordinary diffusion of the lung plague which has 
already been noticed. The effect on England was, if possible, still worse. 
The Dutch and Belgian owner of infected stock, with ruin staring him 
in the face, was easily persuaded to sell his cattle at a low price for ex- 
portation; and many of these, with their fatal freight of contagion, were 
INFECTION OF THE BRITISH ISLES. 10 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
thrown on the British market and sold to the unsuspecting British 
farmer. 
In 1842, the year of the reduction of the import duty, the lung disease 
was first recognized in England in the vicinity of London, and it grad- 
ually spread from market to market and from county to county, until 
the greater portion of the island was ravaged by the pestilence. From 
this time onward Great Britain was placed between two fires—one 
reaching her through her Irish trade and the other through her conti- 
nental one. 
Mr. Robert Herbert, writing in 1860 in the Royal Agricultural So- 
ciety’s Journal, in speaking of the continental trade, gives illustrative 
examples, in which, out of large purchases of hundreds of animals by 
single feeders, one-fourth and upward perished of lung plague, and sig- 
nificantly adds “that very few graziers are to be met with who, from 
past experience, would run the risk of endeavoring to fatten foreign 
stock upon any description of land.” The lung plague reached Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, in November, 1843, on the occasion of the great au- 
tumn market, All Hallow Fair. It was not until 1844, 1845, and 1846 
that the infection reached many of the agricultural counties distant 
from large markets, such as Norfolk, Lincolnshire, Derbyshire, Lanca- 
shire, Yorkshire, and Northumberland, and above all the breeding 
counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Devon. Some counties in the 
highlands of Scotland, and some districts in the Cheviots, which breed 
their own stock, and never introduce strange cattle, have escaped the 
infection up to the present day. In other words, the great centers of 
cattle traffic—London, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leeds, Shef- 
field, Newcastle, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, Aberdeen,and Inverness— 
were early infected, because to these diseased animals gravitated. The 
outlying country districts were visited later; and as cattle from the 
great markets were introduced, while those districts which bred their 
own stock, and sold, but never bought, in most cases escaped, and still 
maintain their immunity after a period of forty years. This speaks with 
trumpet tongue for the introduction of the germ as an essential pre- 
requisite to the disease. 
WHY THE LUNG PLAGUE HAS NOT DIED OUT IN IRELAND. 
In England the persistence of the plague for these forty years was a 
foregone conclusion, because at all the great centers of population were 
extensive cattle markets open to all alike—fat and lean, home and for- 
eign—and as these were receiving daily accessions of infection from 
Ireland or the continent, or both, this infection was constantly being 
carried out from these marts by the store cattle purchased there, and 
served to form new plague centers in all parts of the country. So un- 
erringly did this operate that the widest extension of the plague always 
followed on the great markets for store cattle. Thus, there was inva- 
riably the greatest extension of the disease in the autumn after the 
farmers had laid in their store cattle for winter feeding. 
But in Ireland the case was different. There being there no great 
manufacturing centers, no great concentration of population, there was 
no demand for beef more than could be easily supplied by the home 
herds; there was accordingly no importation of foreign stock; the only 
exception to this rule being in the case of a few high-classed animals 
introduced for the improvement of the native herds. Ireland, like the 
United States, is essentially a beef-exporting country, and it was to 
have been presumed that this plague introduced into one corner of her THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
11 
territory should have died out, as it had so often done in the farming 
districts of Europe, unless there was here some special cause for its 
maintenance and diffusion. To this cause it is well here to advert, as 
it serves to point out the reality of our own dangers in the United 
States, and the true course of safety. 
The grand cause of the continuance of the lung plague in Ireland is 
to be found in the habit of constant trading and turning the cattle into 
large common pasturages at so much per head. To illustrate this we 
shall quote freely from the report for 1878 of Professor Hugh Ferguson, 
director of the Irish privy council, veterinary department. In describ- 
ing the methods in vogue in managing cattle he says: 
Animals exported from Ireland are very seldom bred by their exporters, and often 
before exportation pass through several hands, from, those of the breeders to those of 
their final purchasers, for exportation to Great Britain. 
The changes of ownership are more frequent with regard to cattle than with regard 
to sheep and swine. • 
With each change of ownership there is generally a change of locality, and the 
movement entailed thereby, as well as the exposure in public fairs and markets, and 
on lands or premises used for temporary resting places for animals in transit, subject 
them more or less to the influence of diseases of a contagious or infectious nature, 
particularly foot-and-mouth distemper, when that malady is prevalent. 
In Ireland weanling and more advanced calves are purchased throughout the coun- 
try from their rearers, who are not always their breeders, by persons who either deal 
in or prepare store stock, and when a sufficient number is collected are kept by them 
frequently on different pastures hired for the grazing season, changing the locality as 
emergencies require, either from termination of tenancy, inclemency of season, defi- 
ciency of food, for the sake of convenience, or from other causes. 
Such pastures, many of which are mountainous and occupy large tracts, are in many 
cases grazed by cattle which belong to many different persons who pay by the head 
for the summer’s grazing of their animals. The owners of these cattle, who often re- 
side in a different part of the country, or out of it, or are engaged elsewhere in another 
branch of the cattle trade, or are traveling about, frequently do not see them or have 
them visited, until the termination of the grazing season, when the animals are re- 
moved to localities more favorable to the time of the year, there, perhaps, to herd 
with other lots belonging to the same or different owners which have been brought 
from different parts of the country for the same reasons. 
These animals, in due time, are brought in assorted lots to public fairs and markets, 
where they are generally sold for the purpose of being further matured; and when so 
matured they are again brought into the market and resold as early stores. 
After another season, and having been sorted and culled, they are sold for the pur- 
pose of being further grazed, or, if sufficiently matured, for stall-feeding. It is at 
this period that they are generally purchased as stores for the English markets. 
If not sold for that purpose they are purchased by the Irish finishing feeders, either 
for grazing or stall-feeding, and when in sufficient condition are sold as fat cattle, 
either for exportation to Great Britain or for home consumption. 
When sold in Ireland for either purpose, it is generally publicly, and when other 
animals are collected for sale. 
But there are some Irish graziers and stall-feeders who, instead of sending their fat 
cattle to a market in Ireland, export them directly to the English markets for sale, 
consigning them for that purpose to their agents. 
Some extensive landholders in Ireland carry on a very large and lucrative trade by 
collecting from different fairs or markets or other places, selected young animals of 
size and promise, keeping them for a sufficient time, then sorting them into even 
“lots” and disposing of them at fairs, either for export, as advanced stores, for stall- 
feeding or other finishing, or to home buyers for the same purpose. 
At a particular season of the year there is a large trade carried on in the exporta- 
tion from Ireland to Great Britain of springers or animals in calf for dairy purposes. 
They are generally purchased at fairs in different parts of Ireland, and when a suffi- 
cient number is collected near the port of shipment they are embarked. 
They travel slowly and generally by road, the persons who deal in them finding 
that the concussion and undue compression to which they are exposed while in raih 
way transit are very injurious and sometimes cause abortion. 
Many of the Dublin dairy proprietors are extensive cattle dealers, particularly for 
exportation. In the season they trade largely in springers. When the cows in their 
dairies cease to yield milk they fatten them and sell them for slaughter, or, if they 
happen to be in calf, for dairy purposes as soon as they can. When young, there is 
always a ready sale for them in the English and Scotch markets, and consequently 
there are great numbers of them exported. 12 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
If we except unfenced countries, like the steppes of Eastern Europe, 
where the herds of different owners mingle freely and succeed each 
other on the same pasturage, we cannot conceive of a condition of 
things better calculated to disseminate contagion than that represented 
to exist in Ireland. To comprehend its full bearing we must take into 
account the average small holdings of the Irish tenant, who in many 
districts owns no more than a single cow, and has therefore but one 
calf to sell. The dealer therefore who buys twenty calves has in so 
doing often to run the risk of twenty chances of infection from as many 
different places, to say nothing of the almost certain exposure to con- 
tagion on the premises where they may have been kept over night on the 
way to market, or in the public market itself. Having run the guantlet 
of these perils, his twenty calves are sent off to a distant pasture, and 
on the way are once more subjected to the risk of infection by resting 
over nights in premises habitually let for such purposes, and therefore 
presumably infected. When they reach the pasture they mingle with 
one or two hundred more cattle, most of them picked up as these have 
been and subjected to the same numberless chances of contagion. Such 
a pasturage thus represents the contagion existing in one or two hundred 
different places spread over a wide area, plus the contagion introduced 
by the countless numbers of other cattle sent to the great fairs where 
they were purchased, plus the contagion laid up in the premises habit- 
ually let for the temporary accommodation of cattle going to and from 
the fairs. When we consider that this change of ownership, this assort- 
ing into lots of equally promising animals, this sending to market, and 
this remingling with fresh cattle from different quarters both there and 
in the next pasturages, is repeated several times every year, it certainly 
seems as if no enemy could have devised a method better calculated to 
spread the contagion. But this is not all. This habit of incessant 
marketing is stimulated by the introduction of lung plague into a herd 
or pasturage. On being apprized of such an occurrence, the owner 
often picks out those of his stock which are still apparently healthy, and 
hurries them off to the first available market, that by their sale he may 
secure what salvage he can. The unwitting purchaser, congratulating 
himself perhaps on an unusually promising bargain, turns them out in 
another large pasturage with scores of others, where in a month or two 
later the disease will certainly develop, and the same process of the 
sale and scattering of infected cattle is repeated. The healthy animals 
by this system of constant marketing are exposed to a maximum risk of 
infection, and as the infection of a herd becomes a stimulus to its re- 
peated sale, the public markets are necessarily the very hot-beds of the 
poison. 
Apropos of the remark that Dublin dairymen were often cattle deal- 
ers as well, may be quoted from Gamgee’s report to the privy council 
in 1862, that in the dairies of Dublin 51 per cent, of the cows were sold 
yearly because affected with the lung plague. 
In every country into Avhioh the lung plague has been introduced its 
ravages have always borne a direct ratio to the movement of cattle; 
and in Ireland, though the necessity for such movement was at its least, 
yet a strange artificial activity, even in the absence of all new im- 
portations of the disease, has kept the unfortunate island in the rank 
of the most plague-stricken countries of the world. For centuries this 
fair laud, thanks to its insular position, had remained a stranger to 
animal plagues; then one unlucky importation, backed by a most per- 
nicious system of cattle traffic, has entailed upon her over forty years of 
pestilential desolation. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
13 
INFECTION OF SWEDEN. 
Sweden, long protected by the Baltic and by her independence of ex- 
ternal supplies from the animal plagues of Central Europe, was infected 
by lung plague in 1847 by means of English cattle imported for the im- 
provement of the native stock. It spread over three provinces, and the 
following year was conveyed to Denmark, but in both countries most 
stringent measures were adopted for its suppression (including the 
slaughter of the infected, with indemnity), and these were speedily fol- 
lowed by success. 
INFECTIONS OF DENMARK. 
Besides the invasion through Sweden in 1848, this country has been 
repeatedly invaded by the lung plague, to Avhich it was especially ex- 
posed because of its immense dairying interests. By virtue of its pecu- 
liar peninsular position, however, it was spared those wholesale inva- 
sions which came upon Holland, Belgium, and France through their 
being in the direct track of the cattle trade to England, and through 
their home demands for their large distillery stables. Denmark, ac- 
cordingly, suffered only on rare occasions, when infected cattle were im- 
ported to replenish the dairy herds, and through a well devised and 
faithfully executed system of extinction they have always succeeded in 
stamping out each outbreak in its incipient stage. Professor Fenger,in 
1862, wrote: 
As to the appearance of the disease in the Kingdom of Denmark, it is an established 
fact that it has taken place only three times upon three different farms where cattle 
had been introduced from abroad. No other cattle were affected than those in the 
three.herds alluded to, and for three years no disease has appeared in Denmark. As 
to the spontaneous origin of plenro-pnenmouia, I wish to draw your attention to the 
fact that it is never seen in the town of Copenhagen, notwithstanding that in this 
place large dairies are kept where the cows are fed on draff from the distilleries, and 
are kept in a state very contrary to any which sanitary rules might suggest. In the 
dukedom of Schleswig the disease has been imported several times (last from England) 
and occasionally has spread rather widely. This autumn the cattle of 30 different 
places in Schleswig have been kept in a kind of quarantine. 
A more recent infection is that of tlie island of Fnnen, the nearest 
point to Germany, in 1880. The lung plague infected a herd of sixty 
cattle at Dalumgaard, near Odense, but was stamped out by the 
slaughter'of the whole herd, the stopping of all cattle markets, and of 
all exportation of cattle from the island for eleven weeks. 
INFECTION OF NORWAY. 
Norway imported lung plague in a cargo of Ayrshire cattle, intro- 
duced into the herd of the Agricultural College at Aas. The disease 
broke out three months after their arrival, and was stamped out by the 
slaughter of all the native cattle with which the Ayrshires had come 
in contact, and by a prolonged quarantine of the Ayrshires themselves. 
INFECTION OF SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN. 
I 
Schleswig-Holstein, formerly under Danish rule, but more exposed 
to infection by its proximity to Germany and Holland, has been more 
frequently infected than Denmark, but has never failed in promptly 
extinguishing the contagion. One infection was through Ayrshire cat- 
tle brought from Scotland in 1859, and was suppressed by the slaughter 
of the infected animals and the prolonged quarantine of the district, as 14 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
stated above by Fenger. Several later invasions from Germany and 
Holland, and notably a very extended one on the occasion of thePrusso- 
Hanish war, were promptly stamped out by the same summary meas- 
ures. Though the duchy is to-day a part of the German Empire, yet, 
by its energetic measures against lung plague, it maintains an immunity 
to which Germany proper is a stranger. 
INFECTION OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
South Africa was infected with lung plague in 1851, by means of a 
bull imported from Holland by a gentleman of Cape Town, for the pur- 
pose of improving his stock. This animal had been two months at sea 
and six weeks at the cape before he was noticed to be amiss. The desire 
to avail of the coveted Dutch blood sufficed to insure a wide diffusion of 
the infection before the bull sickened and died. The colonists, too, 
ignorant at first of the terrible peril which threatened them, took no 
pains to destroy or segregate the animals which had run the risk of in- 
fection, and before they became alive to their danger the plague had 
spread beyond all human control. This result was speedy on account 
of the peculiar nature of the country and its inland trade. Being un- 
fenced, South Africa presents on a still larger scale a method like that 
which has been followed in Texas and our Western States and Terri- 
tories, of herds branded with their owners’ marks running free from 
year to year and subject to no control, except at the yearly round-ups. 
We have seen that in all countries where such mingling is permitted— 
in the Steppes, hills, and forests of Europe and in the large boarding- 
pastures of Ireland—the lung plague has spread rapidly and defied all 
sanitary control; but in South Africa there is this further unfavorable 
condition, that all commerce is carried on by ox-wagons, and the work 
oxen become an additional and most effetive means of spreading the 
contagion. 
On this subject the Rev, Daniel Bindley, a missionary, who appeared 
before the Massachusetts legislative committee in 1.860, makes the fol- 
lowing statement, which is as interesting as it is instructive: 
This disease * * * Avas introduced from Holland, imported in the body of a bull. 
A gentleman in Cape ToAvn, wishing to improve his stock, made that importation and 
Avith it that disease Avhich has been to South Africa the severest scourge which has 
ever fallen on its property interest. It was about six weeks after the animal landed 
—he having been on board the vessel on the passage about two mouths—before any 
sign of sickness appeared in him. At the time it was not suspected that the disease 
was a lung contagion, so long known in Holland. However, he died. He communi- 
cated that disease to a great number of cattle, and before they became aAvare of the 
evil that threatened them, it had been scattered about extensively. The question may 
arise in the minds of the committee, Why was it not at once exterminated there as 
you propose to have it here ? The answer to this question will be found in this state- 
ment that I must make, in order Unit you may understand the circumstances of that 
country. If you will imagine New England and a great part of the United States, 
diArested of its woods, its forests, leaving here and there thickets and jungles, and a 
grass country, that is without fences, without any inolosures, and all this country 
spread over with cattle by the thousand—for the property of the inhabitants of the 
country consists in cattle and in sheep—and over all the country cattle are grazing by 
the thousand. I have seen 1,(500 in one herd, but generally the herds are from one to 
five hundred. In those parts of the country where lions and tigers have been exter- 
minated, these cattle are allowed to roam night and day Avhere they please, and they 
wander considerable distances, sometimes miles around. In addition to that all the 
produce of the country which is brought to maket, whether to supply the city of Cape 
Town or Fort Elizabeth, or other towns lying along the coast, is brought down from 
the interior in large Avagous drawn by oxen. All the goods imported into the country 
and taken inland are conveyed on these wagons, drawn by oxen; and to each wagon 
the custom of the country giAres six pairs of oxen. 
The country is large, it being from Cape Town to the extremity of any civilization THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
15 
ill the interior 1,200 miles, and across the plains to where I live, 1,200 miles more. 
Well, this country is passed through up and down, crosswise, and backward and for- 
ward, by hundreds of wagons and thousands of cattle every day. They have no rail- 
roads, no rivers, no other way of transporting goods from one point to another but 
this ox wagon. Well, they are great sheep raisers iu this country—having four to ten 
thousand sheep in a flock—and I have seen as many as fourteen thousand in one flock. 
Their clips of wool are all sent down in these wagons to the Coast. 
In a country of this kind, where there are so many cattle, and where everything is 
done by means of cattle, and they are traveling night and day, there is no possibility 
of killing out this disease by extirpation. The seed had been so widely disseminated 
before the people knew what the matter was that such a system was looked upon as 
hopeless, and the government adopted no measure to stay it, and every man was left 
to look out for his own interests. I will say that after it had got fairly spread abroad 
to a considerable extent, the inhabitants very generally resorted to inoculation. And 
M will say iu passing that we are indebted to that for about all the cattle we have left. 
We should have been flat on the ground and no man could have got to the coast with 
his products or returned with his merchandise. Inoculation has saved ns what we 
have after six years. The disease was still at work when I came away, about a year 
ago, but was much more under subjection. It has hilled hundreds and thousands of cattle* 
and I can assure you, gentlemen, that where it has come into a flock it has not left more than 
fire out of a hundred. I was happily surprised when I heard Dr. Loring state that in 
the past year, iu this State, not more than 20 per cent, had died. 
With us, when an animal is known to have the disease, we look upon it as already dead. 
I can affirm, without hesitation, that where it has got into .a herd of cattle not more than five 
out of a hundred have been spared. Occasionally one has passed through and has not had the 
disease at all; and a few, on the other hand—two or three in a hundred—have recovered, and 
no more. I know of one man who had five hundred head of cattle, and that disease got in and 
he had not five left. If I speak with emphasis, it is because I have had sad experience ; and 
I have been afraid that the good citizens of Massachusetts might not be aware of the 
evil which I most firmly believe threatens their property interest more than anything 
that ever threatened it yet. 
I will tell you how the disease came to my particular neighborhood; A native went 
out as a peddler over the Cathumba Mountains into the interior, nearly 300 miles. 
There he took cattle in payment for goods. He brought down a herd of oxen to the 
eastern coast; while on the way down some of his oxen became sick and he quietly 
put them out of the way, for he could travel two or three days perhaps and not see a 
single person, and the dead cattle were not likely to attract attention. He had that 
failing which we can pardon in others, as we see it in ourselves, that he cared a 
little more for himself than he did for his neighbors. He put the sick oxen out of 
the way, and brought down the rest ami sold them. They were bought by a gentle- 
man who had about 120 oxen. The peddler’s cattle, looking apparently well, were 
put into that herd. Well, presently the disease broke out. It was in that instance 
that this doctor had the influence to prevent the slaughter of the herd, because he 
said the disease was not contagious. Well, these cattle were running about in the 
neighborhood—out on the plain, 20 miles square, without fence and without tree, save 
here and there a bush—where were grazing thousands of cattle, and they ran just 
where they pleased. From this flock the contagion was communicated to all the cat- 
tie in the region. Oxen were traveling through the country every day, at least a 
hundred passing a day, and in that way it Avas carried widely through the country. 
Until it Avas brought from a contaminated region in the interior by these oxen, the 
disease had neA-er been within 300 miles of us. I might gWe a thousand facts just 
equal to this, but I am mentioning what occurred in my neighborhood. 
The disease had not crossed to the northward to the Ungani River until this happened. 
A man Avished to convey a boat from Natal to a place about 60 miles to the uorthAvard. 
He put the boat on a Avagon and took his six yoke of oxen to draw it. He traveled 
one day and camped just outside of a village through which he had passed. In the 
morning he found one of his oxen sick. He had camped on a piece of ground where 
oxen grazed every day, and in a place, where people thought themselves safe. Find- 
ing his ox sick, he quietly took him and his mate out of the wagon, and leaving them 
there, started on. These oxen remained through the day and mixed with the many 
cattle owned in that village. The second day after they had been there it was dis- 
covered that there was a sick ox in the field. The inhabitants were all out at once ; 
they killed the ox, and from the description they saw that he had the disease they had 
dreaded. They immediately inoculated their cattle and saved a goodly number of 
them. Now, in regard to that, I wish to make this statement: I made a statement 
Avhich was honestly reported, I suppose, but mistakenly as a statement, that they had 
saved 90 per cent.: in some cases not more than 30 per cent. BetAveen this and 90 
is probably the average per cent, saved. In that case I mentioned that there was a 16 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
clear, distinct instance where the sickness had been brought from the interior, three 
hundred miles, and in the last case it was carried twenty miles. 
Another instance: Two natives were trading, and brought the disease from the country 
where they went, two hundred miles, and set it down in a perfectly healthy region, in a herd 
of about eighty cattle, and there it spread, and they were every one carried off. 
Another fact, one with which I had to do myself: A native, a stupid heathen 
native was working for an Englishman in an infected region ; he took his pay in cat- 
tle, two calves, I think, a year or a year and a half old. He carried them into a 
healthy district, where the disease had been kept out, and within twenty miles of 
which it was not known Presently these calves fell sick and died, and the cattle 
with which they were placed began to he sick. I had in my service a young man be- 
longing to that village, that was twelve miles from where I lived; a messenger came 
to this yonngman to say, your cattle are sick. When I heard that I inquired if any cat- 
tle had been brought from the infected region to his kraal. He said such a one, nam- 
ing the native before mentioned, had been working with a man and had taken twft 
head of cattle for his pay; he came hack a little over two months ago with these cat- 
tle, and they took sick and died, and now our other cattle are sick. I saw at once 
what the matter was, for I knew that the region where these two cattle were taken 
from was wholly contaminated. I said, your cattle will all die; you ought to tell your 
neighbors to keep their cattle away from you. I asked him if his cattle had mixed with 
other cattle, and he said, there are three kraals that have mixed with ours. So it was too 
late, and the result was they all died. I suppose that in these four herds there were from 
one hundred to one hundred and thirty head of cattle, and they every one died. Well, I told 
the young man whom I sent to go and warn his neighbors ; he did so, and they took 
their cattle in an opposite direction to grass, and, for two years before I came away, 
not a single head of the cattle around there had taken the disease. Just those that were 
exposed to the contagion, and no others, died. The neighbors’ cattle continued in a state of 
perfect health for two years after those four herds, one hundred or one hundred and 
thirty head, had died right out there in the heart of a healthy region, a region as large 
as a county. I cannot doubt that the disease was communicated by contagion, and if 
the animals can be cut off the disease will be kept off'. It was kept off in the region 
in which I lived in this way. The chief with whom I lived occupies a considerable 
extent of territory, and he is fortunately fortified on one side by a range of mountains, 
and on the other by a precipice some hundred feet in height- He had assembled his 
tribe for another purpose, and wanting my advice in reference to some political diffi- 
culties, he sent a messenger to tell me of his trouble. I went to him, and after that 
matter was settled I took occasion to tell him that the sickness was wi thin some forty 
miles of us. I told him what the disease had done and would do, and I said to him, 
there is just one thing to do, and that is, to keep your cattle where they are and not allow 
any to go out or cone in. Well, the people there love their cattle, as they say, better 
than they love their lives. They took the alarm, and every effort that was made on 
the part of any one to bring cattle into the country was immediately and stoutly re- 
sisted. The intruder wTas met with spear and shield and threatened with death and 
destruction to himself and his cattle if he came a step farther, and so was made to 
go back. Only half a mile off, within sight of these cattle, dead animals were lying 
unburied that had been exposed to this contagion. The disease was brought there by 
the oxen of an individual who had been into the interior, and when he came home his 
oxen died. They communicated the disease to all the cattle in that neighborhood, 
and I never saw more complete destruction. There was not a single head left in all 
those kraals. Those cattle came up to within half a mile of our boundary, and you 
could look down and see herds of them lying dead. That was three years ago, and 
yet when I came away the disease had not got one inch over that line. 
These are facts that I have seen and know, and in that country, if you should 
ask us, is the disease communicated by contagion ? we would say yes, and we would just as 
soon doubt that the sun made daylight. There are thousands upon thousands of facts to 
prove it. We have no more questions to ask on that subject. You will see how widely 
the disease might spread in a country like that, where cattle are so abundant, where 
the travel is continued day and night, and where thousands of oxen are on the road 
every twenty-four hours. It has been to that country a great sconrage. Thousands 
and hundreds of thousands of cattle have died, and many of the people have been 
made poor by the ravages of the disease, and the only hope they have of securing a 
comfortable subsistence, and recovering a comfortable position in respect to property, 
is through sheep. They have given up all idea of grazing cattle, and are notv turning their 
attention to sheep ; for the disease is so widely spread that they have no hope that it tvill ever be 
exterminated. 
The especial value of this narrative lies in its testimony to the identity 
of this disease in the northern and southern hemispheres; to its terrible 
fatality in a warm climate, a matter full of dread significance to us; to 
its rapid diffusion where circumstances favor contact of the sick and THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
17 
healthy; to its propagation by contagion only and to its exclusion from 
all herds from which strange cattle are debarred. This last point is one 
which should be especially dwelt upon. In that torrid country where 
the lung plague has so far shown the greatest [tower of speedy diffu- 
sion, and where the mortality has risen higher than in any other land, 
where, in other words, the climatic conditions appear to be the most 
favorable to its existence, it had failed to appear spontaneously among 
the native cattle during the ages preceding its colonization by the Dutch, 
and for two centuries after this settlement; and even after the contagion 
had been introduced and had spread generally over the land, it needed 
only the resolute will of a native chieftain, in the exclusion of strange 
stock, to shut out the contagion and preserve any given district sound. 
A striking instance of the same kind is narrated by the missionary, 
Mr. It. Moffatt, father-in-law of the lamented Livingston, in a letter to 
Sir George Gray, governor of the Gape of Good Hope, dated Rumman, 
October 2, 1859. He states: 
That he was not allowed by Moselekatse, the chief of the Matabele country, South 
Africa, to approach nearer than his most southerly cattle outpost, about six days’ 
journey from headquarters, for fear of introducing the lung sickness among his cattle. 
Men were therefore sent to bring Moffatt’s wagons to where the chief lived, which 
was a laborious task, while to every available part about the wagons the spears and 
shields of the warriors, now performing the labor of oxen, were fastened. Every man 
in Matabele is a warrior, and is never seen removing, even to the shortest distance, 
without his weapons. Moselekatse possesses enormous herds of cattle, these and 
ivory constituting his wealth. (See also letter of Mr. Corbet under the head of Mor- 
tality.) 
Thus the uncivilized African teaches this great and enlightened ua 
tion a lesson in sanitation which she can only neglect at an unspeaka 
ble sacrifice. 
The growing importance of the wool-growing interest in South Africa 
may be inferred from the facts that in 1875 Cape Colony had 11,500,000 
sheep and 3,300,000 goats, as against 1,300,000 cattle, and that of the 
$25,000,000 of exports nearly $15,000,000 was in wool. Cattle are evi- 
dently no longer the “ chief wealth of the people.” 
INFECTION OF AUSTRALIA. 
This took place in October, 1858, through an Englislrcow imported 
by Mr. Boadle, of Melbourne. The malady ravaged his herd for nearly 
a year before it drew the earnest attention of the colonists. From the 
Melbourne Argus of September 17, 1859, we learn that a meeting of 
stockowners had just received the report of a committee, and decided 
to slaughter the infected herd, and reimburse the owner by public sub- 
scription. Mr. Boadle said: 
The first case occurred in an imported cow, landed in good condition and giving milk. 
She was attacked and died in November last, six weeks after arrival. Two others died 
in the latter end of December and beginning of January, and from that to the present 
time, with only one slight intermission of a month, the ravages of the disease have 
been, incessant. 
The committee report: 
That of five animals imported by Mr. Boadle two have died, a third is at present 
recovering from the attack, a fourth has seemingly recovered, and the fifth has hitherto 
escaped the distemper. The total number of deaths have been twenty-three; five 
beasts have recovered, but are evidently unsound, and on the occasion of our inspec- 
tion ten were ill, of which four were slaughtered, at our request, for dissection. 
As showing the animus of the meeting it applauded the proposal to 
destroy every herd in which the infection should appear; to interdict 
S. Ex. 106 2 18 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
“all shifting1 of cattle without a clean bill of health for some months, 
and to subject to professional examination all imported cattle, which 
should not be lauded unless a certificate of health were given, and also 
one presented to the officer, certifying that they had not been diseased 
for six months before embarkation.” 
Mr. Boadle’s entire herd of cattle (51 head) on his home farm was 
slaughtered and paid for, and the farm itself quarantined. Ho legisla- 
tion was effected, the public apprehension subsided, and the disease was 
allowed to gain new headway. The effect of this neglect was so disas- 
trous that we must go into the matter somewhat more in detail. 
The Melbourne Argus of December 24, 1860, has the following: 
As to whence we received it, and how it has been spread hero, there can be no doubt. 
An imported short-horn cow brought it from England, although she was to all appear- 
ance sound when put on board ship and during the whole of the passage. On inquiry, 
however, after the mischief was done, it turned out chat this cow had had a slight attack 
some two years previously, of which she was declared, at the time, to be perfectly cured; but 
the cure was but temporary and apparent, and the disease broke out here in a more 
virulent form, quickly spreading to the other cattle on the same farm. Had an act 
been then passed by the legislature to authorize the inspection of all suspected cattle, 
the care of a few weeks or months, and the expenditure of a small sum of money, 
would have eradicated the disease for the time, and a strict examination of all such as 
were imported, and the requirement of proof that they had never been affected, would 
have kept the country free from it; but our legislators were not alive to the danger; 
and when the act is passed, which will be we presume, immediately after the meeting 
of Parliament, the task of eradication will be a difficult and most expensive one. 
Among the cattle lately destroyed in a diseased state have been several working bullocks, 
belonging to carriers engaged in carting supplies up the country, and bringing down wool and 
other produce as return loading, and in no other way could the contagion have been more 
quickly disseminated, mixing, as such teams do, at every stopping place with other 
bullocks similarly employed, and frequently with the cattle belonging to the different 
localities through which they pass. Scarcely is one small herd destroyed now before 
fresh cases are reported, each one showing but too plainly the wide spread of the dis- 
ease, and giving more reason to fear the announcement at any moment of its having 
broken out in one or more of the lai'ge herds, when good-bye to the hope of eradica- 
ting pleuro-pneumonia. 
It is further alleged that McKinnon’s working oxen above alluded to 
had been surreptitiously turned into Mr. Boadle’s sequestered pastures 
under the shadow of night, and had thus contracted the contagion. 
Thus the petty cupidity of the teamsters brought a terrible and endless 
disaster on that vast island, the infected oxen repeating in Australia 
the earlier and no less disastrous experience of South Africa. 
An act of the Victorian legislature passed March 19, 1861, provided 
for an inspection of all cattle in suspected districts, the slaughter of the 
sick, and the interdiction of movement; and as the disease had now ap- 
peared at the Ovens, on the borders of Hew South Wales, the legisla- 
ture of that colony passed a similar act April 11,1861. An attempt 
was made by the latter colony to keep the disease south of Murray 
Eiver, but the golden opportunity had been neglected; the disease car- 
ried by working and stray cattle had been introduced into many of the 
large herds roaming the open country, and throughout 1861 the com- 
missioners found the malady wherever they went in both colonies. The 
first cases observed in Hew South Wales were in a large herd at Yar- 
ra Yarra, which had been moved by its owners, Messrs. M’Laurin, from 
Mitta Mitta, Victoria, in August, 1861. Yet in January, 1862, the Hew 
South Wales commissioners report that they had examined 100,000, and 
in every herd, with one or two exceptions, they had found the disease. 
In Victoria matters were worse if possible, and by midsummer, 1862, it 
is reported that in that colony u whole hecatombs of infected and sus- 
pected cattle have been burned and destroyed.” It is estimated that 
up to 1873,1,404,097, or 40 per cent, of the cattle of the island, perished, THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
19 
amounting, at S3O per head, to a total value of $43,500,000. And still 
it prevails with unabated fury, standing with the infected unfenced 
ranges of South Africa, Europe and Asia as a solemn warning of our 
own impending fate should we, too, delay till the infection shall reach 
our western plains and Territories. 
LUNG PLAGUE IN TASMANIA AND NEAV ZEALAND. 
As might be expected from the position of Tasmania, on the coast of 
Victoria, it was early infected by cattle brought from the latter, and by 
1864 the disease was universally prevalent in the island. 
New Zealand was not infected till 1864, when contaminated cattle 
were introduced. Here and in Tasmania there was but a repetition of 
the experience of Australia. Thorough sanitary measures were delayed 
until the disease had gained the open ranges, when it spread from herd 
to herd and bade defiance to all human control. 
INFECTION OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
The importation of lung plague into Massachusetts, though not the 
first introduction of that disease into America, may be mentioned first, 
because its history is complete from its inception to its final extinction 
in 1865. Mr. Winthrop W. Chenery, of Belmont, near Boston, who had 
repeatedly imported Dutch cattle with the best results, had four more 
sent him in the spring of 1859. They were procured in Purmerend 
and the Boemster, and were shipped in April from Rotterdam, an in- 
fected town, where they had been kept a few days in stables prior to 
shipment. These cows were forty-seven days at sea, and arrived at Bos- 
on the 23d May. All were at once taken to Belmont, though two were 
so ill that they had to be conveyed in wagons, one of the two having- 
been unable to stand for the last twenty days at sea. This cow was 
killed as hopeless on the 31st of May, and the second died on the 2d June. 
A third cow of this importation sickened June 20, and died in ten days. 
The fourth showed no sign of illness at any time. The next victim was 
a cow imported in 1852, which sickened August 20, and died before the 
end of the month. Others now followed in rapid succession, and in the 
first week of September Mr. Chenery, for the first time suspicious of the 
true nature of the disease, isolated his herd and refused to sell on any 
account. From that time to January 8, 1860, twenty-six more died. 
Unfortunately,, on June 23, he had sold three calves to Curtis Stod- 
dard, of North Brookfield, Worcester County, one of which was noticed 
to be ailing on the way home. Several days later Leonard Stoddard 
took this calf to his farm to cure it, and kept it in his barn with forty- 
eight other cattle for four days, when he returned it to his son’s place, 
where it died August 20. Curtis Stoddard lost no more till November 
1, when he sold eleven young cattle to as many different persons, and 
wherever these went the disease appeared. In one instance more than 
200 cattle were infected from one of those Stoddard heifers. Of the 
nine cattle which Stoddard retained seven were killed and found to be 
badly diseased. 
An ox of L. Stoddard’s sickened two weeks after he had returned the 
sick calf to his son, and fourteen more cases followed in the course of a 
few weeks. He kept eight oxen for teaming, and one team staying over 
night at Mr. Needham’s infected his oxen, of which eight died, and the 
remainder were slaughtered by the State authorities. 20 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
Mr. Woodis, of New Braintree, purchased a cow of L. Stoddard, which 
infected and led to the destruction of his herd of twenty-three cows. 
Mr. Olmstead bought a yoke of oxen of Mr. Stoddard and kept them 
five days, with the result of infecting his herd so that one-third died, 
and a second third were condemned by the commissioners. 
Mr. Olmstead sold the Stoddard yoke of oxen to a Mr. Doane, who 
put them to assist, with twenty-three other yokes, in removing a build- 
ing in North Brookfield. They were engaged in this for a day and a 
half, and all had to be destroyed by order of the commissioners. 
Mr. 0. P. Huntingdon purchased a cow from L. Stoddard and lost 
seven. 
Silas H. Bigelow lost his entire stock of ten animals infected from 
Doane’s in the big team. So with M. W. Deland, Jonathan Pellet, 
George Harwood, and others. 
These may serve to illustrate how the disease spread. For a length 
of time every case could be traced directly to the Stoddard and Ghenery 
herds. 
In the course of the next four years the disease was discovered in 
herds in the following towns: Milton, Dorchester, Quincy, Lincoln, 
Ashby, Boxborough, Lexington, Waltham, Hingham, East Marshfield, 
Sherborn, Dover, Holliston, Ashland, Natick, Northborough, Chelms- 
ford, Dedham, and Nahant, and on Deer Island. 
Further, a herd of one hundred and thirty heifers from Lexington and 
Concord were sent to different pastures in the mountains of New Hamp- 
shire, in the towns of Hillsborough, Washington, Sempster. Stoddard, 
Hancock, Peterborough, and Windsor, and several of these heifers, killed 
about the Ist of June, were found badly diseased.* 
By the spring of 1860 the State of Massachusetts was aroused to the 
danger, and in April an act was passed to provide for the extirpation 
of the disease called pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, under which three 
commissioners were appointed with power to slaughter and pay tor all 
cattle in herds where the disease was known or suspected to exist. 
With various intervals these and succeeding commissioners were kept 
in office for six years, and in their final report Mr. Preston and Dr. 
Thayer congratulate the State on the “eradication of one of the worst 
forms of contagious disease which has been found among cattle.” 
The records show that, besides the animals which died of the disease 
and those disposed of by the selectmen of the different infected towns 
in 1863, when the commission was temporarily suspended, there were 
1,164 cattle condemned by the commissioners. The cost to the State 
was $77,511.07, including $lO,OOO laid out by the towns during the sus- 
pension of the commission.! 
The record is one of which Massachusetts may well be proud as the 
first instance in America in which a State has had the fortitude to main- 
tain a consistent system of suppression until the last disease germ has 
been extinguished. The fact that Massachusetts was specially favored 
does not detract from her merit, which lay in seizing her opportunity 
and making the most of it. Had she been destitute of railways, so that 
her inland commerce had been carried, like that of Australia and South 
Africa, by bullock teams; had the disease found her herds pasturing in 
one great open country, entirely devoid of fences; or, finally, had the 
*This sending of cattle to New Hampshire was finally stopped by a proclamation of 
the New Hampshire commissioners that if any more animals infected with pleuro- 
pneumonia were sent to the Granite State they would he slaughtered without indem- 
nity. 
tThe total loss to the farmers of the State is estimated hy Dr. Thayer at |250,000. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
21 
plague reached her at the starting point of a great distributing cattle 
traffic instead of at its terminus, as it did, the nine months’ delay would 
have rendered her efforts fruitless, and the plague would have been per- 
petuated on her soil. The contrast between the splendid success of 
Massachusetts on her inclosed farms and the failure of Australia on 
her open pastures, though the latter was no less energetic and far more 
prodigal of her money, is a lesson of the gravest import to the United 
States. To-day we have it in our power to stamp out this pestilence, 
but if we criminally delay until it shall have reached our open pasture 
lands we shall but repeat the experience of Australia, and must resign 
ourselves to the permanent incubus of the pestilence circulating from 
the sources of our cattle traffic, through its various channels, into every 
State in the Union. 
INFECTION OF NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, AND ADJACENT STATES. 
The statement has been generally accepted that a Mr. Thomas Eich- 
ardson, of Yew Jersey, introduced lung plague from England in a ship- 
ment of shorthorns; and discovering the true nature of the disease, 
nobly stamped it out by the slaughter of his whole herd, valued at 
$lO,OOO. A sequel to the story is that some of the neighbors had their 
stock infected by using the hay taken from a barn where the diseased 
cattle had been. Strangely enough,'the place where the meritorious act 
took place seems to have been withheld from the public, so that no more 
accurate information can be obtained. 
The importation which first fixed the lung plague in the port of Yew 
York was that of a single cow bought by Peter Dunn, milkman, Brook- 
lyn, from the captain of the English ship Washington, in 1848, and 
placed in his own herd in a stable near South Ferry. This cow, at first 
famed for the abundance of her milk, soon sickened and died, and con- 
veyed the infection to the other occupants of the building. From there 
it spread to other stables in the vicinity, and soon the whole of Brook- 
lyn was involved. Among other places infected in this way were large 
distillery stables in Skillman street, and there the disease was seen and 
identified by the Massachusetts commissioners in 1863, having continued 
uninterruptedly from the primary infection. 
The same conditions favored the survival and propagation of the dis- 
ease then that obtain still in the same locality. Brooklyn suburbs were 
much more open and extended than they are to-day, and on the open, 
unbuilt lands the cattle from infected herds, turned out to pasture, 
mingled freely with those from healthy herds and infected them. Then 
the cattle from infected herds could be bought at reduced rates, 
of which the dealers naturally availed, so that, the panic among the 
owners of infected stock operated with the cupidity of the dealers in 
securing a speedy extension of the disease; dealers, too, soon discov- 
ered that the farther they sent the infected animals from the vicinity 
of diseased herds they could be sold with the less suspicion, and a pre- 
mium was thus placed upon its diffusion. Then, it is not to be forgotten 
that around all the adjacent cities, Yew York, Jersey City, Yewark, 
&c., there were the same common pasture grounds, which in summer 
became mere infection-traps; that dealers’ stables entertaining sick and 
healthy, in turn became hot-beds of infection; that the habit of the 
cow dealer, of sending out cows on trial and taking back the sick or 
ill-doing animal, or sending it on to a new place on further trial, all 
contributed largely to the dissemination of the plague. In short, these 
large cities around the port of Yew York presented, and still jmesent, on 22 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
a smaller scale, those inimical conditions which served to perpetuate 
the plague in South Africa and Australia. Fortunately for America, 
this is but on a small scale, and as we recede from the city limits we 
come on all sides upon inclosed farms, which form a natural barrier to 
animal infection, and serve to make it controllable by sanitary means. 
At a very early date the infection had seized ou the city dairy-herds 
of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Newark, Elizabeth, New Bruns- 
wick, Trenton, and even Germantown, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, in 
each of which it found the same favoring conditions, and therefore in 
each it made a permanent home. Several extensions into Connecticut 
have been recognized and stamped out by the ever-wTatchful cattle com- 
missioners. 
WHY THE LUNG PLAGUE HAS EXTENDED SOUTH ONLY. 
The fact that lung plague has confined its ravages to the seaboard 
between Long Island and Virginia, while it has made no serious exten- 
sion to the North nor West, demands some explanation. This explana- 
tion is easy and satisfactory, and attention to it is of no small conse- 
quence in connection with the proposed extinction of the contagion. 
From Newr York southward to Virginia is a stretch of flat fertile land 
hemmed in by the Alleghany Mountains on the one side and the ocean 
on the other. This plain is not only well cultivated and well stocked 
with domestic animals, but it is the seat of very varied and extensive 
manufacturing interests. The demands of these latter have led to the 
formation of a number of growing cities and villages, around which is 
much land held by speculators and laid out for building, but still un- 
used, and which remains uninclosed, being practically a common pas- 
ture land for the cows of the city or village. On these commons, or 
unfenced pastures, meet daily in summer the cows of the poor, the herds 
of the small milkman, and the cattle of dealers and drovers; and thus 
during the entire summer any infection that may be present has free 
scope to extend from cow to cow and Irom herd to herd. As all these 
places from New York to Baltimore were within easy reach of New York 
by rail, dealers naturally supplied them by cattle from the New York 
and Jersey City markets whenever the prices promised a profit on the 
transaction. There was the further temptation to the New York dealer 
to send infected herds to such places, since there would be less risk of 
exposure of the nefarious nature of the transaction; and, the sale once 
affected, there would be less danger of after complaints or actions for 
damages. In this way the plague was steadily spread for 250 miles 
south of New York, concentrating itself around such cities as Newark, 
Elizabeth, New Brunswick, Trenton, Easton, Heading, Burlington, Cam- 
den, Germantown, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Dover, Baltimore, An- 
napolis, Georgetown, Washington, and Alexandria. Almost every step 
in advance was a permanent gain, for each city presented ou a small 
scale, in its common-pasturages and its frequent changes of cattle, ren- 
dered necessary to keep up a uniform supply of milk and fill up the 
ranks of the dying cattle, the counterpart of the unfenced cattle-ranges 
of the Old World and of the southern hemisphere, where the plague has 
gained a permanent establishment. Thus each newly-infected city be- 
came in its turn a fresh and permanent center of infection, from which 
the disease spread outward over new fields on every favorable opportu- 
nity. In such places it was next to impossible for the plague to die out 
of its own accord, for there was a constant and increasing influx of fresh 
and susceptible subjects to supply the growing losses, and this new ma- THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
23 
terial was but added fuel to the flame. On a confined and well-fenced 
farm, where the stock belonged to a single owner, the expediency of 
avoiding new' purchases until the disease had literally burnt itself out 
was usually appreciated, and thus a limit was set to its ravages; but 
on the open commons of the cities and villages everything conspired to 
keep up the infection. With many the loss of a few cows was but 
viewed as a run of ill luck, and tin? more intelligent soon came to realize 
that those animals which recovered had a special value, being safe from 
all future attack. The high prices of milk made cow-keeping remunera- 
tive in spite of the losses, and thus the numerous deaths but served to 
increase the purchases of fresh and susceptible animals, and these in 
their turn falling victims to the disease served to maintain the affection 
in an unending series of cases. To those unacquainted with the cash 
returns from city cows it may seem absurd to offset the losses by the 
prices obtained for milk. Yet, a good cow yielding 15 quarts of milk 
daily, at 10 cents a quart, draws $1.50 per day. In summer, when the 
cows get most of their food on the common-pasturage, nearly all of this 
is clear profit, so that that cow will have paid her full price of $63 in 
six weeks. Two months of good milking may yield S9O worth of milk, 
or a half more than the original value of the cow. One Yew York dairy- 
man (Joseph Hyde, Seventieth street) lost 20 cows in four months of 
1879, more than the full number of stock he kept at any one time, and 
though entirely dependent on stall-feeding, he confessed that he had 
made money in this year. With such a result upon purchased feed, it 
is small marvel that the milkman who had a free pasturage could afford 
to face the mortality aud steadily fill up the ranks with fresh subjects. 
As illustrating the baleful influence of these common-pasturages, it 
may be noted that around such towns and villages the lung plague has 
always been more extensively prevalent at the end of autumn, after the 
commingling of herds for a season, than in spring, after a winter of com- 
parative seclusion in the stables. This serves to place in the strongest 
light the one knowrn cause of the disease—contagion—and to emphasize 
the necessity for the most stringent rules for controlling the movement 
of cattle in infected districts. 
But the dangers of the cow trade in our large eastern cities do not 
end here. In each of the larger cities are one ortwro dozen persons en- 
gaged more or less extensively in the cow trade, aud if possible each of 
them keeps a private stable for the accommodation of cows held for sale. 
But these stables receive not only the fresh and healthy cows direct from 
the country, but also the sick and unsuitable ones which have been sent 
out to dairymen on trial and returned to the dealer as coming short of 
the yield of milk guaranteed. It follows that cows that sicken in the 
dairies in great part find their way back to the dealers’ stable, so that 
that becomes early infected and afterward remains as a permanent center 
of infection. The other fresh cattle coming into this stable are almost 
without exception susceptible to the plague, so that the chances are in 
favor of the majority leaving this stable in an infected condition. Thus 
the trade works incessantly in a vicious circle; the fresh cow, if it escapes 
infection, on first reaching the city probably enters an infected stable, 
and when the plague begins to tell on its health it is returned to the 
dealers’ stable to infect the cattle standing there; also the stable, if that 
has not been done previously, and a new town-herd into which it is sent 
later on trial, only to be returned again and again until it perishes or 
makes a tardy recovery. 
Another practice of these city dealers is to send out cows on trial to 
different milkmen, aud if they prove unsatisfactory to move them on to 24 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
a second and a third stable so long as they can find some one willing to 
take them. It follows that those in the early stage of the disease or in 
process of recovery, being short in their yield of milk, are rapidly passed 
on from herd to herd, passing a few days in each and leaving the seeds 
of disease at every stopping place. 
Finally, the city cow-dealer is often the real owner of a milkman’s cows. 
He furnishes a dairy with cows, faking a chattel mortgage on'them for 
an amount often approaching to double their real value, and thus 
obliges the milkman to pay interest on far more than his real stock in 
trade. If disease appears among the cows, the dead animals are replaced 
by others at the same ruinous rates, and the unfortunate milkman dare 
not buy from another source lest the first dealer should foreclose his 
mortgage and ruin him by the simultaneous loss of his stock and his 
milk route. It is manifestly to the interest of an unscrupulous dealer 
to carry this oppression just as far as the subject can be made to bear, 
and there are some men in the business just rapacious enough to avail of 
their opportunity to the utmost. The lung plague increases the deaths, 
the deaths increase the demand for fresh cows, and the introduction of 
fresh cows means the investment of their spare cash at double the legal 
rate of interest. 
Such is the state of things in our large eastern cities, which has served 
to spread and perpetuate the lung plague. And unless these are tem- 
porarily put a stop to, it will be-a most difficult and expensive matter 
to stamp out this disease when already well established in such a city. 
Restrictions on the westward progress of the plague.—The state of things 
along the Erie Eailway is the exact opposite of that on the south of New 
York. From the Yew Jersey State line westward there is no large city 
for the distance of about 200 miles, and consequently no combination 
of a large and poor population and a free pasturage on open unfenced 
grounds on which the herds of different owners could mingle. The 
valuable arable land is all fenced in, so that if by accident the germ of 
the plague were introduced it would be quite likely to remain confined 
to the one herd until all the susceptible animals had passed through it, 
when, in the absence of new purchases or births, it would expire for lack 
of fresh subjects. Again, if the owner decided to sell such an infected 
herd, he woidd naturally send it to the stock-yards in New York or Jersey 
City, where, passing into an already infected region, they would fail to 
give the disease a new extension. If by any chance a poor man who 
could pasture his one cow on a wild and unfenced mountain side had 
obtained an infected animal from the east, it was so far removed from 
others that the extension of the infection was next to an impossibility, 
and the contagion was soon extinguished in death or recovery. Thus 
the rugged mountain chain of the Alleghenies in preventing the forma- 
tion of large cities likewise forbade the gradual extension of this pes- 
tilence to Western New York and Ohio, as would otherwise have been 
all but inevitable. 
More potent still in its protective influence has been the relatively 
small value of cattle on the west of the Alleghanies to the prices they 
brought on the seaboard, in the vicinity of large cities. No one, there- 
fore, along the line of the Erie Eailway went to New York to buy com- 
mon cattle, all demands being so much more cheaply supplied from the 
West. It was high-bred cattle only that were conveyed from New York 
and the seaboard to replenish the inland herds, but these were placed 
on the farms of wealthy owners, which were carefully fenced, and where 
every precaution was taken to prevent intermingling with adjacent 
stock. Such stock could not be so summarily disposed of as common THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
25 
cattle, and the sale of high-priced Short-horns or Jerseys in an in- 
fected condition would have entailed careful inquiries and possibly 
ruinous lawsuits. It will be seen, therefore, that even in the event of 
infection having been carried westward in high-bred stock, there would 
have been a much stronger probability of its dying out in the secluded 
herd which was first infected than there was in the cattle around our 
Eastern cities. Had the infection at any time been conveyed into the 
herds of poor milkmen who pastured their cows on the commons around 
Chicago, Indianapolis, or other western cities, it would have been as 
certainly perpetuated as it has been in the East. 
Obstacles to the progress of lung plague northward.—Along the line of 
the New York Central Railroad the obstacles placed in the way of the 
plague were of a somewhat different kind.* North of Yonkers, where 
the open commons virtually end, the land is well fenced, so that even 
if infection were introduced it had every opportunity to die out in the 
first herd infected, and but few chances for its preservation. Here, too, 
in case of a herd becoming infected and its being found desirable to clear 
it out, the most available means would be through the New York stock- 
yards. Thus every tendency of the disease was to gravitate toward 
the points where the plague already prevailed, and the danger of its 
slow and gradual extension along this line was reduced to the mini- 
mum. 
Protection along the line of the Harlem Railroad has been secured by 
the comparative absence of large cities and of open and common past- 
ure grounds. Up to Mount Vernon open commons are found, and as far 
as this the lung plague has been a frequent visitor, if not indeed a per- 
manent resident, but north of this the land is well inclosed, and along 
the whole road there is only one village of more than 1,000 inhabitants. 
White Plains alone has 4,000. In cases, therefore, of the introduction 
of the lung plague into Westchester and Putnam Counties, it was 
usually easily traceable to cattle from New York City or farther south, 
and the farms being fenced it could be isolated and extirpated without 
difficulty. 
Along the New York and New Haven Railroad the land is still well 
fenced, but the villages and cities are numerous, and as might be ex- 
pected the lung plague has frequently extended in this direction, but has 
been as often stamped out by the watchful care of Connecticut. A sec- 
ond reason for the infection of Connecticut is to be found in the fact that 
haviugtheNew York market between herself and the sources of thecattle 
traffic, she naturally drew upon that market for store as well as fat cat- 
tle. But for the vigilance of the Connecticut cattle commissioners, the 
boasted immunity of Massachusetts could not have been maintained for 
these sixteen years, and the whole of New England owes a deep debt of 
gratitude to that body for their faithful guardiancy of their cattle in- 
dustry. 
CONTINUITY OF THE IMPOETBD DISEASE AND THAT OF TO-DAAr IN 
NEW YOKE. 
A few words may be requisite to establish the fact that the lung 
plague of to-day in New York is the direct descendant of the case im- 
ported in 1848. 
Ist. Many are still living who can remember when the dairy herds 
of New York City and Brooklyn were free from all contagious lung 
disease, and who can testify that since the unfortunate arrival of Peter 
Dunn’s English cow the malady has constantly prevailed. 26 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
2d. The readers of periodical literature will recall the fact that there 
have been in Yew York during this time frequent outcries against 
u swill milk,” and these, together with the more formal reports of Dr. 
Percy and Mr. Bergh, while mistaken in ascribing the disease in the 
cows to swill-feeding, yet furnish valuable testimony as to the continued 
existence of the malady. The cuts in Frank Leslie’s paper representing 
the swill-fed cotc as stump-tailed supplies further indubitable evidence, 
as the shortness of the tail was caused here, as elsewhere, by the prac- 
tice of inoculation with the lung plague matter. This process often 
gives rise to so much inflammation in the tail that that member either 
separates spontaneously or has to be cut off to prevent such extension 
of the disease as would destroy life. Yet, to acid proof to proof the fol- 
lowing two cases are named, out of many, to show the unbroken conti- 
nuity of cases from the year of the importation of the plague-germ to the 
present. 
3d. In 1849 William Meakim, Bushwick, L. 1., kept a large dairy, 
and employed a man, with a yoke of oxen, in drawing grains from the 
Yew York and Brooklyn distilleries. A milkman on the way, who had 
lung plague in his herd, persuaded this man to use his oxen in drawing 
a dead cow out of his stable. Soon after, the oxen sickened and died, 
and the disease extending to his dairy herd Mr. Meakim lost 40 head 
in the short space of three months. From this time onward Mr. Meakim 
lost from six to ten head yearly for twenty years, when he left the dairy 
business. This brings the record down to 1869, covering the period of 
1863, when Dr. E. F. Thayer, with the other members of the Massachu* 
setts commission, saw and identified the disease in the Skillman-street 
stables. From 1869 Professor Law can testify to its continuous existence, 
having been consulted at intervals concerning valuable herds into which 
the disease had reached from the generally infected stock of the region. 
4th. Dr. Bathgate, of Fordham avenue and One hundred and seventy - 
first street, Yew York, says that twenty-three years ago (1858) his father 
kept a herd of Jersey cattle, which became infected by contact with ad- 
jacent infected herds, and that the malady continued to prevail in his 
herd for years in spite of all his efforts to check it. From that date to 
this he affirms it has never been absent from the district. 
IMMUNITY OF AMERICA APART FROM DISEASED IMPORTS. 
In the above connection it is not to be forgotten that for two centu- 
ries and a half after the settlement of America the cattle of the settlers 
remained free from any such contagious disease; and it was only when 
the infected English cow was landed in Brooklyn in 1848 that the pes- 
tilence began which has since extended some three hundred miles due 
south. More than this, for the immemorial ages during which the buf- 
falo has roamed the American plains, no such disease has appeared 
among the herds. For, be it noted, the buffalo belongs to the bovine 
family, and here, as in Europe, is susceptible to this infection; and had 
this pestilence once been introduced among them, it would have been 
preserved forever by the constant mixing of herds and the birth of new 
and susceptible animals, as it has been on the unfenced plains of Asia, 
Europe, Africa, and Australia. 
INCLEMENT AVEATHER HAS NOT GENERATED LUNG PLAGUE. 
It has often been charged that the plague has been generated by in- 
clement weather, but the experience of both America and Europe meets THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
27 
this with a positive disproof. In Europe, the bleak and stormy mount- 
ains of Scandinavia in the latitude of Greenland, and the Scottish High- 
lands in the latitude of Labrador, have maintained a permanent immu- 
nity, while the plague was remorselessly ravaging the sunny fields of 
England, France, and Italy. In America the plague has prevailed for 
thirty-three years on the genial sea-coast of the Middle States, while it 
has spared the whole interior of the continent, where the temperature 
descends so much lower. Nor is it the raw sea-winds that generate it, 
since from Connecticut north to Labrador no such disease has ever ap- 
peared apart from its one importation into Massachusetts. 
HIGH TEMPERATURE HAS NOT GENERATED LUNG PLAGUE. 
It is worthy of note that the European countries ravaged by this plague 
have been especially those of Central Europe, where the greatest traffic 
in cattle and the most extensive wars have ever taken place, while Spain, 
Portugal, and the Channel Islands, which have no such traffic with the 
rest of Europe, have throughout escaped infection. The same immunity 
has been preserved in the whole of Africa—(excepting its southern ex- 
tremity, since the importation of the Dutch bull); in other words, through 
the whole tropical part of the continent—in all of our Southern States, 
in Mexico, in the West Indian Islands, and in the whole of Central and 
South America. However much the disease may be aggravated by a 
hot climate, as witnessed in South Africa and Australia, and in our own 
semi-tropical summers, there is not a shadow of support for the idea 
that it is generated'by a high temperature. 
LUNG PLAGUE NOT GENERATED BY A TEMPERATE CLIMATE. 
In this connection, we need only instance the cases of Spain and Port- 
ugal, of the Channel Islands, of Canada, of our own Western States, of 
the Pacific States, and of the great stock-raising plains of the La Plata, 
also of the British Isles before 1840, of South Africa before 1854, of 
South Australia and Tasmania before 1859, and of New Zealand before 
1864. We may also adduce such States, as Massachusetts and Con- 
necticut, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, 
Wurtemberg, and Switzerland, as have stamped out the imported dis- 
ease, and preserved sound herds until in some cases reinfected by the 
occurrence of a new importation. 
LUNG PLAGUE NOT GENERATED DE NOYO BY THE PRIVATIONS OF 
TRAVEL. 
We have already seen that until the great advances of agriculture 
and commerce in the present century the lung plague was mainly propa- 
gated by the wars of Central Europe. But that the mere privations of 
cattle in the army herds did not generate the poison de novo is shown 
by the harmlessness of the frequent wars of Sweden in the eighteenth 
century and early part of the nineteenth; by the continued immunity of 
Spain throughout her desperate wars of the seventeenth, eighteenth, 
and nineteenth centuries; by the absence of the plague during and alter 
the wars of independence of the South American republics ; by the same 
absence of any such disease during and after the war of independence 
of the United States during the war in Texas in 1836; during the wars 
in Mexico in 1845 to 1848 and 1861 to 1867; and, finally, during our civil 
war, 1861 to 1865. In reference to these North American wars it should 28 
THE LtJNGr PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
be added that a disease was certainly propagated in the army herds 
operating in the States near the Gulf of Mexico, but it was the Texas 
fever only, in which the lungs are unaffected, and from this there is left 
no infection which has hitherto survived the frosts of a Northern 
winter. 
No one will deny that in the late civil war there was as great an array 
of fighting men as in the most extensive wars of Europe; that the 
armies required as great a supply of beef as the armies of Europe ; that 
they operated over as wide a country, and that in the general absence 
of the macadamized roads of Europe the herds of supply were subjected 
to as great privations as those of the European armies; and yet we have 
before us the undeniable fact that the States which formed the main 
theater of the war came out unaffected by the lung plague which has so 
often proved a disastrous sequel to the wars of Europe. 
Then, as regards the ordinary cattle trade, it must be borne in mind 
that except during the exigencies of war no cattle are allowed to pass 
from Russia into Prussia or Austria without detention and quarantine. 
Counting, then, from Kamienietz, the eastern point of Austria, to Rotter- 
dam, or from Memel, the eastern point of Prussia, to the Hague, we 
have in neither case over 1,000 miles, while from the plains of Nebraska 
or Kansas to Boston is 1,500 miles, and from Texas or Montana 2,000 
miles. Surely, if the fatigues and privations of travel can develop this 
disease de novo, it is in the United States that it ought to appear, and 
not in Europe. But we find, on the contrary, that though our Texas and 
Montana cattle often die in great numbers during the journey, they never 
develope a virus which propagates a contagious disease of the lungs in 
the herds among which they come. Thus Chicago, which received con- 
signments of 1,382,477 head of cattle in 1880, where the local herds 
come up to the stockyards and occasionally mix with cattle in transit, 
and where consignments to the stockyards are fed in city distillery sta- 
bles and pastured on the open prairie in company with the city dairy 
herds, presented not a single case of lung plague in the city dairies nor 
in the distillery stables, though both were subjected to repeated exami- 
nation. The city of Buffalo, receiving yearly over 700,000 head of 
cattle, presents no case of lung plague in the dairy or distillery herds, 
which are constantly recruited from the public stockyards and come 
in contact with the cattle passing from these yards to slaughter. The 
same is true of all the great centers of cattle traffic in the West, as also 
of the country grazing districts supplied with Western cattle west of 
the Alleghanies, and finally of the whole of New England, including 
the city of Boston, which receives yearly consignments of about 200,000 
head of cattle from the West. The fact that a single importation of four 
Dutch cows into Massachusetts implanted a plague which it cost six 
years and over $77,000 to eradicate, while this State yearly receives 
about 200,000 head of Western cattle without the evidence of a single 
case of lung plague, speaks volumes for the soundness of the stock and 
the harmlessness of the journey. 
LUNG PLAGUE NOT GENERATED DE NOVO BY IMPURE AIR. 
Many believe that this plague is but the result of impure air in the 
small, confined, and filthy cow-houses too ofte'n found in the large cities. 
This appears to gain some color of support from the constant prevalence 
of the affection around certain large cities in both the Old World and 
the New. But these great cities are also the great centers of cattle 
traffic, and are besides subjected to all those inimical causes in connection THE LUNG PLAGUE OP CATTLE. 
29 
with the cow-trade to which we have above adverted. That it is not 
caused by the impure air in the stables is sufficiently proved by the fact 
of its less extended prevalence in spring, after a winter of seclusion in 
these filthy hovels, than in autumn, after a summer’s pasturage in the 
open air. The same truth is seen in the entire absence of the lung 
plague from our Western city stables, though these are in no respect 
better than those on the Eastern seaboard. In the distillery stables in 
the West 270 or 300 cubic feet per head is a fair average. In one case, 
indeed, Woolner’s distillery, at Peoria, two stories of the same building 
were devoted to cattle, those in the lower story standing 45 in a row, 
with an area of about 220 cubic feet for each and ventilation only by the 
doors at the ends of the rows. The air was constantly saturated with 
the emanations from the swill as well as from the lungs, skin, and ex- 
cretions of the animals, which were kept in this condition from four to 
six months, yet not a symptom of lung plague was to be found among 
them. 
In some city dairies matters were even worse. The cows of one dairy 
in Milwaukee were found in a hovel the ceiling of which was only 5£ feet 
high, and which allowed less than 150 cubic feet per each animal, while 
drainage had been entirely neglected, and the building was surrounded 
by a most filthy and malodorous puddle. Yet, these cows showed no 
sign of lung plague nor of any specific disease of the lungs. 
These are by no-means isolated cases. Analogous ones can be found 
all over the West. Yet, the West know's nothing of the lung plague, 
and in this respect reproduces the condition of Great Britain prior to 
1841. The cow-sheds of that period were far more confined, close, filthy, 
and unsanitary than those of to-day, yet in not one of them was the lung 
plague generated until the importation of the germ from Ireland and the 
Continent. So we need not fear the development of this plague from 
these impure buildings until we allow the introduction of the virus from 
the East, when these distillery stables and filthy city dairies will become 
so many plague centers from which the infection will continually spread. 
LUNG PLAGUE NOT GENERATED BY FEEDING THE REFUSE OF GLU- 
COSE AND STARCH FACTORIES. 
We have shown above that among the hundreds'of thousands of 
cattle fed in the West on the swill of distilleries, no case of lung plague 
has ever been generated. We have only to add, with regard to the 
acid products of glucose and starch factories, that, however injurious 
they may be to the digestive organs when fed in excess, they have never 
generated the virus of lung plague. At Buffalo, Y. Y., large factories 
of this kind are in existence, and the products are distributed widely for 
cattle-feeding, but, as our investigations show, lung plauge is not to 
be found in the vicinity of that city. There may be developed diseases 
of the digestive organs and of assimilation, as shown in I)r. Farring- 
ton’s report, but no contagious affection of the lungs. Its absence is 
the more conclusive that the city cows pasture on commons adjoiniug 
the stock-yards, so that the disease once set up would have been per- 
petuated and disseminated. That it has not been so, is abundantly 
shown by the continued absence of the disease in Western and Central 
Yew York and the whole of Yew England. The same is true of other 
factories of the same kind in the Western States. Had the disease been 
generated there, it would have been spread through the channels of the 
cattle traffic, and have been perpetuated at all the great cities on the 
different routes. 30 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
THE UNVARYING ABSENCE OE LUNG PLAGUE, APART 
FROM CONTAGION, A PERFECT GUARANTEE THAT IT 
CAN BE PERMANENTLY ERADICATED. 
The above extended review of the history of lung plague has been fur- 
nished mainly to overcome the scruples of legislators who come to the sub- 
ject unacquainted with its nature. The first lesson 'to be learned from it 
is that in no historic time and in no part of the world has this disease 
ever been found to appear de novo apart from the introduction of the virus 
furnished by a pre-existing case. On the contrary, in every invasion of a 
•new country we can unerringly trace the cause in the importation of in- 
fected cattle or infected products; and in every case in which a nation has 
bestirred itself and stamped out the infection no new cases have appeared 
until there has been another importation of infected stock or their prod- 
ucts. We have deemed it needful to unearth and disprove all the subter- 
fuges which have been adopted to assail the above position, and have, as 
we believe, established our proposition on an impregnable basis. This 
established, it follows of necessity that it is yet possible for ns to stamp 
out this plague from the United States, and to exclude it for all future 
time. And in such a matter, in which any delay may mean, and long 
delay certainly will mean, the extension of the disease to our open cattle- 
ranges, and the impossibility of stamping it out, the possibility of to-day 
becomes a most imperative and urgent obligation. With the near pros- 
pect of a general extension of the plague, and the yearly sacrifice of 
tens and scores of millions of dollars to its insatiable craving, to say 
nothing of the continued incubus on our foreign market, to delay the 
work of extinction which is now in our power savors of criminality. If 
this lung plague had ever invaded a new country without the previous 
importation of strange (infected) animals or their products as a direct 
and demonstrable cause, we might well find excuse for hesitation. If 
history failed to show us a number of instances in which the invasion of 
the plague had been met and driven back by proper sanitary measures, 
and in which such countries had thereafter remained permanently sound, 
or sound until the plague was reimported, there might have been ground 
for temporary inaction. Had the plague spread through the air from 
east to west against the current of our cattle traffic, it might have been 
feared that the mere local extinction of the infection would prove in- 
effective, and it might have been pardonable to doubt somewhat the re- 
sults of stringent measures of suppression. But with the extension of 
the poison in the past thirty-three years only in the direction of cattle 
traffic from the centers primarily infected, and its non-extension along 
those lines where the absence of large cities and the fenced state of the 
country were inimical to its maintenance, we have the amplest guarantee 
that judicious suppressive measures would be thoroughly and perma- 
nently successful. If the plague had already gained a footing in our 
western plains and unfenced ranges generally, so that it had reached 
the source of our cattle traffic; if it had begun to spread from herd to 
herd over our whole grazing territory; or if it had cast its wither- 
ing spell on the wild herds of buffaloes, sanitarians and statesmen might 
well have paused ere they grappled with the danger. Had there been 
the slightest ground for assuming that this pest of cattle could be gen- 
erated anew by any special climate, hot, cold, wet, dry, steady, or 
changeable; or by the fatigues and sufferings of travel, or by the close 
air of unwholesome buildings, there would have been some apology for 
at least a temporary arrest of action. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
31 
But no country invaded by this pestilence Las ever been offered a 
fairer cbance to exterminate it; no country in which the affection has 
been so long- neglected has been so mercifully dealt with as the United 
States; and therefore to no country will more blame justly attach if the 
plague is yet allowed to overstep all limits, and to give rise to a general 
and irremediable infection. 
YEARLY INCREASING DANEGRS FROM LUNG PLAGUE, 
Every country which harbors a single case of lung plague is in im- 
minent peril of its general diffusion and uncontrollable sway. It is the 
most consummate folly to speak as many do of only a few cattle being 
infected among our forty millions. It is because we have forty millions 
of sound cattle that we are called upon to protect them from the plague 
affecting the thousand, the hundred, or the single animal. Equally ab- 
surd is the comparison between the hundred and thirty thousand cattle 
exported to Great Britain, and the paltry ten or twenty that it is 
claimed were suffering from the lung plague on their arrival. The Brit- 
ish Government do not forget that it was a single importation from Hol- 
land which infected Ireland in 1839, and that in spite of the absence of 
all subsequent importations that island has since remained one of the 
most badly infected countries of Europe. It was but a single beast 
that carried to Cape Town the infection which for twenty-seven years 
has devastated the whole of South Africa. It was a single cow which 
carried to Australia that virus which has ravaged her herds for twenty- 
two years. It was the single cow which, entering the Brooklyn stable 
of Peter Dunn, introduced the infection which has never since left our 
eastern seaboard. It was the four Dutch cows imported into Boston 
which spread this infection over a great part of Massachusetts, and cost 
the commonwealth five years of arduous effort to effect its extermina- 
tion. We may see in these examples, and above all by the terrible devas- 
tations of the plague on the open pastures of South Africa, and Australia, 
what would overtake us if but one infected beast were carried out to our 
unfenced ranges in Texas, or other western States and Territories. Except 
under the influence of some great war, or of some newly-opened and gigan- 
tic trade, like the English importations after the passage of the Free Trade 
act, this disease rarely invades a new territory by the arrival of hordes 
of infected animals. On the contrary, it has come silently in the single 
unsuspected beast to those countries in which it has wrought the great- 
est ruin. Keeping this in mind, we can the better estimate the increase 
of our peril to-day in comparison with that of the past. 
INCREASED IMPORTATION OF CATTLE ENHANCES OUR DANGER. 
The transatlantic trade in cattle in either direction is of comparatively 
recent development. When the stock was brought in sailing ships, 
which were weeks in place of days on the passage, the extra provision, 
time, and care necessary, and the prolonged danger of the voyage, all 
contributed to deter the importer. But of late years the employment 
of steamships, and the greatly increased interest in such breeds as the 
Ayrshire, the Jersey,the Hereford, the Holstein, and the Polled Angus, 
have led to a great increase in our cattle imports, and have correspond- 
ingly increased the danger of infection. 
Many of our great importers have their stock-farms in the western 
States, so that these importations are especially liable to carry infection 
westward toward the Plains. 32 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
The following table illustrates this truth, in showing the great increase 
of breeding (thoroughbred) animals imported, though the particular 
number of cattle is not named: 
Statement showing the number and value of dutiable cattle and of free ani- 
mals for breeding purposes, imported and entered for consumption in the 
United States during the fiseal years ended June 30, from 1872 to 1881, 
inclusive: 
Tear ended June 30. 
Tree of duty. 
Dutiable. 
Animals for breeding pur- 
poses. 
Cattle. 
1872 
Number. 
Value. 
$424, 715 40 . 
415,133 92 
459, 970 74 
623,767 50 
622, 839 00 
416, 476 75 
395, 768 00 
469, 282 00 
745,106 00 
1, 245, 607 00 
Number. 
24, 483 
34, 998 
45, 715 
45, 310 
30, 068 
31, 893 
41, 933 
47, 862 
43, 534 
41, 824 
Value. 
$604, 850 36 
826, 764 51 
884, 961 29 
748,151 71 
458, 264 82 
314, 094 37 
475, 526 42 
467, 538 79 
462, 559 97 
384, 066 59 
1873 
5, 684 
4,790 
1874 
1875 
1876 
5, 685 
5, 370 
8, 006 
8,189 
11,103 
21, 268 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr., 
Chief of Bureau. 
Treasury Department, 
Bureau of Statistics, January 3, 1882. 
THE NATURAL INCREASE OF THOROUGHBRED CATTLE INCREASES 
OUR DANGER. 
The natural increase in our home herds of thoroughbred cattle is an 
element of even greater danger than is the increase of imports. The 
imported stock are now subjected to a three months’ quarantine, and if 
this is accompanied by a most rigid and frequent examination of each ani- 
mal the danger of the introduction of chronic cases is reduced to a min- 
imum. But from our home thoroughbred herds, many of which are in 
the near vicinity of infected areas, stock can be sent west without any 
hinderance, and with every such shipment there is the danger of the con- 
veyance of disease. This disease may come from the herd itself, from 
fodder, or litter furnished for the journey, from infected cars, or from in- 
fected yards or buildings, in which the cattle are temporarily placed. 
That thoroughbred herds within the infected areas are frequently at- 
tacked is a notorious fact. Mr. Chenery’s herd at Belmont, Mass., is a 
case in point ; Mr. Richardson’s, of Hew Jersey, is a second ; Dr. Bath- 
gate’s, of Hew York City, is a third, all referred to above; we might add 
aherd of Ayrshires on Staten Island, six years ago; two herds of Jerseys, 
in Hew Jersey in 1876 and 1877; Mr. Watrous’s herd at Perth Am- 
boy, H. J., in 1879, and Mr. J. A. Hayt’s herd at Paterson, H. Y., 
in 1881. One of these Hew Jersey herds left home sound, and re- 
turned infected from a public exhibition; a second (Mr. Watrous’s) was 
apparently infected by an animal purchased at a public sale, while Mr. 
Hayt’s received the infection through fresh purchases made in Hew 
Jersey and in the vicinity of Baltimore, Md. It is quite true that herd- 
book animals are less likely to be exposed to diseases than common THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
33 
stock. But the very care which thus seems to protect them, serves to 
secure them against suspicion, and affords them a better opportunity 
for conveying infection than is the case with common cattle. It will be 
readily recalled that nearly all the great extensions of lung plague in 
modern times have been through thoroughbred stock. We need only 
name that of Ireland, Korway, Sweden, Denmark, Holstein, Oldenburg, 
Wiirtemburg, Africa, Australia, and Massachusetts. 
It is these thoroughbred cattle which are sought after by the cattle 
kings and shipped west and south to improve their vast herds in Texas, 
Kansas, &c., where there are no fences to limit the freedom ot infected 
stock. That the cattle shipped in this way are not always selected 
with the care necessary to avoid contagion may be seen from the in- 
stances above adduced. Indeed, it is no uncommon thing for the western 
or southern stock raiser to send to an agent in the east to purchase and 
send on thoroughbred bulls for the improvement of his herd. He 
thereby places himself entirely in the hands of a third party who, living 
in the midst of infected cattle, is not likely to entertain such dread of 
infection, and who in any case is very unlikely to realize the terrible con- 
sequences of the shipment of disease to our open cattle ranges. 
As showing the working of this carelessness, may be noted an in- 
stance to which Short-horn and Jersey calves, in waiting for vessels to 
convey them from Xew York to Texas and South Carolina, respectively, 
were temporarily placed in a stable along with an English bull then in 
quarantine. On the discovery having been made their going was delayed 
until they too had undergone quarantine. Quite recently, too, a promi- 
nent Illinois breeder purchased and shipped west a large herd of Here- 
fords from the immediate vicinity of Baltimore, now one of the most in- 
fected districts in the United States, and the one to which most recent 
cases of new extensions of the disease have been traced. 
As giving some idea of the great increase of thoroughbreds in recent 
years, it maybe stated that Short-horns, of which there were less than 
50,000 in the country ten years ago, can scarcely be set down as less 
than 500,000 to-day. Add to this enormous increase the fact that Short- 
horns have recently fallen to prices at which every good farmer can se- 
cure a first-class bull to cross on his native cattle, and we have some 
conception of the enormous increase of sales of this class of stock. So 
far as this active movement of stock enters the eastern infected areas, 
it multiplies enormously the dangers of the propagation of lung plague 
to other parts of the nation. 
Some of the other breeds are moved in greater numbers from infected 
regions to-day than are Short-horns, and the dangers are correspond- 
ingly great. 
IMPROVEMENT OF WESTERN HERDS A CAUSE OF DANGER. 
Ten years ago it was an easy matter to tell a bullock from Texas or 
even from the plains. At that time the old Spanish blood was still pure 
or nearly so, and it was a standing joke to pack a bullock in his own 
horns. But to-day our western cattle have no longer the Spanish form, 
and many Texans even can scarcely be distinguished from Short-horns. 
The breeders have found out the advantages of early maturity and of 
prices at least double those which their old stock would have brought, 
and in spite of Texas fever they are crowding the markets of the north 
for bull calves of the beef-making breeds. Every such shipment from 
the east of the Alleghanies risks the introduction of lung plague into 
Texas, and its permanent establishment in the State. So of every ship- 
S. Ex. 106 3 34 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
raent to the West; for there, too, the spirit of progress and the desire 
to secure the best blood are everywhere seen, the more so that no gulf- 
coast fever threatens to kill off the imports. 
THE TRADE IN EASTERN CALVES A SOURCE OF DANGER. 
Though individual owners of western ranches have practiced the ship- 
ment of calves from the east for a number of years, it is only three years 
since this trade has assumed any considerable magnitude as carried on 
through consignees, who resell the stock in the western stock-yards. 
The growth of this trade has been so rapid that Mr. Frank I). Bartlett, 
of McCurdy, Beveridge & Bartlett, the principal dealers in this class of 
stock in Chicago, assured us that $1,500,000 worth of calves had passed 
through the Chicago stock-yards in the fifteen months preceding August 
30,1881. The effect on the eastern market lias been such that calves 
which formerly would bring $6 to $lO have this year brought $l2 to 
■sls. 
Formerly, in the dairying regions of New York and Pennsylvania, 
most calves were killed (Deaconed) at birth, but the new demand for 
young animals has taught the dairy farmer that he can bring up calves 
largely by hand, on skim- or buttermilk or whey, with a reasonable ad- 
dition of linseed meal or malt, and thus secure a double profit from the 
milk and cheese on the one hand, and the young stock on the other. 
There are fortunately several reasons why the supply should be drawn 
from the dairying regions of central and western New York and Penn,- 
sylvania rather than from the infected area east of the Alleghanies. Ist. 
The price of milk in the vicinity of the the large cities is so high that 
none can usually be spared after the two or three days which follow 
parturition. 2d. The milk being sold sweet, there is no available pro- 
duct—buttermilk nor whey—to feed to the calves. 3d. Calves can be 
easily disposed of at any time to be worked up into sausages or other 
questionable products. 4th. Throughout Long Island and New Jersey 
there is a large demand for calves'of all ages, the very young to be put 
upon milch cows for speedy fattening, and the older to be raised as store 
cattle. sth. The railway journey from the infected districts to Chicago 
and other western marts is a long one and trying to the young stock; 
especially to such as have been already shipped one or two hundred 
miles eastward to the New York market. For very young calves, fed 
exclusively on milk, the long journey is virtually prohibitory. 
There is, however, another side to the question: Ist. Eastern milk- 
men may soon learn to raise calves on malt and linseed meal, and vir- 
tually without milk. 2d. The eastern demand for calves is not contin- 
uous, the area to be supplied being a limited one, and more easily filled 
up than the boundless West. When, therefore, the New York or Phil- 
adelphia market is glutted, and the calves are being held at a large 
daily outlay, there comes a strong temptation to ship them to where a 
certain market awaits them. 3d. The poorest lots, which take the mar- 
ket worst, and will not pay for keep, and which are usually the most 
suspicious, are the most likely to be thus shipped. 4th. The distance 
from New York city to Chicago is no greater than from Jefferson and 
Saint Lawrence Counties, New York, from which many of the calves are 
now sent, sth. The through rates of freight from the large cities in 
the east, to those in the west, arc more favorable to the shipper than 
they are from the country districts where the calves are now mostly 
picked up. 6th. Finally, that the dealers themselves look to the eastern 
cities for stock, we have the evidence of a letter from a Chicago com- THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
35 
mission merchant to a party in Philadelphia urging shipments from that 
point. 
On the whole, we look upon this shipment westward, of eastern store 
calves, as one of the greatest of our dangers, and accordingly, in August 
last, we memorialized the Governor of Illinois to prohibit the introduc- 
tion of such calves into his State, and thereby cut them off from the two 
greatest distributing points—Chicago and East Saint Louis. After due 
consideration, Governor Cullom issued the following proclamation : 
State of Illinois, 
Executive Department, Springfield, 111., November 1, 1881. 
In pursuance of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled 
“ An act to suppress and prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle,” ap- 
proved May 31, I, Shelby M. Cullom, Governor of the State of Illinois, do hereby pro- 
claim that I have good reason to believe that pleuro-pneumonia among cattle has 
become epidemic in certain localities in the States of Connecticut, New York, Penn- 
sylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, viz: in the county of Fairfield, in 
the State of Connecticut; in the counties of Putnam, Westchester, Kings, and Queens, 
in the State of Now York: in the counties of Lehigh, Bucks, Berks, Montgomery, 
Philadelphia, Delaware, Chester, Lancaster, York, Adams, and Cumberland, in the 
State of Pennsylvania; in the counties of Bergen, Hudson, Morris, Essex, Union, 
Somerset, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Mercer, Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Camden, 
Gloucester, and Atlantic, in the State of New Jersey; in the county of Newcastle, in 
the State of Delaware; and in the counties of Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Howard, 
and Carroll, in the State of Maryland ; and I hereby, as required by said act, prohibit 
the importation of any domestic animals of the bovine species into this State from the 
the aforesaid counties in the States of Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New 
Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland after the 10th day of November instant, unless accom- 
panied by a certificate of health properly signed by a duly authorized veterinary in - 
spector. Any corporation or individual who shall transport, receive, or convey such 
prohibited stock shall ho deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction 
thereof-shall he fined not less that $1 ,000 nor more than $lO,OOO for each and every 
offense, and shall he liable for any and all damage or loss that may be sustained by 
any party or parties by reason of the importation or transportation of such prohibited 
stock. (Sec. 4of act approved May 31, 1881.) In testimony whereof I hereto set my 
hand and cause the great seal of State to he affixed. Done at the City of Springfield, 
the dav and year above written. 
S. M. CULLOM. 
By the Governor: 
Henry I). Dement, 
Secretary of Stale. 
Tliis is not all that could be desired, for beside having been misled in 
some way as to the counties at present infected, it applies the prohibi- 
tion to the infected counties only, and leaves the way open for the eva- 
sion of the order by driving infected cattle over the county line and 
shipping them from, the next adjacent county. To make such an order 
effective it should draw the line as we recommended, not further east 
than the western side of the Alleghany Mountains. Yet the movement 
is a hopeful one, and gives promise of such future action on the part of 
the Western States generally, as shall afford a real measure of protect- 
ion against this and other animal plagues. Meanwhile it should incite 
Congress to enact such a measure as shall render impossible the infec- 
tion of the West by these eastern store cattle. 
INCREASED RAILROAD FACILITIES A GROWING SOURCE OF DANGER. 
Year by year our railroad system is extended, and with every such 
extension comes a greater facility for the transportation of cattle and 
cattle disease. The new connections that render it possible for New 
York and Europe to avail of the fat cattle of Colorado or Dakota, make 
it equally possible for Colorado and Dakota to introduce the thorough- 
bred bulls of Europe and of the Eastern States. These facilities for 36 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OE CATTLE. 
transport and the consequent improvement of the western herds are, in 
a great measure, revolutionizing the cattle traffic. A dozen years ago 
the cattle of the southern and western grazing1 grounds were poor and 
backward, and were sent to the rich prairies of Illinois and adjacent 
States for fatting. At the convention on Texas fever, at Springfield, 111., 
in 1868, it was alleged that it would not be profitable for the Illinois or 
Ohio farmer to introduce eastern calves for fattening. They could do 
much better with the two or three year olds from Texas and Colorado. 
But to-day the Texas and Colorado cattle begin to tread on the heels of 
those of Illinois. Many of them coine into the market in fair condition 
for beef, and as the lean produce of these States decreases, the demand of 
Mississippi Valley States for eastern calves must increase. Thus the 
railroad facilities, tiie improvement of the western and southern herds, 
and the increased demand for eastern calves must advance together as 
they have in the past ; and with the steady extension of the first two, 
there must be a corresponding increase in the last. It is not to be sup- 
posed that we have as yet seen anything like the full development of 
this trade in eastern calves. The increasing demand and the rising 
prices must secure a fuller supply, as the dairymen and farmers of the 
East find in this a new and certain source of income; and under such a 
stimulus the deterrent conditions which we have enumerated above will 
gradually diminish and disappear, and our long boasted barrier of the 
Alleghanies cannot long remain an effective one. 
We are not wrong, therefore, in the assertion that the future is far 
more pregnant of danger in respect to the propagation of lung plague 
than has been any period in the past. We have, as it were, reached a 
crisis in regard to this plague, and unless we sternly and judiciously 
face the emergency, we may expect an extensive invasion of the West. 
VITALITY OF LUNG-PLAGUE VIRUS. 
There can be little doubt that this contagium, like most others, is 
robbed of its virulence by free exposure to air. Even infected build- 
ings will usually be purified by being left with open doors and windows 
for three or four months. In a case at Bidgewood, Queens County, New 
York, in 1879, the stable of T. Ryan was badly infected throughout 
spring and summer, as many as 20 cattle having died, while over the 
fence in a stable, not 10 feet distant, the herd of George Van Size kept 
healthy throughout. In another instance, on Seventieth street, New 
York, in the same summer, Joseph Hyde lost 20 cows in four mouths 
from two stables, situated onebuildinglot apart from each other, while a 
German, who kept cows in a building on an intervening lot, kept free from 
the affection. On the contrary, instances of close stables remaining in- 
fected, though empty, for three or four months are not uncommon. 
In September, 1879, John C. Cheever placed five Jersey cattle in a 
barn near Yonkers, N. Y., which had been vacated five weeks before by 
the infected herd of the previous owner, Odell. Before the end of the 
year the wdiole herd was infected, and the last of them were slaughtered 
March, 1880, 
Patrick Green, in April, 1879, took a farm at West Farms, West- 
chester County, New York, ignorant of lung plague having been upon 
the place, under the previous tenant, some months before. The plague 
broke out in May among his cattle, selected from healthy western dis- 
tricts, and 11 perished before its progress could be arrested. 
Messrs. Niedlinger, Schmidt & Co., brewers, East Twenty-seventh THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
37 
street, New York, liad a cow die August, 1878, of lung plague ; another 
was put in the stable three months later, did badly, and finally devel- 
oped lung plague in August, 1879. 
Another case is that of the deer park, at Biel, East Lothian, Scotland, 
in 1856-’62. Pasturage for a number of cattle in this was yearly let, 
and during the years mentioned lung plague appeared among these 
year after year. Yet the park was vacated by cattle, the doer and sheep 
only being left for the five winter months, November to May. 
Other things being equal, the infection will be most lasting where it 
has been most thoroughly dried and most closely covered up. Thus, in 
dry, close buildings, with doors and windows habitually closed; in those 
having rotten wood or deep cracks in the masonry, in which the virulent 
matter may be stored away and closely covered; in those with confined 
and unventilated spaces under a wooden floor, and in those containing 
rubbish, hay litter, feed, lumber, &c., the virus will be preserved much 
longer than in buildings that are empty, clean, open, and well-aired. 
This is only the statement of a general truth applicable to most, if 
not all, contagions. A certain amount of air is essential to the growth of 
a disease-poison, but an excess of air proves destructive to it when in 
a moist condition. In preserving vaccine lymph, we receive it into ca- 
pillary tubes, and seal them hermetically, or if it is taken on ivory points, 
these are dried and closely wrapped in lead-foil. So in the itreserva- 
tion of lung-plague lymph Bruylants and Yerriest found that after se- 
clusion for over a month in hermetically-sealed lubesit still retained its vi- 
tality. The germs of typhoid fever are preserved indefinitely in the close 
sewer or cesspool, but are quickly rendered inert on exposure to the air. 
The cholera germ is long preserved in impure soils, &c., but loses its vir- 
ulence in five days if freely exposed to the air (Sanderson). The germ of 
yellow fever is only preserved in the close hold or well of a ship, or in 
the filth-laden interstices of a hot soil under a tropical sun, and loses its 
power for mischief as soon as the air is rendered pure and wholesome. 
The bacterium of anthrax may be cultivated in free air until it becomes 
absolutely harmless (Greenfield, Buchner). The same is true of chicken- 
cholera (Pasteur) and of swine-plague (Law). We may even go a step 
farther, and say that the growth of these poisons in suitable media, and 
in a limited amount of air out of the animal body, fits them for living 
with greater ease within the animal fluids, and thereby renders them 
more deadly. This has been shown by Buchner in the case of anthrax, 
by Professor Law in the case of swine-plague, and by Gravitz in the 
case of various of the common molds. 
As this question of the vitality of lung-plague virus involves the con- 
sideration of its conveyance through different media, it may be well to 
advert further to some of these. 
INFECTION CARRIED IN CLOTHES. 
Ist. In the winter of 1847-’IB, infected oxen were brought on the farm 
of Pitcox, East Lothian, Scotland, and the in fection reached the neigh- 
boring farm of Pleasants, a mile and a half distant, in the following 
manner; The herdsman on Pitcox being the son of the farm steward on 
the Pleasants, visited his parents on the latter place every Sunday, and 
invariably went out to see and handle his father’s cow. In a few weeks 
this cow, which stood in a building alone, sickened, and from her the in- 
fection spread to the other cattle on the premises. The steward’s cow 
could not have herself brought the infection to the Pleasants, as she 38 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
had already been there for several years, her owner having served under 
the previous farmer prior to 1846. She could not have contracted 
the malady from other stock on the place, for they all, with hardly an 
exception, contracted the disease later, which they could not have done 
had they already suffered, for in this disease, as in small-pox and measles, 
one attack fortifies the system against a, second. There was no risk of 
her infection by passing cattle, as the stock were at the time (winter) 
confined to the buildings, and no public road came within a consid- 
erable distance of the latter. A bull was kept on the farm, so that 
neither this cow nor others were sent off for service. The malady could 
not have been contracted from the feeding oxen on the Pleasants, for 
these were West Highlanders, from a breed and district unknown to 
the lung plague; therefore they could not be suspected of carrying old 
encysted masses of diseased lung in the chest. Moreover, as already 
stated, almost all subsequently contracted the disease. The other cows 
on the farm were separated from the steward’s cow by the feeding courts; 
they had all been a length of time on the farm, and, like the oxen, were 
some time later in showing the disease. The facts will bear but one ex- 
planation—that the Pitcox herdsman carried the infection in his clothes 
to his father’s cow. One of our number (Professor Law) lived on the 
Pleasants at the time, and can attest the facts. 
2d. William Walker, of Quincy, Mass., was present at Squantum 
when cattle suffering from lung plague were slaughtered by order of the 
State commissioners. He closely examined portions of the diseased 
lungs, and walked through the ’blood of the slain animals. He then 
rode home, a mile and a half, went to his barn, and fed his cattle. These 
soon after sickened with lung plague. He sold two of his cattle to E. 
B. Taylor, and of his herd of twenty-one all but three fell victims to the 
pestilence. This is attested by Hr. Thayer.—(See, Eeport of Cattle 
Commissioners of Massachusetts for 1863.) 
3d. In February, 1879, Ditmas Jewel, of East Hew York, took an active 
part in opposing the work of the State officials dealing with lung plague, 
and daily visited several of the infected herds. He also paid much at- 
tention to a favorite Jersey cow, which he kept alone in his stable sur- 
rounded by ample grounds. Toward the end of March this cow sickened 
and died of lung plague, a victim of its owner’s ill-considered visitations 
of the sick. 
4th. In July, 1879, William Tice, of Golumbusville, Hew town, Queens 
County, Hew York, employed two men who had been working in Ellis’s 
stables, one of the most infected places in Brooklyn. These men slept 
in the barns with the cattle. In September, two months after the men’s 
arrival, lung plague broke out among Tice’s stock, and has continued 
uninterruptedly until the present day (1882), 
In this connection it is only just to notice that it is not at all improbable 
that this affection should be carried out to our western herds in the germ- 
laden clothes of a workman employed about cattle. If the infection can 
be carried in the clothes of persons walking or riding a mile or two in 
the open air, if it can be preserved for months in the dried condition in 
infected buildings, if it can retain its virulence for over a month shut up 
in a glass tube in liquid condition, what is to Under its preservation in 
a closely-packed trunk for the three days of a railway journey? Infec- 
tion carried in this way would most likely be set down as a spontaneous 
development seeing that no cattle had been carried that way; and yet 
this is likely to happen at any time so long as we tolerate the existence 
of a single infected center or a single infected animal in the country. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
39 
INFECTION THROUGH THE FOOD. 
We have already referred to the preservation of the lung-plague germ 
in closely-packed fodder, but in dry seasons or places where the exhala- 
tions from the diseased lungs are quickly dried up the close packing is 
not absolutely needful. As an example of this we have only to refer to 
the infection of McKinnon’s oxen through feeding on Mr. Boadle’s in- 
fected pastures at Melbourne (see page 38). 
Of its conveyance through liquid food Ave have an example in every 
infected sivill stable. It is often the case that a single row or tAvo toavs 
facing toward each other present more cases of the plague than do those 
at some distance. The mode of feeding explains this. The troughs run- 
ning the full breadth of the building are slightly inclined from one end 
to the other so that the SAvill run in at the one end Avill slowly flow along 
and supply the whole row. If, then, a sick animal is placed at any point 
on the course of this trough he breathes upon the saaIII and saturates it 
Avith his nasal defluxion as it Aoavs past to the other cattle in the roAv. 
This provision of a common trough for thirty or forty animals becomes 
therefore one obvious reason for the prevalence of lung plague in swill 
stables. Let the germ once be introduced, and between the closeness of 
the building and the common feeding troughs it has the most ample 
means for extension. That the swill can be fed with impunity even in 
an infected district avus Avell illustrated at the Blissville distillery stables 
in 1879. These had been so badly infected that they Avere cleared out, 
disinfected, and closed to cattle lor the summer. In autumn over 700 
Avestern steers Avere put into them and kept in the strictest seclusion, 
not even a visitor being allowed to enter the premises, and not a case of 
lung plague developed. Yet, at the very time referred to, half a dozen 
herds in the near vicinity Avere in a bad condition of infection. 
This conATeyance of the poison through the medium of clothes, fodder, 
animals of other species, and solid objects generally, is fully recognized 
by the best authorities of Europe, including Delaford, Bouley, Eeynal, 
Geiiach, Eolloff, Eychner, Eoll, Lafosse, Fleming, &c., and receives the 
amplest confirmation from the Avide-spread practice of inoculation. (See 
inoculation.) 
Eychner says: 
The affection breeds a disease-germ—a contagium of a volatile nature. That it 
attacks the cow which stands in an nncleansed, infected stable, the many proofs of its 
conveyance through men and through horses that have stood in stables as mates with cattle, 
its steady extension through the same stable or herd, and, finally, its sure arrest by the 
seclusion of stables and localities, afford the most conclusive evidence of this. (Boja- 
trik.) 
Contamination occurs from the contact of sound animals with sick on roads, on 
pastures, in stables, through the medium of food, of straw that has been breathed upon and 
soiled by the infected beasts, through utensils that have been used about the latter, and through 
men that have attended them. (Lehrbuch der Pathologic und Therapie.) 
Eoll says: 
Fleming says: 
Healthy cattle have been contaminated after being lodged in stables that were oc- 
cupied by diseased ones three or four months previously. Hay soiled by the sick cattle 
has induced the disease even after a longer period, and pastures grazed upon three 
mouths before have infected healthy stock. (Veterinary Sanitary Science.) 
ANIMALS SUSCEPTIBLE. 
Unlike the other great cattle plagues (rinderpest and aphthous fever) this confines 
its ravages to the bovine genus. Currency has at different times been given to re- 
ports of the infection of sheep, goats, and deer, but the transmission of the malady to 
hese animals has never been satisfactorily proved. In Great Britain sheep have 40 
THE'LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
mingled in the fields with infected cattle for thirty-seven years without any observed 
transmission of the malady to the sheep. The same is true of Australia and the Cape 
of Good Hope, where the plague has driven many colonists to replace their cattle by 
sheep. Goats live in a large proportion of the stables of New York and Brooklyn, yet 
we have never seen a goat infected. As respects deer, the lung plague prevailed for 
a series of years in the deer park at Biel, Scotland, but the deer never suffered. These, 
it is true, are but negative proofs ; they show only that in certain climates and con- 
ditions exposure fails to produce infection ; what might occur in a different environ- 
ment, which materially modified the disease, remains to be shown. At present there 
is no reliable testimony that other animals than cattle will contract the affection. 
Among cattle no race, breed, nor age materially modifies the susceptibility. In 
countries where the malady has prevailed for centuries the attacks are somewhat less 
severe ; but this holds true of all plagues of man or beast. In time the more suscepti- 
ble races die off, and by a natural selection the survivors have the disease in a milder 
form. Sex gives no immunity; bulls suffer as much as cows, and oxen and calves, if 
equally exposed, furnish no fewer victims than bulls and cows. 
Like the different forms of variola (small-pox, sheep pox, cow-pox, &c.), rinderpest, 
measles and scarlatina, the lung plague is usually taken but once by the same indi- 
vidual. Some claim that the immunity lasts but about two years, after which the 
disease may be contracted anew ; but the mass of evidence goes to show that second 
attacks are exceptional, and they are probably no more common than second attacks 
of small-pox, measles, or scarlatina. The acquired immunity in infected districts 
gives a special value to animals that have passed through the disease, and upon this 
are based the practices of protective inoculation, and of the exposure of young and 
valueless calves to the infection, that the losses from the plague may be materially re- 
duced. 
IMMUNITY CONFEREE!) BY A FIRST ATTACK. 
MORTALITY. 
In recording the mortality caused by the plague the most varied figures are set 
down by authors. Much of the discrepancy arises from the point of view taken. 
Thus if we estimate the losses as a percentage of all the cattle in a district, they will 
appear very small, inasmuch as it is rare to find all the herds affected. Thus Loiset 
states the losses for the entire bovine race of the department du Nord, France, at 4 per 
cent, per annum. For distillery stables, sugar factory stables, &c., it was 12 per 
cent., and for farms but 2 per cent. This is accounted for by the frequent changes in 
the former and the inevitable introduction of contagion. The same applies to city 
dairies, where he found a mortality of 25 or 26 per cent. In the Nord in 19 years it had 
killed 212,800 beasts, of a total value of 52,000,000 francs (over $10,000,000). 
Yvart, estimating for infected herds only, stated the losses in Aveyron, 
Cantal, and Lozere at 30, 40, 50, 68 and even 77 per cent., the average 
being at least 35 per cent. 
Gamgee secured records of 88 dairies in the city of Edinburgh for the 
year 1861-62, and found that with an average holding of 1,830 the plague 
cut off 1,075, or over 58 per cent. The yearly loss was £14,512 ($70,000). 
The actual losses in Dublin and other large cities were found to corre- 
spond, those of London alone being estimated at £BO,OOO. The losses 
for the British Isles, computed from agricultural statistics, the records of 
insurance companies, &c., were close upon £2,000,000 ($10,000,000) per 
annum. 
Finlay Dunn shows from the English Cattle Insurance Company’s 
statistics that from 1863 to 1866 the losses from this plague were 50 to 
63 per cent, per annum. 
In Holland Sauberg records a yearly loss of 49,661 head, while in 
Wurtemberg it amounted to 39 per cent. 
The French commission of 1849 found that out of 20 cattle exposed, 
16 took the disease, 10 severely. (The Lung Plague Law.) 
MORTALITY ENHANCED IN WARM CLIMATES AND SEASONS. 
The ratio of deaths has been found to rise with the heat of the weather. 
Thus, while in France 20 per cent, resisted the contagion and 50 per cent. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
41 
escaped death, in South Africa Mr. Lindley reports that it was not 
uncommon for a whole herd of 100 or 200 to be attacked so severely that 
every one perished. The average recoveries he believed were not over 
one per cent. 
In corroboration of Mr. Lindley’s testimony we submit the following 
letter, called forth by a published article of Professor Law’s: 
Dear Sir : I was much interested by your article in the New York Tribune on 
pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, and trust that the authorities will at once act up to your 
advice; for I know from experience, dearly bought, that if they do not, and the disease 
gains a foothold in the large grazing centers of the United States, nothing can pre- 
vent the graziers and the public in general suffering as much as the inhabitants of 
Australia, South Africa, &c , the climatic influences being not more favorable here 
than there. I have lived some years in Natal, a British colony in South Africa, and it 
was for some years before my arrival a good pastoral country, and well stocked with 
cattle when the disease was first known. Where it was introduced from I forget, but 
most probably came with freight oxen from the Cape Colony. Now for the last fifteen 
years, to my knowledge, the country has never been clear of it, and it is continually 
breaking out, generally brought by the passage of freight oxen through the country 
(the only means of transport). 
At first the cattle were slaughtered, but eventually, the disease spreading too rapidly, 
inoculation was introduced, and though much stock died from the inoculation, still the 
remnant would be tolerably safe from the disease a secondtime; and “ salted” cattle, 
i. e. those that had passed through the disease, were valuable for freighters, and so 
ietched a fair price. Cattle were selling during my residence from $25 to $75, the price 
now on account of the limited supply from death. 
I have known 75 per cent, of herds die, and I regret mislaying a letter I received from 
there a few months ago telling me of losses ray friends have suffered from it. Lately, 
since inoculation, the percentage is much lessened, but the disease is always lurking 
about, and introduced to a greater or less extent each time of inoculation. 
Some ranchmen inoculate their calves every year, others only when they buy fresh 
cattle, or the disease breaks out in their herds. No other attempt of cure or mitiga- 
liou is practiced, excepting perhaps a seton in the dewlap. Most of the freight oxen 
have lost their tails (oftentimes cut off to assist their sale). 
In the Zulu country, adjoining where the war now is, they have been fairly clear, 
allowing no cattle to cross from the adjoining countries into Zululand. 
All cattle sold by auction were guaranteed free from lung sickness for three weeks, 
and if they broke out within that time were at the seller’s risk. I remember my 
partner writing me that he had the lung sickness among the cattle, but that the skins 
brought a little ready money (cattle at that time being sold on time); it was the only 
consolation we had tor losing 70 head out of 90. Cattle that wrere lung-sick at the 
time of inoculation were not susceptible to the influence of the virus. 
I am no savant, nor do I understand pathology, so my letter and ideas are naturally 
crude, but I am thoroughly alive to the value of the advice contained in your article. 
I am, sir, yours, faithfully, 
EYERARD B. CORBET. 
Central City, Lawrence County, Dakota, March 11,1879. 
This common-sense letter, from one who has suffered, substantiates 
Mr. Lindley’s observations in every particular, not only as to the 
high death-rate, but as to the intractability of the disease on open 
pasturages, its propagation by ox-teams, and its ruinous effects on the 
cattle industry. It adds one important item on which we shall com- 
ment later—the propagation of the disease by inoculation. 
The high mortality in South Africa finds its exact parallel in Ameri- 
can herds during the heats of summer. At this season the disease 
becomes unusually violent, the period of incubation is shortened, nearly 
all cases run a rapid and often fatal course, and it is not uncommon 
to see a whole herd swept off without exception. One or two instances 
may be given by way of illustration: 
In 1878 William Dost, Old Wistbury, Queens County, Long Island, 
bought a cow out of a passing herd which had been brought by Levy, 
a dealer, from Brooklyn, She infected his herd and his brother’s so 
universally that they had to slaughter the whole. (This was before 
the days of government interference.) 42 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
Mrs. Murphy, Brooklyn, in 1878, bought a cow of McCabe, a New 
York dealer, which infected her whole herd, so that she had to slaughter 
the whole. 
In 1878 Mrs. Kelly, Hazelton, Jamaica, Long Island, bought a cow of 
Braun, a Brooklyn dealer, which sickened and died and fatally infected 
her three remaining cows so that all perished. 
In February, 1879, Mr. Carr, One hundred and forty-sixth street, New 
York, had a cow sent on trial by Geissmann, a dealer. She stood but 
one night in his stables, being removed next day because she looked 
bad, and another was sent in her place. Carr’s whole herd of five con- 
tracted the disease severely, and. were slaughtered accordingly. 
Patrick McCabe, Seventy-second street, New York, bought a cow of 
McDonald, a dealer, in 1871. Six weeks later she sickened and infected 
his five remaining cows, all of which perished. He placed four fresh 
cows in the stable, and started anew, but lost the whole in the course 
of two months. 
This is but a repetition of the South African experience. During the 
cold and dry winter in New York the disease is comparatively mild, and 
the percentage of losses low; but with the return of hot weather all 
this is changed; the disease often kills after two or three days of ob- 
served illness, and the percentage of deaths will rise to seventy, eighty, 
ninety, or even one hundred. This is full of solemn significance to the 
United States; let the plague once reach the Southern States, and this 
high mortality would be maintained throughout the greater part of the 
year; let it reach the Mississippi Valley, and the excessive heats of the 
summers would make it no less destructive during that season; so that 
in estimating the probable losses in case of such extension we can no 
longer accept the losses of Europe as a guide, but must seek for a par- 
allel under the burning sun of Africa. If we continue to neglect the 
affection until it shall have spread to these places, we shall subject our- 
selves to the severest condemnation in thus neglecting to avert a great 
and lasting public calamity. 
PERIOD OF INCUBATION.—LATENCY. 
The time that elapses between the receiving of the germs into the system and the 
manifestation of the earliest symptoms of the disease, varies greatly. Uelafond sets 
it at from six to sixty days, Yerheyeu from ten to sixty days, the French Commission 
extends the period to sixty-seven days, Eeynal has seen it exceed ninety days, and 
Roll and Gamgee quote from eight days to one hundred and twelve. It is true that 
Gamgee qualifies this by the statement that when an animal sickens four months after 
purchase, two or three latent instances of the diseases have preceded the obvious one. 
Australia, South Africa, and Norway were each infected by cattle that had shown a 
period of incubation Of three mouths. I have frequently seen cases in which cattle 
have passed three or four months after the purchase in poor health, yet without cough 
or any other obvious diagnostic symptoms, and at the end of that time have shown 
all the symptoms of the lung plague. But as such cows are considered by the ordinary 
observer to be well, and as many of them will convey to the mind of the veterinarian 
nothing more than nnthriftiness, we must, as, a working rule, accept as possible an 
incubation of three or even four months. All quarantine regulations for this disease 
must be based on this occasionally long period of latency. 
As regards the real or regular period, we may deduce something from the exudation 
and swelling in the tail in inoculated cases. The average period is on the ninth 
day, though it may appear as early as the fifth, or it may be delayed fill the thirtieth 
or fortieth day. In the experimental transmission of the disease by cohabitation, 
under the French Commission, a cough—the earliest symptom—appeared from the 
sixth to the thirty-second day, and sometimes continued for months, though no acute 
disease supervened. (The Lung Plague. Law.) 
It may be stated in tliis connection that in the recent experiments of 
Professors Bruylants and Yerriest on the artificial cultivation of the mi- 
crococcus of lung plague in albuminous solutions, thirty hours were found 43 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
sufficient for tlie multiplication of the germs so as to render the solution 
quite turbid. 
It should be added that hot climates and seasons appear to abridge 
the period of latency ; thus, the disease will develop more rapidly in 
summer than in winter, and in the South than the North. Any febrile 
condition of the system will also favor its rapid development ; therefore 
symptoms are often hastened by parturition, by heat [oestrum), and by 
other exciting causes. 
The Short horn cow which infected Australia must have been 112 days 
from the time of sailing from England to the first symptoms of disease 
in Australia. The case, however, is not quite clear, for there is a report 
that she had suffered from the same disease over a year before in Eng- 
land; and, if so, this may have been a relapse, after the infection had 
been carried for at least an entire year encysted in the chest. Such 
second attacks are met with, though only very exceptionally, in the case 
of all diseases—small pox, cow-pox, scarlet fever, measles, &c.—in which, 
as a rule, the first attack fortifies against another. 
No such objection can be made to the case of Norway, where the cattle 
were found to be diseased 93 days after leaving the Scottish coast, nor 
in the case of South Africa, where the disease was observed 102 days 
after the bull had sailed from Holland. 
PROLONGED INCUBATION A SOURCE OF GREAT DANGER. 
Daring all this period of three months and a half the most skillful ex- 
pert would fail to detect the slightest sign of lung disease, or even of ill 
health; in such a case, therefore, the examination of the individual ani- 
mal can give no guarantee whatever of soundness. Even the examina- 
tion of an entire herd may similarly fail to detect any trace of this disease, 
though the seeds of it are present, and it is only by a series of exami- 
nations of the entire herd, extended over the period of the longest- 
known incubation (90 to 112 days), that any assurance of safety can be 
obtained. 
This is a sufficient answer to the constantly repeated demand that im- 
ported animals should be examined, and, if no sickness can be detected, 
should*be allowed to pass into the interior; also, that animals for export 
should be examined, and in the absence of any sign of disease should 
be furnished with a certificate of health. A similar demand is constantly 
made that cattle in transit from place to place of the same country 
should be examined and certified sound, irrespective of any examination 
of the herd from which they come or the risks of infection during transit. 
Certificates based on no more than such examinations are, at best, but 
so much waste paper. In case of the infection of any of the animals 
examined they become great and positive evils. They certify, on insuf- 
ficient data, to what is not a fact; they mislead the unwary buyer into 
the conviction that his purchase is assuredly sound, and not only induce 
him to take the diseased stock upon his farm, but to pasture or stable it 
with his healthy herd. It may even be made an accessory to the profit- 
able sale of cattle known to be infected, by an unprincipled vender. The 
owner of the herd infected with this plague is submitted to the constant 
temjitation to turn off, at a fair sound price, animals that he knows will 
almost certainly fall victims to the pestilence; and by the long period of 
incubation, during which no sign of the presence of the disease can be 
detected, he is furnished with the amplest opportunity to make such sale 
without suspicion. Honorable men would scorn to take advantage of 
such an opportunity, yet it cannot be denied that every community con- 44 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
tains some who would readily succumb to the temptation. But If the 
temptation is great for the stock-owner, it is even more so for the dealer. 
His daily study, to buy in the cheapest market and sell in the dearest ; 
places the bait in exact parallelism with his habits of thought, and with 
him it requires a special effort to shut his eyes to the advantage which 
confronts him. How much stronger is the temptation when, perchance, 
even he has been betrayed into buying stock which he discovers to have 
come from an infected herd, but too late to annul the bargain. Moreover, 
he is especially exempt from the risk of suspicion of evil design ; none 
can charge him with knowledge of the antecedents of cattle which he 
bought at sight, and for which he paid, risking his money, and, to some 
extent, his reputation. If the fact of his having sold infected animals 
is finally charged upon him, he too can appear as the innocent victim 
and charge back on the original owner, perhaps an unknown party, the 
crime of selling such stock. 
But what would be thought of a civil authority or a professional man 
who would aid and abet such transactions by granting a certificate of 
soundness on a simple examination in transit, or an examination of one 
or more cattle without reference to the herd from which they come ? 
We shall refer to this subject again in connection with international 
and interstate quarantine, and the quarantine of infected and suspected 
animals, herds, and places, all of which to be effective must meet every 
contingency implied in the occasionally prolonged incubation as above 
set forth. 
SYMPTOMS. 
These vary in different countries, latitudes, seasons, altitudes, races of animals and 
individuals. They are, cwteris paribus, more severe in hot latitudes, countries, and 
seasons than in the cold; in the higher altitudes they are milder than on the plains; 
in certain small or dwarfed animals, with a spare habit of body, like Brittanies, they 
appear to be less violent than in the large, phlegmatic, heavy-milking, or obese short- 
horn, Ayrshires and Dutch; a newly infected race or cattle in a newly infected country 
suffer much more severely than those of a land where the plague has prevailed for- 
ages; and finally certain individuals, without any appreciable cause, have the disease 
in a much more violent form than others which stand by them in precisely the same 
conditions. 
Sometimes the disease shows itself abruptly with great violence and without any 
appreciable premonitory symptoms, resembling in this the most acute type of ordinary 
broncho-pneumonia. This, however, is mostly in connection with some actively ex- 
citing cause, such as exposure to inclement weather, parturition, overstocking with 
milk, heat, &c. 
Far more commonly the symptoms come on most insidiously, and for a time are the 
opposite of alarming. For some days, and quite frequently for a fortnight, a month 
or more, a slight cough is heard at rare intervals. It may be heard only when the 
animal first rises, when it leaves the stable, or when it drinks cold water, and hence 
attracts little or no attention. The cough is usually small, weak, short and husky, 
but somewhat painful and attended by some arching of the back, an extension of the 
head upon the neck, and protrusion of the tongue. This may continue for weeks 
without any noticeable deviation from the natural temperature, pulse or breathing, 
and without any impairment of appetite, rumination, or coat. The lungs are as reson- 
ant to percussion as in health, and auscultation detects slight changes only, perhaps 
an unduly loud blowing sound behind the middle of the shoulder, or more commonly 
an occasional slight mucous rattle, or a transient wheeze. In some cases the disease 
never advances further, and its.true nature is to be recognized only by the facts that 
it shows itself in an infected herd or on infected premises, and that the victim proves 
dangerously infecting to healthy animals in uninfected localities. It may be likened 
to those mild cases of scarlatina which are represented by sore throat only, or to the 
modified small-pox, known as varioloid. 
In the majority of cases, however, the disease advances a step further. The animal 
becomes somewhat dull, more sluggish than natural, does not keep constantly with 
the herd, but maybe found lying alone; eats and ruminates more tardily and less fre- 
quently; breathes more quickly (20 to 30 times per minute in place of 10 to 15); re- 
tracts the margins of the nostrils more than formerly; the hair, especially along the 
neck, shoulders and back, stands erect and dry; the muzzle has intervals of dryness, THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
45 
and the milk is diminished. The eye loses somewhat of its prominence and luster, 
the eyelids and ears droop slightly, and the roots of the horns and ears and the limbs 
are hot or alternately hot and cold. By this time the temperature is usually raised 
from 103° Fahrenheit, in the slightest or most tardy cases, to 105° and upward to 108° 
in the more acute and severe. Auscultation and percussion also now reveal decided 
changes in the lung tissue. 
The ear applied over the diseased portions detects in some cases a diminution of the 
natural soft breathing murmur, or it may be a tine crepitation which has been likened 
to the noise produced by rubbing a tuft of hair between linger and thumb close to the 
ear. Where this exists it is usually only at the margin of the diseased area, while in 
the center the natural soft murmur is entirely lost. In other cases a loud blowing- 
sound is heard over the diseased lung, which, though itself impervious to air and pro- 
ducing no respiratory murmur, is in its firm, solid condition a better conductor of 
sound and conveys to the ear the noise produced in the larger air-tubes. 
Percussion is effected by a series of taps of varying force delivered with the tips of 
the fingers of the right hand on the back of the middle finger of the left firmly 
pressed on the side of the chest. Over all parts of the healthy lung this draws out a 
clear resonance, but over the diseased portions the sound elicited is dull, as if the per- 
cussion were made over the solid muscles of the neck or thigh. All gradations are 
met with as the lung is more or less consolidated, and conclusions are to be drawn 
accordingly. 
In other cases we hear on auscultation the loud, harsh, rasping sound of bronchitis 
with dry, thickened, and rigid membranes of the air tubes, or the soft, coarse, mucous 
rattle of the same disease when there is abundant liquid exudation and the bursting 
of bubbles in the air passages. In others there is a low, soft, rubbing sound usually 
in jerks when the chest is being tilled with or emptied of air. This is the friction be- 
tween the dry, inflamed membrane covering the lungs and that covering the side of 
the chest, and is heard at an early stage of the disease, but neither at its earliest nor 
at its latest stage. Later there may be dullness on percussion up to a given level on 
one or both sides of the chest, implying accumulations of liquid in the cavity. Or 
there is a superficial dullness on percussion, and muffling of the natural breathing- 
sound with a very slight, sometimes almost inaudible, creaking due to the existence 
of false membranes (solidified exudations) on the surface of the lung or connecting it 
to the inner side of the ribs. This is often mistaken for a mucous rattle that can no 
longer take place in a consolidated lung in which there can be no movement of air 
nor bursting of bubbles in breathing. The mucous rattle is only- possible with con- 
siderable liquid exudation into the bronchial tubes and a healthy, dilatable condition 
of the portion of lung to which these lead. In rare cases there will be splashing 
sounds in the chest, or when the patient has just risen to his feet a succession of clear 
ringing sounds becoming less numerous and with longer intervals until they die away 
altogether. These are due to the falling of drops of liquid from shreds of false mem- 
brane in the upper part of the chest through an accumulation of gas into a collection 
of liquid below. It has been likened to the noise of drops falling from the bung-hole 
into a cask half filled with liquid. Peculiar sounds are sometimes heard, as wheezing 
in connection with the supervention of emphysema, and others which it is needless to 
mention here. 
In leair patients pressure of the tips of the fingers in the intervals between the ribs 
wdll detect less movement over the diseased and consolidated lung than on the oppo- 
site side of the chest where the lung is still sound. 
As seen in America, in winter, the great majority of cases fail to show the violence 
described in books. The patients fall off rapidly in condition, show a high fever for 
a few days, lie always on the same side (the diseased one), or on the breast, and have 
a great portion of one lung consolidated by exudation, and encysted as a dead mass, 
and yet the muzzle is rarely devoid of moisture, the milk is never entirely suspended 
and may be yielded in only a slightly lessened amount as soon as the first few days of 
active fever have passed. 
During the extreme heats of summer, on the other hand, the plague manifests all 
its European violence. The breathing becomes short, rapid, and labored; each expi- 
ration is accompanied by a deep moan or grunt, audible at some distance from the 
animal. The nostrils and even the corners of the mouth are strongly retracted. The 
patient stands most of its time, and in some cases without intermission, its fore legs 
set apart, its elbows turned out and the shoulder-blades and arm-bones, rapidly losing 
their covering of flesh, standing out from the sides of the chest so that their outlines can 
be plainly seen. The head is extended on the neck, the eyes prominent and glassy, 
the muzzle dry, a clear or frothy liquid distils from the nose and mouth, the back "is 
slightly raised, and this together with the spaces between the ribs and the region of 
the breast-bone are very sensitive to pinching, the secretion of milk is entirely ar- 
rested, the skin becomes harsh, tightly adherent to the parts beneath and covered 
with scurf, and the arrest of digestion is shown by the entire loss of appetite and ru- 
mination, the severe or fatal tympanies (bloating), and later by a profuse watery 46 
THE-LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
diarrhea in which the food is passed in an undigested condition. If the effusion into 
the Jungs or chest is very extensive the pallor of the month, eyelids, vulva, and skin 
betrays the weak, bloodless condition. The tongue is furred and the breath of aheavy, 
feverish, mawkish odor, but rarely fetid. Abortion is a common result in pregnant 
cows. 
In summer, when the disease shows its greatest violence, the mortality is not only 
high, but early. Cattle will die after a few days’ illness from the great prostration 
attendant on the enormous effusion into the organs of the chest, the impairment of 
breathing and the impairment or suspension of the vital functions in general. Others 
die from early distension of the paunch with gas. In others, still, the profuse scouring 
helps to speedily wear out the vital powers. In severe cases, that survive, for sometime, 
the rapid loss of flesh is most surprising. A loss of one-third of the weight in a single 
week is by no means uncommon, and even one-half may be parted with in the same 
length of time in extreme cases. 
In fatal cases, with a moderately rapid course, all the symptoms become more in- 
tense fo several weeks; the pulse becomes more and more small, weak, and accele- 
rated, and finally imperceptible; the breathing becomes rapid and difficult; the mu- 
cous membranes of the mouth, eyes, &c., become pale and bloodless; emaciation goes 
on with active strides, and death ensues in from two to six weeks. 
In other cases, and especially in cold and dry weather, a portion of dead lung may 
remain encysted in the chest, submitting to slow liquefaction and removal, and sucli 
animals will go on for months doing badly, only to sink at last into such a state of 
debility that death ensues from exhaustion and weakness. 
In others still, the retention of such diseased masses and the consequent debility, 
determines the appearance of consumption (tuberculosis), which cuts off the animal. 
Purulent infection and rupture of abscesses into the chest are other causes of death 
in this disease. 
COURSE.—TERMINATION. 
In cases about to recover, the symptoms gradually subside, life and appetite are 
reacquired, and a more or less rapid recovery takes place. In the most favorable the 
exudations are slowly reabsorbed, and the lung may bo restored to its natural state. 
In others, the exudation, which is mostly in the interlobular tissue, becomes in part 
organized into fibrous material which, in contracting, compresses the lobules of lung 
tissue, lessening their capacity for dilation, and leaving the animal short-winded and 
predisposed to emphysema and other lung troubles. If kept quiet, such convalescents 
fatten rapidly. 
Far more frequently, in this country at least, a mass of lung is entirely lost, being- 
divested of its vitality, inclosed in a fibrous cyst, and slowly liquefied and absorbed 
through a course of several months. These continue to do poorly for a number of 
months, and may yet entirely recover, the whole dead mass having been finally re- 
moved and the sac having contracted into a dense fibrous structure. Even in this 
case if the patient has been able to bear up under the continued drain, and has escaped 
consumption and other risks, it may finally be successfully fattened. 
If the disease is seen in its earliest stages, the changes are altogether confined to 
the tissue of the lung. From the examination of the lungs of several hundred diseased 
animals, I can confidently affirm that the implication of the serous, covering of the 
lung (pleura) is a secondary result. In all the most recent cases we find the lung 
substance involved and the pleura sound, while in no one instance has the pleura been 
found diseased to the exclusion of the lung tissue, or without an amount and character 
of lung disease which implied priority of occurrence for that. Yet in all violent at- 
tacks the disease will have proceeded far enough to secure implication of the pleura 
as well, and hence we may describe the changes in the order in which they are usually 
seen when the chest is opened. 
The cavity of the chest usually contains a quantity of liquid varying from one or 
two pints to several gallons; sometimes yellowish, clear, and transparent; at others, 
slightly greenish, brownish-white, and opaque, or even exceptionally slightly colored 
with blood. This effusion contains cell forms and granules, and gelatinizes more or 
less perfectly when exposed to the air. 
On the surface of the diseased lung and to a less extent on the inner side of the ribs 
is a fibrinous deposit (false membrane), varying from the merest rough pellicle to a 
mass of half an inch in thickness, and in the worst cases firmly binding the entire lung 
to the inner side of the chest and to the diaphragm. These false membranes are 
usually of an opaque white, though sometimes tinged with yellow, and in the deeper 
layers even blood-stained, especially over an infarcted lung, A noticeable feature 
of these false membranes and one that serves to distinguish them from those of ordi- 
nary pleurisy is that they are commonly limited to the surface of the diseased portion 
APPEARANCES OF THE CHEST AND LUNGS AFTER DEATH. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
47 
of lung, or if more extensive that portion which covers sound lung tissue is much 
more recent, and lias probably been determined by infection from the liquid thrown 
out into the chest. 
In the lung itself the most varied conditions are seen in different cases and at dif- 
ferent stages of the disease. The diseased lung is solid, firm and resistant, seems to 
be greatly enlarged because it fails to collapse like the healthy portion when the chest 
is opened, is greatly increased in weight and sinks in water. When cut across it 
shows a peculiar linear marking (marbling) due to the excessive exudation into the 
loose and abundant connective tissue which separates the different lobules of the ox’s 
lung from each other. This exudation is either clear, and therefore dark as seen by 
reflected light, or it is of a yellowish-white and when filled with it the interlobular 
tissue appears as a net-work, the meshes of which vary from a line to an inch across, 
and hold in its interspaces the pinkish-gray, brownish-red, or black lung tissue. 
When only recently attacked the lung may present two essentially different appear- 
ances : 
1. Most frequently the changes are most marked in the interlobular connective tis- 
sue, which is the seat of an abundant infiltration of clear liquid, while the lung tis- 
sue, surrounded by this, retains its normal pinkish-gray color, and is often even paler 
and contains less blood than in health. It has, in short, become compressed by the 
surrounding exudation, and air and blood have been alike in great part expressed 
from its substance. This extreme change in the tissue surrounding the lobules and 
the comparatively healthy appearance of the lobules themselves, have led many observ- 
ers to the conclusion that the disease commenced in this connective tissue beneath the 
pleura and extended to the proper tissue of the lung. There is, however, as pointed 
out by Professor Yeo, a coexistent disease of the smaller air tubes corresponding to the 
lobules that are circumscribed by this infiltration, and there is every reason to believe 
that the infiltration in question is the result of anteeedeht changes in the air tubes. 
2. Less frequently we find the lobules of the lung tissue presenting the first indica- 
tions of change. The lobules affected are of a deep red and more or less shining, yet 
tough and elastic. They do not crepitate on pressure, yet they are not depressed be- 
neath the level of the adjacent healthy lung tissue as they would be if collapsed. 
The interlobular connective tissue, devoid of all unhealthy exudation, has no more 
than its natural thickness, and reflects a bluish tint by reason of the subjacent dark 
substance of the lung. Here the lung tissue itself is manifestly the seat of the earliest 
change—congestion—and the interlobular exudation has not yet supervened. Speci- 
mens of this kind may be rare, but a number have come under the writer’s observa- 
tion, and in lungs, too, that presented at other points of their substance the excessive 
interlobular exudation. 
Both of these forms show a tendency to confine themselves to particular lobules 
and groups of lobules of the lung. They correspond, in short, to the distribution of 
particular air tubes and blood vessels, as will be explained further on. The fact, how- 
ever, is noteworthy as characteristic of this disease, that it attacks entire lobules, and 
the limits of the diseased lung tissue are usually sharply marked by the line of connec- 
tive tissue between two lobules, so that one lobule will be found consolidated through- 
out, and the next one in a perfectly natural condition. 
The two forms just described differ also in cohesion and power of resistance. The 
lung saturated with the liquid exudation has its intimate elemehts torn apart and is 
more friable, giving way readily under pressure, while that in which there is red 
congestion, but no extensive exudation, retains its natural elasticity, toughness, and 
power of resistance. 
Hepatization.—Another condition of the diseased lung tissue, more advanced than 
either of those just described, is the granular consolidation or hepatization. In this 
condition the affected regions of lung are as much enlarged as in the dropsical condi- 
tion, but they are firmer and more friable, and on their cut surface present the ap- 
pearance of little round granules. These granules are not peculiar to the lung tissue 
proper, though most marked on this; they characterize the interlobular connective 
tissue as well. They consist mainly of lymphoid cell growths, filling up the air cells, 
the smaller air tubes, the lymph spaces and the meshes of the connective tissue. The 
color of the.1 e portions varies from a bright reddish-brown to a deep red, according to the 
compression to which the lung tissues has been subjected by the exudation in the early 
stages. 
Infarction.—Another form of lung consolidation is of a very dark red or black, and 
always implies the death of the portion affected. The dark aspect of the diseased lob- 
nlesforms a strong contrast with the yellowish-white interlobular tissue, excepting in 
cases where that also becomes blood-stained, when the whole presents a uniform dark 
mass. This form has the granular appearance of that last described, and on micro- 
scropic examination its minute blood-vessels are found distended to their utmost ca- 
pacity with accumulated blood globules. This black consolidation is always sharply 
limited by the borders of certain lobules or groups of lobules which are connected 48 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
with a particular air tube and its accompanying blood vessels, and the artery leading 
to such lobules is as constantly blocked by a linn blood-clot, The mode of causation 
is this: The artery being in the center of a diseased mass, becomes itself inflamed. As 
soon as the inflammation reaches its inner coat the contained blood coagulates; the 
vein is usually blocked in the same way. The blood formerly supplied by the artery 
to certain lobules is now arrested ; that in the capillary vessels of these lobules stag- 
nates; nutrition of the Avails of the capillaries ceases, and these losing their natural 
powers of selection alloAv the liquid parts to pass freely out of the vessels, leaving the 
globules only in their interior. More blood continues to enter them slowly from ad- 
jacent capillaries supplied from other sources, and as this is filtered in the same Avay 
hy the walls of the vessels, these soon come to be filled to repletion by the globules 
only, and hence the intensely dark color assumed. The color is often heightened by 
the escape of blood from the now friable vessels into the surrounding tissue, and it is 
by this means that the interlobular tissue is usually stained. “This black hepatiza- 
tion, or as it is technically called, infarction, is an almost constant occurrence in the 
disease as seen in New York, and the death and encysting of large portions of lung is 
therefore the rule. If too extensive, of course the patient perishes, but not unfre- 
quently a mass of lung measuring four or six inches by twelve is thus separated with- 
out killing the animal. ” 
If at a later stage we open an animal which has passed through the above condi- 
tion, the following may be met with: A hard, resistant mass is felt at some portion 
of the lung, usually the lower and back portion, and on laying it open it is found to 
consist of dead lung tissue in which the hepatized lobules and interlobular tissue, 
the air tubes and blood vessels are still clear and distinct, but the whole is separated 
from the still living lung by a layer of a white pus-like liquid, outside which is a 
dense, fibrous sac or envelope, formed by the development of the surrounding inter- 
lobular exudation. From the inner surface of this dense cyst, the firm, thick bron- 
chial tubes and attending vascular systems project in a branching manner like dirty 
white stalactites, and these, with the interlobular tissue thickened by its now firmly 
organized exudation, may form bands extending from side to side of the cavity. 
At a still more advanced stage the dead and encysted lung tissue is found to ba\Te 
been entirely softened and the sac contains but a mass of white liquid debris, or, still 
later, a caseous mass of its dried, solid matters, upon which the fibrous covering has 
steadily contracted, so as to inclose but a mere fraction of its original area. In hun- 
dreds of post mortems we have only once seen the dead and encysted lung the seat of 
putrid decomposition, and never found the cavity opening into a pervious air tube. 
There remains to be noticed the condition of the air tubes and accompanying ves- 
sels in the diseased lungs. In all cases where Ave see the starting point of the disease 
we find in the small tubes leading to the affected lobules, a loss of the natural bril- 
liancy of the mucous membrane, which has become clouded and opaque, and the tis- 
sue beneath it infiltrated and thickened. In more advanced cases, and above all, in 
those showing the dropsical condition of the interlobular tissue, AAre find a similar in- 
filtration into the connective tissues around the air tubes and their accompanying 
vessels, and in the hepatized lung this is always seen as a thick, firm, resistant 
white material, having the compressed and contracted and often plugged air tubes 
and vessels in the center. (See Heliotype.) These thickened masses have already 
been referred to as standing out in stalactite form from the inner wall of the sac in 
which the dead (necrosed) lung is undergoing solution. (Lung Plague, Lavv.) 
It is worthy of notice that though the connective tissue in the walls 
of the air tubes is invariably the seat of extensive thickening, and 
though the clear brilliancy of the epithelial layer is usually impaired, 
yet absolute degeneration of the epithelium is exceptional, the cells re- 
maining in columnar ranks around the lumen of the tube in place of 
showing any transformation into rounded or lymphoid cells, or breaking 
down into granular debris, as in active disease. When the smaller 
tubes are plugged with exudate, the epithelium may be removed as 
claimed by Professor Yeo, but when the lumen is still clear and pervious 
the epithelial covering retains its normal condition of columnar cells, as 
has been demonstrated by Drs. Porter and liegeman, of Yew York. 
In other words the extensive disease changes are found in the con- 
nective tissues, and the lymphatic system in the walls of the tubes and 
substance of the lungs, rather than in the cellular lining of the tubes. 
The disease is an interstitial lobular pneumonia, rather than a croupous 
pneumonia. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
49 
NATURE OF LUNG PLAGUE. 
That the lung plague is determined by an infecting material conveyed 
from beast to beast is without doubt. The presence of such a specific 
contagion is demonstrated in all experience of the disease and its pro- 
pagation, and in the value of inoculation as a protecting measure. The 
intimate nature of that contagion may now be held as all but proved by 
the investigations of Professors Bruylauts and Yerriest of the Univer- 
sity of Louvain. 
As early as 1852, Willems and Van Kempen, of Hasselt, Belgium, re- 
corded the presence in the lymph of the diseased lung, of myriads of 
peculiar corpuscles which were absent from the juices pressed from a 
healthy lung. Others at different times confirmed these observations as 
to the presence of the corpuscles, but their action as factors in the cau- 
sation of lung plague remained unproved. 
In the course of the past year Bruylauts and Yerriest in a long series 
of experiments found the organisms in question in the liquids of the 
freshly diseased lungs, and in that of the local swellings resulting from 
inoculation, but notin the blood nor textures of the body generally, and 
not always in the liquids effused into the chest. They have cultivated 
this germ through a succession of generations in glass flasks, and found 
that at any time it continued to prove infecting to susceptible bovine 
and that it retained its virulent qualities after it had been pre- 
served tor a month in a hermetically sealed glass tube. Cultures made 
with fresh portions of healthy lungs and those made with small parti- 
cles of other tissues led to no milkiness nor other change from the growth 
of micrococci in the organic liquids, and produced no specific inflamma- 
tion in wounds when inoculated. Finally a moist heat of 60° Cent. 
(140° Fah.) for fifteen minutes invariably proved fatal to the germ, so 
that this may be held to be the limit of its viability, and boiling water 
or colorless steam may be accepted as an efficient disinfectant. 
In the light of these experiments, it seems that the lung plague is a 
true bacteridian disease, like malignant anthrax and swine plague, the 
seat of the malady being determined by the point at which the micro- 
coccus gains access to the system. Thus inspired, as it usually is, with 
the air, it finds its way through some slight abrasion of the pulmonary 
mucous membrane, or through the delicate lining of the air cells or mu- 
ciparous follicles into the submucous connective tissue, where it propa- 
gates itself abundantly, destroys the integrity of the lymphatic radicles, 
and leads to the extensive inflammation and exudation. Inoculated on 
some superficial part, where there is a great abundance of connective 
tissue, as the dewlap or shoulder or root of the ear, it leads to a similar 
extensive inflammation and exudation, followed usually by death. But 
if inoculated on the tip of the tail, where connective tissue is scanty and 
the lymphatic system is but poorly developed, it gives rise to a small 
and harmless swelling, usually not exceeding the size of a hen’s egg. 
The morbid processes are mainly confined to the connective tissue and 
lymphatic system, and there is some reason to suppose that the micro- 
coccus can live with difficulty, if at all, in the living blood. This may be 
inferred from the fact that the disease does not attack the natural seat 
of its invasion—the lungs—when it has been inoculated on the tail, nor 
does it affect any distant part of the body when it has occurred natu- 
rally in the lungs. Add to this that Bruylauts and Yerriest failed to de- 
velop the micrococci with certainty from the blood, or from any other 
part of the body than the diseased lung, and that Burdon Sanderson 
S. Ex. 106 4 50 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
and Duguid found that injections of virulent lymph into the blood 
usually rested without any local effect whatever, and we have appar- 
ently solid ground for the hypothesis that the germ of this disease does 
not well survive in the blood. Tentatively, we may call it a bacteridian 
infection of the connective tissue and lymphatic system, which may be 
localized in any part of the body supplied with these structures, but is 
usually seated in the lungs, from the germ being taken in with the in- 
spired air. 
CONVALESCENT CATTLE DANGEROUS FROM ENCYSTED MASSES OF 
DISEASED LUNG. 
Animals that have apparently recovered from lung plague are usu- 
ally supposed to be perfectly safe, and even specially valuable in in- 
fected districts, because they will not take the disease a second time. 
Yet there is reason to suppose that many such become bearers of the 
infection to healthy stock with which they mingle, and being exempt 
from suspicion admission to sound herds is freely conceded them. 
The explanation of this is probably to be found in the condition of the 
lung usually left after an apparent recovery. The tendency of the dis- 
ease is to the plugging of the blood-vessels in those parts of the lung 
which are most violently inflamed, to the death of such portions for lack 
of their nutrient supply, and, finally, in case of recovery, to the encyst- 
ing of the dead mass in a thick, fibrous sac, which completely cuts it 
off from the adjacent parts of the organ. The seclusion of this seques- 
trum is complete; no air, save such as can permeate the membrane, and 
no aerial germs being allowed access to its substance. It therefore un- 
dergoes no ordinary putrefaction, and after long encystment its faint, pe- 
culiar, and slightly mawkish odor is in marked contrast with the intol- 
erable fetor of the ordinary gangrenous lung, in which the aerial bacte- 
ria of putrefaction have been working. These dead masses of the hepa- 
tized lung, in cases of apparent recovery from lung plague may remain 
'encysted for from six to fifteen months, undergoing very little change, 
apart from a very slow liquefaction on the surface of the mass, and a 
corresponding contraction of the investing sac. At the commencement 
of recovery more than half of a lung may be thus encysted, and six and 
even ten mouths later masses of one or two pounds are frequently 
found awaiting the slow process of liquefaction. 
In cases of*perfect recovery this process of liquefaction is completed, 
and the liquid being absorbed, there is left but a soft, cheesy-looking 
mass of whitish, or yellowish-white debris. The important question is, 
how long the encysted mass remains infecting after it has been encap- 
suled and shut off from all other parts of the lung, and after the bearer 
has apparently recovered ? 
On this point it must be borne in mind that the encysted portion of 
the diseased lung was filled with the virulent germs at the period of en- 
cystment, and having been from that time shut off from all the processes 
<of nutrition, or physiological change, and having been equally protected 
against the access of bacterial or other germs from without that might 
have preyed upon and destroyed the virulent ones, there is a strong 
presumption that these virulent lung-plague germs, or their descend- 
ants, remain unchanged from their infecting condition, as when first 
encysted. 
We may find a tolerably fair counterpart of this condition in the 
masses of tubercle frequently found in the internal organs of consumptive 
men and animals. The deposited tuberculous mass is not traversed by THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
51 
any blood-vessels, and is not subject to the regular physiological changes 
of a tissue, the subject of nutrition and growth, and yet a minute par- 
ticle of this encysted, inactive mass, if inoculated on another and sus- 
ceptible system, speedily develops the same dread disease. 
It may be justly answered that cattle bearing these encysted masses 
in the lungs are often allowed to cohabit with healthy and susceptible 
animals without infecting the latter. Yet wre have reason to suppose 
that the germ of lung plague does not readily live, if at all, in the 
blood, but that when inoculated on any one part of the body, it confines 
its ravages to that spot and those that are in the direct line of the lym- 
phatic vessels leading from it. When inoculated on the tail it may 
extend to the rump and pelvis, but does not show itself in the lungs. 
Injections of the virus into the blood have in no case produced local 
disease. (Sanderson, Duguid.) The encysted germs are only likely to 
make their exit from the interior of the sac, by being absorbed into the 
blood-vessels ramifying in its walls. But if the blood globules are natu- 
rally either unfavorable to the development of the germ, or destructive 
to it, much more will the blood of the animal, now rendered insuscepti- 
ble through a first attack of the disease, prove inimical to the living 
virus. But the same acquired insusceptibility is equally true of the 
living tissues generally of the animal bearing the encysted mass, in- 
cluding its lymphatic vessels. It is not, therefore, to be expected that 
the pent-up virus should readily make its escape from the encysted mass 
so as to infect other cattle adjacent. It may, however, be conceived of 
as escaping under one of the following conditions: 
Ist. In case the insusceptibility of the subject became exhausted, as 
happens in certain systems with every form of disease which does not 
habitually occur a second time in the same subject. Thus we have second 
attacks of small-pox, cow-pox, scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough, 
and mumps, just as we have sometimes second attacks of lung plague. 
If, therefore, in a cow bearing one of the encysted masses now under 
consideration, the acquired insusceptibility becomes worn out, the pent- 
up germs may suddenly find in the adjacent lung a prolific field for their 
growth and a vantage point for a new and wide diffusion among other 
stock. 
2d. In certain diseases, like anthrax and swine plague, a system which 
enjoys a native or acquired immunity is still unable to'resist the sud- 
den introduction of a great excess of the disease germ or of a smaller 
amount in a condition of unusual virulence. Thus it is that the ani- 
mal often recovers from a small dose of the poison, but succumbs to a 
large one] and thus, too, that in certain malignant epidemics of measles 
or small pox persons fall victims who have resisted exposures to a 
milder type of the disease for a longlifetime. When therefore from any 
cause—inflammation, abscess, &c.—the membrane limiting the infecting 
mass has become broken down or unusually permeable, the insuscepti- 
bility may be at once overcome by the great access of infecting mate- 
rial. 
3d. In connection with the irritation of the contained mass and its 
liquid products, the wall of the sac may become ulcerated, so as to es- 
tablish a communication with one of the air tubes. In such a case it is 
evident that the contents may escape and that the animal may become 
infecting to others, though she escapes a second infection herself. 
4th. Still one other hypothesis may be hazarded. An attack of simple 
inflammation implicating the wall of the cyst may be the occasion of 
the escape of the poison. The cell products of inflammation are more 
closely allied to embryonic tissue (cells) than are the elements of the 52 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
normal textures of the full-grown. They partake, in common with em- 
bryonic tissue, of an extraordinary impressibility to external influences, 
and a liability to destructive changes. These products of inflammation 
are therefore presumably susceptible to the attacks of the pent-up germs, 
just as the natural progeny of insusceptible animals are themselves sus- 
ceptible without reference to the immunity of the parent tissues or system. 
Again, the inflammation products are now open to the attacks of the 
lung plague bacterium, just as the same products are more easily de- 
stroyed by caustics and other chemical agents than are the sound tissues. 
It has been frequently noticed in Europe, that cattle which have ap- 
parently recovered from the lung plague have been the vehicle for the 
conveyance of the disease into new and previously healthy herds. In 
several countries of Europe, accordingly, cattle that have passed through 
lung-plague are branded on the horns with the letters L. S. (Lungen- 
seuche). This serves the double purpose of publishing the fact that they 
are not likely to contract the disease anew themselves, and that they 
may, notwithstanding, convey it to others. 
One or two particular instances of the apparent conveyance of the 
infection in this way may be here cited : 
1. In the Eecueil de Medecine Yeterinaire for March,lß79, M. Eabouam 
records the case of a bullock brought from a stable where lung plague had 
formerly prevailed, and suffering from a chronic discharge from the nose, 
supposed to be due to bronchitis, but which ox introduced the lung 
plague into the herd into which he was taken. 
2. The English cow which introduced lung plague into Australia, ac- 
cording to one account, was probably a case of the same kind. She 
was alleged to have suffered from lung plague in England, in 1857, and 
had a relapse after her- arrival in Australia in 1858, when she was the 
means of infecting the entire colony. It may well be supposed that 
this relapse may have been due to the great change of climate and gen- 
eral surroundings to which this cow had been subjected, such change 
being well known to renew the susceptibility to certain other diseases 
after it had been worn out by a first attack. Thus strangles—the dis- 
temper of young horses—which usually attacks the same animal but 
once, has been known to attack animals thrice in succession, each time 
after the subject had been removed from one country and climate to 
another. Similarly the distemper of dogs has been known to attack 
the same animal thrice, in England,* Malta, and India, showing that the 
example is not peculiar to one disease. That change of climate has a 
potent effect on the system, is shown every day in the beneficial or per- 
nicious operation on invalids who make a wide change of residence. 
This influence is seen no less in the effect it has in counteracting the evil 
effects of consanguinity. If the same family is bred closely, generation 
after generation, in the same locality, sterility or other failure of vitality 
soon interferes to cut short its career, but if brothers and sisters and 
cousins are bred or reared under different conditions, their stamina is far 
less likely to be undermined. 
The consideration of these points, and the woeful example of the infec- 
tion of Australia, should lead us to guard against all such chronic cases 
of this affection as carry encysted masses in the lung, and above all to 
vigilantly exclude all animals imported in this condition, and all move- 
ment of such animals from one part of the country to another. 
3. Mr. Braun, Lorimer street, Brooklyn, whose stables had been 
healthy for months up to July 26, 1879, took in at this date a brown 
heifer which had been removed from the infected Blissville distillery 
stables January, 1879. This heifer was fat, plump, and, to all outward THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
53 
appearances, healthy, but on examination, with the view of granting a 
certificate for removal to the country, it was found to carry a large mass 
of encysted lung. She was accordingly killed, and an encysted dead 
mass of about S inches by 4 was found. On August 22, a fine Short-horn 
cow from a healthy region in Central New York, which had passed 
through the inspection-yard direct to Braun’s stable under permit and 
surrounded with all due precautions, contracted the lung plague and 
had to be killed and the stable cleared out and disinfected anew. 
4. In January, 1879, Charles Reeves, of Success, Suffolk County, 
New York, bought two calves from the Billard herd, which spread the 
lung plague broadcast over the east end of Long Island. They did 
not thrive well, but were not noticed to be specially sick. In June, six 
months later, he lost several animals infected by the unthrifty calves, 
Jnd July 19, Professor Law had three more of the herd slaughtered in 
the advanced stages of lung plague, the result of the purchase of the 
calves which were affected with these chronic encysted masses. 
Instances of this kind can be multiplied, but this will serve no good 
end. The importance of the matter is seen when we say that in all the 
infected States at the present time, there are numbers of apparently con- 
valescent animals standing in herds which they may at anytime infect, 
and ready to be sold, it may be, to carry the disease to the most distant 
parts of our territories. 
CHRONIC CASES IN THOROUGHBREDS ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS. 
Such a conveyance of the disease is the more probable that it is the 
high-priced thoroughbred stock which are the most likely to be allowed 
to recover from the infection, and it is these that are mainly shipped 
west. Under a false sense of economy the Executives of the different 
infected States decline to pay a sum at all approximating to the market 
value of these animals, and the owners decline to have them disposed 
of at a low figure so long as a chance of recovery remains. Thus it is 
that our 40,000,000 head of cattle, and their progeny for all time, are 
recklessly imperilled because men, ignorant of our great danger, refuse 
to authorize an expenditure which is relatively but as a drop to the 
ocean. 
It is quite true that infected thoroughbreds cannot be so dis- 
tributed with the same impunity as infected cattle of common breeds. 
Being registered in a herd-book, and all transfers by sale or otherwise 
made public, they cannot be sold without buyer and seller being well 
known to each other and to the general public. They cannot be surrep- 
titiously carried from one State to another, for either they must lose 
their record and value, or the pages of the herd-book will reveal the 
transaction and lay the owner open to prosecution. Yet, in spite of all 
this, there is the great difficulty of establishing the fact of pre-existing 
disease in the sellers’ herd; and there is the expense and uncertainty of 
the law which will deter most people from entering on a litigation of this 
kind. Indeed, the usual course in our experience has been to pocket 
the first loss as the least, and to try to be more particular in future pur- 
chases. The dangers from these apparently recovered thoroughbreds 
are, therefore, almost beyond expression, and no consideration of economy 
which allows or contributes to their shipment westward or southwa 
should be entertained for a single moment. 
But, beside the great peril, there are reasonable grounds for paying 
the owners of thoroughbreds as much, relatively, as the proprietors of 
scrub cattle. First, what is expected is only in ratio with their current 54 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
market value, so that here they stand on precisely the same level with 
the scrubs. Second, the owners of the thoroughbreds have expended 
these high suras for their stock, and added proportionately to the wealth 
of the State. The State is, therefore, called on to preserve these valuable 
animals as well as the low-priced ones. Third, the indemnity, to be an 
effectual adjunct to suppression of the disease, must be made a stimulus 
to the reporting of sickness, and whenever it fails in this through inade- 
quacy or otherwise, it fails in the main object of its existence. 
INOCULATION FOE LUNG PLAGUE. 
For some years past this operation has been strongly advocated in 
England and Holland, not only as a palliative of the losses from lung 
plague, but as a means of stamping out the disease. In a report like 
the present, which is intended to furnish a sound basis for intelligent 
legislation, it becomes needful to canvass this truly important question. 
In December, iB6O, Louis Willems, M. D., of Hassalt, Belgium, son of a large dis- 
tiller, began bis essays on inoculation. To determine the susceptibility of different 
animals, be inoculated with the exudation matter from diseased lungs 6 rabbits, 23 
pea-fowls, a number of chickens, 4 dogs, 3 sheep, 7 hogs, and 2 goats, but in all the 
wounds healed without any unhealthy action. These animals were accordingly set 
down as insusceptible. Accidental wounds of human beings were equally harmless. 
He instituted experiments on several cattle which he inoculated with the liquids from 
healthy lungs. The result was only slight inflammation followed by healings. 
He inoculated three cattle, respectively, with blood, buccal mucus and intestinal 
tubercle taken from sick cows. These produced but slight inflammation, followed by 
prompt recovery. 
He inoculated 108 cattle with the pulmonary exudation of diseased lungs. In a 
period averaging fifteen days after inoculation a swelling occurred in most of these in 
the seat of inoculation, and though afterwards kept in an infected stable all these 
animals resisted the disease. Of fifty uninoculated animals placed in the same sta- 
bles, seventeen became diseased. 
He further reinoculated ten cattle that had been already successfully inoculated, and 
all the wounds healed promptly without any local swelling such as marked the other 
cases from the tenth to the thirtieth day. 
In none of these cases was there any indication of disease of the lungs, and in a 
number that were killed these organs were found healthy. 
He concluded that when the virus is inoculated on a susceptible animal, “a new 
disease is produced ; the affection of the lungs with ail its peculiar characters is lo- 
calized in some sort on the exterior” ; and that this disease is preservative against all 
future attacks of pleuro-pneumonia. 
Various commissions were appointed by different European governihents to deter- 
mine the matter by experiment. The Dutch commission, composed of the faculty of 
the Veterinary School at Utrecht, reported in 1852, that out of 247 head of cattle inocu- 
lated sixteen afterward contracted the disease, these being mainly composed of such 
as had the least local swelling in the seat of inoculation. They reported that inocu- 
lation had “ a power, at least temporary, of securing against the contagion of pleuro- 
pneumonia.” 
The Belgium commission, presided over by Professor Verheyen, inoculated 197 cat- 
tle, fourteen of which were afterward kept in stables with infected animals without 
contracting the disease. ' 
The French commission, presided over by Professor Bouley, inoculated 54 cattle, of 
which 48 survived and were made to cohabit with diseased stock. But one of those 
contracted the plague. 
In England a commission was appointed, and, after a series of experiments in 1854-5, 
they reported adversely. 
Since that time inoculation has been adopted extensively in Europe, and still more 
largely in Australia and South Africa, until to-day it is acknowledged by all who have 
given attention to the subject that for the individual animals, it is as surely protec- 
tive as is vaccination for small-pox, and that attacks of lung plague, after successful 
inoculation, are little if at all more frequent than are second attacks of variola.—(The 
lung plague of cattle.—Law.) 
It is not overstating the case to say that many hundreds of thousands 
of cattle have now been subjected to the test of inoculation, many skill- THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
55 
fully, and others in the rudest possible manner by unlettered persons,, 
and even with lymph, which has been allowed to pass into putrefactionr 
so that the resulting’ wounds were septic sores and the constitutional 
disturbance a more or less fatal septicaemia. The results have in no 
way negatived Willems’ claim that properly performed, the inoculation 
of a susceptible animal with the lung-plague lymph, fortifies the system 
of that animal with a reasonable amount of certainty against any sub- 
sequent attack of the disease. 
The most recent evidence furnished by Dr. Willems himself of the 
effect of reinoculation of previously inoculated animals may be here 
quoted. 
Since I have had the pleasure of receiving your last letter [he writes Bouley], I 
have reiuoculated sixteen subjects with the pulmonary virus. The virulent insertion 
has been made behind the ears, in the neck, and in the dewlap—regions which you. 
say, with just reason—*are forbidden under pain of death. These reinoculatins have* 
been executed in the stables of four distillers of the town, upon beasts previously 
inoculated on the tail with such apparent success that they had all lost a larger or- 
smaller portion of this appendage. 
The results of these reinoculations made the 24th March, the 9th and 17th April, have 
been the following: Upon fourteen subjects no manifestation, even local, of the swell- 
ing consecutive to the virulent insertion, though I had employed considerable doses* 
of the liquid to inoculate. The wounds cicatrized as readily as simple wounds made* 
with a cutting instrument. Upon the two other subjects tumors have appeared in. 
the places of inoculation, as large as pigeons’ eggs, behind the ears, and as large as a 
hazel nut in the region of the neck in one subject, while in the other there was a hard 
swelling measuring 10 centimeters long by 7 or 8 broad in the region of the dewlap 
where the virulent insertion had been made. Upon one of the beasts the tumor of' 
the ear transformed itself into an abscess; the other engorgements disappeared by reso- 
lution. 
Thus far we fully indorse inoculation. It is unquestionably a most 
valuable measure for the reduction of the losses from lung plague in a 
country in which the plague itself has come to be considered as an un - 
avoidable evil. But the advocates of the measure are not satisfied with: 
such claims, and demand that it shall be adopted as an efficient meas- 
ure for the complete extermination of the plague. 2s ow it might be sim- 
ply stated that, though this measure lias been in operation for over thirty 
years, it has not up till now succeeded in exterminating lung plague 
from any country whatever. 
Eighteen months ago it was claimed that inoculation.had rooted out 
the lung plague from Holland. Yet in Holland repressive measures 
were not confined to inoculation, but inoculation was only an addendum 
to a general compulsory slaughtering of the sick and disinfecting of the 
premises—measures which, rigidly enforced, would of themselves stamp 
out the disease. In the second place, the claim that Holland had been 
purged of the plague proved premature, and in the past year the affec- 
tion has been again reported from five provinces, extending from Fries- 
land to South Flanders, or over a belt embracing the entire length of the 
country. 
Next it is claimed that inoculation completely eliminated the disease 
from the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Now the condition of the Edin- 
burgh dairies is so peculiar that no deduction drawn from the results 
obtained could be safely applied over an entire country. From a long, 
and sad experience with lung plague, Edinburgh dairyman have been 
driven to a very peculiar system of management. They no longer dare 
introduce into their cow-houses any but animals in prime condition, 
which can be turned over to the butcher without material loss at a day’s 
notice. A very large proportion of these cows, in the past, have been 
made into beef witliin three months of their arrival in the city dairies. 56 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 
In this way the trade is made quite profitable, for the cows are only 
kept during the period of the fullest flow of milk, and when killed bring 
a good sum for beef. Hence the remark “the cowfeeders did not know 
how to make money until the disease came.” Even the cows that are 
happy enough to escape the plague are still disposed of for beef as soon as 
the milk fails. None are kept on from year to year, none are sold to go 
out into the country, and no calves are born in the dairies and raised for 
stock. In these very exceptional conditions inoculation could scarcely 
fail to succeed. The suspension of all cattle traffic, the slaughter of 
the sick, and disinfection of the premises would of themselves have ac- 
complished the same end independently of inoculation. This has been 
done in all those countries which have really stamped out lung plague 
alike in the Old World and the New. 
But if we reverse the conditions no such uniformly good results could 
be expected, and none sii3h have ever been obtained. Let the inocu- 
lated cattle be sent from the infected city stables to the country, and 
they would inevitably have carried the disease to many new centers. 
Let calves be born and reared in these dairies, or be sent from them to 
be reared elsewhere, and many of them would contract the disease them- 
selves and convey it to others. Let inoculation be generally adopted 
over an entire country, and it will be found impossible to prevent the 
laying up of contagion in the buildings, fodder, &c,, to develop the dis- 
ease in the first susceptible animal that may be introduced. The first 
new-born calf, or the first cow purchased, must be promptly inoculated 
if we would protect her against the infected buildings and pastures. 
On hearing of inoculation, many conceive that it is the exact counter- 
part of vaccination for small pox, and that no more danger attaches to the 
one operation than to theother. The difference, however, is fundamental. 
In vaccination it is not the poison of small pox that is used, but that of 
cow-pox, a perfectly mild and harmless disease, which is utterly incapable 
of propagating small-pox. in inoculation for lung plague, on the other 
hand, it is the virus of genuine lung plague itself which is introduced 
into the system, and the resulting disease, though it develops not in 
the lungs, but (by selection) in the tail, is due to the propagation in the 
last-named organ of the true virulent germs of the lung plague. As will 
be seen by a reference above, to the record of Bouley and Yerheyen, 
the inflammatory exudate in the tail contains the same virulent bacteria 
as the diseased lung products, and, when inoculated on susceptible ani- 
mals, produces the same series of local disease changes as if the pul- 
monary product had been used. 
INOCULATED ANIMALS INFECTING. 
The advocates of inoculation mostly assume that the inoculated ani- 
mal is not infecting. But such a claim, if it could be established, would 
demolish their cherished theory of the protective influence of inoculation. 
The virus they use for inoculation is the virus of genuine lung plague, and 
if it fails to pullulate and grow, where inserted in the tail, it must equally 
fail to fortify the system of that animal against a subsequent exposure 
to this poison. If, however, as we fully concede, it is protecting, it can 
only be because the germs of lung plague introduced into the system 
have developed there and rendered the system proof against any sub- 
sequent exposure to these germs. 
Before the introduction of vaccination for small pox, some had prac- THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
57 
ticedinoculation with the small pox matter itself, with a view of inducing 
a less dangerous type of that disease than if it were contracted in the 
ordinary way. What was produced was a mild case of small-pox, which 
was, however, dangerously infecting to any unprotected person who 
came within the sphere of its influence. The exact counterpart of this 
is to be found in the inoculation of lung plague virus on the surface. 
In both cases alike there is produced a disease of the superficial struc- 
tures, in which the virulent germs are multiplied by myriads, and from 
which these germs can be given off through the air or by direct contact 
to infect other susceptible subjects. 
It can be freely conceded that this disease in the tail is far less likely 
to infect other animals than the same affection in the lungs. The density 
of the textures prevents that abundant proliferation and swelling which 
take place in the lungs or other organ of soft texture. There is, there- 
fore, materially less poison to be diffused. But, more important still, 
the tidal air passing in and out of the lungs continuously acts like a 
bellows in keeping up a constant efflux of the virulent germs from 
within. To this there is no equivalent in the case of the inoculated 
tail. Finally, the air in the substance of lungs is not the pure air which 
surrounds the tail, and which tends to disinfect and destroy virulent 
germs, but it has been robbed of 4 per cent, of its oxygen, and charged 
with 4 per cent, of carbonic acid, beside water, vapor, and organic mat- 
ter, conditions which greatly favor the preservation of disease germs 
and the intensifying of their virulence. Much, therefore, which favors 
the propagation of the disease from the lungs is absent from the affection 
in the. tail. But the difference is only one of degree, not of kind. And 
numerous instances can be adduced in which inoculated animals have 
proved the centers for new diffusions of lung plague. 
Reyna 1 mentions the case of an inoculated Brittany cow at the Alfort 
Veterinary School, which infected two others standing on the two sides 
of her. (Police Sanitaire des Animaux Domestiques.) 
Mr. Watson, after a most extended exyierience in Australia and ISTew 
Zealand, where they inoculate cattle by the ten thousand, records it as a 
common observation that the disease is transmitted by inoculated cattle. 
Inoculated cattle convey the contagion io those which are not inoculated.—This has been 
proved by the disease breaking out among cattle, where it had not previously shown 
itself, after their coming in contact with some inoculated animals which were tree from 
the disease when inoculated. Cases of this sort, and even of cattle being inoculated 
before the disease had broken out among them, are so few that decisive evidence in 
this way is far from plentiful, but it is sufficient to establish the general fact. Fur- 
ther, it has frequently been the case, when all the others were inoculated, that a few 
head have been missed, and the percentage of deaths among those which were not 
operated on was always excessive ; thereby showing that the inoculation of the disease 
on every side of them not only rendered their escape from the contagion impossible, 
but seemed to increase the virulency of the disease. (The Breeders’ Live Stock Jour- 
nal, April, 1880.) 
In his letter quoted above, Mr. Everard E. Corbet furnishes the same 
testimony as to inoculation in South Africa, saying that the disease is 
“introduced to a greater or less extent each time of inoculation.” 
We might add other instances of this kind that have come under our 
own notice, but the above are more pertinent as coming from parties 
who are strong advocates of the practice of inoculation. 
LUNG PLAGUE MUST BE SPREAD BY A GENERAL INOCULATION. 
Having established the fact that inoculated animals are infecting, it 
is easy to show that a general adoption of this measure must be a most 58 
the' lung plague of cattle. 
dangerous expedient. Knowing what we do of the city cow stables and 
country barns that would be infected by a general adoption of inocula- 
tion, we feel confident that any perfect disinfection of these would en- 
hance the cost of inoculation beyond, all expectation. Then again it 
would be next to impossible to make such a disinfection sufficiently 
thorough to give assurance of safety. The removal and disinfection of 
all hay, straw, and other fodder, the destruction of all rotten wood, the 
removal of wooden floors, and of the saturated earth beneath them, the 
reinoculation of all subjects that fail to take at the first attempt, the 
rigid quarantine of the herds for thirty days or more, until the effects of 
the inoculation had passed off, the inoculation of all calves born in such 
herds, and of all cattle introduced into them, with the repetition of 
quarantine and disinfection, and the maintenance of sick animals and 
infected places for the production of the necessary virus, would render 
the measure far more costly, unwieldly, and uncertain than at first sight 
appears. In the method of extinguishing the disease by the destruc- 
tion of the sick and disinfection of the premises, the disinfection is only 
demanded where the sick animals and their products have been. In 
such circumstances, and with comparatively but a limited number of in- 
fected places, the question of perfect disinfection is not always easy to 
solve. But with a general inoculation every bovine animal becomes an 
infected animal, and every building or place where such an animal has 
been, becomes an infected place. To take even a single city like that of 
Brooklyn, with its thousands of herds kept in all sorts of out-of-the.way 
places, with many of the owners unfavorable to governmental interfer- 
ence, and inclined to throw obstacles in the way, it would be an exceed- 
ingly difficult process; but when extended to country districts where 
cattle are often turned out in woods and swamps, where it is exceed- 
ingly difficult to find them, it would be inevitable that numbers would 
be overlooked and missed, as Mr. Watson confesses them to have been 
in Australia, to be infected later by the inoculated cattle in the same or 
adjoining inclosures, and to keep up the supply of virus for the infection 
of new-born calves and fresh purchases. We can easily adduce instan- 
ces in which inoculated cattle in cities were allowed to pasture on the 
commons in company with other herds, and others in the country irt 
which the inoculated cattle were separated from neighboring cattle by a 
rail fence only. Any one who has had to do with the quarantining of 
cattle on the parole of the owner knows how often slips are made and 
contact is allowed between the stock which are nominally secluded and 
those of others. The danger thus arising in a limited number of cases 
under the process of stamping out by slaughter of the sick, would be in- 
creased a hundred fold by inoculation though this were confined to in- 
fected localities only. 
But the increase of such risks implies a corresponding increase of in- 
fected places and of the demand for disinfection; and as a certain num- 
ber of outbreaks are always secreted, and those that take place by eva- 
sion of the law are pretty certain to be so, it would be practically im- 
possible to carry the disinfectants along every channel of the stream of 
contagion. 
EXPENSE OF A GENERAL INOCULATION. 
At 15 cents per head, which is far below the cost estimated by the 
advocates of inoculation, inoculation of the 40,000,000 head of American 
cattle would amount to $6,000,000. But this does not provide for the THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
59 
sacrifices of sick cattle to furnish the virus to be inoculated, for the dis- 
infection of buildings, &c., where the inoculated cattle have been kept, 
for the reinoculatiou of those which fail to take, for the inoculation of 
new-born calves, for the erection of pens in which to operate on large 
and wild herds, nor for the percentage of losses of cattle subjected to 
the operation. The last item alone, at 2 per cent., would amount to not 
less than $16,000,000 more. Finally, inoculation has failed to eradicate 
lung plague from any country in which it has been attempted, though 
for thirty years it has been in extensive practice, so that this work is to 
be continued year after year upon the coming generations of animals, and 
the plague is to be rendered permanent tn our midst. Thus a perma- 
nent tax of a grevious and altogether unnecessary kind would be im- 
posed on the country. 
It may be claimed that it will not be necessary to inoculate all the 
stock of the country, but only those of the infected States. This is con- 
ceded as true at present, but it is denied that we can look forward to 
any continuance of this restriction. The maintenance of the practice of 
inoculation, even in the infected States alone, implies the permanent 
preservation of the poison there, and such preservation entails the daily 
risk of its spread to the West, and thence through all the channels of 
the cattle traffic. Even independently of this there is at the margins of 
the inoculated districts an ever present opportunity for a wider exten- 
sion of the disease; so that apart from a sudden extension to our graz- 
ing plains, there remains the probability of a continuous slow march of 
the disease in that direction. 
In addition to all this is the fact that the persistence of this disease 
is the occasion of the continued embargo on our European cattle trade. 
We cannot, therefore, hesitate for a moment in advising a speedy extinc- 
tion of the affection in preference to any mode of palliation of a disease 
which is now costing between two and three millions per annum, and 
promises in the future to cost incomparably more. It is simply a ques- 
tion of spending at once a portion of what we now lose in any one year 
by this disease, or submitting to a continuance of these losses and of 
their cause. 
CONDITIONS IN WHICH INOCULATION IS ADMISSIBLE. 
While absolutely condemning inoculation as inapplicable to our own 
particular case, we fully indorse the operation as a means of reducing 
the iosses or even of exterminating the lung plague under circumstances 
differing from ours. For reducing the losses it is a commendable meas- 
ure in infected, unfenced countries, such as the steppes of Europe and 
Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. From the open pas- 
ture lauds of these countries it has been found impossible to eradicate 
the disease, and the best alternative in the present state of our knowl- 
edge is inoculation. By means of this the losses are reduced from 50 to 
10 per cent., but it holds out no hope of a final riddance of the disease. 
This same remark may be applied to countries that are necessarily the 
recipients of large importations of cattle from infected regions over 
which they have no control. So with large feeding (distillery) and dairy 
stables, where very frequent changes of stock are imperative, and where 
such stock can only be drawn from infected districts. In all these cases 
there is a choice of evils, and of the two, inoculation is incomparably 
the least. With us in the United States, on the other hand, we have a 60 
THE LUINGr PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
better alternative—the entire extinction of the disease—and there can 
be no hesitation in the choice. 
For eradicating the lung plague inoculation may be advocated in the 
case of insular or other perfectly secluded localities where the contagion 
is already widely diffused and still spreading. It must be made on every 
bovine animal in such place, and repeated on such as do not take the 
first time. A close inspection must be kept up on the whole; the sick, 
whether chronic or acute cases, must be killed, and all calves born in 
the herd must be at once inoculated or destroyed. If calves are con- 
tinually being born in the herd, it will be necessary to destroy them for 
some time, as their continuous inoculation entails a perpetuation of the 
poison. 
PRESENT LIMITS OF LUNG PLAGUE IN THE UNITED 
STATES. 
In pursuance of our instructions “to investigate all cases of the dis- 
ease known as pleuro-pneumonia in neat cattle which shall be reported 
to you, especially along the dividing line between the United States and 
the Dominion of Canada, and along the lines of transportation from all 
parts of the United States to ports from which cattle are exported, and 
to perform such other duties as may from time to time be prescribed by 
the Secretary with reference to said disease, to the end that cattle 
shipped from ports of the United States to foreign ports maybe known 
and certified to be free from the disease in question,” we have felt it 
less incumbent on us as yet to make any special investigations in the 
eastern areas known to be infected, and the limits of which are already 
fairly well defined, than to determine the question as to whether the 
disease had already spread beyond these areas and invaded New Eng- 
land or the country west of the Alleghany Mountains. 
To this end Dr. Thayer has made extended investigations in New 
England, and Professor Law in New York, and both in the great cattle 
centers of Chicago and Peoria; while the other great centers of the live- 
stock trade have been subjected to rigid scrutiny by veterinarians de- 
puted to the different points. In the same way we have investigated 
all cases of supposed contagious lung disease of cattle reported to us, 
and to-day we report a complete failure to find lung plague anywhere 
west of the Alleghany Mountain range or in the States of New England. 
The conclusiveness of this statement will be better understood when 
we add that in most of our Western cities where cattle markets are held, 
the conditions for the preservation of this plague are at least equally 
favorable with those found around our infected Eastern cities, where this 
palgue has been maintained uninterruptedly for over thirty years. Thus, 
in all, the supplies of city dairy cows are drawn from the adjacent stock- 
yards, where cattle of all kinds and from all different points mix and 
succeed each other in the same inclosures. If, therefore, diseased cattle 
had passed through these yards the contagion must sooner or later have 
reached the city dairies, where the infected buildings and the frequent 
changes of stock, to keep up the milk supply, would have preserved it 
without fail. So with the herds in the distillery and other feeding- 
stables. These are supplied from the public stock-yards, and would 
early receive infection were that present in these yards; and the infec- 
tion once received into these stables it must have been perpetuated, as 
it is in distillery stables in the East and in all parts of the world where 
the infection exists. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
61 
Again, in most of the Western centers of cattle traffic, Buffalo, Pitts- 
burgh, Iron City, East Saint Louis, Indianapolis, Chicago,, Kansas City, 
Council Bluffs, Galesburg, and Geneseo, the local herds wandering at 
large are allowed to come close up to the fences of the stock-yards, and 
even in some cases to wander along the alley-ways between the inclosnres, 
so that if they failed to contract infection through accessions of new stock 
drawn from the yards they could not long escape the result of frequent 
contract with the yarded cattle, if infection existed at all among the 
latter. 
Then, again, in most of the Western cattle centers, Kansas City, Saint 
Louis, Council Bluffs, Geneseo, Galesburg, Chicago, Milwaukee, Indian- 
apolis, and even in Iron City and Allegheny City (Pittsburgh), and 
Buffalo, the dairy cows, and sometimes feeding-herds, are turned out in 
summer on the commons or prairies where the stock of different owners 
mingle freely, so that we find all those conditions existing which have 
served to perpetuate this infection in all countries where its ravages are 
continuous. 
As will be seen more fully by reference to the reports of Drs. Farring- 
ton, Murray, and Paaren, appended, we found all the conditions usually 
supposed to cause such disease in cattle existing, but no lung plague re- 
sulting. We found swill-feediug, feeding with the refuse of glucose and 
other factories, crowding, close, ill-ventilated, filthy buildings, absence 
of all drainage, cattle subjected to long and exhausting journeys by road, 
to rdilroad transit in open cars in the depth of winter and the height of 
summer, under scorching snns and in rain, fog, and snow, but not one 
nor all served to develop lung plagne. 
As if to add proof to proof, until doubt became impossible, we traced 
these conditions along the lines of cattle traffic, from Kansas City, 
Omaha, and Council Bluffs, through all the successive stej>s on the jour- 
ney eastward, through Saint Louis, Peoria, Geneseo, Galesburg, Chicago, 
Elgin, Milwaukee, Indianapolis, Cincinnati Toledo, Detroit, Grosse Isle, 
Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Salamanca, Buffalo, Suspension Bridge, Roches- 
ter, Deposit, Albany, Boston, Portland, well knowing that seeds gathered 
into the river at any part of its course, or through any affluent chan- 
nel, will find their way into the main trunk and spring up at intervals 
along its banks. Soil and climate being favorable to the growth of these 
seeds they will appear especially wherever the waters of the river have 
been delayed and have overflowed their banks. But at no point of de- 
tention or overflow, at no market, stock-yard, nor feeding yard, in no 
herd coming in contact with the inmates of these yards, and in none 
recruited continually from them, have we been able to find a single trace 
of lung plague from the source of the traffic at the plains to its termi- 
nus in our extreme eastern State. 
At the time of our examinations not a shadow of suspicion of lung 
plague could be thrown upon our Western herds. And with circum- 
stances everywhere so favorable to its preservation, to have had such 
a plague once introduced in the line of our cattle traffic was equiv- 
alent to having it permanently established. Its absence, therefore, at 
the present moment is a sufficient guarantee of its absence in all past 
time. 
The following table will serve to show the facilities for the infection 
of local herds iu case the lung plague really entered the line of our cat- 62 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTufi. 
tie tiaffic from the West, and the facilities in common pasturage, miug 
ling of herds, &c., for its perpetuation if once introduced 
Brighton and Boston — 
Cincinnati 
Detroit. 
Indianapolis 
Chicago 
Rochester 
Salamanca 
Pittsburgh 
Cleveland 
Milwaukee 
East Saint Louis 
Saint Louis 
Kansas City 
Council Bluffs & Omaha, 
Geneseo 
Galesburg 
Buffalo — 
C3> 
O 
o 
o 
o 
95, 000 
i. CO l_, OO 
o “ o 
_o a> G JG> 
o OOOOOOOO^OOO^O 
o oooooooo* o o o * o 
o oooooooo ooo o 
Cattle admitted to stock- 
yard in 1881. 
j Yes. 
i Yes. 
i Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
k)k}HHHHHHHHHHH 
GGGGGGGGGGGGG 
CDCDQDCDCDCDCDCD0OCO3DCDCD 
Dairy herds replenished 
from stock-yards. 
H 
G 
CO 
HHHi : kjhhhhi Hi : 
G G G • • G G G G G f G • • 
CD 0D CO • • CD CD QT> CD CD ' CO* • 
Yes. 
Distillery, &o., herds replen- 
ished from stock-yards. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
g g g g g g r^f^G 
0203a3ai02CDGGajOOCiaD 
Local herds come in contact 
with those in stock-yards. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
HHHHHHHizjHai?!: H 
GGGGGGGirGlr G 
Pasturage in common on un- 
fenced land. 
atzilzj 
GOO 
g g g 
None. 
Szitzl 
G G 
ts d 
G G 
gggggggggcggg 
dddddddddeddd 
GGGGGGGGGGGGG 
Lung plague in stock-yards. 
ooocoooo 
PdddddtSd 
GGGGGGGG 
tzj!zitz'!2;!zl!z'!z|!zltzllHizi!zi!z! 
ooooooooocooo 
BBBBBBBBBBB.BB" 
GGGGGGGGGGGGG 
Lung plague in local dairies. 
tzj 
G 
d 
G 
!zj: 
COOOOOOOOOO - o. 
BBBBBSBPBBB' B • 
GGGGGGGGGGG' ®* 
Lung plague in distillery 
and feeding stables. 
GOO 
g g g 
None. 
oooooooooooooo 
CSSBSPBBBUdBBB 
GGGGGGGGGGGGGG 
3 
G 
ts 
G 
Lung plague at abattoirs. 
o o o 
S3B 
tzj 
G 
d 
G 
GGGGOGGGGGGGGG 
dddddddddddddd 
GGGGGGGGGGGGGG 
* 
§ 
G 
Lung plague at rendering 
works. 
* Fed. 
But our evidence is far from resting solely on our recent investiga- 
tions. Dr. Thayer, who has been cattle commissioner for Massachu- 
setts since he was instrumental in stamping out this disease from that 
commonwealth in ISGS, has made frequent examinations of the lungs of 
western oxen in the Brighton slaughter-houses throughout all the inter- 
vening years since, but has failed to find any indications of lung plague 
during the whole of this period. In his official capacity he has been 
called upon in all cases of diseases among farm animals supposed to be 
contagious, but in all these eighteen years he has not met with a single 
case of lung plague of cattle within the borders of Massachusetts. 
Professor Law, who has spent over thirteen years at Cornell Univer- 
sity, arid as consulting veterinarian to the New York State Agricult- 
ural Society, has been similarly called to any contagious disease in do- 
mestic animals occuriugin the agricultural portions of the State, but he 
has not once met with the lung plague to the west of the Alleghany 
Mountains, nor to the north of Putman County. 
Dr. Paaren, State veterinarian of Illinois, who has spent a number of 
years in Chicago, has been most extensively consulted on diseases of 
cattle in all the surrounding States, and has, in connection with the 
commission, made special investigations at Peoria, Chicago, and Elgin, 
Ims not once, in all this long experience, met with a genuine case of 
lung plague in the West. 
Mr. J. H. Sanders, of our commission, whose business for many years 
past has led him to note with extreme care every indication of conta- 
gious disease among the cattle of the Western States and Territories, 
has caused every suspicious case or circumstance that has come to his THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
63 
knowledge during all these years to be carefully investigated, and has 
failed to find a single trace of lung plague. 
Prof. A. J. Murray, formerly of the New Veterinary-College, Edinburgh, 
and of the Cirencester Agricultural College, has spent fifteen years in 
Detroit, Mich., and part of this time has been State veterinarian, and who 
is well acquainted with the lung plague as seen in Great Britain and on 
the European continent, has never seen a single case of this malady in 
Michigan. 
Drs. Somerville and Son, veterinarians in the great cattle center of 
Buffalo, have not, in a forty years’ residence, seen a single case of this 
plague. Myers and Son, veterinarians in Cincinnati, have not, 
in an equal length of time, seen any such case in that city. 
Dr. Farrington’s report, hereto appended, furnishes similar evidence 
from all the points visited, so that the sum of the evidence, past as well 
as present, attests the entire freedom of the West and South from this 
infection. 
In the course of our investigations it must be admitted that conta- 
gious diseases of cattle have been met with—Texas fever, tuberculosis, 
anthrax. &c., but not a single case of lung plague. 
Dr. Thayer, investigated at East Eindge, N. 11., a disease apparently 
closely allied to anthrax, which killed off a herd with one exception, and 
in which the lungs were sometimes congested and in other cases not. 
At Southborough, Mass., he made a necropsy of a recently imported cow, 
which showed hypostatic congestion of one lungbut the real malady was 
disease of the liver. At Pictou, Nova Scotia, he made inquiries into a 
dropsical affection which prevails fatally in that region, but found that 
it showed no lesions allying it to lung plague (see Report on Disease at 
Pictou). 
Inflammatory and other diseases of the lungs are likewise met with 
again and again, both in the East and West; but the symptoms, lesions, 
and history in every case out of the well-known infected area showed the 
disease to be distinct from the lung plague. 
On the occasion of a visit of the commission to the Chicago stock- 
yards. September 5, 1881, they were presented by the meat inspector 
with a portion of a bullock’s lung which he had secured that morning as 
the one suspicious case out of the thousands slaughtered in the course 
of a few days. In this the interlobular tissue was puffed up with air 
to an average thickness of half an inch, and the surface being somewhat 
dried and blanched it contrasted strongly with the red lobules, and the 
whole to the casual glance presented a strong resemblance to the lesions 
of lung plague. This, which has doubtless been often mistaken for the 
genuine contagious disease when seen in the slaughter-house, we found 
afterward to be a not uncommon condition of the lungs in swill-fed bul- 
locks. The warm swill, often fed at 100° F. and even warmer, together 
with the dense water vapor which rises from it, irritate the throat 
and lungs, causing coughing, especially in the new-comers. In the 
Chicago and Peoria swill stables cattle with a temperature of 103° and. 
104° F., with accelerated breathing and weak husky cough, were on ex- 
amination found to be mainly affected with this interlobular empliysena. 
In other outbreaks of pulmonary inflammation in young cattle investi- 
gated in New York and lowa the cause was found in the myriads of 
round worms (Strongyhis micruris) inhabiting the air tubes and lung 
substance. 
In an outbreak of broncho pneumonia in Duchess County, New York, 
nvestigated by Professor Law, the case was very suspicious because of 
its proximity to an infected area,‘because the diseased cattle were recent 64 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
purchases, and because in bringing them homefrom Connecticut they had 
passed through New York City. It is not surprising that these had 
been already pronounced genuine cases of lung plague. The tacts, how - 
ever, that the five sick cattle were all attacked at once 105 days after expos- 
ure in New York, and coincidently with a sudden access of cold and damp, 
which had produced catarrh in men, that none of the original herd suf- 
fered, and that the symptoms were not quite identical with those of 
lung plague, procured a favorable diagnosis which has been amply vin- 
dicated by four months of subsequent immunity. 
Dr. Murray, of Detroit, furnishes an interesting case of pneumonia 
(in a city dairy cow) which could easily have been mistaken for the con- 
tagious disease, but here, too, this favorable verdict hSs been abun- 
dantly sustained by the continued healthy state of the remainder of the 
herd. 
Dr. Murray further discovered a series of interesting cases of circum- 
scribed lobular pneumonia, which, apart from the very limited nature of 
the lesions, bore a strong resemblance to the diseased changes found in 
lung plague. A close examination, however, detected the presence of 
the common li\er fluke (Distomum hepaticum), which he has found 
to be rather a common denizen of the lungs of Texas cattle, and may, 
at different times, have brought upon them unnecesary suspicion. 
In one instance, at Elgin, 111., investigated by Dr. Paaren, two cows 
in the same herd had died of pneumonia, but the facts that no new cat- 
tie had been introduced upon the farm for six months, that the herd 
had had no means of communication with cattle outside, that the dis- 
ease occurred in December, when the inclemency out of doors and the 
close air indoors were calculated to induce diseases of the lungs, that the 
malady killed the subjects in four and five days respectively, whereas 
lung plague in winter usually takes half as many weeks, and finally 
that the changes in the lungs were those of simple pneumonia, suffici- 
ently attest that this was a non-contagious form of pulmonary inflamma- 
tion like that found in Detroit by Dr. Murray. 
In still another instance in New York, investigated by Professor Law, 
where a number of cattle had already perished, and in which the lungs 
of several that had been opened were found to be consolidated, the dis- 
ease was found to be due to bacteridian poison, and though the lungs 
were the seat of blood extravasations in one case, the spleen and liver 
suffered in a second, and the intestines in a third. Appropriate medi- 
cinal and hygienic measures put a speedy period to the mortality. 
These will serve to illustrate the nature of the different lung diseases 
which were found existing in the western and southern cattle. While 
we have found various forms of these diseases among these cattle, as we 
find them in other genera of animals, we have not, in a single instance, 
found what a professional man acquainted with the disease could have 
mistaken for the lung plague. 
We claim, therefore, with the utmost confidence, that up to the end o 
the year 1881, the lung plague of cattle has been confined to the vicinity 
of the eastern seaboard, extending from Putnam County, New York, to 
Fairfax or Prince William County, Ya. Connecticut is sound and North 
Carolina is sound, so that at present the infection is confined to the 
States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
and Virginia, and the District of Columbia. 
THE PLAGUE IN NO WAY DISAPPEARING. 
While we submit the above undeniable proof of the absence of the 
lung plague from the West, we are not to be held as for a moment in- THE LUNG PLAGUE OE CATTLE. 
65 
dorsing the optimist views of some as to its decline in the East. The 
Governor of New York, in his annual message, congratulates the State 
“ that while the cattle, disease, known as plenro-pnenmonia, which for- 
merly menaced the farmers in this State, is not entirely eradicated, it 
has been confined to limited areas, and seems to be gradually disap- 
pearing. With a single exception, not likely to cause further trouble, 
the disease has been confined to a small portion of Long Island, and it 
is hoped that it may be speedily and entirely eliminated from our terri- 
tory.” It is much to be regretted that the governor should have been 
so far misled. He has in his regular employ no professional inspectors to 
inquire into the status of the disease in the State, and manifestly trusts to- 
the owners of diseased herds to report to his office. Every one acquainted 
with the disease knows that this is the last thing the city dairyman 
would think of doing, and therefore the fact that no such reports have been 
made by no means implies that the disease does not exist. This is well 
illustrated by the fact that for thirty years, from 1848 to 1878, this 
plague prevailed extensively in New York, Brooklyn, and adjacent dis- 
tricts, yet its existence was not so much as suspected by the Executive 
at Albany, by the New York State Agricultural Society, nor even by 
the Metropolitan (New York) Board of Health. The former governor 
took no action under the law which enjoined him to stamp out and cir- 
cumscribe animal plagues, until the complaint of lung plague in Ameri- 
can cattle came from England in the end of 1878. The secretary of 
the New York State Agricultural Society, in letters to the British con- 
sul, dated January 24 and 25,1879, expressed in the strongest terms his 
belief that no such plague existed on the American continent. Finally 
when the work of stamping out the plague was inaugurated in 1879, the 
sanitary superintendent of tlffi New York City Board of Health expressed 
to one of our number (Professor Law), the opinion that he would find no> 
cases in the city of New York. This last opinion was based upon a 
frequent inspection of the city dairy herds by medical members of the 
board of health, so that the sanitary superintendent was presumably in 
a far better position than is the present governor to pronounce upon the 
condition of these herds. Yet investigation at that time showed that the 
disease then prevailed most extensively throughout the whole of the 
city, from Water street on the south to Yonkers on the north. 
Judged by the number of cows dying of disease it may be held that 
the lung plague is decreasing in New York City, but inquiry in the 
dairies shows that the sick are being disposed of for beef at the onset 
of illness, in place of being kept until they die of the disease. A sick 
cow was found abandoned in December, 1881, at Thirty-eighth street and 
Eleventh avenue, but none of the dairymen in the vicinity would ac- 
knowledge any ownership in the animal, nor that they had personally 
lost any cows for a yearor two. John Hearley, Eighty-sixth street and 
Lexington avenue, keeps 5 cows, and had one sent to the offal dock the 
last week of November. On inquiry he acknowledged he had sold two 
more sick to the butcher in the course of the same month. He found 
it, he said, the most profitable course to turn them off for beef when 
attacked with sickness. Mrs. Taylor, directly opposite on Lexington 
avenue, also kept 5 cows, and she too confessed to having sent to the 
butcher two cows that sickened on the course of November, 1881. Kear- 
ney, a few doors further up, keeps 7 cows, and makes no secret of the 
fact that he turns off the sick to the dealer, and puts in others in place 
of crowding his stables with sick and profitless animals, which prevent 
him from keeping a full remunerative stock. Mrs. Hurtin, Seventy- 
first street and First avenue, keeps 7 cows, and claims that she has 
S. Ex. 106 5 66 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
lost none since she entered the business, but her boy confesses tbat she 
sold one to the butcher, sick, in December, 1881, and a dead cow was 
removed from the street adjacent to the offal dock in the same month. 
A dairyman at Eighty-second street and Avenue A keeps 11 cows, 
and claimed to have had no losses for two years. On being confronted 
with the fact that he had sent a dead cow to the offal dock in Decem- 
ber, 1881, he explained by stating that, having been sick, he gave her 
3 pounds Glauber salts, which burned her lungs. These few items, se- 
cured from the only dairies that could be seen in a very hurried visit, 
.sufficiently deny the optimist view that the disease has disappeared 
from New York City. They show plainly that the lesson learned long- 
ago by the dairymen of the Old World, and more recently by those of 
Washington, D. C., that it is unprofitable to keep a sick cow at a daily 
loss when her place can be filled by a fresh one at a daily profit of $1.50 
te $2 is now being learned by the milkmen of New York. The debt 
and credit account on a good cow that is kept eight weeks in a city 
dairy may be stated thus : 
Dr. 
Price of fresh cow $6O 
Feed at $2 per week 16 
Cr. 
Milk at $2 per day * $ll2 
Returned as sold, sick 15 
76 
127 
76 
Profit 51 
It is easy to see how a remunerative business can be conducted in 
spite of disease, and as a certain number of animals entirely resist the 
contagion the profit is sometimes higher than is here indicated. The 
system makes it difficult to find sick animals on the premises and does 
away with the chronic cases, which under other circumstances betrayed 
the presence of the infection, but in the absence of any universal system 
of disinfection it accomplishes little toward the eradication of the malady. 
The system is in some respects rather calculated to perpetuate the 
malady, for the constant changes and the steady influx of fresh and sus- 
ceptible cows into the contaminated buildings, but adds fresh fuel to the 
flame. 
Another point in the case that should not be lost sight of is that the 
cows are usually sold not to the butcher direct, but to a dealer. When, 
therefore, a dairyman wishes to dispose of his entire stock and begin 
anew, the dealer slaughters only the fresh cows and sells to other dairy- 
men the cows that have been exposed to infection, but which are still 
apparently healthy. Thos. Kearney, Lexington avenue and Ninety-sixth 
street, stated that one year he sold 15 cows sick from a standing stock 
of 7, and that on one occasion he sent his whole 7 for sale to the Union 
Stock Yards at Fifty-ninth street, and at once filled their places with 7 
more. A second instance of the same kind, but related more in detail, 
recently occurred on Staten Island. An infected herd belonging to a 
nursery for children at Willow Brook, S. 1., was bought by a Mr. Cut- 
tier, of the same place, as sound animals. Discovering his blunder Mr. 
Guttler killed 16 and sold 15 for slaughter to Maybaum, a dealer, at 
$27.50 per head. A few days later Mr. Guttler saw one of the herd in 
the stables of Messrs. Pero Brothers, New Brighton, where she had been 
sent on trial. He remonstrated with Maybaum, who took the cow back, 
but only to dispose of her anew at $65 to a dairyman at Long Neck, 
who owned 9 other cows. Soon after the cow sickened and was sold 
back to Maybaum for $25 and slaughtered. Since that time the whole THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
67 
herd of 9 have been sold sick to Maybaum. It is further alleged that 
others of the original nursery and Guttler herd after passing into the 
hands of Maybaum found their way into New Jersey, and infected two 
separate herds at Washington and East Millstone, it. J. To complete 
the story it must be added that Maybaum continued to deal in cows and 
to use the same buildings for the accommodation of the transient cattle 
without having adopted any disinfection or other visible measures of 
precaution.* 
Where such a system is carried on, to trust in the disappearance of the 
disease is to trust in a delusion. The lack of recorded cases is mainly 
the result of the absence of inspection, and a different showing will be 
made when the movement of cattle is prevented, save under license, and, 
when a thorough inspection is made and repeated at intervals. 
Another lesson to be deduced from the above is tlj,at no system of the 
mere purchase and slaughter of the sick, apart from the suspension of 
movement and a frequent inspection of the herds, can be relied on to 
stamp out the disease. A herd may be visited twenty times without 
the discovery of sickness, yet the next occasion may detect the affection, 
the germs of which have been present throughout. 
An impression has been created that the disease has now very little 
prevalence in New Jersey, but in a visit to Newark, on January 2 and 
3, Professor Law found within the limits of .a single street at Orange 
four infected herds, while others were reported in adjacent villages. So 
far as could be learned, not one of these had been visited or put under 
any restriction on behalf of the State. He learned further that no sepa- 
rate markets were kept for cattle from healthy and cattle from diseased 
districts; and that around the cities and villages promiscuous pasturage 
is still allowed on the open commons. This laxity is doubtless excusa- 
ble on the ground that the entire yearly appropriation for dealing with 
this disease in New Jersey, is $5,000, which is utterly inadequate to a 
successful work of extinction. It is only right that this inadequacy and 
its consequences should be fully known to those intrusted with Federal 
legislation on the subject. 
With regard to Pennsylvania, it may said that in spite of a very liberal 
system of indemnity, winch is one of the most effective measures that 
can be devised, the disease was at first perpetuated by the preservation 
of chronic cases, and throughout by the admission of cattle from all 
sources and for all purposes—store and beef—into a common market. It 
is understood that chronic cases are now condemned, but on the other 
hand the indemnity has been reduced from sound value to one-half, and 
this, together with the infected markets, have so far served to keep up 
the disease. 
In Maryland a commission was created to attend to the disease, but 
we have learned nothing of their doings. A State veterinarian was 
also appointed with orders to report, for the governors action, all cases 
of the plague. Extensive prevalence of lung plague was discovered, but 
*Smcs the above was written the following additional cases have come to light: 
Joseph Hyde started in December last with a dairy of 411 cows in Westchester County, 
Hew York. Soon lung plague appeared; two died and the remainder were resold in the 
Union Stock-Yards (and sheep-house), Hew York, for beef and store purposes. They 
carried disease into different places in New York and New Jersey. On February 
24 was found in the sheep-house at the Union Stock-Yards a cow sick with lung 
plague and in company with 38 other fresh milch cows waiting for purchasers. Two 
large herds (one of 100 head) in Westchester County have been recently infected with 
lung plague through cows purchased at the Union Stock-Yards. In December, 1881, 
A. S. Baldwin, of Patterson, Putnam County, N. Y., bought two cows at the sheep- 
house, New York, which infected his herd of 32 head, and exposed to infection two 
herds of 20 and 30 head, respectively in neighboring pastures. 68 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
we have not learned that the governor lias taken any active measures 
to stamp out the affection. In the old stock-yards on Baltimore street 
(Baltimore and Potomac, and Pennsylvania), we found, on inquiry, that 
cattle from all quarters are admitted indiscriminately, whether from the 
infected city stables or the uninfected Western States, and that cattle 
for export, and those for store purposes at home, are shipped to their 
destination from these inclosures, so recklessly exposed to infection. 
The result has been that New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania have 
made frequent complaints of infection introduced into these States by 
infected cattle from Baltimore; and even in Washington we were in- 
formed of infected cows having been sent to that city from the capital 
of Maryland. Partly to remedy this state of things, new stock-yards 
(Baltimore & Ohio) have been constructed at Baltimore, into which, 
we were informed, only western and southern cattle were to be admitted, 
but here again a fatal blunder was committed; Virginia was accounted 
a Southern State, Virginian cattle were admitted, and, as a result, on 
the first day the yards were open four chronic cases of lung plague were 
detected in them. 
In the District of Columbia, and in Fairfax County, Virginia, the dis- 
ease is still extensively prevalent. The free movement of cows from 
stable to stable, and from place to place, is in no way interferred with, 
so that the disease finds new channels constantly open for its progress. 
The treatment of the sick is also a frequent practice, and the distempered 
beast, standing among the healthy, and in the buildings to be afterward 
occupied by the healthy, serves through both channels to perpetuate 
the virus. The city dairymen of Washington, as of other cities, are 
very apprehensive of official interference as calculated to ruin their 
business, and, therefore, when a sick cow is discovered, they often lose 
not an hour in sending her to the slaughter-house and having her car- 
cass converted into beef. 
This is a sorry showing for those who are earnestly looking for an ex- 
tinction of this affection; but it is a state of things which must continue 
until more stringent measures are enforced over the whole infected 
territory, including the entire suppression of the free exposure or move- 
ment of cattle, the slaughter of all cases of the disease, and the thorough 
disinfection of the infected premises and things. 
That system which ignores the necessity for inspection in localities 
now or recently infected, which allows the free movement and trading 
in cattle in such districts, which maintains the practice of pasturing or 
otherwise exposing the herds of different owners indiscriminately on 
the same lots, which keeps up markets for the common use of cattle 
from all sources, infected and uninfected, and concludes that because 
the disease is not reported it is therefore dying out, would only be 
equaled by the covering up with putty and paint of the rotten rafters 
of a decaying tenement. The landlord and tenant may be persuaded 
that the beams are strong and sound, and the inmates may live on in 
fancied security, but the finql crash will not be delayed by a single day, 
and the delusion will only be seen when the tumbling building buries 
in death its trusting victims. 
In making these statements nothing can be farther from our purpose 
than to throw any invidious reflections upon the executive or other offi- 
cers of the various infected States. We are willing to accord them all 
due credit for honesty of purpose, but we cannot ignore the fact that 
they have failed to apprehend the full importance of this work and the 
necessity for such measures of suppression as can alone be expected to 
succeed. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
69 
CAN CATTLE SHIPPED FROM NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, AND BALTI- 
MORE BE FURNISHED WITH CERTIFICATES OF HEALTH “? 
The ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, being situated 
in infected localities, and the stock-yards at each of these places being- 
open to cattle from all sources, including the infected vicinity, it is man- 
ifest that even Western cattle, coming through these yards and shipped 
from these ports, cannot be guaranteed free from the germs of this 
plague. In this case it is not the yards, troughs,' litter, &c., alone 
which are to be suspected, and which are frequently infected, but even 
the cattle-boats, by which the animals are usually carried to the ocean 
steamers. These boats, at the port of New York, carry nearly all cattle 
from the New York to the Jersey City stock-yards, and vice versa, so 
that they very frequently convey cattle from infected districts, and even 
those which are themselves infected. 
All the recent outbreaks of lung plague in Pennsylvania have been 
traced to cattle from the Baltimore stock-yards. Many outbreaks in 
New Jersey were traced to the Philadelphia stock-yards, and there can- 
not be a doubt that under the present condition of things, and with the 
free mingling of all kinds of cattle, infection is occasionally carried from 
the stock-yards of New York and Jersey City as well. (See foot-note 
above.) Manifestly, therefore, no guarantee of health can be furnished 
with cattle from these ports until a better system shall have been in- 
augurated. 
CAN CATTLE SHIPPED FROM BOSTON AND PORTLAND BE GUARAN- 
TEED SOUND0? 
Boston and Portland are both outside the present infected area. 
They are also in communication with the West by railroad, without com- 
ing within eighty miles of the nearestpoint of infection (Putnam County, 
N, Y.). It is, therefore, quite possible at the present moment to ship cattle 
coming from New England, Central New York, and the West, from the 
two ports in question, with a clean bill of health. It may well be ques- 
tioned, however, how long the immunity of these ports could be main- 
tained if such a premium were placed upon cattle shipped from them. 
Suppose Great Britain were to be satisfied with such an arrangement, 
and to admit store cattle from Boston and Portland, abolishing, so far 
as they are concerned, her compulsory slaughter of American beeves, 
the cattle from these places would bring on an average $lO to $2O per 
head higher than those from other ports of the United States. If no re- 
striction were imposed, it would at once become desirable to ship cattle 
from our infected ports and districts to these favored ones, and soon their 
boasted immunity would have fled. For our own protection, therefore, 
as well as for the protection of Great Britain and of the British trade, 
it is imperative that certain restrictions be imposed on the movement 
of cattle from the infected States before any attempt is made to issue 
certificates of health with cattle shipped from any American port. This 
brings us to the consideration of measures that are equally essential for 
the protection of our home herds and our export cattle. 
PROHIBITION OF EXPORT OF CATTLE FROM AN INFECTED STATE. 
We prohibit the importation of European cattle except under a quar- 
antine of ninety days. For the same reason precisely we should pro- 
hibit the movement of cattle out from an infected State or district, ex- 70 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
cept under a quarantine of similar length. Every argument that can 
he advanced in support of the one is equally valid for the other. The 
same law that condemns murder, condemns suicide also; the same con- 
siderations which expel the pillaging foreign army, doom the native 
robber as well; the same rule.which quarantines the yellow-fever ship, 
sends the city small pox patient to the hospital. The lung plague in 
our own infected districts is no less dangerous than that which may be 
imported from Europe. If we allow this plague to reach our great open 
pasturages it will matter little whether it has come from Liverpool or 
Yew Jersey, from York or Yew York, the effect will be the same. It 
will be none the less virulent and deadly in Montana, that it has already 
devastated the fields of Maryland. When it passes into the busy chan- 
nels of commerce, it will matter nothing whether it emigrated from the 
Old World thirty years or thirty days ago; the disaster will be no less 
great and the ruin no less remediless. 
It is a matter of honor and consistency, as well as of self-protection, to 
prohibit movement of cattle from infected States. We can appreciate 
the folly of England in imposing compulsory slaughter on American 
cattle at the port of debarkation, and admitting freely the stock from 
the plague-stricken mountains of Ireland; and, seeing this, we cease to 
wonder at the perpetually recurring outbreaks in spite of a most expen- 
sive system of repression. We condemn England for this folly, but in 
so doing we condemn ourselves also. 
' At the end of 1881 we could pronounce the great West free from this 
plague, but in the absence of a prohibition of the movement of cattle 
from infected States, we cannot guarantee this for a single day. Upon 
the protection of the West all future success in dealing with this plague 
depends, and thus the prohibition named is the first essential step in 
the course of extinction. 
It is clearly the duty of the Federal Government to forbid the move- 
ment of store cattle out of any infected State into any other State, except 
after a rigid quarantine such as is enforced against foreign infected 
countries. The prohibition to be effective must debar the store cattle 
from one infected State from entering another State, even though the 
latter should also be infected. This will put a stop to most of the smug- 
gling, for transgressors will be made amenable to the Federal law, on 
whichever side of the State line they may be found. 
Shipment westward or southward, which is the great thing to be 
guarded against, will be most effectually shut off by issuing an order to 
railroad and other carrying companies, interdicting them from moving 
cattle out of the State except after quarantine as above specified. The 
lung plague being confined to the eastern portions of Yew York, Penn- 
sylvania, and Maryland, the cost of shipping cattle from infected dis- 
tricts to near the western frontier, unloading them, driving them over 
the line, and reshippping, would be too expensive to be indulged in in 
the case of common cattle. In the case of thoroughbreds, the herd-book 
record will expose any transgression to detection and prosecution. 
TRANSMISSION OF CATTLE THROUGH AN INFECTED STATE. 
In view of the enormous dimensions of our cattle traffic, and the fact 
that the western supplies for the large manufacturing cities of Yew 
England must be carried through Yew York, a provision must be made 
whereby cattle from an uninfected State can be carried by certain routes 
through an infected one into a second uninfected State. It must be pro- 
vided,, however, that this shall be done only on through trains which do- THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
71 
not stop to take up cattle, or fresh unmanufactured products of cattle, 
such as hides, horns, hoofs, unrendered tallow, entrails, or manure, 
within the infected State. Thus the Yew York Central may carry western 
cattle and transfer them to Yew England by the Boston and Albany or 
Hoosac Tunnel roads. 
PROVIDE BONDED MARKETS FOR EXPORT AND STORE CATTLE AT 
PORTS OF EXPORT. 
To further protect cattle for export and those intended for store pur- 
poses at home, it will be necessary to construct, or otherwise secure, at 
the ports of Yew York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, stock-yards suf- 
ficiently near the termini of the railways to allow of the access of cattle 
to them without risk of contagion. If possible, lines of rail should be 
constructed to the yards, so that cattle trains may unload into chutes 
within or alongside them. In case they must be conveyed from the ter- 
minus by road it should be by one designated road, where there is no 
possible opportunity for their coming into contact with, or into close 
proximity to, other cattle, or fresh products of cattle. When they have 
to be conveyed by water, it must be by one designated boat only, the 
manager and owner of which are under bond to carry no other cattle or 
fresh products of cattle. 
The yards should be in charge of a responsible person, or persons, who 
should see to the rigid execution of all rules in force. To such person, or 
persons, before any load of cattle is unshipped, should be delivered a way- 
bill, signed by the railway agent at the point of shipment, giving place 
of departure, date, number and description of cattle, owner and consignee. 
The conductor should also furnish a certificate showing that they have 
come by a through train, and that they have not been unloaded anywhere 
on the route, nor left standing in the vicinity of common cattle-yards, 
and that no cattle, nor unmanufactured products of cattle, have been 
taken upon the train within the limits of the infected State or States. 
Eor the conveyance of these cattle to the bonded markets all railroads 
(and connecting lines) shall be eligible which connect with the bonded 
market, and can run through trains from uninfected States according to 
the rules prescribed. 
RULES FOR THE REMOVAL OF CATTLE FROM BONDED MARKETS. 
Cattle for export should be shipped from the market on the steamer 
direct, or, if they must be conveyed on any intermediate boat, it should 
be on one especially reserved for the cattle going to and from the bonded 
market, and prohibited from carrying any other cattle or fresh or unman- 
ufactured products of cattle in the intervals of such use. To guard 
against imposition, and to furnish evidence abroad that the certificate 
of health pertains to particular cattle, these may be furnished, before 
leaving the yards, with ear-tags, bearing letter and number, which, with 
the date, name of vessel, shipper, consignee, &c., may be specified in the 
certificate, and registered in a book kept at the bonded yards. 
In the case of store cattle, not intended for export, the bonded yards 
will enable local authorities to permit the distribution of sound cattle 
only, and to insure that they shall be sent to their destination direct, 
under a permit giving date, number, and description of animals, owner, 
route, destination, and time of expiry of the permit. While this pertains 
to the process of stamping out the disease, which may be delegated to 
States rather than undertaken by the Federal Government, yet these THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
national bonded yards can be made subservient to sucli stamping out, 
and an essential condition of it. 
The precision demanded in connection with such bonded yards may 
be complained of at first as too severe, hut it is absolutely essential to 
any sufficient guarantee of soundness, and even the local dealers will 
soon realize its advantages, for not only will it secure a valuable certifi- 
cate of health for export cattle, but in the case of store cattle for home 
sale it will be an assurance to the buyer that the animals are free from 
lung plague. To the buyer such an assurance will be most acceptable, 
so that readier and better sales can always be counted on. 
Should it be thought inexpedient to establish such bonded markets, 
certificates of health could still be granted with cattle shipped from Bos- 
ton and Portland, provided all movement of cattle out of infected States 
is strictly prevented. This would, however, place a heavy incubus on 
the export cattle trade of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. 
DISINFECTION OF RAILWAY CARS, SHIPS, ETC. 
This must be demanded and secured in the case of all cars or other 
means of conveyance for taking cattle to or from the bonded market. 
As the railways and ships coming to such market are at least in close 
proximity to an infected district, and are liable to be used at any time 
for the conveyance of infected cattle, or their infected products, it is es- 
sential to success that they be disinfected in every case before the cattle 
going to or from the bonded market are placed in them. The following- 
circular, prepared sometime since by this commission, covers this subject: 
CIRCULAR CONCERNING DISINFECTION. 
In view of existence of contagious pleuro-pnenmonia of cattle at points near the 
Atlantic seaboard comprised between 38° and 42° north latitude, the Treasury Cattle 
Commission respectfully call the attention of all carrying companies and all others 
engaged in the transportation or removal of cattle to the following suggestions for 
the disinfection of cars, boats, places, and things in order to limit the spread of this 
malady. 
1. Disinfection of railroad cars. 
A. Cleanse the car with water (preferably boiling), scraping or brushing off all filth ; 
then, 
B, Wash the interior thoroughly with one of the following solutions : 
a. Chloride of lime, 4 ounces; water, 1 gallon. 
h. Sulphate of zinc, 4 ounces,- common salt, 2 ounces; water, 1 gallon. 
This should be adopted for all cars that have been used for carrying cattle from any 
herd within the infected area, or from stock-yards, or other places of detention or sale, 
to which cattle from the infected districts have been admitted. This will include 
the Union stock-yards, New York ; the Jersey City stock-yards; the stock-yards at 
Philadelphia and Baltimore, and any other cattle marts within the infected area, or 
in its near vicinity. 
Persons moving store cattle within the districts in question should be especially 
careful to secure the disinfection, as above, of cars, trucks, and other vehicles before 
their stock are allowed to enter them. The same remark applies to yards, sheds, and 
other buildings in which it may be necessary to detain cattle while in transit. 
2. Disinfection of ships, barges, etc. 
All craft employed in the conveyance of cattle by Avater may be washed and disin- 
fected in the same manner as cars. As an application to the main or lower deck, 
however, the solution made with sulphate of zinc and common salt is to be preferred to 
that made of chloride of lime, as the latter gives off vapors which are disagreeable 
and irritating Avhen confined in an inclosed space. 
In the case of steam vessels, the application of the disinfecting solution should be 
preceded by a current of steam from the boiler directed through a hose upon all parts 
bfthe surface in succession. This, if universally applied, is an excellent disinfectant, 
ds the diseased germs cannot survive the temperature of boiling water. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
73 
Another measure, -which should never he neglected, is the fumigation of the spaces 
beneath the decks with the fumes of burning sulphur. From live to ten pounds of 
the flowers of sulphur may be used for an ordinary ocean-going steamer. It may be 
laid on a bed of glowing coals, in a metallic pot, set on brick or other incombustible 
material, between decks, the port-holes and hatches being closed for a period of five 
hours or more. To secure a sufficient fumigation, the sulphur should be allowed to 
burn until it is extinguished by its own smoke. 
4. Disinfection of blankets, bags, and other textile material. 
Blankets, rugs, grain-bags, and other textile fabrics and ropes used about suspected 
animals, should be boiled or steeped in a solution of carbolic acid (2 ounces of the 
acid in 1 gallon water), or, failing these, should be placed in a close room and thor- 
oughly fumigated with sulphur smoke. The clothing of the attendants on sick cattle 
should be treated in the same way. 
4. Destruction or disinfection of litter, fodder, and manure. 
The manure from places occupied by suspected animals, and that furnished by the 
cars, trucks, wagons, yards, buildings, and vessels which demand disinfection, should 
be burned, if possible, or, failing this, should be first drenched with a solution of cop- 
peras (sulphate of iron) at the rate of one pound of the agent to one gallon of water, 
and then removed by horse teams. Litter and fodder should not be removed from the 
inolosure until it has been thoroughly fumigated by burning sulphur, and even then 
it should be fed to horses only. 
5. Disinfection of yards, buildings, etc. 
Yards or other open inclosures which have contained diseased or suspected cattle 
should be thoroughly cleansed of manure or other refuse, and of all fodder, litter, or 
other agent which may cover up the infecting material, and should then be thickly 
sprinkled with chloride of lime, or drenched with a solution of the same in the pro- 
portion of one-fourth pound of the powder to every gallon of water. Fences, mangers, 
racks, and other woodwork must be washed with the same solution. 
Buildings having been thoroughly cleansed from manure, &c., and the walls 
scraped, should be washed with the solution of chloride of lime, to which may be 
added as much quicklime as will make a good whitewash, and show if the smallest 
portion of the surface has been missed in making the application. 
In the case of cow stables, in which the odor of the chloride is likely to prove in- 
jurious to the milk, the following solution may be used instead; Sulphate of zinc, four 
ounces; common salt, two ounces; water, one gallon. Drains and spaces beneath the 
floors, all internal fittings or woodwork, and all stable utensils, must be thoroughly 
drenched with one or other of these solutions. 
After the solids have been disinfected in this way, the air should be purified by 
burning sulphur in the closed building. As in the case of ships, the sulphur may be 
placed in a metallic pot, and the burning may be allowed to proceed until the flame 
is extinguished by the accumulating smoke. 
In the case of ships, buildings, and other inclosed places, a free circulation of air 
should be secured as a supplemental measure, as nothing contributes more to keep up 
infection than confined and impure air, whether from accumulation of filth or absence 
of ventilation. 
JAMES LAW. 
E. F. THAYER. 
J. H. SANDERS. 
UNIFORM QUARANTINE OF CATTLE. 
All cattle arriving from the infected countries of Europe should he 
subjected to an unvarying quarantine of ninety days after arrival at the 
port of entrance. 
This Quarantine should be in special yards or buildings erected or se- 
lected for the purpose in a safe and suitable locality at the port of de- 
barkation, and no quarantine should be allowed, under any consideration, 
apart from these places or from the direct and constant control of the 
Treasury Department. A small impost per head upon the animals may 
give some return as interest on the money expended in the erection of 
the necessary buildings. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
There is the less objection to such yards that this is not an expedient 
for which the necessity will expire with the extinction of the long plague, 
but it must continue in use so long as cattle are imported from countries 
where infection exists. These yards can further be used for all conta- 
gious diseases in all classes of animals. 
The present system of allowing animals to be quarantined at any point 
which can be reached by coast or inland navigation, and usually on the 
owner’s own premises or others which have been hired by him, and under 
a verbal or written bond furnished by him, is to be strongly condemned. 
Instances are spoken of in which the quarantined cattle were separated 
from the neighboring herds by an open rail fence only, the segregation 
becoming no better than a farce. Aside even from such willful neglect 
and carelessness, there can be no guarantee that the quarantine is per- 
fect. The owner indeed may act in good faith and give the most strin- 
gent orders that nothing shall be done which may in any way compro- 
mise him in the matter of his bond, but who can assure the integrity of 
his servant when the owner’s back is turned ? A door left accidentally 
open, a fence broken down, or the desire of the servant or one of his 
friends to obtain a cross with the coveted blood of an imported bull is 
liable to set all precautions and orders at defiance and allow a chance 
of infection from the imported stock. Nor is such outside infection 
likely to be easily discovered and stamped out. The owner of the cow 
served will fear to confess to the stolen use of the bull, and the servant 
who allowed the act will doubly fear to confess his disobedience of 
orders, lest he should lose his situation. 
Any supposed quarantine in places apart from a constant government 
control is utterly unreliable, and should be at once amended. Under 
these circumstances we do not hesitate to advise the erection of perma- 
nent quarantine buildings at the various ports where the regular lines 
of transatlantic steamers arrive and at the port of San Francisco. 
PROTECTION OF CATTLE ON BOARD THE OCEAN STEAM- 
ERS. 
In approaching this subject we are conscious of the wide field open- 
ing before us and the difficulty of doingjusticetothe subject in a report 
like the present, which is necessarily limited in extent. We think it im- 
portant nevertheless to draw attention to the more essential conditions 
of safety in the transportation of animals by sea. Weleel this duty the 
more incumbent upon us, that we are convinced that a sea voyage under 
proper sanitary provisions is by no means such a serious drawback to 
the animal as is usually supposed. With proper accommodations and 
good weather the export cattle usually gain in flesh and arrive in Eu- 
rope in better condition and consequently of more value than when they 
left the American ports. Apart from storms, animals on board ship 
can take no exercise, the warmth of the space between decks obviates 
the necessity for almost any expenditure of carbon, &c., and the mainte- 
nance of the animal heat; they have the further advantage of an invig- 
orating change of air, and if well fed and watered, most of tbe food 
consumed is laid up as flesh and fat. In the case of breeding cattle sent 
on long voyages, as from England to Australia, New Zealand or Singa- 
pore, the greatest concern of the shipper usually is the danger of obe- 
sity and consequent sterility. We cannot therefore look upon the sea 
voyage as necessarily an evil to fat cattle, but only as becoming so ex- 
ceptionally in connection with stormy weather and insufficient accom- 
modations THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
75 
CAUSES OE LOSSES IN EXPORT CATTLE. 
The chief causes of loss on export cattle may be briefly summed up 
in these: Ist. The bulk and unwieldiness of the beef cattle. 2d. The 
insubstantiality of the stalls, which, giving way during a storm, allow 
the cattle to be jammed together, thrown down, and helplessly maimed 
until they have to be thrown overboard because of their injuries, or to 
allow the vessel to right herself. 3d. The crowding of too many cattle 
in one stall. 4th. The shipping of cattle on the upper deck. sth. The im- 
perfect means of ventilation. 6th. The danger of infection from contam- 
inated ship or cargo. 
1. The bulk and unwieldiness of the beef cattle. 
To every one who has looked into the subject it is notorious that the 
losses on the fat cattle exported to Europe are greater than upon the 
breeding cattle imported into the United States. Much of the discrep- 
ancy depends on the youth and activity of the stock imported for breed- 
ing purposes. Even in the case of older stock the necessity for main- 
taining their fertility demands that they should be kept in but fair or 
moderate condition. These cattle can therefore better maintain their 
equilibrium under the motions of the ship, and can regain their feet 
with less difficulty when thrown down. The fat ox, on the other hand, 
with ponderous body and weak fatty muscles, can maintain his feet with 
difficulty under the pitching of the ship, and once thrown down, finds 
it almost impossible to regain them. Then there soon comes to him that 
obstinate disposition which makes him refuse to try, and he thencefor- 
ward tosses at the mercy of the storm. Jammed against the limbs of 
his fellows, he quickly brings them to the deck as well, and soon with 
broken limbs, bruises and injuries innumerable, the cargo presents a most 
pitiable spectacle. 
2. The insubstantiality of the stalls. 
The dangers above described are enhanced, in proportion to the num- 
ber of animals that may be thrown together into one mass. Where the 
cattle are safely fenced off from each other by stalls of Sufficient strength 
[his danger will be to a great extent obviated. The Cattle Lloyds stipu- 
late that no more than four head shall be placed together in any one 
stall, and so far as we have seen, this is now generally adopted, being 
demanded by the underwriters generally, as a condition of insurance. 
A still better method, and one which could be adopted with no very 
great increase of expense, would be to furnish each animal with his own 
separate stall. If then he were thrown down he could injure no one 
but himself, and the risk of even this would be incomparably reduced. 
The same reason that would demand the restriction of a single stall 
to one or four animals, would demand that these stalls be made so sub- 
stantial that there would be no risk of their being broken down. With 
the selection of proper material and employment of competent workmen, 
there is no difficulty in making the wooden partitions sufficiently strong 
and safe. 
A method adopted on the steamer Othello of the Wilson Line, es- 
pecially commended itself to ns. At a point corresponding to each 
of the four corners of the stall, a wrought-iron post is fixed by a strong 
hinge to the upper deck, so that its whole length may be fixed up to 
that deck when it is needful to use the space for another kind of freight. 76 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
When cattle are to be shipped the iron pillar is let down, so that 
its lower end is received into a grooved iron block fixed to the upper 
surface of the lower deck, and into this it is firmly bolted. Then strong 
wooden bars are inserted in grooves on the different sides of the iron 
posts and firmly secured by bolts, so as to form the ends and sides of 
the stalls. In this way the greatest strength is secured at a moderate 
outlay, and the ship once fitted up in this way can be easily and speedily 
prepared for any kind of cargo without the further employment of skilled 
labor. 
3. Too MANY CATTLE IN ONE STALL. 
With such an arrangement as that just described there can be no 
great hardship in supplying a stall for each animal and reducing the 
dangers of the ocean voyage in this respect to a minimum. The bulky 
clumsiness of the fat ox, as above remarked, demands that we should 
surround him with every possible safeguard in this respect. 
4. Shipping cattle on the upper (spar) deck. 
This again is prohibited by the Cattle Lloyds and by most of the un- 
derwriters. Indeed, if we consider the great danger of the destruction 
of the stalls and the loss of cattle in case a storm is encountered there 
can be no question as to the impropriety of such shipments. In fair 
weather it must be acknowledged that such cargoes do well, being sur- 
rounded by the best of air, and easily kept clean and attended to, but 
when really bad weather sets in their case is a desperate one. It would 
be well if shipping cattle on the upper or spar deck could be altogether 
abandoned. 
LACK OF VENTILATION. 
In view of the protection of our export cattle, not against lung plague 
itself, but against the suspicion of that disease, this is one of the most 
important points that can claim our attention. From what has been 
written above (see u Lung plague not generated do novo by impure 
air,” page 28) it will be seen that there need be no apprehension what- 
ever of the generation of the contagious pleuro pneumonia or lung 
plague, because of the confined air on board ship, provided the ship and 
cattle have been started clear of all germs of the disease derived from a 
pre-existing case. But that rebreathed and impure air is capable of 
generating a congestion or inflammation of the lungs, which might by 
some be confounded with the luug plague, is a truth too notorious to be 
denied. 
RAPID SUFFOCATION. 
In consequence of rapid suffocation from the reduction of oxygen and 
the accumulation of carbonic acid in the air, the arrest of circulation 
first occurs in the lungs, the heart continuing to beat for a short time 
longer, and it appears to be the difficulty of once more starting the cir- 
culation in the capillary blood-vessels of the lungs that x>roves the great 
obstacle to resuscitation. After death the lungs are found to be gorged 
with blood, black and heavy, and the same is true of the right side of 
the heart and the whole venous system. The gorged lungs may create 
suspicious of a rapidly-fatal type of luug plague. 
RAPID EFFCTS OF BREATHING IMPURE AIR. 
When large numbers of men or animals are crowded together in a 
small space with insufficient access of air the above results take place THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
77 
more slowly, but none the less surely. It has been found that the re- 
duction of the oxygen in atmospheric air by two or three parts in the 
hundred, and the increase of the carbonic acid to an equal extent ren- 
ders that air very deleterious to animals breathing it, while if the oxygen 
is reduced to ten parts in the hundred, it is of no further use for res- 
piration. It may be taken into the lungs, but it no longer relieves the 
blood of any carbonic acid, nor furnishes it with any vitalizing oxygen. 
Though the air still contains eleven parts of oxygen in every hundred, 
it might as well be composed entirely of nitrogen so far as its value to 
the living system is concerned. How long life may be sustained in such 
conditions may be inferred from the fact that it is usually impossible to 
resuscitate suffocated animals when breathing has ceased for from three 
to five minutes. 
Some terrible examples of speedy death from lack of fresh air are 
on record. The most frequently quoted is that of the Black Hole of 
Calcutta, a room 18 feet square with two small windows, into which 146 
prisoners were forced at the point of the bayonet, and in which they 
were shut up all night in a tropical climate. Ere morning 123 persons 
had perished. A second instance is that of 300 Austrian prisoners 
forced into a narrow compartment after the battle of Austerlitz so that 
260 died of suffocation. A third is that of the steamer Londonderry, 
with its 150 passengers in a small crowded cabin, 70 having perished in 
a single night, because the hatches were closed down on account of a 
storm. 
Many analogous cases can be adduced of animals. Dr. Thayer re- 
ports from memory the case of a steamer (Hooper!) from Boston to 
Liverpool, with 400 cattle on board, which encountered a storm and 
came through it with only one animal surviving. Mr. Toffey, of Jersey 
City, lost 30 head out of a cargo of 300 by suffocation in 1880. This 
happened, he informs us, on a calm sea on a southern route with a tem- 
perature about 90 0 F., and the wind astern and light So as just to 
keep pace with the ship. The air on board the ship became perfectly 
stagnant, and there was no means of establishing an artificial current. 
A still more disastrous experience befell the steamer Thanemore, 
Captain Sibthorp, of the William Johnson & Co. line. This vesselleft 
Baltimore with 565 cattle on board,of which 228 perished by suffocation 
before she reached Cape Henry. 
EFFECTS OF MODERATELY VITIATED AIR. 
When air only moderately vitiated is breathed continuously for a 
greater length of time the results are still very injurious, and in the 
front rank of diseases so caused stand pulmonary consumption, and 
other destructive affections of the lungs. Perhaps no better example 
of this can be given than that of the monkey houses of the Zoological 
Cardens of London and Paris. While these houses were small and ill- 
ventilated the monkeys died in large numbers from pulmonary consump- 
tion, but after they hadbeen enlarged and better ventilated the mortality 
from this cause nearly ceased. (Arnott.) 
Town dairy cows which are packed in close ill-ventilated buildings 
and never allowed to go out are very subject to consumption, while horses 
kept in no better conditions, but spending nearly half their time in the 
open air, rarely have phthisis. (With lung plague it will be remembered 
that the out-door exercise and mingling of herds leads to an increase 
of the mortality.) Horses newly stabled suffer severely from diseases 
of the lungs. The same holds true of human beings. A long list of 78 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
careful observers bave noticed the essential connection of lack of venti- 
lation and pulmonary consumption. Baudelacque, Carmichael, Arnott, 
Lepelletier, Allison, Sir James Clark, Toynbee, Guy, Greenhow, Sir Alex- 
ander Armstrong, Parkes, and Aitken have especially insisted upon con- 
sumption being a sequence of lack of ventilation. Dr. Oormac indeed 
insists with great force that consumption is originated by rebreathed 
air. 
The notorious prevalence of consumption in sailors has been directly 
traced to the impure air in which they sleep, and an extensive outbreak 
of lung disease (not tubercular) leading to destruction of lung tissue in the 
English Mediteranean squadron in 1860 was clearly traced by Dr. Bry- 
son to the contamination of the air. In a nursery hospital at Dublin 
with entire neglect of ventilation 2,944 children died in four years, 
whereas after the ventilation had been improved only 279 died in the 
same length of time. 
Parkes (Practical Hygiene) says: 
But not only phthisis may reasonably he considered to have one of its modes of ori- 
gin in the breathing of an atmosphere contaminated by respiration, Imt other lung 
diseases, bronchitis and pneumonia, appear also to be more common in such circum- 
stances. Both among seamen and civilians working in confined, close rooms, who 
are otherwise so differently circumstanced, we find an excess of the acute lung affec- 
tions. 
In this connection, the statement of the air breathed by an ox per 
hour and that supplied him on board a ship with insufficient ventilation 
or none may be instructive. The ox takes in with each breath about 5 
liters of air. This is at the rate of 50 liters per minute, or 3,000 per 
hour = 105.9 cubic feet. This amount of air is therefore rendered all 
but irrespirable by each animal in the course of an hour. And this, be 
it noted, is by breathing alone, and makes no account of the contamina- 
tion by perspiration in the overheated hold, and by the emanations from 
the accumulating excrement. 
On board the steamers we have found the space allotted to each bul- 
lock to vary from 150 to 240 cubic feet. On the steamship “Holland,” 
loaded at New York August 21, 1881, we found the stalls amidships al- 
lowed the full space of 240 cubic feet per head. In the bow, where there 
was less height between the decks, the space was considerably less. On 
the lower deck, where 129 cattle were accommodated, the space allowed 
each was 217.4 cubic feet. The port-holes in the upper deck were nine 
inches in diameter, and there was one for each pair of stalls—central and 
lateral—or for eight oxen. These, being well above the water line, would 
be available for ventilation in ordinary weather. The port-holes in the 
lower deck, similarly arranged, were about two feet above the water line, 
and consequently not available for ventilation save in exceptionally 
calm weather. The temperature on the main deck of this ship (between 
the outer and main deck), when only half the cattle had been loaded, 
was in the neighborhood of 90°, although she was lying in the center 
of the North Eiver with port-holes and hatches open, and a fresh breeze 
blowing from the north. 
On the “Assyrian Monarch” the space per head was only 192 cubic 
feet, but this ship was supplied with a ventilating fan or blower capa- 
ble of delivering over 60,000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour, so that 
her ventilation was abundantly provided for. In some smaller ships we 
found the space per head to exceed little, if at all, 150 cubic feet. In 
these, accordingly, a single hour without any change of air would threaten 
the life of every animal on board, and two hours would endanger those 
for which even the larger space is provided. It is true that such THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
79 
absolute seclusion is rarely required, and tbat a certain amount of aerial 
diffusion is always going on through imperfectly closed hatches, com- 
panion ways, and ventilators, yet that these are often insufficient has 
been amply shown by such losses as are reported above, as well as by 
the bronchitis and tuberculosis which Drs. Whitney, Lyman, and Wil- 
liams have found in the lungs of American animals arriving in England. 
ORGANIC MATTER IN EXPIRED AIR, 
The decomposing organic matter given off by the lungs and skin is 
probably th§ most injurious of the animal excreta, when allowed to act 
on the system for a length of time. This exhaled organic matter is 
easily recognized in the air by chemical tests, or by the putrid odor 
evolved when cotton wool that has been breathed through is left to soak 
in otherwise pure water at a temperature of 70° to 80° Fahrenheit. 
The experiments of Gavarret and Hammond, in which expired air had 
its carbonic acid and water vapor removed, leaving only the organic 
matter, showed that the latter was highly deleterious. Hammond 
found that a mouse died in forty-five minutes in such an atmosphere. 
It has also been again and again demonstrated that air containing a 
given amount of carbonic acid as the result of respiration is far more 
poisonous than air which contains the same amount of carbonic acid as 
a product of combustion. 
WATER VAPOR IN EXPIRED AIR. 
‘The amount of water vapor given oft' by the lungs varies greatly ac- 
cording as the air is already more or less saturated with water. As the 
air in the stalls between decks is always saturated with water vapor, we 
may take the very lowest estimate for each animal, namely, 60 ounces 
in 24 hours, which for a cargo of 200 head would amount to over 93 gal- 
lons. And this is in addition to the exhalations from the skin and the 
bowel and kidney excretions. The air between decks is therefore con- 
stantly saturated with moisture which condenses and runs down in 
streams on every solid object. Among the ill effects of this saturation 
may be noted: 
First, The saturation of the air with water vapor increases the exha- 
lation of carbonic acid from ihe lungs. This effect on the excretion of 
carbonic acid is usually so great as to counterbalance the tendency of 
warm air to reduce the production of this acid. This saturation, there- 
fore, with water increases the danger of suffocation by the accumulation 
of the irrespirable carbonic acid in the ship, unless the air is being con- 
stantly removed. 
Second. The excess of moisture in the warm atmosphere hastens the 
decomposition of the organic matter derived from the lungs, skin, and 
manure. Speaking of filth ferments, Simon says: “ They show no power 
of diffusion in dry air, but as moisture is their normal medium, currents 
of humid air can doubtless lift them in their full effectiveness.” Sir 
Alexander Armstrong, head of the medical department of the British 
Navy, says: “There can be no more fertile source of disease among 
seamen, or, indeed, other persons, than the constant inhalation of a 
moist atmosphere, whether sleeping or waking; but particularly is this 
influence injurious when the moisture exists between a ship’s decks, 
where it may be at the same time more or less impure, and hot or cold, 
according to circumstances.” It has become an aphorism with sanita- 
rians that “a damp ship is an unhealthy ship,” and many instances are 80 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
adduced in which a sufficient renewal of the air between decks, with or 
without stoves to dry it, has transformed a naval pest-house into a salu- 
brious vessel. 
All such considerations must emphasize the demand for such a con- 
stant renewal of air between decks on steamers carrying cattle as shall 
serve to obviate all those conditions of ill-health, with congestion and 
inflammation of the lungs, as have proved in the past a serious draw- 
back to our foreign cattle-trade. To accomplish this and at once re- 
move from between decks the excess of carbonic acid, of decomposing 
organic matter, and of humidity, and to furnish air approaching in 
purity and dryness that of the atmosphere outside, we cap conceive of 
nothing more simple and effective than thorough ventilation by fan or 
heat extraction, as referred to below. 
EXPEDIENTS POE, SEGUEING AETIFICIAL VENTILATION. 
Course and speed of the ship.—With a wind more or less ahead or no wind 
at all, the speed of the vessel will usually determine a current which, 
with hatches open fore and aft, will secure a fair amount of ventilation. 
By increasing the speed it is manifest that this may be availed of to bet- 
ter purpose, and even a slight change in the course may often be of ma- 
terial advantage, 
Windsails and Cowls.—These are valuable if well attended to, the for- 
mer being a sheet of canvass, so spread as to catch a greater volume of 
air and to direct it down the fore hatch, while the cowl is a trumpet- 
shaped tube fixed on the top of a cylindroid ventilating tube, and hav- 
ing its open expanded end turned in the direction of the wind so as'‘to 
act after the manner of a windsail. These succeed well so long as the 
weather is good and a sufficient current of air can be secured, but they 
may prove useless in a storm or in a warm season with the wind astern 
and moving at the satne rate as the steamer. 
When they fail.—In such circumstances as the last, even the usual 
spontaneous diffusion of air may be arrested, so that the atmosphere be- 
tween decks may remain practically unchanged for a length of time. 
The air outside being of nearly the same temperature with that between 
decks, there is little tendency to an upward motion from the latter or a 
downward movement from above. Again, though there may be some 
difference in temperature between the outer air and that between decks, 
yet if the wind is following the ship and by reason of her pace the 
air is practically still, the ventilation remains exceedingly imperfect. An 
upward and downward current becoming established through the same 
opening often neutralize each other, so that nothing more than an eddy 
takes place near the opening, and the air within is practically un- 
changed. In these circumstances windsails and cowls become useless 
and some mechanical means of establishing a current must be re- 
sorted to. 
Booby hatches.—These are special ventilating hatches, constructed of 
iron and rising four or five feet above the upper deck. They are fur- 
nished with iron doors, or covers, sloping at a very acute angle and 
hinged at the upper edge, so that when partly raised they serve to allow 
the entrance or exit of air, and yet guard against the entrance of water 
when that is shipped. These, when properly placed at the extreme 
ends of the space to be ventilated, must be of the greatest value in 
securing ventilation during stormy weather. But no one of the above 
provisions meets the danger of a high temperature and a practical calm 
aboard ship. THE LUNG PLAGUE OP CATTLE. 
81 
Fans, bloivers.—This valuable provision so easily availed of in any 
steamer, we only found in practical use on one line (Monarch), sailing 
from the port of New York. We understand that some Boston lines 
are also furnished with blowers. The circular fan, one foot wide by 
three feet in diameter, and making 180 revolutions per minute, could 
deliver over 50,000 cubic feet of air per hour. 
Delivered at suitable points and with ventilating outlets properly sit- 
uated so as to secure a renewal of air throughout the whole space, such 
an appliance during a storm or a calm like that suggested above must 
be the means of saving the entire cargo, value, say, $25,000. Indeed we 
understood that the Monarch line is in the habit of insuring the cargo 
of cattle for a small extra charge, an arrangement which should work 
to the mutual advantage of steamboat company and exporter, the usual 
charge of 5 per cent, being a very large impost on the export. 
We have heard the most serious charges brought against these steam 
blowers, to the effect that they only caused the whirling and circulation 
of the bad air, but even if this were the case to a partial extent when the 
point of delivery of the air is badly selected and when there are numer- 
ous other openings in places ill-adapted to the exit of the impure air, it 
can furnish no valid objection to die introduction of so much pure air, 
much less when the points of delivery of the pure air and of the escape 
of the impure are properly arranged at opposite extremities of the space 
to be ventilated. 
On the whole we would favor the adaptation of the blower so as to 
extract the impure air rather than to force in pure, and then the open- 
ings for the entrance of pure air could be made numerous enough and 
could be sufficiently distributed over the stalls so as to secure to each 
an abundant supply. These openings for fresh air could be by cowled 
tubes, booby hatches, or through the hollow masts, and it would be 
easy to guard them against the introduction of water during storms. It 
might further be desirable to place boards beneath their internal open- 
ings to deflect the air and prevent it from forming a continuous draft on 
certain animals. Screens of wire gauze or peforated zinc would also 
serve a good purpose by breaking up the current and preventing drafts. 
Extraction of the air by the heat of the furnace.—It seems surprising 
that this simple means of ventilating steamships has not been long ago 
adopted. So long as there must be a furnace consuming an immense 
quantity of air in all weathers, there can be no possible excuse for the 
lack of any needed ventilation in the ship. All that is requisite is to 
have the means of closing in the ash-box, and connecting it with tubes 
leading from the different compartments to be ventilated, and then sup- 
plying these compartments with ventilating inlets placed at the opposite 
side from the extracting tube, and a constant and unfailing supply of 
pure air will be kept up. If there is an objection to closing in the ash- 
box because of the heat, or of the irregularity of the current, the same 
end can still be attained by carrying metallic ventilating tubes up by 
the sides of the furnace, or of the boiler, so as to avail of the high tem- 
perature, and the expansion and rising of gases as the motive force. 
In view of the great dangers attending the shipment of beef cattle on 
the crowded decks of a steamer, and the suspicion that rests on Ameri- 
can stock by reason of diseases of the lungs produced in this way, we 
strongly recommend that each steamer chartered for the cattle trade 
should be compelled to put in a blower, or to avail of the furnace heat, 
as suggested, for ventilating purposes, and in either case to provide in 
appropriate places tubes for the introduction of pure air and the extrac- 
tion of the impure, and thereby secure satisfactory ventilation. 
S. Ex. 100 6 82 
The lung plague of cattle. 
RECOMMENDATION FOR CONGRESSIONAL ACTION. 
In consideration of what has been set forth above we earnestly rec- 
ommend such action on the part of Congress as will confer on onr com- 
mission, or upon some department of the government, the authority to 
prescribe rules and regulations under which the sound cattle of any 
State or Territory, or of the District of Columbia found infected with 
the lung plague, may be transported or taken therefrom, and under which 
healthy cattle may be transported or taken through such infected States, 
Territory, or District; and to provide for bonded yards and quarantine 
stations, as recommended in the foregoing. 
An appropriation of $300,000 will be necessary for the purpose of con- 
structing such bonded yards and quarantine stations and for the super- 
vision of the same. If already existing yards can be secured and safely 
availed of the outlay will be materially reduced. 
The regulations aboved referred to, when officially promulgated, should 
have all the force and effect of law, and such penalties should be pro- 
vided as may be thought necessary for their enforcement. Such author- 
ity will enable your commission to hedge in the contagion with reason- 
able certainty and prevent its spread into States now happily exempt; 
and some such authority, we may add, is absolutely essential to enable 
an infected State or district to rid itself permanently of this pestilence. 
New York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania may stamp out the disease by 
her local authorities, but so long as it exists on the border of a neigh- 
boring State she is powerless to protect herself against a new invasion 
by cattle smuggled across. A constant and expensive surveillance must 
be kept up all along the line of the infected region, and the stamping- 
out process must be continually going on, but will never be accomplished. 
Federal officials controlling this inter-State traffic can punish the offender 
whenever or wherever found, and should therefore secure a stricter ob- 
servance of the law. But, besides enabling us to hedge in the plague, 
such authority will also enable us to fully accomplish the object for 
which we were appointed, to wit, the giving of a clean bill of health to 
cattle for export. 
MEANS OF STAMPING OUT THE LUNG PLAGUE IN INDI- 
VIDUAL STATES. 
Here we enter debatable ground. There are constitutional objections 
to the interference of the Federal Government within State limits, and 
with the property of the citizen of a State. Yet much may be said in 
favor of granting the Federal Government power to take action in a case 
of this kind. 
REASONS FOR FEDERAL ACTION. 
Ist. The disease is like a common enemy, and as the Constitution does 
not forbid the operation of the Federal Government within a State for 
the repulsion or extinction of an enemy of the nation, so nothing should 
hinder a similar action with such a dangerous and insidious enemy as 
lung plague. 
2d. The danger being common, the funds to avert the danger should 
be supplied out of the national exchequer. 
3d. Action under one controlling head will be uniform and harmoni- 
ous everywhere. In the past the conflicting laws and orders in two 
adjacent States have been most perplexing to dealers and others, and 
have furnished a temptation to smuggling. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
83 
4th. Those that transgress the law, and especially in the matter of 
smuggling, can be seized and punished anywhere by Federal authority, 
but not by State authority should they have escaped over the State line. 
sth. Federal authority can follow smuggled cattle into any State or 
Territory and confiscate them or quarantine; State authority cannot. 
Cth. If the Federal Government cannot interfere within a State, such 
State may neglect this disease indefinitely and render it permanent, to 
the peril of all the others. 
7th. The British Government declines to accept the assurances of the 
individual States, and will only accept the guarantee of the Federal 
Government that any infectious disease has been thorougly stamped out, 
or its extension beyond the infected regions effectually provided against. 
To secure this directly and without possible objection, the Federal Gov- 
ernment must so connect itself with this work as to be able to attest the 
results. 
One great advantage of suppressive measures by State governments 
is that the latter can command the active co-operation of municipal au- 
thorities and police, and thus without any extra outlay can thoroughly 
control all movement of cattle and insure a speedy extinction of the 
disease. It is sincerely to be hoped that in case the matter is placed 
entirely in the hands of Federal authorities such invaluable help will be 
freely accorded them by order of the mayors of the cities or governors 
of the States. Any co-operation of this kind, however, must be hearty 
and thorough in order to be of any material advantage to the work. 
REASON FOR STATE ACTION. 
POWER TO ABOLISH OR REGULATE MARKETS. 
Whether State or National, the power intrusted with the stamping out 
of this plague must be authorized to put a stop to all local markets when 
they can be shown to endanger the propagation of the plague, or to place 
such markets under such regulations as shall obviate all risk of the 
spread of infection through them. 
While markets generally in infected districts—apart from bonded 
and fat markets already referred to—should be stopped, other marts in 
non-infected districts of the same State should be put under certain reg- 
ulations which would exclude the possibility of infection entering. 
Thus free markets near the port of New York in New Jersey, Eastern 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, and Northern Virginia 
would be necessarily abolished, while they could continue under certain 
restrictions as to entry at Pittsburgh, Pa., and Buffalo and Albany, N. 
Y. This would provide for the transit of cattle through New York to 
New England and through Western Pennsylvania to other points with- 
out any unnecessary interference with trade. It does not seem neces- 
sary to specify such points, but merely to provide that the authority in- 
trusted with this matter shall have power to impose such restrictions on 
public sales, when necessary, and to make exceptions when it can be 
safely done. 
FAT CATTLE MARKETS AND ABATTOIRS. 
To provide for the supply of beef from outside sources to the large 
cities—New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.— 
it will be necessary to establish markets for fat cattle coming from all 
sources, healthy and otherwise; but one condition of the entry of cattle 
into such yards ought to be that they should not be taken away alive, 84 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
but only as beef. Abattoirs will therefore be a necessary adjunct to all 
such markets, and all the great stock-yards in the eastern cities are al- 
ready provided with such. In such abattoirs the butchers may be 
allowed to kill and dress their cattle for a reasonable consideration, 
which should be prescribed and uniform. The beef may be removed to 
any requisite distance as quarters, and at no very greatly increased 
trouble or cost. 
The objection to letting cattle leave such markets alive is that it is 
impossible to control the traffic, and a certain number are usually kept 
for a week or more awaiting slaughter in contact with local store cattle 
or in dangerous proximity to them; further, it is no uncommon matter 
for individual animals out of a herd from the stock-yards to be smuggled 
into city cow stables in place of going direct to the slaughter-house. 
Coming as they do from a common market where the sick and healthy 
meet, they are constantly liable to carry infection along with them. 
The plan proposed may be held to represent the foreign animals’ 
wharves in England, and is a legitimate and necessary means of pre- 
venting any further diffusion of infection. By its means the stock-yards 
at New York and Jersey City can supply all the surrounding cities with 
fresh behf, while those who object to sending their cattle there from 
healthy States, and those who wish to remove their cattle from the 
yards for slaughter at their own abattoirs have before them the bonded 
cattle market offering every facility for such a course. 
POWER TO PROHIBIT ALL MOVEMENT OF CATTLE EXCEPT UNDER 
LICENSE. 
This is absolutely essential to success in dealing with this disease any- 
where, but is especially so in the cities for reasons that are fully set forth 
in an earlier part of this report. (See under heading “ Why the lung plague 
has extended south only,” page 22). 
POWER TO ENTER ALL PREMISES OCCUPIED BY CATTLE, AND TO IN- 
SPECT ALL HERDS IN THE SUSPECTED DISTRICTS. 
The want of this is apparent without elucidation. 
POWER AND OBLIGATION TO SLAUGHTER ALL CATTLE SUFFERING 
FROM LUNG PLAGUE, ACUTE OR CHRONIC. 
This is a sine qua non. So long as the sick live the virus is being mul- 
tiplied'. With their death and deep burial or disinfection, the increase 
is arrested. 
POWER TO SLAUGHTER THE WHOLE SUSPECTED HERD WHEN FOUND 
EXPEDIENT. 
It is often of the highest importance that this power should be pos- 
sessed and exercised. Cattle that have been exposed to infection but 
are not yet sick may be so placed that in case of their sickening they 
will infect other animals, and to obviate great losses it is often impera- 
tive that such animals should be killed. 
A most important and successful exercise of this power occurred on 
Montauk, L. I., New York, where the slaughter of twenty calves saved 
a herd of twelve hundred cattle of all ages. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
85 
APPRAISEMENT OF CONDEMNED CATTLE. 
This may he done by two appraisers mutually chosen by the stock- 
owner and the representative of the go vernment; or in cities, especially 
where dairymen are most solicitous that the fact of the infection of their 
herd should be kept a secret, a price may be put upon the cattle by the 
veterinary inspector, with the concurrence of the owner. As a rule, the 
remuneration of appraisers is a considerable item, and it is better and 
cheaper, in the aggregate, that the unfortunate loser of the cattle should 
receive the extra amount than that it should go to a third party. The 
award by the veterinarian is, however, usually no higher than that made 
by an appraiser. 
AMOUNT OF INDEMNITY. 
Everything considered, a liberal indemnity is the best, most economi- 
cal, and most successful. It enlists the hearty co-operation of the owner 
of infected stock, secures the early report of cases, and the correspond- 
ingly early extinction of the malady. It was a wise course that Penn- 
sylvania at first pursued, to appraise the sick animals first reported 
at their actual value as they stood, and all subsequent cases reported 
in the same herd at full sound value, and to pay an indemnity to this 
full amount in case they afterward sickened. 
In cities, especially where the profits from milch cows are so high, and 
the loss of a milk-route by sickness, slaughter, or exposure, so fatal to 
the interests of the milkman, the indemnity should be a liberal one. 
Everywhere a liberal award obviates the necessity for a vast amount of 
professional inspection from herd to herd and beast to beast, and is, 
therefore, a measure of the very soundest economy. A compensation 
amounting even to the sound value of the animals cannot be objected 
to as a means of inciting to the willful spreading of the disease, in a 
district where all movement of cattle, except under special license, has 
been temporarily abolished. As showing what is saved by a liberal in- 
demnity, it may be named that in States like New York, where a low 
indemity only was given, the necessary professional examinations for 
the purpose of detecting the disease and the other essential expenses 
amounted to three times the amount of the total indemnities. To avoid 
the continuance of this expensive item of professional examination and 
reduce it to its minimum, we would, therefore, approve of a measure for 
the prompt slaughter of all animals in every infected herd, and the com- 
pensation of the owner to their full value for all that had as yet shown 
no signs of the disease. The speed and certaiuity of such a course will 
make it the most economical in the end. 
In this matter of economy, that course Avhich is the most speedily 
successful in eradicating the plague must prove by far the best. Not 
only will it save nearly all of the most expensive item in the work, the 
prolonged professional supervision, but it will more speedily relieve our 
cattle trade, home and foreign, the yearly losses on which are probably 
greater than the value of all the herds now infected with lung plague 
on this continent. 
POWER TO PROHIBIT PASTURAGE OR EXPOSURE ON UNFENCED LOTS, 
OF TWO OR MORE HERDS ON ONE LOT, OR OF SUSPECTED ANIMALS 
ON PLACES ADJOINING HIGHWAYS OR OTHER LOTS OCCUPIED BY 
CATTLE. 
This common-pasturage has been the main cause of the perpetuation 
of this plague in America. It was the main cause of the little good ac- 86 
TfiE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
complished in Brooklyn by the New York Veterinary Sanitary Staff, and 
the abolition of such common-pasturage was a principal cause of the 
speedy suppression of the disease in the city of Yew York in 1879. In 
deference to the supposed interests of many city cow-keepers, who in 
summer find free food for their cows on open commons, this matter 
has been badly neglected in all the infected States, with the result of 
perpetuating the disease for four years with little change, though nomi- 
nally the State has been engaged in stamping it out. 
POWER TO INSTITUTE AND APPLY MINOR MEASURES. 
Special localities will always require particular measures. Thus, for 
example, in cities it is often desirable that a family cow, kept alone or in 
a horse-stable in the city, should accompany the family to the seaside. 
This can be done safely enough if under permit designating route, mode 
and time of conveyance, &c., provided she is known to the iusi>ector to 
have been sound and kept rigidly apart from all other cattle for at least 
three months before. Again, to maintain the valuable milking qualities 
of a cow, it is needful to keep her breeding, and to permit of this with 
safety, the local authorities may, in suitable cases, issue permits, avail- 
able for one day only, for the movement of such family cows as are re- 
ferred to above, or of cows from herds that have been known and certified 
to be free from lung plague for the six months antecedent to be served 
by bulls in herds similarly situated. In view of these and many more 
such minute provisions, it is better that the official or officials intrusted 
with the carrying out of suppressive measures should be empowered to 
make and apply such rules as the necessities of the city or district de- 
mand. 
CONGRESS SHOULD PROVIDE MEANS. 
Whether the work of stamping out lung plague should be intrusted 
to State or National agents, we recommend that money to carry it on 
should be furnished from the National Treasury. For this purpose we 
advise the appropriation of 11,500,000 to be disbursed by a Federal offi- 
cial to be designated by Congress. This should be made available to 
furnish indemnities for all sick cattle slaughtered, and for a large pro- 
portion of the incidental expenses for inspection, segregation, control of 
movement, disinfection, &c., all such work having been approved of as 
provided for below. 
CREATION OF A VETERINARY SANITARY AUTHORITY. 
If the work of exterminating the lung plague can be undertaken by 
the Federal Government, a veterinary sanitary organization should be 
created and intrusted with its execution. If, on the other hand, the work 
of extermination must be relegated to the respective States, to this vet- 
erinary sanitary organization should be delegated the duty of advising 
with the State governments as to the measures requisite to stamp out the 
disease, and the approval by this organization of the method and exe- 
cution of the work in the different States should be made a prerequisite 
to the disbursement of moneys by the Federal official designated above. 
TO INSTITUTE PENALTIES FOR TRANSGRESSION OF ORDERS. 
For transgression of all orders promulgated by the authority which may 
be designated to stamp out or control this plague, suitable penalties should THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
87 
bi imposed. While the best results are to be expected from measures 
calculated to secure the hearty good-will and co-operation of the stock- 
owners, yet certain parties are not to be controlled by such considerations; 
and for willful offenders, penalties sufficiently heavy and rigidly and 
impartially enforced are essential conditions of success. 
SUMMARY. 
Ist. Reasons for extension of the report so as to embrace history, na- 
ture, and extinction of lung plague, as well as its present limits, and the 
question of imports and exports :—lntroduction. 
2d. The designation lung plague preferable to pleuro pneumonia. 
3d. The whole history of lung plague furnishes no ground for the 
conclusion that it arises otherwise than by contagion. 
4th. The early history of this disease shows its great extensions to have 
been coincident with extensive wars in Central Europe, when cattle 
were drawn from all sources, infected and uninfected, for the supply of 
the armies in the field and constantly moving. 
sth. During the intervals of such wars the lung plague continued to 
prevail in the unfenced mountains and forests of Central Europe, where 
the few wandering herds had ample opportunity for mutual infection. 
6th. Into the mountains and forests of Scandinavia, and the Spanish 
Peninsula, out of the region of the general wars, lung plague did not 
penetrate. 
7th. In recent times the increasing demand for cattle to feed on the 
refuse of distilleries, sugar factories, &c., in Western Europe, has led 
to great extensions of the disease. 
Bth. The British Isles, infected by imports from Holland, and infec- 
tion kept up by the free trade act, that admitted continental cattle free 
of duty. 
9th. Ireland, which is not an importing country, has since kept up 
lung plague by a most mischievous activity and method in her internal 
cattle traffic. 
10th. The outbreaks in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Schleswig 
always traced to imported cattle and invariably stamped out. 
11th. South Africa, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand infected 
by imported cattle, and infection rendered permanent by the impossi- 
bility of secluding the infected herds on the open, nnfeuced x>astures, 
and by reason of the common employment of bullock wagons. 
12th. Massachusetts, infected by imported cattle, found it possible to 
stamp out the disease, because she lay at the terminus of the American 
cattle traffic, in place of at its source or on its channel. 
13th. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, 
infected by imported cattle, have had the infection perpetuated by the 
mischievous nature of the city cow-trade, and the habit of pasturing on 
open commons and unfenced lots around the large and growing cities. 
14th. Lung plague failed to extend west and north because of the ab- 
sence of such Targe cities and open pasturages, and because of the op- 
posing current of the cattle traffic. 
15th. The great profits on town dairies enable the owners to bear, 
without ruin, the losses caused by the plague. 
ICth. The risk of lossing’a lucrative milk-route makes the city dairy- 
man unwilling to acknowledge the existence of disease in his herd, and 
this greatly hinders the extinction of the plague. 
17th. Tile practice of dealers in furnishing cows to city stables, receiv- 
ing others from them, makes their sale stables hot-beds of infection. 88 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
18th. An unbroken chain of cases can be traced from the cow im- 
ported into Brooklyn in 1848 to the present day. 
19th. Prior to that importation lung plague was unknown on the 
American continent. 
20th. The most inclement countries have failed to produce lung 
plague. 
21st. The most torrid regions have failed to produce lung plague, 
though they aggravate it when once introduced. 
22d. Temperate climates apart from imported infection have failed to 
produce lung plague. 
23d. Privations of travel have failed to produce lung plague. 
24th. Impure air has failed to produce lung plague. 
25th. Feeding distillery swill has failed to produce lung plague. 
26th. Feeding the refuse of glucose and starch factories has failed to 
produce lung plague, 
27th. Fo other conclusion is open to us than that lung plague is 
caused in Western Europe and America by contagion only, and, if so, we 
have a perfect guarantee that it can be completely stamped out and 
perm anen tly excl u d ed. 
28th. The infection of the herds on our unfenced Western and South- 
ern pasturages would render it as impossible for us to stamp out the 
disease as it has been for the people of South Africa and Australia. 
29th. The danger of such an infection is being constantly increased 
with the increase of the infected area in the East, with the increase of 
cattle imports, with the increase of thoroughbred herds, with the move- 
ment of thoroughbreds West and South for the improvement of native 
cattle, with the increased shipment of Eastern calves to be matured in 
the West, and with the improved railroad facilities. 
30th. The virus of lung plague retains its virulence for over a month 
in a hermetically sealed glass tube, for months in a close building, and 
for a variable time, according to exposure to air, in manure, fodder, 
clothes, &c.; so that the way is open for its propagation through differ- 
ent unsuspected channels. 
30th. Lung plague is peculiar to the bovine genus ; and other genera 
of animals, man included, can only assist in the dissemination of the 
disease by carrying the virus on the surface. 
31st. The mortality from lung plague varies much, but may reach 100 
per cent, in hot climates and seasons. Hence the necessity for exclud- 
ing it from the warmer portions of the continent. 
32d. The incubation of lung plague, extending from a fortnight to 
three-and-a-half months, is one of the most dangerous features of this 
disease, and allows ample time for sending infected but still apparently 
healthy animals to the utmost confines of our territory. This long period 
of latency condemns the practice of passing animals as sound on a pro- 
fessional examination, and also the proposed method of sweeping over 
the country and killing all infected herds; for by reason of the many 
cases that must necessarily exist of infected animals not at the time 
showing symptoms of the disease, the process would have to be begun 
again as soon as it had been once performed. 
33d. This long incubation demands, as an essential concomitant of 
slaughter and disinfection, the entire prohibition or the most rigid con- 
trol of all movements of cattle in an infected district. 
34th. When an animal survives an attack of lung plague there is us- 
ually left an encysted mass of dead (infecting) lung inclosed within the 
living. So that convalescent animals may be held as for a time capable 
of conveying the disease to others. These encysted masses often re- THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
89 
main for over a year, and the bearers have often proved the centers of 
new outbreaks. 
35th. Thoroughbred cattle, on account of their high value, are the most 
likely to be preserved, and if afterward sent West, they become ex- 
tremely dangerous because of these encysted masses. The large indem- 
nity expected for a thorougbred should therefore be no excuse for his 
preservation when infected. 
36th. Inoculation for lung plague is calculated to largely reduce the 
losses, but at the expense of a permanent preservation and general dis- 
semination of the virus. 
37th. Inoculation has never yet permanently rid any country of lung 
plague. 
38th. This, together with its expense and the impossibility of making 
it universal, condemns the measure as a palliation for America, so long 
as we can avail of the incomparably better method of extinction. 
39th. A thorough investigation of the great centers for cattle feeding 
and cattle traffic has demonstrated that at the close of 1881 there was 
no lung plague west of the Alleghanies; but that the disease was still 
confined to an area extending from Putnam County, New York, to Fair- 
fax County, Virginia. 
40th. We see no reason to conclude that the disease is disappearing 
under the present management; on the contrary, the absence of regular 
inspections in the infected districts leaves it to make its way unknown 
and unheeded, as it did prior to 1878. 
41st. In the present status of the lung plague and cattle trade it is 
impossible to guarantee the health of even Western cattle exported 
from New York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore. 
42d. It would be possible at present to guarantee the health of West- 
ern cattle exported from Boston or Portland, but if this led to the ship- 
ment to these ports of cattle from New York City, Philadelphia, or Balti- 
more, this guarantee would be at once invalidated. 
43d. As a prerequisite, therefore, to the furnishing of certificates of 
health with cattle shipped from Boston and Portland, the Federal Govern- 
ment must interdict the movement of cattle out of any infected State. 
44th. This interdiction, supplemented by a control of the through traffic 
from the West, and the establishing of bonded markets at such places 
as Buffalo, Albany, and Pittsburgh, would not only protect our exports 
but secure us against any extension of the plague through the shipment 
of thoroughbreds or commoner cattle westward or southward. 
45th. By providing bonded markets at the ports of New York, Phila- 
delphia, and Baltimore, and by admitting to these cattle from sound 
States only, under proper regulations as to transit, we could further give 
certificates of health with Western cattle shipped from these points, and 
furnish the districts with the means of obtaining store cattle without 
danger of infection. 
46th. The cleansing and disinfection of cars and ships (and their con- 
tents) conveying cattle to or from the bonded yards is an essential con- 
dition of any guarantee. 
47th. The present method of quarantining imported cattle is objection- 
able, and should be exchanged for one requiring that the detention be 
for all alike, in premises at the port, provided for the purpose and kept 
under the control of the Federal Government. 
48th. For export fat cattle we recognize the necessity for strong sep- 
arate stalls on board ship, properly cTeated to give firm foothold, and 
above all, that ample provision be made for ventilation by the use of a 
revolving fan, or by extraction by the heat of the furnace. This we rec- 90 
TlfE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
ommend, not because impure air or other cause of injury on shipboard 
would be at all likely to produce lung plague, but because the vitiated 
air is highly calculated to develop an inflammation of the lungs, which 
might arouse suspicion of lung plague. 
49th. To carry out the above objects, we recommend an ample appo- 
priation by Congress, and the appointment of some Federal official or 
officials to control the work. 
50th. For the extinction of the lung plague in infected districts we 
consider it necessary that the authority—Federal or State—intrusted 
with the work should be clothed with the following power: 
a. To abolish or regulate markets for'store cattle in the infected dis- 
tricts. 
b. To require the slaughter at the fat markets in infected districts of 
all cattle entering these m arkets. Fat cattle for slaughter elsewhere 
can be obtained at the bonded market. 
c. To prohibit all movement of cattle in infected districts, except under 
special license. 
d. To inspect all cattle in suspected districts. 
e. To slaughter all infected cattle, and in exceptional cases those that 
have been exposed to infection. 
/. To have the condemned animals appraised and the owners liberally 
indemnified. 
g. To prohibit all exposure of cattle on highways, or on unfenced or 
insecurely fenced places in infected districts, or of suspected cattle on 
a lot adjoining one occupied by healthy cattle or bordering on a high- 
way. 
h. To prohibit all pasturage of more than one herd on one pasture in 
infected districts, unless under special license. 
i. To disinfect all premises, fodder, and other articles that have been 
presumably exposed to inspection. 
j. To institute and enforce such minor rules as shall be demanded by 
the peculiar conditions of particular districts. 
Tc. To provide and enforce suitable penalties for enfringement of orders. 
51st. In order to carry ont these suggestions, we reccommend a lib- 
eral appropriation by Congress, to be disbursed by some designated 
Federal officer. 
52d. In case the work be delegated to the different States, we advise 
that a liberal appropriation be made from the Federal exchequer, suffi- 
cient to cover the greater part of the outlay; and that this be paid over 
to the Executive of the infected State on the approval of the plan and 
execution of the work in the particular States by a verterinary sanitary 
organization designated for the purpose by the Federal Government. 
JAMES LAW. 
E. F. TIIAYEE. 
J. H. SANDEES. 
REPORT OF DR. A. M. FARRINGTON TO THE UNITED STATES TREASURY 
CATTLE COMMISSION. 
Prof. James Law, 
Chairman United Stales Treasury Cattle Commission: 
In accordance with the appointment received September 8, as “ Veterinary In- 
spector of the Treasury Cattle Commission, to visit the various cattle markets of the 
West, and the feeding yards along the lines of cattle traffic, so as to ascertain and re- 
port upon the health of animals passing through such places, and further directed to 
examine professionally such herds as are in near proximity to the above places, and 
the herds of dairies and of distilleries and other factories which draw upon,the large 
markets for their supplies of fresh live stock,” I would submit the following report as 
the result of my inquiries in that direction; THE LUNG PLAGUE OP CATTLE. 
BUFFALO. 
1 proceeded at once to Buffalo, N. Y. This is a very important cattle market. For 
the week ending September 18, the receipts were 16,283 bead of cattle. Shipments 
for tbe same week, 14,091 bead. 
The stock yards are located at East Buffalo, upon tbe line of the-New York Central 
Railroad. An area of 52 acres is devoted to tbe purpose of marketing stock that is 
brought,here. At these yards is stationed by tbe city authorities of Buffalo a cattle 
inspector, whose duty it is to prevent all diseased and disabled animals from passing 
into consumption in the city. 
The present inspector is Mr. Edward Cborriston, who lias held this position since 
January 1, 1881. He has been engaged in the business of slaughtering cattle for 
eighteen years, and is familiar with the appearance of cattle affected with lung 
plague, having seen them in Ireland; but he states that he has never seen cattle affected 
wit hit since coming to Buffalo. On July 6, he condemned two steers affected with 
Texas fever, which are the only ones he has seen with this disease this season. The 
majority of. animals he finds it necessary to condemn are those wrhich have received 
injuries in shipping, and from the feverish state of their systems are unfit for human 
food. The condemned animals are sent to rendering works, where the hide is taken 
off, the carcasses are cut into pieces and placed in a large iron tank and thoroughly 
cooked by superheated steam. When sufficiently disintegrated the fieshis separated 
from the bones and used in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers. 
I nest visited some of the rendering works, hoping by this means to see some 
cattle that had died either in the city or at the stock yards, that I might determine 
upon examination of the lungs whether any had died from lung plague. 
While not ignoring other diseases, my chief endeavor was to ascertain if any lung 
plague existed among the cattle here ; consequently the lungs were the organs I wished 
to examine. At none of these works were there any dead cattle, and, from conversa- 
tion with the owners and workmen, I was informed that the number of dead cows they 
received was very small, and they had not noticed that the lungs presented any peculiar 
appearance. I think the abnormal condition of the lungs would have attracted their 
attention if any animals had been affected with lung plague. Mr. Preston, who is en- 
gaged in this business of rendering, and who gets the larger portion of cows that die 
in the city dairies, stated that he got from twenty to twenty-five per year. This is 
considerably less than the number of dead horses obtained, and goes to show that no 
contagious disease exists in the cow-stables in the city. 
I next visited the slaughtering establishments, and examined the lungs of cattle 
killed there. C. Klinck has the largest establishment, and kills upon an average two 
hundred cattle per week, the greater number of which he purchases at the stock yards. 
Mr. Klinck stated that he has never seen any sickness among the cattle, does not find 
the lungs diseased, and that the livers of the cattle are more healthy than formerly. 
He finds the cattle from city feeding-stables and dairies as healthy as those bought 
at the stock yards. Has killed about a thousand head from Dr. Firmenick’s stable, 
and has found them free from lung disease. The lungs of the cattle slaughtered that 
day I found perfectly normal and healthy. The cattle in the pens awaiting slaughter 
were also healthy. 
Surrounding the stock yards on all sides are commons or unfenced land, upon which 
cows belonging to people in the city are pastured, though at the time of my visit tbe 
vegetation was nearly dried up, and next to no grass was to be obtained; yet it af- 
forded a place where the cows could exercise themselves. The herds of various 
owners mingle together here. Herds of fat steers are driven over these commons from 
the stock yards to the slaughter-houses of their respective owners, and must neces- 
sarily come in contact, to a greater or less extent, with the cows there. Here, then, 
would be a locality where any contagious disease would spread very rapidly, provided 
an animal affected with it were introduced. 
One lot of six cows belonging to Mr. Metzdorff, Clinton street, upon these commons, 
I examined and found them free from any lung disease, and was also told that none 
of them had died. 
Patrick Grogan, Clinton street, has twenty-six cows, which he turns out upon the 
commons, but has never lost a cow, I examined them in the stable and found no lung 
affection. The cows are fed upon brewers’ grains and hay, and are kept as long as 
they give milk, and when dry are fattened and sold to the butcher. Fresh cows are 
bought at the stock yards. The stable is six feet high, with the cows tied three feet 
apart along each side, with an alley three feet wide passing along between the rows. 
No special provision is made for ventilation more than that from the doors at each end 
of the alley. John Dietzen, Broadway, has twelve cows, and states that he has never 
lost one. He also turns them upon the commons. I found them healthy, upon exam- 
ination. He feeds his cows upon brewers’ grains, wheat, bran, and hay. The cows are 
tied three feet apart, with a passage-way behind them two feet wide. Ventilation is 
provided by a window, eight by ten inches, in front of each cow. 92 
'THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
Mi’. Alexander, Howard street, has six cows, which I examined and found healthy. 
They are pastured near the stock yards, and could come in contact with the cattle in 
the yards. Mr. A. stated that he had not lost one cow in the six years he had been in 
the milk business. He was formerly a cow-dealer and had accommodation for fifty cows, 
hut has never seen any disease among them. 
I was x>resent at the meeting of the board of health, and was informed that they had 
never known of any contagious disease among the dairies in the city, and were con- 
fident that no lung plague existed among the cattle here. L. Taylor, one of the mem- 
bers of the board who was formerly a cattle-dealer, and who had taken considerable 
interest in the spread of this disease, stated that it did not exist among the cattle here. 
Air. Taylor visited with me some of large feeding stables. 
Thomas Farthing feeds about 220 bulls and steers upon distillery slops. The loss 
during the feeding season, five to six months, he stated to be about 1 per cent. The 
stables were not full at the time of my visit, but the cattle that were there were free 
from lung plague. Fresh stock is bought at the stock yards, and State cattle are pre- 
ferred, as they fatten more readily upon the food given. 
Ullman and Block have just completed a new stable capable of holding 243 head of 
cattle. At the time of my visit there were 240 head which were free from lung plague. 
The annual loss was said to be about 1 per cent. The cattle are tied in three double 
rows; two rows facing each other, and eating hay from the same rack; consequently 
their noses would come in contact and the germs of lung plague would be carried by 
the breath into the lungs, provided any animals were affected with it. 
Dr. Firmenick feeds his milch cows upon the refuse of his corn-starch factory. At 
present the stables contain 210 cows. His method is to buy fresh cows at the stock 
yards or of the farmers in the vicinity, to milk them as long as they give milk, and 
when- dry to fatten them and sell to the butchers. As a rule they remain in the stable 
a year and are then replaced by new ones. About a dozen of the cows were not 
doing well, were running down in condition, growing poor, and were so weak as to 
require help to rise up. I made a very critical examination of the lungs of these 
cows, but they presented no lesions. They did not show an elevated temperature, 
102° Fahr., and had no cough, and were not suffering from lung plague. As it v. as 
not a contagious malady, but one manifestly connected with the feeding, I did not 
investigate further. 
J. C. Hamlin feeds cattle upon the refuse of his grape-sugar manufactory, at Aurora, 
15 miles from Buffalo. He said there were at present only 50 head in his stables, as he 
had just begun to buy fresh stock for the winter. Says he has never had any die 
from disease, but those that have died suffered from accidents or injuries unavoid- 
able where large numbers of cattle are kept together. 
Visited G. Gilbert’s starch factory, Black Rock, and interviewed the man who has 
charge of the cattle. The present number is 150 head, of which 75 are cows, and their 
milk is sold in the city; the remainder are bulls and steers that are being fattened. 
He stated that the annual loss was not over 1 per cent. No contagious disease has 
appeared among the cattle. The cattle remain in the stables about one year, and a 
fresh supply is taken from the stock yards or the surrounding country. 
I also made inquiry of the leading veterinary surgeons, Summerville & Sons, and 
was told that they had never met with any cases of lung plague in their practice in 
Buffalo, which extended over a period of about forty years. 
From this examination of more than 700 cattle that are confined in stables here and 
brought from various parts of the country, and not a single case of lung plague among 
them and no report of any such disease by men who are constantly dealing in cattle 
and who are financially interested in them, I concluded that this market must be free 
of that dread plague. 
SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 
From Buffalo I went to Suspension Bridge. The stock yards here are used only to 
feed, rest, and water the cattle that are destined to eastern markets. No cattle from 
the east going west come to these yards, as Canada will not allow such cattle to pass 
through her territory. But very few cattle have been shipped through these yards 
this season owing to the ‘‘cutting of rates” by the railroads. The majority of the 
eastern bound cattle goto Buffalo or via the Grand Trunk Railway through Canada. 
The superintendent here, W. A. Homan, is from Putnam County, New York, and has 
seen the ravages of lung plague among the cattle there, but has never seen any cattle 
affected with it at these yards. The cows of neighboring farmers do not come near 
the cattle in the yards, and would not become infected even if the cattle passing 
through were diseased. 
Rochester, N. Y., was the next place visited. There are no feeding yards, here 
simply a few pens for unloading stock that is brought here on the Central Railroad. 
The person in charge of these pens said that on an average seven to eight car-loads of 
ROCHESTER. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
93 
western cattle came liere per week, and were driven direct to tlie slaughter-houses and 
killed for beef. I visited the slaughter-house of Conrad Ester, Goodman street, who 
kills 20 to 30 cattle per week, and states that he hods none of them with any lung 
affection. All the lungs of cattle killed and the cattle on the place were perfectly 
healthy. No feeding stables exist in “connection with the large breweries, as the re- 
fuse grains are used by the dairymen and farmers around the city. 
Dr. Stoddard, of the board of health, stated that no disease among cattle had been 
brought to the notice of the board, and that the cattle kept in and around this city 
were very healthy. The milk supply comes principally from farmers in the country. 
Dr. E. Mink, practicing veterinarian, stated that he had considerable cattle prac- 
tice, but has never known of any lung plague among the cattle of this section. Some 
cases of splenic apoplexy in cattle came under his notice a few years ago. Aside from 
that no contagious disease exists among the cattle here. Dr. Drinkwater, veterinary 
surgeon, stated that he did not know of any lung plague among cattle here. The 
man who renders the dead animals for the city said that the number of cows he got 
was very small—about one per month. 
I next examir ed the cows of dairymen who sell milk in the city. Grin Todd, Big 
Eidge road, about four miles from the city, has 16 cows, which were perfectly healthy. 
He feeds his cows upon brewers’ grains, corn meal, and hay, and has plenty of pasture 
during the summer. Has never lost any cows from a contagious disease. He keeps 
his cows as long as they yield a good supply of milk, and buys fresh ones from farm- 
ers in the surrounding country. Clark Douglas, president of the Milkmen’s Associa- 
tion of Eochester, had a herd of 28 cows, which I examined and found free from disease. 
Mr. Douglas stated that he has not lost any cows from a contagious disease, and that 
he knows of none in the country around. He is in almost daily communication with 
the milkmen of the association, and any disease among their cows he would be likely 
to hear about and be consulted as to the best means of getting rid of it. He is now 
feeding, in addition to hay and corn-stalks, “Buffalo feed,”—i. e., the refuse of the 
cornstarch factories of Buffalo, and considers it an excellent food for his cows. Form- 
erly he fed brewers’ grains with excellent results and saw no bad effects from it, hav- 
ing one cow to which he had given this feed nine years without injuring her health 
in the least. 
C. J. Schaeffer, Waring Eoad, has 21 cows, which were healthy. Mr. Schaeffer 
stated that he was often called upon by his neighbors to doctor their cows when sick, 
and that the principal affection among them was parturient apoplexy, coming on 
about the time of calving. He feeds brewers’ grains in addition to hay and corn- 
fodder and other crops which he raises upon the farm. 
Examined six cows belonging to William Yon Est, Waring Eoad, and found them 
healthy. George Pease, Lyell Eoad, has 17 cows, which were healthy; Mr. Eosen- 
back 11 cows, and Patrick Lynch 11, also free from lung plague. These dairymen 
feed upon brewrers’ grains, wheat bran, and hay, and also have fenced pastures 
upon the farms to turn their cattle. They raise calves from their best cows and sell 
• the poor ones for beef, replacing them by fresh cows bought in the neighborhood. 
SALAMANCA, 
At Salamanca, N. Y., are stock yards which are used almost exclusively as a feeding- 
place for stock that is shipped by rail to the markets of Jersey City and New York 
City. 
The Superintendent, E. J. McKay, states that from 40 to 50 car-loads come here per 
week, and remain from three to thirty hours, being allowed hay and water. At cer- 
tain seasons of the year fresh cows and their calves are shipped by this route into 
Putnam and Duchess counties, New York. The greater proportion of the stock, how- 
ever, are fat steers which are on their way to eastern markets. No sales take place 
at these yards. The neighboring herds do not come up to the yards, as there is a 
stream on one side and the railroad passes along the other side. Occasionally in the 
spring of the year a few car-loads of cows come here and are unloaded and sold to the 
farmers in the vicinity, which would be a means of carrying contagion provided such 
contagion existed in the yards or in the cattle fed here. Almost the only cattle that 
pass through here from the east are thoroughbred animals. The previous week a car- 
load of thoroughbred calves came through from Vermont, via Albany, en route to 
Kansas. No disease exists among the cattle here, or has ever existed so far as could 
be learned. The cattle in the yards at the time of my visit were perfectly healthy. 
PITTSBURGH. 
I reached Pittsburgh, Pa., September 19, and called at the office of the board of 
health. The health officer referred me for information upon the diseases among cattle 
to the meat inspector, Thos. W. Lindsay, who is also milk inspector for the board. 94 
- THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
In company with Mr. Lindsay, I visited the principal stock yards for Pittsburg, 
which are the central stock yards upon the line of the Pennsylvania railroad at East 
Liberty. All the cattle in the yards appeared perfectly healthy. 
Geo. Dnnkehl, weigh-master at these yards, gave the following statistics as to the 
number of cattle that are handled here: For the six months ending June 30, 1881, 
the receipts of through cattle, 146,500 head; of local cattle, 38,654 head. In this 
time 9,229 calves were received and sold here. Mr. Dnnkeld has held this position 
for ten years, and has seen every steer that has crossed the scales, as he has to count 
the number of animals weighed, and in no case has he seen cattle affected with dis- 
ease. 
Caleb Martin, superintendent of central stock yards, said that the cattle that came 
here were perfectly healthy. The causes of death were from mismanagement in trans- 
porting, from crowding too many into a car. Some die from drinking a large quan- 
tity of water, excessive thirst being caused by feeding salt. This feeding of salt, so 
that the cattle will drink a large amount of water and increase their weight, is a 
very d:shonest and brutal practice which is carried on by some unprincipled men. 
John Beal, of the firm of J. F. Sadler & Co., said he hadneverseen any cattle affected 
with lung-plague at these yards ; neither had he known of any west of Pittsburg. 
Years ago he had had losses from Texas fever, but the first frost put an end to that 
disease. 
S. Brown, of the firm of J. C. & S. Brown, Louisville, Ky., large dealers in “slop 
cattle,” so called, said that soon after the war he lost cattle from Texas fever, and 
aside from that there was no disease among the cattle he handled, and he knew of 
none in Kentucky. 
C. H. Peabody, retail cattle dealer, says he has never suffered from loss of cattle 
by disease. The only report of cattle dying that he has heard of were from Texas 
fever and from abuse in shipping. 
Mr. Rush, editor of the Pittsburgh Stockman, and cattle dealer, says he has no re- 
ports of any cattle disease in this section; the cattle coming to and passing through 
these yards are invariably healthy. 
Mr, Lindsay gives the following figures in regard to the number of dead cattle taken 
from the stock yards to the rendering works: In 1877, 60 head; in 1876, 79 ; in 1875, 
125. When one considers the thousands of cattle that come to these yards in the 
course of a year this number of deaths can easily be accounted for by mismanage- 
ment and abuse. 
A smaller stock yard is located at Alleghany City, to which part of the stock for 
city use is sent. No through consignments come to these yards. About 25 car-loads 
arrive here per week, sometimes reaching as high as 50 car-loads. The cattle come 
from the western States of Ohio, Missouri, and Kentucky, and from the western coun- 
ties of Pennsylvania. The cattle at these yards were free from lung plague. 
The fall-master, Dr. Edward Czarneicki, V. S., has the contract for removing the 
dead animals of the city. He states that as a rule he gets two or three dead cows per 
week. I visited with Dr. Czarneicki his rendering works, where was a dead cow* 
brought from a city dairy. Upon examination the lungs were found free from any 
lesions. 
Dr. Czarneicki said that he never met wuth any cases of lung plague either in his 
practice or among the dead cows that were rendered at his works. 
Dr. R. Jennings, Y. S., had never known of the disease among cattle in this vicinity. 
The slaughter-houses of Pittsburgh are scattered in all directions around the city, 
and are 52 in number. I visited a number of them, but was unable to examine many 
lungs as they had been thrown away. The carcasses were free from any erosions upon 
the parietal pleura. Wm. A. Hoffman, 408 East Ohio street, Allegheny City, who is 
said to be the largest butcher in the city, kills, on an average, 35 cattle per week. 
The lungs of cattle killed there I found without lesions. From conversation with 
butchers in the market they stated that the lungs of western cattle were always 
sound. 
I visited the stable of Daniel Boyle, cow dealer, Frankstown avenue, who states 
that he sells between 300 and 400 fresh cows a year. He buys them in the stock yards, 
where they come from the Western States, and from the northern and western coun- 
ties of Pennsylvania. Six cows then in his stable were healthy. Mr. Boyle says he 
is called upon when cows are sick in the neighborhood, but has never known of any 
contagious disease among the herds. The sickness he has to treat mainly is what he 
calls milk-fever. Of the cows kept in his stable he has lost but one, and that one 
broke her neck from being improperly tied. 
IRON CITY. 
Also visited the Iron City cow market, where upon two days in the week fresh 
cows are offered for sale, and disease must necessarily be contracted if one infected ani- 
mal were brought. The seventeen cows there were healthy. Part of them had come THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
95 
from Indiana; the others were from different parts of the surrounding country, and 
one cow was from a city dairy. 
The largest dairy near Pittsburgh is kept hy A. Harrison, Oakland, near Fifth ave- 
nue. He has 129 cows. Last year the loss from death was three head. He is now 
milking 75 cows, which I examined and found no diseased ones among them. The 
remainder of his herd do not give milk now, and were upon a farm at pasture several 
miles away. He feeds his cows upon brewers’ grains, wheat bran, oil cake, hay, and 
cornstalks. At this season of the year they are only kept in the stable during the 
time they are milked, and turned out upon the adjoining fields at other times. The 
principal stable is 8 feet in height from floor to ceiling. The cows are tied with 
chains, 3 feet apart, in two long rows facing each other, with a passage-way 10 feet 
wide between the mangers, and an alley 3 feet wide behind the cows. At each end 
of the latter is a door 4by 6 feet to admit air. No provision is made for the escape 
of heated and impure air. Being upon the side of a hill, the drainage is excellent; 
no stagnant pools of water for the cows to drink from, hut pure, running water is 
provided at different points for this purpose. The cows remain in the dairy as long 
as they yield a profitable supply of milk, some of them for several years, and when dis- 
posed of to the butchers their place is filled by other cows raised upon the farm. 
In company with Mr. Broebeck, sanitary inspector for the board of health, I visited 
some of the smaller dairies in his district. 
Peter Owen has four cows widen were free from disease. The stable, composed of 
a stone wall on tAvo sides, is 7 feet high, 30 feet long, and 16 feet wide. The coavs are 
tied 3-1 feet apart, with their mangers along the wall. A door 6 feet high and 10 feet 
Avide at the end of a passage-way 10 feet wide admits air. They are fed upon brew- 
ers’ grains, wheat bran, cracked corn, and hay. They are seldom turned out, except 
upon the commons occasionally for exercise. When dry they are sold to the butcher, 
and fresh coavs are bought at the cow market to take their place. One cow, which 
had been in the stable about two weeks, showed a temperature of 102° Fahr. 
August Miller, corner of Twelfth street and Washington street, has five cows. 
They were healthy. One co w bought in the country last March showed a temperature 
of 101° Fahr. They are kept in one end of a horse-stable 33 feet long and 20 feet 
wide. A passage-Avay 4 feet wide separates the coavs at each side, and a door at the 
end and side give a good circulation of air. The feed and general mode of manage- 
ment is the same as in the former case. 
Geo. Dietzler, Twenty-fifth street, eight coavs, which were free from disease. They 
were kept in four different shanties or outbuildings, each about 10 feet square, with 
tAvo coavs in each. Treatment same as preceding. 
G. F. Better has 13 cows, which were in a fenced pasture Avith the coavs of several 
other dair/men. The cows were panting with the heat but there Avere no indications 
of disease in the lungs. The stable where these cows are kept is 51 feet long, 10 feet 
wide, and 8 feet high; each coav has a stall 3 feet wide and 5 feet long. The feed is 
brewers’ grains, wheat bran, and clover hay. The coavs of various OAvners are al- 
loAved to feed together upon the commons in this vicinity, but no disease is contracted 
from so doing. 
John J. Williams, Penn street, keeps 12 coavs, which Avere free from lung disease. 
The stable was built of rough boards, 5 coavs in one portion, 3 in another, and 4 in 
another. These sheds are 8 feet high in front and 7 feet in the fear, with a passage 
2 feet wide behind the coavs, with a door at each end. The feed is brewers’ grains, 
wheat bran, and hay. 
The only large feeding stables in the vicinity of Pittsburgh are at Freeport, about 
15 miles up the river, at A. Guckenheimer & Bros.’s distillery. The stables are cap- 
able of feeding 300 head of cattle. At the time of my visit there Avere 125 bulls in 
the stable, which had been in about three AAreeks. They were bought at the stock 
yards in East Liberty and from farmers in the neighborhood of Freeport. The annual 
loss Mr. Guckenheimer states is very small, and mainly from accidental injuries. 
Last year not OATer 8 head died out of the several hundred fed at these stables. The 
Avarm slop is run into long troughs, 12 inches wide and 18 inches deep, in front of the 
cattle four times per day, and hay is fed once per day, usually at night. Fresh cattle 
are bought in small lots as they can be obtained, about the middle of September; 
about the middle of the next May they are sold off, a few car-loads at a time, and are 
all sold off in a month’s time, so that during the warm summer months the stables are 
entirely empty. The ventii ation is by means of three openings in the peak of the 
roof, 16 feet long and 4 feet Avide, and provided Avith doors 1 foot wide, which can be 
opened or shut as may be necessary—air enters each end of the building through 
doors 4 feet wide and 6 feet high. Each animal is tied by a chain around the neck, 
and has a space 3-J- feet Avide, 10 feet long, with a manure alley 3 feet wide, and a feed- 
ing alley 4 feet wide, and the shed is 7 feet high at the eaves and 15 feet at the peak 
of the roof. One hundred cattle are confined in a building 100 feet long and 60 feet 
wide. These cattle were all healthy. Some Avere loose in a yard near by, that Avere 
bruised or had sores upon them, so that they could not be tied up. In the spring, 
when fat, they are sold and slopped to eastern markets. 96 
-THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
CLEVELAND. 
At Cleveland, Oliio, Dr. G. C. Aslimun, health officer, informed me that the cattle 
had been very healthy this season. Two years ago the losses had been quite heavy 
from Texas fever, hut the farmers and those keeping cows had learned by experience 
to keep their animals away from wherever Texas cattle had been, and in observing 
this simple expedient had been saved heavy losses. 
The meat supply, particularly at this time of the year, comes from Texas cattle. 
Of the 3,000 cattle killed per month, 2,600 are Texans. Diseased livers and diseased 
spleens are the only diseased organs met with in animals killed for beef. Beef cattle 
come almost entirely from points west of Cleveland; very few from south of Cleve- 
land. 
The cows in city dairies, i. e., those dairies within the city limits, he states are 
uniformly healthy. In each of these dairies are kept from two to ten cows, and con- 
ducted, as far as feed and care go, about as such dairies in other cities. In the su- 
burbs are larger dairies, keeping from thirty to fifty cows each. From these two 
sources, and from what is shipped in on the cars, the milk supply of Cleveland is drawn. 
No instance of any lung disease among the cattle has ever come under his notice. 
I visited the farm of Joseph Breck, Brecksville Road, five miles from Cleveland. 
He has 55 cows, and sells their milk in the city. Occasional cases of parturient apo- 
plexy are the only affections from which his cows die. Upon examination I found his 
cows healthy. He buys fresh cows from the farmers in the country around, and some- 
times goes into Indiana and buys a car-load at a time. His cows run at pasture ex- 
cept during the time they are milked, at which time they are fed grain, and some- 
times hay or cornstalks. Farmers two or three miles from him have lost cows of 
Texas fever, but with that exception there is no disease among the suburban dairies. 
In company with a sanitary inspector I visited the stock yards. They comprise 
only a few pens, which are used merely to unload cattle brought here on the cars. 
From here the cattle are driven to the slaughter-houses, where are pens and conven- 
iences for feeding them as long as the owner may desire. The neighboring herds do 
not come in contact with the cattle at these yards, as there are no commons around 
them. 
I next visited the slaughter-houses near the stock yards. At John StreibeF s slaugh- 
ter-house, where generally from 10 to 14 cattle are killed per day, I examined the 
lungs and found them healthy. Most of the cattle killed here are Texans,,bought in 
Saint Louis and shipped by cars to Cleveland. Mr. Streibel states that he finds none of 
them affected with disease of the lungs. At other places the lungs of cattle slaugh- 
tered were free from disease, and the butchers all stated that in cattle they had 
killed the lungs were sound. 
Dr A. F. Martins, veterinary surgeon, said that no cases of lung plague had occurred 
in his practice, neither had he auy reports of its existence in this locality. 
MILWAUKEE. 
Milwaukee, Wis., October 28. I called at the office of the board of health to ob- 
tain information in regard to the health of the cows in the city dairies. I there 
learned that the board had made strenuous efforts to get the State legislature to pass 
a law which should provide for the appointment of a milk inspector, Avhose duty it 
should be to see that the cow stables were kept in a proper sanitary condition, and 
that the milk sold should be unadulterated. The salary of such an inspector was to 
be raised by assessing a tax on each milkman in proportion to the number of cows he 
kept. This measure was strongly opposed by many of the dairymen, and failed to 
become a law. 
Dr. Wight, health commissioner, then made a personal iuspection of all the cow 
stables which furnished milk for city use. A record of this inspection was kept in the 
office for the enlightenment of auy citizens who might wish to know the condition in 
which the ooavs were kept and fed that supplied him with milk. 
From this investigation Dr. Wight found at that time, (at the beginning of the year 
1879,) that the city Avas supplied Avith the milk of 3,041 cows, making 17,014 quarts of 
milk brought into the city in one day. In this inspection no contagious disease was 
found to exist among the dairy coavs, though many Avere kept in very filthy surround- 
ings, and in close, poorly-lighted, and poorly-vnntilated stables. No knowledge of 
any contagious disease has ever come to the notice of the board of health, and if any 
affection had existed among the coav stables such thorough inspection would have 
revealed it. . 
I next visited the feeding sheds in connection with John Meiner’s distillery. In 
these sheds were 163 bulls and steers, one-third being bulls and tAVO-thirds steers. 
The usual number fed in a season is 400, though this year only one-half that number 
will be fed. The annual losses from cattle dying are very small indeed. Mr. Meiuer 
stated that only tAvo animals had died in the six years he had fed cattle. The cattle THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
97 
are tied in rows with 48 in each row, each animal having a space 3 feet wide. The 
sheds are 64 feet high behind the cattle, and about 10 feet at their head. Troughs 
10 inches high and 12 inches wide run along in front of the cattle into which the slop 
is run. Between this trough and the trough of the next row of cattle is a space 24 
feet wide. Above this space are openings in the roof 1 foot wide and 6 feet long, 6 
feet apart, which secures very good ventilation. The semi-liquid manure drains off 
into gutters in the rear of each row of cattle, and then into a small stream which runs 
along the end of the shed. In addition to the slop about eight pounds of cut hay per 
head is fed once a day. Cattle remain in the stable from six to eight months, and at 
the end of that time are very fat. Fresh stock is drawn from the surrounding farms, 
and are also bought at the stock yards nearly six miles away. The cattle all appeared 
healthy at the time of my visit, and seven gave the following temperatures: 101.8° 
Fahr., 102° Fahr., 103° Fahr., 102.8° Fahr., 101.2° Fahr., 101.4° Fahr., 101.7° Fahr. 
The principal stock yards of the city are those on the Chicago, Milwaukee & Saint 
Paul Railroad. The outline of these yards is triangular, with railroad tracks on two 
sides and the Menominee River on the other side ; consequently the neighboring herds 
cannot come in communication with the cattle in the yards. The stock that come to 
these yards come from the States of Wisconsin, Minnesota, lowa, and Illinois. 
There were sold at these yards, in 1880, cattle, 26,142 head; in 1879, cattle, 25,210 
head. To this should be added about one-third more to represent the number that 
are unshipped for feeding and watering only, and then sent on to Chicago. 
The superintendent of the yard stated that he never heard any complaints from 
persons doing business here, of losses from sick or diseased cattle. Mr. Waixelberg, 
a cattle dealer, stated that he had never seen any sick cattle in these yards, neither 
does he know of any disease in the State or States that send cattle here. All cattle 
in the yards at the time of my visit were healthy. All grades of cattle were there; 
oxen and steers for slaughter, bulls to be fed in distilleries, yearlings which are sold 
to farmers and fed, and lean cattle which are vised by the packing and beef-canning 
establishments. Fresh cows and their calves brought from adjoining towns and coun- 
ties were for sale here also. 
In Market Square, of the second ward, there is a retail cattle market. Here I saw 
about 100 fat cattle, nearly all State cattle, some of them driven in from the country, 
and all perfectly healthy. Fresh cows are also offered for sale here, coming princi- 
pally from the neighboring country. John Behme, a dealer at these yards, said he 
found the cattle here healthy. 
In company with George Kaeppel, city meat inspector, I visited the city slaughter- 
house, at which many of the butchers kill the cattle to supply their meat markets. I 
examined the lungs of about 50 animals, being those killed on three days, and found 
them healthy. Also visited Plankinton & Armour’s beef-packing establishment,where 
now they are killing 150 cattle per day. Conld find no traces of disease. Also visited, 
the meat market of John Moeller, Walnut street, who kills about 35 cattle per week, 
and examined a number of lungs of cattle killed that day, which were healthy. 
Visited the dairy of Frank Schmidt, Fourteenth street, who keeps 12 cows, which 
were free from disease. The stable is about 7 feet high, with cows tied 3 feet apart, 
a trough for food in front of them, and a rack for hay above that. A passage-way 4 
feet wide behind the cows and a door 4 by 6 feet admits air. The feed is malt or 
brewers’ grains, wheat middlings with hay in winter and grass in summer. Mr, 
Schmidt says he has never lost a cow. He milks them as long as they will give milk 
and then fattens and sells to the butcher. Fresh cows he buys wherever he can find 
them, usually of farmers in the country. The premises were very neat and clean and 
well drained. 
John Otten, Seventeenth street, had 10 cows in a low, dark stable 54 feet high. No 
provision was made for ventilation except from a door in the side of the stable. The 
cows were free from lung plague, however. The feed was brewers’ grains, wheat bran, 
and hay. No special provision for drainage, and the water stood in pools around the 
stable. Thirty cows belonging to different owners were feeding on the commons in 
the vicinity, yet all appeared healthy. 
F. Dabberphul, corner of Centre anti Ninth streets, had 10 cows, which I examined 
and found healthy. They were tied in stalls 74 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 8 feet long, 
and a passage-way 4 feet wide behind them. The feed was brewers’ grains, wheat 
bran, and hay. The land was flat, sloping very slightly, and water and manure stood 
at one end of the stable. The ventilation was through doors and windows behind 
the cows. 
F. Bartlett, Centre street, had 13 cows, which were healthy. The space allowed 
each animal was 3 feet wide, 6 feet long, and 6 feet high, with a passage 3 feet wide 
behind. Two doors and two small windows were the only means of ventilation. The 
place was dirty and poorly drained. I examined 9 cows in a small, dark stable sur- 
rounded by mud and stagnant water. Each animal had a space 6 feet high, 24 feet 
wide, and 7 feet long. Notwithstanding the cramped quarters and filthy surroundings, 
none of them hatl lung plague. 
S. Ex. 106 7 98 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
August Bartke, Centre street, had 4 cows in a stable capable of holding 20, which 
were free from disease. 
Henry Schwartz had 5 cows in a well-lighted and clean stable, which were healthy. 
The space per head was 9 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 8 feet long. A window 1 foot 
square in front of each cow and a door 3 feet wide and 6 feet high gave sufficient 
ventilation. 
F. Koenig, Teutonia avenue, had 9 cows, which were healthy. The space allowed 
each was 7 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 10 feet long, and a passage-way 3 feet wide be- 
hind the cows. The diet was brewers’ grains, wheat bran, and hay. Fresh cows are 
bought in the country of farmers. 
No lung plague exists in the dairies of the city or ever has existed, though in very 
poor sanitary condition. 
I began the inspection of Saint Louis, Mo., November 7. Upon making known 
my mission to Chas. W. Francis, health commissioner, he kindly detailed Mr, Hohoff, 
an officer of the sanitary staff, to accompany me and point out the location of the city 
dairies and slaughter-houses. We visited first the National Stock Yards in East Saint 
Louis, 111. These yards cover an area of 100 acres, and in 1880 the receipts were 
346,533 head; shipments, 222,417 head of cattle. There is ahigh and tight board fence 
around the yard which excludes cows or other cattle outside from coming in contact 
with those inside. 
Isaac H. Knox, president of the company, stated that he could safely say that 
there had never been a single case of lung plague in these yards. He stated that 
20 per cent, of the trade at these yards is in Texas cattle. That in former years he 
had had frequent complaints and claims for damages by farmers who had lost cows 
from Texas fever caused by the Texas cattle shipped to these yards but these com- 
plaints were growing less and less each year, and this season no complaints had 
been made, and but very few cattle had died from it. The cause of this decrease 
in the number of cases of Texas fever he thought was due to the better care the 
Texans received. They are not driven on foot such long distances as they were form- 
erly, but are shipped in cars to market, the increase in the number and extent of the 
railroads in Texas making this possible. Also there is more care exercised in the 
breeding, raising, and feeding of Texas cattle, and the country is better cultivated, 
all of which causes contribute to mitigate the disease. There is no trade in cattle 
from the “far East.” Whatever does come from eastern points comes from Ken- 
tucky, Ohio, and Indiana, and is mainly thoroughbred stock for the improvement of 
the native cattle. There is only one distillery from which cattle are sent to these 
yards. 
About four years ago a number of sensational articles appeared in the newspapers 
about the “ swill-fed ” and diseased cattle that came from, Illinois and were sold in 
these yards. The company sent Charles T. Jones, superintendent, to thoroughly in- 
vestigate these scovies, and he found there was no distillery at the place where it was 
said these diseased cattle came from, consequently there could be no truth in the 
stories, and the newspaper correspondent was obliged to take back the statements ho 
had made. Near the stock yards are the works of the Saint Louis Beef Canning Com- 
pany. I examined the lungs of cattle killed here and none of them were diseased. 
Mr. Hamilton, superintendent, stated that diseased livers were sometines found, 
but that the lungs were sound. 
My next endeavor was to ascertain if the cows in the dairies were also free from 
lung plague. I began by examining the cows of Martin Wohlend, 2436 Columbus 
avenue, who keeps 28 head. They were all healthy. The stable is 12 feet high. Each 
cow has a space 3 feet wide and 8 feet long, with a passage-way 4 feet wide in front 
and 2 feet wide behind, in addition to feeding trough 12 inches wide and 9 inches 
high, and a manure gutter 1 foot wide and 4 inches deep, The food given is distillery 
slop, brewers’ grains, wheat, bran, and hay. The drainage and ventilation was very 
good. 
Twelve cows belonging to Tobias Burk, Columbus avenue, were healthy. None 
have died. The stalls wese 8 feet high, 7 feet long, and 2 cows had a space 6 feet in 
width. The diet was slop, malt, bran, and hay. 
H. A. Held, Sidney street, 37 cows, also healthy. In four years only 1 cow has died. 
The stalls were 10 feet high, 8 feet long, with a space feet wide for 2 cows. It was 
a square stable, built of brick, with the cows tied in two double rows facing each 
other, and a passage-way 3 feet wide between each two rows. The stable is lighted 
by windows in the side of the building. Fresh cows are bought of cow dealers who 
bring them to the stable, and the purchaser knows nothing of the previous history of 
the animal, which might have come from an infected stable for anything he knows; 
but as no disease is developed it is reasonable to suppose that no disease exists where 
the fresh cows come from. 
SAIXT LOUIS. 
Frank Young, Jackson street, has 12 cows; all were healthy, and he states that none 
have died. The stalls were 8 feet high, 5 feet wide, and 7 feet long, and a passage- THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
99 
way 3 feet wide behind the cows. He buys fresh cows in Illinois and sells fat ones to 
the butcher. 
Xavier Wieget, Columbus avenue, has 50 cows, which were healthy, and states that 
not one cow has died in live years. This is also a brick stable, arranged similar to 
the others, and is well lighted and ventilated. A small fenced yard joins the stable, 
into which the cows are turned in fine weather for exercise. 
Hermon Kropper, Kosette street, has 7 cows, that were healthy, and states that 
but one had died from his herd this season ; none of the others were sick. 
Frank Eempsberger has 82 cows in one stable that was well lighted, though not 
sufficiently ventilated. These cows remain tied in their places from the time they 
come in fresh until they get fat and are sold to the butcher. It was stated that this 
season none had died, though it is not uncommon in some years for two or three to 
die. The cows were all healthy. The drainage was into a sewer. 
Fresh cows are bought of cow dealers, two or three at a time, as they are needed to 
keep up the supply of milk. As is the practice with the other dairymen I visited, 
distillery slop is run into troughs in front of the cattle and they drink it; brewers7 
grains and wheat bran are mixed together and given them, and in addition hay is fed 
to them. 
On Manchester road are some stock-yards which were formerly used by the Missouri 
Pacific Railroad, but now the railroad does not land stock, and the yards are used by 
cow dealers and butchers to keep their cattle in. 
H. Bischoff, a butcher who has a slaughter-house in these yards and who kills from 
50 to 75 cattle per week, stated that in the cattle he killed the lungs showed less 
signs of disease than any other of the internal organs. He also stated that several 
years ago, when the milkmen’s cows were dying in great numbers, that he opened 
several of them and found the heart, liver, and spleen enlarged, the urine bloody, and 
the fat very yellow. The lungs were not affected. From this description it appears 
evident that the disease was Texas fever. 
In the yards were a herd of about 25 steers which Mr. Bischoff said he was in the 
habit of herding upon the commons during the day and they were driven into the 
yards at night. One can readily see how this practice would spread the malady from 
cows grazing over the same ground with steers. 
Several cow dealers said the only diseases they had seen among cows was dry mur- 
rain and bloody murrain. From the bloody appearance of the urine in Texas fever, 
it is obvious that this disease was meant by the latter name. 
The Saint Louis Union stock-yards, situated on the Saint Louis side of the river, is 
also a large cattle market. For 1880 the receipts of cattle were 112,920 head; ship- 
ments, 10,480. 
W. A. Ramsey, superintendent, stated that the only disease among cattle here was 
Texas fever, and that this year there had been less than ever of that disease. The 
cause of its becoming less and less each year, he thought, was due to the fact that the 
cattle in Texas were becoming more domesticated. Large numbers of wellbred bulls 
were taken into the State every year and had greatly improved the grade of cattle. 
A greater amount of land is being cultivated, which changes the character of the 
herbage and may have some influence in preventing the disease. The number of 
deaths was greatest in 1876 from Texas fever. He stated that there was but very 
little trade in eastern dairy calves; the majority of that stock goes to Chicago mar- 
ket and is distributed from there. 
Mr. Pegram, a cattle dealer, said there had been less than a dozen loads of eastern 
■dairy calves shipped through these yards this season. He had not seen a single steer 
die of Texas fever in the yards this season. On account of this disease farmers for 
whom he does business would not receive “ stockers,” i. e., young cattle to be fattened 
by them during the warm summer months, because they would die in large numbers 
on reaching their farms. This season, however, he had bought and shipped stockers 
during July and August, and had no trouble about cattle dying; which was pretty 
good evidence that the disease was not so prevalent as in former years. He said that 
no cattle here were affected with lung plague/ 
W. S. Hensley, another cattle dealer,, said he had never seen a case of lung plague 
in the yards or anywhere else; does not knowT what the disease is. Had not seen 
three steers sick with Texas fever this season. Other years numbers of cattle had 
died from it, but it Avas becoming less and less prevalent each year, due, he thought, 
to the better breeding of cattle in Texas. 
The experience and statements of other cattle dealers was essentially the same as 
that of those given. 
The cattle in the yards and those in slaughter-houses near by were healthy. There 
are no commons around the yards. 
John Crowley, veterinary surgeon, said he had not seen any cases of lung plague 
since coming to the United States, either in his practice in Saint Louis or in Spring- 
field, 111., where he had practiced for a number of years before coming to Saint Louis. 
I examined the cows of Arnold Steinlager, Prarie avenue, who keeps 60 head. Not 100 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
one was affected with lung plague. He states that he has not lost a single cow in 
two years. Before that he lost 10 cows in one week from Texes fever contracted by 
allowing them to graze on commons where Texas cattle had been herded. Now he 
has a fenced pasture, into which no strange cattle are allowed to come, and does not 
buy fresh cows in the warm summer months, and thus escapes the fever. 
Wm, Klinger, Natural Bridge road, has 40 cows, which were free from lung plague. 
They are allowed to graze on the commons in the vicinity, yet have never contracted 
any lung disease. He states that none of his cows have died this season. Four years 
ago, when in another part of the city, he lost fifteen out of twenty-five head from 
Texas fever. The stable was very dirty and filthy from the manure that was not 
properly cleaned up, and from the mud on all sides, from lack of provision for drain- 
age. It was very imperfectly built of boards, and large cracks in the sides caused 
the cows to be exposed to the effects of cold and rain. 
H. Bunten, Natural Bridge road, has 40 cows, which were healthy. He stated 
that none had died this season. Three years ago five had died. These cows are also 
turned out on the commons. The stable was kept in very good condition. 
John Groh, Natural Bridge road, has 50 cows that were healthy, and states that 
none have died. 
Charles Burns, Natural Bridge road, has 22 cows that were healthy, and states that 
none have died. 
All these dairymen are in the habit of feeding distillery slop, which is run into 
troughs in front of the cattle. Brewers’ grains, wheat bran, and hay are also fed. 
They buy fresh cows of dealers and sell their fat ones to the butcher. 
During the warm weather they are a little apprehensive of their cows taking Texas 
fever, but after the first frost all fears of that disease are removed. 
S. W. Steigers, Saint Louis avenue, has a dairy upon a farm that has been used for 
that purpose for a great many years. He has 150 cows which I examined and found 
none with lung plague. He states that this summer two only have died. Six years 
ago 15 died of Texas fever, which was the only serious outbreak of disease that ever 
occurred upon the place. His practice is to buy springers, either of cow dealers at 
the stock-yards or of farmers, and to keep them until they calve, when they are 
placed in the dairy and remain eight or nine months, when they are sold to butchers 
for beef. The cows have large pastures to graze in, are only put in the stable to be 
milked, at which time they are fed brewers’ grains and wheat bran, mixed together 
in about equal parts and moistened with slop. 
From all the facts that I was able to gather, and from the number of cows exam- 
ined, I consider that there is no lung plague in the dairies of Saint Louis, but that 
they have been troubled and have sustained heavy losses from the Texan cattle dis- 
ease. 
KANSAS CITY. 
At Kansas City stock yards, in Kansas City, Mo., is one of the most important 
cattle markets in the West. The receipts in 1880 were 244,709; the shipments, 244,281 
head of cattle. 
C. F. Morse, manager of the yards, stated that the cattle had been freer from dis- 
ease this year than for any season since the yards had been in operation, which was 
ten years. There had not been a sick steer in the yards this season. The only dis- 
ease that had ever affected the cattle here was Texas fever, and even that did not 
now prevail to such an extent as it did formerly. 
The only calf trade that had been carried on here •was done last winter by a few 
dealers as a sort of experiment. They brought a few car-loads from Ohio and put 
them upon the market. 
Mr. Morse thought the experiment was not likely to be repeated, as those who feed 
cattle prefer young cattle from Kansas and Colorado, as they are better bred, are 
higher grades, and take on fat more readily. Dairy cows and their calves are not 
offered for sale here, as farmers find it more profitable to fatten their cows and sell 
them for beef. 
The cattle handled here are fat cattle and “stockers,” though a good many thorough- 
breds pass through the yards on their way to the western stock ranges. 
There are no commons around these yards, but cows, belonging to people in the city 
who keep only one cow and turn it out into the streets to get its own living, often 
wander into the alleys between the cattle pens in search of hay or ears of corn which 
the cattle did not eat. None of these cows were diseased, though they could become 
infected if any of the cattle in the pens were infected. All the cattle in the yards 
were healthy. 
I next visited Plankinton & Armour’s packing-house. They were killing between 
three and four hundred cattle per day, as this was the height of the packing season ; 
and after the season was over, they kill from 25 to 30 cattle per day to supply their 
retail meat market. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
101 
The superintendent said that whenever a diseased hnllock was found, that it was 
“ tanked,” and not sold for food. He had not found it necessary to “tank” more than 
half a dozen steers since the house was built in 1870. The cattle were very healthy, 
and were not diseased. 
I examined the lungs of a number of cattle, and also found them sound. 
The only feeding stable is at the distillery of E. L. Martin & Co. Some new sheds 
had been put up this fall, that would hold 1,632 head. 
I visited the stable November 16, when there were 1,617 steers tied up, the first ones 
being put in October 19. There were none that showed any symptoms of lung 
plague. There were two or three that had been badly scalded by the hot slop run- 
ning over on to them; with that exception none of them were sick. The stable is 
built near the Missouri River on posts 4 feet high, consequently the drainage was all 
that could be wished. Each steer has a space 3 feet wide, 8 feet high behind, and 16 
feet in front, and 6 feet long. Between the feeding troughs of two rows is an alley 3 
feet wide with a door at each end and a ventilator above, 2 feet high along the whole 
length of the building. There are twenty-four windows 2 feet high and 2-J- feet long 
in each end, and 34 along the side, of the same size, which admit air. 
J. E. Fred has a dairy of 125 cows, which he feeds upon slop brought through a 
long tube from the same distillery. He states that he has lost but four cows, which, 
died of milk fever. He has some cows that he has kept for five years. He buys only 
the best cows that he can find, and likes to buy the best cows of dairymen who are 
selling out, which would show that there Avas no danger of bringing disease in from 
other dairies. He ties them up only for milking, and alloAvs them to feed in the pas- 
ture the remainder of the time. The coavs AArere free from lung plague. 
Charles Maukameyer, East Eighteenth street, has 15 cows, which were healthy. 
In six years he states that but tAVO cows have died. 
E. A. Axtel, East Eighteenth street, has 13 cows that Avere healthy and states that 
none have died. 
Thomas M. Turner has 45 cows that Avere healthy and none have died. 
At the Rock Spring dairy were 60 coavs that Avere healthy. It aauis stated that tAvo 
had died this season. 
H. N. Smith, Woodland .avenue, had 45 coavs that AArere healthy, and states that 
none have died. 
John Ly nn, near Old Fair Grounds, had 24 coavs that were healthy, and states that 
one only had died this summer. 
These dairymen have very good stables, Avell drained and A'entilated. They have 
fenced pasture lots and keep their coavs from year to year. Whenever neAV ones are 
bought they are bought of farmers. The feed, in addition to hay and grass, is wheat 
bran and corn meal. No lung plague has eArer been known among the cattle in Kan- 
sas City, though this is a market where large numbers are handled. 
HAMILTON, MO. 
I had been informed that eastern dairy calves had been shipped from New York 
city into Hamilton, CaldAvell County, Missouri, and it Avas thought best to ascertain 
if any Avith lung plague had been introduced. 
On arriving in Hamilton I Avas informed by Judge Austin, Avho deals in cattle, that 
there had been eastern calves brought into this section, and that many of them had 
died, but from improper treatment and Avant of care, and not from disease. The only- 
disease that troubled stockowners here, he stated, was Texas fever, and even that was 
easily controlled. 
Jacob W. Esteb said he was engaged in shipping eastern calves, and last season 
shipped 700, which he bought in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio, and not in 
Ncaa- York city. These calves he sold to farmers in the vicinity, and about 50 of them 
died. This season he had bought 170 in nearly the same locality. He Avas fourteen 
days on the road, being delayed a Aveek in one place by a Avrecked train, and Avas un- 
able to get sufficient food for the calves. Upon arriving in Hamilton, in a cold storm 
of sleet and rain, the half-starved calves were turned into a field without shelter and 
without food. About 25 of them had died, perhaps more; he had not kept account of 
the exact number. 1 examined 20 of the poorest of them, the others had been sent 
to a neighboring farm. They Avere very poor, shivering Avith the cold, and covered 
with snoAv ; icicles were hanging from their hair, as they Avere unprotected from the 
cold storm. They ate eagerly of some food that Avas brought them, as the ground Avas 
coA’ered with snow and they could obtain no grass. Some could scarcely stand up, 
they Avere so weak and exhausted. The lungs were not hepatized and there were no 
abnormal sounds in respiration. The temperatures of two was 100°.4 Fah., and 100°.6 
Fah. A native cow in the same field with these calves showed no sign of disease. 
The change of climate from warm stables to cold prairie storms, without shelter and 102 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
very little food, was sufficient to cause tire high mortality among them. Ho disease is 
known where these calves came from. 
The only other person engaged in shipping eastern calves was C. J. Puffer. Last 
season he obtained his calves in Chautauqua County, New York. This season he 
bought 111 in the vicinity, of Garretsville, Ohio. He had used great care in selecting 
only strong, vigorous calves, and in shipping them had unloaded, fed, and rested them 
at six different places between here and Ohio. He sold them all to a farmer in Came- 
ron, Mo., Septembers, and none had died since that time. The difference was no doubt 
due to better animals having been selected in the first place, and then greater care 
having been given to them upon arriving at the farm. 
COUNCIL BLUFFS. 
The next place visited was Council Bluffs, lowa. The superintendent of the stock 
yards, J. F. Boyd, stated that there had not been more than three sick cattle in the 
yards this season. Since July 1, 152,000 head had passed through these yards to Chi- 
cago. They were not troubled with Texas fever, as cattle did not come direct from 
the plains of Texas here, but had been fed in some of the States west of lowa for a 
season before being put on the market, and in that case they did not communicate the 
fever to native cattle. The only disease he had heard of in the vicinity was anthrax, 
of which a number of cows that were grazing upon “the bottoms” had died in the 
spring. Owing to the heavy rains, the river had overflowed its banks, and corn and 
other vegetable matter floating upon the water had been left upon the land when the 
water subsided. A very rank vegetation sprang up, and cows eating of this rank grass 
and the partially decayed kernels of corn became affected with anthrax and died very 
rapidly. As soon as the cause was known, the people in the city kepttheir cows away 
from “ the bottoms” and no more of them died. 
Dr. Foote, veterinary surgeon, had been employed by the Western Stock Associa- 
tion of Cheyenne, Wyo., and stationed at the yards to examine all cattle going to 
their stock ranges in Wyoming and Colorado. Mr. Boyd said that he believed none 
of the cattle had been found diseased, nor turned back as suspicious. Dr. Foote was 
not engaged at that now, as cattle were coming away from the ranges to the market. 
No eastern dairy calves came here, and but very few dairy cows. There were then in 
the yards 10 car-loads of fat steers from Oregon on their way to Chicago. They were 
perfectly healthy and free from disease. 
The only feeding sheds in the vicinity were at Omaha, directly across the river, at 
P. E. Her & Co.’s distillery. I visited these sheds November 19 and was informed 
that cattle had been fed here every season for the last ten or twelve years. Last 
season 1,800 head were fed, and there were then in the sheds 1,565 head, the first ones 
having been put in September 18. It was stated that last year during the season about 
30 had died, this year so far 13. They had been shipped long distances in the cars, and 
some had received bruises from which they died. They were wild, never having been 
tied up, and became entangled in their chains and were choked. They were said to be 
Montana cattle which had been grazed one season in Colorado and Nebraska and then 
sent to these stables. No contagious disease has ever appeared among them, neither 
were there any animals suffering from lung plague, at the time of my visit. They are 
fed here upon slop and hay, as at other distilleries, for six or eight mouths, and when 
fat are sent to eastern markets. The space allowed each animal is 3 feet wide, 7 feet 
long, and 6 feet high behind, 22 feet high in front. A manure alley 5 feet wide, and 
a feeding alley 4 feet wide, run between the rows of cattle. Air for ventilation enters 
by an opening 10 inches wide along the whole length of the shed and passes out through 
an opening 2 feet wide in the peak of the roof for the entire length of the shed. 
Swinging doors are placed over these openings, so that they may be opened or closed 
as becomes necessary. All manure and urine pass by well-constructed drains into the 
river. 
About one half a mile from this distillery I examined a dairy of 54 cows, belonging 
to Henry Henningsen. The cows were allowed to run at large most of the time and 
mingle with other cattle. The stable was of rude construction yet well drained and 
clean. The cows were perfectly healthy, and it was stated that none had died. 
The cow-stables in Council Bluffs examined were the following: George H. Hop- 
kins, Twelfth street, 150 head, of which 75 were giving milk, the others were year- 
lings and dry cows; Peter Leonard, 24 cows; John Oberholtzer, 62 cows; George 
Scherrer, North Ninth street, 32 head, of which 20 gave milk; Thomas Harl, near 
Driving Park, 100 head, 62 giving milk. None of these animals had lung plague, 
and their owners stated they never had the disease in their herds. The feed given 
was brewers’ grains, wheat, bran, and corn. The stables were rudely built and af- 
forded little protection from the weather. The cows are kept from year to year ; 
fresh ones, when required, are bought of neighboring farmers. 
Charles Rockwitz, South Thirteenth street, carries on the rendering works, and 
stated that last spring, when anthrax was prevalent among the cows, he got about THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
103 
50. The deaths were among the cows of people who kept twro or three, and let them 
ran at large and get their own living. The dairymen kept their stock in fenced 
pastures, and they did not lose any. He got about 200 cattle from the stockyards 
during a year, hut that they died from getting down in the cars and trampled upon 
by the other cattle, or from accidents or injuries received in shipping. 
GEXESEO, ILL. 
At Geneseo, 111., On the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific Railroad, are extensive 
feeding-yards for stock shipped by this railroad. In 1879 there were fed here 77,398 
head of cattle; 1880, 92,182, and in ten months of 1881, 105,681. Most of the cattle 
arrive here in the morning, are unloaded from the cars, are fed and watered, and 
remain in the pens until night, when they are again put into the cars and started off 
for Chicago, where they arrive next morning. 
Col. J. Galligan, manager of the yards, stated that they never have any sick 
cattle here. Texas cattle do not come by this route, so that there is no Texas fever. 
Farmers and feeders living within six or eight miles unload their stockers at these 
yards, and then drive them out upon their farms. They do not contract any disease by so 
doing. Owing to the scarcity of feed this year, but few stockers have passed through. 
The scarcity of feed has also prevented as many eastern dairy calves from passing 
through as last year. One hundred car-loads passed throngh.on their way west last 
year; this year not half that number. The calves were brought from Michigan, 
Ohio, and New York, from districts that are not infected with lung plague. There 
were no such cattle in the yards at the time I visited them. 
Walter Young has had from 15 to 18 head grazing in a pasture adjoining the yards 
all summer. Only a board fence separated them from the cattle in the pens. Mr. 
Young stated that none of his herd had been sick or had died during the summer. I 
examined six of the herd, the others belonged to persons living in town and were 
sent out to pasture, and found them perfectly healthy. 
GALESBURG, ILL. 
At Galesburg, 111., on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad are also ex- 
tensive feeding yards for stock ;W. Seacord, superintendent. In 1880, there were fed 
here 127,184 head of cattle, and it was stated that this year the number would be con- 
siderably larger. The cattle remain from five to twenty-four hours. The yards were 
built in 1870, and there had never been any trouble from sick cattle since that time. 
The calves that come through here from east come from Indiana, Ohio, and New 
York. Texas cattle do not come here directly, but after they have been fed a season 
or two in Kansas, Nebraska, and lowa, or other Western States. About 100 head of 
“ stockers ” had been unloaded here this season going to farms within six or eight 
miles. A good many cows come here from lowa on their Avay to Elgin, 111., Avhere cows 
are kept that supply a large part of the milk for Chicago. 
In a field adjoining the yards there had been a number of cows pastured belonging 
to the superintendent and other persons in town, and cold or stormy nights they had 
been put into the sheds of the cattle pens for protection. Never had any of them 
been sick or in the least affected Avith disease. Stray cows Avonld also come into the 
yards and wander around the alleys and pens Avithout becoming infected. 
Geo. W. Foote, M. I)., president of the board of health, said cattle in this section 
had been invariably healthy. For the last forty years he had been more or less in- 
terested in cattle and he could say with perfect certainty that there had been no 
disease among them. 
Wm. Clay said he fed about 125 head of cattle and had no disease among them, 
neither had he heard of any in this section. 
PEORIA, ILL. 
The next place I visited was Peoria, 111., November 26th. At the distillery of Wool- 
lier Bros. Distilling Company, E. Meyers & Co., of Chicago, are feeding cattle. The 
present number is 1,300, of Avhich 100 are bulls and the remainder native steers or 
steers from lowa, Indiana, Wisconsin, or Minnesota. The first had been put in about 
six Aveeks before. The annual loss was stated to be about 1 per cent. The causes of 
death being from eating too much (tympanitis), from being choked by the chains, 
from slipping and breaking a leg, or from Texas fever. I examined the lungs of two 
that had-died recently and found them healthy, as were the cattle in the sheds. The 
sheds are built in the ordinary manner, Avith the exception of two Avhich are built in 
tAvo stories Avith cattle in the basement. These basements are but 6 feet high, Avhich 
would alloAv for each only 220.5 cubic feet space. «They are dark, light only entering 
at each end of the feeding alley and by a Tbav windows on one side next to the river. 104 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
There is no provision for the warm air to escape, the floor overhead being water-tight, 
and the air was charged with ammonia from the decomposing manure and damp 
from the steam of the hot slop. It was stated however that the cattle fatten quicker 
in this basement, and an additional one had been built this fall. The drainage of 
this as well as of all the sheds here is into the river. The feed in all these stables is 
slop three or four times per day and hay once, but in some twice per day. Salt is also 
given once a day in order that the cattle may drink as much slop as possible. No 
water is given and no bedding is placed in the stalls for them to lie upon. 
At C. S. Clark & Co.’s distillery, C. C. Clark is feeding cattle. The present num- 
ber is 960, which were begun to be put in September 24th, and in a month’s time 
were all tied up. The stables are wooden sheds and allow for each animal 886.75 
cubic feet space. The stock were bought in lowa, with the exception of a few car- 
loads from Chicago. 
Mr. Clark stated that 9 had died this season, 2 from Texas fever and the others 
from being crippled. He had been on the lookout for lung plague, but had never 
found any among his cattle. He took considerable pains to examine the lungs of cat- 
tle that died, but never found them abnormal in appearance. Some steers are affected 
with a wheeze in breathing, but he has found that due to a lump in the throat (pro- 
bably enlarged thyroid). The only disease he was afraid of was Texas fever, and the 
chance of getting that among his cattle he avoided by purchasing in lowa and North- 
ern States. 
Mr. Clark called my attention especially to one steer that had what he called “thick 
wind,” and the circumstances of purchase made him suspicions. The temperature 
of the steer was 101.3° Fall., and the lungs perfectly resonant and healthy. I con- 
sidered him free from lung plague as well as all the others upon the premises. In a 
yard, turned loose, were 15 or 20 with sores or bruises upon them that are not tied up 
until they recover. 
At Zell, Rchwabecker & Co.’s, J. M. Greenbaum & Co., of Chicago, are the owners 
of the cattle. The present number is 2,200 head, part of which were western steers 
from Colorado, Nebraska, Montana, or Oregon, and the others native steers. One 
large brick stable would hold 1,150 head, and was well lighted and ventilated. The 
roof was 14 feet above the floor at the lowest place anl 25 at the highest, which would 
give on an average 672.75 cubic feet space to each. The other cattle were in wooden 
sheds of the ordinary pattern. The cattle were perfectly healthy, and the annual loss 
was stated to be 1 per cent. In a yard, loose, were about a dozen cripples. 
At the Great Western Distillery, Nelson Morris of Chicago is the owner of the cattle, 
J. F. Greenhut, agent. One largebrick stable built this year and not entirely finished 
holds 2,700 head. It is built in a series of tiers rising from 10 to 28 feet, giving for 
the average 714.875 cubic feet space. Instead of being tied with chains, as was the 
practice in all the other stables I had before visited, the cattle were couflued in pens 
31 feet wide and 7 feet long, with a bar across the rear end to prevent them from 
backing out. A stream of water flows constantly through a sewer in the center of 
the building, and carries away the manure and urine into the river. The lighting 
and ventilation was all that could be desired. One-third of these cattle came direct 
from Council Bluff's, and the others from Chicago. They were put in between Octo- 
ber 18 and November 17 ; three had died since that time. 
Mr. Greenhut also stated that there had been less disease this year than for any 
year since he had been feeding. Sometimes 2 per cent, die of Texas fever, which is 
the only contagious disease he has seen among the cattle. He never had any lung 
plague in the stables. The usual loss he stated to be 1 per cent. I examined the 
cattle and found not one suffering with lung plague. 
At Spurk and Francis’ distillery, Nelson Morris, of Chicago, is owner of the cattle. 
The present number is 1,600 head, put in about September 1. The sheds were the 
ordinary wooden ones. The cattle were free from lung plague. 
At J. W. Johnson’s distillery, Biggins and Vincent are the owners of the cattle. 
The present number is 1,245 head that were put in about September 1. It was stated 
that three had died since that time. The sheds were the ordinary ones. Three 
cripples were in the yard, but were free from lung plague, as were the other cattle. 
At the Monarch distillery, Nelson Morris is the owner of the cattle. The present 
number is 3,596 head, of which the majority was put in about September 1, though 
some had been in all summer. The sheds were built of wood, but sufficiently lighted 
and ventilated. The cattle were confined in pens and not tied. The annual loss 
was stated to be about 30 head. No cases of lung plague among them. 
At G. T. Barker & Co.’s, Wilson & Co., of Peoria, are the owners of the cattle. 
The present number is 1,503 head, of which 100 were loose in a yard, and the others 
were tied up in the ordinary wooden sheds. The cattle were shipped direct from 
Northern lowa, and it was stated that but one had died since coming here. They 
were healthy and free from lung plague. 
At Bush & Brown’s distillery, Sadler & Wilson are feeding cattle. The present 
number is 820 head, which were put in at different times since the middle of July. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
105 
It was stated that three had died in that time. The sheds were the ordinary wooden 
ones. There were none affected with lung plague. 
I visited the rendering works of Axman & Co., who get the dead cattle from the 
distillery sheds. The number per year obtained was given at from 200 to 300. I 
examined the lungs of several that had been recently obtained, and they showed no 
lesions of lung plague. 
INDIANAPOLIS. 
Indianapolis, Ind., was the next place visited. Dr. Jefferies, secretary of the board 
of health, said that so far as his observations extended the cattle here were very 
healthy. Feed was abundant, so that the dairymen were not obliged to keep their 
cows tied up in close stables and feed them fermenting food, like brewers’ grains and 
slop, except for a short time during the winter. The dairies were in the suburbs, 
where abundant pasturage could be obtained. 
Capt. A. D. Harvey has been engaged in gathering statistics for the Bureau at 
Washington upon the diseases in neat stock for this township. He stated that the 
only affection he had learned of among cattle was “ sore eyes,” where one-third of 
the animals attacked became blind. He had never heard of any other disease among 
the cattle in the State. 
E. H. Pritchard, Y. S., has been practicing in this city nine years and has not had 
a single case of lung plague. He has had extensive practice in herds of imported 
cattle in this State and in Eastern Illinois. Complaints connected with calving, and 
parturient apoplexy, are the chief causes of death among cattle. 
John H. Navin, veterinary surgeon, said that in fourteen years’practice here he 
had not seen a single case of lung plague. In 1838 there was an outbreak of Texas 
fever among some of the dairy cows. Other veterinary surgeons also said there was 
no lung plague among the cattle here. The Union Stock Yard Company have 105 
acres devoted to their purposes of which 16 acres are shedded over. The receipts of 
cattle for 1880 were 132,655 head, the shipments 110,599 head. 
Col. M. A. Downing, superintendent, said there had never been a disease of 
any description among the cattle at these yards. Texas cattle come here, but not 
direct from the plains. The great bulk of the trade is in cattle shipped from the West 
to the East, and that the trade in the opposite direction consisted principally in 
“blooded stock” from Kentucky and Ohio, not extending further east than the latter 
State. Even from Ohio there had not been a dozen car-loads of stock since the yards 
were built. The yard-master as well as several commission merchants were unani- 
mous in declaring that no contagious disease was known among the cattle here. 
M. H. Wright renders the dead animals of the yards. He stated there had been no 
disease among the cattle. The dead cattle averaged two or three per month. Refer- 
ence to his accounts showed in September three, August four, October none, and in 
November three. 
Adjoining the yards were fields in which 18 cattle were grazing. They were healthy, 
and I was assured by the owners that none had been sick or in any way affected. 
They were on stormy nights put into the pens for cattle. All about upon the unoc- 
cupied lots were stray cows feeding unmolested wherever they chose, often straying 
into the alleys of the cattle pens in search of ears of corn or other food. A cow had 
even intruded into a park in the very center of the city, and was feeding upon the 
grass on the lawns. 
A. H. Barker’s Sons distillery, Mount Jackson, is the only place where cattle are 
fed. The present number is 350 head, of which 260 are tied up in a stable, and the 
remainder are loose in a yard. The cattle were bought, part of them in the stock- 
yards, and part of them in the country. They were put in about September 1, and 
twelve had died since that time. It was stated that no contagious disease.ever ex- 
isted among the cattle, nor was there any when I examined them. The drainage and 
ventilation was very good. The stable was built of boards, and gave 420.8 cubic 
feet space to each steer. Slop is fed three times a day, and wheat-straw once. 
Birk & Miller, who render the dead animals of the city, said that the number of 
cows average per year about 50, and that milk fever was the principal cause of death 
among them. 
The following city dairies I examined, and did not in a single instance find any cat- 
tle with lung plague: 
J. W. Bruce, College avenue, has 30 head, including 20 cows. He states he has not 
lost any for three years. He raises his own cows by keeping the heifer calves of his 
best cows; keeps them in a pasture, except during the time they are milked. Part of 
the summer they were turned upon the commons near by where were cows from vari- 
ous parts of the city. No disease was contracted. In addition to hay and grass, he 
gives cut corn-fodder, cabbage, and refuse from corn-starch factory, mixed together, 
and steamed until soft. 
J. L. Kenyon, Central avenue, has 46 cows. His practice is to buy fresh cows at 
stock-yards, keep them until fat, and sell to the butcher. They are kept in a fenced THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
pasture away from all other stock, and are put in the stable only to be milked, and in 
stormy weather. He feeds malt, corn-starch feed, bran, and cut corn-fodder. 
North of the city, two miles from those just mentioned, I examined the following: 
Andrew Caldwell, Brookside avenue, has 17 cows that were in a fenced pasture near 
the stable. They are allowed to run upon the commons, across the street, part of the 
time. In four years three cows had died, but milk fever was given as the cause of 
death. • Fresh cows are bought of farmers in the country, and kept from year to year. 
David D. Mills, Keystone avenue, has 25 cows that were roaming about upon the 
commons, but he assured me he never had any trouble with disease among them. 
B. F. Hill had 11 cows upon the same commons, and had no disease among them. 
Lewis Page, Pendleton pike, has 20 cows that were in the stable when I saw them, 
but run upon the commons that surround the place, most of the time. The stable was 
dirty, poorly built, with no drainage, the manure thrown out at one end and remained 
there. Cows are bought of cow-dealers, and kept until fat. 
Fletcher dairy, Brightwood, near toll-gate, has 70 head, including 30 milch cows. 
They were in a fenced pasture, away from other stock. They are kept from year to 
year, and fresh stock is raised. The feed, in addition to hay and grass, is malt, corn- 
starch feed, and bran. 
John F. Candell, Brightwood, 33 cows, that were out upon the commons. 
J. W.Crank, Brightwood, 51 cows, that were also upon the commons. No disease 
is ever contracted by thus allowing their cows to mingle with those of various own- 
ers from the neighboring localities. The feed and general management was similar 
to those before mentioned. 
Samuel Sheils, Brightwood, has 16 cows upon a farm dairy a mile away from any 
of the others; has been in the dairy business ten years in different places around the 
city and in some large dairies, but says he has never known of a contagious disease 
among the cows. 
East of the city I examined the following dairies ; 
Henry Wagner, Shelbyville pike, has 34 head, 21 of them milch cows. They are 
allowed to run on the common most of the summer. Fresh cows are bought of deal- 
ers, and fat ones sold to butchers. Feed is malt, corn-starch feed, and bran. 
Wm. Melloh, Shelbyville pike, 31 head, 26 milch cows. I examined them in an in- 
closed pasture ; yet commons surround the place, and the cows are sometimes herded 
upon them. Fresh stock is bought in the country and at stock-yards. 
About one mile a way were a herd of 52 thoroughbred Jerseys, belonging to Watson 
J. Hassleraan. Some were imported directly from the Jersey Isles, and others were 
raised upon the place. Their milk is sold in the city, and commands a high price. 
Wheat-bran is fed in addition to hay and grass. None have died. They are kept in 
a fenced pasture in summer, away from other stock. On the same farm were 22 cows 
belonging to Wm. Mead. 
Wm. L. Pyle has 50 cows. He has pasturage for them, and feeds besides malt, bran, 
and corn-starch feed ; he buys fresh cows wherever he can find good ones, milks them 
as long as they give milk, and then fattens and sells to butcher. None have died. I 
examined the lungs of cattle killed at Kingan & Co.’s, John H. Crosby’s, and at other 
slaughter-houses. They were all healthy. 
CINCINNATI. 
The last city I visited was Cincinnati, Ohio, December 7. The stock-yards are 
known as the United Railroad stock-yards. The receipts in 1830 were 183,«25 head 
of cattle ; shipments, 84,189. There is stationed here by the board of health a live- 
stock inspector, whose especial business it is to look after diseased animals and pre- 
vent them from being used as food. He stated that there was no contagious disease 
like lung plague among the cattle. The amount of Texas fever was very small, as 
the few Texas cattle that came here in the summer time were put in separate pens, 
away from the other cattle. There were crippled and bruised cattle that he con- 
demned, and were sent to the rendering works. I inspected with him upon several 
days the cattle offered for sale. There were no sick ones among them. All grades of 
cattle are put upon the market, from fat cattle that would do credit to any fat-stock 
show, to very lean and old cows used by sausage-makers. Fresh cows and their 
calves, “ stockers ” and “ feeders ” are for sale also. Commission merchants and cat- 
tle-dealers all stated that there was no lung plague in the cattle here. 
The feeding-stables, in connection with the Mill Creek Distilling Company, known 
as “ Gaff’s distillery,” have a capacity for feeding 2,400 cattle. From this number fed 
last year L. Sadler, of the Arm of J. H. Sadler & Co., who own the cattle, stated that 
only six died during the entire season. The only trouble they have had from disease 
was two years ago 15 or 20 died of Texas fever. Now they waited until after there 
had been a good frost before filling Up, and avoided the fever. The largest stable 
is 300 feet long, 131 feet wide, and averages 12 feat high. It will hold 1,000 head, 
giving 471.60 cubic feet space to each. The ventilation is by a ventilator, 12 feet wide THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
107 
and 4 feet high, along the whole length of the hnilding. There were 600 cattle in this 
stable, which had been put in at various times since November 1. It was intended to 
fill up tbe stable as soon as the cattle could be obtained. They were all healthy. 
Among the other stables was one built in 1858, which had been used ever since to feed 
cattle in. It contained 270 steers put in the last of September. The other stables were 
built upon the same general plan as those before mentioned. All the cattle were 
healthy. It was stated that but three or four had died this season. 
At White Mills distillery Mr. Duckworth is feeding abont 700 cattle. The practice 
here is to feed two lots a year, one lot put in the stables in August or September, and 
sold in January; and another lot put in in October and November, and sold in May 
and June, Cattle have been fed in this way for eight or nine years, and with no 
losses from disease. The cattle were bought at the stock-yards. Three had died. 
The sheds were built in the ordinary way, and allowed for each 318.75 cubic feet 
space. In one end were 30 cows belonging to a milkman, fed in the same manner as 
the steers. All were healthy. 
At G. H. Rabe’s distillery Abraham First is the owner of the cattle. There are at 
present 335 cattle that have been in about two months. The general arrangements 
for feeding, ventilating, &c., were about the same as at other places. In an adjoin- 
ing shed H. Beler had 48 cows that were kept for milk and 30 bulls that were being 
fattened. The shed was built like the others, except that seven feet from the floor it 
was boarded over and hay was stored above the cattle. This allowed for no escape 
of foul air through the ventilators in the roof, and gave 294 cubic feet space each. 
The fat ones are sold to the butcher in the spring, and fresh cows are bought of 
dealers to fill their places. In the summer they are turned out to pasture during the 
day. No lung plague among the cattle. 
At Maddox, Hobart & Co.’s distillery, Guest street, were 482 cattle. Some of these 
were bulls that had been fed during the summer. They were very fat, and were being 
sold for beef. In this way about six hundred cattle are fed during the year. 
Most of the steers were put in abont September 1. In the summer the bulls are given 
double stalls 6 feet wide; but as the weather becomes cooler steers are bought and 
put into the stalls with the bulls, giving each a space three feet wide. If any disease 
were developed during the summer by the cattle tied up during the hot weather it 
would be contracted by the steers put alongside of them. No trouble of this kind is 
experienced by those engaged in feeding cattle in this way. The annual loss was 
stated to be 1 per cent. The sheds were about like the average. 
At Walsh, Kellogg & Co.’s distillery were 1,082 cattle, with 696 in one stable and 
386 in another. The great part had been put in since October 1. Forty bulls and 
64 steers were fed during the summer, put in in May. None had died. Most of the 
sheds are so arranged that hogs can be fed in them when not occupied with cattle. 
These stables are built upon a trestle about 30 feet high. The manure and urine are 
carried away by a stream at one end of the stables. The cattle were healthy. 
At Fleichman’s distillery, Riverside, were 600 cattle. Most of them were put in 
about October 1, though 17 steers were put in August 23, and others at various- 
times since then. They were bought at stock-yards, with the exception of 2 car- 
loads that came direct from Saint Louis. The ventilation of the stables was very 
good, but they were not sufficiently lighted. There is fed upon slop at this distillery 
cows belonging to the following owners: Geo. Feanen, 63 cows; H. Fallon, 40; W. 
Patterson, 26; H. Thomas, 27; H. Olding, 49; J. L. Patterson, 29. The cows are 
kept in long narrow stables. The stalls—6 feet wide, and containing two animals 
tied with chains around the neck, and eighteen inches long—are arranged on each 
side of a passage-way 3 feet wide. Feeding-troughs containing the slop run along 
each side of the passage-way, and are 1 foot wide and 10 inches high. The cows, 
stand upon a plank floor 6 feet high. At the end of the floor is a manure-gutter 1 
foot wide and 6 inches deep ; behind this an alley 5 feet wide. Light is admitted by 
glass windows, 2by 3 feet, behind every other double stall. Hay is kept over the 
cattle, so that there is no way for the heated air to pass out, especially when the 
windows and doors are shut in cold weather. In some stables, however, tubes 1 foot 
square pass up through the hay-loft and through the peak of the roof every 10 feet. 
The stables vary from 6 to 94 feet high. Fresh cows are bought of dealers usually 
in the spring, are milked about 9 mouths, and fattened and sold tor beef. 
From the milk inspector’s report for 1880 it appears that there are 284 dairies in 
operation, containing 9,492 cows. With the exception of 17, slop and brewers’ grains 
is fed to a greater or less extent with other food. 
Dr. Denneman, milk inspector, said he made inspections of all the dairies several 
times a year, but found no disease among the cows kept in them. In company with 
Dr. D. I examined the following, situated about four miles from the city : Thomas 
French’s Sous, Oakley, who have the largest dairy around the city, have 320 cows. 
They stated tha they had carried on this business twelve years and had seen nothing 
like lung plague among their cows. In the summer cows often die very suddenly of 
anthrax, but this season none had died of the entire herd. They avoid buying cows 108 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
in the stock-yards during the summer, hut at other seasons of the year they buy them 
there and also of drovers, or else go into some of the farming towns in Kentucky or 
Ohio and select what cows they wish to buy. There were no sick ones at the time of 
my visit. The stable is long and narrow, with the cows along each side of a central 
alley 4 feet wide, in which passes a car containing the feed. Cows are tied with 
chains 20 inches long, in stalls 3 feet wide, with partitions on each side, 6 feet long; 
feeding trough 1 foot wide, 10 inches deep; manure gutter 1 foot wide, 8 inches deep, 
and a passage-way 4 feet wide behind that. Ten feet above the floor it is hoarded 
over and hay stored. Light is admitted by glass windows every other 4 feet along 
the side. Feed is malt, bran, corn-starch feed, and clover hay. Pasturage is furnished 
in the summer. Everything was neat and clean about the premises. Pure water for 
the cows is obtained from an artesian well. 
H. Stagge, Oakley, has 74 cows, and states that none have died this season. The 
stable is constructed similar to the foregoing, except there are double stalls, 6 feet 
wide, in place of single ones, and they are eight feet high. Fresh cows are bought of 
dealers, milked as long as they will give milk, and then fattened and sold to the 
butcher. 
Louis Graber, Norwood, 54 cows; Henry Weghorst, Norwood, 50 coavs ; A. Chap- 
man, 69 cows. 
With Dr. Denman I also examined the following dairies in the vicinity of Guest 
street, where the coavs are fed largely upon slop, some of them the entire season and 
others only during the winter. 
Henry Evers, Guest street, 52 cows,jin a stable 90 feet long, 28 feet wide, and 7 feet 
5 inches high. The cows have been in the stable since October. During the summer 
they Avere upon a farm at pasture. There Avere three openings 1 foot long and 1 foot 
wide, connected with wooden tubes that extend through the roof for ventilation. 
Glass windows, 2 feet by 3 feet, every alternate 6 feet along the side, afforded light. 
This like many other of the stables, is built Avith one end on a level Avith the street 
and the other upon a A'ery high trestle above Mill Creek, into which all urine and 
manure is thrown. 
George Jasper, Guest street, 30 cows, which were kept in the stable the year round. 
No provision is made for ventilation except by the doors or windows, and the coavs 
Avere panting with the heat as in hot summer weather. Each animal has 294 cubic 
feet space. 
B. Martins, 42 cows Avith similar surroundings and panting; H. Groneman, 14 coavs ; 
H. Hesler, 34 cows ; B. Overberger, 21 coavs and 20 hogs ; H. Kunkemoller, 26 coavs ; 
B. Evers, 49 cows, that have been in from the country since October; H. Sanders, 44 
coavs, 54 steers; B. Hopper, 64 coavs; H. Kruse, 54 cows; Nick Mey, 130 coaa's, that 
Avere moved in from the country the Ist of October. The stable is 110 feet long, 68 
feet Avide, and 8 feet high. It is lighted by glass windows in the roof, in addition to 
those upon the sides. Everything is scrupulously neat and clean. 
The following dairies had been condemned by the board of health as a nuisance, 
and Avere to be removed in the spring. The drainage Avas into an open seAver that 
frequently became stopped up Avith the offal* and by decomposing creates a bad smell, 
as Avell as malarial diseases. The stables Avere dilapidated and rotting down. From 
the pool1 drainage, they Avere dirty and filthy. The cows were about in the same con- 
dition as those in other stables; J. Fischer, 46 coavs; Henry Thale, 35 cows; C. 
Geiskin, 31 cows; A. Buttemeier, 32 cows; H. Weighans, 43 coavs; J. Huber, 27 coavs, 
that came in from the country November 5; Henry Steiner, 20 cows. 
In Barrsville I examined the following dairies: D. H. Kemme has 64 coavs in a sta- 
ble 108 feet long, 31 feet wide, and 7 feet high. There are five tubes one foot square 
extending through the roof for ventilation. Pasturage near the stable is provided in 
the summer. The feed is slop, brewers’ grains, and clover hay. He states that in six 
years two coavs only have died. He buys fresh coavs of dealers. 
A. Austerfeld, 62 cows; Geo. Heidel, 34 coavs ; M. Groneman, 36 coavs ; D. Michaeles, 
64 cows; J. Hess, 35 coavs. Of all these animals examined there Avas not a single 
■case of lung plague among them, nor could any evidence be found that there had been 
at any time previous. Many of these dairymen were familiar Avith lung plague, hav- 
ing seen it in Europe, but had never been troubled Avith it since coming to this coun- 
try. 
J. Meyers & Sou, veterinary surgeons, stated that no cases had occurred in their 
practice in this city. 
C aptain Schneider, superintendent of meat andlive stock inspectors, stated that in his 
inspections of the slaughter-houses and of the beef, no cases of the disease were ever 
found. In company with him I visited a number of slaughter-houses and examined 
the lungs of cattle killed. 
H. &H. Loewenstein kill about 200 cattle per Aveek. According to the JeAvish 
faith, which requires that the lungs should be examined very critically, they state 
that they never find a diseased lung in the cattle killed. The cattle come principally 
from the States of Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio. I examined the lungs of 80 cattle THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
109 
slaughtered here ; they were perfectly healthy, and showed no signs of disease. In 
other slaughter-houses I examined about 150 lungs; none of them were affected with 
lung plague in the slightest degree. 
I visited the sale stables of Fred. Brown, who buys and sells dairy cows to the num- 
ber of about 3,000 per year. He acts as a commission merchant for many of the dairy- 
men, selling them fresh cows and buying their fat ones. All the cows in the stable 
were healthy, and he stated that there was no contagious disease in the dairies. 
At the rendering works it was stated that the cattle obtained there both from the 
stock-yards and stables in the city was between 30 and 40 per month. 
The difficulty of obtaining reliable information in regard to cattle diseases is very 
great, especially where the cattle are as healthy as those of the West. The condition 
of the cattle themselves, whether sick or well, must then he the criterion. From this 
standpoint, then, I can say with certainty that of all the animals examined not one 
was affected with lung plague. The cattle in the markets are free from it, as are those 
in the feeding yards, feeding stables, and dairies. 
Respectfully submitted. 
A. M. FARRINGTON. 
CONCLUSION. 
REPORT BY A. J. MURRAY, M. R. C. Y. S., DETROIT, MICH., TO THE 
UNITED STATES TREASURY CATTLE COMMISSION. 
In accordance with the instructions received from the United States Cattle Com- 
missioners at the time of receiving my appointment as inspector, I have examined, 
between the dates of 2d September and 31st December, 1881—Ist, the lungs of a largo 
number of cattle in the Detroit slaughter-houses; 2d, the cattle yards in Detroit, 
Toledo, and Grosse Isle; 3d, a number of cows and cow stables belonging to dairymen 
in and near Detroit; 4th, made what post-mortem examination was practicable of cows 
dying in Detroit during the above period. 
EXAMINATION OF LUNGS. 
During the above period I have examined the lungs of 3,876 cattle at the slaughter- 
houses of Messrs. William Wreford, Jefferson avenue; John Robison, Michigan av- 
enue; George Duff, Michigan avenue; Capells & Duff, Twentieth street; Mclntyre 
& Robison, Twentieth street; John Loosemore, Foundry street; Reid, Michi- 
gan avenue ; William Yoight, Saint Auhin street; John Rauss, Randolph street. 
Of that number 2,082 cattle came from States lying to the west and southwest of 
Michigan. In many instances I could not ascertain from what State the cattle whose 
lungs I examined had come, hut the greater number of them were raised in the States 
of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, lowa, and Texas; but other Western States 
probably furnished a portion of the 2,082. Saint Louis is the point from which most 
of the cattle brought from abroad to Detroit are shipped; a few are sent from Chicago. 
Seventeen hundred and ninety-four of the cattle whose lungs were examined were 
raised in the State of Michigan. A few whose lungs were examined, however, were 
Indiana cattle, but I was unable to ascertain the exact number of cattle which had 
been brought from that State. 
In the lungs of the 2,082 which may be termed western cattle, disease was found in 
nine individuals. 
In seven cases the lungs of Texan cattle were found to be diseased. A section through 
the center of the diseased part of the first lung showed the alteration produced by 
intestinal pneumonia, but the diseased portion was not much over an inch in diameter, 
and the nodule which the diseased part formed was about the size of a walnut. 
In another lung a small space about the size already mentioned was the seat of hem- 
orrhagic infraction. The exuded material seemed to be liquifying and absorption to 
be taking place. 
A somewhat similar area in another lung had undergone fibroid degeneration. 
In the fourth lung an area of about an inch and a half in diameter was the seat of 
fibrinous exudation. Six or seven small cavities about the size of a bean were exposed 
in making a section of the nodule. These cavities were filled with pus. 
In the fifth lung an area of similar size was in a state of cheesy degeneration. This 
portion of lung was encysted, and calcareous degeneration was commencing in the 
contents of the cyst. 
In each of these cases the seat of disease was the anterior portion of the lung, and 
it seemed rather extraordinary that in each case the area of the disease should be so 
small. 
In the sixth lung I found near the base an induration about the size of a moderate- 
sized apple, which extended nearly from the internal to the external face of the lung. 110 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 
We could see through the pleura on both surfaces of the nodule a black discoloration, 
which was irregularly distributed over the surface of the nodule and in the lung- tissue 
adjoining it. The lung tissue in general and that adjoining the nodule were exam- 
ined. The bronchial tubes were healthy up to the very margin of the nodule, but at 
different points in the lung, and especially in the vicinity of the nodule, there were 
small irregular areas of black discoloration surrounded by fibrous tissue, rendering the 
portions of lung affected impervious. These appearances I attribute to hemorrhagic 
infraction having taken place, which led to more or less alteration of the lung tissue. 
On making a section of the nodule, it was found that the lung tissue had been mostly 
removed by absorption, but that stretching from one side of the cavity to the other 
were numerous bands or septa. These bands had undergone calcareous degeneration, 
as also had the walls of the cavity, which I found to contain two flukes {Distoma he- 
paticum). The largest of the two, when drawn out to its full size, was about two inches 
long. There was a small quantity of a dirty brownish-looking liquid in the cavity, no 
doubt mostly composed of the debris of the softened lung tissue. Adjoining this 
cavity Avas a small one, containing a small quantity of the same kind of fluid; but the 
Avails of this cavity Avere empty and it did not contain any parasites. 
This case throAvs some light on the previous ones, and also on the alterations in the 
tissue of the lung now under consideration. The wanderings of these parasites are 
the occasion of the various morbid alterations Avhich have been found in the lungs. 
In a seventh case examined shortly after the one above mentioned a similar cavity 
was found in alung Avhich also contained two flukes (Distonea hepaticum). This case 
appeared to be more recent, as the bands stretching from one side of the cavity to the 
other had only partially undergone calcareous degeneration, and were pink and soft 
in some portions. The same remark applies to the Avails of the cavity. This lung had 
likeAvise some small encysted portions of tissue undergoing cheesy degeneration. 
On the 22d of October I examined the left lung of a Western animal Avhich shoAved 
red hepatization extending from dorsal surface of lung doAvnAvard and imvard to a 
depth of about three inches; the breadth and length of hepatized portion was about 
three inches. Did not ascertain anything as to the history of the case or even the sex 
of the animal. The weather was rather warm at the time of examination. 
On the 7th December I found the right lung of a Western animal affected with 
tuberculosis. The two anterior lobes were almost entirely tuberculous, there being- 
very little sound tissue remaining in them. The lobes Avere nodulated and irregular, 
and the tubercular deposit Avhich Avas of a yelloAv color Avas undergoing liquefaction. 
There was considerable thickness of fibrous tissue surrounding the lobules, wTiich 
formed white septa encircling the lobules. 
I have given at some length the morbid alterations produced in the lungs of the Texas 
cattle by the invasion of the Distonea hepaticum, as I think it possible that they might 
be mistaken for the lesions remaining after an animal has recovered from contagious 
pleuro-pueumonia, especially Avhen lungs are examined Avhich do not contain the Dis- 
tonea hepaticum. 
The case of red hepatization presented less resemblance to the lesion of contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia than did some of the alterations in the lungs of the Texas cattle. 
In the case of red hepatization the color was uniform, and there Avas no interlobular 
effusion. 
The lungs of the 1,794 cattle which Avere raised in the State of Michigan were free 
from disease of any kind. 
2. EXAMINATION OF STOCK-YARDS. 
TOLEDO. 
In September I went to Toledo and visited the stock-yards at East Toledo, which I 
examined, as Avell as the cattle Avhich were in them at the time. I was informed by 
Mr. A. E. Forster that the cattle-yards cover 35 acres; that no cattle are sold at the 
stock-yards ; they are merely unloaded to be fed and watered, and are then reshipped 
to continue their journey eastAvard. Mr. Forster had been employed at the cattle- 
yards for eight years, and never kneAV of contagious disease occurring among cattle 
in the yards or extending from the yards to cattle outside of it. 
I called on several veterinary practitioners, some of Avhom had practiced in Toledo 
for a number of years; but none of them had ever seen or heard of any cases of con- 
tagious disease occurring among cattle in Toledo or its vicinity. I also visited the 
pound, Avhere stray cattle are frequently brought, and made inquiries as to the occur- 
rence of contagious disease among cattle; but Mr. Hiftlein, who has charge of it, 
answered my inquiries in the negative. I made inquiries of several other citizens of 
Toledo, Avith a similar result. 
On the 20th October, visited the stock-yards at Grosse Isle, and made an examina- 
tion of them. These stock-yards are surrounded by a high close fence. Mr. A. Will- 
GROSSE ISLE. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
iamson, the superintendent, stated that they contained ten acres. Cattle traveling 
from the West to the East are merely unloaded to be fed and watered, and are then 
reshipped. There were no cattle in the yard at the time of my visit. Mr. William- 
son had never known of cases of contagions disease occurring there. Cattle occasion- 
ally suffer from injuries received during their journey, as happened in the case of a 
heifer which died on the morning of my visit to the yards; she had fallen down and 
had been trampled on hy the other cattle in the car. 
DETROIT. 
On the 20th of September examined King’s cattle-yards, on Grand River street, De- 
troit, and also the cattle in the yards at the time of my visit. It is chiefly Michi- 
gan cattle which are offered for sale at King’s cattle-yards, though cattle from the 
Western States are also frequently brought there. Dairymen and others residing in 
Detroit occasionally buy cows at those yards. During the year 1881, 19,138 cattle 
passed through King’s cattle-yards. 
No contagious disease has been contracted by cattle brought to those yards with 
the exception of the Texas cattle disease. Some two years ago a lot of 22 Michigan 
cattle were bought by a farmer at these yards; while they were at the yard they occu- 
pied a pen which previously had been occupied by Texas cattle. After they were 
driven by the purchaser from the yards to his farm they showed symptoms of Texas 
fever, and all died from it. This is the only contagious disease which has been con- 
tracted by cattle brought to these yards. 
On the 15th of October, 1881, visited and examined the Detroit stock-yards on 
Twentieth street. They cover ten acres, and are surrounded by a close board fence. 
Both Western and Michigan cattle are brought for sale to these yards, and they are 
also used for watering and feeding cattle, which are unloaded for this purpose in 
passing through Detroit on their journey eastward. 
Detroit butchers also buy cattle for slaughtering in these yards, and milch cows 
are also brought for sale to these yards. 
The Texas cattle disease has been transmitted to Michigan cattle by their occupy- 
ing pens which had been previously occupied by Texas cattle. An instance occurred 
some years ago in which eight Michigan steers were driven from the yards to Dear- 
born, a village ten miles from Detroit; they all died shortly afterwards of the Texas 
cattle fever. Texas cattle are still brought to the yards, but they are not put into the 
same yards as other cattle, and in consequence of greater care being exercised no 
deaths have occurred during the last two years. This is the only contagious disease 
which has been contracted in or spread from the cattle-yards on Twentieth street. 
Seventy-five thousand five hundred cattle passed through the Detroit stock-yards 
in 1881; of these, 18,000, were Western cattle, and were chiefly shipped from Saint 
Louis. Very few are shipped from Chicago. 
3. EXAMINATION OF COWS AND COW-STABLES BELONGING TO DAIRYMEN. 
Ou the 13th of September, 1881, examined 17 cows belonging to Mr. Copping, Twelfth 
street, a little beyond the city limits. Tne cows were ou pasture at the time of my 
, examination, and they all appeared to be in good health. Did not have much sickness 
among his cows, but had one or two cases of parturition fever some time ago. In 
addition to what they picked up at pasture each cow got half a bushel of grains night 
and morning, and corn stalks and a little clover. The cow-stable was comfortable and 
better than the average. The cows had been bought from cattle-dealers, and have 
mostly been raised in Michigan. 
On 18th September visited 8. Lowe’s dairy farm, which is several miles from Detroit, 
on the Pontiac road. His cows are fed on bran and corn and are also pastured during 
the day. He has not had any sickness or lost any cows for several years. His cows 
are mostly bought from farmers in Wayne County and at King’s cattle-yards. No 
disease has been introduced among his stock by cows brought from King’s cattle- 
yards. 
August Klett, on the Pontiac road, has 12 cows. They are fed on malt, corn, refuse 
from the manufacture of sugar, and corn-stalks. They are also pastured during a part 
of the day. Has had no cases of sickness except an occasional case of indigestion from 
a cow eating too much. His cows have mostly been raised in Michigan and have been 
bought at King’s cattle-yards in Detroit. 
John Barnes, Woodward avenue, has 9 cows. Has bought them from King’s cattle- 
yards, Detroit, and from drovers. His cows have been raised in Michigan. Three 
years ago lost seven cows from the Texas fever. It was contracted by pasturing his 
cows on commons in the city where Texan cattle had been grazing. Has had no losses 
since the State law in reference to Texan cattle has been enforced. His cows are fed 
on malt and corn (the residue after the manufacture of glucose). They are also past- 
ured and have not been housed during the summer. 112 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
In the above cases most of the drainage must he through the floor of the stable into 
the ground; it does not appear, however, that this has any injurious effect on the 
cows. 
In all the stables except one the ventilation was not bad, but in the exception the 
roof was so low that good ventilation was impossible. This did not appear, however, 
to be the occasion of disease. 
On the 4th of November examined 4 cows at Mr. Sexton’s, Baker street, near the De- 
troit cattle-yards, Twentieth street. He buys his cows in the city. Has not lost any 
cows by disease. Feeds his cows on hay and middlings. Roof was about 10 feet high 
and there was ample space behind the cows; and the stable may be described as a 
comfortable one. Most of the drainage would be through the floor into the ground. 
Mr. Stagg, Twentieth street, has 10 cows. Has not lost any cows for two years, 
but three years ago lost 8 by the Texas cattle fever. This was contracted by Mr. 
Stagg’s cows being turned out on a common on which Texan cattle had been grazing. 
Has had no losses since the enforcement of the State law in reference to Texan cattle. 
Feeds hay and refuse corn from glucose factory. Roof of stable very low and amount 
of space allowed to each cow small. This does not appear to have injurious influence 
on their health, as Mr. Stagg has had no sickness among his cows since his losses by 
the Texas cattle disease. 
On 31st December, 1881, called at Mr. P. H. Childs’, Holden road. He keeps 27 
cows. They have been bought at King’s cattle-yard, and occasionally from farmers. 
Cows get hay and refuse corn from glucose factory. Has had no sickness or losses 
among his cows. In his largest stable where most of his cows are kept, there is 525 
cubic feet of space for each cow. He was also feeding 20 yearlings on cornstalks and 
hay. The barn in which they were was about 20 feet high, so they had a plentiful 
supply of air. The drainage apparently passed through the floor and soaked into the 
ground. 
Mr. Jackson, Holden road, has 6 cows. The roof of his stable was about 6 feet 
high. I calculated that there was 240 cubic feet of air for each cow in his stable. 
The weather was cold on the occasion of my visit, and the stable did not seem close 
or oppressive on entering. He feeds his cows hay and corn in the ear. He had had 
no sickness among his cows, and they appeared to be in good health. In several other 
stables which I examined the number of cubic feet of air to each cow was almost as 
small as in this case, but I was unable to discover that the cows suffered in conse- 
quence. 
Mr. Dimmick, Brady street, has 22 cows. Purchased them from the former proprie- 
tor a few months ago. Feeds hay, grains, and line middlings to his cows. Has not 
lost any by sickness since he owned them. The cows all appeared to be in good health. 
I calculated that in his main stable there would be 540 cubic feet of air for each cow. 
In another smaller stable where two were kept, the supply of air would be much 
larger than this, owing to the roof being higher. In the larger stable, however, there 
was a shaft running up through the loft to allow the vitiated air to escape. 
As a result of my examination of dairy cows and cow-sheds, I was unable to trace 
that the conditions in which the cows were kept had any effect in originating con- 
tagious disease. 
4. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION OP COWS DYING IN DETROIT DURING 
MY INSPECTORSHIP. 
Having requested Mr. Parker, of Detroit, who has a rendering establishment about 
six miles below Detroit, to inform me when any dead cows were brought there, I made 
a visit to that establishment on the 9th of September. I made a post-mortem of a red 
cow which was eight or nine years old, which I found to be effected with splenization 
of the anterior half of left lung and of the anterior third of right lung. The sections 
made showed in some places bands of yellow lymph effused between the lobules. The 
pleura which covered the inflamed lung was of a dark-red color, but it was not per- 
ceptibly thickened, nor was there any false membrane on it. The costal pleura in 
patches had the same red color as the pleura covering the inflamed lung. The disr 
coloration of the costal pleura was in the region corresponding to the inflamed por- 
tioris of lung. Both sides of the heart were filed with what was evidently a post- 
mortem clot. There was no effusion in the cavity of the chest or in the pericardium. 
On the 12th September I called on Mr. Fisher, who was the owner of the cow 
which had died. Found that she had been sick about six days ; that he had treated 
her himself, and that she had previous to this sickness been rather a delicate animal. 
She had been raised on a farm near Mount Clemens, about 20 miles from Detroit. His 
other cows were in good health and had been raised in Michigan, and had not for a 
considerable time before his cow died purchased any new cows. 
The attack of sickness occurred during very warm weather, and the roof of his 
stable was very low—the amount of breathing space being consequently very small THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
113 
for cadi animal. In hot weather the heat in such a confined place would he very op- 
pressive, and it is at such times that the disadvantages of defective ventilation are 
most apparent. 
The post-mortem lesions and the history of the case, however, both-go to show the 
sporadic nature of the disease. 
DE. PAAREN’S REPORT ON ELGIN, ILL. 
Dear Sir : Having according to your request visited the dairy district at Elgin, 
111., I hereby submit, the following report of the condition of the cattle in the largest 
dairies: 
On Dr. J. Tefft’s dairy-farm are forty head of milch cows, twenty-four heifers and 
calves, and one hull. The bull and six heifers and calves are thoroughbred Hol- 
steius. All of the balance are half and two-thirds grade Holsteins. All are in good 
condition and healthy. 
On G. P. Lord’s dairy-farm are sixty head of grade Durham and native cows, and 
one Durham bull, which are all in good condition and healthy. 
On Frank Wright’s dairy-farm are seventy head of milch cows, one-third of which 
number are grade Durhams, and two-thirds are grade Holsteins. There are also 
thirty grade yearlings and heifers and one thoroughbred Holstein bull. All are in 
exceptionally fine condition and healthy. 
On Abel Gifford’s dairy-farm are sixty head of mixed grades and native cows, in 
good condition and all healthy, except one cow, sick from overfeeding after calving. 
On C. H. Larkin’s dairy-farm are ninety-one milch cows, and thirty calves and 
heifers; also one grade Durham bull. The cows and young stock are mixed grades, 
mainly Durham grades, all of which are healthy and in good condition. 
On F. Stringer’s dairy-farm are seventy head of milch cows, natives and grade 
Durhams; also two native bulls. All are in good condition and healthy. 
On Thomas Bishop’s dairy-farm are forty milch cows, natives and mixed grades, 
and one grade Durham bull. All are in good condition and healthy. The rumor 
having spread, through the instrumentality of a cow-doctor, that pleuro-pneumonia 
existed on this farm, inquiry elicited the fact that two weeks ago two cows had 
died from simple inflammation of the lungs. These animals were raised on the farm, 
no purchases of stock had been made for the last half year, and the cows on the farm 
have had no means of communication with any other stock. One of the cows was 
sick five days, and the other four days. Post-mortem examination showed that the 
animals died of acute pneumonia. 
On inquiry it was found that the average yearly loss by death, on each of the 
farms above-mentioned, have been one animal only; with the exception of Mr. Gif- 
ford’s diary, the health of the stock during the past year has been good. Mr. Gif- 
ford’s stable arrangement, which is faulty for the lack of ventilation, &c., is no 
doubt the cause of Ids more frequently occurring mishaps and diseases. 
Respectfully, 
N. H. PAAEEN. 
State of Illinois, Veterinary Department , 
Chicago, 111., January 11, 1882. 
J. H. Sanders, Esq., 
Secretary Treasury Cattle Commission. 
DR. THAYER’S REPORT ON CATTLE DISEASE AT EAST RINGO, N. H. 
A letter mailed at East Ringo, N. H., July 25, 1881, was received on my return from 
Nova Scotia. The writer states: 
“ I write to say I have in pasture in this place a small herd of cattle, of which two 
have died, one is still very sick, one not so sick. The symptoms are difficult breathing, 
standing with their heads drooped, nose elevated, with copious siveatiug at the nose; 
eyes sunken, slight frothing at the mouth. I should like to know what course to 
follow. I have an idea that they are taken with pleuro-pneumonia. I would like to 
hear from you soon. 
“ Yours, very truly, 
“HAEEISON G. EICE.” 
On July 30 I replied, requesting that lungs be sent me. 
August 1 I received a letter stating; Since writing,two more have died and are 
buried. Examined the lungs of one and found the lungs congest d, and have no 
S. Ex. 106 8 114 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
doubt of its being a case of pneumonia. If there are any more sick, will send the lungs 
to you.” 
And the letter dated August 4, says: “We have just returned from pasture, where 
we have buried another heifer, being the fifth out of the herd. The fourth was buried 
Friday, and at that time the rest seemed all right. The pasture, is five miles away, 
and circumstances were such that I did not visit the pasture in time to make an ex- 
amination and to have sent you the lungs as requested. I will telegraph, and would 
like you to come up and see the animal, provided it can be done without any expense 
to me.” 
August 20 received a telegram, “Another animal sick.” August 21 went to East 
Kingo. On arriving at the pasture found the heifer, seen to be sick on Friday, already 
deacl. Had probably died on Saturday, as the pasture was visited on Monday, and it 
Avas then dead. The lungs Avere removed and found to be free from disease. I was 
unable to discover any disease of the abdominal A’iscera. Putrefaction had com- 
menced. 
The remainder of the herd, six in number, were found and driven into a corner. 
On inspection one appeared quite ill, head drooping, hair standing on end, pulse 
feeble, respiration hurried, but not more than was to be expected after being driven 
a considerable distance ; temperature, 106° Fahr. Auscultation and percussion gave 
ho evidence of pulmonary trouble. I so informed the owner, but to satisfy himself 
he decided to kill the animal. . 
Autopsy.—The removal of the lungs justified my decision. On removal of the heart 
the duplicature of the pericardium showed extravasated blood, irregular in outline, 
covering perhaps a square inch. On removing the skin over the tractea and sterno- 
maxillary muscles, sewer a 1 spots of extravasated blood were found. The abdominal 
organs, with the exception of the bladder, appeared to be healthy. The stomach 
and intestines contained less than the usual quantity found in healthy animals. About 
one-third of the mucous membrane of the bladder was of a bright-red color. 
I was unable to find any evidence of disease other than the above-mentioned. 
I advised the removal of the remainder of the herd to other pastures. I met a mem- 
ber of the family in Boston a feAv days ago, who informed me that they were removed, 
but that all had died excepting one. 
E. F. THAYER. 
DR. THAYER’S REPORT ON CATTLE DISEASE AT PICTOU, NOVA SCOTIA. 
West Newton, August —, 1880. 
Sir.: Your letter dated July 14, with a copy of a dispatch received from the consul- 
general of Halifax, also a dispatch from the consul at PictoU, reporting the reappear- 
ance of a contagious cattle disease, Avas received the Kith. In compliance with your 
instructions I left Boston for Halifax on the 19th, arriving there at 10 a. m. the 21st 
instant. I at once called at the office of Consul-General Jackson, avlio informed me 
that he had not received any further information in relation to the disease in Pictou 
County since the date of his communication to the department at Washington. I 
then left Halifax for Pictou, arriving there at 1.15 p. m. The consul, Oscar Malmros, 
met me at the landing and accompanied me to the hotel, where we met the chairman 
of the board of agriculture and several others interested in the subject, among whom 
was one who had suffered severely from the disease. His statement is substantially 
as follows: 
One of his neighbor’s cattle were sick ; a cow affected with the disease became de- 
lirious, escaped, and ran upon the highway and died near the premises. The body 
Avas allowed to remain there until putrefaction took place. In a short time his cattle 
became sick and all died, and he ascribes the cause of the sickness in his herd to ex- 
posure to the exhalations from the putrefying body of the dead cow. This occurred 
about sixteen years ago, and the disease has prevailed in that locality to the present 
time. 
On Saturday, the 23d, in company with the chairman of the board of agriculture, 
Ave visited several infected farms. The first animal examined Avas reported sick this 
morning. She was standing quietly, the eyes appeared dull, the coat (hair) had an 
unthrifty appearance, the respiration Avas normal, pulse 60, temperature 101° Fahr., the 
discharges from the boAvels rather soft, little or no appetite, and the secretion of milk 
very much diminished. 
It was stated that the milk had a very offensive odor, resembling the smell of ex- 
crement mixed with milk, but I Avas unable to detect it. The symptoms Avere those 
often seen in practice, and where the diagnosis Avould be functional derangement of 
the digestive organs. 
The next animal examined Avas a coav belonging to a Mr. Deumond, whose farm 
was a mile distant from the aboA7e. The animal was standing Avith disinclination to THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
115 
move, the eyes dull, the coat standing, the muscles of the hind quarters trembling, 
respiration normal, pulse 80, temperature 105° Fahr. Auscultation and percussion of 
the thorax gave no evidence of pulmonary disease. Percussion of the abdomen denoted 
the existence of a large quantity of fluid. There was diarrhea, the stools being 
nearly black in color. 
Several other farms were visited, the owners of which had suffered from the loss of 
cattle by the disease in question. 
The description given by one is given in general terms by all, viz : the animal is 
dull, the coat staring, loss of appetite, secretion of milk diminished, in five or six 
days diarrhoea sets in—in a few cases extreme constipation—and in two or three weeks 
death. 
In the afternoon, visited the residence of Donald Grant, warden of New Glascow— 
the cow had been ill five days. Examination : Pulse and temperature normal, resph 
ration quiet, diarrhoea present, stools black, and the secretion of milk diminished. 
Monday, 25.—Again examined Desmond’s cow ; but little change had taken place: 
the temperature was elevated two-fifths of a degree. A telegram from Dr. McEach- 
ran stating that he would arrive on the noon train was received, and further exam- 
ination was postponed. In the afternoon, in company with him, the chairman of the 
board of agriculture, and several physicians, we proceeded to Mr. Desmond’s, where 
the same cow was examined by Dr. McEachran ; her condition remained about the 
same. 
Blood was taken from the jugular vein and subjected to microscopic examination 
with 350 diameters. Nothing was found, but afterwards, under 600 'diameters, objects 
(bacteria) were discovered. The animal was then killed by a bloAv on the head and 
bleeding; the thoracic viscera were healthy with the exception of a slight pleuritic 
adhesion, the result of a former pleurisy, the brain was normal, the pleura was 
quite pale. 
On opening the abdomen a large quantity of serum, estimated at more than five 
gallons, escaped ; the same pale appearance of the serous membrane was found as was 
seen in the pleura. The organs were removed separately and examined. The spleen 
was firm and weighed one pound eight ounces. The liver was of average size, and 
firm. The gall-bladder was enlarged and distended with bile; a portion of the latter 
was dark. (The butcher stated that he had seen the gall-bladder twice as large, and 
filled with something as black as tar and as thick as molasses.) The whole digestive 
tract was laid open and examined, but no trace of disease could be found. The kid- 
neys and bladder were healthy. 
Tuesday, 26.—Went to Merrigonish, eight miles from New Glascow, where we exam- 
ined a coay belonging to James Grant. The animal was emaciated; had been sick 
several weeks. It had the same general appearance as before described. The tem- 
perature 104°.2. Pulse not taken, as she had just been driven from the pasture. I 
would here remark that the pulse in all the cases examined was compressible, not the 
wiry pulse of inflammatory diseases of serous membrane. This coav was killed in the 
same manner as that belonging to Mr. Desmond. The brain and a portion of the 
spinal cord Avere removed and found to be healthy. The thoracic and abdominal 
viscera Avere the same as in Desmond’s case, except that in Grant’s case the spleen 
was eight ounces heavier, and there Avas about one-third less serum in the abdomen. 
It is difficult to form an opinion of the manner in which the disease Avas introduced 
into Nova Scotia. There are various theories in regard to it. One of the most promi- 
nent is “ that many year's ago a vessel arrived from Scotland bringing soil in ballast; 
that"the soil contained the seeds of a plant or weed, which has become thoroughly 
mixed with the grass for many miles in extent, the eating of the weed causing the 
sickness Avhich almost invariably results in the death of the animal.” The plant, as 
seen by the roadside and in the fields, is from 12 to 20 inches in height, has a yellow 
blossom, the leaAres are tough and emit an offensive odor, and is knoAvn as “Stinking 
Willie.” The botanical name of the plant I was unable to learn. 
Contagion.—The question of contagion maybe considered as an open one. The fact, as 
stated to me, that cattle mingle together in pastures during the autumn months and are 
exposed, during the Aviuter in barns, without an outbreak of the disease from August 
until late in June, Avould seem to point to causes other than contagion. 
E. F. THAYER. 
HISTORY. 
Hon. H. F. French, 
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. 116 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
COMPILATION OF THE LAWS OF DIFFERENT STATES IN REFERENCE TO 
DISEASES OF FARM STOCK; FOR TREASURY CATTLE COMMISSION. 
In the belief that a compilation of the laws of the different States 
bearing upon this subject might aid the commission in the execution of 
their work, and furnish much valuable information to the department 
and to Congress, in any effort that might be made to legislate thereon, 
and also to show how little has been done by the States themselves by 
way of precautionary and protective measures, a compilation which is 
believed to contain the substance of all the laws of the States and Ter- 
ritories relating to contagious diseases of cattle has been prepared by 
the commission, and is herewith submitted: 
CONNECTICUT. 
[House bill No. 74.) 
CHAPTER LXXIII.—AN ACT conferring upon the state board of agriculture the power to kill 
diseased animals. 
Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives in general assembly convened : 
Section 1. The State board of agriculture, or iu case said board have or shall ap- 
point commissioners on diseases of domestic animals, under the provisions of section 
7 of the act to which this is an addition, then said commissioners, may, when in their 
judgment the public good shall require it, cause to be killed and to be disposed of 
afterwards as, in their judgment, maybe expedient, any animal or animals which, in 
their judgment, are infected with or have been exposed to and are liable to communi- 
cate to other animals any contagious disease. 
ILLINOIS. 
Section 1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented iu the 
general assembly, that the governor of this State is hereby authorized and instructed 
to appoint a competent veterinary surgeon, who shall be known as State veterinarian 
or inspector, and whose duty it shall be to investigate any and all cases of contagious 
or infectious disease among domestic animals of the bovine species in this State, which 
may be brought to his notice by a competent veterinary surgeon or practicing physi- 
cian iu the locality where such infectious or contagious disease may exist, and it shall 
be his duty to make visits of inspection to any locality where he may have reason to 
suspect that contagious or infectious disease may exist. 
Sec. 2. In all cases of pi euro-pneumonia among cattle in this State, the State veteri- 
narian shall have authority to order the quarantine of infected premises, and in case 
such disease shall become epidemic in any locality in this State, the State veterina- 
rian shall immediately notify the governor of the State, who shall thereupon issue his 
proclamation forbidding any animals of the kind among which said epidemic exists 
from being transported from said locality without a certificate from the State veteri- 
narian showing such animals to be healthy. In case of epidemic, as aforesaid, the 
State veterinarian shall order the quarantine of infected premises, and shall order the 
slaughter of diseased animals thereon; and in cases of pleuro-pneumonia among cat- 
tle, he shall, as hereinafter provided, order the slaughter of all cattle upon the prem- 
ises which have been exposed to contagion; but before doing so he shall call in con- 
sultation with him two (2) reputable veterinarians or practicing physicians residing 
within ten (10) miles of the infected premises, and shall not order the slaughter of 
any animals not actually diseased without a written order signed by one (1) or both 
of said veterinarians or practicing physicians. 
Sec. 3. Whenever it becomes necessary, as herein provided, to order the slaughter of 
animals, the State veterinarian shall notify the nearest justice of the peace, who shall 
thereupon summons three (3) disinterested freeholders of the neighborhood as apprais- 
ers of the value of such animals; said appraisers, before entering upon the discharge 
of their duty, shall be sworn to make a true and faithful appraisement, Avithout preju- 
dice or favor. They shall, after after making their appraisement, return a certified 
copy of their A'aluation to the justice of the peace by whom they were summoned, who 
shall, after entering the same upon his record, and making an endorsement thereon, 
showing the same to have been properly recorded, return it, together with the order 
of the State veterinarian, to the person or persons owning liATe stock ordered slaugh- 
tered. 
AN ACT to suppress and prevent the spread of pleuro-pueumonia among cattle. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
117 
Sec. 4. Whenever the governor of the State shall have good reason to believe that 
such disease has become epidemic in certain localities in other States, or that there 
are conditions which render such domestic animals liable to convey disease, he shall 
thereupon, by proclamation, schedule such localities, and prohibit the importation of 
any live stock of the kind diseased into this State, unless accompanied by a certificate 
of health, properly signed by a duly authorized veterinary inspector. Any corpora- 
tion or individual who shall transport, receive, or convey such prohibited stock shall 
he deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall he fined not 
less than one thousand dollars ($1,000) nor more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) 
for each and every offense, and shall become liable for any and all damage or loss that 
may he sustained by any party or parties, by reason of the importation or transpor- 
tation of such prohibited stock. 
Sec. 5. If any person or persons who shall have upon his premises any case of 
pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, and shall fail to immediately report the same to the 
State veterinarian, or if any person or persons shall willfully and maliciously obstruct 
or resist the State veterinarian in the discharge of his duty, as hereinbefore set forth, 
he shall he deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction of either charge 
shall he fined not less than fifty ($5O) nor more than five hundred dollars ($500) for 
each and every such olfense, and upon conviction a second time shall, in addition to 
the above-named fine, he liable to not less than thirty (30) days nor more than six 
(6) months’ imprisonment. 
Sec. 6. The State veterinarian shall annually make a report to the governor of 
all matters connected with his work, and the governor shall transmit to the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture such parts of said report as may he of general interest to breeders 
of live stock, to be published with the proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture. 
Sec. 7. All claims against the State arising from the slaughter of animals, as herein 
provided for, shall, together with the order of the State veterinarian and the award 
of the appraisers in each case, he submitted to the governor, and he shall, after hav- 
ing examined each case, if satisfied of the justness of the same, indorse thereon his 
order to the State auditor, who shall thereupon issue his warrant on the State treas- 
urer for the same so ordered paid by the governor. 
Sec. 8. The State veterinarian shall he entitled to receive for his service the sum of 
eight dollars ($8) per day for every day actually employed under the provisions of this 
act, together with his necessary traveling expenses. He shall make an itemized 
account to the governor, properly signed and sworn to, of the number of days he has, 
served, and of the expenses which he has paid, and the governor shall, if satisfied 
that the same is right and proper, indorse thereon his order on the State auditor for 
the amount. The appraisers, heretofore provided for, shall be entitled to receive the 
sum of one dollar ($1) each for their services, to he paid out of the treasury of their 
respective counties, upon certificate of the justice of the peace summoning them. The 
justice of the peace shall be entitled to receive the ordinary fee for issuing summons, 
to be paid out of the town fund in counties under township organization, and out of 
the county fund in counties not under township organization. The physicians called 
in consultation shall be entitled to receive for their services the sum of two dollars 
($2) per day, and mileage at the rate of ten (10) cents per mile one way; such com- 
pensation and mileage to be paid out of the veterinarian contingent fund. The State 
veterinarian shall have at his disposition the sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000), 
to be expended in disinfecting infected premises, and other incidental expenses con- 
nected with his work, for which he shall, before entering upon the discharge of his 
duties, give bond, with good and sufficient securities, in the sum of five thousand 
dollors ($5,000), and shall make a sworn statement to the governor of the amounts he 
disburses. Any part of said two thousand dollars ($2,000) not used shall lapse into 
the State treasury. 
Sec. 9. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act the sum of eight 
thousand dollars ($8,000), or so much thereof as is necessary, is hereby appropriated 
out of the State treasury, to he paid as hereby provided out of any sums not other- 
wise appropriated. 
INDIANA. 
No law except the criminal code. Provides that a party who has cattle in a car, 
not diseased, may claim damages if another party brings in cattle diseased, knowing 
them to he so. 
(Laws, 1881.) 
Chapter 161.—Cattle—protection of, from contagious diseases. 
An Act for the protection of cattle against contagions diseases. 
Be it enacted hy the Legislature of the State of Kansas : 
Section 1. That no person or persons shall drive or cause to be driven into or 
through any county in this State any cattle diseased with a disease known as Texas, 118 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 
splenic, or Spanish fever. Any person violating any provision of this act sliall on con- 
viction be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not less than one 
hundred and not more than one thousand dollars, and be imprisoned in the county 
jail not less than thirty days, and not more than one year. 
Sec. 2. That upon the arrest of any person or persons charged with the violation 
of any of the provisions of this act, all cattle found in his or their possession shall, 
during the arrest and trial of the offenders, be stopped and taken charge of by the 
officer or person executing the warrant of arrest, to abide the judgment of the court 
before whom the offender or offenders shall be tried. 
Sec. 3. That upon a complaint made to any sheriff within the State, by any citizen 
thereof, that there are, within the county where said sheriff resides, wild or undo- 
mesticated cattle infected or diseased with what is commonly known as Texas, splenic, 
or Spanish fever, said sheriff shall forthwith take charge of said cattle and corral the 
same, or otherwise px-event their running at large, until said complaint shall be inves- 
tigated as hereinafter provided. 
Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of such sheriff, upon taking charge of any cattle as 
provided in sections two and three of this act, to immediately give notice thereof to 
any justice of-the peace in his county; whereupon said justice shall immediately 
summon three resident citizens of the county to forthwith appear before him for the 
purpose of inspecting such cattle ; and when the persons so summoned, or other per- 
sons summoned in their stead, shall appear, it shall be the duty of the justice to 
administer to them an oath, in writing, that they will faithfully discharge their duties 
as inspectors of the cattle aforesaid, and without delay make report to him of their 
finding in the premises. 
Sec. 5. Upon taking the oath, as provided in section four of this act, said inspectors 
shall immediately proceed to examine cattle so in the custody of the sheriff, and if upon 
such examination they shall find the condition of the same to he such as‘to endanger 
the health of other cattle in the vicinity by reason of probable contagion, they shall 
immediately report their findings to the justice aforesaid in writing, and thereupon 
the justice shall forthwith issue to the sheriff his order in writing, commanding him 
to keep such cattle in his custody and under his control until the first day of Novem- 
ber next ensuing; and he may employ such assistance as maybe required to properly 
care for such cattle, keeping a correct and itemized account of all such services and 
the cost thereof, as well as of all feed necessary to be used, and present a report thereof 
to the commissioners of the county at their next regular session , and if found by them 
to he correct and reasonable, they shall allow the same, and draw warrants upon the 
county treasurer therefor ; and the sheriff' shall be allowed for his services sncli com- 
pensation as the commissioners shall deem reasonable, taking as a basis for their esti- 
mate the fees allowed by law for similar services ; and the inspectors shall be allowed 
in like manner for their services not to exceed two dollars per day, for fiine actually 
spent in making the inspection, and ten cents per mile for every mile necessarily traveled 
in the discharge of their duties. 
Sec. 6. That, in the trial of any person or persons charged with the violation of any 
of the provisions of this act, proof that the cattle, of which such person or persons are 
charged with driving, are wild and of undomesticated habits, shall be taken as prima 
facie evidence that said cattle are diseased with the disease known as Texas, splenic, 
or Spanish fever. 
Sec. 7. Any person or persons who shall drive or cause to be driven into or through 
any county in this State any of the cattle mentioned in section one of this act, in viola- 
tion of this act, shall be liable to the party injured for all damages that may arise from 
the communication of disease from the cattle so driven, to be recovered in civil action; 
and the party so injured shall have a lien upon the cattle so driven. 
Sec. 8. Justices of the peace, within their respective counties, shall have Criminal 
jurisdiction in all cases arising under the provisions of this act. 
Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the prosecuting attorney of the proper county to 
prosecute on behalf of the State all criminal cases arising under this act. 
Sec. 10. Whenever any cattle are taken by the sheriff, or other officer, under the pro- 
visions of this act, and shall remain in his possession, he shall, on the first day of Novem- 
ber thereafter, deliver the same to-their owner or owners, or his or their agent or agents: 
Provided, That before he shall deliver the same, all costs and expenses which have 
accrued by reason of the taking and detaining of such cattle as hereinbefore provided 
are paid into the county treasury : and in case such costs and expenses are not so paid 
within ten days after said first day of November, the sheriff' shall advertise in the same 
manner as is by law provided in cases of sales of personal property that he will sell 
such cattle, or such portion thereof as may be necessary to pay such costs and expenses; 
and at the time and place so advertised he shall proceed to sell as many of said cattle 
as shall be necessary to pay such costs and expenses, and out of the proceeds of such 
sale he shall pay such amount into the county treasury, retaining the costs of sale. 
Sec. 11. Nothing in this act shall be construed to conflict with the provisions of THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
119 
section one, chapter one hundred and seventy-six, laws of 1879, or acts amendatory 
thereof. 
Sec. 12. Article nine of chapter one hundred and five of the general statutes of 
1868, and all amendments thereto, entitled “An act for the protection of stock from 
disease,” is hereby repealed. 
Sec. 13. This act to take effect and he in force from and after its publication in the 
official State paper. 
Approved March 4, 1881. 
Contagious diseases among cattle. 
MAINE. 
(Revised Statutes.—Chapter 14.) 
Sec. 37. The municipal officers of towns, in case of the existence of the disease called 
lung murrain or pleuro-pneumonia, or any other contagious disease, shall cause the 
cattle in their towns infected, or which have been exposed to infection, to be secured 
or collected in some suitable place or places therein, and kept isolated; and when 
taken from the possession of their owners, one-fifth of the expense thereof is to be paid 
by the town, and four-fifths at the expense of the State, such isolation to continue so 
long as the existence of such disease or other circumstances render it necessary; or they 
may direct the owners .thereof to isolate such cattle upon their own premises, and any 
damage or loss sustained thereby shall be paid as aforesaid. 
Sec. 38. The municipal officers shall, within twenty-four hours after they have 
notice of the existence of such disease, or have reason to believe that it exists, cause 
the suspected animals to he examined by a veterinary surgeon or physician, by them 
selected, and if they are adjudged diseased, they may order them to be forthwith 
killed and buried at the expense of such town. 
Sec. 39. When so killed they shall cause them to be appraised by three competent 
and disinterested men, under oath, at the value thereof at the time of appraisal, and 
the amount thereof shall be paid as provided in section thirty-seven. 
Sec. 40. They may prohibit the departure of cattle from any enclosure, and exclude 
cattle therefrom. 
Sec. 41. They may make regulations in writing to regulate or prohibit the passage 
from, to or through their towns, or from place to place therein, of any neat cattle, 
and may arrest and detain, at the cost of the owners thereof, all cattle found passing- 
in violation of such regulations, and may take all other necessary measures for the 
enforcement of such prohibition, and for preventing the spread of any such disease 
among the cattle'in their towns and the immediate vicinity thereof. 
Sec. 42. Such regulations shall be recorded in the records of their towns, and shall 
be published in such towns in such manner as such regulations provide. 
Sec. 43. Any person who sells or disposes of any animal infected or known to have 
been exposed to infection within one year after such exposure, without the knowledge 
or consent of the municipal officers, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hun- 
dred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year. 
Sec. 44. Any person disobeying the orders of said municipal officers, made in con- 
formity with the fortieth section, or driving or transporting any neat cattle contrary 
to the regulations made, so recorded and published, shall lie punished as provided in 
section forty-three. 
Sec. 45. Whoever knows or has reason to suspect the existence of any fatal conta- 
gious disease among the cattle in his possession or under his care shall forthwith give 
notice thereof to the municipal officers, and for failure to do so shall be punished as 
provided in section forty-three. 
Sec. 46. Any town whose officers shall neglect or refuse to carry into effect the pro- 
visions of section thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, forty, forty-one, forty-two, 
and forty-three shall forfeit a sum not exceeding five hundred dollars for each day’s 
neglect. 
Sec. 47. All appraisals made under the provisions of section thirty-nine shall be in 
writing, and signed by the appraisers, and shall be certified by the municipal officers 
to the governor and council, and to the treasurers, of their towns. 
Sec. 48. The municipal officers of towns may, when they deem it necessary to carry 
into effect the purposes of this chapter, take and hold possession, for a term not ex- 
ceeding one year, of any land within their towns without buildings other than barns 
thereon, for enclosing and isolating any cattle, and they shall cause the damages sus- 
tained by the owners in consequence thereof to be appraised by the assessors thereof; 
and they shall further cause a description of such land, setting forth the boundaries 
thereof, and the area as nearly as may be estimated, together with said appraisal, to 
be entered in the records of the town. The amount of said appraisal shall be paid as 
provided in the thirty-seventh section in such sums and at such times as they may 
order. If such owner is dissatisfied with the appraisal, he may, in an action of the 120 
. THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
case, recover from tlie town a fair compensation for the damages sustained hy him ; 
hut no costs shall he taxed unless the damages recovered in such action, exclusive of 
interest, exceed the appraisal of the assessors, and the State shall reimburse any town 
four-fifths of any sum so recovered. 
Sec. 49. Whenever such disease exists in any town, the municipal officers shall 
forthwith give notice thereof to the governor and secretary of the hoard of agricul- 
ture, hut if commissioners have been appointed as hereinafter provided, such notice 
shall be given to them. 
Sec. 50. The governor may, when he deems it expedient, appoint commissioners who 
shall have full power to make all necessary regulations, and to issue summary orders 
relative thereto, for the treatment and extirpation of any contagous disease among 
cattle, and may direct the municipal officers to enforce and carry them into effect; 
and any such officer or other person refusing or neglecting to enforce, carry out and 
comply with any regulations of the commissioners shall be punished by a fine as pro- 
vided in section forty-three. 
Sec. 51. When said commissioners shall make and publish any regulations they 
shall supercede the regulations made by the municipal officers, during the time those 
made by the commissioners are in force. 
Sec. 52. All losses and damages and reasonable expenses sustained in consequence 
of execution of the orders of said commissioners shall be appraised as provided in the 
thirty-ninth section, and paid as provided in the thirty-seventh section. 
Sec. 53. The commissioners shall keep record of their doings, and make report 
thereof to the next annual session of the legislature, on or before the tenth day of 
January, unless sooner required by the governor; and such record or an abstract 
thereof shall be printed in the annual volume of transactions of the State board of 
agriculture. 
Sec. 54. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, may terminate 
the commission, when, in his judgment, the public safety may permit. 
MARYLAND. 
AN ACT to prevent the spread of infections or contagious pleuro-pnenmonia among the cattle of this 
State. 
(Chapter 439, acts of the general assembly of Maryland, 1880.) 
Section 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of Maryland, that whenever it 
shall he brought to the notice of the governor of this State that the disease known as 
contagious or infectious pleuro-pneumonia exists among the cattle in any of the coun- 
ties of this State, or in the city of Baltimore, it shall he his duty to take measures to 
promptly suppress the disease and prevent it from spreading. 
Sec. 2. And he it enacted, that for such purpose the governor shall have power to 
issue his proclamation stating that infectious or contagious disease exists, in any 
county or counties of the State, or in the city of Baltimore, and warning all persons 
to seclude all animals in their possession that are affected with such disease or have 
been exposed to the infection or contagion thereof, and ordering all persons to take 
such precautions against the spreading of such disease as the nature thereof may, in his 
judgment, render necessary or expedient; to order that any premises, farm or farms, 
or stables where such disease exists or has existed, he put in quarantine, so that no 
domestic animal be removed from or brought to the premises or places so quarantined, 
and to prescribe such regulations as he may judge necessary or expedient to prevent 
infection or contagion being communicated in any way from the places so quaran- 
tined ; to call upon all sheriff's and deputy sheriffs to carry out and enforce the pro- 
visions of such proclamations, orders, and regulations; and it shall be the duty of all 
sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to obey and observe all orders and instructions which they 
may receive from the governor in the premises; to employ such and so many medical 
and veterinary practitioners and such other persons as he may from time to time deem 
necessary to assist him in performing his duty as set forth in the first section of this 
act, and. to fix their compensation ; to order all or any animals coming into the State 
to be detained at any place or places for the purpose of inspection and examination ; 
provided, that animals coming from a neighboring State that have passed a veterinary 
examination in said State, and have been quarantined and discharged, shall not be 
subject to the provisions of this act; to prescribe regulations for the destruction of 
animals affected with infectious or contagious disease, or of those in direct, contact 
with such and liable to spread the disease, and for the proper disposition of their hides 
and carcasses, and of all objects which might convey infection or contagion; provided, 
that no animal shall be destroyed unless first examined by a medical or veterinary 
practitioner in the employ of the goverhor as aforesaid; to prescribe regulations for 
the disinfection of all premises, buildings, and railway cars, and of all objects from 
or by which infection or contagion may take place or be conveyed; to alter and modify, THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
121 
from time to time, as lie may deem expedient, the terms of all such proclamations, 
orders, and regulations, and to cancel or withdraw the same at any time. 
Sec. 3. And be it enacted, that any person who shall transgress the terms or re- 
quirements of any proclamation, order, or regulation issued or prescribed by the gov- 
ernor under the authority of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. 
Sec. 4. And be it enacted, that any person who shall sell or otherwise dispose of 
an animal which he knows, or has reason to believe, is affected by the disease or has 
been exposed to the same, shall forfeit to the State not less than fifty nor more than 
one hundred dollars. 
Sec. 5. And be it enacted, that all the necessary expenses incurred under direction 
or by authority of the governor, in carrying out the provisions of this act, shall be 
paid by the treasurer out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated, and upon the 
warrant of the comptroller on being certified as correct by the governor. 
Sec. 6. And be it enacted, that in the event of its being deemed necessary by the 
governor, or any agent duly appointed by him under the provisions of this act, to pre- 
vent the spread of contagion or infection to cause any animal not actually diseased 
to be slaughtered, the value of such animal or animals shall be fairly appraised, and 
a record kept and a report made thereof to the general assembly at its session next 
ensuing with a view to the reimbursement of the owners of such animals so killed, 
should provision therefor be made by law, it being provided that the carcasses of animals 
so killed and found entirely free from disease shall, if practicable, be sold, and the pro- 
ceeds of such sale shall be paid over to the respective owners of the cattle, and the 
amounts so received and paid over noted against the appraised value thereof. 
Sec. 7. And be it enacted that this act shall take effect from the date of its passage. 
Approved April 10, 1890. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
(Supplement to the General Statutes, 1860, chapter 102.) 
AN ACT to provide for the extirpation of the disease called pleuro pneumonia among cattle. 
Section 1. The governor is hereby authorized to appoint three commissioners, who 
shall visit without delay the several places in this commonwealth where the disease 
among cattle called pleuro-pneumonia may be known or suspected to exist, and shall 
have full power to cause all cattle belonging to the herds in which the disease has 
appeared or may appear, or which have belonged to such herds since the disease may 
be known to have existed therein, to be forthwith killed and buried, and the premises 
where such cattle have been kept cleansed and purified, and to make such order in 
relation to the further use and occupation of such premises as may seem to them to 
be necessary to prevent the extension of the disease. 
Sec. 6. This act shall take effect from its passage, and continue in force for the term 
of one year thereafter, and no longer. (April 4, 1860.) 
(1860, chapter 220.) 
AN ACT concerning contagious diseases among cattle. 
Section 1. The selectmen of towns, and the mayor and aldermen of cities, in case 
of the existence in this commonwealth of the disease called pleuro-pneumonia, or 
any other contagious disease among cattle, shall cause the cattle in their respective 
towns and cities which are infected or which have been exposed to infection to be 
secured or collected in some suitable place or places within such city or town, and 
kept isolated; and, when taken from the possession of their owners, to be maintained, 
one-fifth of the expense thereof to be paid by the town or city wherein the animal is 
kept, and four-fifths at the expense of the commonwealth ; such isolation to continue 
so long as the existence of such disease, or other circumstances, renders the same neces- 
sary. 
Sec. 2. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen, when any such animal is adjudged 
by a veterinary surgeon or physician, by them selected, to be infected with pleuro- 
pneumonia, or any other contagious disease, may, in their discretion, order such dis- 
eased animal to be forthwith killed and buried at the expense of such town or city. 
Sec. 3. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen shall cause all cattle which they 
shall so order to be killed to be appraised by three competent and disinterested men, 
under oath, at the value thereof at the time of the appraisal, and the amount of the 
appraisal shall be paid as provided in the first section. 
Sec. 4. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen within their respective towns and 
cities are hereby authorized to prohibit the departure of cattle from any in closure, or 
to exclude cattle therefrom. 122 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OE CATTLE. 
Sec. 5. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen may make regulations in writing 
to regulate or prohibit tlie passage from, to, or through their respective cities or towns, 
or from place to place within the same, of any neat cattle, and may arrest and detain, 
at the cost of the owners thereof, all cattle found passing in violation of said regula- 
tions, and may take all other necessary measures for the enforcement of such prohibi- 
tion, and also lor preventing the spread of any such disease among the cattle in their 
respective towns and cities, and the immediate vicinity thereof. 
Sec. 7. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen are authorized to cause all cattle 
infected with such disease, or which have been exposed thereto, to be forthwith 
branded upon the rump with the letter P, so as to distinguish the animal from other 
cattle ; and no cattle so branded shall he sold or disposed of except with the knowl- 
edge and consent of such selectmen and mayor and aldermen. Any person, without 
such knowledge and consent, selling or disposing of an animal so branded, or selling 
or disposing of an animal known to be affected with such disease, or known to have 
been exposed thereto within one year previous to such sale or disposal, shall be pun- 
ished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding 
one year. 
Sec. 8. Any person disobeying the orders of the selectmen or mayor and aldermen, 
made in conformity with the fourth section, or driving or transporting any neat cat- 
tle contrary to the regulations made, recorded, and published as aforesaid, shall be 
punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not ex- 
ceeding one year. 
Sec. 9. Whoever knows or has reason to suspect the existence of any such disease 
among the cattle in las possession or under his care, shall forthwith give notice to the 
selectmen of the town or mayor and aldermen of the city where such cattle may be 
kept, and for failure so to do shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred 
dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year. 
Sec. 10. Any town or city whose officers shall neglect or refuse to carry into effect 
the provisions of sections one, two, three, fo.ur, five, six, and seven shall forfeit a sum 
not exceeding five hundred dollars for each day’s neglect. 
Sec. 11. All appraisals made under the provisions of this act shall be in writing 
and signed by the appraisers, and the same shall he certified to the governor and 
council and to the treasurer of the several cities and towns wherein the cattle appraised 
were kept by the selectmen, and mayors and aldermen, respectively. 
Sec. 12. The selectmen of towns, and mayor and aldermen of cities, are hereby 
authorized, when in their judgment it shall be necessary to carry into effect the pur- 
poses of this act, to take and hold possession, for a term notl exceeding one year, 
within their respective towns and cities, of any land, without buildings other than 
barns thereon, upon which it may be necessary to enclose and isolate any cattle, and 
they shall cause the damages sustained by the owner in consequence of such taking 
and holding to be appraised by the assessors of the town or city wherein the lands so 
taken are situated ; and they shall further cause a description of such land, setting 
forth the boundaries thereof, and the area as nearly as may be estimated, together 
with said appraisal by the assessors, to he entered on the records of the town or city. 
The amount of said appraisal shall be paid as provided in the first section, in such 
sums and at such times as the selectmen or mayor and aldermen, respectively, may 
order. If the owner of any land so taken shall be dissatisfied with the appraisal of 
said assessors, he may by action of contract recover of the town or city wherein the 
lands lie a fair compensation for the damages sustained by him ; but no costs shall be 
taxed, unless the damages recovered in such action, exclusive of interest, exceed the 
appraisal of the assessors, and the Commonwealth shall reimburse any town or city 
four-fifths of any sum recovered of such town or city in any such action. 
(1860. Chapter 221.) 
AN ACT in addition to an act concerning contagious diseases among cattle. 
Section 1. In addition to the commissioners appointed under the provisions of 
chapter one hundred and ninety-two of the acts of the year one thousand eight 
hundred and sixty, the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the council, 
is hereby authorized to appoint two additional persons to constitute, with those now 
in office, a board of commissioners upon the subject of pleuro-pneumonia, or auy 
other contagious disease no w existing among the cattle of the Commonwealth. 
Sec. 2. Wh en said commissioners shall make and publish any regulations concern- 
ing the extirpation, cure, or treatment of cattle infected with, or which have been 
exposed to, the disease of pleuro-pneumonia, or other contagious disease, such regu- 
lations shall supersede the regulations made by selectmen of towns and mayors and 
aldermen of cities upon the same subject-matter; and the operations of the regula- 
tions made by such selectmen and mayors and aldermen shall be suspended during 
the time those made by the commissioners as aforesaid shall 'he in force. And said THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
123 
selectmen and mayors and aldermen shall carry out and enforce all orders and direc- 
tions of said commissioners to them directed, as they shall from time to time issue. 
Sec. 3. In addition to the power and authority conferred on the selectmen of 
towns and mayors and aldermen of cities by the act to which this is in addition, and 
wincli are herein conferred upon said commissioners, the same commissioners shall 
have power to provide for the establishment of a hospital or quarantine in some 
suitable place or places, with proper accommodations of buildings, land, &c., 
wherein may be detained any cattle by them selected, so that said cattle so infected 
or exposed may be there treated by such scientific practitioners of the healing art 
as may be appointed to treat the same. And for this purpose said commissioners 
may take any lands and buildings in the manner provided in the twelfth section of 
the" act to which this is in addition. 
Sec. 4. The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the council, is hereby 
authorized to appoint three competent persons to he a board of examiners to exam- 
ine into the disease called pleuro-pneumonia, who shall attend at the hospital or 
quarantine established by the commissioners mentioned in the foregoing section and 
there treat and experiment upon such number of cattle, both sound and infected, as 
will enable them to study the symptoms and’ laws of the disease, and ascertain, so 
far as they can, the best mode of treating cattle in view of the prevention and cure 
of the disease, and who shall keep a full record of their proceedings and make report 
thereon to the governor and council, when their investigations shall have been con- 
cluded : Provided, That the expense of said board of examiners shall not exceed ten 
thousand dollars. 
Sec. 5. The selectmen of the several towns, and mayors and aldermen of the sev- 
eral cities, shall, within twenty-four hours after they shall have notice that any cat- 
tle in their respective towns and cities are infected with, or have been exposed to any 
such disease, give notice in writing to said commissioners of the same. 
Sec. 6. The commissioners are authorized to make all necessary regulations for 
the treatment, cure, and extirpation of said disease, and may direct the selectmen of 
towns and mayors and aldermen of cities to enforce and carry into effect all such 
regulations as may from time to time be made for that end; and any such officer re- 
fusing or neglecting to enforce and carry out any regulation of the commissioners 
shall be punished by tine not exceeding live hundred dollars for every such offence. 
Sec. 7. The commissioners may, when in their judgment the public good shall re- 
quire it, cause to be killed and buried any cattle which are infected with, or which 
have been exposed to, said disease ; and said commissioners shall cause said cattle to 
be appraised in the same i ainer provided in the act to which this is in addition, and 
the appraised value of such cattle shall be paid, one-fifth by the towns in which said 
cattle were kept, and the remainder by the Commonwealth. 
Sec. 8. Whoever shall drive or transport any cattle from any portion of the Com- 
monwealth east of Connecticut River to any part west of said river before the tirst 
day of April next without consent of the commissioners shall be punished by tine not 
exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding 
one year. 
Sec. 9. Whoever shall drive or transport any cattle from any portion of the Com- 
monwealth into any other State before the first day of April next, without the con- 
sent of the commissioners, he shall be punished by lint' not exceeding five hundred 
dollars or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year. 
Sec. 10. If any person fails to comply with any regulation made or with any order- 
given by the commissioners, he shall he punished by fine not exceeding five hundred 
dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year. 
Sec. 11. Prosecutions under the two preceding sections may be prosecuted in any 
county in this Commonwealth. 
Sec. 12. All appraisals made under this act shall be in writing, and signed by the 
appraisers and certified by the commissioners, and shall be by them transmitted to 
the governor and council and to the treasurers of the several cities and towns wherein 
the cattle appraised were kept. 
Sec. 13. The provisions of chapter one hundred and ninety-two of the acts of the 
year one thousand eight hundred and sixty, except so far as the authorize the appoint- 
ment of commissioners, are hereby repealed; but this repeal shall not affect the valid- 
ity of any proceedings heretofore lawfully had under the provisions of said chapter. 
Sec. 14. The commissioners and examiners shall keep a full record of their doings, 
and make report of the same to the next legislature on or before the tenth day of 
January next, unless sooner required by the governor; and the said record, or an 
abstract of the same, shall be printed in the annual volume of transactions of the 
State Board of Agriculture. 
Sec. 15. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, shall have the 
power to terminate the commission and board of examiners whenever in his judgment 
the public safety may permit. 
Sec. 16. This "act shall take effect from its passage, , 
(June 12, 1860.) 124 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
CHAPTER 41, 1861.—RESOLUTION providing for indemnification for cattle killed by order of 
commissioners. 
Resolved, That the commissioners appointed under this act, approved April fourth, 
in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, and entitled “An act to provide for the ex- 
tirpation of the disease called pleuro-pneumonia among cattle,” be, and they hereby 
are, required to certify to the governor and council the names of all persons whose 
cattle were killed by their authority for the reason that they appeared to be afflicted 
with the disease called pleuro-pneumonia, and not paid for, together with the num- 
ber, description, and fair value of such cattle, at the time they were killed. Upon the 
receipt of such certificate, the governor, with the advice and consent of the council, 
may draw his warrants in favor of such persons, and for such sums as shall appear to 
them to be justly due. The money so appropriated shall he taken from the appropria- 
tion for carrying into effect the provisions of the laws concerning contagious diseases 
among cattle. (March 28, 1861.) 
CHAPTER 28, 1862.—AN ACT concerning cattle commissioners. 
Sec. 1. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, shall have power 
to appoint a board of cattle commissioners of not more than three members, whenever 
in his judgment the public safety may require, and may terminate their commissions 
whenever in his judgment the public safety may permit: Provided, That the compen- 
sation of said commissioners shall not exceed four dollars per day, for actual service, 
in addition to their traveling expenses necessarily incurred. 
Sec. 2. The powers and duties of the commissioners shall be such as are set forth 
in chapter 221 of the acts of the year 1860. 
Sec. 3. All commissions and appointments made under chapters 192 and 221 of the 
acts of the year 1860 are hereby abolished. 
Sec. 4. This act shall take effect upon its passage. 
(February 18, 1862.) 
Chapter 138.—AN ACT in addition to an act concerning contagious diseases among cattle. 
Section 1. The commissioners on contagious diseases among cattle are hereby au- 
thorized to examine under oath, in the several cities and towns of this commonwealth, 
all persons possessing, or believing to possess, knowledge of any material facts con- 
cerning the existence or dissemination, or danger of dissemination of diseases among 
cattle; and for this purpose shall have and exercise all the powers vested in justices 
of the peace to take depositions, and to compel the attendance of the testifying wit- 
nesses, by the 131 st chapter of the general statutes, and any other laws concerning 
the taking of depositions. All costs and expenses incurred in procuring the attend- 
ance of such witnesses shall be allowed and paid to the said commissioners from the 
treasury of the commonwealth, upon the same being certified to the governor and 
council, and approved by him. And the governor is hereby authorized to draw his 
warrant therefor upon the treasury, the same to be paid out of any appropriation 
lawfully applicable to that purpose. 
Sec. 2. Whenever cattle exposed to contagious diseases are killed by order of the 
commissioners, and upon a post-mortem examination shall be found to have been en- 
tirely free from disease, it shall be the duty of the commissioners to cause the same 
to be sold under their direction, first giving to the purchaser notice of the fact, and 
if the said purchaser or any other person shall sell said slaughtered cattle or any part 
thereof, they shall in like manner give notice to the parties to whom the same is 
sold; and the proceeds of the sales made by order of the commissioners shall be ap- 
plied in payment of the appraised value of said cattle. 
Sec. 3. Cattle commissions, now or hereafter appointed, shall keep a full record of 
their doings, and report the same to the legislature on or before the 10th day of Jan- 
uary of each year, unless sooner required by the governor; and an abstract of the 
same shall be printed in the annual report of the State board of agriculture. 
Sec. 4. Whoever violates any of the provisions of this act shall forfeit and pay a 
fine not exceeding one hundred dollars and costs of prosecution. 
Sec. 5. This act shall take effect upon its passage. 
(April 25, 1862.) 
MICHIGAN. 
Chapter 46.—AX ACT to prevent the introduction of contagious diseases in cattle. 
[Approved April 5, 1869.—Laws of 1869, p. 319.] 
[1742.] Section 1. The people of the State of Michigan enact that when the gov- 
ernor of the State of Michigan shall be satisfied of the necessity of the same, he shall THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
125 
have power to appoint three commissioners, to hold their office for two years, and 
make report annually to the secretary of the State board of agriculture. Such com- 
missioners shall have power to use means to prevent the spread of dangerous diseases 
among animals, and protect the people of the State from the dangers arising from the 
consumption of diseased meat. Said commissioners shall have power to administer 
oaths and appoint assistants for such time as they may deem proper, and to place ani- 
mals in quarantine, and to do generally whatever may he necessary to prevent the 
spread of contagious diseases among animals. 
[1743.] Sec. 2. No animal shall be permitted to enter or pass through the State 
which shall be deemed by either of the commissioners capable of diffusing or com- 
municating contagious diseases. 
[1744.] Sec. 3. No cattle brought from Texas or the Indian Territories shall be 
permitted to pass through this State, or any part of the same, from the first day of 
March to the first day of November, in each year. 
Sec. 4. This act shall take immediate effect. 
MINNESOTA. 
Chapter 101.—Offenses against the public health. 
Section 14. Importation of Texas or Indian cattle prohibited.—That it shall not be law- 
ful for any one to bring into the State or have in possession any Texas, Cherokee, In- 
dian, or any diseased cattle, except as hereinafter provided. (1869, c. 42, sec. 1.) 
Sec. 15. Exception as to cattle on hand—Such cattle not to run at large.—This act shall 
not apply to any Texas, Cherokee, or Indian cattle, or other diseased cattle now on 
hand within this State; but persons having such shall be compelled to keep them within 
the bounds of their own premises, or separate from other cattle; and any damage that 
may accrue from allowing such cattle to run at large, and thereby spreading disease 
among other cattle, shall be recovered from the owner or owners thereof, who shall be 
liable to all the pains and penalties, as provided in section 4of this act. (Id., sec. 2.) 
Sec. 16. Such cattle may be driven through State, when.—Nothing contained in this act 
shall be so construed as to prevent the transportation of such cattle through this 
State on railroads, or to prohibit the driving through any portion of this State such 
Texas or southern cattle as have been wintered, at least one winter, north of the 
northern boundary of the State of Missouri.—(Id. sec. 3.) 
Sec. 17. Penalty—disposition thereof—liability for damages.—Any person who shall 
violate the provisions of this act shall, for every such violation, forfeit and pay into the 
school-fund of the county where the offense is committed, a sum not exceeding one 
thousand dollars, or to be fined and imprisoned in the county Jail, at the discretion of 
the court, though such time of imprisonment shall not exceed six months; and such 
person or persons shall pay all damages that may accrue to any person by reason of 
such violation of this act.—(Id. sec. 4.) 
NEBRASKA. 
Chhater 3.—Animals.—An Act to provide for the protection of stock' from contagious diseases. 
(Passed, and took effect, June 20, 1867. Laws 1876, page 74.) 
Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Nebraska : 
[l.] Section 1. That every person shall so restrain his diseased or distempered 
cattle, or such as are under his care, that they may not go at large; and'no person 
or persons shall drive any diseased or distempered cattle affected with any contagious 
or infectious disease, into or through this State from one point thereof to another. 
Any person or persons offending against this section shall, on conviction thereof be- 
fore any justice of the peace, forfeit not less than five nor more than twenty-five 
dollars for every head of such cattle, and be liable for all costs and damages. 
[2.] Sec. 2. Any justice of the peace, upon proof before him that any cattle are 
going at large or are driven in or through his county in violation of the preceding 
section, shall order a constable or sheriff to impound them, and the owner thereof 
shall be held liable for all costs and damages. 
[3.] Sec. 3‘. The sheriff or constable who may execute the order of any justice of 
the peace as aforesaid, to impound any such cattle, shall have twenty-five cents per 
head for the first fifty, and five cents for each additional head, to be paid by the 
defendant upon conviction thereof, but in case the defendant be discharged then 
such costs to be paid by the complainant; and if any officer to whom any order un- 
der this law is directed should fail to execute (the same,) he shall forfeit, in case of 
a failure, a sum not less than onq hundred dollars. 
[4.] Sec. 4. It shall not be lawful for any person to use, let, sell, or permit to run 
at large any horse, mule, or ass diseased with the glanders. Any person violating the 126 
' THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
provisions of tliis section shall pay a fine not less than five nor more than fifty dollars, 
and shall he liable for all damages. 
[s.] Sec. 5. All fines and forfeitures incurred under the provisions of this act 
shall be recovered by action before any justice of the peace, and all such fines shall 
he paid into the school fund, in and for the county having jurisdiction of the case. 
[6.] Sec. 6. In all cases of conviction under the provisions of this act, the jus- 
tice shall enter judgment for the fine and costs against the defendant, and may com- 
mit him until the judgment is satisfied, or issue execution on the judgment for the 
use of the common schools of the county. 
[7.] Sec. 7. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act 
are hereby repealed. 
[B.] Sec. 8. This act shall take effect and he in force from and after its passage. 
Approved June 20, 1867. 
AX ACT to prevent the introduction and spread of liog cholera and kindred diseases in the State of 
Nebraska. 
Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Nebraska. 
Section 1. That from and after the Ist day of June, A. D. 1877, it shall he unlaw- 
ful for any railroad company operating its road in this State to bring or cause to be 
brought into this State from an adjoining State any empty car used for transporting 
hogs or sheep, or any empty combination car used for carrying grain and stock, that 
has any filth of any kind whatever in the same; but the railroad company shall, be- 
fore it allows said car or cars to pass into this State, cause the same to be thoroughly 
■cleansed. Any person or persons, or corporation, violating any of the above provis- 
ions, and on conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not to exceed one hundred 
dollars. 
Approved February 17, A. D. 1877. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
(From General Laws of the State of New Hampshire, chapter 116, entitled “Diseases 
of Domestic Animals.” 
Sect. 1. Whenever any dangerous or troublesome disease prevails among cattle, 
horses or other domestic animals, the governor, with the advice of the council, may 
appoint a board of commissioners of not more than five persons, and may terminate 
its existence when the public safety may permit, or the governor may direct that the 
board of agriculture may perform the duties and possess the powers herein specified. 
The compensation of such board shall he limited to actual expenses, to be allowed 
by the governor and council. 
Sect. 2. Said board shall have the power to make regulations prohibiting the intro- 
duction or transportation of any domestic animals, by railroad or otherwise, and such 
other regulations as they may deem necessary to arrest or exclude any such infectious 
or troublesome disease, and modify or annul the same as circumstances may require. 
Such regulations shall be in force until the existence and powers of the board shall 
he terminated by the governor. 
Sect. 3. Any person or corporation that shall violate any of the regulations of said 
hoard, shall be punished for such offense by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars. 
Sect. 4. Any person or corporation that shall bring into the State, between the 
twentieth day of May and the twentieth day of October, any Texas or Cherokee cat- 
tle that have been kept north of the Ohio or Missouri river during the winter imme- 
diately preceding, shall he punished for such offense by a fine not exceeding twenty- 
five dollars for each and every animal so brought into this State. 
The term Texas or Cherokee cattle shall be construed to mean the native cattle of 
Texas and Louisiana, and the classes of cattle known under these names. 
Sect. 5. Selectmen shall enforce the provisions of this chapter within their respect- 
ive towns at the expense of such towns. 
Chapter CCSX.—A supplement to an act entitled “An act to establish a State board of health,” 
approved March ninth, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven. 
NEW JERSEY. 
1. Be it enacted by the senate and general assembly of the State of Neic Jersey, That in 
addition to the potvers conferred by the act to which this is a supplement, said hoard 
shall have full power and authority to examine and determine whether pleuro-pneu- 
monia, rinderpest, or any other contagious or infectious disease exist among animals 
in any county in this State; and that the sum of five hundred dollars is hereby appro- THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
127 
priated to defray the actual necessary expenses of said hoard while making such 
examinations. 
2. And be it enacted, That in event of any contagions or infectious disease as afore- 
said breaking out or being suspected to exist in any locality in this State, it shall be 
the duty of all persons owning or having any interest whatever in said cattle, imme- 
diately to notify the said hoard of health, or any one of them, of the existence of such 
disease, and thereupon it- shall be the duty of said board of health, or any member 
thereof, to immediately proceed to the place or places where said disease is reported 
to exist, and to quarantine said animal or animals, and take such precautionary 
measures as shall be deemed necessary; to prescribe such remedies as in their judg- 
ment Avill be conducive to the recovery of such animal or animals, and to inforce such 
regulations as may be adopted by said board of health. ; W-A 
:3. And be it enacted, That the board of health aforesaid, and all such assistants 
as they may appoint, whenever in their judgment or discretion it shall appear in any 
case that the disease is not likely to yield to any remedial treatment, or whenever it 
shall seem that the cost or worth of any such remedial treatment shall be greater than 
the value of the animal or animals so afflicted, or whenever in any case such disease 
shall threaten its spread to other animals, to cause the same to be immediately 
slaughtered, and their remains to be buried not less than four feet under ground, and 
all places in which said animals shall have been kept to be cleansed and disinfected. 
4. And be it enacted, That in all cases where animals inflicted with, or which shall 
have been exposed, shall have been slaughtered or killed by the order of the said 
board of health, or their assistants, it shall be the duty of said board to appoint three 
competent and disinterested freeholders to appraise the value of the animals so killed 
or slaughtered, at the time they were so killed; who shall be affirmed or sworn, before 
proceeding to act, to make a just and true valuation of said animals so killed, at the 
time of their slaughter, two-thirds of which said valuation or appraisement shall 
be paid to the owner or owners by the State. 
5. And be it enacted, That any person or persons refusing or neglecting to notify said 
board of health, or any of them, of the existence of pleuro-pneumonia, rinderpest, or 
any other contagious or infectious diseases among cattle, shall be deemed and adjudged 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be.punished by a fine of not more 
than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both, at the 
discretion of the court. 
6. And be it enacted, That all bills for money expended under this act shall be audited 
by the comptroller of this State and then submitted to the governor for his approval. 
After being thus audited and approved by the governor, shall be paid by the State 
treasurer upon warrant of the comptroller. 
7. And be it enacted, That said board shall keep a full record of their proceedings, 
and shall publish the same iu the annual report of the State board of agriculture, 
yearly and every year during the existence of the law. 
8. And be it enacted, That if any person or persons shall knowingly either buy or sell 
or cause to be bought or sold any animal or animals affected with pleiiro-pneumonia, 
rinderpest, or any other contagious or infectious disease, all such person or persons 
shall be deemed and adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof 
shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars or imprisonment not 
exceeding one year, or both, at the discretion of the court. 
9. And be it enacted, That in case an emergency shall arise and a larger sum shall be 
deemed necessary than the amount appropriated by the preceding sections of this act, 
said State board of health shall present the facts in evidence to the president of the 
State Agricultural Society, and the president and executive committee of the State 
board of agriculture, who shall authorize such additional expenditure as in their 
judgment they may deem the exigency of the occasion to demand; Provided, That 
in no case shall the amount of money thus authorized to be expended exceed the sum 
of five thousand dollars in any one year. 
10. And be it enacted, That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act be 
and the same are hereby repealed, and that this act take effect immediately. 
Approved March 12, 1880. 
NEW YORK. 
(Every law, unless a different time shall be prescribed therein, shall commence and 
take effect throughout the State on and not before the 20th day after the day of its 
final passage as certified by the secretary of state.—Section 12, title 4, chapter 7, 
part 1, Revised Statutes.) 
(Laws of New York—by authority.) 
Chapter 131.—AN ACT in relation to infectious and contagious diseases of animals. (Passed April 
15, 1878; three-fifths being present.) 
The people of the State of New York, represented in senate and assembly, do enact 
as follows: 
Section 1. Whenever any infectious or contagious disease affecting domestic THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
animals shall be brought into or shall break out in this State it shall be the duty of 
the governor to take measures to suppress the same promptly and to prevent the same 
from spreading. 
Sec. 2. For such purpose the governor shall have power : 
To issue his proclamation stating that infectious or contagious disease exists in any 
county or counties in the State, and warning all persons to seclude all animals in 
their possession that are affected with such disease or have been exposed to the infec- 
tion or contagion thereof, and ordering all such persons to take such precautions 
against the spreading of such disease as the nature thereof may in his judgment ren- 
der necessary or expedient. 
To oMer that any premises, farm or farms where such disease exists or has existed 
be put in quarantine, so that no domestic animal be removed from or brought to the 
preipvses or places so quarantined, and to prescribe such regulations as he may judge 
necessary or expedient to prevent contagion being communicated in any way from 
the places so quarantined. 
To call upon all sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to carry out and enforce the provisions 
of such proclamations, orders and regulations, and it shall be the duty of all sheriffs 
and deputy sheriff's to obey and observe all orders and instructions which they may 
receive from the governor in the premises. 
To employ such and so many medical and veterinary practitioners and such other 
persons as he may from time to time deem necessary to assist him in performing his 
duty as set forth in the first section of this act and to fix their compensation. 
To order all or any animals coming into this State to be detained at any place or 
places for the purpose of inspection and examination. 
To prescribe regulations for the destruction of animals affected with infectious or 
contagious disease, and for the proper disposition of their hides and carcasses and of 
all objects which might convey infection or contagion ; provided that no animal shall 
be destroyed unless first examined by a medical or veterinary practitioner in the em- 
ploy of the governor aforesaid. 
To prescribe regulations for the disinfection of all premises, buildings, and railway 
cars, and of all objects from which or by which infection or contagion may take place 
or be conveyed. 
To alter and modify from time to time, as he may deem expedient, the terms of all 
such proclamations, orders, and regulations, and to cancel or withdraw the same at any 
time. 
Sec. 3. Any person transgressing the terms of any proclamation, order, or regula- 
tion issued or prescribed by the governor under autlxority of this act, shall be guilty 
of a misdemeanor. 
Sec. 4. All expenses incurred by the governor in carrying out the provisions of this 
act, and in performing the duty hereby devolved upon him, shall be audited by the 
comptroller as extraordinary expenses of the executive department, and shall be paid 
out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. 
Chapter 306.—AN ACT in relation to infectious and contagious diseases of animals. (Passed May 
17, 1879, by a two-thirds vote.) 
The people of the State of New York, represented in senate and assembly, do enact 
as follows: 
Section 1. Whenever in his judgment for the more speedy and economical sup- 
pression, or for preventing the spread of any infectious or contagious disease of domes- 
tic animals, the public welfare shall be promoted thereby, the governor shall have, in 
addition to the powers conferred upon him by chapter one hundred and thirty-four 
of the laws of eighteen hundred and seventy-eight, the power to cause to be slaugh- 
tered and to be disposed of afterwards as in his judgment may be expedient, any ani- 
mal or animals which by contact or cohabitation with diseased animals, or by other 
exposure to infections or contagion may be considered or suspected to be liable to 
contract or to communicate the disease sought to be suppressed, or to be prevented 
from spreading. 
Sec. 2. Whenever any animal shall be slaughtered under any order of the gov- 
ernor for the purpose of suppressing or of preventing the spread of any infectious or 
contagious disease, the compensation to be made by the State to the owner shall be 
computed upon the basis of allowing for any diseased animal the actual value, if any, 
at the time of slaughter ; for any animal that has been kept in the same stable, pen, 
field, pasture, or yard, with a diseased animal, two-thirds of the sound value ; and in 
the case of any other animal so slaughtered, the full value at the time of slaughter, 
without regard to the depreciation due to exposure, or suspicion of exposure, to infec- 
tion or contagion : Provided, however, That if the carcass of any animal so slaughtered 
shall be sold for more than the amount which the owner would be entitled to receive 
as compensation aforesaid, the excess shall be paid to such owner; And provided further, 
That no compensation shall be made under the provisions of this section or otherwise THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
129 
to any person who shall willfully have concealed the existence of disease among his 
animals or upon his premises, or who shall in any way by act or hy willful neglect have 
contributed to the spread of the disease sought to be suppressed or prevented from 
spreading. 
Sec. 4. This act shall take effect immediately. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
AN ACT to prevent the extension of disease among cattle. 
Section 1. Be it enacted, cfc., That it shall not be lawful for any person who may 
own any cattle or sheep affected by the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia, or other 
contagious or infectious disease, to sell or otherwise dispose of any cattle, either alive 
or slaughtered, from the premises where such disease is known to exist, nor for a pe- 
riod of two months after such disease shall have disappeared from said premises. 
Sec. 2. That no cattle or sheep shall he allowed to run at large in any township or 
borough where any contagious disease prevails; and the constables of such townships 
are hereby authorized and required to take up and confine any cattle so found run- 
ning at large until called for and until all costs are paid. And in townships where 
there are no constables, it shall be the duty of the township clerk to perform this ser- 
vice ; and the said officers shall be entitled to receive one dollar for each head of cattle 
so taken up. And any officer who shall refuse to perform the duties of this act shall 
be liable to a fine of ten dollars. 
Sec. 3. Any person offending against the provisions of the first section of this act 
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction be sentenced to pay a fine not 
exceeding five hundred dollars or undergo an imprisonment not exceeding six months. 
Approved the 12th day of April, A. D. 1866. 
AN ACT to preveut the spread of contagious or infectious pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in this 
State. 
Section 1. Be it enacted, tf-c., That whenever it shall he brought to the notice of the 
governor of this State that the disease known as contagious or infectious pleuro- 
pneumonia exists among the cattle in any of the counties in this State, it shall be his 
duty to take measures promptly to suppress the disease and prevent it from spreading. 
Sec. 2. That for such purpose the governor shall have power, and he is hereby 
authorized, to issue his proclamation stating that the said infectious or contagious 
disease exists in any county or counties of the State, and warning all persons to seclude 
all animals in their possession that are affected with such disease, or have been ex- 
posed to the infection or contagion thereof, and ordering all persons to take such pre- 
cautions against the spreading of such disease as the nature thereof may in his judg- 
ment render necessary or expedient; to order that any premises, farm, or farms where 
such disease exists or'has existed be put in quarantine, so that no domestic animal be 
removed from said places so quarantined, and to prescribe such regulations as he may 
judge necessary or expedient to prevent infection or contagion being communicated in 
any way from the places so quarantined; to call upon all sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to 
carry out and enforce the provisions of such proclamations, orders, and regulations ; 
and it shall he the duty of all the sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to obey and observe all 
orders and instructions which they may receive from the governor in the premises; to 
employ such and so many medical and veterinary practitioners, and such other persons 
as he may from time to time deem necessary to assist him in performing his duty as 
set forth in the first section of this act, and to fix their compensation; to order all or 
any animals coming into the State to he detained at any place or places for the 
purpose of inspection and examination; to prescribe regulations for the destruc- 
tion of animals affected with the said infectious or contagious disease, and for the 
proper disposition of their hides and carcasses, and of all objects which might convey 
infection or contagion: Provided, That no animal shall be destroyed unless first ex- 
amined by a medical or veterinary practitioner in the employ of the governor as afore- 
said ; to prescribe regulations for the disinfection of all premises, buildings, and rail- 
way cars, and of objects from or hy which infection or contagion may take place or 
be conveyed ; to alter or modify, from time to time, as he may deem expedient, the 
terms of all such proclamations, orders, and regulations, and to cancel or withdraw the 
same at any time. 
Sec. 3. That all the necessary expenses incurred, under direction or hy authority 
of the governor in carrying out the provisions of this act, shall he paid hy the treasurer 
upon the warrant of the auditor-general, on being certified as correct by the gov- 
ernor : Provided, That animals coming from a neighboring State that have passed a 
veterinary examination in said State and have been quarantined and discharged, shall 
not he subject to the provisions of this act. 
Approved the Ist day of May, A. I). 1879. 
S, Ex. 106 9 130 
' THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
RHODE ISLAND. 
Pultlic statutes (revise;! 1881). 
Chapter 84.—0f contagious disease among cattle. 
Section 1. Every person bringing intotlie State neat cattle or o.lier animals which 
lie knows to be infected with any infectious or contagious disease, or who shall ex- 
pose such cattle or other animals, known to him to he so infected, to other cattle and 
animals not infected with such disease, shall be fined not less than one hundred dol- 
lars, nor more than five hundred dollars. 
Sec. 2. The town councils of the several towns may pass such ordinances as they 
may think proper, to prevent the spread of infectious or contagious diseases among 
cattle and other animals within their respective towns, and may prescribe x>enalties 
for the violation thereof, not exceeding twenty dollars for any one offence. 
Sec. 3. The State hoard of health may prohibit the introduction of any cattle or 
other domestic animals into that State. Every person who shall bring, transport, or 
introduce any cattle or other domestic animals into the State, after said hoard or any 
one of them shall have published for five successive days in such newspapers pub- 
lished in this State as the said board may direct, an order forbidding such introduc- 
tion, shall he fined not exceeding three hundred dollars for every such offence; and 
every officer or agent of any company or other person who shall violate such order 
shall he subject to the fine aforesaid. In case of the introduction into the State of 
cattle or other domestic animals, contrary to the order of said board, the introduc- 
tion of each animal shall he deemed a separate and distinct offence. 
Sec. 4. Said hoard shall endeavor to obtain full information in relation to any con- 
tagious disease which may prevail among cattle or other domestic animals near the 
border of the State, and shall publish and circulate such information in their discre- 
tion ; and should any such disease break out, or should there he reasonable suspicion 
of its existence among cattle or other domestic animals in any town in the State, 
they shall examine the cases, and publish the result of their examination, for the 
benefit of the public. > 
Sec. 5. Said hoard may appoint suitable and discreet persons, on or near the sev- 
eral highways, turnpike-roads, railroads, and thoroughfares in the State, who shall 
inquire into all violations of this chapter, and report the same to said hoard. 
Sec. 6. Every person who shall sell, or offer to sell, any milk from any such cat- 
tie or other domestic animals, shall be fined not exceeding one thousand dollars, or 
to be imprisoned not exceeding two years, either or both, in the discretion of the 
court. 
Sec. 7. Said board may make all necessary regulations for the prevention, treat- 
ment, cure, and extirpation of such disease; and the value of all cattle or other do- 
mestic animals killed on the written order of said board shall he appraised by three 
disinterested persons to be appointed by said board, such appraisal to be made im- 
mediately before the cattle or other domestic animals are killed, and the amount of 
such appraisal shall be paid by the State to the owner of such cattle or other domes- 
tic animals; and every person who shall fail to comply with any regulation so made 
shall be fined not exceeding three hundred dollars, or he imprisoned not exceeding 
one year. 
Sec. 8. Whenever said board shall make and publish any regulations concerning 
the extirpation, cure, or treatment of cattle or other domestic animals infected with 
or which have been exposed to any contagious disease, such regulations shall super- 
sede the regulations made hy the authorities of the several towns and cities upon 
the same subject; and the operation of such regulations made hy said authorities 
shall he suspended during the time those made by said hoard shall be in force. 
Sec. 10. All prosecutions for offenses against the provisions of this chapter shall 
be commenced within thirty days after the same shall have been committed, and not 
afterwards. 
In force on and after February 1, 1882. 
VERMONT. 
Section 4013. A person who drives or brings neat cattle into a town in this State 
from another State, or is accessory thereto, knowing that any of them have the dis- 
ease or have been exposed to the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia shall forfeit to 
the town not more than SSOO, or be imprisoned not more than twelve months and not 
less than one month, in the discretion of the court. 
Section 4014. A town, at a meeting held for that purpose, may establish regula- 
tions, appoint officers or agents, and raise and appropriate money to prevent and 
(Revised, laws, 1880.) THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
131 
arrest tlie spread or circumscribe the effect of tbe cattle disease known as pleuro- 
pneumonia as sucli town deems expedient. 
Section 4015. The selectmen may perform all acts and make all rules and regula- 
tions for and in behalf of the town necessary to carry into effect the powers conferred 
on the town by this chapter, until the town otherwise orders at a meeting holden for 
that purpose. 
Section 4016. Every person bringing into this State any neat cattle or other do- 
mestic animals which he knows to be infected with any infectious or contagious dis- 
ease, or who shall expose such cattle or other animals known to him to be so infected 
to other cattle and animals not infected with such disease, shall be fined not less than 
SIOO nor more than SSOO. 
Section 4017. The selectmen of the several towns and the board of aldermen of the 
several cities of this State may make and enforce such regulations as they may think 
proper to prevent the spread of infectious or contagious diseases among cattle and 
other domestic animals within their respective towns and cities, and shall inquire into 
all such cases coming to their knowledge, and shall immediately report the same to 
the governor. Any person who shall knowingly violate or refuse to obey any such 
regulation made by such town or city authorities shall be liable to a fine of SIOO. 
Section 4018. The governor may appoint a board of cattle commissioners, to consist 
of three members, whenever in his judgment the public safety may require, and may 
terminate their commissions whenever in his judgment the public safety may permit. 
The compensation of such commissioners shall not exceed three each per day 
for actual service, in addition to their traveling and other expenses necessarily in- 
curred. 
Section 4019. Such commissioners may prohibit the introduction of any cattle or 
other domestic animals believed to be infected with any contagious disease, or having 
been exposed thereto, into this State, but may not prohibit the transportation of the 
same in cars through the State, and every person who shall bring, transport, or intro- 
duce any cattle or other domestic animals into this State after said commissioners have 
issued an order forbidding the same, and such order shall ha ve been published for 
three successive days in such newspapers published in this State as the commissioners 
may direct, shall pay to the treasurer of the State a fine of not more than $3OO for 
•every offence, and every officer or agent of any company, or other person who shall 
violate such order, shall be subject to the fine aforesaid. In case of the introduction 
into this State at the same time of a number of cattle or other domestic animals con- 
trary to the orders of such commissioners, the introduction of each animal shall be 
deemed a separate and distinct offence. 
Section 4020. Such commissioners shall endeavor to obtain full information in rela- 
tion to any contagious disease which may prevail among cattle or other domestic 
animals near the borders of the State, and shall publish and circulate such informa- 
tion at their discretion; and should any such disease break out, or should there be 
reasonable suspicion of its existence among cattle or other domestic animals in any 
town in this State, they shall examine the cases and publish the result of their exami- 
nation for the benefit of the public; such commissioners are also hereby authorized to 
examine under oath, in the several towns and cities in this State, all persons pos- 
sessing or believed to possess knowledge of any material facts concerning the exist- 
ence or dissemination or danger of dissemination of diseases among cattle or other 
domestic animals, and for this purpose shall have all the power now conferred bylaw 
upon justices of the peace to compel the attendance and testifying of such witnesses; 
and all costs and expenses incurred in procuring the attendance of such witnesses 
shall be allowed and paid to the commissioners from the treasury of the treasury of 
the State, upon the same being certified to the governor and approved by him; and 
the auditor of accounts is hereby authorized to draw his order on the treasurer for such 
sum as shall be so certified and approved. 
Section 4021. When any contagious disease exists in the State among cattle or 
other domestic animals, said board may quarantine all inflicted animals, or such as 
they suppose have been exposed to contagion; may prohibit any animal from passing 
on or over any of the highways near the place of quarantine; may enter upon any 
premises where there are animals supposed to be infected with any disease, and make 
all investigations and regulations necessary for the prevention, treatment, cure, and 
extirpation of such disease, and any person who shall knowingly violate or refuse to 
obey any regulation or order of such commissioners, shall be liable to a fine of one 
hundred dollars for each violation or refusal. 
Section 4022. If any person during the existence of said board shall sell or offer to 
sell any cattle or other domestic animals, or any part or parts thereof, known to him 
to be infected with any contagious disease, or with any disease dangerous to the 
public health, he shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars, or be imprisoned 
not exceeding two years, or both, at the discretion of tlie court. 
Section 4023. The value of all cattle or other domestic animals killed by the writ- 
ten order of the commissioners shall be appraised by three disinterested persons, to be 132 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 
appointed by the commissioners, such appraisal to be made just before tbe cattle or other 
domestic animals are killed; and the amount of such appraisal shall be paid by the 
State to the owners of such animals; and every person who shall fail to comply with 
any regulation by them so made shall be fined not more than three hundred dollars, 
or be imprisoned not more than one year. 
Section 4024. Whenever the commissioners shall make and publish any regulations 
concerning the extirpation, cure, or treatment of cattle or other domestic animals 
infected with or which have been exposed to any contagious disease, such regu- 
lations shall supersede the regulations made by the selectmen of the several towns, 
or the board of aldermen of the several cities upon the same subject; and the opera- 
tion of such regulations made by said authorities shall be suspended during the time 
those made by the commissioners as aforesaid shall be in force. 
Section 4025. The commissioners shall keep a record of their doings, and report 
the same to the governor in the month of September next after their appointment, 
unless sooner required by the governor. 
Section 4026. All orders, appointments, and notices from the commissioners shall 
bear the signatures of a majority of said commissioners. 
Scction 4026. Any prosecution for a violation of any of the provisions of this act 
shall be commenced within thirty days from the commission thereof. INDEX. 
Page. 
Abattoirs at fat markets 83 
Active trade in cattle a cause of extension of disease 8 
African chiefs, checked lung plague .. 17 
America sound until disease imported 26 
Ancient history of lung plague 4 
Animals susceptible to lung plague 39 
Area of infection 60 
Arrest of lung plague in its progress westward, why 24 
Australia, its infection 17 
Blissville distillery stables - 39 
Blowers 81 
Bonded market for sound export and store cattle at the infected ports 71 
general rules for 71 
Booby hatches 80 
Breeding stock imported 32 
British Isles, infection of 9 
Brooklyn, infection of 21 
Buffaloes subject to lung plague 26 
Buffalo, immunity of American 26 
Calf trade must grow if allowed 34 
Cape of Good Hope, infection of 14 
Cars, disinfection of 72 
Cattle fatten at sea 74 
ships, blowers on 81 
fans and blowers in 81 
ventilation of 76 
trade in Massachusetts, South Africa, and Australia 20 
Central Europe, mountains permanently infected 6 
Certificates must be based on repeated examinations 43 
of health with cattle from infected ports 69 
sound ports 69 
City dairies, profits of 66 
sending sick cows into 21-23 
dairy trade, a cause of disease 21-23 
Climate and temperature affect the mortality 40 
does not produce lung plague 26 
Compilation of State laws on contagious diseases of cattle 116 
Conditions favoring extinction in Massachusetts 20 
Congressional action recommended 82 
Contagion the sole means of propagation 4 
Convalescent cattle dangerous 50 
Convalescent cattle don’t suffer again 40 
Course of disease 46 
Cow-stables in Great Britain before and since infection 12 
Crisis, in extension of disease 36 
Crowding on steamers 75 
Dangers attending increase of importation 31 
from increase of thoroughbreds 32 
Danger from improvement of Western herds 33 
Dangers from infected clothes 37 
Danger from infected stables 36 
prolonged inoculation 43,57 
Dangers from railroad extensions 35 
recovered cattle 50 
Danger from shipping Eastern calves to the West 34 
of infection through food 39 
the single diseased beast 31 
Dangers of inoculation 56 
yearly increasing 31 
Denmark, infection of 13 
Detroit has no lung plague * 63 
133 134 
INDEX, 
Page. 
Disease changes in chest . 46 
Diseased cattle, slaughter of 84 
Disease in New York, the same as imported 25 
Disinfection, rules for 72 
of cars and ships 72 
Distilleries, sugar factories, &c., a means of perpetuation of the disease 39 
Eastern calves, danger from 34 
Governor Cullom’s proclamation concerning 35 
Encysted masses in lungs, danger from 50 
Eradication of lung plague guaranteed 30 
Examinations, single, useless 43 
Exports, action advised on 69,70 
Extinction, hy State action 20 
facilities for, in America 30 
favored by fences 24,25 
Federal action for 82 
hindered hy modes of trading in cities 22,23 
pasturing in common 22, 85 
profits on city dairies 66 
in Massachusetts 20 
its failure in Australia 17-19 
not being effected 64 
• of lung plague guaranteed 36 
the disease in Denmark 13 
lung plague in Norway 13 
lung plague in Schleswig-Holstein 13 
lung plague in Sweden 13 
Fans 81 
Fat cattle markets, and abattoirs 71, 83, 84 
poor sailors ' 75 
Fatigue does not cause lung plague 27, 29 
Federal action for extinction of plague 82 
on imports, exports, and interstate commerce 82 
First attack gives immunity from a second.. 40 
Foreign cattle, quarantine of - 73 
trade in live stock, a cause of the disease. 22 
General rules for bonded market 83,84 
Germs of lung plague 49 
Heat of furnace as a means of ventilation in steamers 81 
History in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 5 
of lung plague 4 
Humid air, a cause of lung diseases 77,78 
ill effects of 77,78 
in cattle ships 78 
in ships, remedy f0r..., 80 
Illinois, forbids importation of calves from infected places 35 
Importation, increase of 32 
into the British Isles 9 
Imports, action advised on 73,74 
Federal control of». 73,74 
Impure air does not cause lung plague 28 
effects of 77, 78 
on board ships 77,78 
Inclement weather does not cause lung plague 26 
Incubation 42 
prolonged a source of danger 43 
Indemnity, a liberal, advocated 85 
for cattle killed 85 
liberal, best 85 
Infected area 60 
cattle, slaughter of 84 
districts, control of pasturage in 85 
markets for ■ 71 
movement of cattle in 69, 70 
ports of export 70,83,84 
State should be debarred from exporting cattle 69 
transmission of cattle through 70 
Infection, absent from channels of cattle traffic * 60, 64 
Western cities 60,64 
from recovered animals : 50 INDEX 
135 
Page. 
Infection, by inoculation 56 
of Australia 17 
clothes 27 
preserved in stables 36 
through food 39 
Inoculated animals infecting 56 
Inoculation 54 
dangers of 56-58 
diffuses the virus - 56 
expense of - - 58 
in Edinburgh 55 
Holland 55 
its drawbacks 55-58 
misconception of 56 
protection _ 59 
unsuited to America 58,59 
when admissible . 59 
Inspections, must cover three months for a single herd 43 
include the whole herd 43 
single, useless - 43 
Interdiction of movement of cattle from infected State 69,70 
Inter-State commerce, action advised on 69,70 
Introduction 3- 
Investigations in the lines of traffic 60,61 
Ireland, cause of the perpetuation of the disease in 10 
infection of - 9 
Professor Ferguson’s report on 11 
Large cities perpetuate - 22 
Laws of the States on contagious diseases of cattle 116 
Lindley, his evidence on lung plague in South Africa - 14 
Losses in Australia 17,18- 
Great Britain 9 
South Africa, excessive 14-17 
on export cattle 75 
exports, more than value of all the infected herds in the land 85 
Loss to Massachusetts - 20 
Lung diseases caused by impure air on ships 78 
found in Western cattle 63 
Lung plague causes disease when inoculated 54 
in New York continuous from imported cases 25 
not disappearing 64 
why called so 4 
Markets should be abolished or regulated 83 
Massachusetts, infection of 19 
Mediate contagion, opinions of European writers 39 
Moffatt, his evidence on South Africa 17 
Mortality 40 
enhanced by warm climates 40 
in New York 42,65,66 
prospective in the West and South 41,42 
Mountains in Central Europe infected 6-7 
in Northern and Southern Europe and Scotland, sound 7-27 
Movement of cattle under license 84 
Nature of lung plague - 49 
New Hampshire, infection of 20 
New Jersey, infection of , 21 
New York, infection of 21 
New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, infected ports 69 
New Zealand, infection of 19 
No infection in the United States apart from infection spread from Brooklyn .. 64 
No lung plague in America till 1848 26 
our great western centers of cattle traffic 60—65 
Nomenclature 3 
Norway, infection of - - - 13 
Obligation to stamp out 30 
Obstacles to extension of lung plague north from New York 25 
Ocean voyage, care during 
Organic matter in air of cattle-ships 79 
Pasturage in common must be abolished in infected districts 85 136 
INDEX 
Pago. 
Permanence of lung plague in Australia 18,19 
Brooklyn, New York, &c 21,22,26,64 
Mountains of Western Europe 6 
New Zealand 19 
South Africa. 14-17 
Tasmania 19 
Perpetuation of the disease in Ireland 10 
Pleuro-pneumouia a misleading term 4 
Ports infected -, 69 
Present crisis in lung plague extension 36 
Privations do not cause lung plague 27 
Quarantine necessary 73 
of foreign cattle 73 
of States necessary. 70-82 
should be uniform 73 
Railroad extension a source of danger 35 
Recovered cattle, not attacked again 40 
Sanitation of steamers 74-81 
Schleswig-Holstein, infection of 13 
Sea, fattening cattle at 74 
Seclusion of infected State a prerequisite to all certificates of health 69-82 
Second attacks of lung plague rare 40 
Spread of the disease by inoculation 56 
Ships, artificial ventilation of 84 
cubic area for each animal on 78 
disinfection of 72 
Slaughter of diseased 84 
South Africa, infection of 14 
lung plague in 14 
Spread of lung plague south from New York; why ? 21,22 
Stalls on ships, too flimsy 75 
steamers, size of 75 
Stamping out lung plague 82 
State action for extinction of plague 82, 83 
Saint Louis has no lung plague 
Steamers, sanitary condition of 74-84 
stalls on 75 
Subsidence of lung plague a delusion 64 
Suffocation on board ship 76 
Summary 87 
Sweden, infection of 13 
Swill feeding does not generate infection 29 
Symptoms 44 
Tasmania, infection of 19 
Temperate climate does not produce lung plague 27 
Thoroughbreds, dangers from preserving 53 
increase of 32 
should be paid for liberally 53 
specially dangerous 53 
Unfenced American pastures would keep up lung plague 16,17, 30 
Uufenced regions perpetuate 16,17, 30 
Upper deck, shipping on 76 
Ventilation, bad, no cause of lung plague 28 
of cattle ships 80 
ships 80 
ships by extraction 81 
Virus, attenuation of by air 36 
carried on air 36 
preserved in clothes 37 
preserved in stables ... ... 36,37 
vitality of 86 
what favors its preservation 36, 37 
Vitiated air 76 
Warm climate does not cause lung plague 27 
aggravate lung plague 40 
Wars as a cause of the plague 7 
Western cities and prairies calculated to keep up lung plague 61 
Windsails ~ 80 INDEX TO REPORTS OF INSPECTIONS 
Page. 
Abatttors at Buffalo 91 
in Cleveland « 96 
Detroit - 109 
Kansas City. 100 
Rochester 92 
Saint Louis 98 
Allegheny City, report on - 94 
Buffalo, report on - - 91 
testimony of veterinarans *- 92 
Cincinnati, report on 106 
Common pasturage 
at Buffalo 91 
Indianapolis 105 
in Kansas City 100 
Cleveland, report on 96 
Council Bluffs, report on 102 
Dairies at Buffalo - 91 
in Cincinnati 107 
Detroit HI 
at Elgin H3 
in Indianapolis 105 
Kansas City 100 
in Milwaukee 97 
at Omaha 102 
in Saint Louis 98 
Detroit, report on 11l 
Distillery feeding at Cincinnati. 106 
at Indianapolis % 105 
in Kansas City 100 
at Omaha 102 
Peoria - -*• - 103 
in Saint Louis 98 
Distillery stables in Buffalo 91 
Milwaukee 9/ 
Distoneum hepaticum in lungs no'ini ino 
Eastern calves yy> 101; 102 
Elgin, report on - 113 
East Eingo, N. H., report on 113 
Farrington’s report 90 
Flukes in lungs 110 
Galesburg, report on • 103 
Geneseo, 111., report on - - 103 
Grosse Isle, teport on 110 
Hamilton, Mo., report on 101 
Indianapolis, evidence of veterinarians 105 
report on 105 
Iron City, report on - 94 
Kansas City, report on 100 
Lung disease in cows at Elgin 113 
Detroit cow 119 
Milwaukee, report on 96 
Murray’s report - - 109 
Paaren’s report 11“ 
Peoria, report on - 103 
Pictou, Nova Scotia, cattle disease 
Pittsburgh,report on 93 
S. Ex. 106 10 138 
INDEX. 
Page. 
Rendering works at Buffalo 91 
in Detroit 112 
at Omaha . 102 
Peoria 103 
Rochester dairies 93 
evidence of veterinarians 93 
report on 93 
Salamanca, report on ~.. 93 
Saint Louis, evidence of veterinarians 99 
reporton 98 
Suspension Bridge 42 
Thayer, report on East Ringo, N, H 113 
Pictou, N. S 113 
Toledo, report on 110 INDEX TO STATE LAWS 
Page. 
Connecticut 116,117 
Illinois ... - 116 
Indiana ----- 117 
Kansas 117-119 
Maine 119,120 
Maryland 120,121 
Massachusetts 121-124 
Michigan 124,125 
Minnesota - 125,126 
Nebraska 125 
New Hampshire 126 
New Jersey - 126,127 
New York - 127-129 
Pennsylvania 129 
Rhode Island -; 130 
Vermont - 130-132