W8718
 1842

ib	Ills.
	
	
	
 
 
SYLLABUS       x
4 <?  '                        Ov".   v
Vy
    THE COURSE OF LECTURES
MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY,
DELIVERED in
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
BY GEORGE B. WOOD, M.D.
              PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED BY LYDIA R. BAILEY, NO. 26 NORTH FIFTH STREET.
                  18 4 2. 
\NZ7t*
 i  g*k
    Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1836,


                BY GEORGE B. WOOD, M. D.,


in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and

           for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
V
k 
 
PREFACE.
  The following Syllabus was prepared with the exclusive view of faci-
litating the studies of those who attend the Lectures on Materia Medica
and Pharmacy, delivered in the University of Pennsylvania.  It can be
understood and appreciated only in connexion with these lectures; and
the author, therefore, deprecates any judgment upon its merits as an inde-
pendent essay.   One of his objects in publishing it is to supply the defi-
ciencies of the work which he has adopted as the Text Book of his lec-
tures.  In the Dispensatory of the United States, many points are omitted
which are deemed essential in  a course of instruction  upon Materia
Medica,  and the arrangement of its  parts is not such as is best adapt-
ed for the convenient study of the science.  But by taking  the Syllabus
as a guide, following the course which it indicates,  committing to me-
mory the facts which it presents,  and, on the points which are merely
hinted at, referring for  information to the Dispensatory,  in the order
pointed out in the  pamphlet, the student will  be enabled, in  connexion
with the lectures,  to  obtain all  the elementary knowledge on  Materia
Medica and  Pharmacy which  can be deemed essential.  The author,
however, does not wish to be understood as recommending his pupils
to confine their  reading within these narrow limits.  On the contrary,
he strongly urges  on them the  propriety,  after having  prosecuted the
course of elementary study above referred to, of perusing  all the re-
spectable treatises on these branches of medical science which may be
within their  reach,  not neglecting those  of the French and  German
writers.   They  will thus be enabled  to form a more enlightened judg-
ment in relation to the accuracy of the facts and the correctness of the
opinions which they may have been taught, and will at the same time
acquire a stock of additional knowledge, which cannot fail to prove
useful in the  practical pursuit of their profession. 
|   fa^/rZ 6<^ * "* <% <"-J$a t ff/x&t* a&s-etu&s. &?<?<A rAneJ && ^J-

   /&&-Vi/r'U&ft0A -/?t£ </£*■.■/p£-0t*Z/ft ityfe, && &*£> s?£*>U*6:& &/aA













             Ofund,.  (y-ttsnc£/. j£rr-acAiiU &c,vuA<&, ^/-?aW
              T&/  -   /Z   =  J6  -  _2,?8  =  &p60

                                  $i  =    3   =    60
                                            3/   =    zo





    [/#>  7t£*tc/L &La,»n >**:> tj<ee/uii/-Jz- /&. 4.O6J mcl^u ^7^
   JfLc /Cibi <**-<£ /j?t.eajsL€ije <r£ /&. J9c<j^^tt &■ ?/. &?(/? ^


              ^./   -    $   -   /if      /ozij. =  6/4^4
                        &/   =r   /S      /s,S -   f>s$o
                                 f-3'        * =   '4*
                                           fit .^    ti£60
 
           rriio.rraiMpa.

SYLLABUS   OF   LECTURES.
                          PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

     Materia Medica is the science which  treats of medicines;  Pharmacy, the art of pre-
   paring them for use.  Both are subjects of the present course of lectures;  but the latter,
   belonging properly to a  distinct  profession, is considered of secondary importance, and
   treated of incidentally, and as subsidiary to the former.
 f.  Medicines are substances capable of producing, as an ordinary result, and by their own
   inherent power, certain modifications of the vital  functions, which render them applicable
   to the cure of disease.
     The proper mode of studying medicines considered.  The objects of attention in rela-
   tion to them are their origin; their modes  of collection and preparation for  market;  their
   commercial history; their sensible properties, and chemical composition and relations; their
   physiological action or  influence upon  the bodily functions  in a state of health, and, in
   connexion with this, their toxicological  history; their effects  in morbid states of the sys-
   tem, and  the general indications they are calculated to answer in the treatment of disease;
   their particular applications in cases which do not fall within any general rule; and finally,
   their dose, mode of administration, and the extemporaneous or officinal preparation to which
   they may be subjected.
J£.  Observations in relation to Pharmacopoeias, or  codes published by authoritative bodies
   for the recognition of standard remedies,  and the regulation of the modes of preparing
   them for  use.
     The study of Botany recommended as preliminary to that of Materia Medica; and some
   acquaintance with  Chemistry,  Anatomy,  and  Physiology considered essential  to a tho-
   rough understanding of the subject in all its relations.
    An accurate knowledge of the standard weights and measures employed in the purchase
   and  sale, as well as in the preparation and prescription of medicines, insisted on as a ne-
   cessary accomplishment of the student of Materia Medica.
•  These weights and measures  explained.  (See U. S. Dispensatory.)
    Modus operandi of medicines.  The operation of medicines considered asprimary or secon-
   dary, the former being their immediate action upon the system, the  latter that which follows
   their original and characteristic impression, inconsequence of certain physiological laws.

                            Primary operation of'Medicines.                     *     * ^
    In the primary operation of medicines, they may, Jirst,  extend their influence over the
   system or to distant parts  by means of nervous communication, or, secondly, they may enter ;,'
   the blood-vessels and act through the medium of the  circulation, or, thirdly, they may act
   exclusively in the neighbourhood of their application.
    1. The  mode of operation by means of nervous communication explained and illustrated.
   This communication effected either by the propagation of the original impression to the
   brain,  and its transmission thence to the part or parts operated upon, or directly through
   the medium of neives connecting the part receiving  the impression of the medicine with
   the seat of its characteristic action.
    2. The operation of medicines through  the  route  of the circulation proved by their ex-
   istence in the secretions, and still more satisfactorily  by their detection in the blood vessels,
   after having  been taken into the stomach  or applied to various other parts of the body.
   The idea  advanced that some medicines probably act in both ways, viz. by nervous com-
   munication or sympathy, and by absorption into the  blood-vessels  and circulation with the
  blood.  Facts slated to show that medicines may be  absorbed  not  from the alimentary ca-
  nal only, but also from the bronchial mucous  membrane,  the scions surfaces, the cellular
  tissue, and from the skin  especially when deprived of its cuticle.  The rapidity of the ab-
  sorption is often very great, but various according to  the part to which the medicine is ap-
  plied, the  state of the system at the time, and the nature of the medicine  itself.  Said to be
  greatest from the air cells of the lungs, to be inversely proportionate to the quantity of cir- 
(   2   )
   culating fluid, and to be favoured  by the solubility, miscibility with the blood, and free-
*  dom from corrosive properties of the substance absorbed.  Some observations in relation to
   the mode in which absorption is effected.
      3. The exclusively local action of certain medicines, or of substances applied in a cer-
   tain manner, alluded to, and illustrated.
•    In their primary action, medicines stated to differ greatly as to  the parts which they af-
   fect; each particular medicine or class of medicines having a tendency to act on some one
   portion of the system, some one organ or set of organs, more than upon others.  This ten-
   dency often independent of the part of the body to which the medicine is applied.   Ex-
   plained by the possession of different susceptibilities by different components of the frame,
   in consequence of which one portion receives impressions from the contact of a medicine,
   while another is wholly impassive  to  its action.  In this tendency  to particular parts, a
   ground of distinction between medicines pointed out.  Certain substances act especially on
   some one of the minor systems of the body, as the circulatory, nervous, or absorbent; and
   as these pervade the whole  frame, and are so  interwoven in  their sympathies as well as
   position, that one cannot be deeply  affected without some participation of the others, such
   substances may be considered as general in their action.  Others  have an especial  affinity
   for some one of the organs, as the  stomach, bowels, skin, kidneys, or lungs; and as  these
   organs are distinct in situation, the medicines affecting them may be said  to  be local in
   their primary action.  Both the general and local remedies may be subdivided, according
   as they operate on some one of the  systems or organs in preference to the others.        .
      The opinion  maintained that medicines differ not only as to the part which they are dis»*
   posed to affect, but also in the nature of their primary action upon  the same part. Another
   ground of classification thus afforded.  But notwithstanding this difference in the essential
   nature of their  action, medicines almost universally, in their primary operation, either pro-
   duce an excitement of the system, or some portion of it, above the healthy standard, or oc-
   casion a depression of action  below that  standard; in other woids, are stimulant or seda-
   tive.   The great majority of them  are stimulant, and perhaps  all  may be  so applied as to
   produce a direct excitement of some part or organ of the body.  But it is not deducible
   from this fact that there are no direct sedatives.  It is  a mistake to consider medicines
   essentially stimulant or essentially  sedative under  all  circumstances.  Medicines produce
   peculiar effects not only from their own  peculiar nature, but in  consequence also of the
   peculiar susceptibilities of the body or its organs.   Now  these  susceptibilities are not the
   same in different parts of the frame in health, nor even in the same part in  different states>-5t
   of health, or under different circumstances of situation.  A necessary inference  is, that the
   same medicine  must operate differently in different parts of the body having these differ-
   ent susceptibilities, and even that its operation upon the same part may vary with the sus-
   ceptibility of the part.  There can be no difficulty, therefore, in understanding that a medi-
   cine may be either stimulant or sedative, according to the part on which it acts, or to the
   condition of the system or some one of its organs at the time of its action.  Instances illus-
   trative of these statements adduced.
      It is important to be  acquainted with the various influences, which, by affecting the sys-
   tem, may modify the action of medicines.  These influences treated  of under the heads of&
3. .1. disease, 2. climate, 3. modes of  living,  4.  habit, 5. age, 6.  se'x, 7.  temperament, 8. idio-
   syncrasies, and 9. mental operations.  (See'U. S. Dispensatory—Appendix.)
4'...............'........'•"
S                            Secondary.. Effects of Medicines.
\,   By this term are meant the changes which take  place in  any portion of the body, not
 Z. produced by the immediate operation of the medicine, but dependent upon  certain laws of
 " the system, which  determine peculiar actions or conditions as the consequence of antece-
   dent actions or conditions.  Arranged under the following heads:—■
      1. A state of depression following excitement;
      2.  Sympathetic excitement arising from local inflammation;
      3. Removal of local irritations or inflammations on the principle of revulsion;
      4. Cessation of diseased action in consequence of the removal of the cause;
      5.  Efforts made by nature to repair the damage received in consequence of the applica-
   tion of medicines to the body.
      These effects highly  important in the treatment of disease.   Explained  and illustrated.
      Administration of medicines next considered, including^rsi,  the forms in which they
   are  used, and secondly, the parts with which they are brought into contact, and the modes
   of applying them.

                            Forms in which Medicines are used.
      Medicines are  administered, in  the solid state, in the shape of powders, pills, troches,
   electuaries, and  confections;  in  the liquid state, in  the  shape of mixtures and solutions.
   Under the head of solutions are included the officinal  preparations  designated by the names
   ' of infusions, decoctions, wines, tinctures, vinegars, syrups, honeys, and oxymels. Medicines 
 A-A tS at/7*i&0uAcCaAf&fi  ArfA_£ 3<?7?i*H<rn- z#m.£. /?wg£t<J{^£~}
 vAi  aaAAcru c£-A t^iA Ac<A. <? dig ^os???^, ckj </A#&e. aw ctr^^^e-T^
 tu-e. AAe  & uAAA~ (f/t <zw*tc*.c}t?/&a7Sas AA^e AAAkA/ cuAtrfe—
 lfcc£, AAe. qAt^A^ tA^ AAiA //.  ZAe4iJ&/ /-ol^uA-A^^c^/ c/j
 fyi£*sL^^a^i <Aasl (A,. AheA &.aA /r-x AA /n A c Au* eA<?t£,  £<T71 -
 AzAtL.  <nt&J-'0~c*si.A£ <Hi0T£ Sno/U /A&  e 0~2tv*n-*n^ &<aA//?-zi_
 CUlA' AtsttAf fruA /& f€LuL:c/ra~u.iTC£, a,nA /^to^CAe^  tixjea.-
Jus. eJ  cl>i£ fAA ^<zt*t«.&  cU /fi,*i_JL- ft /&.  (2/. <?/!(A <&£ 0n AuAi.
 c'J tAAAoAecA czJ gl /i*. o-^AtAccAz, /> /fee 'ZAljA" UrAtoA*  A
 c^j^Ae^jiAAs #si0~Ac'AceA A% A?£ ftitAufy A /fa At&txt'cAj/fiA,
Jt^(*d&e4^.&£Sdfife£u^/a.e£. -pffft  &rfti'c£ tAj^a/cy OJejA
 ffil/ct/%to44/ *A Aa crttAaAtiu'tt a fr&J^eA. AS*? <z^U*£S 4uAA '&> '
s&tAw -f-pa.cA fsr- CdTUts**tjrpc ^Adz  as2z<AAAc^a^/ a-/ ft a^utA
   c^   /  /'A'
CA^.
cas ccj/rf( /ntv-'
A UrUHJLpfcc<L/AuA!      f.^jSltiu. J-ttcLjArttl^u£      fyf-
    ij,& sj*irifcAs& -ta AAt£ AA^jl cAcu/uAjz^ un^/Asu/ UnmA-

X  %ujjAeeuc: ■■£ a^ *A±e/&c, ctcTAhi  <m. /&. jAa->iatvA e^^M
    fySH-U&Ho-. ?-//'*/<*.'■£?<* e*J& *zA/5is7us£ Ait AeiAAaCf** <?wa-
    ~ttAcffA£e 4?r*re£ J?'i-h<??a  /AviAt/cUes Av£ a^a^i  Onem.
    &aher cccHA/a/i<-'<AeJ uAe/v, <*■ cjA/A/,'^ Ale nutc<ru<t o»&*-
    duMtt  A A/a  uyiA^^c^Aa^A^^^^^^^^^A^ AK^
       /.'      A'/.       /    .-A-  ,
    /a i{ va^y </■ li toast*/ A<- C'lfics-ttJ.
6. Ai h&h"J/^w^A <A*r#dc^^^yt a,t*qA*n. »f'ti ^iy&^>t<'A{,

A  'vie rttfi/<usjiet'/6f»*e>  ^/lecA^c^cA^ ^ /AtA^/iuAuA\y AAic^
   >l(&2«*/tuiC,a.J'^u*<'H> fi-^e/, aAc*Arf,<^*yit^ies^l,a-

   A^M^fAS Ay Stf/2£&Ar*t; fad/%tJ C<f 0ZirPHg_ ZAevH* CAslA&ttL- 
   i-hc/u eid/ /'nAfA^/iLA/i//rri /M-a^V «:'Vu-v--- ,/^/vV/.//'  a,ttd,
   cd; Azt^ /fix  e<2-/t  Aiii itx-l'tf ■'& C£t//t<A,rtJL   lx <-'££ Aesti  A
  <fa£  -IuAj^. CAaA aAA-^isv</ 7A ve^aA£**■&, 4H*-£&*7'-e L.-fiy r^i^
   /nc/ Mu / dzs <z  co-ia AA<J&-/?ia cA/ao^c  e^iesUaJ.£-  sf-
   Alt  /Ah/At   Al£ /?Af-7i<#.s/i   sl/,a,iy(£{L)JtafAL &  tytA*.  ^-
    i^uis <ia.iiyjz. o a^c a n &&/d AATTast. JhtitZA; a*t<A i;t~  tic-
    / C"  y   A ,  <C  s     A A ,     .  ,       /       A /A
&, c #;# /frie^A/iescAc'e/A  /%£ sA^-CJ#fi?>ifdt'c/.';tU. Arh^uAlj^--
   */u -U\C}AuAaiAAzi_ Ad#?A/A'// s??/a/A /ZnaAtA^.jOJ /Ajif /Tnt&r-'frC
   hi t-du/cec^tF 4iaA/~ /^./2Au+i i A/1? <d£w/tt£<*>€4u/£Ail ffiu^
   /6a~&.i*t/-. J?h?s0~tXsn4 ^zcU^'/Ao-{^4£/Ai^Au ///'<W*^.;
   ''A-fifoesi^A^^e-TAf /■iAAcac*e£.-/Car aa£J -be^sA/ia/i  /A^ttZy
   "<r/ic ■//i^c£#?z.,vH.u4't'&. tidu^cctZd/vx oJcAm  oj?£.  ~fie>  -Ac
   Lia.G£^  />Le:f/}^LiAty<Ars/>c"J//stxJ '/Afi  d*mefulAoAffiz£u cl-clo^
   /t-tuAx-de^xste#uAift-A,; MAi^tAsdAX:d:-a,- a,-J-/2,rr%^
CI.+/Z
£. A,//«x*l£S AL&tf.sjj s//rxne, -^yL.cx- A AAcAy jfi-fnk sftit-o/rsrt*/1? /^uJ^uAast
   /ujAea*.* /Aa/t /j^.ajt&/;A/AiA w£is/ri? sieazA^ A}?L£d^- d*i£J
      ■^/ledcec'n&S, d'h-tudc,fittsi.s?<x fil^cj jAL/rz*Ad''£-€■ a-z^acdcd
 ./
c ~
I
   /AtAsiAntf /A^A^sz^a-dj ff '//{J'/iJCxstc/i &<ri± 3J3/L£ct n#s>t <?-l/ sx./id
   Aa cAaAiln*-,  cAkcAA/v Au 7%** c<z4///7l££Ac cA/iaU A**^*-*a! cua
   {4cftA>i t. Aic/Ai #A£-LA/£i< /la 'a &a? & aA-j. sr-dA~fi t. ^-Aj-u /d < /»- C-
   Ll-V-v-i-cAld-
f. ^'Xt/t /£iOAfiS't^A CtnX Ac?cAudud<A/ sUJ-uAu/<<? Ars/i OstSa,-
'    ~  -  /7  A    s   .   /'     +  s      V       /  / '"-*'  -/'   '*
   f-iiiZhj #-L d<'{,'et£jtA Aa^J-^Atff endA/tAt/.x/j,
ft*, cl'dz' Wjn C'l A4'V 'CV&'L&AteS CL-  f-U *LtAxhi/sA //A'/U/ I'< 'asuAs -U Jl&H.
   /}L£ ftldj udAA dttrf/cdLt/i/sJ-d/fl/frtJa JtJ. A/iistJ,£ 0?>L<e SZ 42tj rttJ
   U4.Z s*-C-L.y 4u^ctAAiAlz 1oAft4. 4//tew d f£/t/-uv  0?- ^sr /canted*
   Us/lA./'AAa&lJ' dati  /c./1-tc.ecy  'i-ssl.  rt-Ca-  i*td&tj-uei-,M£.
    frd/mi  A/- d^£tfxCt<UtajtA#-jy-?f wa-i/ u^AA t)L   £.*-+m-£-^
    C4i/aUiiA<i<2{^ c^/itf<r*t  #<n AdafA/da*>Aii/is>-/A-/{{'csfo.
   tiri// c' €£U. 1  rti. Alt  sir. >/ st/ a I £>A- / '6  C * mX  . £%al   4#. 1 C- &
    S/ fnt  //<«<-'   cj/l/tf'd fie  ctvutCAttetytrfip  c/i/t. ,i£tAaLc;L /rotk^ 
 
 
(   3   )
 are also used in thff form of liniments, cerates, ointments, plasters, and cataplasms.  Each
 of these forms of preparation commented on.  For all essential information in relation to
 them, the student is referred to the U. S. Dispensatory, the Index of which will point out
 the place where he  may find  them treated of.  Besides the foims  above mentioned, medi-
 cines are sometimes applied in the state of vapour.

            Parts to which Medicines are applied, and modes of applying them.
   1.  The stomach; but on this it is not requisite to enlarge.
   2.  The rectum.   To this part medicines are applied with two objects—first, to produce
 alvine  evacuation,  secondly, to obtain  their peculiar impression upon  the system.  In
 the latter case, as it is desirable that  the medicine should remain  in  the bowels, it should
 generally be  given in a  small bulk, and  may often  be  advantageously combined  with
 opium to prevent irritation and consequent purging.  In both cases, the first impulse to
 evacuate the bowels should be resisted; and the operator  should  assist  the efforts of the
 patient, when requisite, by pressing a warm folded towel ag-ainst the part.
   The quantity of medicines administered by the rectum, with a view to their peculiar ac-
 tion, is, as a general rule, about three times their ordinary dose; but as the relative suscep«.
 tibility of the rectum and stomach is not always  the same, it is best to begin with less  than
 this proportion, when the medicine is very active.  It is possible, moreover, that, while the
 susceptibility of the stomach is diminished by the frequent use of any particular medicine,
 that of the rectum may remain comparatively  unimpaired; so that in cases  where  very
 large doses of an active medicine are habitually swallowed, it would not be proper to hazard
 the administration  of a triple quantity per anum.
   Medicines introduced  into the rectum in the  solid state  are called  suppositories—in the
 liquid, clysters, injections, or  enemata.   The  mode of applying suppositories requires no
 comment.  Enemata are either fluid, or composed of solid matter diffused in a liquid vehicle.
 In the latter case, it is important that the  medicine, especially when irritating, should be
 equally diffused.   Water is generally used as the  vehicle.   If an  insoluble substance  is to
 be suspended in it, some mucilaginous, saccharine, or  other viscid body should be added.
 The quantity of the vehicle should vary with .the nature of the medicine and the effects to
 be produced.  If the enema is to be retained, the quantity should be as small as is  com-
 patible  with convenient administration.  If intended to operate upon the bowels, the bulk
 should be larger.   One or two fluidounces in  the former case, and a pint in tlie latter, are
 about the proper  mean proportions for an adult.
   3.  The skin.  The modes of application are numerous.   As regards the  skin itself, the
 cuticle may be retained  or removed; as regards the medicine, it  may be used in the  form
 of vapour, that of liquid, or that of a soft  solid, and may come in contact with the whole
 surface of the body or only a part.                         *
   Modes of applying vapour described.
   Liquids are applied by lotion, bath, semicupium, or  pediluvium.   Observations on each
 of these modes.
   Solids are applied by simple contact, in  the form  of cataplasms, ointments, cerates, and
 plasters; or by the  aid of friction, in a soft or semifluid state; or to the surface deprived of
 the cuticle.  The last is the most efficient mode of affecting the system through the surface.
 Almost all remedies which act in small doses, and are not very irritating or corrosive, may
4be used in this way.  The circumstances under which it is proper to resort to the endermic
 method of administering a medicine, are, 1. an  unwillingness of the patient to swallow or
 inability to retain  it, 2. the liability  to an  injurious degree of irritation from its internal
 use, 3.  the loss of  the susceptibility of the stomach to its'action from frequent repetition,
 4. the necessity in  which we  may be placed of endeavouring  to  introduce  it into the sys-
 tem by every accessible passage, and  5. the existence of violent or  obstinate local affections,
 in which it is desirable to apply the medicine  as near to the seat of disease as  possible.
 The cuticle may be most conveniently removed by means of a blister, which  may be from
 two to four inches  square.  The best positions are in general the epigastrium, or the  inner
 parts of the extremities.   Sometimes the immediate vicinity of the disease may he prefera-
 ble;  and sometimes a position over  the course of the absorbents which run  into the part
 affected.  The medicine  may be sprinkled on the denuded surface in the form of powder,
 either undiluted, or, if of an irritatino;  nature, mixed with wheat flour or arrow-root. It
 may also be app'lied in the form of ointment, or, if in the liquid state, by means of pledgets
 of lint.  The dose should be twice or three  times that which would be requisite by the
 mouth.
   4.  Bronchial tubes and pulmonary air-cells.   Substances applied to these parts are usually
 in the form of gas or vapour.  Fine powders have been thrown  into the lungs by  bfcing
 mixed  with the inspired air;  bnt this plan is  not  recommended.
   Inhalation is effected either by diffusing the gas or vapour through the air respired by the
 patient, or by confining  it in a bag furnished with a suitable tube through  which the pa-
 tient may breathe, or by means of an instrument  called an inhaler. 
(   4   )
   Instruments for facilitating inhalation exhibited and described.
   5.  Nostrils and adjoining cavities.  Medicines applied to this surface probably act in
 general by the strong sympathies which connect the organ of smell with'other parts of the
 system.  Two purposes are answered—I. a powerful excitement of the brain in cases of in-
 sensibility from want of cerebral action; 2. a strong revulsion from neighbouring parts.
   The inside of the mouth is  sometimes selected as a position for the application of reme-
 dies; but this is in reference chiefly to their local irritant action.
   Attempts have been made to produce impressions upon the  system through the  blood-
 vessels.  This plan not recommended.

                                    Classification.
   Advantages of classification stated.
   Different plans recommended, according to the object proposed.  That believed to be best *
 adapted to the wants of the medical student and practitioner, is founaed on the relations
 which medicines bear to the human system in the healthy  state.  Reasons for this belief
 stated.  The following plan, founded on this basis, is adopted in the present course of lectures.
   Substances used remedially act either on  the living body,  or on  extraneous  matters
 contf ined within tlie body, and serving as  a source of disease.   The former constitute the
 great mass of medicines, and  it is to these alone, according to the definition before given,
 that the term medicine  is  strictly applicable.  The latter, however, for the sake of conve-
 nience, may be considered  as medicines, and  are here  ranked in a distinct group.   The
 first division, therefore, is into medicines which act upon the living body, and  those which
 act ui>on foreign matters contained within the body.
   Of the medicines acting on the living body, there are two divisions, viz. general remedies
 which operate on some one or more of the systems pervading  the whole body, and local
 remedies acting especially on  particular organs.
   The general remedies  are divided into two sets, one having a stimulant or  excitant, the
 other a sedative influence.  The former are called stimulants, the latter sedatives.
   Stimulants differ in the  rapidity and duration of their action, some  being slow and last-
 ing, others rapid and transient.  The former are called permanent,  the latter diffusible
 stimulants.
   Permanent stimulants are found to differ in one important point, some producing a con-
 stringing or contracting  effect wherever they act, others exercising their permanently sti-
 mulant influence  without  this effect.   Hence the division into the two classes of astrin-
 gents and tonics.
   Of the diffusible stimulants some art more especially on the heart and arteries, with
 little comparative  influence on the brain and nerves, while  others, together with their in-
 fluence on  the circulation, conjoin a  decided operation  upon the cerrbro-spinal system.
 Hence the division into arterial  sHmulants and cerebro-nervous stimulants.
   The latter of these classes may be separated into two subdivisions, founded upon the fact,
 that some of them produce a decided impression  upon the proper cerebral functions, while
 others appear to act upon the nervous system at large without special tendency to the brain.
 These subdivisions may  be named cerebral stimulants or stimulant narcotics, and nervous
 stimulants, identical with those usually denominated antispasmodics.
   Sedatives are divided  into  those which affect the heart and  arteries  exclusively,  and
 those which also operate upon the nervous system.  Hence  the classes of arterial seda-^
 tives or refrigerants, and nervous sedatives or sedative  narcotics.
   Local remedies are divided into those which affect the functions, those  which affect the
 organization, and those which are mechanical in  their action.
   The medicines affecting the function of a  part, are  ]. Emetics, acting ori the stomach;
 2. Cathartics, acting on the bowels; 3.'Diuretics, acting on the kidneys; 4. Diaphoretics,
 acting on the skin; 5. Expectorants, acting on  the lungs; 6. Emmenagogues, acting on
 the uterus;  7. Sialagogues, acting on the salivary glands; and 8. Errhincs, acting on the
 nostrils.
   Medicines which affect the organization of a part arc divided into 1.  Rubefacients, which
 produce inflammation; 2. Epispastics, which excite vesication;  and 3. Escharotics, which
 destroy the  life of the part, and occasion a  slough.
 ■^Medicines operating mechanically, include  1.  Demulcents, which protect surfaces from
 the action of irritants, or mixing with these, obtund their acrimony; 2. Emollients, which
 soften and relax the  skin; and 3. Diluents, which act by diluting the fluids of the body.
   Besides the remedies included in the above classes, there are some, belonging to the first
 great division, so peculiar in their action, that they cannot  be conveniently classified, and
therefore deserve to be considered separately.   These are  ergot, nux vomica,  arsenic,
 mercury, and iodine.
   Medicines acting on foreign substances contained within the body,  are included in the
 two classes  of 1. Antacids, which  neutralize  acids; and  2. Anthelmintics, which destroy
 or expel worms. 
/
z
   l It (T<.{ <'<?£./t.v ,, yy.t/i^A s^^d/c- A/iT^c  , ~^A,*/*  {A/-L A**1?*- A}

                      A /, <* „  jr.        c A A;' /«_^/ '/<A

 /~~~//x r/*^ ^dAit/^//t^.-

        L  / A  sj-sk A:-  c.'si/ A AAiJ.  d a Cfr/^c   A/i<.sA ;/ t ' ^'s-q w-p-trd,
                       A ,           y                       - /  ,   '  ^     "    -
         C' 'S'iAL/^AA j CsjA-tcAf'-fe as //-/?/;  /A/'-a, c  /Vv<f ,   UP Ahisx/t /z-

        ///*.,.-----A/>SiUy s<*.*,.,del T^'lsA^  (/C*3U- jAAlXX  f.  £ t-tJAsin

         r, '        ■ /  V  * 'A '  >- /
        ±ytrz >?». //i /cC/   Ar<^v^/7

2 ~~~e l// /l C / a~ ' '_ c s/A * t <=-*/   ' A/a ta AfjtjS //' At clsA-

                           AYnAA jzz.  ^^L^y.
 • if  p      -'■..-
•.-n^sT/^,
ttl/^ /Js/ff^
4r t*s2<s\2^,L   U//;
iS}/<s^<^, ^A/dyAa>s2sA, C/Z'^dcA
<?
3
Ls/j-SJiifrfiu'X-  tAst/LyC Ad, ■£ JU/ul-S/iSlt,, ^Sl^ifAAzs, /Asr's&s:


  L/f^f/Jl/sS, A3/rtCid >dA/dt,  A/'/xAj, A/Sm/uA,' t'Sl /tAos-Jit./nii.;
'tuts/ft, * As^/C J_ U.a.is/i-Jid/'L, JfU-
Xi Ji-s-u
Xa /& ^^4//,  v *r2x.<*
#<
')j-l /A/ /
 A(
, «s/A/ ;i /, ( A >/ /iy /sy«A, /&* S'/'s - /£* -'/trm /n, fr //z 6c yis/><)
i_s tHA/I <A
■,U*X.
/ A    // ■  .    / <A    '  s
<  x   s ,
t* <_ta./f*rJ-e~/ A
^ a?^  'C A'A £ *J, A/«£ *»■ ttdAs' a '/* A
j/tcfrfd  *^'u  /S'd/Ut*AAcAAr  A/-jA  d/sA
V /iSt:ts Cs'  c^s,
f^/Aitc,
d/ci itd^e,  ^ - // A/>-,/mmioa &<■
\XX~ /2Jis
XJ..
C //1 Hs-s-A
' A
is/i/icis, /y/i- a
A.
A
i / ,*/* c./-i &**;  d/^Ai /ij-i*<lJ,  d/ n A?;, ss <fi
 /(rss*A,  Ao^Aj2J, * AtAcft'^,  ArdAi;u*j^, <A#<;<?A<r>«.**is
   .                        >'/        */£ A '   J   / >''   '   A'

lA./"         /                y   s^t   ■''/  l'             '7
dta,  t&f/Aft-;  A/*xt-f#L  La/Xsay£^,, 
/AlO^ iXA I.  AX/<7z yC Mc /uu<./ is A.
,  ffr a / ,a -;' c /tiA.Xs-ti </• <oAxx, i (A C/t^/X/ <=d<x\ S XiXa,^ // jUf
XX'X^'<cst..o?;iS{J,  /ixd AyX-ss.X/t ?-, XX/Y/^sAYr2^jtcC/A'//a_
sd/-/ ^/idspt-U; 7a A^s/vs;A A&/Xiid>>-ciAs'/'£.r. /^r,A^^^jj.
                ^At/*+<■ YL.^/7itta7'dx^Adx,
i ,// 7 f/i-azdAAzt^  .;: c A/i /ti^sr;^/- AxX csA2l*sA&/ , sZ /A/l.
7'/X  S^/'A^ c  f'/'^'s/c. rz.AsddAxA/vj  77u> ,/sXy/dd/zi^
t, f/ddj, aX /Xu^oslX^ ^s j>l?-/i dz-ow^  ^/Ai-cc^ ^Y^aJA.


   x       y        .-? A    -       >
                  xdAixx  77IZ.  'dx?nt
/   /1'*? cf<//r<., /v//A ya<*s.
      dyX(?.A<i_/-d/AAAnAay/ dxrAfAtaS__ Xu/ifiir/ AtcL lAiX<?xixUc -
       a/idi<A~, CjT. X<rszX£aAi_,  /Jl/rvttY-V/r-PT,  t^yd/X;  dxdtfcs,
       L fluxAadd
'A>l-1 d&'jutj*. A //ifiA/Ax.
       tsX/Tdt. f/tcfAt-X, cuXyfitAaA Ai- AJ<-<ts  tAsAdY&s<A Ax
7t <?<x x5A.  Ax /Aa t AxtA.
X/ </.
/'  /X; £ //? /1- cAxAAsi, A ^/
       ^ Li/A- ;i /i a. ,  df/x, /*X Ail/-cm/ X // -f/duXsus y/^^A ^OsZ^lA-CiX
       <7u; A,  ^/^'/h-cyTfy&^A^a*^ (&u-/i&, - 7/zXtA^nj,
       (/(///ua^ tk A/a. <- 7L 7 AA/XT//?^ ,z <usA txTTxt*/, tTtiA /i/  dAt,
 ylr   fc'£' ^d'^X AyAA/Att,) (d/***^. ^ />r z s-?^  7A/As Y^zC,
fis/s-^y-'idn,  Art";/*•#£-, AAdAA/'i-ct^w-i/'  di/AA>L 7x7.
Id11. 77 h A i 'a A c ^ 77si / 7&/.
       tueZ/t/itt'i,  Aa / d/r/t^A/LAf sXfa<yyM a*^^, ^ //^w u,/^ca/
       tX//7^A^>7 A dst/sZy d/7//i.A.tCAL s?, 7f&<t/(s<//A/ Af/c/^
       ^i7^7 xf /7sA^>*>^ YjYYz. A',? A/ rr 7A. fd/s  17//ddzA7
       d 'x7#&?a., d/iisAdzdex A~ &dzA^ X dxA/^^,i^ <77i0tdf 7i/zfd'
       d d7//as,   Axdr^urAA---- ^SiA/szaAv]'
                         A{siXx)C. 7A/x/s/j~77cd.
       f-7-fy YyAAr/sX, A%,//-^^ ixTcA/Ai/tij 7AiaYa 7/iTA/^s^^
       c'XJhl'UcOAsi*. ///>7/X<fft£ v t/^is7c<2^ ydtiy4A-f. i dA'Acy,^^] 
       A-/l?i AtCc*/,, ^X^/^y^X YA/sXi'/y  fa/Ay/ur/t, /)/Asd 6*0,1 i/d/
        ('A /y Sf/~ -7y/r 7j A siAs^XAYnAVjVc, A AY us As-^ <7s?a< A7/z ? t [Ay,
        L'^Y/riyzYc X ^AztYsr^^A. A? ddu:/, sx-ydxttdAd^y^
        TfL^AZdy^ ^AA tf l A <w^ t, /}7m A ~/0c Ay^, lY-A/ AY„
       td'Aue A YYitsty.
   y                    /ua7os4/.1LL. i.da/,/f/ntTYeS.
 /~t Y/lyAAt/ocA////?  /AYaYYzX/eY/Ax
        7 -     A"      A  xa^~        ■/   /
2/ "■" OuY/ c'y/'/si >iA A^/dyYAj-zaYxx.
sZ^CA .
xdi/i AA Sy
       Y
       y A< cis-y^  dAis-dAr A t A/Acc^ AdAyi-'.
?>*" <- 'ffAi&/A/r! Y&a/<A&7%&yAXZA.
        , 1              /   /             .            y            ,
       Xyt^s7~A/A\/yz/ti'j i AAy/.-t/y^si ■  ^f</A////^ fv<;A.w/rf^//(z-
                       AlaXxAAAA..  ayYxdYydi/AYA
       frty/xyYt^ ty/'i/ACj dXsa/Y/\ *7si*, Ac-■**-;-'} sdAasA  X'/i
       61 /T<?A, ls YAs < > y , , ~y , c si £ 7 c A.y// A/Y /it Y<Z, I 'sAc*. ,  77/1 ■'. A' ^
                       'A t /2*sx JCuJ- .  Ay?*/, L ("/s,aay />yyzXy.
       v'Ytf. 'd/y'Ai s/ z/iA^zy A tdl6r/c f t, AY/XX, AAydYs Ar/d., /X/z/7/^
       4/ Jni Ac ->2/&y,  A/ //t?dyt-/Z// s/t. CXA/a? /1A   Av * a- AA-** tAL/Ayy?.
                     A   ' ?     -     -   A i sf
                        AtaAJ J(li. cY/z/Y/uj/X/z-cXx.
       dluA/zyA7A/Y^'/'d'rt/cd^s (Xrfy-*/'AA ua/?,_ .
■/<y .
                       /zxy, AxAf &yr/t s/ixx.
 t •■/ i6/7Cxxzaa/Y/-zx
                      dY7a*AX JAVA,  CfuXyAtaduAs.
 YY/X/iYYytsiAAd/j (YYTdAy J^Ayy.
                      d ixxx xYFAT.   'Ya As Yt, -/y/i Ad
 M'swY/Az-sYJ, tf&d'dty/,Ayy AA/YsY a //d/y t/Ad^A, /S^_
 0 z^n/Yty 7dYe7ty,  A z/ut < Y/y i/A'.V,  t-y/LY. d /7y/ £/urzs2U
A                    Adzzxx. Wt 7xxYyt YY/6X
 &a,u* 'YYc-' 7/yAat Ai.,  YiA/iai- /^/cyA^y AZt^x/testis u/udj c /^/.
  i.7^7c //X'XyiAyt ;  'Ay/ /yA/-it *a/'/6 >/cidA, (X/t//iAe A^t^
 / r-^f     "  ,  ' ' y     ,y
  X/7-i  X/i/H6a<a/  slX/t/y.
                        a <u.+ j7YAA~.s&67/1 z/x&estxd/
                          *l. A;a<j/a zan/Aj dA/A7t^td A7>-/i;
C'ufu. ^X/s,  £«,■
Ly isi- i'i-' ■ ■ — - — s  -r. 
i7,/^/^k;  i Xt/a/Lsd, YAyy eztyA t7Ayyy, dyyy/ < a -
n ztcyi . / A//s/Ar ( t ryA X z/ //v-
                  A      v^yx^ *>'     ^-    X
                 i' i < x x. Axt ■   'A-// £ ^A7s yjAj.
   aL/y/'^ AsdAAiidy<7 xA^iX dY<c yx *
                AA?xx2XJ7. YY//a<i^,
           AA/d z /uy/A, Ay d #"</ Yf/y*/A.
               ? „    _____y     y          j y
             A7/iXJ sJY/df- c Y&AzY'f/ '/i£X dA^rzy/;<y A AAA
y? t*  YfStc*. t AYYt/d? /y/c'; x; /d ?a7l& Y/^ // Ax/-?.
YihTc
/  &<
    / '     y          -/+///'{
r/A L X/iyAy/ 6Z;; <y Xy7 77/6 y/Z ^ /?e oCA^y f/*«:X£*
-u^y  a rr?zs>,_
dxy?xy &'7//-J6  '/'A??*■ * <-^a YA7 x/yyi/&/a/Ar/txA t r?^' ^«* c,
Au / 'i d At i/zAAd/y AA AXti cy<z/.y, v- AA y-AyAA>iX\
               Ax/z^xAtVAY. c A/1 /(Test<dx.
Ax/mT^yj 16* YA x Ax'^y/izAy/inA:,y dx'uAwr^, Apyiz A/*szadA
a /tsA aAT-Saza /V-/1 <X7c~ 6y  lstsYa-j ^ Ay? *■ ■*/ ' ^-//-^^> xA/y^i^ y   v
 X/
<s c 16l6j/lAty-6ZZ/ .
                  A7aAAJAXLY7l,7/tYY-iffsi>1A/dAyX.
A7t-U/7Y{(} ; od-fy/A/z/iaydL, Ayi/-*X/zAsj i< tAtzAL, e Y/aX£ Aft^y
 t'&fi At~u*/z, d/^/t£y?6^^/?Ad^/xA TxYaYzA Ad-zYfytdAt
'/sZU,
XstcX. 
(   5   )
                    TABULAR VIEW  OF THE CLASSIFICATION.

T  .Substances which act on the living body.
        /-General remedies.
               '  Stimulants.
                    j  Permanent stimulants.
                              Astringents.
                              Tonics.
                        Diffusible stimulants.
                              Arterial  stimulants.
                              Cerebro-nervous stimulants.
                                     Nervous stimulants, commonly called antispasmodics.
                                     Cerebral stimulants, or stimulant narcotics.
                 Sedatives.
                        Arterial sedatives, or refrigerants^ v
                        Nervous sedatives, or sedative narcotics.
          Local remedies.
              ,,  Affecting the functions.
                        Emetics.
                        Cathartics.
                        Diuretics.
                        Diaphoretics.
                        Expectorants.
                        Emmenagogues.
                        Sialagogues.
                        Errhines.
              ." "Affecting the organization.
                        Rubefacients.
                        Epispastics,
                        Escharotics.
               r  Operating mechanically.
                        Demulcents.
                        Emollients.
                        Diluents.
       ;; * Medicines insusceptible of classification with others.
                 Ergot.
                 Nux vomica.
                 Arsenic.
                 Mercury.
                 Iodine.
 ,  .Substances which act on foreign matters contained within the body.
          Antacids.
          Anthelmintics.

                                                               ! 
(   6   )
                                CLASS    I.


                                ASTRINGENTS.


                              General  Observations.

   Defined to be medicines which produce  contraction of the living tissues.
   Their action explained.   Every living tissue is possessed of contractility which requires
 only the appropriate stimulus to call it into action.  This is afforded by astringents.  Their
 operation is entirely vital, and independent of chemical or  mechanical laws.
   Their effect in parts to which they may be directly applied is obvious.  Their action
 may extend also over the system, but is then less evident.
   General effects from astringents—greater  firmness of muscle;  diminished  calibre and
 greater rigidity of blood-vessels and absorbents, and consequently a harder and more con-
 tracted pulse; diminution or closure of secreting orifices,  and consequently diminution of
 secretion.  Some assert that they render the blood thicker and its coagulum firmer.
   They produce moderate  and permanent  excitement of the organic life, but have little in-
 fluence over the nervous system, or the functions of animal life.
   Indicated in unhealthy discharges  from the blood-vessels, whether hemorrhagic or by
 secretion, and in cases generally which depend on relaxation of the tissues.
   1. Unhealthy discharges.
   Here they operate by closing  the secreting or bleeding orifices.   They are not, however,
 applicable to all cases indiscriminately—only  to those in which the discharge  depends on
 weakness of the blood-vessels,  or in  which it is  merely local or  sustained by habit after
 the disappearance of the original cause, or  when it is so profuse as to render its suppression
 desirable at the risk of aggravating the morbid condition in which it had its origin.
   Contra-indicated by the  existence of any morbid  condition of which the discharge is a
 mere effect, and which it is calculated to relieve, and by the existence of any considerable
 local or general excitements
   In cases of excitement, if it be desirable to  suppress a discharge, the use of  astringents
 should, as  a general rule, be preceded by bleeding or other depleting measures.
   The particular complaints to which astringents are applicable, under this indication, are
 diarrhoea,  chronic dysentery, diabetes, catarrh of the bladder, excessive sweating, some-
 times, perhaps, dropsical swellings depending on relaxation, and all the hemorrhages.  In
rail these cases, however, it is necessary to bear in mind the contra-indicating circumstances
 already mentioned.
   Explanatory remarks.
   2. Disorders connected with relaxation of the tissues.
   These often consist  in morbid discharges, in which case they fall under the preceding
 head.  Sometimes, however, the system is left after acute diseases in a state of relaxation,
 in which astringents are useful, particularly  in combination with tonics, even  when no
 unhealthy discharge exists.
   In chronic  complaints such a condition also occasionally exists, either original  or in-
 duced—as in scrofula and rickets.
   The external use of astringents is governed by the same rules with some modification.
   Applicable in cases of increased  mucous secretions, after  the subsidence of inflamma-
tory action, as from the urethra, vagina, rectum, and nostrils—of excessive perspiration__
 of hemorrhages from parts within reach—and in cases of local  relaxation, as in various
 venous distentions, prolapsed anus, uterus,  and uvula, and flabby ulcers.
   Their local application is admissible under circumstances in which their internal use
 would  not  be justifiable; as, in  the former mode, more of their proper astringent effect is
obtained, with much less of their general stimulation.
   Locally used, astringents are sometimes beneficial even in cases of actual inflammation.
They probably do  good by  producing contraction of the capillaries, and thus expelling the'
blood.   But for this purpose, as  a general  rule, they  are  applicable only in the commence-
ment of the inflammation, before the excitability has been much increased, or in the latter
stages after it  has  become in some measure exhausted.
  Astringents may be  divided into two sections—the vegetable and mineral  the  former
having a certain identity of character depending on similarity of composition, the latter
agreeing only  in the possession of the common property  of astringency. 
 
 
/ r Xycpj 7/L.s^rX^ ztuui*{<rr- /7 -Pi*.-/,, y/sAAA,,yA ;;r*x.As>t7i+£/t./e.,, A ,7,
             '                                                            6   s
~i<-/6..-/j.-iSA.. >.*wYV V^   -/^\/<xX,,s<y
Az < su <,/( \ .■ //si 6 A  /-. *. c Ay •>

A*. A/ A  x-a A. Ax
6'A  >/.
9
2/«J
;, 6 -/tr/siftA,, <* yA7d7£y f/r^^X/.d^d/fy. 7y , AA,.
~n zity-t/r/.yyAAs  /:/rA/iXt./d"y *yA A*. Asy>.y,/A/t „.;<*. yAtd
n-t'< K-sd^/jyXAc. t*AA-*i x^d'r A'.-<YYdi  yAYY<  A Ai',7^^.^.


y/zz.7 yXL/ X6s,Afi/A^/ryAX76 xA'itt; A/Ac.  ndY^K+Ytts *. AndAY

7-/,   d.    ''P      /  -          ■        -V' Yf /  'S    y   St.  /     y
./i/i^y^ ,1 /<. s>.tsr x zs)  /yjittt^^z^HX i XAz a6,7?,  ; sz,y 76ssX6^s>l/.


AAr/LfA-. Ate sy'sXy/^sA'd^tt/sY ,*s,'</tyA x/Axo  Aar i aYz

A   •.           <■'   s          ^                          i,
z ica-i/i  y  c/7, <-6/i~ /S <* 6S-+J r6/-t At a r/s<.A,  zX/{< Ac^/< AT '/L~l~~/i , *-<>,


-c,tc-X . XX 7z *W .6/~a^6s. /tiAXs'A. Ao /Ai'iz SiSJA /<- /i d i/z/aA dd i^rfy^A


  za Ad?  . y/i-si /i <<z <.<. s>*y, yy Cls /> fA v '*. zd, iy z-yzy-i e,y?zy  sz~ A* XAA


■:/< ■'(<?/< -  Zizudly .<: tt^tZ - ayAi't/t /}/siA/tfA/irtdA/'d/Xiyy/- Jd^c-

'Y'  ■       x -y   A   ' s    /?/,'     ■    AA'
-;  X i'i n-si-7/L- z AA-.At-7t.yf y /-/(^///yAV ///- y/fi/t - z/t  /'-is/^/^z^t^ty.

 y               A *'      •  /     ' z   ' ' ■                           Ax ■  /


 6    / /     'z-y .-/-    /A    //_ /  •       *'   /■/          ■/X    X
yi.tc'sV // li £<yi.<.ya.//  ^*-i s,i  y<a/Ci,s, /■?//<; a^ u-,1, 7c a/l/  u//*l  <%SAa__

  '   ''    ■                      '           s A    y/   S   r—7""
At a..  ^ ,-> 7zz Xiy <• ydc^Xz* yAc sy/y ,'A'i. -7/. <i / A ^ ><'/</.<_ '#..>,, tx st-aXsX.

  '                 '      / s          ^                                i/9
6/ ."tic At. /,• -f* <A X-trs 11 A s'ZA S-l- *z / incase*.- "'"- ,/*■ // cV A <.. 7> A/ // (T/,.. .
                                           (7     /


                                             K
'/ial  ./YY'C ^d Atustisi-t-L-d*- st-aXd, 7-a a. /*i/Xy ^yA/sn^yjcAddu? ccsud

      '        z       z       /       '      X
 .i A; /s-r/'/* At.,.. iic* A^ytti- AA.Z- u.ZSj^s*', At^t.nsd, y siixAt*.;>/j y^u.AXpt^
               y   •■            ,           _   ■         s         ,    y   s)
 JistXtAA. , J J L  s < f^yy sAAAi<J isXA At/ //i  /A <A i / A<£ a., t'Zt't <,i l> A, X-K,-
/i~< & t - 7 s-z-t i. /%'ii-X. «,A «-i«.  < >. aA , A-da <s-*-/s {'  ftu-7/Z<t' .i sZtt,. 7;fcA. '?>%z:sA.'cA-
         A         ""  A
    jy>-*Xi zCzk ■ y y d4.-,/,, zCzt .

                    zl         -j.-  ~z-  ■      C     r''
                   ~7/i.zyz, X us'-.cSsiy/rz.) a ■ <.>■  zuc-yt,.


U.  IlYuc'A^t-Zx.AsYcZtA-t iAtx/t/sttZ CtAlAA- Aza AA'-zs-.-t-n A / iyszs/t<S^ 0_
                            /                                      1/

    Attn  ^/A/YA AXt./ti'i A'.Va /%a Ar/<} st K ijr- syXAvs< 7.AszXzAtz*

            7-      A   / /"                   '         A
    Af _ i- ,t XCt  */*  czc 6z'/t zt.


o   A^/xtA fsiY.X-^iA- cs^.+cisl- d.t   A  A.:z// 7/it *-// --xAAc  Asczt/^-


   rY idtAYL— 'A/7^& ATiy J.s7<'*   .//Ay/c-xA/,^  Az ^lidA^'k
4 (Ai+tC <x4~AAn,y L/lYj^YA/ //<- £4.J.*z& As77/7/^l.//y~  ^.viAvv,^.^


3  dydui/iAA/AAu  d(-1dXA/Ac  a/i4<d.i*A*t  uc,csAi. ^-/* yzn~7jU<,_

         /      ^     y        •          a       -A'        •          '/A
    »^/Ytz£G.Yx xAzc  i/yzAZr/t AA AAl: y7ccAt.iL  .6zz'<Sz /*vAc. s?-


    Lrt7/L^<Y--<£e>t<-Sir/.*-Az;*/*/- ztz  /}  AfAA/-*l 7/z- X/A//ndYA?c*/


   CtAstYYA^yX 61 txc/^tfrdvYf .•■vY ttltt K<-  >yjd7l **L.iH'£'otidA4


6 Sec/r-pAcAo ~£y\iu*-auJitYr7"r*&- YAa^YA ti^/d

                       f. /,*- * ',^Z7i.*^X «-LtA 
7.  .yc/rc^X  zcajYid, tft/zzyjidAyHiatxt- Atxf* At  YAnd sf  ^YA^
    A AAj /zdz.*^A-/nziJi//di^ a id  tdjdd7d 4j~yziy/*~ zistA A/ d/d <■///>*
     A? Xd/d^yztSyA'AdfA'irzu/- zddzX~,d'Afti c^.d7^7S1^'
                            Cy6zA(X.
 7. Qhtiatl dAi.zA/Ux7z2-aYy/7'AAdcA^. . AAz-  YAlA/i</?-y d?iA<^z->-
             7        .               c'
X   y /  7//.J6? ^AAXdsLf dy Adz".  AdzyAyi /zA/ridry d*' A'^ < A" z<-/c Xyyy, t~r
    /'AdL At'^ ccdid/, d'y/i. d tdTdy 6kst^-z^iuA Add.  Xyy^//<-/ n*y zt  ztiAzAcut
    (p~tniA d*yA*.e-A a.  zi-z^zis^ y-7^  ~AAd+i./Z  XX zy 7X*.
O-  - dY(d?  #s?i/Ad} tut/-I itzL zyaYfy  zitd  Ad-AA A? s?i<- dd>uyt-iia ■
A doft ^fr/f-in zt  zAdt-ty'A a. z/tuo^ AA•-yAdAtXd -  ytiiA^^-f^Ai/UtAaAA
            *V           ^/A      X A     Y         A  ' ^        7  X
A.  AAu d>-Yu zt td #.t AYzizdA,- ztsc /Ad  /it J/dA- Aid*.* xy?/> A^d, . i <s
    6?/z/*7d t?<r//t. ,<?uid7/t  AdfcdA/X  a Ad.i/Adst-r (r std d-cAAdd aX suyA/A
    ■yz/7y. <~r zy AyA/d dr£t
                  AY/Z& dvA.y7s7 y-yd/Xi/xY >\ & ddzd- JY*yz*X
    A                    A < yd    */.*      A 7 ax      z A  Y/
   d-X ZdJ-z disc /> as?/ U- f-tr> AA ^dU^X'y2d,/-7-n/<c.i'/rz yz Adit' i, *A^A-
/. (// AzYddAzA /A,  '/At^s/A /^zzAd<- y a Y'yYrY
    A                                                                    y   y
 X  A. 'zAAAXsi J a Yd- /'juYe^/A'/rz^y AA zd-dyyAY^ ^}<tYx-Alf<.dd<' wAit '&Y^
I,.                Ay/  s/7.   A  ,    /         ^.             /
   d'yzrTat //  si /■/  /->y zl/i+c  a 7't'a.dt AX+  et /u3h trz^a. «- d/s/<<*+i <y<?y  6<£d-
   jAitL/y, z711 A/u ^ A a ^\Asf XdA^ 0C^AAiu/ &u./Aksc v<z,- AAla. .? //t^?./<•_'</
                                 A       A    f    z
    J,dddlidi Ay <A~ A/i A At dr< zsA/r-^i/AdJ X'ydzAzA Az  ds< / A/^i^^C-7/Xd-Aa..
   A      d A               *              *               a       A     /
*T.  O'itLdA;/ aJyAiLtfdsitA AAAAc //.AzxAy^ s>zyz/Adu' a z/Xud^A AjxA
   y-/x.ts~d  Aat-**si i d7 A ZAyud<dAt  ^,4+^Aa^xAAydzAz'ii di<-y y?i-  /?/-
    /    -^--       A   z   .            -*'     '       s ' /  y-  /   ^  ■
   X.K y 1 U #-,• (_. X'/ i /cod~c.:-z^c doti-dsd  y.<' a 11  d^/iZcsXsy.  tr />- ^<l/^z-n d^tAstia
           .       Z                 s /  s     „             /          /*     sZ
 fi; a iiTAncd-:// Xyl/r7.iLy aAA^AAx. Ad/i ^X-tiZ/iA  * ■' Ac Az^dzi///
-i/XXt y , //-zdd A dd, -2 tdXj ^Xlz yAy Az7^<X. A'i*^.  <

'■<*
/. yfrAzus/^A/-ir7it.A7A/i^,^?id/<yXi.ctisi,'(t^y.L.^y/j.,i.cz.-t  .//-w**. /asscs
    ,d ■>            '»'                           '
  AAzc  }zsiXAc'-&- d>- Jdyy^XAd tzt^A-7' ''Pa. "T/^./ ts/z-/ A-.rrtc AotyiaA, A-
   -*--       A  ./      w)   y  d  /.           <a     c  y
   7<A.J /d^ /A^yd It/.-,. ^\U'^ XACtZCc Z^. tT-P-i-isi. A J  /LtisX Zrsr/<-£[_.
2. Cd>a47/  \AUzAt'a^/VAJi-o az ftt iA ztL yhi siAA <^i+& /^.AsZi / /^Xtf-tAt-of A^-^/Ait sAc At"
   #.7iL<-r?r Asdaj^ftL.-Azt-z-vdt^  4dddAeA_A>cs-z<r-ri - ujA/cttydttY AAA/t,
   /tn-tAAAd-i~ iTuy/tAj s^^Acttv A  iss/ddAy aA&sA-*A.  e_\u;,z/t/\  A^^
   tf-i. tM/<AZs£ed /hrf Jyr A/ctA shs A A.  7a^utTA.  /  [iisX-dfidud TzztrA&zAAi/  /ji/ul.
   £tJ X/l /K-ZlAdZL r

3, . Ai £OXUd <u'/hu tstA^a /2a Ay-LyAuAst^ d-tzitsdd/dz— AyozHyisJ-A/ayC  A a^ 
                                        (   7   )

    The vegetable astringents owe their peculiar  properties  to a proximate principle called
  tannin or tannic acid, which is found in all of them.   They differ only in the proportion of
  this principle, and in the character of the other ingredients with which it is associated.
 /.. .The sensible and chemical  properties of tannic  acid, its relations with other medicinal
  substances, and its medical properties and applications described.  Dose, 3 grains every 3
  or 4 hours.
     In relation to mineral astringents, as they have  nothing  in common which does not be-
  long to |he^whole class, each being distinguished by peculiar properties, no general obser-
  vations are required.


                              1.  Vegetable Astringents.

                    WHITE-OAK BARK.—QUERCUS ALBA. U.S.
                 BLACK-OAK BARK.—QUERCUS TINCTORIA.  U.S.

     Oak bark derived from different species of Quercus.   Quercus  nlha. or white oak, and
   Q. tinctoria or black'-oak, the  species*officinally  recognised in this country.
3>... Description of white-oak bark. I Its sensible properties and relations to water and alcohol.
     Chief ingredient, tannic acid, which is most abundant  in the inner bark, and in  that
   gathered in spring.
 £  Description of black-oak bark.  Its sensible properties and relations to water and alcohol.
     Chief ingredients, tannic acid and a colouring principle  called quercitrin.
 £.. Medical properties and internal use.
     Black-oak bark less disposed to occasion constipation than white-oak bark.  Sometimes
   even laxative.  Both more used externally than internally.
 £•--Particular applications as external remedies.
 ^...Used in powder, decoction, and extract.   Dose of the  powder, 30 grains; of the decoc-
   tion, f.^ij.; of the extract, 20 grains.
     Other parts of the oak possessed of similar properties; but more feeble.  The leaves and
   acorn cups may be substituted for the bark.
     Acorn highly astringent, but also more bitter.  Uses,  and mode of preparation.
7-
GALLS.—GALLA.  U.S.
       Excrescences on the young branches of Quercus infectoria and other species.
   /...Locality and description of the tree.
   2»»«Mode in which the gall is produced.
   A.-Brought from the Levant and the East Indies.
   /, + -General characters, including size, shape, and nature of surface.
     .Two varieties—blue galls eund[whitejglls^  Difference between them.
   X*\f!Sensible properties, and relations to water and alcohol. •
       Most interesting ingredients, tannic and gallic acids. Virtues depend chiefly on the former.,
   *-. ..Substances with which galls  afford  precipitates,  and with.which they are incompatible
     in prescriptions.
   S... Medical properties and uses.  Chiefly employed externally.
   d   Used in powder, infusion, or/decoction.   Dose of the powder,  10  to 20  grains; of the
     infusion, made in the proportion of half an ounce to a pint, fgij.
       A tincture directed by Ed. and Dub. Pharm.—Dose f3J. to f^nj.   More used as a test
     than as a medicine.

                                         KINO. U.S.

       Varieties.—1. African kino;  2. Jamaica kino;  3. Botany Bay kino; 4. East India, or
     Amboyna kino.
 / . .  .. Supposed source of each variety.
       The East India kino most used—obviously an extract.
7 .  - General  characters of kino, including shape and size of the fragments, nature of the sur,
     face, colour of the powder, &c—sensible properties-relations to  water and alcohol.
       . Interesting ingredients, tannic acid  and extractive.  V.rtues depend on  the tannic acid,
      which is of the variety that affords a dark greenish precipitate with sulphate of .ron.
       Incompatibles same as those with galls.                                       .
j..  . . Medical properties and uses.  One of the  vegetable astringents best adapted for inter-

     naUsed in powder, infusion, and tincture.   Dose of the powder,  10  to 30 grains-of the
      infusion, made in the proportion of 2 drachms to 6 fluidounces, from f 5ss. to t^iss.
       Objection to the tincture. 
(   8   )
                                       CATECHU.  U.S.
         Extract of the wood of Acacia Catechu—perhaps also from other sources.
    y, . .Locality and description of A. Catechu.
    2- ..-Mode of preparing catechu, its aspect, colour, odour, taste, fracture, and other physical   '
       properties—the colour of its powder, and its relations to water and alcohol.
    ?..  Impurities.
         Chief ingredient, tannic acid like that of kino, with a little extractive.
         Chemical relations  the same as those of kino.
         Dark coloured catechu said to contain most tannic acid.
    /  , .Medical  properties  and uses.
   ^    Kino preferable  for internal use, as purer.
         Used in powder, Jnfusion, and tincture.   Dose the same  as that of kino.   Dose of the
       tincture from f gss. to f ^iij.
                               RHATANY.—KRAMERIA. U. S.
         Root of Krameria triandra.
    £.  ...Character of the plant and  place of its growth.
   £.....Fqrm of the root—sensible properties—difference between the cortical and ligneous por-
      tions—colour of the powder—relations to water and alcohol, and the colour imparted by it  ■
       to these liquids.
         Active ingredient,  tannic acid  resembling that of kino.
   J,. .  Medical properties and uses essentially the same as those of kino and catechu.  Recently,/
      much used, particularly in uterine hemorrhage.
    a .. -Used in powder, infusion or decoction, tincture, and  extract.  Dose of the powder, 20 to
   ** 30 grains—of the decoction or infusion, made in  the proportion  of an ounce to a pint of
      water, from f^j. to f^ij.—of the tincture from f^j. to  f^ij.
        The extract made  by evaporating the infusion  or tincture.  Injured by long boiling. %
      Dose, 10 or 15 grains.                                                                .
                            LOGWOOD.—H.EMATOXYLON. U.S.
        Wood of Hcematoxylon  Campechianum.
    /..■Character of this tree and  place of its growth.
    *.. .State of the wood as imported, and as kept in the shops.
   j ...Sensible properties of logwood, and relations to water and alcohol.  Effect of exposure*
      on the colour.
   A. • Characteristic ingredient, a peculiar colouring principle called hemalin.
   ^■...Medical properties  and  uses.
        Employed in decoction and extract. Dose of the decoction f^ij.—of the extract 10 to' '■■
      30 grains.
                             CRANESBILL.—GERANIUM. U.S.                         ?'
        Root of Geranium maculatum—an  indigenous  perennial  herbaceous plant,  growing in."
      woods.                                                                             *•
   / • • -Shape and general aspect of the root, its sensible properties, and relations to water and
      alcohol..
        Active ingredient, tannic acid.
   j{.  ..Medical properties  and  uses.
        Given in  powder and decoction.  Dose of the powder 20 to 30 grains—of the decoction
      made  by boiling one ounce in a pint and a half of water to a pint, from fgj.  to fgij.  Some-
      times  boiled in milk.
                     BLACKBERRY-ROOT.—RUBUS VILLOSUS. U.S.
                      DEWBERRY-ROOT.—RUBUS TR1VIALIS.  U.S.
        Roots of Rubus villosus and R. trivialis—similar in medical properties.
        Both plants indigenous—former an  erect  prickly shrub—latter a creeping briar.
  / • • -Shape and aspect of the roots.  Virtues chiefly in the corlicil part.  Smallest roots, there-
     fore, best.  Sensible properties and relations to water and alcohol.
        Active ingredient, tannic acid.
  O . «• Medical properties  and  uses.
        Usually given in  decoction—made by boiling one ounce in  a pint and a half of water
     to a pint. Dose f^j.  to f i|ij.  Dose of the powder 20 or 30 grains.

                                      UVA URSI.  U.S.
        heaves of Arbutus  Una Ursi or bear-berry, a small, trailing, evergreen  shrub, indige-
     nous in the northern paits of the old and new continents, and growing in the United States
     as far  south as New Jersey.
/>£..• ■ Distinguishing characters of the dried leaves—colour, smell, and taste—colour of the
     powder—relations to water and alcohol. 
    A/u A^tcsAXe. ±  A x f.<dy^ s'jApTz. /Atr7t^ctfY/ ?***.£/*.'. i*X/t7
    cf'dY.  yAAc a.^Y,^d^ 7Y'dAss^£ ?UY.- AlA,*  TAnyA.- <%. At'**o
    7)>K <& AnAt**He«,A^ss. C%Ld7A  M- - A/s^yL-yzj. y Af 2y7 f'7^~
    t/L- dt^tdi&a^jAj, t /•zA tAe .  Atire,pL A?, zy< <^ut+y e^rAY < Jc <y*-d A A*/<■,,.
                                  "YocAtlc/uA.
  7. ^^r^t^^t,,,*^..  Alu-.' *h.o./Y- ivstd sfA</S *.<At^/.
 2. <sxAsi <-s~/  /Ae. ^  r p. /- jhu, ',/ ,/dddsyA, /Ytjrz* /„. _ fAs-t^tl^i^ _
    Ai< c<u//"A~t{7c AA/c __ A u tAAitc jl  /sh. Asbtfy-ts—
                     ■  r y      A-          x        A  yA A
                _ <; /z7/t7z> ZdX AlsjU- Aj  /ura.Aii_ <z <a Ads/A7A
 ■3. y/z^t» .; Aa^/^s ^  y A edx ^A/i /i-Ayzd, ads?  ^sz^t^zd.
       y           ^d  ,_    A     /           '    yAy              y
 y. (Adk^i.< d. ay 7A/, zA Cd//z/y,ddzd<z^d dzitjasAdAUz^+AAyU+^idzd.y'
 m   /A   /'/   f      /  •     zj        /■*   7r
    *X7y ';  ? Z^/>( ? Z^ZAzritj J^ '77t-Z-/cAAc cd A< t> eZ-i Z d 7-U.^.Jj
                                (A^l/uddis/u/ ■
    /AcP        7    f    A   /?   d   '/A—y  "~             /       1
  /. L YCdzzcue 'iXh 7- Xtfui-K y~ [A>,\ A<. xA/>, z.-t t'<•*., ~ *.<y/tdy * V-,'AA
      .   iv>-,W          ,           .<   y y       a    ,/             s   y
 2. «  phs*^ y.d/< tAd-^AiXe/A, s/w A/i,~/< /sAt^/tcAdA— Yz'zza /tzYs//.^, AAyAeA
    ^d'-^z-t.AL^yitsA ^7-y/Arz^Aa AdzAAt-y- »-t* tzAt^A - d/riA./t^A h/tAtt**.
    cyrdttii</  s/tyi£.  zt^/A/A 11ydt<A/Ztt.a.AAy-f- Aiyz-<.4-tn-ty Ad /^aAY^yd/
    .~ A zt-id/ Ct^AdcrA U ZjL<AAAA, Av S>-s^s*'l .— A^ZtrAdt^- 'Led* fy ~l. sisAr/trTi. -
     ' 'k./da.i  AtZs-c -i ATTdi. X zcn.- y a7. y-t-p-Au<>7j<-f <2. st-z-Lts • A(A ^tXys-a..
      (   '  -     /       * A-      y         /    t     '  /     »A   s
 c. „ AwAAy /t-is. tAc-u(t-dzxTzi-/i/a  Asc7/ y A*Ai\i,1 ?<*-^6 y./yu^. d^.d/l /AAi
      >               f   /   A        d                  <"    c       A
 /. £,<* t.t't\ tAAdi* X*aAs-yu/a^tsx 7s*?t. (As :ir-tVZc- d/i <f-07i*/*d4Xd*t/z yUez^cJ —
    iXm.-, , ■''? tt 0CU ^^Ay  A ^ '' dU  nrZst'/ //s ,cd>2cM{/<- Zi^i^. /JtZ. ,st/-l  <? *l<A
    z^.£tA ^^?<fe*^ . GvA/* t-d dz'A/tz di -^tu sy A Ad. XA/ Act a .y <*£<* AX.
                             '      A         A
                                   ^X /}/yiydZjdlr
 /. XlZlZjcAidd, Jl^/U—  £.:iAizZ/ddc<?As '- A> .' tl /AtVL^i - J^yt A+AA  ■
     f A     /t   y    d             ^ /  y        //         /           //
 Z. ^7a-rtj //. AAu, AAAw z*ss^z7d*Ac/A7rs<-y- c ,u/<7' *o-<?tsz'A t/cyz /^ «.•/yd.
    ^ '■'   .'         /      /'     A    /   *  /     *      A   '    '  /   y
J. a'-tAlA d-t?7u ZtXf7; r/Ud z-vr, ddd7j ydd. dX/rsct. Zls-z zs7z^s*s .Xa^.A-. ^2c- At _
    "     /     /'                   7
   Xt^<iy-  A^zTl \-(irddAaAA ^zAisny/i A. *ds>-^i/-£i^z*Lsu. y  ycdLcAu
    CAc^or/tdAAi'/y Ac /.-^sszTdt.  y /dzyXt^A. A9dfo-eActi~ A^AA  tt_d~  *e~
          *   /y~   ■ /     '     '■     "        ■/  /      A '     '  •  ■" /  z^"
    ■'/Yd  yi<~7A<-Adp<  /.A-a/A/s/<Azdtzt/^jr77  .■<> ^tciA^zt?~/2~i'ti<A-A^c.
 // Cdh^-a~&Hy-A  •■t+rdAjAtA/id--  yzA/ /■<yAuu.'U*d~'*fi+d/ do-^^uA^^A-
                     "                          /           s
    TAA&i- -  a■'c t ed & A<it /i£7z, s/'Zi-z. £*./<- '/ztAzA c 'a 77A/7A sn^  7Az it/A)
    ,/(t AzHdd- 7 zAaAAiL d-.
 *t «/vh' AlAA aA^a n+ty t^A-  AA/vz td/fsty, Its in. swA a. * tz a-< Ad t<-£*s-7-/(.*&&. _ 
     P/VIU e-ul.dc/l/ tt'AldW*. ist-tJ'As ZtXAt J~//  <X At Ad ts-l-nr , *Z. d . AA /Jt  dd/d,
    ' /•    A  L"          A-     A'' A     ■   '   x
    6!<Z< i/> /i ,t tt  Z?Z* f c/ys/c/,,} Zdl iXdltl  ////Ale  es s/t .
                               A?         x   ''
                               Coxy//7jA/A7,.
 /.  X/ v  7//-wz7i A07 .i 7t?At A a, AAA>7cJ- c A AAc  x  yzA /z..d ziX  yi^ <'/ -
     Art 7ti -zAt/A AYztA a Z^7z<L ,A<rn.c 7At. AAiAeAc- dAnis^yX/A., .6 if. cyAu, ,Azzs,a<i
    yd/y^AsL , AddAld-   A<i AAd s<i A/lt-fcd-At /yd**./ - s<l#//-~< Ad-t- cy /(iY  • ^ ts/stt .
     "    A  "■ /    -   / y~     /-       "    S.s    ( 7A     / ■  *'   A A-
    '*. z^& co  y *yy< d/> d^zuAZ y a/ a<X zca-  / os-dft z-ll <x *.*.t, zd //  s+/n<t<.
      " y .  •    d          /'       '          '   ■         A       /  ■     /
2.   ^ f-/A7r..U t^t  V/(-  ///XzAc/ij.,^.zz-/*d-£-~ tcZL X  C\X /r//i^isL  ud/lj/liy'L /X.
                            l 'oAdcdYAxi tu cd AeyscrAxzy.
             /•            A   A      A"          •   d^-     A-     •  yd- s£
 7.    4   lii£Xns;i/t2.z>~ist7tXyf/Sf/-Zs^/>7si- .i/t z-.-sXt  .a c<.  XsH-d /.».«_ ydi^d*.
    s.ydj. AAtAzz Ay<y iA d<eA*. zA-z^r-^^, .:♦.A/1,./S'rX ZrsiXdic^A-j  A<.  y^A~
                     (/  • ■>      /    A                x  '                         s
    61l</ A A i A" , t  £dt dZirtd Az/-7i < Ad.  i^cdzA lA> /diWyX i y^A^Acs AA dtsO.. Zuf.
 2.  A.Ayzj.cAi.A^ s'dt-r l edt-f i/i  <„r r/<y7X/rted^adu—//uAd&yytHs,y!Ad
''  CCll^i  cAd/Vd.
-_ /Ay ydu-
    uAaAdd-, tsts/iXt-yas
    ts§m.Ad-L.  tUi.tA^£JZ/s.i .«.«.**-^  '*
    AtcA7 i^yt^dc~yxLz.Y<*<~ ^ aAACAc
    Adu d~ 77sAzc4l A/lf — tt-Ad-lcsL- As 7td. Actl-i? dzdl Z7l.C ZcdcZt^ /dzA) -  Azi dA
    /"L Atdi id,L-,zi,dAic/*-z*dzd~f Add/^  Xdz-dsAs^ Zi~- - ,/dyz^yAe^  ^yt c\.ijt^eAv.
                 '    ■    dd   •  ^-     •      y-        J   A  '   "    A
    zyt^X-i^L ^ /tuyyc ;ddsfr-.'i^t.:x.£s  (j //-hXac- A  ^/.a^A*- zn .
    z.AA■  7  " d   d<          /   /     <■         "            r-  -./     •    A
 2. Xy At { /'/./// A?*.- AAs/yayzy t7 7 A 7 z<t test lA&tf si A^/s^A/, Si A - ^.te st A-
     *  7  '  '//   Ad  sb      x7  •   c      y -      y       •
    ,7zszi^^uf // 77u  XXyXiX/L.  /.f.XA^ di^zid.t^szd  ^.<. fl^ydltr/.c.  /,{. s//i/<.stt<A
    a z/: : A*z7Yi/ii./^sd7<s-t^7 ^ f-A diy S/^A/AYYe A. t/A~ z< 7 A<A/  dY
    AduAdi  7zun,Ax% A7zii^i/avlA. ~sA*i Adc<*-/t  ^^ a. d<± 'y.yc x^  /A
    ^ti^.AiK set!d-tt la. /k suAAx.  ati id.  7 *>-AAt AAt^c^-<y A <-+.-Ct-H.#-stL\-'£A*.
     yd'/                *    y s   ,   A    r  '
    d'AdA/flAAzlA,,zaAuAAA  7Zs^szyAzX  XAdz  dcX/  dAAd^[rd^-   Ac.<. _
                                                                          /

3. LXy/i~d^t. /rs/fAstLzdAt- zru zze .-*--u,aAr~ A AA sAcddyAdA
d.l AdZc cx/idC cd XiX dz zXzz-t. t^
                                             A   / >x  A  zx   z
                                                                   AX. cs\t_ -
                                                                 iyldZ*^. <3^.ds-
Y/xaA-x^ £■+<* tdjAsA .A,. /Ac  ^s-tidtn^y dX.d (AtAyt
  '    '       /    7 y— /                  /  " A
 i *&t aa _  X/ua-zx.  c* ■- --e zZsti.  ddy^dt aXu ^./
 A <~* A6 fy i- c^l*- *  dZXAdAd csy AA L^£AZ. ddt Ay.
t t&cat— A/u^AA d7a~ ■ ~al  dtsii.  ddL/^dt aAu  A/t/n-< AA&?~d /d-trzt^.
                                    /■ A 
 AA-,
^   dAAAsUf/s-Zd,.
/•  — czki-zy zz^aA dd7/ ^ d/t Si.A ^yj/.^-zsA.  * A? AAziyX. di/>-zd.  7 AA?z
    A A .     , /■//          •' A       x    •   ■'    '~ y ■   < 7  *-y   < "
   yy\ c /i^a./z Ax^Aa.- ziy&z'xsdadztLs a  t 7 z d<.s.   *- ^z a^A /t^ dAz z /^/</Au^k^-
   /ryAj ecu s/;<-a*AsZ4.d-^ a?u- dAd ccAyzdt.  y.s v^/a z>d As  At. Ay i^Asz^
    t,yA  ' A   //   A/    7d'    >  / /   , .//  y       A     .a   a  ,
   d Az^dXUA.X/ 6f-ftAXc ->,  ^dw/^.AfAzuyX/Ad Xz.z z^d AtUAcdaz cd^i-
                               y /zaza■ ZAZdSA£ *dz /zt A ,
~tAdo'-~ d/Xzctu dttdt/ /} i/L/t., /dv^dX' 67/TZd., A/dAz
6        f         ,            .   77           A
   /ytAAci   viid z*4 z A/ll}.?/uA~ yaszcAidY..-- z/ii /a^AA/i an. zt-iAAdsy
   {/Azdtld-i.  szudA7?yAi ss/.
2.  * AzsaAt+zz   Ay tdz/tddy- y^AA dt* tj A , fa dddAAid At^zAA'AAsit^J dA-
         s   .         s>   cA     f /    ■"       t        s    s     s   Z
   JCidt+cAdc^.- A dAd z<sj.z>d Y/?> <* Azrztc? Ad//A, A/A  At*/* AA A/'/-A?
       i             S        ^        sr'             ■>              s>
   A< 7<_ A dAusn  sAi^ £zzA7A- /0h*^<fA^ztir-a Aizdddr Ad. (Xu i Ay A.. cA^zA
     '■■*'■     A / ■        •               A     ^'   A  X   ■   /    ■'
   diidc  t/t. /zAis/Az^A, /atztsz.tt/' dt^-triAdiyf <y-//t d-c^Aey<dy A^AtL.
   /7-r^„<- AAA*-* ^t^AA^-f. y AA/iA^-, y/.<zi 77 zdyy.j
               yixA7 cidd/X/dznd /yyedAe Ytd^ ^AYz/^ny^ziAY,
/.  ^ 1 zndd An. // zicz uaAe ■ A/ut y o-c itdc A wdAc/i.+iX/\f r~^sy/Alti aAAy,
   etd dc dXtAzAAdAoc* 7Art-- xAAz c  s*z A</*<}Z t* AA*l A/s> //Ascc Xz **'c.
Z.  A/Xa^ A ZdyA zft--zd- A/csxy dcYi//>zd zY Ai dz*. csy* AA <?7 ? «s? —
   d/'/YAy a./YztA</X'/d, A>cA~-dM A/.zty/A7 zd z/z./L<Adi //cAysAtzd'~
   li A/ A/ di-i u^f s^a Au(.  Yd Ad-' 7iA.^-i /* A/*l^> tzYA■ °~<A -d At a ^i nA
     /A    7    y     A    ^        A          A       y-   A    f y
   S tt^-^^i^dt./di<A .AAAdt/y , yy /Ad  tZsA/7i z^^yAaZds^t.  // /rXa<i
   d,tXsAd<7/cXdz.AAyArdzicy~z^t7  c' '^ ^^^A^^ud Ar dnd*7/<*-
   zizcY*? AtAa:  Az^AaY t'/d/zz.  /i^yy z^/AA  Xztyst^- /s//X^ zdXAAA
   7f9i a. y /zt^c  i^z< A^ fy. AAA A zy^  ^ <y 7/7^7 Ax a A Adz-AsAY
   <A*"zdtA^ddA x^.  lAz.<^a: /d/tz^zJ /y ^y7td^y/t.vy  x^AAJ.rL.y ^tyAcd.
A/ ^s/uz^t^z A AAi Ar  Xzt/zyAs /? AAAc  v>- 6*^-7i Sz>z*-At yy AA /A dA-
Tc^l-  <?Ai AAdzY.-i-  JdhAy/AysA-7^ y XdzyX Ad zz   d/iAzl  AuA^^yX^-a^iA
aXsAliAyj.&K.r dA/Atid- z^^-  a^^v,  z2^>Ac^y.s.Jisu^e.yc/AcsXcd* Ac
ff ^W*W dty^- XAXzy zt.iiX s/xYl^^ Ay-y />>- z/z A'^d.yA>Lt.y A^Auzy
YYAtA AYcd-dAtcdA, y/A/Y: ytA-AZ'-uZ^yyAzAn d>.nritda.c+l<. yy tzdyAA.
■x^ddjd&dzdtcziA^y/dAd.   A/UsA<- '/Atca.  A/i  u ca <r-t<s« A .A AYA/cL* A
17jl /u'Y^ Yi_^  dX<^. AAj, y .Xu-iAt.-z»4siA-t\i*Ay   z>4sz,A.• z-zz-zs yzi^tAa/A^
   /AA/Ul^C d L^.  7.Ads**tydz< A /y<-
2  Atrz^  o<^£^A/At, (A dkdzddd A  eWAsiy-i/zt.,  AyAc#wd Sc  szttXi.dAy zo^
               7 X7  A   ~A        A  f                            A
   a. e iyzzA.o^A A- <A*  u it.a*: zs n-d-yzrs-/t t. 
Y.td/l d /7<L ~ AX 07//A7/ 7.
/  'diyjAaYYdAAdd/nty- d^A/7yA^yA'2CJ^l<^ Sv^aa-a.A-.
   c^YAA^AA^Tuzd^dXayY- d<ye/. ".  A zz, 7/'AmdAzAz^XydAdAAstd,
   f/yjsYzssK AAAzAsd<■/YAyA^z/'Ay /xs^AzA- yua/rA*cs*s c*Aty,  ■
     tzd/zs^- /Adzyt/A ZdurtYyi^ aA<s /~- a<^a7a <yAY^zr2^y tz>Yxd
    /7z d^yy sZisz±XJ dAs 77/. 7 d' a /aAAz*^ - zz^d*n/yA^ ^ c  a ^** '
    7/J;  Z.YY'/lY^X TZZI^AAX C^l^A' A/UL  dOstdd^ aXd7A
2. A7f^^,ayAi/'diyidd<n*A/i*A'£Yz/.L  ZvAz-^tuiAdC /zA7<:'/:Af- Ad-ezilA/
       7'7zAd, A« xYy/st'/sYayz^/yA*. zZa^al. z/h^AAV x^, <z^z^/h/
ztX
zSzsdYy -y /^yd*  7**- a/sYa^ d</^AAzi '.A/? /zsz^td7* a^A
                       */- a&YYaY a' i try*. <ac y Yt/ ,<dsz4^_
 liiy< ddziz/ccy y.A-ddu zt-y ^
 A/dd^sdzaYY^  Adziddsrfs'^ A7XAznX ^ydZt^cyYAd A AdAc ddysAis
zAA7' At d Z-/t  //AAt^zzi. /^xdec 67 y srT^y  ddi^ <d &Xa<iA Xf d^y AAuttty
 sy 7at-ict_ /A*^-*-^— /AAiAcis/i^. y d>Atc^^yAAt. **-z?zz*zy AA A^^^/^-^^Ayj
 (AdtA<yAis-t  Yadt+^/rzsrYsz/zy,  ds-AA^ssy/ys?Y*A>yX/t^aA;/,AdA  ;z z-tsfy.-
                                               r^ry/iAz/t-d es //A dsz7XA>,
                                                                      'yy-
    / Adz-c e^/zyz- A*z<- /At AAi i dd Azzy-Addnzisy
 5. /7z+h /LzcAAdddd/Ai- zyAAAAY/d Ayy> c^^tdAd s/Adz/<. /u^z.dy /
    dA-zYAAL^z/iAzz^y zzsPtsAtdyyi aYaYYAszAA— AAd A A % d q ' aAu*>gy,
/■  a4Yz<,/sisl Ash yA 7/Asd^t^ y y  'YA/AzYY Ay. ~ dYd-AAAi-ud'y'Yi czAt^
    zAt/y  dt  z*rzsz-1 XzyAsLstsdAtd

   a J - Ydis-/ zrtAx, y-/d- f/d/z/ iyy yst^^^^c^AaAi/ztsf 7ya.si^rz*d A TAi&j
                                   ^YxruT,.
 /  (7id//a taAAi+y cAXaZ/i z^YAYAzkXX diAYiz<7cy e/uzA Xz zAz/AAa% -
    A Asia, y<r7z At. 11 A^ceA' adAdy.A! y/c* ry d-<~<Adtsz zz^vdA/decisis<r/ty dy?*/—
       szAuiAdHAcuH.Ay-AA-i-uOt.f/*-''-               , /st       •   .s^y
    7j~^z_ <d7c sdAt^tf Addz </d dA>/'ly <Zyz t*sd7 /sj^ydsi^^z/ ty?+Xci/ir~
     dCz/AzAs-i^.^- 77id. Zy/t/t>audzuX L ^d^A^d C6  AA'(<.*. d<7iJ~tM AajL
    qlisyty, usrAA-^dct,/-^/\iA7As e7 ^Aa t^dldzy/<- ■
 2.  f''" AldlA^ ' ~A.t7Ads*tu tsh, A^f/  A/rZ-dA- Aasi ^/liAi. A As/.<+&Zi,Af c 4rf<,7(Zl tn-h*
    a d<c A*''  A(zedXcctA7: Sdo/a. f/ ,//cp<//<AZ<_(g. > AfAty/to. jus.AAA ■ A'z^dA,
      /'     /■       y<A    Ya     '-/■*/**>£/•    /   a    z  -'
    a.(zA' Z"-y/ftX czA ttzTuXx. 6*- diccA ysf ii<dZ< * *    /zn^c^^.  tZzad/yWA^r'a.' {<.mt
                                    /     ~A  )            jl   A
    zhixxcu-vi    w^.'a UirAjjt dZsh^dXcAuzZy. A -•fu.ia.liy^-<y- J'7iiy7isi-*.tAi/ 4zUy. $ ^%..
             //' ^                 A                     x 
(   9   )
       Active ingredients, tannic acid and bitter extractive.
     _  Medical properties, those of an astringent and mild tonic, with a tendency to act espe-
    cially on the urinary organs, but without materially increasing the secretion.
2. . ■   Particular applications in disease.
3 . ■ -Used in  powder and decoction.   Dose of the powder, from gr. xx. to gj., 3 or 4 times a
    day—of the decoction from f^j. to  f Jij. at the same intervals.

                           PIPSISSEWA.—CHIMAPHILA. U. S.
       Leaves and stem  of Chimaphila  umhellata  or  wintergreen—a small, indigenous, ever-
    green plant, growing in the north of Europe, Asia, and America, and abundant in  the
    United States—inhabiting the woods.                                              .  .
  t - • -Distinguishing characters of the leaves—colour, smell, and taste—relations to  water and
    alcohol.
       Active ingredients, tannic acid and bitter extractive.
       Medical properties, those of a gentle astringent and tonic, with a direction to the urinary.
 2 .orj>a.n?' upon^ which it sometimes acts as a diuretic.  Therapeutical applications.
 *' *   Given "in decoction, made by'bo"iling two ounces in three pints to two.  Dose, a small
    teacupful 3 or 4 times a day.
       An extract may be given in the dose of 20 or 30, grains four times a day.

       The following vegetable  astringents  also spoken of.
  /. - ■  Rind of the Pomegranate—Granati  Fructus Cortex. U. S.
  2,- ■-Unexpanded petals of the red rose—Rosa  Gallica, U.S.—with its preparations—the
    confection  of roses (Confectio Rosa, U. S.), and the compound infusion of roses (Infusum
    Rosa Compositum, U.S).
 3 ■ ■   Incidental remarks on Rosa  cenfifolia, or hundred leaved rose, and its distilled water,
    called rose-water (Aqua Roses,  U. S.) with the Unguentum Aqua Rosa,  U. S., prepared
    from it.
       Bark and unripe fruit of the Persimmon—Diospyros  Virginiana.
       Tormentil—root of Tormentilla erecta.
      Bistort—root of Polygonum Bistorta.



                                2. Mineral Astringents.

                                 ALUM.—ALUMEN. U.S.
      Chemically, a sulphate of alumina and potassa.
      Salts  essentially similar  in medical properties are formed with sulphate of alumina by
    ammonia and soda.
      Sometimes native—more frequently prepared from  ores,  or by a direct combination of
    its  constituents.
 / . ., Shape  of crystal—effect  of exposure—colour and taste—solubility in water—effects of
   heat—chemical incompatibles.
2. • ■ Effects on the system, and therapeutical application both internally and  externally.
£m. . .Alum curd as a local application.
     A solution containing from 15 to 20 grains to the fluidounce of water, used as a gargle.
     Given internally in powder, pill, or solution.
     Dose 5 to 15 grains every three or four hours, or less frequently.
A.  . -Alum whey as a form for internal use.
iT
     • Dried alum an escharotic.

                                   LEAD.—PLUMBUM.
     Metallic lead  probably inert.
     General effects of its preparations considered under the two heads—1st, of their local
   irritant action—2d, of their peculiar specific action.
     The two in some  degree incompatible; as, when lead is applied so as to occasion much
   irritation, its absorption is impeded, and its peculiar influence on the system thus prevented.
     The  preparations of lead characterized by  the union of astringency  with a sedatiye
   power.                                                                        »"•     >
/. . . Description of its  effects.
    . Poisonous action of lead.  Fatal consequences  may result both from the irritant action
   of the preparations of lead, and from its peculiar influence upon the  system.   The former
   event is more likely to ensue from large quantities taken at once—the  latter from smaller
   quantities gradually insinuated into the system, and applied for a considerable time.
     The only preparation not poisonous is probably the sulphate, which is thought to be
   inert from its great insolubility.
                       2
% 
(   io   )
 3, •  Treatment in cases of poisoning by preparations of lead.  The  sulphate of soda or sul-
    phate of magnesia is the best antidote.
      Preparations of lead  employed—1. semivitrified  oxide or  litharge, 2. carbonate, 3. ace-
    tate, 4. sub-acetate.
 /..LITHARGE.—PLUMBI OXIDUM  SEMIVITRIUM.  U.S.—Preparation— aspect-
    colour—smell and  taste—solubility—chemical nature—impurities.   Not used internally.
    Chiefly employed in the preparation  of the lead plaster (Empln strum plumbi, U.S.)
 2_. ■ ■ Preparation of the lead plaster.  Explanation of the chemical agencies concerned.  De-
 9   sen ution    Uses
Y' ''CARBONATE OF  LEAD.—PLUMBI CARBONAS.  U.S.—Also called white lead,
    formerly cerusse. .Preparation—general aspect—sensible properties—solubility. One of the
 ' mbsf poisonous  salts of lead.  Most  common source of painters' colic. Seldom  or never .
 m used internally.  External employment.   Modes  of application.
 *•" "ACETATE "OF LEAD.—PLUMBI  ACETAS.  U. S.—Called also sugar of lead  or
    saccharum  saturni... Preparation—chemical composition—shape and  appearance of crys-
 ' "tals—effects of exposure—sensible properties—solubility in  water and  alcohol—appearance
    upon solution in common water, its  cause, and mode  of prevention.                    ■  •
      Incompatible substances numerous—the most  important, sulphuric, muriatic, and phos-
    phoric acids and their  soluble  salts, the soluble carbonates, the  alkalies, lime-water, vege-
    table astringents, and certain mucilages.
      May be given safely  in moderate cioses not too  long continued.  In large quantities it is
    an irritative poison, in smaller, too  long persevered in, it produces the peculiar  poisonous ,
    effects of lead.                                                                        "
      Diseases  in which  it is most useful, hemorrhage from  the lungs and uterus, diarrhcea '
    and dysentery.  An advantage, that  it is at the same  time astringent and sedative.  Hence
    given in the eaily stages.  Usefully  combined with opium.  Dose, half a grain to three -
 A'grairfs e'very hour, two, or'three hours.  Given in  pill made with crumb of bread, or dis-
    solved in water  with the addition of vinegar.
      Much used externally.  Applied  in this  way,  has  the double effect of restraining dis-
    charges,*and directly  reducing inflammatory action—and  hence may  be used  when other
 ^  astringents  are contraindicated....Complaints in which it is used externally.   Employed in
*-'•' the "state of solution.   For application to the mucous surfaces, from  1 to 2 grains may
    be dissolved in a fluidounee of water, to  the sound skin, ^ij. in Oj.
      SOLUTION  OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD.—LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS.
    U.S.—Also called Govlard's extract of lead.  .Preparation, chemical  nature and sensible
    properties.  Decomposed by~whatever decomposes the acetate, and in  addition by carbonic
 _  acio^gum, and starch.. .Effects of exposure to the air.
 "% 7. .Employed externally to reduce inflammation. Said  to have produced local palsy. Diluted
  * before application—f-^ij. or f^iij. to  a pint of water.
      The cerate of svbacetate of lead—Ceratum Plumbi  Subacetatis,  U.S.—commonly called
   , Goulard's cerate,.prepared from this solution.  An excellent application to inflamed and
 ' "abraded surfaces.  The best remedy for blisters indisposed  to heal.
      Besides the preparations of lead,  those of some other metals are astringent—as of zinc
    and iron—but they are possessed  also of other properties  which classify  them elsewhere.
    Thus also with  sulphuric acid, and with some of the  preparations  of lime. 
'/ ~=-^A(sA.-tci.z//c. A>zidz\s-cd- Zs n^^ z/i/i^.z^esAf v-fa/ed- /dA/u  , A *zX /A#uz?A-
    AzAAadj y  {f<sA-yAy Ar AAa-  stdd Yzzts-. <A'/s.Azddcdr/ysd's>-t<?dA
    y.*jt 7, j ( uA AzAhAd-zv^y A ddT/zs/isy^/^) _  d7i,zAA           AyA-yfa_
    TAxA<.z. dAZYAd - aA/scds A^/^sAccdA7 ***- /zrxAdc „ zlA,-.srAA^Ad /A
    A  A   'z   •            A-       d         .       '       7    d~
    u &A  ~. z/>-7c 7ai/^/^s,c// Ac-sttnzAAd. yz-y*--i.s*cAc/<> *- zr<s/AA/t^A.
2. ^A^A AdyzAe^. trr dczzdt/Atrfi ty/styAtx-i./ AYz/*/><-■ yAz ztzA<7^,, /A A#A~
    (dh.  s/t^t.  #-iA7dAd-/lA/ y/7-^a.-i^^t^a A  A' / Ai/ZZ zA/j yisAAA,r^<*A  Zr/td
                 .  Ax-  .  ,   .   .  /-   .  . AdJ' a     XzAaA  AxA
<d>
     /    r/t    A •              " .        "./'</.     XA /A   A~  A
tstsudd. ■  XdiZ  s LCc(? yy/. z^tytdszi.. zz <?<:< z^s / > Zn/d  /-1AC A{  /■'/ . As d/(^Zl^r
 f- A? /it /iy aXze A/ysT-s^zz^a/^s^id/A: //. AaA try <dczz * A-r/A^^t, —  Ttz /A'/-
 * ci* i. sddz*t*.**■/«/ z/Ad-tr/ArdtAAt, AAz i^-s^At.— A/Ax.  zsaj? sA/Ay, zc-tz-
 usi-~-  zy AX tZ/^ sA/SsAA AAz  Az^sA A- Azt^*^*^- Atd dA-^y/t^<?ssA ziXA^Tt..
  r    »  a/  Az-           '       /'•/-'//          '   A    A/-
^ zzlX /yX-^y Z>z- /rd£-c(sla d^t^-  z*-tyA. Zt-e. rAi^ ,*<.// '/i/7/y  ^/t^. sd/c  /js/lAz
    Y7-  x  A  A-  AL  ■    '    ■       x-            A  A   .   . y  Ay
/d/Adt^dzf A 7id#'7y /.}iU#-A/ /**- /f-aAd-u y ^^4; sa> zt*, a AysAAX,
AaAz  s?i r ic/^ r  yszi-t zAX Ax./'ssA/ctt.  A / dd^^AA^. y^AA s^-aA esAd.
7y 7^/y  t //>- ztcAAi dyd-^d  #//td XzAiS.i-.A Aszy As /X- c 9/ y/cdt. A. Az At-<stsiy'.-/'<?.
. A
/. AAA /TtiAd/i </ Ad >. 0Jz7 z&vtAzit'zA/ty . Adztd. /^/ X  yy/t:d a z^AAz,
    i^x a t 'a/< s^dcAAc  aiAzlcAa /.A'd  y*/'-A^ Av Aa./^ - zl xa^cA^ z>sAAy
•~-d/^
tA 7fd **. zd urAitAA,  zy*y* <  Af C^ZtA (A  AcS /A^^^z.O.ZX■ JX,
 \t-Z.Ad*c'e~   <■ ''AS  St/s-Yxdd  dAz A/l/ aXA> A AA/'yaA^A, <z./isA-
0/r/(A/ AAc* AA A/C.7-  CcAui^Ac  Ad ZZSA- // A« A.4SI.S/SZS /str/C4<- yA^Cl/oitiX SvAA
Y+Ydtzd' dY- a.  a '/-/*■ dd<, Y< zs .->/ /WAY,  /Aa A>dyyy^ /'/i^zdAAA
A < -yAc^-, 4zd/A^Add 7v*s> ri.cAS.ydd ,7^A/y A.
 ''pAXd/n  si<d/.. A tcdAi-.z? / fi-r/Adt 7^'  Xid-fsruaidc'r/iS Jy as^XddAtd/c
 AX-  AAztd A dd*^i ydc zA sadiyr,/Atz/t ,  /y/^-iA^t  zi*y //•->" /Ai^i.*-i-z
 ft 7lz/ StP/T/AtiAtAzA/ dd dcs-sAcdy Sd /AdXV 7-'AZi Ac ^ / ZZypsU AcdcdAft, ■
AfCcAddAA^  d■ z 71 z A zl d A7^^<^/A 6ZA2S As e^ diA?Xdz^-t  A'd^yy^^ o^l,
a • 'i AzAA /A aAx yAdYAzdd, - ddA'Azz<AdA?Az/*x.- y At A AAA/ a^AA -
 /y/At^A<d /7//.dy zzzsiz/fAAd< >Ad7/Acy acAA7Zs^./zA^A^i- zz, Cast ~
 7<n*zzY: U sddcz rZ/< <s / / c j.i. dd ^ A, 'dY A* zt-^ d^ AA( \ _ yA/^ddA^_
7i<'.<-d AJ<7a''< A^f-iy-iAc.z^zts/i. iAAAaA-  -y-'zyAAt, Ai^ ^s-tsXsA<td aAdsAA.
''st^p^'ti '/, /t
                 A/,  <TSr^iAdA->*A 6s?■/£Z,iA. 61 f cA, Aid ft. aX A*t  si..  a'stA<<.
f'rf-  A/At*- /*,<?e 7X77 AA Ad&-d/'-He /-/<.// tc~. /< c   dzesr. & f *<l ids XA
A  y /i-iotd<. Are/   er '^^ <^Sz z^ -// *t. u A#y #y7 Ai a <~zc **- eS /xdAi.*, /AL
'  fAn~A* Add zrr- .rz+^rvdzA /Ay y AAt/ty ,1  AAA/   Zk. d-dA<S^ ^  e^.cA. 
2.  (  y. j e.ts A A, ,-?l Add d< n ■/ >A X<?  r< YA/t r dddA.  Y<?A  Y/<>as<cZ,
, AdX-Xy- " 'Y+/.c Y ArsA'yi X ■ A~ZiS<r,,t(/y -?. / A/Yaz a,-t . As ■ -A
 AAsf  A? Ay**-  StsZi^/ A. <r*w.  tr?-~ 7f7-/. s&s AXc..  Az ^^-s^^i/^csAdA.
                     A                        /                            r
 -.A/-- A/ /t/^ y yAszeAe^Xdu  tic Ala A<a aAdz. fcAsA z^AA/^r^ >A«^t
          L/ »7         ,              s        .      yA A
tsyt^ zSAz/Af AA / /U-Z****' drdti.f AA- 1 /C /ZT-Atr*^1- A<ri<.tA /s **A7 7ZSZ
   A
                                      'V
               . d   Si      J         /           l
     AAzyz A.A-i^sXttn *~a>. Ac* t<  AAAS/l.
• «j.  Xyttcri^ /i,/\sjAAyA a*  /^yAzzjit/xd^zsds <rz-ys&//Ac^is? stcstAzt Ac 7A>
       / .     •''  Z       ,     *     *    '"'           ',          /              s- '
     dz^t/,AA A.' < z/  i^sd Adc-d^c s.c.  y ^- u AdA/dda* 7£■/.  A. i. ,.£^ Yd*?.
I                 :  yA>        . y  X S'             ./  ,7        is      r     A
     /^<..s7.s-/..ts /-/dAi^n-'/ dyAAAaAd /zAA/y '^AAA?-zAi.czz zAX'Xs* , ?/yt
     / ZTZTtZTs ? Al<S u;  cZ s/Azt A_, sj^dAi^  /.<,A&£^aA^^c.  Ad/A,  c^m^tSsZy AA-
     COAscX/A AzCAT-ZAi A-isi^gjy &Az u-Ay a AAy i^tXAA aAlS zATdd
<uj^  ytrAzsZsst*.
z*dAA #//£<'
V
*o
z~y/it 7/,/i.d*
   QAttiAuYAs//AAl£X7A^                    ayYzAtxY YY 7j
 /. AAzz^iyC zxyicd/ c-aAcAy ddAAA- A/AaAL. AA.y ztt,cs AtsAz-
   zi:/% (A</<_  AsddAc.cS/~/t-zi AStyztXt^ Az^d At^r^^'sAAtdfyAdd 7/
   dt,d/wiydAZt Ac - tXdzty, zY/z^ c^z^A/AsA/tj^/_ zt YrX^c A/ d, <?z Y&.
   czdJzd - z> /cd Adrd A'At fAr /lAy/ A^^Y, ^A Az'^/t.y^Ysz^.d^cd y^-
           x    ''•              x      yu ■        d           ^
   zA/r. 11 '■ l d*/ Ayr c^cd^ £y<^AiA id #dAu,*~&>'&uxsA.
 2. ztda-tAz/istAc A Aczd A/  -*i4*yA A s^A-^-^^d, YzA^f a.Y^^sAx£^s ,
   y        '  /.   •-*    u          a   /    A                         A
*^. i d'<.i~.fi.  tn.  zi./Aa /i-isna.AA.i'sc  a<y /^^.yAA_z<^^,tiry..^j^i^/^././^  AzdA-
                  d               ,         7     A               s  "X
   ides* //TAt^,iL j.^/tAcsit/ c^Ai' A/AAds,  zyryAyyiyd Ad/^A^c^ cTy,, Y<yxA-
   dedydcisiitA, z^y.A/0dAy7.y/  c  t.ttzAit/ sA.ct/A  <^s^sAUAy ycy^/td
    lc cdud-S YLArA-AS.  Add-Yes? ts»Je> zd/i, zAA's AcAd S^isAa.<• dy  /d
              z   /                  /   /,                        y
    c>d.//6XAa azySdX tAc_.
   Ao/zsZdAAA dA AAtc/x/z7s/ce7dYc>.  cf^s, Ae flAaYo*.**..*<.  -
/   AiL /At<s tc^  t^AYY, / YiAtA  />? Ay AAiU >  zzdzAYdzz/tAAc.^?- ziyisdy* ~
                       "        s-
   d^tyAz^/zAe  l^AAc Adr-zddLzAy xy/z^sd.  Yi/<Yud& /Az< citX
   /ddcdrAy^ yYusYtA /^YdXs^d *<* AAadYy/AzziA^y Zsit/AA..
Sdt
JyLitt+n ur yAz^^eAz^^z *-+A^t^/i. Ad.ytd#z*yAy ^rs^Yr'iud.J
y 
t 
 
(   11   )
                               CLASS   II.


                                     TONICS.


                              General Observations.

  Medicines which  produce a gentle and permanent  excitement of all  the  vital  actions,
though their influence is more observable in the functions of organic  life, than in  those of
animal life.
  Differ from astringents in the more general diffusion of their action, and in the  want of
any especial direction to the organic contractility.
  The term "permanent" in relation to their action is not strictly correct.   No medicine
is permanently stimulant in the healthy state.  All over-excitement ultimately produces a  -
diminution of excitability; and, as every vital action is sustained by the influence of stimuli
upon excitability, a diminution of healthy action results.  Tonics operate  slowly in  exalting
the functions, and their impression is more durable than that of the diffusible stimulants;  .
but even the excitement produced by tonics,  if given in the healthy state, is followed by a.
corresponding depression.
  Tonics,  therefore, are injurious if given in the  healthy state, or in diseases of excitement.
They may do harm  in two ways, 1. by inducing  an irritation which may result in inflam-
mation; 2. by diminishing excitability or natural healthy power.   These effects more fully
explained.   Diseases induced  by the abuse  of tonics.  A good  rule never  to give these
medicines  in a state of sound health,  with the view of increasing strength, or of rendering
the system less accessible to disease.
  Tonics indicated in cases in which the vital actions are depressed below the standard of
health, in other words, in cases of debility.   Here they produce increase of action, and if
the excitability has not been materially impaired,  place the system in a condition to recover
and sustain itself.  But even in debility, they should not be very long continued, as their
ultimate effect might be an increase of the state they are given to remedy.  A general rule,
that tonics are applicable in debility without permanent loss of healthy excitability.  Illus-
trations of this rule.
  The mode by which tonics invigorate the system is two-fold—1. they increase the energy
of the stomach and  digestive organs when  enfeebled, and thereby enable more nutriment
to be  thrown into the system; 2. they exercise a direct influence either by means of ner-
vous communication, or through the  medium of the  blood-vessels, over the whole frame,
producing an elevation of all the vital actions independently of any increase in the  quantity
of the blood.
  Tonics differ in the degree of their stimulating  property, and many of them also have  .
individual peculiarities which  serve to  distinguish them prominently  from the other mem-
bers of the class.  They may be divided into four sections; 1.  the purer bitters; 2. bitters
somewhat peculiar in their properties; 3. aromatics; and 4. mineral tonics.
   1.  Pure bitters.  Bitterness possessed by all true vegetable tonics.  At one time thought
to be essentially the tonic power, and to reside in  some peculiar principle.  But the mineral
tonics are  not bitter, and the property belongs to many distinct vegetable principles.   But
still there  seems  to be some connexion between bitterness and the tonic property.  Perhaps
the same arrangement or shape of particles which produces the bitter  taste when the medi-
cine is applied to the tongue, is calculated to produce  the tonic  impression when it is ap-
plied  to the stomach.  Different  substances may have this  same arrangement or  shape of
particles, and in  some it may be  associated with  other properties, which may enable them
to operate with great energy on the system in a  manner distinct from the tonic action, and
calculated to conceal it.  In this view  of the subject every bitter substance may  be tonic,
though, from its  possession of other more energetic properties, it may not display any tonic
effect in its actual operation.   This point further illustrated.
   The pure bitters closely analogous in their effects, and used for the  same purposes.  Less
stimulant  than the others, and more purely tonic.
   Effects  on the system.   They increase appetite—invigorate digestion—exert  little  in-
fluence over the  circulation unless in large doses—offer little evidence of action on the ner-
vous  system—in large doses are  apt to purge, and in  very large  doses sometimes  vomit.
   2.  Bitters peculiar in their properties.  Peculiar  either by the inherent constitution of
their bitter principle, as in  Peruvian bark, or in  consequence ol  its association with other 
                                        (   12   )

    principles which modify its action, as in serpentaria, with a volatile oil, and in wild cherry
    bark, with hydrocyanic acid.  In general, this division is more stimulating than the purer
    bitters, but not universally so.
      3. Aromatics.  Depend for their peculiarity on the presence of volatile oil.  More stimu-
    lating than the bitters, tbey approach nearly to the diffusible  stimulants, with which they
    might be associated without violence.
      Pleasant to the taste and grateful to the stomach.
      Employed to cover the taste of other medicines, to render them more acceptable to the
    stormch, or to increase their stimulant effect.   Also used as anti-emetics and carminatives.
      4. Mineral tonics.  These have nothing in  common but the tonic property, each having
    decided peculiarities which serve to distinguish it from the others.


                                    1. Pure  Bitters.

                                        QUASSIA.

      Wood of Quassia excelsa and  Quassia amara.
  /. .-Locality and general character of these trees.
  J. •Character of quassia as imported and as kept in the shops—weight—texture—colour—
   odour and taste—relations to water and alcohol—colour  imparted to these  menstrua.
      Active ingredient, a peculiar principle called quassin.
  3.. .Incompatibles.
  Jp. .Effects on the system, and medical applications.
      Powder seldom used.   Dose, 20 to 60 grains, 3 or 4 times a day.
      Infusion most used. Proportions gij. to Oj.  of cold, water.  Dose, f^ij. 3 or 4 times a day.
  £_■ ■  Extract, a powerful and excellent tonic.   Has  more tonic power in  a small  bulk than
   any other preparation of the pure bitters.  Dose, 2 to 5 grains.
      Tincture officinal.  Dose, f^j. to fgij.

                                       SIMARUBA.
  /.  Bark of the root of Simaruba officinalis.
      Essentially the same in properties  as Quassia.

                            GOLDTHREAD.—COPTIS. U.S.
     Root of Coptis trifolia,
  1. .Locality of this plant—general character—appearance of the root.
     Closely analogous in properties to Quassia.

                             GENTIAN.—GENTIANA.  U.S.

     Root of Gentiana Ivtea,  and perhaps other species.
  /  ..Locality and general character of this plant.
 V.. .Shape, size, and general aspect of the  root—colour externally and  within—texture-
   colour of the powder—odour and taste—relations to water and alcohol.
  ♦...Medical properties and uses.
     Forms of administration numerous.  Powder—dose, 10 to 40 grains.  Infusion, made with
   half an ounce to a pint of water—dose, fgj. to fgij.  Compound infusion officinal. Tine
 , ture-^dose, fJ5J.Jo_f3ij._^Remarks on the danger of giving  tonic tinctures.  Extract—
^*dose, 5 toTJO  or 30 grains.
     Several plants belonging to the family of the Gentianeae have  properties analogous to
   those of gentian.  Among these are the lesser centaury of Europe, Erythrcea Centaurium,
   and the following.

                     AMERICAN CENTAURY.—SABBATIA. U.S.

     Sabbatia angularis.  Whole plant  used.
/ .  - General appearance—place of growth—season at which collected—sensible properties
   and relations to water and alcohol.
2. • ■ Medical properties and uses.   Given in infusion, made with an ounce to a pint of water.
   Dose, fgij.

                             COLUMBO.—COLOMBA. U.S.
     Root of Cocculus palmatus.
/. . ■ General character of the plant, and place of growth.
2, - ■ • Mode of preparing the root for market, and whence imported. 
                              / CdAW/ddtAAeTJ.
                               d uczA/Azx^.
 7  A. zct/  AkAA A^tllXAAj  l.l  As*./  dz/d AsAAYa.aA  AdtXy /oz^iaAz
     A  ^                A   A   v     d       'A;       .    '
2.  *~ //t/'* e-i. yd/-*l sA{7AA~^>sf-4L/-ssAAir/u),~ztAd7i..AAlj£.s<t4../7e,dzi^ //^ ,AA<,
                                     . /S. S "flU?^
    dAizyz /y~/ry c-is ty d*t~y *.^*AAdyAdd*>s /At/yAy- sAaAcz. ztAU 'y As
    THAT yd/rs.^i—   X t-zd A7 AAXAL- ZesAtoAu"  Ad-&J-*/t./-/<*r .Addsy /A d/s
    z> zyz/t   < 6AK <?^ /.f/X. zu/As, ,j <.AiAtd v / /tA^iA /A AAAeXr- z/? AdAtA /AA
   /          7                   l'                   a
    At/ZAcsy As' za, ^.-yct A: At-/ A/* &<,/?/ sAsc /ts- dyAs-st.. .
 A.  y^z z-;< ,/y A  AAd z/^*-pi^£-.
                                                                   Z     /   *
X.  7/ dtddu. dd aAAeAA^^yzZi^tyAdy/A^ fzArst, AtH-X a.yydd A d>.>-
   y ti y*  / /rzJSd Jyy z/ct> ssr^tdXsA^/iL/ ts/  szy. 7///■<-<?/ sAAzzAdcAs A,
    77as A AA/-/,  z'yzi./sa S/y/'t y/<?£, y/yj/t A&AlAz AAc^-a sz-c  a^z^d-
    Ay/t<^/sy a7Yre^^' '^ *^   c'^z/ Y -ydXAyAz^As^ ddyAAt^  y<? — J/?-^
    6t /tdisj/i dxx^. s< « Az z^/n  TaAUz/ /r-AS— yX?i t zA/i*yy'. 'i / sy*.<. A a.  ~-( ' -tsL -
    Alaj, Aa" /zz-i.*-/ A Ad/// tdc'rs/ , zs-l- dzyyd'AAtTt*.  ocs^di, a dz* AsAy AAaA.
    ucU.7i.ez  a 7iA ■/// zi /^/s,yAAA/(7sA/tA-zd<ZA>z^Arzu.<^,yzzsA■/A/7c<,l.
   ■'Ad'  ziA-zttA-z/f cs-d /tdAAi. /As.  y/idAaAA/./X^AzX/rj^^AAA zt^Azae/'A/.
 A.  At/  z in Al<x&Ars 7 . srA/ /<. //'zdsZa./cl 'AizYd/- <?7At /'AitS, z>- cAi/i. dy Ads/AeX.
                   k          .A   /         y    7                   A

 7. ^/zdvy A<*dA fe&Z,  -  77. cAus-iZZ y>-' ■( > ■ -cAzitA,- .  CAX? A  ZddZZ^S* Zsy^
        [<*  cz-A^. y*.d k. AA/d X'Aia7<../yAAx.ss/iy Sy tAi*t***A Azs
         X                 .?  *       s-     X           X
/  A
 yy
   X                    <*  . ,    r         ,        IS
  A      /             / ■ SX    s     /                '
 \ AAt^ At/Ay, s7s-d^t? zt^z- AddZ ,  Cz7'Lse,f/*^y/<c2^Ss*i
                         AY?. szYddYYz^t Azz dY,
A/y ]. <? y-A'-. y*. A «.. Ai-i/A X' ^< a                              as-zszjs-?^
                                 A
/  d/rt/c. 4itc/rS/z/iA A A/,.,/./VYz,zs.^X(X7d. As<yA*Y/- dz^
            /               .    s     z/      y     d          .  ° y       /
    ♦ ?e/YA*y /y Ac/tzA^c y  Ady< ^ZA .<fi A<y-* i y/ry/<x /'<  7>yyJ~  -Ac
       7 .  . A/Adt*~ a7*- SAd/Ax zstX. AAfy^7/ A A/  Y'cyYd //Adz^
su zY'A//"— A, A A/Yd r  £vAx-/^/>Ad'AAA.,  sy^.AA.,€rfd^sAgrs.si./  ti^u.^
7x'y 7A-ic z, A7//t,74sdzATcAAA 7Ai<  Adt^s<s.
   A 7                            d>    s ■
                                    zA/dist^.
                             Aj'd,   A'A    '      jA   '   <A-
                             7 /.A ^Ay.y AZ^S/./ d'iZ  ^Zis
u.# d sjCc^A.x. etc z~s A^-Y^ i~'Y/? a . d^Yy AAY/z/i sto <yz YzA^.
?   A/notsAti c 7 /y A,  At/zidT^x z  'Ad ts-AA/d>dd*s a<z  As3*d" AA<7t ■«,
f.  ^ dt I t- ^         /;        /               7  /                zd
A

2. aAaA
/     A.-'           *     ,    y/  s               *   ,  ./.         /
r <t .t'7,s A*f7A<A-, /csiA/i/djuA y//ciiyz+-d/£,~ A X 72. z-t-^i'A.^
s
A.n  -  A  V2  A/^zAdd /Al< 'a/x ^- .±vA* taxAzzAr Sz^/AA  AvyzTscsM^, z/i 
      TAz/t-uiAAi/ dszd A yt 6/<dz<-^ "A'ldAAc d  A/t?-7t,->st/^ /^-i^^t A'o.AtA
              d  A     Y-A     '*       /    '    A/J f  A  A-   -
                  -a/ /r-zir/s  zA- ydA*.-* - ddCt-xsL, /^cAA^i-  Afdt^Ai  sA/^-*zydy-

          t _- AAaAc -, YxA/Au. syTzrT^- < i^-Az/ ^ z7 <-+■ zdd, '-r  A/r?Ayz7tS> Xz< _

      (jut,  AiA/xdd  A/,/ z./tY'-t-A*-/*. /^c^//(W' A* zzy dzA /'/i AAd 4  vs-
     /    -         ,        z         A
      /?dAzs^z /*.. y7'A-c A*.dzz<y  AtX/tA-  //ttY-y/ A/'AAis-z-iAxasa>  <>  u.-^a.•

; A5. (A/it a // a ? z zy sty^/zA^t/i./7As.-/^zs^A  dA,X/S, AAAAsr?:d^ <i A*tyAA-

      C ZcAAA A/v- YxYzAd dAsl/ /d/rlA dL^ud^  Z4i 7 7/l.Z7vt*LsyAi.t* Add/i_
                  A  /7                           s>    A    s          a
      d^.z \Atzjtj /A /Af  //***+/AtA#-d4<AA d/A l .9-ttS//<.dA?Alst?S.77.AXAA7zrU^
a/
zA7A- f/d A A /S' z* v AA d Az- /<^zyy  aAl «.* ** AAz zXyjiX^/tyx^t <z^
     /f-f. ddiA- ^Ad/tidAt/tc^y i^cLxxzaaA/s-zs//AAtriiz?.x

A-.  Xd/idAttsi-dS  d.  AAtX AA-u  AzTdTA/ rzst^.. disAz X zA/ y.AA/ l-l z/AzlA

    Az , At,/*. zA A yzti  /Acd a A <?*di zTA AAtd^-s /* ir/, A/^ *i- X A/Lx,**'

    AAd'T^-t  /'Z-i^> /-t^cr/su/ AfSiniL. 7Ad s(.dz\ "AAAt, S- c^-^a^S^c  AA^C
      Z        s             ^
    cAAqAzAcA  &<si<_d ddAi* sz-ty ^yyAsA^ s y /z-J A / / Ai/zdd l
/Ait AAAa* ^A /t^izx.AAs  77  AA<Ay/j-d*^dx, lyszAY. AA.£A<.  /zy#t .
 At/1    A/ crs~d  z.czy;At.X /-^ dsz,*cC0 /7 zAdArA'tA^Ayz-^AyAi^
.A/AdA  zz-a-izd rtd 7A.y /zisT.t.y zAz/1 iX. AA/A^/dAt/Ao,
^ AmtuJd/Az. Ad'AszAzziAiszy-
A   Ok/ A As/ jUt-AAaz?Al. - dz/s/A*A<A*-'Ldxs zr xAAsztst.y'^. YAz^disAx^A^.

    >A7/cA^Aj cd<dcdAAd??i  And  dz^/^'Asytd/_c^-77/^AAYi^.
    — a  At* AjA.Aa <■' X AzAAzy   */s A A.A-/< - A-rr~ s%A""■ A sz / c _  tu^Xzi/A'
      X-    ■  A    y~     x      A  A A    /   s
     tsia zZ/zst Afds  Az> /stsa.6 1  S,i7zzAt<?A.
                 z    A                           "

            '                     ^d    A  cYY

I  /' cA 7z-is^/^Acy dzdt Azzt/i^rprjydsts/i AA^ A7ttf 4,1+1./J/./^d  At* / A vA^A/d-
     // n <■-•■■ AA/TluAd 7.7i- A^dc/zyic .

.  z.  As  //ddAy dcs.AAn.yA<'diss Ad,ti.j icf>At Yz7yx<*-*. ArzYi-a- />" -

     K/rXoA Xtr/H- A/A^-ttd// t.*x. A ZyA^st. ^ Az *c <f* <A~~szz^i^/-z<^e -tyr-  yC;daAy>
   y tni-t~"/L/A<-ss7i*zA/i,-d- A/z^-y<■>-*'- /7x/t /t.t.6 Yir>"■ 'A ■?*-y7~~
   A A /   A r              '7                   A
3. XtcX  dAcAX zz?///i A//z  ytsaA/ ir/id ZdAttst)  zjizA^zz* A/.  As'zt^icd-At  i7,„isr

    ff~Zt£  ^/z/.<.t  A. <y>- tT/cjt AadA St*./-- <. AAl^csA, /^Aa AAy AA / A td/i *t t/ —
       A/--         ^                             *      /      7 A
   - szz +~.s'■ ?l-^AA'yc /Ldisud/ yd/.z.ASyszx As,,  /AA^.^.y.i,. '-Ad^^^^A

   .Asfr.^ czi p/tsi.  zy AAd A-tz/A y dd+T.iA^7i.-fia,y  ydjL/sCt
<y At <>«/
f
A           ' A    //"     A  d-AAAAYdy'1
Li.ST-L. d/,o-LL /CfAc A /d<-t*-Zir- Cdt Znt-L it i S*^7US Zed -7,i+ Zz_ ./>,  S t x.  <■ s,X
     d          / 
(Xsl 0-t-i,tl
'd
oAle^^ /^.dTslsddx^ C? UtA.'-Jsi CdA^ '*; /'A7>s/s-^, /j-AAA A t'sizZcAi7  Ae
   dAdy7t tfZ a^uA c*s-a,Ast,^ ,/ &A Ad Z-C  ■< Z^Sz d.dd y Z^-/n^j.A?7r tXdostZsi,


7t- A csdZl  at s^tiS.^cn,. zAAsA,/ ,i A/z t i* ir <■ /Adi . 17 A d/ <Zii. «■ Ar>d'tt Ay Zcs-zir/.. d z .

   _,     .   /      A   z~    7       / dA   A  •        •          z      yd
   Arte if.  / fia^ A y>A7n.<>At- a /zAttAVt s/A. Ah. A~ AA^  za zs,Au^A^A_


    AAzh,cx.zAl<z> AtAuicXj  zA*7/h/A/AAA//u.. .,  ■ *y A ^-te^'-AnA  A/u+z'*/ A

                              y   z    A         >         ■    z      s^   • A
    /■ZScdiZ  //izi<sAZ c*.- czt- Ad-fAri^s Ad ■ 7} A j ti/L^s/X  zAz/i^?,d /<sfAc/z/^-


    /iz\^Xsc~/  / / /Act 7di. <?d ■  sd/^z^ s s /sit y zAi A At 'A.  ^z> aAA**^ ,> s-ztt^AA.,/

                   AS     AA  ■  /A      A  A  7/   y     Ay-       ■   d
    ll-i :~iZy/t. ti CZ/Z/Z- tsCs-iZti, / tyd'ZsZ*c-  < /, < 7 c  d/ yd A7n n Z 7l-^c^A U1L /t-U/) -

                    /    ■     -v                   *                      l'    e



Zj.-.yy.  A atd/n doL, ^SS. / s .ts ..XAs.i AA**'*'- XX/oiicZ,  ^6/ 'zzz/. zX<-j--c<,/tsAz//-


    X/ < dZ AtAicdA-c At, Ac, //y —. ^ /A e. tX L^.t,^ L^7.->* d//A sAztsAy .. i^std/A A-


    (su, /< 6<-Ait.  X SAdtitazAi  s^/  A A/TiAl. 6/7t,ted, ^/i  X At*sA/-/ilSz.</*i~.


A-  yAf., Acs* /dttczcdy  £**/■/A- (UrAzA/i^AAdz </ zzA'**-  t,^ zAt-i^zcXAdi'ttdA**-
At 'A  7d s/z-zzA'dd^yAjr 4/d.


                            72. „■ A^xdAAYAsA, C A i 'At A:
                               J.

(AAn st aaaz (?. "Aat Ak.
/.   Y^s d? d/i/^ (jAu-dAi z/i,zc dAs st.s/1 sa c/Xdyd/^ Zdi.L  dt AzAd zi, A

        A      ' f '        .■        .             a          A        ,  /?y   A
    ASs-taA/A/Ayy AALc (A/st^.< t> y/.<*. A-kXAc zi7rziX ,///dzA^  //A ,

    /   y          x ?           Ay?*.           A    A      aA
    A/lsisi: -  t   s*z7  dA^cdy zs^+ ../tt Ay ///s>zy//is si.-/*;*<■>-c a/^rr-d  A</-


    '*./■''/.  AY-l  s^<  Z6~  7A..  U-7-t. dt/StsiAA/  zAssZtm/X-.


2  zA d A^.yyA YdaY^/L A/AY zAuAuA AyAdx.yd, .y yAA/AA</, A-fiis/iA-

               ' /d ju   ,   A   a    '      'A    y'  A     Aj    A y y,
    ^A si /-■  / < <  •'''' Ay/sc.e/A  A-Asz &<dy z-ti. Azs/^. z. <//r ttL^u^/ drst.i>^^.y «Jsi^ct,>

                                                        L    st   d       d  A

    ri.id- y/zydY^AYd,  A .^t,z/zi d.d/A/ a, y^y if /A^e  s~s^A.sCAe*


    ,y d/zdvAy AYz   Y^, Y-A-a'/^AaY 7a /, Y.


•3   A^Ccsic  AY'.*- (ZdezziS ss^i ou/a'j, z/t/yAi  AAz* A / />■/.<. , A/+. y c z*y  d*-


    A^ <*<■>-  e^ddn^i-... A^s/Ad ' ziszAA/j,/., At AAz.  /A/Xt^tud ctAtSfYtevti *.

    A                                 /    A                  'As    da
    f // idYAi  - y y^ii l- /^Add > y> AAaz? z<o-i //l.j c/sc c/sst^ - dUAdydAAtS^^


    ///Lc+eAi /ss-d^AdL, aY^/i^zc /AlZ, yd7A6/^^sZysA.


/f..  YfiX dtd'Sts^/n/rii. y^/«r^«*  Jf      ^Yy/sS A> Sl/A^Al'A fzdr-


    ZyHAdo/LZU.- uA^.                                                         ^


S.  AAit  dAYiAcAia/o'Z dzAd^d^ yzAA^7st/Y- /Yu yi^A a.<z O.y^


    irt^aA £„*-,' "  "<  A '^ ."fA,.<i> At t.2A zA ts. 'a d A-/? -t A - A zrfdA<~

     /A,              {J     /       AS/'*    '  y -a   '            /
   .foAAiJ-ftti'uditti./nt. dd/rt<sL~  Azt-c/t.  / zz/k, t*.  ddA+t+d., d/n^esty,,^


    1^47 XfriaY/. d/Yi/cdzr itsY'eY d A<.< si   4  AA/ /A^?,dcy„ s/tz^y Aa 
    ' /< r., -a- A'-,- i A '/zdaddt As  As zt 4 yy y AdSd / ,' Ale /<</£/<. ■- y cd? At/ ' As
               ^                                       i       s^^     A           / /
    AcddcYAAd/**** / ,tA/A77 y? Ac/" <-  en A,cz ttd.AAztrsc /^ ^ tcAAzAu:
    k/Azl ,i"^ /Ar^- )df/7cX<-*rj\./, /1 Y^-^Aiz l ^ y z Azt 2-i / a A. ^y #/ /m/s A
    7-yeZ'f t^^t^t A.   <^ aA \A .//y///^, Axv^VV  AiaAT* ZStt/a< *<a ds.AA/<  zo'^aAhtu.
fe.  (Aud, A at A' z^zii.ey Si<, Ai<x/dL yzAdd/y-  tzdyziuzzz A -  A^X^s.^.d d*t>z<.i-
    AzX  cz^tddH-i^d-i d YcA~sz~z<S— sd-dt.iy  /<-/AAd*^ y £tjf At c i<cs< n/A-  d'./r7c -
    At/ud A- AA d/n ddAA/z/iAy  cS syy^c/itr^r  s/yiA/L A/sys s*A  X/dAuc-
    <// aAAaA^t zA//sisA it,t, \Ax dAAdz<AA.
y.  7^7/1,^  ,sf.n. A?Ats. Ac6/AA?i>Sdc<-A As-ti/A/ssitzny  A  AxA-ny^zssAsA.
'    A  7/  .     /\ . . /   s .  /             /  yy d / ,       s'   ,   .
    . /  XUts*- ~* At*ze S- l SyC ^ t Ad/.//t ,*/ 6sz >s t tXld Xy AX t /y/ «/ '.. zyszsd /yy
    A/idAi, At-t/dAyt- Ar AAist.d/y/z<^H.d^ AAzsA  st dAAiA&oA<l .\?AAny
    AtcAAAiiiA*-. z7'sA/7/u, <r/i AAa ziddcAs/t  xA  y/xYAasysATazAz*..
 i  /dAuAX (A'/^7tAe-ydtZt'^^e^a^x.ddZ^dd^.-/.e^A^r/Ay-i^'Ayr<s. /Ay,™
 £/.  * A// A zA/cs/A /> z/AzA-v-iS CL*t ddt />-/L<a^/';i tsAAi,/,  yyA./Azz/A^y/Asiiixj^
    diAnzA zldd dzdAi, CyAAaAdy.
70-  Azco/lZZS> S/izzydAz xAAA/t.S/7 Ac  Act ,*/y>//aAAv.t, tr?dr/LT,A,A At7//<7-
    </AtyX/ Ay ii/%t//( sr/t<^ — /<zAlAAdy  At^Zf-dyzAAZ^ysddAis < s y l  xAAz/c^;
       ^^Alt.- <r/t  d</ydz/if a_7Ac-. (AAaZ^ ./zzx. a-z AXAd-z^. Az^^^/V*- pCk A As
                                                 Ay f    '/  ■  7
/ <-{^^, iAJL- tr/i d</y/Ssy ztXAc-.?/c<yd/zzzt.  zz-j. AX-Zd-z^. A?a^/-twd<v <?Ci< A /st
a
 AAd^ ■ d-t^. Z></7d /.^r-ZcAzi- s/u?&<y 7-7t<///d c< A AA'.— >y tt dc/tAT st-szAs,  #C< .<£*/<*'A-
, _/A <                          ^<   <•*             A   ^    ,y
TodaysczdA As~z^rd<,yAtyA---- yyS-i^siSd-  A/c /AsAi tAA- &AA7i
//  7p /i a7c^  Zc7d-//aa.7itc.z^ A* s? /i*.ir7yA.ts^t<//^ zi^-A */i zz^z^ z</^-/rdz*~i //1< ^
    dyt AA( , o4iAc4.*/.<;„>~dy^. Axd/^iS   /A«l dA±< A Ac  z/i- tArze-AA - y.Ai/*siA*i? .
           A  A   '■■     Ad-         "'                                '        ''('y
    t,li~- Ud.(?</7us^( */ /yd/i4
\?'</
72. A/lz 'iitAihA-i Ad-uttyAz* ^AAaAc *zAA/ a.ic  y-dcy y/r/t^-Ax A^  /t-stULy A A
    AAlc yiaA<„y 4sd dz/<_/d/ tr?s/AAA/ a 7zits  At*ud/.-~  AXAi ^/Ad /Tuzd.- .
/3. I A/ A'AlcAlZs /■/} A Y<A-/:7l X it 7/lAy/ >- t 7J y /d/Jt,A AhA/^ ZlAid/AAl </ Zi'tA
                                       , Am/aA/Aa
 /z/rudA.  XA u//AdA/i^^<-Ay Ac/A  ///r//L /AiJi ///l-AAl zA-oA/^i  cly /'w
7    A                  Ay   />/        /         '     "           /A  /
 dtsATt /LA/d'jt^yy Af "tic AA Aa^X* /Z<dstCi.i'Zt.S/d J-iA Ay AAAd) ti.uA A'/-
 s-          ' Y  a            /■   z • ss-   'Y   A~  / *■  -Y        y>
 ~TCt /-Lid//?  Sd^^ AAiA cZs/s/i.clZ<l/u A-x. Ad/ A -A/ /A? Kyy?L/£Z?±it_ec/ A
    ■/'  d     .       7AA                  <'',Y  A-          '  7*A,
 dA?At d^n cdi/ /st*-  <zAfcdAA{.  **-  y.*Siy/'<?//L.dZtAAy XA/ /lL^/ tt/a,^  //dzA-
 / uttA-A.  z J A/ 67a — dtsted dtsii z?  zzzzZc^l/x, ■iZdcA/V  A /-t-AisAs </ a,yz s/'Z * zidL
   v                   /   a    A        yy       't      -A     Ay
 t/^~s?<*-6 x~£ y2t_y&cst Ay //^m z*-i-iy t-AAt,t.i~  /dd/ eA 7 A < A/zyeysAe ■
    A            d  7       /      y    - A  Ad'    /  /   /
 oi t i/rvi.  du.^zix'.  CArtt^y?csl^s/k. zt*t>/7 aa yt^>  ;. dsX/^c^/z^-ax..£/zt~d7y
  ttlsiSsyv tztv- yh-tcdA lA'/IA ZkA A*H.q tsAC&t  dd t A X LirAc eZs> Asti  /Affsd 
(   13   )
  ^ ... Shape, size, general  aspect, and consistence of the pieces—difference between the  cor-
    tical and central portion—colour—odour—taste—colour of the powder—relations to water
     and alcohol.
       Active ingredient, a peculiar principle called colombin.  Besides this, a large proportion
     of starch, according to Planche 33 per cent.—also mucilage, and a little volatile oil.
       Nothing incompatible chemically, which is likely to be associated with it in prescription,
     unless, perhaps, iodine.
   / . . -Medical  properties and uses.
   ^t , .Frequently combined with other tonics, purgatives, aromatics, and  antacids.
       Used in  powder, infusion, and tincture.  Dose of the powder, 10 to 30 grains—of the
     infusion made in the proportion of ^ss. to  Oj., from f^j. to f^ij.—of the tincture, f^j. to
   y f^ss. /The infusion soon undergoes spontaneous change from the presence of starch.
   &   Numerous other bitters analogous to those mentioned; but at present little used, and not
r     wanted.

                      2.  Bitters of peculiar or modified properties.
       These may be subdivided into 1. those-having a peculiar alkaline principle, as Peruvian
     bark, 2. those in which the bitter principle  is modified by combination with a sedative prin-
     ciple, as wild-cherry bark, and 3. those in which it is associated with a stimulant principle,
     usually a volatile oil, as serpentaria.

                           PERUVIAN  BARK.—CINCHONA. U. S.
 /  ■ ■ Bark of different species of Cinchona—natives of the Andes—and extending from La
     Paz in Bolivia, to Santa Martha on the North Coast.
 2 ..  • • Not certainly known from what particular species the different varieties of bark are de-
     rived.
       Three officinal varieties; 1. pale bark (cinchona pallida), 2. yellow bark (cinchona flava),
     and 3. red  bark (cinchona rubra).
       All the varieties strictly officinal are brought from the Pacific Coast of South America.
     Those brought from the northern ports are considered inferior, and thrown together under
     the name of Carthagena barks.
       1. Pale bark.—Cinchona Pallida, U.S.—Embraces the commercial varieties called Loxa -
     and Lima barks.  Named from the colour of the powder. Called gray bark by the French. >'t
  J .  • Description of .pale bark—colour of the powder—sensible properties.
       2.  Yellow barh—Cinchona Flava, U.S.—This is the variety denominated  in commerce
     Callisaya bark. . Wholly different from the common yellow, which is a variety of Cartha-
  <V»"genirBark, and is not officinally recognised.  Called  by the French writers royal yellow bark.
   A-.  . .Description,of the yellow or Callisaya bark.  Two varieties,  the quilled and the fiat—
   ' differences between them—colourof the powder—sensible properties  of yellow  bark.
   ,   3. Redbark.—Cinchona JJw&r^jAS1.—Quilled and flat^rdesci iption—colour of the pow-
  «7' der^^nsibTe~prbperFies.
       Of these varieties the most efficient are the yellow and red—the least disagreeable, the pale. -,
   „, Carthagena  barks.^ Varieties—signs by which distinguished.
   /^~ActIve ingredients of bark, two alkaline principles called quinia and cinchonia, combined
   p with lunic acid. ..Other principles of bark.
   g*. ..Difference in composition between the pale, yellow, and red barks.                     V
  Aa . . .Quinia.   Description of its properties—outline of the mode of preparing it—sulphate of A
 '^" quinia one of the officinal preparations of bark.                                      ;  ,-*^.,
  /J" Cinchonia.  Differences between it and quinia.                                _    \ • '."
  /2  . .Both alkalies form salts of difficult splubility with tartaric, oxalic,  and gallic acids.
  " Incompatible s.  All  substances which occasion precipitates with bark are not incompati-
     ble in prescription, as the substance precipitated is frequently not the active principle.  The
     alkalies and alkaline earths and astringent infusions, may be considered as incompatible—
     the former precipitating the alkaline principles in a separate state, the latter forming with
      them insoluble compounds.                                     _   _
 / a .  . .Effects of bark on the system.  At the same time that it  is tome,  it  exerts an influence
     peculiar to itself, and this influence is found to be incompatible with the existence of perio- #
     dical or  intermittent diseases.  There are, therefore,  two different  and highly important
     properties of bark, therapeutically considered, viz. the  anti-intermittent and tonic.  Expla-
     nations on this point.                                                       .
      . .Diseases to which bark is applicable'as anti-intermittent, and speculations on its mode of
  "^ action.   Therapeutical applications as a tonic.
       Bark most powerful in substanceJ_JDisadvnntages of this mode of administration.  Only
  /jC^TvenTn cases "where a powerful anti-intermittent operation is required.  Power increased
     by combination with opium and aromatics. Dose,  ^j. repeated so frequently  that from £j.
     to 3;ij. may be  taken between the paroxysms.  Best mode of administering bark in sub-
 76.-y   -----             y 
t. ft  y Ai eci-Zf-fdcyy/i  c,<*>AA /<  S/i A/,.?  .-»7 ,/<*. yA^, ^"zitit  /t<, /Atl.
Az/z-A' A- t>A Si/tszi 1*7 Atf* A d. dft*t A{^ /? /, r/t /,.?  ss A.tssdt ..', ■  y/
      *   <  A,   ;d         a          ,         - -' a   .             /
'   /       /   ^      ■                /         "     -   ''                A-
i-Add. ~ - A*i  '*  c-*yy*/X. Szt-^***. fzrAi.u.^ A*s /f- /t^t^zyy XA/t yz*j cdscs-
7
               A  A  /        /                                     'A         /
    Ayy "S, dt/sAdcc/z, yAra~/*,, Atd/s.t*Ai zt zAsz^jt < y^r t Au<*  7/ y/*< A/-

    AA'///—  dti  /Ad sddy,Ayd zz< 7Az^iyzA* 6  sAz•< yz .. y tu/Ad /n ■■.
         A              yy        '   A /   /        ^      'A' / ■''
    dy&T-t (jstd+u*.  S'/tsAAt.-t tiys., S-zr>/<Xy . i^r / y /  d* t yZs ss z d/is* ■

AS- dyi ys < AzSzA/^fe.  a.A A Az  z/lus+sz, *A y /^/<7Asi A. Az<.*.  xA//z**-<4</x --
i      iA/Zd'Aoi,   y z>-tirt z At /11 ys / is At s/t. y^zstl^l. AzicZy

t //■ sZlS  // Ai t/A t/SLiisl-dZ . y 7* A  A  "'Zdt  Zi^.  fit,ZdA.^Me A-TuS  ■ZA-o-te-AA /r~£-
\          ,    .   P?/   ,'   j**<d/Av.    /  ,..              /     A   /  7
      t^Aydd £*n'zA. -/4ra-A/tA'i t- aA'.*/- dA A d/A/icas./* ? AdAs Af^< zS-zc/au

     uAAAA/jt(y sfrif/Z szz\x.d(dy y 7s-cAz ^  ydz^^-iA- yt/ts^s    /Usw^ 7X^s^zd.

 /"/.  . A ,/t Az  cyiAAt.is(_ Ad  £^//sAs Ac AA' aAdka.As-t d^'XiuAz* tzzyA A yt  yA a.A/7,
A   x    /      y         y          A  y                  /   ,     A     /
\ 7$.  A/-is.  CyL/X.ii/ <£_-, y/ls. Afi'ssZiAd7v 7crt"^AdtdA-J^i.t, /i-aA^l' a  t's,sA<:t AsA'dA-
   -d     As/             ■  A-      A      XA /    ^      .  X- y?      ■   ■
tfZySt. &t'/i/l^sr)ry?^.^c*l^Ads./L-,t&e.^y>Cs~St<.'ydl.■Z>-/7'l*/^       dd tQZ/ti.tn

CD sAlS dA 7/i  y/d<  Asr?s^- A AA- A/P-li-d^- S/<7/AL: ayydu /1., t a A A A< 7t~.i~

la Azi i+i dAd /?/A<.tt tsii, t*> Xz / Z4,/-zA* AA^  ^At/dA as/ AA // /*<y *c .
  A  ■     A   Y     s  A^y   '   7    A /a        ■   ■      A   A
,/) t*zy Aid +-i«-  dHys/i// * Gi ^dyA a^s szaAl AdvS y/A*.jn^*z-y ,7zc zC< /nS

 xilL  i.t s y /,*i 7 ^c ?i_A7s^s-j-A zd. At //<A z/A AXz a A.dy'< zA <s ^^A/io^
               X  .                      z   . A .        -. -  s      /
   /Ad  ^/Ak^/^6^"^ y^c<-*»i^.  cx/tAAz.  c/A.7 t.iA/7- Sd( z A A ■  zi tsd^  'A/An.
       A     - y   A        A a/>      r,r     /  a, A     / ^   ,7s      ., ■
    A< A it */<A*.,  Ac/  <i*  ><t A? (At/- <£., — XAt/tziA.  t csyL6i<J, *-Xz i//A,\ dm. A/a A.
                         -'         S                 '  /         ' ;               /
   — A/ii.f_x. zclz .tf-d dst/X'■ 1 a'zza <x zX<.-*Zz*.A/j A .X XLy?>: <*-AcA yd'/ -/ 1?/ Attsx^ zdt?./
               x    A    '/A /  /A A    '  ~  ■      ■   ■     ^    Xa a
   f- jx~ z/i- St^cAzt (  dXt/yXt a. Za , S/i£ ySzzti Zc /<s yds,, ? s. / <_ al — ddf7 c'/dACdJ hsk..
                         '    z       s  "                                A*
   ^T*-^1^*-^- Ad<zx. ds// /-ut/d. 7s-&tsif irzAA/_ /yL,,is*ia a,  /AsAo'Az  /^,  /^*.

   7/l. Ay*-<< 7u. t*^  a. /cA7i s,Ay A/7/^Ad  a. <?AsA/.

/Q  AAx z?/X7'Ay^jeXAzlAA Ait/st/dyAAddfAa'i£-yiA7~7aAi'Pi/^_  7djK/

   qAA7a zTidLz/AAAA  d->yA/<^?AASArH<A  Zs^d dJ d t/.A/t/zt dTAxA'As. i L  t'ZA

   da-AAe  A .<  ^i^r AC a^id SiZS 7y d/d/<\ ICSZ-,.   ' rA.< Ai/* A  A/*/<<-  XA-(L^

   <A/i^-aAAud7s' 7  AstCc*  Att/ty 7*SS tz7 A A sd< yctSyyTZA."A. (<^ sz^
                  z /             ,    X        As               *       f        d
    Az~sd AA  ,.A  d'ydz ss^_ j? Ay-1 '^A/AAdAA7lt,Addxi.„y ^AAa^^- /^f.t
         7    t>   f   zA         /r '    ,                 y   Syy     v  y
    iZd/ A ,   Xp<./S  SiyX  y^> SyA-zA.s e/S/<y z^ ^/-/X'AAz AAAA-t/X zAi '^ yst~Z*x.
                                A
        'xY  £ A    A   Ad           L        '
      IK At. X ',4 AA  dcdfZO 'dA^-y

A A.  X/>- A'^/AA/'/nA/^-ayyAt'dstA/r^ A/-*.  A^iAy^A ^/t^A"*-^ d/A/ Ad/
//;./ y/AX-iitA- y Zs^zA Azr/d^, XT/ ,Xsr^/ Xy /AA  h^?-tA7~>
Xr-td^, .dy .As^Z.// Ay .AA 
Z7.     77l . .-fa,} y/z  /ft AAt, A-i Ly,yA/T7~ £cs^/+ , 67- ZC/AA  di, Att/."A A dAddtt-tt .
          d                .7   A                                  A
    L Acs Ay^ /d/td ys/sisA sz  A/ d/.AAYs <?/ c * ATg. // 2 zA, yAy dydYY.-
    d*-&<.AA it i.yAza, ct^A  Asdv — zAu. ds^AsAsdd AA///./ss/Lsia /A /f/AA  /#-/*.-
     ytzXA syrz'AC /dA Ay dyA/ft-, syys t-ddssM df  A/'c <z y.. .sdA  e« z7/^ Aye .
2Z Aa/ddisizAAit-AAA, S//A7Y: At*'*', szSyr/,yZ<r7Yz* cAicA  <// ^ t L#tsd
    — A Ad ACdA^stSy  X/s-yAy/.z/At,^. t/kf AaAt /ictd*A XctsyyA/sAAz 1A y, tsdZd.
     4<u/%y AtAdyAdd/AAA^  Xytst A< yr.z*_ <y^_ u^'-'&Ss. Lt tfssAAAtMAzdAy.-t2C.
    yh/Ldti,z.\/-L. A/sA ^7**^ ^^7 A/stz^sAd.  AxyyyzAAAAs'yzAtA7/<-AAd,-
2.5.  Jci-a y/<.AdAia cAs y v *zs*7ty+/*„+A ^ y9yA*x+z - AtAndAArdc  ^s^y.Yx^
f^yAAd<si-A.. tA^r^'AzSAysit/AAA,^ AdzyA/'AsA... cAu-dAS;ct^X <<*.,.
i  -
                    A
                              z7yztSd.A. O'Art*,-
I.  A 6 7/^/dd AtAc,-ydy-77y.^ ^ /7.,aAA/ A/t^XUi f t/y Aaiz^, ts AttAs^ ,dzy>-dtd
   — A(f.l*Xs A'C/^/t^d,  Adzyiyt^zA- ft*, X/z AAA^S^yy^.Z^H/td*LAdA(Z^Zict.
3-s  A3ztA *X<.yAiAAy/<<sAAfA-7zi*^-i,s2^A^/t.t/AAsAy/^^A-y/  yydAAY
   iAt,/jtsriL y 7u?'—  c*yAn 1. zz Aci/y/AAt/ st,/ sz/si./AXtu- /y£y s  A/'dASA ayA//<- -
 3.  Attlc AA/r/^dz.s,^y'A^7— yAtzsA </,.  7za7/7 <0a A/tdf/~  Yffz/A~2y'A7y
    tAz7z. /.'y.SAixaAryi^T.si.L/ A-d /->ii./i.Ad,  Ay AAs Asd syn^c /sXdAe.- a^tcA-
                         AzAxA-^Y-dt zA 'zAdisZ.A-
  J. O ' cy-/ di/ Aei/id'tts SZidZdr^a,^ A L ? c ATA /jfASdytAy 7/ rt+dy ysti^aAA
    <~d-t,t Ac '- AisdAy<tyAzA A7azA ~  7irs-vrAAsviyA, o<yzAAzr 7lcA,^-^Ac^i,Z.yc .
   A<-<AA-uS^sdyA dA'*is/dA  7rAAz/-, t^yddX  A7/*^-'Z'-1'7&ty^cAAdiS7j_1.ty?
                 A  s / ^  A     /               /               '■■    /  a  7
   ytnt-i-t^-iz-J^LrAt^dA A  'tSStA /-/*- dzzAt SsAtz  yAt/sdAzSy/r}- , AzytzysyAdA.
I  A a c A <zzyA<AyA Az^/^s-^ -  / z XzS A A A^ As/.■/, * /y /r Astty^syy^A _ ytAs^-z^,t^
   A^tuydc? czAAix. A/ddA  sz sd/ists'di/iAzA^ zi/TstSda/Ac AAAAc   as/tA-tt*-
   Oyt^Y  y.AdXzA A ,tss\AisUZ A /<s>tA/sy AaAttyAAy A zAdSA^y/-  /,L/sz^^
   ztyiLsAr'6dyYAA*.  dY^yYsddd YaYi  YA/2..Aza[^c^/A^^ Ax dAt/AyA^
   ZTuSiY A zAi dtr As*- .  A7vt>-.<zYAd Ayd/s "y<*s+sc /xzssA- d/A'A-t^A  xtc
     /    u  s-            ff ''  ■   X    A-A   AA             y y\        ,
   sAuL rcdAc6>^ /  A/*c/+z7u*i Ay <ZsA. tZyAZA tr/i  ct,y//yy.A<*Z<^^z<c+ct/dAzs/      \
   /cS^A,  ?72a! Cyr?Z4*dAAfr &t*t.z±Az/s*.^y.eJ4-<U*£ 7C7c*.cAA^rz^.
3 Akt ^/TvUa^ ZAlt-tyadstAc*/,  /A/st<./.z^A/ <A- Adj^iVZt^ty  .v/At^^ Zl*?di,<rt»f/^^tt<* yXeA,
A. 'p^tu./AsitdAdrts ^tsAid<s Axi /1-i.dccs TA^n. i*>-A* ss^A/asA/Aia. Xy^dzTA^.
   TtAd<-yA :~/Ai■ yi^<-AAAA/.*?AxA.. s?^z-j?s+ 7uAcs^*,. A AA ^.uzz,^ A/u dz/utsiz.
   /Aas,^/*-**' ^ AtsAAzTdsA &A* Atydzid/sAA' TT^iyzA^ytzATz /Ala, />sztyAi-a<+«di. 
                                                  y
  ////ft^z 4>l:diYyt*x*Y>.- sAz.dyyA/  .Yyz/Asda./i /sdy/^yA^/^ /Az
   d)fyJc*/Y:Ytd/yA/7yAAd  xS^A/^y;  7fYs<Yi 7.  tA/Yzdz/ciAAd/cY- tirji_
   i^dtAdz ddtt,z c r/T7i*- tS>*-c*-Ad.  dAd/id/.- /AAA  uA^rty^/Jiz— ctsP^A- 2A^. _
  (jAf^-dA/ SZ  'sfiiA^A'A. /.1^'l/tdZt.;
S At*. Acdzss^t lA/n/Ltdc!** A.yz/L/e^(Ad.X7 A- AdsAA- i-Azuyd/^cA "Az^AyA
   TJS/ AAa7^.'aAAj>AzfA/AcfStuY'^/^^A/^/sJy'^7Y^z»cA/^.  AzAzA
   tr-#YA.  y Acs/tyAYd  dAdd. AddY dts/tsi  /ycA/J-dyAyzc/- ddd^A^. S
           A                        /
      Ac  Ya / d 6-dCj . Zs i. Ad , d*AZ /r//<. .Ad Ct S  A/z/d t .
XAt
                           y^d          d
                         A//"t dOZZ/zAT-yt AATTi
/. A Atzi. sa t,//Ax 7/ /yt/Al ./■*/ y-t. t. dcc<-ydzi >. yxA/s dt x> AsaAzcA- AAy/ArdtAJ
                         y-     7      /            A     'A
  C tmyAZ/wsT-1. /L s/L a. U* A / Ac t i,/Ac > A /-<*,7 dAdy y z *.-'y.
2. AAs^dt* Ady-Ti. s/dA^ A/t-yyAsi/zse/ /,</A,sA- dc^yA 7/A/* a*a A.sac-c.
   AA-A  A/'ccf/'sA yy Ady~v*~ AdAtsf  /n. //sAi^ddc  AA c sd- dAszTAAz. srzA.s/y^
     z/A/y sis/, AA^t/Z AAStsY'iS/z^syAsstAAd.   Ay/tr/a- -A/zt yz <zt.^iAa=:

   Ad<yAd tsisczt/^ At AAdA~, /1 i ^-/z-i u Ad-,- <y/S/d','^'Zz A ^AAAdA  {
   <y&ra7cA^ s aA.ddAt.yS.
3. ^V^-V^^^AAV"^  0°*'Ad&/LsL£yAY,//-  ^ i d/A&i7AAdy6/  AAid  /c/u, AaAaAZ*
    As.Y A* yd/t.y/7 dAAzd^dd'Az> A/fA/A  Az dcdtiAtzAA/u^. < A 7/iA/zA
   A<rH^£_, /.i^- <ds;L^tzAey6Z4^£yt~As-/zte<. a,su;AZdc zayA.<z/ /-*?.. tc^-vae.^
   dyfzyy A-Y^    z//-<*^SdLa:Azyy/ /*A Sz^-z^y STit^AA/<.^d* Ac"a. yzdydA
   ddzt di, A^J-tdA dA d> tz Az sr //A /dd d/syz^i.c 'AAA if zts~A-d lA - zt,  AdAyAd i+ .
   Zy Aa A A' At /A z Ay  A^tA. Ay.
^.V^-^vc AYc X/^.dtfYs  zz^mYYAc. dYdY/Ad/,*, SyA7/y sYis*/7-
   Azti A C-u*7y z.'r A/hAss^7zzzsyyyy tzyz-itdA/AsCz //sjic.£ A^-y^^^X AuA'
   tu  Adds yy ^a■ ds . />'*^«- AAa xAXAs^ J/Y^uU'<x sAA^./..
             /■            A sA          z  <-   /A A
-A7.-           ^d*
                               ■t dS/'C d? A/ / t-^-zzt
 /■  <■'"  /c xAAt-ity/z/rjj.c  S:t -Y ^dtdAc "zAYo^s+.Aiif A  A^.^sYzsAx^
!          7  a >   A~  A     A              x   *      a  ,   y         s-
    AtyyAd/sy- '■** As A><^ZAS - Azi- /Aid dtyr^.tiu A A~d iAzt^A dAd >/* d< . r ///t -cA
    /i AAA A $t ^yAzA- / AsAAydiy /*, A< A7y A±x. zAf, SS d SS //-/* <-A,
      A/    d d  s'    ^y A      d  z   / '                            /
 Z. <-AtA^zA.77 yyAAcAdA_ c-tsA/A  /Azt/dtA/ty  /'sL sYu.,. aAA7- A1^-
    /Ldd A AAu  AA/tAd-iy AitA/ +^s/Asy~ szdd-z**-  z j  ?y/lzAdd   A~7c' sY^aAi
    <Ly^{uAd / 7d 'Ts-C iTTAz/yt A  / 1^a7AA<_ td dlYo> At *y,
 Z.AAAAAi- A/i«.-^r S'/isA z,/^  ty/cz t^djL trzt.  dyztt^Yy/dtyAAAA^*- Ayu s-
j    dc'ny^ Az^dAi^-, zz^tzdcdy /u^pA*.*-, - /itxy 'A/Zn  dtJAtdzn.  Adti- 
/h\<AfouA*  A<.S vitA- s^tY. z>,/<j4X y/ysrdSA- x7i/7za7A aY<_.
 a? /sty^_, <^ / dA/A/rz r 7d,  S v/Ad ^AdA/.yA 6L* /yyyi/A4i^ _ A<u  /?*2
'V"     A   'A          '   a A                     v
 L/kisr At cA. Ay X^y/,y 6* A^**-3* A? <*-**- —  **t-  /Az szyys l s^y^A/^
   <ll^u// AA//t7 £z^sd/X  /iddid  sAlS  z/yy .AAXsZsiA /y  dYy~zd7
x'
                        .(AVdylAHSdy QYY(yY£~ zaaaTa
 /.  AACis XV-. Aaud/Ad s xA, dAAtSL^sAzkT? /aAdA> Xr. YzdAyssZaAA
2*  A4A7ii,t Ad~zi.ii a^i^d yis-u/s^/z. -— dAAhiy zyy^-d/i.AA_ yAyzs-zXz
    tr/t,  AAd~ ty\y /r-zy^icdA . A.t.SXi/z, t TdzAXL /Azt*., <yA72ysAd*L, sT/A/AA,
    4n^p-t^-yzAt A c*^ /AaAod A' (zdA/7-t+ t.y S AAAAA/A^y^ a 7yy TAm^
    TAy  OAcd d/Azyt^ __ dAs, ozsd- siA^z^ /AzT^AdAAA z*> AAzt d2, zzAAAddda/d
3.  Xr- AcT-zyAdsiA dAuz*.d cvAAY-sSy^yztyy AAA/SS'- d7/^yAz^-/ Atfzy-tvd*.,-
    77-A^-Ztt^ ZZ^-y-3A*.<.Z AtTL^^ AAzAz ~t/A^Z, yZ^cZlAAAj  zA~z sAs/dX f  d° Zc-*--^/ AA^-
    yr-uya  AAA/'A yZ-ttAL- Ay^t_yd As/y ddd^y,£y zA'A/dys styczAzY
    /Aa^-  A// z/AA^AA 'At>  /><>a7/^ zzsz^dtdzAAAAyA.
Aj_  (A^ttA^d /sis-AAd dfe^G ede.au-/ zyA.Az?A A dAAdAA /Ay  cAA
                                                                     ZJ/frZsi-
   A/z- zlytydsA,A.
S Azr6i.cst^ cA yAAA2z^dzidcAi*y - dtyAy At^. dAd, /X ZA XCAy2ty ZAAya/ZzAt Sht
   diz^ilY Adsi,y a Aisy ,  y-/.^ z'AAA-   /A^yd-  7/s td zr^d-zzyzAA/z*
   ztAsAt^ Z/S-&4A  XyyYj^.ZLc'ztA/y  tAA dUSy^k^zS jdd/^/tAszTT/zzs, ^y
   zAz*u izlAAl^- ^zAavA  /zszy/y*Y 11<-  AdyLAd<A y AydYdAA  A^-
    Zfr-faf— zi,A/Ld7 c/^  /st^dAsZ44^AdAzAA
 A*  dA/sd-zdYdn^, /dYyA-A-yTi^sAAi. zAd/?^,,^^ zz^yA.- /zAAA //AA^-g^u Ay,
7.  d/ddtA^ iy^zz^d — jycAzd^t,zdzsdAcy AAdt^t.<i~y jTzeX, zzjsd di*. lAAAAtAAz
    tArltiXi'.- AAu /AA- dU^AA^yzA^tA yzrz^y Ao sTs-d,  sZ^dA7Xpus^. -
    ^   d                //   y   A   A       AA^-
    Id A A^/-A/^^^tZ X AX  SzyyrzXcczsy. ZcSAdTXAAv^.
    Y#Ai.Aiyz4^t+Yr-  ^zsyaA^y^dAYA-Ar^^^ajAeyuddi^, zdn^zdAAey z^.
    cz/YtA / Yzd, zidYAcAAcdA^dy AiAr/Ad /^ ds-ZfdAA^y^
                           ^xsYAyyAzAv.
 / odo^dA  Aik, d AsA^xAz^Yyzd'^dYd>^  z%y_ zAdy^AA y/7 dAz.i zds^
2z.  Act 1 AcAl  < s>nsiyz^xC A/  TAeyA dAAX As sA^/Aa^, yy.^tzA^z .
J  (AAzcd Ai^a cdts^- zdtzzA AAA/,./ A /sup-z? Ay^-^Z ta ATA TtA^ y^d- AiZU^dA.
              Ay    . y     s    Cd fd/'S       /     A     //
 U^A ** e/YYt/Adi ^/7 tt>~ ty/AdAY^/.^^ -.Azr-c^yAk,^ddA^^
TYzlAAAu. lyAYdtdy ^//A/A:- ^^^ ^*-#-*** «^ - aaAAa^i
A4—t&4Si*iA2r—^ 
&.l y }j./de ~- Zt- ?sx>-/-z  SZ^Ziysu, Ai^i/At/ic'/c^ sx, zdyA.- yzdX  y sdAA /A7
yf/y.yydtAz's/Ya'AAAs AddtAA^i .s /Zs7r7As^o-Ay, ys sA/ssy  A/^^,
   //_  _ f 7  ^ L,y
Jtr-A ~Z*~ ^ .i + Lttyf S<A AZIA-
'_  yst/^yAdAAA'-'dydA/ yAiz sy s%..z  y/S4csL tds/A-
rAydYAAA/-   iy YAtzYAs?Ysy~ A'ic /UaA- yd /^
      A *   7    A A
    at A y. t. tyz y^ ?^r t^iAA; ss/Ay/ys.
    /zds'/isd- Ads, AYtx ^sALY/AaAA/7,d'tr/s.s /d/^  /A Azv<Ae±.
7?. (yX^/ii-.- TzAdzv y<:s/A7z/A AxAAtyrtt.<* yA^ds-Ads*  Az> d/Ay ^As/s^s ^Jcsxy, _
    AXyd/zi^^<,d'y.A<.-.  ■ AAyA- tzsztyAzy. 7As^taAz/Azy, /sj^.  AyAsztj^.■ sAA AA^>*.Ua/^
    A/Aid zt^. ,-di i ^zAsz^yAzdAAtzA/dddsiysy zty/z^piSAdd estszA^ ddTXS/AXz
    X zi^we*tt /z^y?yAtAz^— /d*?-/? .^nsn^-A,  zs?/*t Azu^A s*AsAL  yy^sy/, tS/i zisz<A
    au* /ts/i_  yA&znsW*-dyz.A,jy s^f-c-cS. ss / 77l-  /?ss-t./ynsAy. A /s/^y^t.
A  /vAAAl- <zy-ni.AzA.ZJ' dAAAAAy. zd&yAi-A ti^idycsAdAAAzuAdX AyX,  y/yszy/i,
    l-lt* 7-tAAdAi, ZZX*S<,A£z dAA. ZLa.AAzAy'Zt.t^s^-s-/: £-.
                             yrnyusAAyZdA CYs/^Y.
7.   (Ayt,<r~Z<.yy.tXyAAtAt* Ay  A^ fji.,.  (^Ay/,AA .-A/7/.dt^.ZslZ-,  yT ZhU^- /%^C d/A'Ask. sAldr^-
    ,, v z/d£d A/zi*.,  y t A y dt/yssy d'y/sTrj^, Aid.  Add  ddAt/t,  /sLzAdy/A^y,^^
    cA^odtA/yiisy  s&tskyyyyA 7^/At^.A z/h^i.<,-aalddy/z^y 47Az.Az- .A-vz^/syz/Ac -  i/cAAz
    /AslAd*., A1 A^tlyrSti. A~- y^d/Atyz^t- zXA^y., a y^y/uAAayi, _ ,U/yAzA A Sssve,; y-sA:.
    X/A/d- /}.yi,y /^caAc^luz^ ss A/A  A si..-/A AA AAy, iA/,v^^.. .^i^yy  Xttyjs-^/Zr-ristAztzL,.
 2' SSZA^t^uA/zA^f^y A-yi^y^ — yH-Adt^i-i/AA/AA/y  slS/^t,/.Azs/A7 £^AAsy<^aAX  dAc
    z£zrZ*-y7yTszz*A /*l, AyLe-Z^ A sAAt^/Azy— /^.^* y/<AA. <-*■ 7i- Z«AaL- t^sddA
      /" A              Z       7                  y a   X y
    AAdXtf-z^y AAas/st-Asd-sx, <z A ZS-d-t>yXdAd^Asz/A zAydcTy-z^y st^^AAdid- Zhzd
    i/ti^tyA. c<yy^A XAAd-ze/sty^-. AyZ/AzSyS-^td
                                     ^G> 7X4,6/%yZy7AYzZ~>.
A.   As/~ta*, A/ziMSiZsu^yAA^Asty^. ay- tysAAYAd^^tddOyA/^y.sd^ sr- JW^
■kytA
   dy-T^y- dAttAdi^*/' iaAx.AAA ty/zuyKSzY/A/zuA- Xrziyzyzt. ^yyAdsi^, si^yruy;
   c,y A A At,,, /yyay/Ui-y Os2,zr^^yd_  s^s/Ah. A/^t y< 7A^A/sx^,,  ydA-z^t,
   'tdSAi^,A/sii^, Ai^zA A ATz'/a^azA--  st/Add Aa dXZsildej  AA Add </ uAz^AyA,
AAA^a^AzisLyy^ad-'A^yu^  /**.  xAydAt>Ay<'s^. Yh^  AA'£^™^^< /t Y*^*"-
              S"                          /'/    t              A         .s   7
   AAzX/^ A*~z+-  ZdiAz^p-ziZ*A^^ wA./^^/.VyAf^^y^ _
                               <J.  yTA/nnaYaA  "                  L
/.  d/ds-ist* S-^ry- -TAA^ctyyd.yA-Aa^AAly .J-o/Ast+uskAayY? ^y,/uy^c
   7A/yyuzA  ysy.-A/sAy a/A AAyAz A/lf.^A/tA^x, «?/z- AAicA, /y/Aiyz^ A^
   /Ud tsi^ AAu sAsi^A AAAAyy,^AYc~  AAyAdy cp-ii+YzuzAYYAT. - j('a~
   d^^zA1/ ^7.idd /7^ urAA/^.AdA/ a^. tiA-s/Ad-, x/YY^ s YaY"A/Zr
       <  (y                                A                       /  / 
(   15   )
JJ .. .Medical properties and uses.
      As a tonic, used in powder or cold infusion.  Dose of the powder, 20 or 30 grains, of the
   infusion, ft^ij. repeated 2, 3, or 4 times daily.        ^
      As a diaphoretic, used in the state of warm infusion.  Dose, fgij. every 2 or 3 hours.
      As emetic, a small bowlful of the infusion may be taken warm.

                    VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.—SERPENT ARIA. U. S.
 /...Root of Aristolochia Serpentaria, and perhaps other species of Aristolochia.
 y   The plant indigenous, herbaceous, perennial. .General character—place of growth—place
 **wriere the root is collectetir-----—    _ -  -
 ^•••Character of the root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water
    and alcohol.
      Active ingredients, a bitter principle and volatile oil.
 /  . .Adulterations.
 'f.- -Effects on the system—medical  uses.
      Used in powder and infusion.  Dose of the former, 10  to 30 grains, of the latter, Hjj. to
 r ^§JJ- eveJJ-2 o_r__3 Jjours.   Tincture officinal, dose, f srj. to fgij.  Decoction objectionable.
 *).   JBitters  resembling Virginia  snakeroof Fn combining'a bitter principle with volatile oil,
    and possessing stimulant properties, are wormwood (Absinthium, U.S.), tansy (Tanacetum,
    U.S.), and horehound  (Marrubium, U.S.).   Remarks on each of these.  None of them
    much used._____ J

 7'                             MYRRH.—MYRRHA. U. S.
      Exudation from  Amyris  Myrrha—Balsamodendron Myrrha of some writers.
 X » -Character of the plant, and place of its growth.
      Two varieties of myrrh,  India and Turkey, the former from the East Indies, the latter
 _ from the Levant, both probably originally from the same source.  Difference between these
 ^■'varieties.'   '          -.-»......-•-
 «. -Properties of myrrh—size and shape of the pieces—translucency—colour—colour of the
 ^^powder—fracture—odour—taste—chemical nature—relations to water and alcohol—influ-
 *" en«e of alkalies on its solubility—result of distillation.
      Active principles, resin and volatile oil.
 ?... Effects on the system, and therapeutical application.
      Used in powder,  pill, emulsion, and tincture.  Dose in substance, 10 to 30 grains—of the
    tincture f^ss. to f5J.__The tincture seldom used internally.  .Reason why  the tinctures of
   myrrh anoTblher gum-Tesins are better made with alcohol than with diluted alcohol.

                       ANGUSTURA  BARK.—ANGUSTURA. U.S.
      Bark of Gallipea officinalis, a small tree growing in South America.
 f. . ..Whence brought—shape  and size of the pieces—colour—colour of the powder—smell—
   taste—relations to water and alcohol.
      Active constituents, bitter extractive and volatile oil.
 *...Effects on the system, and therapeutical application.
   \ . -Used in powder,  infusion, and tincture.  Dose of the powder 10 to  30 grains, of the infu-
    sion f^ij., of the tincture fgj. to f3[ij.
      False Angustura bark described, and its poisonous properties alluded to.  Its active in-
   gredient, an alkaline principle called brucia.

                                   CASCARILLA. U.S.
      Bark of Croton Eleuiheria, and possibly of C. Cascarilla—shrubs growing in the West
   Indies.                                                      .
 / - • -Whence imported.  Two varieties.   General characters, as size, shape, colour,  &c.—
   smell—odour when burnt—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
      Active ingredients, extractive and volatile  oil.
 «..-Medical properties and uses.
      Used in powder and infusion.  Dose of the former 20  to 30 grains, of the latter fgy.



                                      3. Aromatics.

     Substances having  a fragrant  odour, and a pleasant spicy taste, with  little admixture of
   disagreeable  flavour!  Owe  their distinguishing properties to volatile oils.          y
 1 . .Volatile, essential, or distilled oils.—Odour—taste—volatility—point of ebullition-how
   affected by boiling water—inflammability—solubility in water, alcohol, ether,  and fixed
   oils—composition—effects of exposure—adulterations and  modes of detection—mode of
   preparation.
f. 
     *?«/&-tYj//t', .y,7Ysr>--  AvA/U-dys^dZ^-y^rAs^L  dA ys/d


    -AAi^yYd.  -4/dA/z7A^yi^AXz~yySlAd.yz.i~sd-/+  /A, z/zyA


4-.  dtd'AY/hnainy/z  czyyAtA/y. /.dAz.s  /AA<r/'^y d^A- ,.zd y
    t\ </S ~-  .'S/i./ si-ziis/^,  'tV-. -y. -//Ar- ii/- /*A*-At t<.c -,

      >     /  /"  '        ^    /-'"    d     zA           A '          A*.        A
X.  dy^ . A. 'oszst-Al da.  yyyzt. . A.>*.£*£ //^A/i  yt\ ',■ < n At//.-■/■  *>* /l. tys ^y-rst7

         y                     "1,-                A         i-           r

    dtzAyc   Sd ~  ys-sAi./zX^  y?-. yz/</*-•,.


£. A'}/ .  6s zy/i^+tz/z/s . //J A. y. Ar<tj. /izA<£., y./i A. /Sd. a/y/<<t^ d±z  <</ 6Ay?'.


    A7A../yctt AALd.  *tA /*** Y/YVAz ysz/dy/tsi A y yA-A^  uy/ytA  's. «. /*■& A



    AzYAdA.  A^zly Y X/<<y.y 7, dy./ <S Sz..<y/**s.  dse<y^S  dAz Z/,z y/di-ty  A  A<y7_



    MVV^' ft. ^AUsy d/>?1>*^Z- /2~/7z  dr'Ay  , At i. /r-zty A or-rt Ad/,^-  Ac / c A// ..



    t7y   /Ldis.3y///i.A-ysAl~  d/t**^is"-- zcssi^&X **  yy z** d zZsASi^yA ■



                                    dArZZASAYdl:
 7  ±:yAA' AtA^y L.Z/ /i, - /ystAA7y y?-d/yzdz,*  A^zyZd- /■>.<-./> As <<./- Sj.s->A-  ay-~


    y^d  c f/. at: ^u. 7it/ xAYA-yz z r i /-//- z€*r. As a - ddYd-z^ AY ^-v < '■ r<-  •' </Aa-

                       A    A   /      /./     s         d^/^'          A'
    fy/l. <<-?{ —   i-i .~7*+.?  Ac/Z-, dXXtd'- 7y As d  zAy/t/,^ ^/ISZA cZ./,y-y^s> <<.<?, t/S/si

      *   /       A        -a      •  As   '/    ■  /      /       y -       A  A   d  c
     L<_t:i-<*7iA  ti.dLt.si->r- /I-/ cdAL.Ay  Ay ,/-s</A.dy /y  /■^zcsty^-y- /yydA,/yi..


At.  A)dAAAA/xAAcAAy^asftAtA- y>a.z2>/tj. ^A'AAAAy  't'^A/AyAAzi^ /^/i   s±d~


    ycs-^si /yA A Ad/Ay  s7t- ( sA.y,'  A/Ads r<*.2.i*- C'di  s^z 7/S  s?- f/i.<.Zi<.<~ /a <- •"<--<->

   7  /   / "  -,             --Z       V- A   p         /      y  ^_
 3.   iz/i/'±  A-/*t6uA  -  (A.^,  AyACL c  '. ^ ^l,-A- r^AidA A/zz,,

                                        y/      A   A
                                       i/?AyyzA


 7.  (.Az/7^iv{\  tAc  Ate Zz> .f-C*.A- 6/-/07/*- a AtS .^r>/V/i.  i/id-  AA/XAz. ZA\ 2* , --yt r/is ,7sX~


    .t'f.lAtzA ^*«~  '7^-Si <-<■■<.  A AA A-.X^Az,/,, Ad Z 7+^.6^ <S 7^*- d/ti-s/ Z/r/tZ  ttyi^^.

           ,/    z y 7   A . ./    /            .  ?   ,     c  6     •   y '   '  y  .   '
    .*? t,i~ Sttyd/ //.?.  A  .Zdi^c L si^-y e^i-z t S. /.it /Z^c^>~ d.  °d/^,4*~*^ tisy.H-d, iy*-~ <- -l-'S<x   3


 Z.  A/sisA^zAt^sAiS- a. /A-/i^ &>~ yT-iyt-tA AdAy^-i- e~z. 'Zi^A/A- AA  /i'.s".\  / y-*t^? -

       / //       '    y   ^  ,_ L     y            ,  AjY   A   ,   Ay
     dtyt,i s A? y+* >w  - yA/r-zi. l-  - Xzy/.^? yyy  \y-/sz yA AA4sCS -s<^yz/ di zzcdA-

          •  </ •/     •  *  -    s-      d'       ''   A A

     A/       A      .   A7  /A      ..     '/  s .        ?            A/r
3.  /yyi^ ^O styzX/AiA AAu.yi^rdt ytAA yAydzy^.^/ ,/i. zS  /a^iAl  /^t<Ad^   ^A
d    ^A~        /  ■/-    /i   •   A  ,   //.     /AA
/
/^ y-zy^i t, A 7/^t 7/
/ 'y-7-zdi /** z-zy-L t, zy //^ cs /<? ttt^Zy^yyC- cy?  z ^_c x.
yy.
7>-y/it/t^  <-y-L-HA<?r y.^  Zts~*cAz-^-  i^AytyiyAy^A'zz-zt^t,(Zd6'Ac^,(tiri.it//t,

  A  A     A   AY       .        z         ,/                                /
AzVt /l sidd - z/ y/: ytyAd Azsz 'Ac.. y-*. - AAdzAAAr. yc a^. Ad / tzs<.AA. AA/n-y.


              UA. cAAAAcydzr/*. yyATX/,  AA dst^X-^/vd AXdA/
             Zsls-&L*/                >-  ^-^^  t-v' c l r >i i_ (y  i Stsl^.^S-Ztx? 't-S^-'JU.


                                       a) idmeq.


/.   AAuLd-  Zx> Ac//AtL-iAi,  7sAu- zt  zdAZ AiSy - AAldsii'dyi.*-. Yz-tdY-

       .    ,,     Y      /A  '       .   /             ,      f             Xy

    6t,1C- Al SH^  /s< Zk. /7<-/   d ft i-*^* Ay A ,c A A/ C iU*.yyv   &s*^ Z3,L.tAd(.j7'7^/U fd) 
a/
xA/
    A^/h*c£<f.t<y/7„tAz/idy?. AAu adA^r  A  x./Ayy Ay^zAs/


yiXUi-i.  u: dz'jtA-  cyA,A/i  yY-iy Ad zYdz>z/^A y/,;y A/Ay y SaAtA
'yit.
7 A A A/.,



dtst i lAccy cd < At
tA/s/i. /A , ^4,
dAt. z  A l.l
iy <s-S^y /,i.c^
            sA .i u. Y/t/ ^ ^AdAy^c^/  AY/dYd

 A''   '     ' <&       z   y   A A   dA#    y
Ad y<<st. AA^  y/tf.sA/s.y yAzdd,A  /£
X,^/l. yAsU>^  t*^ yz^syz  .+- d^Aydd7d  zAc A^d.  /4~xdsz~ ..is
ZL.
diez Ao-i^. fz-y, /y  /j ^yztd' sAdyz-zt
dy /><-,  ///*.<A'/i^ti
*-'7ttiyi£ S-itt/yAZea



 dtcA.x e
J.
•+■
                                  A        7      z         ' <- /A y ■ A
                       i? /.s^, i'/t "■ t//ty_ i'y/yr. it, //+, s>-/ts/c.■■+- 7-tAi/At^At..—


           y /1 isi4-tts*.sA-,/Cv, t.'/L±  7/7/ cL.eS — /d7d~t zAz.y7-.SiL,  iddd(7 A


tytyi/  z..-z A  s-ud zz-ed/y~ / y/*~yAzu.sA, A ayiy.yA+lty yy- yzu Yy.

'y '  z■•,y//■/ ■       yd  V//     y   A   y Y  v-    dy  y-     ,
/V y ^I.^/cZdt? Zc Z7y, s r/A/i  . y( Z Sy /essc Ss^  __ (2,*C y-Zt,i-< <■'ay yy- As a, 7 d. ss/dA.


Ay-A <■/*-/. &-c^A — /As^z-t^yc AAiyiji  tsi^*.AAi^..


A3y /(,/^//^^7^>;/t  <,<sA//t6yy a.zA/yAdd..rz>/AsiX S>~yi^yd  /LyA~

 A.  \yyyAt-      .      A.           ./A     ,./.'.
/ /  it/c  z'.<?<sa7jAiy* zt _  z/itdAi? /i//A //•  .di t
yz-ti.  <yA<Ai At.,
/hi,...
      i,..i a A.ddy-zt.s, y/A y dZt A~/ayd/sdz.Ay^- ?z. ■ Ad .yd.


dy^X  AA-
y/iu,/L.,
tc- ytt*'tt
7s  //<.tyj'sidy?y— i*yXy &* /l ^i
U-pv, y^z*AiZj^A/isAyL/-si./,ASa  .iltt.a/^ySty*c/*«.', '/l.vll/
yz-'t^S s / c z y".


        /x      -  A
         dy.. / <l- Vi. //ii
A'^a^-Al.tAz- yu AzTA/AAzA At>  A^*^'//t_.
''d'utI Z-<2_, ~tj
Ct- A7axi7/AAAX.
* 1*/7<S. ,'Zt.''.'/■ shy yi*. ^AA- A'Zt*~dc/ sl  d/d .iyX<p tZ d^ta-d,it.
                              '             7
                                                                         d

                                                            '/is2'dy -   sf't/iszy *+-*



   AAy  Syia AtAy y-t-AAyy?zyiL/ //./*!. ,zz<A  /sl./* <yizA- AA/Li/A A/z*. /s*^,L,yd\


   Ays-id>z Ay\s  //A*z A/^.^/zy^ .£/,-jAdyai-iA/Lsc/As^s,ls7<.  y//ct.



£, (A//A.j Xs-l. /AtAlZ/i.-ct-A Ar^' /A dAAr^-^-Z.y y/L  zXt tnA ■ /<-aXd. 7 ti's/A A A



X  7?*t s7^t,r/A yAt/L./^7yiA/y /AA/a  di-i-yj-^XAtyf-tirdaA dSt?*-v A™, 7aA-



   n id-it £*~ — dtsZx. t/z< A/ zct^a^i A 77 /< < *s? a/7A* dd.


                                    7'  A/
                                    A i a As Ay.


                             s A     .     A  A       ■    A
                           d/A'S/  zzl y77/// A Ssy./At.
A  A    .
 Ai.<l S^d
7. Cizyzv^i. A A  /y.tz

                   yy  A  d

   Z.dAAiA7 <~<tyy& 2/ y?•ytAA/i/'sAAs.L/- St^r/ts-^. «V c < A-^-zd- /^/A7t
. /d Ad#-
(£i
    d          z ■          x  a   s/  '      / Ay   y •/'y       y>  ./
Add- y<7/ Zt /yAssztA— i. /,. AAl,/ t.- A A. 7 Zc tc, dA/ss s.A/<X,,  ,.y.i /tcA - cA
At't-iyA/i.. tiZAds/i A/y A/iy-A A //zztcsjt

                             7 / a

 1-Xi.yi^.  /z/s s*
6/ .A y<A /** AA'< fZ-tt, zdy-z<A-.
A
./ i2*x- Za ii~ .1/ y*7,
■t: — AAaU.
A
>/ z.tz/zyy-
4-
'{s2.Zt.yXt? i1>i dZ^t s-1 A y /sALdsL  /taS  y<



Aiy tst^zd . 1 / Az^yy d?


/L A&c/A yAy2A.zA/,e^d/y~zdASt^A-s^As a. /*d // t-A .'»/„ A~- /A e±z.<<
3.  Au/dzoA .I.- Y'y^ddtAAA yt-AtAA *>zA A/A  <*<_/
         A A?
/}si *zz>syy(. 
X
Aid JM/AYd^^-iC, ddd/i/t  sdAyy/s-yL, A //.yAtsJA/A dtfL  ^_

A^£'^ ^*W_ /A/t.t.z'sA 'A* A/a/AzA-y/rzzz/diX *y /AzdSS  Ad<s _
           ?.

^v? •''■ ^ y. — / <- A/tt.   v...                                                  /
               -^Av y:.dt^A7./-/Ai  dyA/L-d, s/,A/.c y-z. 7?Ay.-^dA^-

^diiAAA/nc Ayr a.r/.czr/YjZtt-CA^ds A/AsysX</ d/< l/ d*y AytA.\y. P/tyr)
            0    '            ,  -,      ■  ,            X  X       d     7
r   'A'      T
A   1771677 70.
7. Ay^c/.iYyYAsc/At /A^<7aY* -dd//'d^/ //y.y/iAy  /yy.A.yy .  z/cyAy

   ,A/Y /,tzr'<-//*-Y^<itu/d'd/ ydys, i-.it/t/dsi.y-  A/y7z/y A'z^t^ r^AA*
                   7/                     Ax           A    ^
   /Ysd /A/y //* / ' YAdyA/u AAccAAlYYaYdd^d/t d styAzydS.

J  dtY<~ AA\a7'/Ay/Ad.  CA/y*i/r,A>A ycz ,z/^dA7s/yA- A/As dAz/, ytz+?^:.
               7                 s       ,
                               r (A? ri/i.ddt  zzi r// c.

   dAyy/Y .AA/K/AAdy ^ArdAau yy/ys d/<d y  /J/^^SzA/..
                                     ,                  *  y      y          /
/ ^ AtA^/L.yyyi- dtyA*J*..<7\ 6 A/Asi A/A,  4: zA^zXl. -tysty^ dAA-A/ ?yd/Ay
££±d dc/L/t^li/-/,, .ztyj?*--/ dasAdttAn. t **-, d.ytdAz. n, .z/tyty t/n>tAAZ'
   a/os*^ 'Az 6/2. A.^.yc.LL  - y-ryz-//.  rz st^/ic^zA AAXAy /^-* l-/^c-, y.s^i+yz„,
                /      yy          I'   Ay                     ''A


2. drti-YdtAsAAYyA^yyAt^dyAAyytAts^/  y/^AAsy,^AAA AzA*ay^

3 A a^A /p./AAAAf/*, dAaAA/iiz/.}tc yA^stsdA /A  At./yy*dd^z'Az..,
                                 - ~~      /A     ,     ,  A  s
                                 dss/ctd-yddSsA.
                                           At    y           A    A*           ■'
/ tAzdds A7aA- y/^ d?tdyAzAd dy>LS/sZ?  y/^ AA.Z ir,AiZ/.^-Z /# A AuS* sA/syyy-  .-/-*/ A
     7    J'          7  '   ' • A  A          y             ///   /   d        \
   A A. xl  ,. AA.> 7y- AA aa t.A, A/ y/t 7'z- _ ydA--td/tsL y,.?,tc/.yAA/  A/y*:Xc .A '/dtizsc^z^
   Id                                  •   A               I
2, , V. ■ A^A'l 7/iz /v-l A7  /^* Adt>  - / a (/ y A/y/y 4 X A tA '^ i//S zst ,t /«*a  /. dyAsA

J. Ad/z/t/L-yt/d ttiS A /v.  St~t?z A A /A—t^ddzAy/i, /, ./S?CXi AA/ f/tyc/i^z-yi.^
                                 6/>                     .  y       *  A
   A^/Lz^AzdcA  dX-'/i stsi^~ AtstvSt/w a.ds.-y.sdiye. A /Ad/zs?  Ac**1 yA<7iy^-

     ','' A   7r          y            A
   sA/i AA,i.s/ A7lsz/i dt-tZ-t-At/yt-L sr>ii--/, z A-zAy a. e >

   7(j~/} i a zy.s/d— c yz AAl£urn  ct^i/16- y/ 7 yid<.AAA/A, _  ct&Ay, Ay2Uy cc ^/Aa z/jvty/-
              ^"           A       *                    '       s z         z      ^
    AyZ{tz/izAt.~-iA/z%.J7^-<^:tdsd- y/cAdzt^/tta^u  AsAA - o~l.A7y ,  ■'■//-.

    A/t/SA-- eAzndAidisi* AA^yAd -  //AziAAdiA duX<-y<Ad /^ j. /t Addyt .
                               A y? s      .                J


 7. ds2'A*t.d''t Az y^y/i^ti-n?  /AtL-ttxi.tt-L~s> < ^ -, y/uzz/t-da  A7rtAd *^ A/ dsAir'
             A  A           '    ' -1   ■  -"      /    l           '*     /
   ^ Attn../A-*- nf~ yy>dc.sz£ ~   fA/iUtis tt,£c,  r/ltAASdyA. A*rt<- y '/y-idj yd ■
                               A7             A    •                /
                             (l /*z£ /i z z/t t/.
A. /z-tiyXA/A/*.l. ,^/Asx, l± /i-.AAc  +.yAa *, y-^t. /7tx ztpt/A d*.ssy/d/f£d.f(t

    Ui^jA<.AA- S/^yzA. X6+*t4r7*,lzi,tA^t/st-7... -^n^^t^^i,.

-               /'   Ay /A  y.      d   y A  •          .    /AAA
^y. ydh tuy?L/AXty.y A/cy^.  "z<, 7?.t/y^./y-zz.Sz^n.-ytsn^^i-uiint-csxyyZ z/yzcty,-. 
(   17   )
                              BLACK PEPPER.—PIPER. U.S.
       Dried berries of Piper nigrum.
    Ay General character of this plant and place of growth.  The berries deprived of their outer-
     covering, constitute white pepper.                                                   •
     DrSr?„8Sto-ll2|0f- blackrPPer; volatile oil, an  acrid concrete oil, and a white crystalline'"
  *.-S?£hei^penn'       y thought t0 be the  active princiPle'but now kno™ to be;»
 j ..  -Therapeutical uses of black pepper.                                                 >

                                 CUBEBS.—CUBEBA. U.S.
       Dried fruit of Piper Citbeba, growing in the  East Indies.
   /. jShape and size of Cubebs—colour and character of the surface—internal structure-
     odour—taste.                                                                       ,
  2.---Activejn^edient, a volatile oil, obtained by distillation. Sensible properties of the oil *'
     —consistence.            ------=---~-----------"
   &" iuff^tSi0f time and exPosure on cubebs.  The powder an improper form for keeping.
   ^...Medical properties, those of an aromatic and diuretic—effect on the urine—therapeutical
     applications.                                                                r
       Dose of the powder, sjss. to giss. 3 or 4 times a day—of the volatile oil, 10 to 20 drops.

                               PIMENTO.—PIMENTA.  U.S.
     _  Berries ofMyrtus Pimenta—a handsome tree growing in the West Indies, particularly
     in Jamaica, and hence called Jamaica pepper.
  / , -■ Size, shape, and sensible properties.  Origin of the name of allspice.
  £... Active properties supposed to reside in a volatile and fixed oil.  Colour of the volatile oil.
     Dose of the oil, 3 to 6 drops.

                          CARDAMOM.—CARDAMOMUM.  U.S.
       Fruit of Alpinia Cardamomum—a plant growing in Malabar.
  j. -.Shape and size of the fruit—colour—relative virtues of the capsule and seeds—the former
    rejected in powdering—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.  The virtues of the
    medicine reside in a volatile oil.   It should be kept in capsules, not powdered.
  y. ...Much used as an  addition  to other medicines,  particularly infusions, in the  proportion of
    one or two drachms to the pint.  Enters into numerous officinal preparations.
  ^••♦Compound tincture of cardamom, one  of the most  agreeable aromatic  preparations.
    Dose, f^j.                                                                         •  ,

                         FENNEL-SEED.—FCENICULUM.  U.S.
      Seeds of Anethum Fceniculum-t-a  perennial herb—native of Europe—cultivated in this
    country.  The whole plant possessed of aromatic properties.                             *.
  X-'Shape and size of the seeds—colour—relations to water and alcohol.                  - '«
  £.. -Volatile oil—Oleum Funiculi—mode in which obtained—colour—specific gravity.
  ^r...Infusion prepared in the proportion of 2 drachms to a pint.—Dose of the oil, from 5 to
    15 drops.

                              Other Aromatic Seeds, less used.
      CARAWAY—CARUM, U.S., from Carum Carui;
      CORIANDER—CORIANDRUM, U.S., from Coriandrum sativum; and
      ANISE—ANISUM, U.S., from Pimpinella Anisum.
      These are used in the same way, and for the same  purposes, as the preceding. The oil
   of caraway is occasionally used in a dose varying from  1 to 10 drops.
     An aromatic fruit  called star aniseed, derived from  lllicium anisatum of China, is often
   substituted for the true aniseed.

                           LAVENDER.—LAVANDULA. U.S.                      :U
     Flowering spikes of Lavandula  vera—a native of  the South of Europe, but  cultivated *•*
   in our gardens.
     Their virtues reside in a volatile oil, which  is separated by distillation,  and  used as a
   perfume.  Dissolved  in alcohol, it forms spirit of  lavender.  Uses.
/ .,. Compound spirit of lavender—preparation—uses.—Dose, f^ss. to fgj.

                          ROSEMARY.—ROSMARINUS. U.S.                       "  *"
/., -Tops of Rosmarinus officinalis—a shrub growing on the shores of the Mediterranean.
     Their virtues reside in a volatile oil, which is separated by distillation, and is colourless: ,\
     The spirit of rosemary and the volatile oil are officinaL-;Chiefly used as external remedies.
*. 
   li77AlA A/ A7,/<277/< A AA./y .dsnyr.Yd^dyz*^y7S ~< d,//A-y "■ <dds , a „ «✓

   ■'    /      /   /  ''     d7           /    "
   AA,iLl.tr /'At, ?£ stZ^Zl . 1'~ £A /"dsi A

sAry^A^.ityyY/ZtL.L.Ady.!/nylAs' s.dAt.yAztA A/^yA^d,  /y/YY yy.

                                                                      Ax-      Ax
                                                               /i,t,/7t /t.L^d/SL.Cri /y/^ Zst
a   ,,d <        y     y-   ../    "'  /
   st^Ts t/ Aic-.i,  S^yyA-^-AAu</ As'tZ .t/y/SAA. . A yyz^rS

   y.^^ Au. z/Ay, //A./-; -yys7z- A y*t'izdszAA.y AsAd/t,, //>, c/d

                                  sA^   A   '
                                  r(r /? z7///d< //y.
                      ■               sz                 ■    a'"     ^   -   As y
/  AAAiii-rt/y /S-ydAAAjzssi/.AAyyAy/iyt/- z*>~.AA'  .As/ys yA^AAS/tsA
                      ,    zY y         S    d/ y,    .  y y   Z    7
   Az+/'Az/zz A f/«.z>A/y/r/iy- cAy/ct.y^/Sy.ivd^ , v^v^-v  tAdAy/t, z. sisd*rrA
Azi*' 7/ z *~y i//i- y dAz-AAAA
                           Af,.  „ YYz?u ta7 xzrtzz'aA.
AAxzAy
/.  A/a due?/ uzt/cdd7 A7y /7/A/X/yAtA//sAr</i.d/At./d7/iA- zy^y'y 7A di-ndl-

             x  '*>  A ' ■'*.'■/-
   sku^jc s AdS^u X 6t( 7/i ddSy ^ydzsAd,.

2.  ddddt  CL/zA'/AdAtd vAd/jyTiAyy/-/iAA/Aid AAyyzAy  /i^ yyy//.y zkaAszl   /A
                         y              A     A          y -     A',  y
 Ad y/c  AAy/d.A/A/A yy-^td  az-zis/t/i'7  £ /.A/^AyAd-. Atz A/y  <d<.y±y*szj

 /Al/iz- dA> ye ,/y/Ay/t aA d7A<X/^zA~y/dd^ zal- A/L£ /yd.ssyA s/sy.i.zA/,  /-tt_.
        i                      A   '               y                           S
AsA AA<-c/t<.;d c/siyy /t-s> Ad y.<*^Ar-*iy c~ tz/^d, y /zdfd.Xdd A~Sy < *•/ *l- AAv^y
             /   d   s>  /''  .   '    •   A,   "  -     Z    y'     ^<yss./d</rr;.y   y
    tcrt-JS/Ztc-Hy yytdAZsATZ/Ad^; csyA c 6/u - y/ **As cAAi-  iA^ y-^r/ySz-i. As' A,cz  J/J
»            C '   iA         „              >            y         '/
     s- ■       y  /         y
"t   ud/zt  y diyvdy z?di/4s.

I    A* /-< s-lA/A A/u. ydyt
        c.
Ad v/i <S Aiz/dy z?'zi / A zy-tA*. zl&lA ay a^s y^. dyds'/ystA-^z.y At/  J> & i Ay/i si A/
AyAz-< s-ia/A AAiS.  /yty/^y- yy/s-2-yd/ /A-cyy /sty2<~ Ay dzd aAAi^/A  A z/zAA^AA
6~L//yd/i /* 6y/■•AdyS^d  i-
A (
A Ad dAz  A/y/Az/*^, <S dtd^ yytt  7y-m^- //.
^Ay/^-. ty yd/Za&*i.zd,/.-  '/  cds da.t-t^-'t,  u> /-zyA^dS. AA7 ctx^isiZAiA> -dAyd/tAX  \
    /dy dy,',i At/Lss-L*/ t.4"Z/A<.-  Asts 7A<r>/.
    *«-    z       c '>■■'     •     a ,y-   y. A         '         A   a"
1  A A/iS d/i<-yd'<^ A- ztyi-s/tt^edy A* 7^XLt.yd^ ytiutcT*. <.--i-ry^ </uet& zdSsfi, /?
         A    j   As*        7      X     -+ -/
        '. sAd A d/A s7-y i *<.a.Ai y-y/i* A/yt (-> dt. zA-,.
cy
tl- its/ tr■  S'j
       /■

.  &, Ahtd A777  z7/t.rzAdAAi.'eA^iA.Syiit.cS^i tZ<d/y<A-Z, 6/yAyy y./AAdsL  X/s t'/u-
          /,        a  -   ■              y       y'       x  i a   l.             ts   ...

•    '   .■  ■" A   .      ^     <       y  *             ■ '
    JA/Ai/y  ts-yT^- /^/.yi^t'S ZtZdA'A zty  co-yt, z'tii t/c d/^sza,s+?t
                     ''             A                           d  /'
     iiAAntid-, ztzAAyL  Ad Aj-l  sAAcAy^/AA"ZL yicczy. / ^^t,Jd/itc+z.^,

                      '   s     A
                        l'              a       /
                   ■  y   d             '                z                       •"    a
     y/dya  /t^tA^..r-/L/~U'Xi/tid~,Az/.y/T.yZ'/}y:l.Ar-yl^,lL  ^A y/y_s2./dy  Xy'n-

     AcaA.'J CA//r^iAL  ti/ztd, ztrd z d-z dzsiA 7A sZTAAyd/tiyh^d/yt AA// /usAtA/id
      /.   /          ./      /A,     y  A-    ./         yi        Ay
     dA-u'/Z.z. ~c/d> its ^c-zz.yysSi  z/yzyt/uy* i*Sy^ey;)-y.ty su-- y/y .yy~<j yy-y/^r>*.-

      — A     •   7^   /  ''        ''"   L'•    A         ^7
     df-yAdt-Ai,/A^. /i^-Z/Ht-^fc 72slSis~t.y~yt.AiyyZ,iyj.d/lS/7y
           •                                    Cs
/U/cdudAc'yAyA/  .'. /A^^ //,  ,,/^  . cX^Addz-y f y ^rd/ntst /2y?/-/.dA'/t.tsJ 
 /
tz>. ^ zi y.
^/^''A  AZ.yyA/Ayd/^AAY /AAAds XAtyy/ sl/./styAzAa/tA
^M^'d«yey/A/Ayt s^/zt,  ysty.zy^/?ysd^sya^,  yz/.yy^^AA-


U^~ Yi  """""/f:* > *Y<'y y/y./S ,Uy^/7ydyyy7tS/t/.7y-

AtL  d/d'y/^y AAA y7/sy^Ayi sAze/A^ ^/,jA/dd'ctAAA'yt//jid
     A .     A   A A  y.  .     .      /      '   /                         d
 ***"'- A/^ddty/., ^ yA.  ,-,Ay. 7/yA7d/d^y rat^UuuY

u^AYsl  Xzl k *Yd, _  A  a*.**^^, /7dsy, AA. -7fy,:? A ,7/a st.;y /


th^ccC  /y//Y dddA/sYy  sd/s y/s,.aAAA7 S&*rf,dd/duYd'Yd yYtdy£.


I Ari.A^stisA^AsAAA A/y, A/uY/y- yyAA/,,.- y7a///,7s d.-t/yyiY- //^dd/AAfzr.
   ^ A/zAsdyy /yyXyys/ty sAy/ysydA dyTTk^^t yA y yd^d^ zza y>- AA


    *7A   /'  ^'LCi^A CAy /,/„ >~ d/tA^A Sy /Y s,tAzsA.zd7/^ y.^/LAt.

   A/tdAAy A'c^zd/A/sz. Ai sYds*  /d/dyAAA.A/L 6/7iy/ssAy\Ay.yd//X//YxAyUJi<i
     //  '  d          '           z ■                       '           /         A A
y.  /AA/k^/A .* /zyAzn-Ay ? Lyt AA/l  jA / > z/l y/t/yy/Ad d**t/AU,*y A- ,A " ^zza
(si^/i/lcaA  y/^d.  /Aits (Adst^ ^t />dssydtAY Aid  dA-^A',*,,£ <AXAA-
   AiAA Sy d.A  ctJd /y  t Lr?.x..at,7nyi*/ dA'teAnd.  y/,y_AtdA'At Sdd.j/.z Aft^, Xy
          .*      ,.       y   ,     _      y       /                   -/ /         ^y

   7^77.7/7  .#L*Ad,j.t. aAAziyYtx. ti^/.t,cy.A  A"-ALtzc*^. / dd/^^/^dzd.

i. O rz*.dAis».e* M^^A^zd /A ss  </ti<yasHdd~  zs/Xdedd'sAzts^ **,.< A-*/£**'&

          y    >   -  /  ■    A  y      X          z      yy y    .Yd
   6it>^^yUz <y y^yAAss^y y^yjSL-tsrjyti.. /rpS-u- A/Ld   ay/-/;/A ,/£ /.Ad-.
    r   A   z  A        ^X /   ,/      ^
j. 'XAi/■s/,ysy^.yy^yi,s./.^ jy-rs^ dXAiAA s.-itn.^ yi/As^AyA-^/AAAz/A^yXAAdt^.

   dAld- ct. ys/Ay/AU. Ar A/zAXv/A/ y~ /Ayt/y^,^fA--yA/s^AA^dA-'Ay /ty*y>Yst,f
                         z d                  /           A    A    A         <-7
   6t-tLCAAtX  s7/^iszyzy/Lzd^


I & A A- Xy/±yA/2.y  /y^r^. s?7i.vyi^ctAyA/y /A-tATAA AS AkS ts-/Aj/i. /' a^./ yydterzyAAtS
    X   t „  jA                 y LA
.-.Sin~.sAAt-c/i.c^s-t-y y i^-zzy/^i^^y ^  AdSyyy,c.y\,/AdL^  /z/dzyAcyA cAl ir/st/iAd,


/InyuriT.-. Ads/ 7n/Az--  //■tyy/tt Add, y/t, /i-uAc.s
//- AA yAAiy-y <z yy/s^Ay-/^. d Z'zi./As ,/v. Aze.  Ad y,  d/tnAn*.  A d
/I.
                                                                       ds^YAAy

            "'               d          "   s^     -A         A           ' '
 Zt /T,y>^y A- l^t-StA ><-f ly A y?-?yy fsy^J X7iZ ,/ i Z AaAi sAtiXc ,_ Sfry Ol^. jt^ c* /ls^**-*


 zk,AA y Asiy^f y^,7yzA,.- y^At  s- y^ /As /TAr^t,  s*^y  y*i /^/dAs  XstAAt,


 yAy yyAi-t/,.As.i*y y\^y~y^  /!?  d.'. t M-d^u/A Ai*sAA  t/Z^-sy /■ <■ '-rt/. dA  t<A-t^AyA /A


 ZLyAdaL^/^7 c^i~  //.^C^/A/i^- ft- A/la tyy^sX-AAsA/ *n. Azsss/y AAXj^ d A7~ yi-Ayy.

  id      z  '   < <.  A A     ^    y^A  d     '    x-          a7
 ^<A/Syicyd*- sPS/.AaA.. /Ady/^t.t*n? /AusA  AytizzC  .dc^U.A d.Z7^.dAA  t7/,yzA~
   A                                  '          A  yA            ^   *

scA~ ddi dsy A' ./v < Ads/*' A , Atd ys y yAry/tAd //Ay?*.- S7(t l_dAt■*-AAAAd
                         A.f
. A^VL<r Xs*^A -  (Pyy a A'Aa ■ z.A AA-1^  A- A'd7ccA-*^L AAcdAA.
A    A       .       Ax     .  "     /
/A l^Z - Sty/ .
dasdt Sydzc a. 7i d a/s yy/Y'AaY7 'A'1 Ar'7 dy/tdaddSZ  ,
        y       -de- da t A/Ai AydAsy'2 .AAAC"    y yX /  ■
qzt--L zh A/'/< di/—A-dcf-i/i H'i r tt/. Ax.iAilyi. / di~d-iito A,^z  s- s+XA/iys-, ^n,^Ati-


f~t<r/-L, AA/be  tA-s yAldjty/AX-<~XLA Ar  S/^t zH*yrdsy-^c'.A t st-ycy.  zAiydAtyi^6At Ad

                                   s                                   /A 
                   /         " ■          s       A/y'  •    '/'     '  x   'f/A   /
    <r?i  zt < ' Z7C/1 /~ /A / 7A Ai-i..,  JtiAAr - Z/ciAZy st^d/A f AtA<y/> S/ //cd z A/v,. _
        y          A          Ay                    A         /      /
    .tdAt-. Ad/7  /to /d jL.-iA/A.
      yy                 ■                                s s  /
/J dtdAAt/ AA. t 7Ai/z/y- dtAtyzYz/yAsiOi.  A S/sYYAt as^d t^ ^^?z ttdtt,

    .Aiz. A t~tL<7td  / j  7AAAidd ysdz-  XuYA d y/,/d7A<-AsySd-  A^lA,iyAA yd
    X  A             A                      ■      A y*/,     y_  /,    >'     y  ■A
   A/a AsAr^AAd dr n 7/l - qiyX/t..-  A^zA y/dAxA/cy sA/aaz,  t Ad7~ zA-
  '-t/ySXdS- <z- 7-A dd~7t.y, ZL-Z/AcAc  /s.-Z'Zi ~zAz'■/  7/A^i.'z^,cicy A,- yid- /A c~^.  .^/AyA^y^

^ A      . "           y  A         ■ /     y     X ^  /     ''         A
 X-UsA (7AL £yz /y7A//'d. A // /n. y/X  yytA/^'~ t*. Adt-yy/A\^y .-.y/t. y . y-dc /v«, *

  /X        '   ■   ■ /   /    A      .  a  A,   A     A A
 /)A  ~Ud//<i. ^i~td-/ zl s,y trn -j/i*/ s yi-ttdy—A/ll. yy.yStdrjL .y.  *•*.,

   '  A   ' ■ /      A '       /    ■ / y  sy . a           .      ,y    /'~ / z y.
 A A y/.s /A y- tX,yz. i^-dLdy/AtAsiAzA/A-z:  yzAyt. /.l^^sAAs.- X  d^isA71 /^A
   A      /   >■>          A,     *,.>..      <  ■              x.y   A
          Aziy  Z/^si As/- <A /i*..././//t At/> si AsSz*,  y- 6-yi.i.t,.  **,  yy/^Az  A s~s* Ad
 S it.A- dty zzlA  Z/^yi7s'/. yd /^y'y.7^2< dtyyidSyzx, a-  dyi.i-ti. a sySt^tz //^st syzsL.
  Ay                 A   ts     7   y     7         y/      /       ,



 A A Li'tide ■  A' ^~Z7 / /A A. -y s 1s/. A Ac Zt dti A'./ Z yA^ / (- i /Ay. Add/ in*, yy //(  ^v_
'                  A     ./  '     A   I '     /            , SS          'Z  A
 t/'/c<.Ay%/*tA  rt tr/ts AAz.  «A/ Acs At,^. An. yy/td'y  'c AA/A si id. zt A'/t'/l .tey /hZ/v-

      zd     A  •       y     A-     X7    A^    d'7     A'              -    /
 Stx^A-'id <A-/Aiy(X t't^/Az-t~*.Az., sic//  s.AAs  , i/Az-zy- Ay~dy  * yzslL  /si^A-


 /.<.y7d Syt-AAs/sA.  /t c<-i AAs s■-£ Ay ZLdsyX^ ztttsAzA S /st /di. ACdstSA  dA


 .Ldycd,  ZXy e AAA A/d. t\dAy.z ty c zt.A //tyA/A-t-s's^y y-y- y/c s/st. ssz d/si ///

 S67/A y AAtd a zyjst.  t/ss/ //zyyss*.Ay'AAAA  '/j //z As A*-/ t^i 7 <. s,/ /A/^iy d


 ,/^.-tx^ydAAy/yAzyy*£s/<-lAdCiXH~/s^<,  / yJnA^/tti At y/t  i^: AAl. ti-si ziA-


 /C&t-cttAL. ddt /. A-y/i, \ 7/.. tyAcdt-i yAy-z&.tyt-A t/Az  td'/iyy dit z*Ay AAl S/iAiy^

          7    d   A   A       a                   ff
 fu id 7 tz y>-u 7t A/A  S, u^-A't 7-i. < A.,
 .yiy  /lA/t^y.
/          yd
7i A///ytd. aS-ddtsi c/dy Ay y/*iyzS- o^za/aA/i,; AAast*- Ad   rZ/Ay ss ddAz^zyx^-
                                                           ,  /      /yt /~
dd^
 cAdiud AA  si-I.  ~  dy-Adt/.y A Ay A ; t / zd ?y, dy*- A. /A aA/sA<-, A/Ac t-s/yyAzt^c

 <s/Acid-  AynA/L, //l. /nAt-/**/ATX/d-  - t-yAititA.- /AaA AAc^ Si As<\

 /zsiL.y/iC7iyyL^/ddAc*cA-a/A.Aay7zdy—y.*i-  y^d i. tAyj-dy yzz/y t^A-? z iL At< /nt
V  '■■ (           A    y           „  y   ,           .     7 yy           y
 A sAt-t ilz^zAl - 6i tn.L<A X(C/AAvaAc /y^yd /j,yAYA AA /*, i-c>iyA  17^7XT-
 Ay          <?h  > A  A    >        X  ■         A  ''    y  •
 .<* Id71 dd. . /Adxy/y Sd-z^y  /itr/i^y.- t*/ z>+i«./_/>Al  s<-^yA /i«-  rytiz/t  i^S
                     A           /  /                                 Y
              (7h • A A     '        X  ■         A '     A  •                 A
             /S7<y7y Sd-z^y  /Ktr/^z,/ <&  zh^.y_y, /; /<,^yA /i«- 6 ytiz/t. ■ i^Aa A f/<


 - <ZZi / c d tdAAA ZtsAAAi ■  zt- yt Ayi /Tyyd/AdtX—)


\,SHd


/syrd/i. Xf.i.c.puc.aAuL^dti?.cd /yc A\ d.SsAr &, At.AyAACt /  <-_ /A,   Sddy/t/'Y/7~




Zt/^tdi/AxaiAA- yz-idZi<d<JrA "A/nd si<< A-cd/Ac^A-,- tdssy/y £A_ /t,^// 7t yy/
      ■AL.47"* (AYiXtnezAd-T  YAy Ad/hAAj^y SddyL.Ay^sAAd  z7 Azy/,
      t  Z7   ^—7-    ~~~Ay .    /,           /,.    A
       St^tt-i,i.zti-cy^dL.dcA-  /yc a k. d.SsAr si- 7t.it,yAt,lt
   , y               ,       /      '/d A     y/snyt^/.y^tt tXyAAe.z/A<y
<lSy/d_ .jA/LSlx.. - Ac/Sy^X '//A. A^Al (l f-l y.  >V  _ A/6 A X/^tly_.  .cy  AA////. .
A x7lZ .  gd^ziAi^AdsdZzy ^c*. zd A£yzy*A</Y, its~
7A dz'i Z .  /AivsMy/**A*yy ^y/d Ai <■*** A (.S , 1 s y yL. ?/i <l c/ ,^ t^-a^^y.
                          y  a  >      a         .-?       , y     .  .  ,       a
  /CL.y£y/  AlAo-a-/-  it^-t/x^C.  z*^ Xyza^/sL.Ad Zt,t^Ai/.^t.AAAdA.-OduAA.^c..J

C  A/fiYi/A 6/dYtidy dd'/tddX.  zALssAAc^YA^AAL-Ai+suyd <Y **- 
id. l-il  zAA Az<<. / As Si Ad AAAda^4/z~ is?. Az-zAz/t-f zrdA/
c/A, l-il zA^z.A/\/7iz-i.Ad.  df. A-dAzuZsZ/x^ u s t  yyz A7.1.2.17 zvtAA  d-/ ^ z>y-t.y~v_ _
     At ly^yri- - AtA  *. cAs
                       /7 7            Z         y             v
cdc A iyi,y7<- - A/tS k d ~ y s c i. z~*-tsA ^ALyddd>Sy /dyCzL-LyAy'^-yj/^A/-
       ■  Az   • A       '/   /'     /A z^  X    -z'   -Af/AXc
dty^cLt z/lAsuAC-^ a dAn t-t/iyst/// Az,As.\ z/sA yy 7n /y^, /y# /-
jL/sAdZc /£/. — dz /«.- z zcdt,?-, /rAcAd, y iy:S/^ - txzAXit-£SyZ7'-Ar<~&^'L>
Cdd-Ll/J. tdtt/StAti /i yt^ s^idA- AAcAdZtddddtcA- zz ASyy y/t A-A
 tdalyAtlu lA (As  k tjdd t LdyA tiAid i t,-yz- /Adt^Ay/L. Az /AdxA-LdAA.
AAt iUX. u. A/ Zzyt-i- <S X Z7i.//ts*d/ysx^ .-IfAisyyt^yLy cAdAzC  /Adc^y -
ddus i; A 6/ sk. d/y/AzddA, * yd y/t /-. - A/Add. aX*y  z /-<, z a A a it/tzA  Ay.
        d       ' s       „, A     A ///   .  A              y      c
        • /X  •       z-     // /   A. / A  s  A
   A/7.itS7y /^drtt-LC-i ^J Ad A/L iXs /c/A/z, AX  tyy,dz>-Z£i.^/<zy^yA tr^-d-—
   HiX dd-dr-d ^AAAn.^.*Ai,  sAtX LL+Add (t<_ //{ Z d'^-s-iszst/_yiA/./7>*y/7a.A-
   dhOsh-AflA-? '' ZL-zsL <Zdc\d</ <S AstAA<.Y. zzyLddadAy /Aiy A <y ..A/dc d<- -
     a./<'a'   A  / A        y"    y  .   yy  .,  -        7
    tsJLcdj isf-i't^  /y/t,/^/ A sfr t tyy ^ /A»-t /« /ss/AA.. -A^^s-*- /2s-t?t zt,yssA
   Jat./X. c-i (,A-dAa"./<_ d,ds / t^/A/l<^2^aA /A-ttzAl-t.y yr/t./ ddzt^-zi-y.'zzAAyi^y
77 A ".:  ** A-A ? AYTAydt/yyt-.  AAy AYu  ?*-itxAi-oAiA tAd: <*****/, so/ut^
   cT sdyAA.:  tA/rzc cz-yAsAcza-AA. / A'/fzA/z- CSA,.<AAs~7.Xe. t^£t_A /S/yJ*
    Asi-zdAAu-A A zAy^L, AAy.S d/tyyX/yAAc //^ zr-c<.A/^f yAcAAAA/ A/y>AX~
    /Itdyio-An d-Ziy/AY /s7^ Sz^HzAz/rz y aYA^^Ay-tA  AA A7i,czd7L,c<?Aa~
    aY, zt~ uAlAA 7dAd/iay  Ax.  z^lzd^AA-yy^ <A/ AA<.t cdy/zy.-t_
    /i   1Z  Z?/i.zt,/y saA+x-As/yz AA d*i .
 /SdA/A/ddL A1 AAyZTA. ■ z'J,  dAd A 6 y-71^ Ai<z*A*7AXyyt, A Z.y-AySA-
   awAAsdZ^— lyrAd  yAA^cA^cZ/sAA/d,yz^Azd7yl /A 7/Aaa*A /AA-
    'Ay<XzdS/«.<B-£- - dAdyY^/yzA/Aydc'sAi /A, adTyts/ty/zsA dAy zy/s//i^tS,,
-?■ -                 '-rAys^.,"     .Zs  A,
d-,r
  r /A ,  _ st,. „  y
           '.y                    AA
a'das/^ Ai-sti- tri A <X zdyunSL  ^/ftd AAA a. Y/y Ay tzd/s/y --*-/*'-
AAt^ A/ <s{rtu*y s?>-yz^r,y- X C-t-A't^z ty *fyA/Any Ax-
ttu^yyA /A c y//t-Y:/td* AXyz.ce., h,aA& z* A/iaA/7dAAA/AA
A-^YAA/LA^A'/A^^aYa^AAA' ^'^Aui  dYYcyi.^  /A ts^zAA
   sAd71zYL J<Y7l1.xS^Y^/tsY^tyAdsA- /A^yYAiYz^ dA^d/L
   sr6c7d7A7d/-  JdY/^dYAAdYAA/AtA/^A. s  sY^TYyAy,  ^77
   ^c^A7  dy*. A A £ A Sh 6A^yzdy^y^'^S dAy^r^t- ACz^^a.
       7/Y A ^yxzt.  /*L y//L^.yd/yA/s^y Azrzu ^L,YtA^y/A /A A^^-
*-&!• d*-eAAY- y tzdt,, Adcd^Yzy ,6u/aAaY^ d^Ayzyz^AYtU <?*"^~
                                *AA'A// Yzd/dzd  t^ezd"z7t /Yd.
Jl . r'A* „t- <?■<- tAA  dsi  zz,6yzszxzyi>>
 /■ 
   7\y;s-l-.ijAl. At-yi^Ay-f t Ad**-. //t-y/iy/AA &*■  6?y7/^-yXi  A //c£_ sAzct-L-


   r-<c i-C7^d<-z d*. X/~7 y dr i^/yyT-L.  yi*s//A./  AtAtA^tZ.   'S.f./y.  zycy* > 6<r/* A A


   A  ZlXz rs^y^ AAdA Xyty^Ac /yrdy/ssZtsAdd- /A", A/As  6//yA t/y^yj^sn,


   Af X l Add/A a tit.  a,sdAxsuAA7s?d- ztSi AAtd  tAAdt  cd/ tdt yAyAzy.
     7/                ■'             y

    dAzyyAiAyYYd+t/A.  Ay>y yy/i u AtyAcy^y /./ r/*  /AAzztt/AT**.,  y/AAAe^



   dt/icdA ^/yA AA/ d,'Ai,y{z ***- yy/tA z/v-i^zrr-d.  yy yt*. ^: A a^ /+~aAzzi..


                                 (sxYYsi.


7  . Au. A '"' ^ /Vt 'r^~/ A A Ad. z A  y  //ZiSAt/As/Z . ' zAy^ \  dy/^sy  Ae Ayy-t^d**.

       A        .4    /"A      /•'"          /y  *             a

   Ad, AYAA/y  tAx Attstt   ZtAy yj-l iA^yct At ytiAzsd-.


2. Azt-u.y,zz- y/tAy /-dd<i.  yy^/dd zo- /Uiyd A  txAA7yyd AA<.S yzz/u/s/A


     * /* »/zA-Ltll- of-a^Az^ /-dA/i lYTYittt^ sx£ AYtA  7{/&iy&&~A? aY  CtT&L* (l+A aA,//-'


     -    ■    /          '/_.'           Ax   '?  "   7 7       A -  A   ■
   /zd-t.A ?S zi-A y-z*. / Ao  r /rz/tt, ysz-zA-zTZiytAZy,,  yyx;A^^— s-iXt^. ezc-  t*

   '   ■       y   AXA <?,                    f   A/
    yint^dA zi-zsL  di4_.c  As^tsd'^z/yAd.


A' AAy<.yZy7L<A Ad.   'r  Z dyy/zZA .Ay slmst-dAt 1.^7 *?n.l ydts.<y'AAA  dyfiAsi,.

     A'~~~~YYz      '   —/.    '           y^      c      a7^   YdA
   /// ±;.tl At A. ^z-  a.At^t'A /n^vi/S-tz. yA/sy/tuy Xcs-d/d/ tyzcA. zAd

           A     /      ■          yd         y           A

   tASy/*--/Xzzz'^y y A^zAd^ys-Ss*. tS -~zasyj-^cd/z ^ysSy/AA  A/ /S/AA^1--

     A »             s          /A y
  7 *>              ,          .  S  ''      yr ' d  /   S7        '        Ad    /

.  AA/^y a^r7*t'Az-&t/ju/ {-z^U^ Xsl+ 'AA_OlAA~A 6s.z,sSc- zA^ZA  *>


  J              '   L   -           ■    A9  A-   >      ■       A
 d?Lsu~  ysd-Z A X"~7;l  i7t^y>*-cy.y.Aidy dA yAi ^,,y^z A/7± tZ d/A  y-z^,-v // «^


  7    *    A-A'    A'          A-A-'     /  sA  a A       A
  ■+.  Jls//z4stSl-fLAdtyT*, „ olc ydZr/y ft-cd  AyT-ynS. ddiLsr* cZ ytccdAstyy



d-cr/t A.-cysz, d> ZL.Ay-z.2*y A /^-ztSAdi__dyA<rzit, itA-c^,/-— /Ay z Ac.  tA /id t'4 Ada.
X/.s^/d-Ay ddzi,yi^zy Aa.z - sAj-AAzydti£. s^sAsy  S'A-tr-y_<dy,-  Stru
/tl
    sAiZ <~y/  AtdAALSiz^At zt,Ad a r/.-xAtiTAAd.-zA A/A A z,. /&// ^ /asc



    ;7.  dZiy/Ar Sd"//^.  t/A'iy JsA-7/<- /-ir-a^j At ids A/ /A  ytcd.-^. ddA^/Aifh.



    zA^/jd _-  < ' AAt/zA Az>y_£_ xAzct, /.-tr-a-AtA y<  * :y<z A- A d'-z-<?,.7i.xA-  ^_ z^A^A



    Adli^dA/L- <<.r t/^dtyy /tAZ^stS 7LJd^y/it,A Asy/y-t-yy.^y^A^ /y^ud 7diiy>tyS.


            A Ad   AA  ,    7A   jA  '       A    v-                  '
    dots tz/sziL/  \7yz/y'■' y^-sAiS y/syA^i- d>Ad.-fi-d-TiszAyy, r-*- dAPKyyt^y-di^ti,



   y/ALd<!/A cA/cA  C-AAdt y- ATA**. /ZSAAAdLifAAdAyyi^r'dAy^yAA-i.y  zz.


    A      A' d   *  z "       A      / '^.            y    '               <—
    y€...\ it Acf /t.7 tAL^y  dAznss/AAA A zl Ady A



/j-  y>y^ 4--iti.ildd.  d/ruy yy a/dyy Ad .tY/sAdA- c*~ zt-cYs*y .«.  ///tsy.-.  y^


              /        '         A ■    / •'
    Azi-i-yZL c /i^t/y . X A Xz^SU/!^ -  Azu sZs-e-cy . A7-i -jy/ yy y.-^  y A/Ayt, AyA~

      7.7.              .                   y At /    '           ,             .
    tddz t A /, yi_  d.zrisi.vy.( £yyzty~i^.,yyi_ AASyA/iyAyA^.^^t. dy/LyA. iv A//Ad  S-



    sZu-£.A/7Xtrti7 ,y,~y/-Lt.7Ai^-, yAA-Ly/y^^ ZyXy+A/ty,  d-ux,/^ Az  7t-s- Ay  *> .A


    /'A  /    A          A       ''    /          '         ■' A         A
    AAidtfAn..yi/^zA-/~dAC/ dZzs^y&Az<~yz<y/  A-t^Ty/lSAA/AzJ — /TTz. zAY>-



    zAA.yy           f  / jdAxyK-zY y/LdTuXAAAuA^ A Yl^oA- Aiddtds^Y 
(   19    )
     « '•   !A ,df?PePsla Wlth«ut inflammation, and in all complaints consequent upon or sus-
     lained by debility of stomach.  Also in chronic diseases of general debility, and particularly' A
     when associated with disorders of menstruation.  In amenorrhcea when not  attended with
     excitement.  In deficient sanguification.   In various nervous affections, as neuralgia and
     epilepsy.                                                                      6
       Acts probably through the medium of the circulation.
y,- " Numerous preparations—unnecessarily multiplied.
       U/°mhined iron not destitute  of activity.  Possibly oxidized  in the stomach.   Used in
    fj^ie  Sj^J°/..Al(!2|£^^^en<«i^   Mode of purifying.  Dose,  5 to 20 grains.
   ^.Iscales of iron—squama fern.   Mode of preparing—chemical nature—mode of purifying
  f»  —colour of the powder—mode of preparing the powder—dose, 5 to 20 grains.
  /^...Rustofiron.  Rubigo ferri. Mode of preparing—chemical nature-r-colour—taste—in'.* '
     solubility in water.  Uses and dose the same as those of the following.
       Subcarbonate of Iron.—Ferri Subcarbonas, U.S.  Formerly  called Precipitated carbonate ^
 // jf ,V.;°ff,-.»-Mode of preparing—chemical changes and  nature. Form—colour—taste—smell' ~
     —insolubility in water—partial solubility in water with carbonic acid.   One of the best
     chalybeates.   Mild and effectual.  Dose, 5 to 20 grains, in pill or powder—in neuralgic
     cases from  ^sS to  3j. 3 times  a day and gradually increased.
       Protocarbonale of Iron.— Vallefs Ferruginous Pills.—Pilulm Ferri  Carbonatis,  U. S.
Z,.--  Mode of preparing—chemical composition—influence of saccharine matter in their preser-
     vation.  Advantages over other chalybeates.   Dose.
       Sulphate of Iron.—Ferri Sulphas, U.S.—Green vitriol—in  commerce copperas.   Mode
'3y' of preparing—chemical nature—colour of crystals—taste—effects of exposure—solubility in T'
     water—insolubility in alcohol—effects of exposure on the solution—effects of heat—colour
     and form of the dried _sulphatc.  Incornpatibles. .Medical'uses.  Unsafe in large  doses—  *■
    "effects of over doses. Dose of the  crystallized", from 1 to 5 grains—of the dried, from \ grain
     to 3 grains, 3 or 4 times a day.  If given in pills, the dried preferred—reason of this.  Com.'
     pound mixture of iron  (Mistura Ferri Composila, U.S.).  Uses.                        •*
       Tincture of Chloride of  Iron.—Tincturu Ferri Chloridi, U.S.  Mode of preparing—
fS/' chemical nature—form—colour—odour—taste—incompatiblcs—medical  uses.   Dose, 10
     to 30 minims, 3 or 4 times a day.                                                   «.
 /£•■ -Tailrule of Iron and Potassa.—Firri el  Potasses  Tnrtras, U.S.  Mode of preparing—
     chemical nature—form—colour—taste.  Solubility in water—effects of exposure.   A mild
     chalybeate.   D >se, 10 to 30 grains.   Tartrate of Iron and  Ammonia has been used.      A\
  ff... Phosphate of Iron.—Ferri Phosphas, U.S.  Mode of preparing—chemical nature—form
     ;—colour—insolubility  in water—medical uses.  Dose, 5 to  1 0 grains.
 /tf.. .Iodide  of Iron.—Ferri Iod.idum.  Mode of preparing.  Used  in a solid form  and  in so-
    lution.  Latter usually preferred.   Officinal under the name of  Liquor Ferri Iodidi, U.S.
     Effects of exposure on  solution, and mode of obviating.   Particular application.   Dose, in
    substance, 2 to 5 grains.  Dose of solution, 15 to 40  drops.
  /^...Besides these chalybeates, the Ferrorynnuret of iron, Acetate of iron, Ammoniated iron,
  A Tartrate of iron, Lactate of iron,  and  Citrate of iron, are sometimes used.

                                  COPPER.—CUPRUM. U.S.
       In small  quantities, the preparations of copper have little sensible effect on the  system.
    It may be inferred, from their effects in disease, that they exercise a general tonic influence,
    which is extended  especially to the  nervous  system.   In  larger quantities they  act as poi-  ;
    sons.  It is probable that,  in  this case, their -action is local, consisting,  according to the
    amount taken, of irritation, inflammation, or  disorganization of the part acted on.   It is.
    doubtful whether they can be introduced into the system by way  of absorption in quantities
    large enough  to prove greatly detrimental, without producing at the same time dangerous '•
    or fatal local disorganization.   Hence, in the administration of copper, it is necessary to
    guard chiefly against inflammation  of the stomach and bowels.
      It is not certainly determined whether copper,  in the metallic state, has any influence on
    the system.   Cases are recorded in which little or no injury has resulted—others in whieh"'
   jthaspnjved detrimental.  It is probable that, in the latter cases,  it was oxidized, or formed
*•  saline combinations in the stomach.
2,  ...Poisonous effects from copper vessels in cookery—from mineral-water  fountains.
      The following preparations are  officinal in this country:—                          .  ■$
  fj[• •• Sulphate of copper.—Cupri Sulphas, U. S.—Blue vitriol.   Mode of preparation—charae-' *
    ter of the crystals—colour—effects of exposure—chemical nature—solubility in water—in-
    solubility  in alcohol—colour of the solution—taste—effects of  heat—incornpatibles.
 X... Effects in moderate doses on the system—on the stomach—poisonous effects—appear-'^
 y.  ance on dissection—treatment—antidote—therapeutical  application, both internally and
■J*  externally.
      Dose, one quarter of a grain, 2, 3, or 4 times a day, gradually  increased, and oniitted.or.',
    reduced when irritation of stomach  is occasioned.  Given in pill. 
(   20   )
  S .., Ammoniated Copper.—Cuprum Ammoniatum,  U. S.  Mode of preparation—phenomena   •
      and rationale of the process—chemical nature—colour—odour—taste—solubility in water
      —incornpatibles.
   y.. .Therapeutical applications.  Dose, half a grain twice a day, gradually increased.
  /
                                    ZINC—ZINCUM.  U.S.

        The preparations of zinc are mild tonics, thought to  have an especial  direction to  the
      nervous system.   They are similar to the preparations of copper, but much less energetic.  ^
        Zinc in the metallic state is inactive.                                               .  %
  /».. Sulphate of Zinc.—Zinci Sulphas, U.S.— White vitriol.  Mode of preparing—chemical  .*
      composition—shape and colour of the crystals—taste—solubility in water and alcohol—,i\^
      effects of exposure—effects of heat—incornpatibles.
   m .. . Effects on the system and on the stomach—effects of over doses.   Therapeutical applica-
      tions, internal and external.  Dose as a tonic, from half a grain to 2 grains, in pilLor solu-
      tion.  As a local application, used in solutions, containing, when applied to mucous surfaces,
      from 1 to 2 grains to the fluidounce—when to cutaneous eruptions, from 5 to 10 grains—
      when to ulcers, in order to change the  action of their surface, from 10 to 20 grains.
        With  acetate of lead as  an external application—proportions, 2 grains of sulphate and 3
      grains of acetate to f ^j. of water—chemical changes.__Acetate of zinc sometimes used in
J . .rthe  pure state—1  or 2 grains to f^j. of water.
  '/. _... Oxide of Zinc.—Zinci Oxidum,  U.S.  Mode of preparation—form—colour—odour—taste
  '—relations to water and alcohol—effects on exposure.
   y".__.Therapeutical applications, internal and external.  Dose, 5 grains.  Ointment officinal
      under the n^rne of Unguentum Zinci Oxidi, U. S.   Uses.
        Impure Oxide of Zinc.— Tutty.— Tutia.  Used in the form of ointment.
   £.-  Carbonate of Zinc.—Zinci Carbonas, U.S.—Calamine.  Source—preparation—chemical
      nature—form—colour—taste—relation  to water.   Used externally in the form of cerate—
      Turner's cerate (Ceratum Zinci Carbonatis, U.S.).   Applications.

                               BISMUTH.—BISMUTHUM. U.S.
        Sub-nitrate of Bismuth.—Bismuthi Subnitras, U.S.—White oxide of bismuth.—Magistery ■ <
   / of Bismuth.^,Mode of preparation—chemical nature—form—colour—taste—smell—effects
      on the system—local effects of over doses.  Therapeutical applications—effect on the stools.
      Dose, 3 to 10 grains in powder or pill.                                                 V

                                SILVER.—ARGENTUM.  U.S.
   y.. .Nitrate of Silver.—Argenli Nitras, U.S.—Lunar caustic. Mode of preparing it—chemical
      nature—forms in  which it is kept in the shops—consistence—colour—fracture—solubility
      in water and alcohol—taste of the diluted solution—effects of light—effects of heat—incorn-
      patibles—influence of common salt.
   2. • • -Effects on the system—effects on the stomach—poisonous effects—proofs of absorption
      —effects  on the skin—explanation—effects when externally applied. Therapeutical appli.
      cations.
        Dose, an eighth of a grain, 3 times a  day, gradually increased to 3 or 4 grains. Caution
      necessary.__Given injpill.  _Mode  of preparing the pill—treatment in cases of over doses—
  *•* ~antidote.            , A- A .
  y,; ■ ■ Chloride of siZcer^and oxide of silver have been substituted for the nitrate.  .
        Several preparations of gold have been used, but not generally adopted. Complaints to
  $ .which they have been applied.

                    SULPHURIC ACID.—ACIDUM SULPHURICUM.  U.S.
    i   Eormerly oil of vitriol.^  Not usedjn its concentrated state^, Incornpatibles.
    '' , .Effects on the  system.   In small doses sufficiently diluted, increases the appetite,  pro-
      motes digestion, and acts at the same time as a general astringent and refrigerant.  Larger
      doses occasion uneasiness  or pain  in the stomach—still larger, inflammation or disorgani- 'is
      zation.  Concentrated, a violent corrosive poison.   Mode of treatment  and antidotes.       ,
    # .. .Remedial  applications, internal and external.   Used in the following forms.
   /.. Diluted Sulphuric Acid.—Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum,  U.S.  Preparation—sensib.le^i
     "properties—much diluted when taken—swallowed through a quill.  Dose, 10 to 30 drop's,' '
      3 times a day, or  more frequently, in f^iij. or f.^iv. of plain or  sweetened water.
   £U—Aromatic Sulphuric Acid.—Acidum Sulphuricum  Aromaticum,  U. S.—Elixir of vitriol.
      Preparation—colour—odour—taste.  More used than the preceding.   Dose  and mode of- ""
      administration the same.                                                              \
  £, r ^Ointment of Sulphuric Acid.  Made in the proportion of gj. of acid to ^j. of lard. Mutual
      decomposition.  Applied in scabies and other eruptions. 
    '     7 A            .'■   A"         S       .     y               ./     - '
    y dAA//z,-d-s-L  y -ydc 'y^^a/, v oziy/A-yd ,/tAt zd ^AA ^.AA/ / /std^^
    s                 ,t.                /
        sA A-      zz             A         Ay~        z      '    /  •*
   ^/t/cAyA /y /ti^A,/^ as fA/-*trAAAc., /7/t.XA\ /,*7z yA Zt y/yy ;/zs^yz^

    / X''                                                                ''
   //-lld/iyZ ,,/ <r/~/tt..'t.iZy.y,AzAd ids^&t^J

/A. ^tdzv/z.adAty A/c  7/tA/7/tzAAd7e7A\^AA/Y.- y.dyLt <>■/-/;  /A/,
                                                                               tP t st /t<.SL,

y^~X?//,- id/ccc/fL  '?<-y'~ d/iXxAd AAY'T-t-ydAtyyyy-LZ  6/ A-y. TAAyAd^


XtS/y A*~? (Atyix tS.J-  -eyYA.7As.y,  zYt/,Sa.y  A. djdr-t^n.^*^/ A-r^~ Yalzd..
dh^dt/t  t7,y /ud /7~*-t? i t l LL/ty  Zst  A z,r2-c A'd/ t- Ady /lSI AAx/  y//^  a/ yAltZt A /'
    y  7—             X    c- '   s ^     AA                    y.       A 7, -   y
XccT/AAzLifyt.'LAyAyd/y StA/y^  /./>- sddzddyu'sty ''sz tr/^d\yZzzA" y>-
                                                          ^y  /
d
'   X   '         'A      -A-'       d    '  '      7
Atd/d/yty  6 s y.t/t c/tiXs-s^y (AyA^//^,<: At^ yAys z~  Ayi-  /^7U
7-
                                          /'  -™yy-y          \'." d.
    AW syi,t/Ssi A.J6 ^-y/AtxAc^-t^,yn^x^, zt-y/tt  ic^r y^

    6~r-7Xi^zyt^ tyd X A~v AAt-s At t st.y  /• zy/ Azy st /A^jy^, /^>~ 2. A'Al~r\ tS .y+y  A~£'y/J

to- jAyd/A/i/ ATzzy t, Z  yy s/^cAA//is?  wT-tc/yV^.- dt/z sidy y  id.i/Ay /i-M/sit/iit;

    AA/tydAdal. st-^. ,i_yz-t.yy/a,.  —  Ayi/ ,t,dt,trz-L-<Ad Asz/AA- 7*ySX /l  ^y SizA/AyA,
    zl-tz Lt-AA^y s/lA. y.tt/.y A'  tZ/cAA /Az^sfSs X/z. syyyjSi- y- /ly^t'dd, zi^/ AAl  zi/tL _

          A   A      'Ad'     ■          X'  ■                ■ z       y       v -''
    /A:'dit-.i>r dd-i-d. /f>ZtAsA if sys Azz i- zt-dA/t./ su. .±-/t  yt_&sA z^-SL*.Ady /■& y AAZ

               ■     -'.A.  '  A(           -'   Ayxd^As   A
   Zt-Z/it/ty/t-t-ss  si ' .Zd./s.   t^Z   ck s^,.  .Zytt/-^  Ay / diy  Z<:VtZZiy-t7~Z7n < /^/  Zi^-y

    <*<.// i Ad  /ti■■* iy /-^<yyLZ _ [tS]z.AJ/AAz  / XAy/tr  /.4/#/^.- & 7- xdi:


    Zi/AA- 7 y dz^z^A/tL- /J_^ /-trty-z^z, /z^.-ccsl£, _ yzAArr-t^, /zyzvAzt^sn.; —  iz7z'AAz<y,Aiim?z
       y  a      1  .       J         A                     y           y           <,
   d-h,/!■■*(. ■■-  SZ- ■ Jsfr- SiyytdA*— Zt^-t-^O^^yT^; SZrit/^sS)^,(Af t?->L-  ys^i/^^'3c^z,d.-. esyzs-

                                                    7                 *'    '
    C-trtt-L/.<Lds rt A st,^ 7/A/AddyzyuLt y/Ld u Adz — ^, /y<>  :A-yry- .ty/ZAx,c^,
      s j '                 Z      y    7 d                          -.      /
     d I '     y      ■     '     ,    . ✓_  y?     ft         j  /   y~
    A z^t-.-yAL<^c//ty dt ydzAs-Ad Ay a<yA-.//>(. 2. yr^, //Azdldd /i_zd-/i,-
    AA/           ^        /  .    A   A"     y./y       Ay
J.  1l si z-/y?z-<,tL, ^Lyt^y,/tsdy//y^ a/•/*■/>■ Z it^' /^/tyfe/rAd A dAi yy/yx. — 'A  /^/ .;te>

    Aa -c 7"A  /y/S/zd A/i /AsAdAy ty dd,Ad t^dd/t-Sy/!, yACs^J.tti.Aiy^yct,  Az-


   <lZt 7: .JS//S/A' X/lZ-i zAtZ.


                                      -AazlC.            ^y


7. 0 A A-Zt 7t_: d, A/sZ-cd,.  //Ay  sd/tyyA/zeA/yrzt,/j/t/A/A; y< AAyit.  JstLtr.y.tA_

    A^iu?y 6tycA''2^Ajis/~- TA:A/ 2.  axx.tAAt-tdwdAA&i-x-- yts/A'A /*.z.A_
        A        d      •-           A                           /     y
    CzAdiyt d Ly/zATzl*/, 7Az'tiU<-AA'yAdztAdZsty s7dA-d-s<miAyeXy AyASsrTw y<i/Ad-

            y      '  ■                   A          -A       yt   ^     ■    7A     AAA
    ZAi/7/lAs dL^/t^^/__  toy £.A/yA- zv-*.AaA^ y/is Xafy// /**- sA/—  d//Cd7-


    lAid<. ~  .AzyZ/y/ aszX'A-// /.^Afc^y Ay.^tA' AzsiS^y i^yi.dAz.yzrt-/^y Zi^sys^/


    /ii^tAi.- z/iAsri^AtAAid  ztAAziAAzyy zd^aA/ Sy^z Ay <- AuA^.  /?*.Lt*yu-

    aAu, J-StLAAt  yytAA/AA^yA^ayAzy.tLys zzy//s /^^cA^^.


* ddntd/AA/zz/fy  t*ytdAx'/ty.-- At^ Y^Yl dtrt^y ^ /-s-r>*y07^^y^-ddd


    Atyv-A A/lYc ^diAfcc^y iAAAY/zxd' AA yyAA6zA^y  /Ty^c/dL. Az/Uysu^t— 
A^ /Yyt^ X z/y AAt-z^y A a  y Cc*~ d-,yyAAz  '  A.? , SdysA />.« Al^A  +/-«- <*>



s/.tSAYs-^  Asd/toY*,*  SAA   \><sY<z Ady .  AA.ts  Aztt X/tAASyyAr/fAA,
ryct>y/,f
7zAY..iA/ ^tzzA AA'7A<A/,-///•..<!z/d,' d'.y/t  .1^ dAAzi  yzst.zdzJ /a  z/^Azy.
                       A   A/

    dt,—/.-^ yA/yt/i?.-  S^yA/A A dAAz7Att  /ty/<.A /*l  yAr/.'tAe.  /.t.y/***/c si*, y At ssy^




    A'77 y7t.-^L.tt ncAy/^zy/*.xAytZt£. A A/A *.*/y**-<~z2. C At c+ /SiSddAtAd/.-  <' y't-slAr/-



    ilzz/'Ay S*y.yd.Y^y /. A ^. /Yds?  yaA/y .<.,<. A z. ^ ,y /-,.< zd* Aysz^/z-y  4 Aft*. -


         z/  A   , A       A         a.            /A   /           Ad   {/       /
    sZ/7z,AA,/Z-LyyZ/<^A/t//id ,/z-sS,itny  csyz/A AdS  X A? / <.Z-  ys-z ./, z  y Z <<y y .** rAi.



    y AAlS y/yt-tsJ trt^y s/zcdyt<.Ay-^/Ld z^yey .iA/z.ys/yAsS A.-zy d/ys, >- AyA/t^na



         A '        A           A    X-                        *
    .//^- //.<-ns/iiAh A  ydS  Adt'At  zyz^t A.)

       Ay                                                          *
        -  '       z     / /           ^   Z                    Z   A     y   ,    ,
A>.  Xt.A .t/t.y.dd /c^tAA^'/-^^z  y AzttyA d/</.^/, y>-yzti.ytiA .y tAzZyiyA_.  . i^-s/X  tttL-




    y.-Zi AtZ/7  tfLy yj^ L.c^yAZ^.y y^t isztd .Alt/t A'S r~ y .—7^.t- /z-t-S''^- St AX—  Zk^pzyL^yd^dZ,  Zz?

               sA          y                                     '    y>>
     A   7 yA  . /    y A  <  ' ■                          -V         .   /-    A
    /i(  yAA-TSz-c A/ / St? Azali, ../y- y.y?4ty,t. tr/t ,'.. (' d~— Zi-SyCii VCJ~z^-- d-  Ziir/zi.-/i.<tri.^




    /ai adt.AtA'ydsA-c  Alsy/yi^A^, A/■'yzdot.Ad flAA. Srt.ti,:yt A/A_e.-<A^^.



A-  Ac\'dAs^d±Z  XsAA^/lzA A yszAyd/^ 7sTAsz7L  .Ziy,7/-i^-zz.z^yZiy.^ysyA  fA/~zz«_ t A. <_




     AA.^Ad, _ zt, Aztz^A/  z.-^tAAtA Ldyt.A-'-zAl/dc  dzts  'A-// Z-y yz zt- y**-t- Ai-d Z.lTAA
■7. _


                     /■A       r s    ''    S         d
    y^fc a-lX^Zz zzs .7zzi^d /.t-siAi - dy/Ay-Zc^- ■ d t~.-i zy t*d A Az y/f/e. .   /TlZ- At^AtyAd

   AS    X              ? ,-y    ■   ,     .       At                 y       ./     d -
    tty.yZXyy,, y^tyyAty/ssiy^zA  &•-zs> y.x L. A zz/y As Azy~z /d yztz^. y/Ai.z- A-Xz-z^..


     A  'A.                /     d    '
    'yzc-AAyX ZzZ./t.s* zAA / lz^sAslA '■/-  yzyf/.



/A- A/1 'jS/tdLdA- .At/z^izzy. A/yAzX dAa/A st/nded*/ z^csxAXX  yy/Ss --zAdX/


                               d     ,~  Y 'V /"     .     /             ^

                                     AA/iAAzAzi/i/S,. f-d/zA-



 /.  *.},iz?t~*tty¥z*dz sz/zS, u r/Z-yA: y.sAs ;Sa i/Az r+-/ASs t y.i.Az^rt AS y~ Szts / y.  zZsdj-



   sYaAt/l, ti-^s.tAy sTjuAslA/ /Ait A yu-zdzy y- 'Stt-^t.y AA/y^^  y^AAz.


                  A-   •/ .        •  A   a       yy     ';_.     A  A A        —   -
A  /"-ti yZ /t A/tt i/s~y A sy ^z, zZ~z^XZsi ■■  '" r.i t<zAAy . zz.S.t-/ty zA-yAA. yAy tys.y yt/i &**.*



   t-tX-./t '  '<-' stzzAc*— A AAA AiyJ.s<.Zs c/ ti^zAA /As- yet /A z Ji^Zy .-.  yij. Zt iLZyA/  AA




    djLz  yy7t,ydtsAA.^.zAzAAzizyA- ^'AlA-t-l ^dz.^XAts^.tyAzz^.y  y*t2^,yss.y^yy^_ d/  sALt  yiy//



    .t,y-z-A cA- zi-yA/z A///-- /ly-AX(,tA*A&7 ,y.zy  />Atzzdyr sd/zsz.y/iy?ysys.~  AT— ds^-d/1 */'A



   yy- £ m y c <-■£<■ **?%, A  /ts~zs-ycA~syy Aa.1 s-z^yS/,  A*. AtzdztA-  Xzlsz/S7tXti.L y  y ^ Z i-.U^sz^. ,-Ao

          '*          /    ,           ,                                   yf     A
*
zt-/z.ye  ouz At^  y -zt-yA/* _ d/c Adz+ Ad* '-/A^'  * 1 ■ A-u* w? A c y/- >- yMc z^i iy
           A    -d                      'ri



y/  ,    c
'AzrlAzix, z'd  Syy./ y  .<--*«. c/c  y>~  Sz .j-./Ad zir-a.Adz z-.'y/t yyyAz t z //
3.  Sm Ad A-tAAAi-/ SA zA/yz Al+S. ayty^ci zitZtLs^y^  a*r-±t, t^rf Z'cy ay:rc — A t^yA^csy^



    t/Ay^AAA/y+^iA&AAA.^.A^yAyiy/tizAtz.j-.A^A'^*-  ^lzAA—  z^^  /*t/£X-



    ,/1 yLtd-//  y ty/tt,zAAcdtz/  s^s-c/Ac tA/<. /As t/z,  /^SyAzS  yy cS iXy  avwvv tAA



    i/LZ. f UA-  'S s>^i.yAtA. <Zz.o2zl.^csj A^st-yd.' y- Acs* i--rAuyit'^  A^-czy Asid^ . /%-,, ^z/A
\'->. lAZ-Yzo- d-sAczz   AyyAAyi,iz^_ 77Szt, yYt n.. , Y*>

                     A
.yyisytys/y./-/^ zty <£__ yz., lyL-yy/-  t y Li, .■ t. f  ^ . ■ L ts . .,./«>_ /. £tl_. sA-1 ^ ^yy/st - 
  A'sZ Z<dAdc\ A A Ay A/yAd^/ Adz-zs^zXyy/ y tAdzsTAy. dsAt ZZdA-zziyA s7zy> ztdyyz^yA.
   c7  S/> zzzyAaA /t^,  z/ZAAcAz^c^-^^ Azz t-Ad Azt/zs/yy  AdAzdzAS-zcAAAs t2-Zyc?A AA-
   /       /      A*  zx     c/           ^                   /
  Al-7^- /<*i Asl.,v.a. A/yf—Adtyu. tyty. J.
Li. dAzAAAeA A lA/AAA zyyL+X s^/tyAy.  Add /, ltd A ZdyAyyzoyAy zAAddztsAA A/A-^t-
   A.
   1/>L A dt^zzAdz  sTzA^ydA,yz y^d^ziZ dy- /SyrT^AAszAztAAz^yh, y dAAs<XAA<~ /
   A   x        ,
S.  SzdAt dA AAYA/tY. XA^A^tyyAjdnyt-*, /ZdeAdAz>dAyAtAz^ATaAAA-/ zi,ddo
-tZst,AsXz~ zz—
    ~^~~---—     /         y            ,        '
    in^tyAAAy {/ddAz^zz.t^-^.ct S- t/./^.ydiz^- dz* zA stdA,  zAyzsyyz-y
   dhyyzi AA<~ - XAAAAXd zZ~tS,/y idsn-ed-, y y.yya.z'/s,AtX/&z^r?*z,zS£7A-
6. cYfAAAt&/d A AdzztrT-^AsrAdTdt,  As/A steeds si,y zzdz,dAz/^ddA /ytSi A-zy Ah
   di AdA^AzA yxs^YA/YY zTluAAc A AYz A/yds A f-^rz^L. dy^AyA^:7z  zd
   yY^sd/A^u  a- ^aAaAzAA  z^^y~ ^.zy- yAA^^X ^/AzTAAAa Ak*dL
      /                    A*         z7 /                       sf   y      s?    /
  /Ys ApvAYx/yA A dzyZ- y-AArz** s. A-  *.y£y-u-Zz/c-L A  ^AA^zA/zyi s.
                             ^Vd/As' ArcssY
A.  Y/tyy/jA/yZ/YAytS fY^ ATA sT-t^/TzA/z S*.*A A/Az/ AAS-XAAt si^A. .<-<t^7A
AziYx. SyzAAA  ayzz ATvzsz-AsA,  s/yy.y-dAdAAz/L*7&£. s  y^ztAAAy .
r A//. AAzzAy-^y^tA A SKZLtdYy A/ StAJ^d AS&y s£*A?7-A-yzAA
A   '
         yddzyzd «<s  £ t<AY// < i- *sAA_ s/^dA *dz zdA/A^Xtd, sA^ z^dA-
ly^Yd y dYzAA Ss^dxAz. ^yAzryd-A Adyycy^AzA/ A^ A/d zsszt^/z^y
X    A  A  _    CA
zAL /A^tyA&YAAAydAy ^ y-tr/^/zA^Adzzs^/d^edSz^sd^S^rYAY-
±dA d^^y/Ay^z^Yz^zS yY/YsdA' zz^Z^AAzd YAyy y/Ad ^ Y^yX^
zATALdd'Y^^YdzAzySAAzy zL.yA^dzyys^.Td^td^yzAy ^y^T^/z^Z^dz.
                                 A
   tC As  AaAzY fyy- A^Yz/^  A z.Atyzs 3
   c
S.  At
   L4yyAd /S^zAYAz^ A z/z^Azl, Ay^^jAU- ***y.f«A*~ z?Anr-z^^ t^zdA.
4. ( A^ d^U^zd'/s^s ***- s^Adzt&.j). AA y^d+zuAx z*^d',-L ud^ cA.
   yzUZs  y^AYz^A/y <*■ y^y AYdS  z* Y*  csyAAs/YAzy, zAzS^Z.
                                 xAYza dzXAcc,  ATcAdY-
 Ki/l*, AAA,£y *. sZ/^AyA^ jf-7YY,-Add^yyzAds.t- y ,„„.« ^ /AY, s-
   LUd^yAYd s^^AaAA ^crAjzysA SysJxzd^ ^ //^ ^d- <-<<&>-
   c L^^c/^J^jf^^t^ '/.ft* A7ZdrAdj-y^^-Yy^<z-zyA,Y
   YYzud^ActTddzu,- AaaAa^,^/^^^^v^^--^^^
   U*&M, d/zAA^^^-^^^ S^YfszY^yAzyX'^
      ■{C±dy^ y+^jAdAz/ysYYd aY/AY/sz yy^^yd^ttA- d^Adz^Ay 
   Ir&tS y /TliZlA^/tsattASAA-'/Ai'Z.irttA-Z^yl^^Ad Z/y, Z4. Z '7'/■ s* AyA.-t-S A 77A   s/Stsr/^AA
                  /                        /   /  ^                      /

  y/t,A /77zst.yzi At /A y//t,-y^zt d/{_ dA-t^.-yX itS z<~dZ AAdzstzyyA- .*y A<~ si*/ztt,y t Avv«_

               t   '  y   i           y        ■           *        Z''"            ' c'''
   .Z,i.tZZytKsS y z A~ y ■/-..; Z^/zcC ' .I, <2/As-fit- slz.  /Az  -LZcAl-.-  s/iz***/  tS A/■ yA/< Z A

               A   '          c                                           yY       a' d

       z*.  dA z^/i/y,-.


                                - AAl/d- A/z /i'iy-ciAcC~ /XsAzA-


/•   AdA  /titf/iiy)  y/idAJl^A'sA   />t y.t/.y./d  A t/zXAzXi^ y A/ty) zAz7/-z^t.^ssizAseL,


   ZZ-eAA-  'tX'SiS/As-i'.*. /Z-z^-y/t^yl/A d-Ai Ay z c A A_ Z/z-cXAzTyzty? ZcyZlA<A C- Z/-Az£yt--



   t y td ZzidA' A Ay. ttS /Ttt/'t/ zp/d/L dzis.  zdzCcaAz yyd  dASyAAtZ C^z^.z^^tzCToL. -


   AsAy AY77/1 ■ zi:d /AYYI/Yz.  zi^A.AAAty.sy  .A <a.  At AAA ssd/7y< zs zA<^>

        . A     ,  />„     A                   _          /                   /
ictziy  //^ ye sy^ttzs-z i^z,dz, SA/zy. ysiAyjy.^y/^ _  <%.t*-/y dzA^z^_ At, AAs.€- Ciqs/.
lA Xf,yT2- iSddAA-z^^y  z7A zt/AA s?*^cxy?A dA/.2^sAcAAyi^. y/zrty <,<z^ Atr-ZcrtzA
'"» r + ■■
Z {'/,
A(/y.           '
     cctc-y* *sj c<y y^z^yy- zZ/XAlzAZa^.  Zy/zz-Ldi^d/Yza A/y ^AzzAA; sz/Aa.iz.zz.-


            Z/z z-c/ye/dd t^cy^£Aisiuy SAii/s.ytA7Z07iy *v*~ yyzd ^zyAzh^L-tayzAA cd- <..} dy^&L^
        7                         s7                                         y   -

at dAd/z/XA,  u. y IdXi^yAAdy yz/AASAxd sty/  <*_ yLyddAXy<~cs>tt.^- z?t- A   sXs^i^?


 Any- yszA €7 /A AzyAA t,^ A/z td.AA,  zz s,_AAA. ydztd/^A-ydt^.yyzAz'-i.L.
        X'    x      *    7   X     X
    /7  i/^i^jc-stiy  Ze>  M. z-zz-yd^t^pdA.

     v   '-d   S    ^ A /                        X y          a tf
C.  AzZZz/y  A  AAsrzzyA,^/ayysyzrz^y yc Act Ac Z7-*. A z As/ y-/z^C .j acyA  zzsLZyY Zt l A*.

         "■'.    -*  A'/          /■         Ay    A            y /    y
    itiyti i-y yt-i /zytZizyX.y-s/tL^-LdSt//L-.x/i7y,/^-z/zy y S<y>-d- AAt ztr-yx /A- SS ZSz yi^tA-
      t  7     Ay                    ■           ''           l                     ,

    t{y  A^AstcA,. dAdy^yyy cAZC zX /ti tydd  SzA  s7.zi AAAy_s-zAZ z 7As? zr^A Zty^sd


    A./, i. s-/^, r zs- f at. Add z<A<uUy eS<z J' u yX n-z/A y &<.•  sit A^y, ^dzA A y/z zd'


    '"  / ^ //" ' 'c  ^<a*^ AtyzdALA7AyXr /Ac. A c A/  zdz,./ ySAsud  s-^-  ydzr/v _


    A/.  yytyzt/~y7. s dzr/^dAAsAz2d/A,_a//sri^yyAAi, s^>LYAzY*xi': A xAyAsz.

            Ay   '                            *         / y                             /
    Ziy / y A/tyA, v-Z.y.zzyAyi^ /3-dXdA ^< AyAAtst zdA/zA/Yy Azyyz^y 
(   21   )
                      NITRIC ACID.—ACIDUM NITRICUM.  U.S.
     Directed in the Pharmacopoeia of sp. gr. 1.5,  but  never  so strong in the shops.  Two
   forms in the shops, distinguished  as  nitric and  nitrous acids.  The former colourless or
   slightly yellowish—the latter of a  deep orange.   The latter consists of nitric acid with
   some deutoxide  of nitrogen, and by dilution is  converted  into nitric acid—therefore as
 .takenJhs not different from the fomiei^lncompati blcs.
     Effects on the system, those of a tonic and  refrigerant.  Concentrated, a corrosive  poi-
* 3^2^Treatment of the poisonous effects. Therapeutical applications.  Dose of the strong-
   est  acid, 2  to 5  minims  in a wineglassful or more of water, which it  renders decidedly
   but agreeably sour. The acid often weak in the  shops.  Its strength judged of by its taste
   when diluted.  Dose gradually increased—if too large, produces cramps in the stomach.
3#. . Hope's mixture of nitrous acid, camphor  water, and laudanum, given in dysentery, diar-
   rhoea, and cholera  infantum^,External use of nitric acid,  diluted or in the form of oint-
*4 »"ment.   It should never be given in silver.

                  MURIATIC ACID.—ACIDUM MURIATICUM.  U.S.
 /,. .Mode of preparing the  officinal acid—form—colour—specific  gravity—odour—taste
   when diluted,  incornpatibles.  Effects on the system.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose,
   5 to 20 drops, in f Jiij. or f^iv. of sweetened water, frequently repeated. In gargles,  fgj.
   to f^vj. of water.

           NITROMURIATIC ACID.—ACIDUM NITROMURIATICUM. U.S.
 £.. Mode of preparing—chemical changes—composition of the resulting fluid.  Proofs  that
   reaction has taken place.  Advantage of adding sulphuric acid when the nitric and muri-
   atic are feeble.
 ^..Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. Dose, 2 to 10 drops, 3 or 4 times a
   day, in sufficient water—to be gradually increased as the stomach will bear it.  Modes of
   external application—in wooden vessels.  Strength for external use, f §j. to Cong. j. for bath
   —f Jjij. to Cong. j. for footbath.  Temperature 96° F.
 A . ■ .Water of chlorine—nature—therapeutical applications. Chlorine itself inhaled in affec-
   tions of the chest.   Great danger from its incautious use. It should always  be very largely
   diluted with atmospheric air. 
(   22   )
                               CLASS   III.


                         ARTERIAL STIMULANTS.


                               General  Observations.

     Medicines which excite the circulation, with little comparative influence on the nervous. ,

   ^Applicable to cases of great prostration, when sufficient  energy of system remains to
   sustain it at the point to which it may be elevated.   Much care is requ,s.te  in  their use
   even in cases of prostration.   When this depends on external violence, as in concussion or ..
   the brain, or occurs in the first stage of acute diseases, as  in the chill of fevers, caution
   is necessary, in consequence of the danger of the subsequent reaction.  In such cases, their
   internal use is to be avoided unless essential to life, and external  stimulation is greatly
   preferable.   When the  debility occurs in the course of an acute disease, they may be used
   more freely, as there is less danger from reaction.  The existence of inflammation  is  not
   always an obstacle to their use.  In such a  case when called for  by great depression ot
   the vital actions,  more care is demanded than in the absence of inflammation.  In the
   suppurative or gangrenous stage of inflammation, they may be used freely if called  for by
   the symptoms. The tendency here is to health, and stimulants support  the vital actions.
   till the requisite changes have been accomplished.
     The number belonging to this class is very  large, but most of them possess other proper-
   tics also, which rank them in other classes.  Those only are mentioned here which are used ^
   chiefly in reference  to their stimulant properties.

                       CAYENNE PEPPER.—CAPSICUM. U.S.
     Fruit of Capsicum annuum, and  other species.   An annual plant, cultivated but not
   indigenous in  this country.
  /...Character of the fruit—shape—nature of the surface—colour—internal arrangement—
   colour of the  powder—effect of exposure—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
     Active ingredient, a  peculiar  acrid principle called capsicin, not volatile.
  9  Effects on the system—therapeutical applications.               ■^
     Used in substance, infusion, and tincture.   Dose  of the powder, 5 to 10 grains, given in
   pill__0f the infusion, made with  two drachms to half a pint of boiling water,  fgss.—of
   the tincture, f£).  or f^ij^Mode of preparing Cayenne pepper as a gargle.

 *** "         OIL OF TURPENTINE.—OLEUM  TEREBINTHUNME. U.S.
     Often called spirit of turpentine.  Source and mode of preparing it.
   ^ ..Properties—form—colour—odour—taste—specific gravity—solubility  in water, alcohol
 ^'and ether—chemical constitution—effects of exposure—mode of separating the resin.
 ts'. ..Effects on the system.  Therapeutical applications with a view to its stimulant properties.
    "*Dose, 5 to 20 drops every half hour, hour, or 2 hours, in acute cases—2 or 3 times a day
   in chronic  cases—to be suspended if it induce strangury.   Best  given  in  emulsion with
   gum Arabic, loaf sugar, and cinnamon water  or mint water.  If it purge, laudanum may
   be added, when not contra-indicated by disease of the brain.

                                      PHOSPHORUS.
      A powerful stimulant, perhaps  the most powerful.  Dangerous.  Seldom proper  to pre-
^ ' scribe it.   Should never be given in substance.  Best administered in oleaginous or ethereal
   solution.   Dose, one-twelfth of a grain.

            CARBONATE  OF AMMONIA.—AMMONLE  CARBON AS.  U. S.
Z,  ■ • • Improperly called volatile alkali, as this name belongs to pure gaseous ammonia. Mode
   of preparing it__properties—form as it is kept in the shops—colour—translucency—smell
   __taste__solubility  in water and  alcohol—effect on vegetable blues—precise chemical na-
   ture__change on exposure in appearance and composition—signs of goodness.
     .Effects  on  the system.  Increases the circulation and invigorates generally the vital
   functions, without any decided tendency to the brain.  Operates upon the  nervous  system
   in (reneral more than any other medicine placed in this class, and might be ranked  with 
                                      K/76zAzUs/yyy^H..   »A




/•  J .'(<< 7 &_ A^.{, /^zy/tAzA Ady1^t/_ dAza/d  sfr-zisXiiA tz-CtZirryCi.yT.y 6X z A/7 zAa z


         A    '  AS          '       A  dd    A y  y   A     Ad   > //<.  ?

   Ztrzz^i z// yy~ y^y>Azt Ad-. - Zz ^Ya ^~ TA^^aA/I. ys ./'^ j /LzzA, /Alt z z-Z Add  z .^7/ *-**~




                                                                                 s y/nz.xy
'-zzAyYYYzzAaYz  ydct, Atzs'sidy/s sdztY/^ A*7yYdz .tz/A^At


  'Alrz. Ay yzy  - _ zf t A/^Zt.-s- ZTt-y/^ _ AsA/A,
L-
                               zTz^sj^z - 4yiy.AA /A 7 z'dui.y- y/7z^dAz zAlAzzO A~/rr c/a.



■  -- ^y-^-i. A ylyz^d/dzvezdy,/ tzAd, y t -A- A7y ezt^fzSA /A * r /y'c yZyAzZzY, y /A



  fzA/zL. <Az*, s^yy auYaIz /, c,, - zs z>czAttc  A/n^Y^*1"' Y AAaYsA /^ A <?zi/*,-



  syt/y A z*.tyyl z AdyAd/y^AsAy?.^y>.r^_  y/ zp-st/tA/YurA*~>.  .s/t  As
 istis  yt y/zt^.yAy Ad' AzAAaA/AAy  id/ //., nAn /tAs7 ./A /yz,} A ,.d //tzdz



 dd-zzi-t/A' 7zy-z-z s<Adt-L /Az ey.<. t-yAAz^dzydy.ycA, tz^ dAyy ztdAddiy,


 A    a   .  /                  aA  .    A   A    /d    A1'"      //■ '
ArWSA- s-z^/AA. /yAtt^cTc — a Aa/7 z-n. /A^  AZZd^AAl ^y-ss. AtA y /.>u /AyAci^zL-



AdZz-Ai. ny  ti-cA/t  <£  /d/z,7d/iZy7z /A id/cd^S,— /A 7/s/zAAdA



6t*-z*t*-^^yi-i^Xy.
TyO-j^/Su-,- 4Syy,S ^^ y/c u Ac yj/y ti yt /y./rzy Ayi t z^z


  t        ■ S A'    ■ /   A  /'' Ad A
   yddziSsA-AAAzX/^AAi e-ztAA/Ad z/s*^<-y
        CSu-y AAy,A /.




   f ^

   edvL '-Act>«- /A /di^yiy Ad ,z /'A' AAdA7 z- t AtAi  Al-zyA- Ati /n S/d si.A.


                       ^  xx -Y'  A' "  /    V-''
                             (77z A dy  \</t l/jsszTZs/s£,.



               AAs.i y /Ad- zTtdy- td^yAzsr/'tyyc^Xziy, zAA//y  AAitAjAAzyS  S^y/AzA/AA,


      A  ... .      y/   A   / SD>       4/.   A  ■      A'    X   d
      i yz.^-~y, yAA^ s zzA*y?A AAAA/z^sy, AA/dd^ /stA^/j AzS siyzu^z/z^/. A   a-yy^ _






Zz sdAp^zXy/-  dt-dAy-zz^-zAzyyydA/c^AA- ytAnzyzyA^^AAt^^dysys.yzydzzAX.A-



   Js-M^t-tyZStsA- /A- t/y~.Z/''AA> - yAsyfAAAy *dzrAocAAz  /^- strzAdt, yy- y&AiyAzyA/^X'A



   AaA.' ytv, Ayr zdztyAtd'A 6yA/Azt. __  yyT^z/y/A d z cc^Ay^t, d Ay,/z-z^.dyy. _  y7^



                                                     zd^zAsA-ss-z-cr^yX, y y/yyt-zSziA.t/zAAft—
   yZ\,yyz./ozd  /As-' "^y/> snszytidft  <^ SdS'z2yz-K.,.yy />


     c              A>   Z   a a                   r/-d     A  .     ■/     ■/--   /.
   /_y,t^  /y-zn-T.^- A/iS  y-s-i^z*-t,zzdtz/7t 7y  zc sLdtL^t^. zyrd^cyy^, ^^ ^yz^zy As   yz-tSsuyz^dtu-7



   d^t-zzz-  A zAtAdtsdAysA '■/ a,A/!,sAzAA-~ /yA/y?,  z^y^zAzi^z-z^^ t>.i.2yy.A7Z7y.

       ^                       A              A                   A     y  '        yA

3. \. .'t  SZidA/ dyz/A yAt zrAs* Zdy zt s} z /*AA /'i* /ZAsy z S^rsr/t yst/sy~st6,/ trAy



   Cf/cAcAcz i /A Cs<*zd y /d-y^tSy^Sz/^az *si d/t — zs/^  t.l .yy s Aursyd Ayz 11-!. y/y  i^u.


   ^ A                y A          /'      / *     y        /        '        'A"
    -,A  zz zst^i e^ ,y~ z/ zzt-.t/ 6-z*--t Zz/ts -^ *  /y i y tdss  y zy  lst zz^-zi. e ti/--*■ / tt/tz**n./
-zyAz+zz—  . 2*y/ytc7i<zye /A/'-s-Zy/l >. ayd  y tdyd'Ay/cz,  Aidzid.  /' <-V -c /AA^ _
7 A

04. t ZZ
                       A     y '       '  y      /  ,  y     y       /    ,
j.. 7/ //,(, trdcs- ft- yC  /in. yzAiZ-tttisiAt  * . i,. ASi (tiA.Z'-y-s Ad/ix 7 /t A z* z A.

                                            A       "'     A'          A    '
                                       -/*  Adz-ztJ y /t.  /y^z-yz^t^Ad^ yZy


                                        sdd    'y     >/>'>-    f
                                        ^■zyy^,Zt-t<.y zcAty*~- . /i^.  <- y/i^c^yy
                            y    d   dA                            /
         A   -y    /     /       /  7           .    y        A    y          /    7
gr" Jd AtA/X z/■ +y/A /n.2. y,^ (A,x^«l .  t^/*.  Adz-ZtJ y zz.  yytt- /zsz^AS,^ St-yi^,.

                                                             d   />     A        A
A'dlL-i-AX*'  zA  /A/tC.  z'AA TlAls*-.  A/  tyZfy^/t-cA^/cd^y**- dZuZ, 
A
   'A-7./t*i*d A  r-Ayy*..  '/'.>< A iy  i+y/  A'/tAty/us  - ZS y-n,. - A^z  Zzyz^-y z^d-Ai^/,  / As J ** ~
    '   'A         ,              y  /         A'    /.         /   /        /       .   ,y
   z*,yd ZSTj^-t-A.  S^y^y.AdtLcicc.zyc.fzt.tz.Azi.i,  dzy-z/L  zlzz<>< t z-t^ySA-f.'-^'-A AZ< /*.*.
   ty  zt^zz^.AAyy z<,A.Sz ad-sir Y AA  *'*. AzdA/t.yy) * * AzlirS f ynztd, s/itAAt. _
            a  ^     y     *     y           y y                /'■'        A     /
   ZJ--1U. 77 .7/ztt t/A. sSz( Aztd y  tyy*.iy > z / zAAA /-••  .1  ~/d t*  ''./*<*.*.<, Ad t.  z'y  z»rtyej
         A                  y                  /   y            A               a"'
   z -dAAt, ys-Z-iy y^,ytAAy^ t? edy/y A/ig  77+^ /</   ^y<^>*-~^V 6+e*y*+^****
   z/izy-tyAy AA/zzj,i- A^ ^Az>sr~ //AzA^z^cy.  AAvd.  X ast^U / A /i<ttAsc *iA y-
   Q /A<aA iX .Azny-Z^A Ayt,y/7ziAy,z. <,M.*.y A-  d.^A AsyZ/d /i-u y,. 7  /*■&
   <h zL./, .< }/A .." Ay Zyey AAc'' Ayyt. z AA a ziy Az c A/y r- zz  S-p-z^i. / v*,- /? ** yyt^ . *
         ,         A    AA     y       / y                                    A
   ut.y AA .? *z^/*,z4t.^-<,-„. &&styt-Z-t*L,a   y c&cMa-f-a Acy/,x y ayrz^s/yss ya/<, c l^l U  j  t
    Acs--/ ids/yZ) S-  y AzzA fy _ /As/As t-Z.-t s A-<A A- /7 yzy/ zt^-  ySArx-uL^i.ttA,.  y^ tsz d.
             A1        /                                    d          y     '           •
    dAzc Z/z ds/izn-dsxc/dA'■ zXA /"/id  A Az-iA z7t^yw./'S> Az/AATAA yy-s-z.-Z/z<y.v.  yic
                                             A      A     ». ■ «t
   </c<l .a yyAZ/cA,  Az y-z^,} A-c tz^Zzzy Szt.  zyAzdz-c   'At cd  <z' ZdzSy .y-^t. y> y/yy  AA si z -
    ■■/   -   --'  '   X '       .  A./ y       /  A-
    zttL/iZ ,vzAt.t7z- dyy^Xcy/zs.yy . dA^iLtyy.
                          {      l/  AA   A  A    y
                                  (   s:yy// >  zs.y.
7.  d*-'dr ■/■;///2/y/<y z? r-ziL  AA('z-z-Az-t^.- ^tz 'sA/A7'y-zAy>L  ^.y^-A yz, z-st-s, .yy  AS   zz *t _
   tAitt-iZ  J-zrziA^cyXtn-LS-it^SA.z  yAtr>t.LS>,t<!d>-  Ay?*.  A/^ ,/z z-zy.-^-t. sc  A ~t- ///-»*»/
      A'   ,       ,      /       A      / ■     A   //  .       dry.   f       ' ■'     ■ yX
    7d7zti^z,  z^t^t^,C/y z^p^ty^.AAziA'^-tyS  A/LcA As zyy* ,y.  . A/y.-, <^t,<.A  z
    tl ■ 7-t- <; i sAlZ-l— SAAz<,  — y.^yz^L.,  ^-.Zziyi'XX^ sst-tAc  t^ /u z zy z, A <-Z /sz^yt^y.  S-t-tcsAs,
                                    dXo6ztYf/t AzAzXJA tAz/z t/ztyzza,.
                 A     '     A A,                      Ay            y  S
7.   U~.z/ 7*.ut.<^A , 7t' y*-LyXzm A/: a zz, sdyAiyAtt^d Ay z/yyt^-z-. ,< Ay /^;./.»^t«- zi-/tA.
      A        /A      y  yyAA y'y, / y     Ay       y y /■■        >    /■      A
    dyia//*  - A- ^-<■ 7, A7>-zs AA   tWXAz^A Atzts^edAc yz.s.t AAAz ts cyt. ,6//A-1^ y*d<■«
       d                      7                                   *               -
    uA-yiy^-7   2-*-*^6'-A* z/zi-t1A~yAyi*sz/s,iyz^y/t,Ayt^^i.yjis-^yy&c-it7^  iyg^,SC^ AS4^*\

    ydzAyzAzA-AytssAX/ zt*. ZftxAzS s?> fA /si^.  zt  AztzA^AA ' Uu.Zz / c.   t/ytt-zX-
     A/   AA        y-           ,          /   y   /   z           .     /     .y—   Y
    /yU.  ttz-t4.4.d* S- dzs zzzty l*y.  —  ty-yti?Xt.yyX y,d^yz<--zyasz^/cy^<i..Zd^^  o-z^l-  <■-y ..

    7l ttr^z^*.^. dz^Jt. y <y y Xts-4*^ZL~, Z+-zzA7-l.  cZ- zZ sz< //s-zr, ts^^ c*- uA<^&  zsd/ Az  ZL-t>y Sa.,
   l'             sy'        ^  /A   A     /      y,      /. y   .     7      y   ,      ,
    yd/c/A s/  V~Z (J-tryi^jtyy ydt^C i'^*-irl/tl' zdy^t .zZs   tscSy-t,<,yX est ZlZ t ,-L.-r*S z-f-T.Sc 7y^

                                                        ty  /.
.z-z A A z/^y^-zAyzx.y^y zz^zS,  Az.y /*y Ac^.z,Szt-<i*y  y z-<-t,c >dd. ■y/c^*^<7 S- zx^z^Arsi,
     yd       ,                               y*
y/c d<y. z t zt (. -£^.y  ,
2t.  i) /XA~t*X. t A u z c ~d t-ttdt tz,, 4 u y*L7 ,Ac> zt,tt Ay*. *l/u. e e id
                              A      .   ' /            '  y
5.  C/tt  zA/All  ±.*,//y7 dA/y/< z^Azt s< A  zX  7<r/f Az^vs &z-  y/^z  z*A**
                                                                                      A A
'he  zz ZZS  Az tyA .S-t u.ZLt^zA z<7z~7l  //-yysL t /s  zt^zi/i-A  Z t< Z.A^za^.   y/t,
,/i.i,  Al. t-Sy^^ yt^L  sA'iA'AAA*7<  (At S* Ayr A-Z A S d. *--  -Ail, 7z/ y-z A yZtS  ^, z us/(y^i^zz-
zdlAzZ- Zrt.A/L y t ss*AdsyKy<yl/^c-*/ AA*-^1 <—1^ ■  - "/''"/ 'tdAA ./' y /t-ix^ cZ  At zz i ,
   '  A      ''  •  d ■  "    ' /  •  z    ' /V/ y        -  y  /~      ^
ZZc(A  tXy /-( L<</z-/riL.  /z/lz-ctsx.  ,/MrS**y A'*-   t, , zy /. U-Atz ,'t^ /-/■>'  zZ<7l,  Zto-Z?'Z6cZ  c  ZA
          a                              A                      Y                         Y 
ZsuyAaszt-t/ A zA'yd^z/  ztsytcd.   d\   y   Y£'^S^ ziA&u dzd' zzyzY7'zz SyYY/
  7 ■. \   y          zy/     A         •        Ay,'                       d

tyA-LZdz tty.-t.ayy yy  . A^AC,. /c z'ydd/ /7-c Al  tA/tzi sA zA tz/tAzi ysd.7cy /zaA


zc- A t /t-t t>t,Atzj A/y z dAd/ At (y A 7- yy  (Ay-/, z /A'.- cuA.
                                                     A

/.  Ahy. t/yy//iy A/., cA7  </A z/st. s^y/zA^ A  >>./A' z/y/A7/^  yAyyty.tyA


    / Lua/lA y A AiZ-XAdd A <? <^yzty AAl  tt.c A/7AyyAy //. iy. ? .
   /                          /      c  f                    A 
(   24   )
                                   CLASS    IV.


                             NERVOUS  STIMULANTS.


                                   General Observations.

        Medicines which to the power of stimulating the heart and arteries, superadd an influence
      of an excitant character over the nervous system.  They exhibit no special tendency to
      the brain, but appear  to act equally over the whole  nervous  system which controls  the
      functions of relation.  Their action upon the nerves is not attended with any very obvious
      phenomena in the healthy state.  Perhaps the imagination and the mental faculties gene-
      rally may be somewhat excited, and the flow of spirits may be brisker.  But their influence
      is powerfully exhibited in certain deranged conditions of the nervous system.   They  are
      applicable to all cases of this kind not connected with  inflammation or arterial excitement,
      and particularly to such as are  associated with general debility.
        One of the modes h: which  nervous  derangement  is exhibited is  spasm.  When this
      arises from irregular distribution of the  nervous influence, dependent upon debility or any
      other cause not connected with  inflammation, it may often be controlled by these medicines.
  /. ..Hence the name of antispasmodics.  Reasons for considering this an improper designation.
        Many other symptoms of nervous derangement besides spasm relieved  by nervous stimu-
      lants.  Among these may be mentioned  morbid vigilance, restlessness, dejection of mind,
      hypochondriasis, and even mental derangement.
   7  ... It is true that all these effects are also obtained from the cerebral stimulants or narcotics;
      but these,  in addition to their general nervous influence, act with especial energy on the
      brain, and on this account cannot always be given safely in cases which  call for the ner-
      vous stimulants.   They are, besides, less powerful, as a general rule, than the latter class,
      in the general influence alluded to.
  t5_   •  Remarks on the modus operandi of this class of medicines.

                                   MUSK.—MOSCHUS.  US.
  /  . , .Product of Moschus moschiferus.  Native country of this animal.  Its general character
      and habits.  Part from which the musk is obtained.  Countries from which it is imported.
g ..  .Appearance externally  and internally of the pods in which the musk is contained.  Modes
      of adulteration, and substances  with which it is adulterated.  Mode of discovering adul-
      terations.-  Relative value of the commercial varieties of musk.
  JT . . .Properties of musk as in the shops—form—consistence—colour—odour—taste—relations
      to water and alcohol—complexity of its  chemical  composition—evidences of good quality
      —mode of keeping.
  4 •  ■ • Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications.
       Given in pill, or suspended in the form of emulsion.   Medium dose, 10  grains; but the
     dose varies from 5 grains to 3j.  To children often advantageously given in enema.
  $-.  . . Artificial musk.  Mode of preparing.

                              CASTOR.—CASTOREUM.  U. S.
  jy . . .Product of Castor fiber or beaver.   Part of the  animal from which it is derived. Sen-
     sible properties.  Little used.  Dose in substance, 10 to 20 grains—in tincture, f 2j. to f Zij.

                           ASSAFETIDA.—ASSAFCETIDA. U.S.
       Inspissated juice of  Ferula Assafcetida—vn. herbaceous umbelliferous  plant of Persia.
  / .Mode in which the  juice is  obtained and hardened.  Rout by which it  is sent into the
     market.
  jP .. . Shape  in which it  is  kept  in  the shops—consistence when fresh—effects of time on  its
     consistence—colour externally—colour and general aspect of the fracture—effect of expo-
     sure on the colour—odour—taste—effects of time on the smell and taste—effects of heat__
     chemical nature—relations to water and  alcohol—influence of water on the tincture.
       Active ingredients, resin and  volatile oil.
  $ . . .Effects on the system.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose, 5 to 20 grains  or more. Given
.___la Pill or emulsion..,Mixture of assafetida.  Dose of the gum-resin in enema, Zss. to zij.
*£.with Uss. of water.   Dose of the tincture, fgj.  Sometimes used externally as a plaster. 
'-■}           Ady
                            .  / AS 66/1A  (d'AA/i,uydd/-?dS.

^ /.  ^,U  yt/tt  c*.-z-tAzyA'y* 7 > i znA*.'a, d'AytCy 'a i~7iyAA+   „<• / z -y,,/ As/-c / A7 yAzy,yZz,zAz
;'      y     '  '    A           -A   d? '     y                 ?  7     S' ■? 7     A    y
jr   Al-ca  Auy^-zAyy^-ts^/i^  AAzd cSiyy A^zy/zAs- ^> —-y. A  z>-Xd Adzy yy/zt/A'zy

    lAizA  .i/Sj-^y zzzd/y.  y A,st^y ,.l/ y'At t,' -dX^s/Az A. tL<f^ *zz **.. > s>L.; Ac  tad Ztsfrdd'-
"        ' ^  '        A  ■ A       a    a
    A      ■    A         y-   '   ■       A?   /■,-   A
it ~ /?y,tt.  zp.  'iAf «**»t iS^-A;i. /*t-  y*. zyit zi2 y .S/.-* s£c*,j-ts*i.+j
A-
                         y/ Zzdz
t   .    7          A   Y
    /Pto^-t'PK't■ .z Z-Lyi.,.  d cy~z^ /-<-£-  >..  s*,,? zAZl/t .

*2"  ■ dAd/,,  C dz-d Az yA-d At /-zlzc Aa *r A .zz/' SsdyAA/y yA/zt y^yd  'TWi t^yuy sA/h;

 3.   AzA/ta  /iZc'z  ztc A z/l- yzt //'■  yss-y<A- s.-.yAii.  dyA>Sz<.^ A std/di^'Ay,  ./A
       At           y                    y       y    A    r     y  ■
      Xt/dSyAAidiyt ZzA/tX sA> it.yAyy-std Az> y/eSz.dz ,At-  ^..cAAz
                                                                       <t yu.ytt^/i^  yz^,


At  AfccA,  ^.A.i^tA suytzt^zs.7 dAyzA ./ a/zZzj-.  .y ^ t~zt yt^ S zAzA y.Ai-zt z, A
            A                     y,        i     .      .  .    -  <
AA.lA^A. , As A. zAA/yA; s,dAd- Aa.
                      t z

                </      /
             ^ /(t.ttsA.
t, it.yOACzty^i zA.
/.  y/cXAiy .7 d^  AA/*,y Azzt-  s<ZH,.^<.zt/Xs4^s — y^^-iA/^i, tt. Adz  ydzdz, A<.zA/.

   y X ^  /yLC A 4 , . ,-»-' ■ -  {/^2 2tA> y/. t dZd/zyC/■  ZZlf-iz'/uZ  'Adz/t^y SisH.-l*.c-z
                          'A7 /          ^ yy       A            d                 s
   Axizz y-z yd z*^- yAyzdd  ca^< s? Ads-tA Ss/^yzzSs yy  ydyy.d.  y%y .7/iz.„y zs> cat*..

   /lL-?,.t A  dti. .c  tlzi c' /A AtyZZ sl /An-  '/Id 3 L*,St'y /ZS?l Az/Sy/^S- Xsz-i AstX/zA-

   A^^ Y/t-zdAr^  i-^Ad^t,  xAAX/z^zAAA 'A/zit^.zZy Ayzt'-y^dA^y y^yyy^  Atzyy-

      ■A         -X  '
   d/AzL, yysiZ'L. AS/A/Ad-t<'zi.^.
2
dAz-  z ~A z'y y/y/At  z^yyAcA/^ ./AuA^/UlZ  -y7sAA ys-^z-dv
d
A
 zA  zAA^ /X-zA:  stAs'zYA A-tryAtyd'Ay / A/ f7 s . zA-t-s zlzzs^sz.yzd  yz-i - ^

 £Ustz>,zAz  yZ-z^sstd AAtAt yiz'A'z-S... A7ss yy rsA ,* ^  zsz^AAAAsA Atd  <AAzz _
      ^x             -    //       -.                /         a y  Ss  ,
zhdyy  A  ^dtt~t'i*<y  /t^tX/Zi, ayz^Uds  y zd*A**yfo ttc^yz y A As/ ^.,^^AZ 7y
  /   A      //  s s           /',  a   -z             y         A.        s7
/Yd ZL-ZiiA^aYY/Ai-Ay zAd'AA /Ay  AA/  zl AzS-z^dS / Zt-^  ytyA'/Z. y zAt^  z-t-Ayy,
A /As  zdz^c^Ay.^ a-zzyzyy d,,t yyyA tXf AAy  Atzz A/S^ /z zl***. Suz^XA- A
'         n                   A      .y ,  Ay  y           Ay    ,       7   s
ZKSzSt yA-t^+A  yzss^tzjzs AA yAAX^ fry z^/.z.^ AzcSsX z/Sys.S y

t?*zzizy sAAs^-  crATTa/dy, dy'/AAd7Y- ^AzZ/tAesdAAzA. i
d
AnYA*r-A* aYz  AAA.A.yyz., z~c  sh.l/AaA fat/Lrfty^s^ai*.^^
3.  /t^L/A/i<z~--/^*T-z-Ac<yz^y- /A.zzAZ .zAy/.AiyA tAzzrtz.st - y.Azzyz. y'Syz/cz^ 7Zt^_

   ttyct  /jy^-^^^^^^^U^v-^-r^^^^t'^^-- X-c+A dAAAAy  ^<A.

    CCzytAA,- t'ji,yAxA Tc zt-ttz,- yaA/- c-y^yyydcy.\  .stX/st-c/  tstr.p-ru- d/suA

    t'S /zs7sAcdyAyAd zu^trr zfi-zy.*  dztyzA As*. Asyzysz-^. yyj,yyA*z -> .//ttz.'A y/yz-f'i •
                ^               z               y           !  ■ /   y    ,.     a  A
 y,  d/A/y AAS  .y/zt-yz*/  Szid.zy„t/ /isA/Ay//AYd/isd/Ai/ yA/zdz/^ /Az //.y/yz 
y
:nA s?*7 zAt yzZ/z/ r-L-tZz.Z/y^,.yAzy /Az  y z z dtsAzA 7 y/t ._ _A A'Az-cs<> ; Z t-dA ZzA/s


    7/ t.dAc<y 'd/-z,dzzzzt■/k  <a ^Si.,^Ay.AyT/y^- yzy yd/zzy.S.y A t/.-t.trie. d/~
 ^Z^t-Z-, ZZ ftzZ sAl  zrz Z  sy  ZZ/y., ASz-z.

     ./-       >  X   y
ZZ-/t.t As z t z? Zt~z .Xt   As  z^k Zy
A        A/   ^.          AX     &
          /AsaAzs/^
Ay7z-st,z. (AArzt-z^, tSAXAyd /AzAAA . -A*- tz-ycyZtzAd _ y/r/ys  tAAA£&y>tiS. Ay
sZtS-ty-z- zsyzA /Ar
yA/xYdd
dd,
/   7 ■ 7t/i /Azz-tzyy.y.' /,t.^ zsyA^t. /yi-A^ /zz^zt-yA'/su'  /t-L-cys.  Sysc-sdA'J,  zy  z'-yAt-e.

    XA- r*  Az Zt i z/d-ii i7 A z-z^ SAs<Z /Ae z i,-  y y/zs^t (  6z d s, ? tt, ytz zy £d  S/j,s*ssi Asi,y

    AA/zt zd  AA c-z^
,Z^11 Z 4-i _
     //  / •   /     yy    y            y      y       /       y A        .A          s   /
Z: .  r AyX*yy~St/Ay u-zz. y/ttdy -Ai^zy.d~ .Sy ~/tS*-*-.-) Z.y/  ^/.£-tS t-z.*- yy At/, f
0'
td .l.   "-Z yz^+z ~ A>is.yXAt,u' dy/, y/i zzAzt A zz- yy y* y/~  /Zztz Azy" A/z^/-t.y Az<,yds^X


— y/<-   * y/< /zzzzZ  . Ac dy/zt-iy z/~z zXzA"yysX zr~AAz AL.  /^ .3  Aa tz-  zAza^.yy

 A      "       ^ ■  /' ■  / yA               ■■        f'y,       '              A-     A
 A-zyyz/czSy^y^jA^^zt.zA'-, sry^y, _ t7.vy/tz,zid.t.csid.zyssyy,y'Zd/iAA'i'-i— zAtd-tdA


y. uA, yt  ^*t —  * '+t.c  /AAX tAz/XAd- zAAjz-yzt^AdAy^   ?zS??y.dd~-  A < y^z Id zz sizA
       /

y
 Zt-i ti y 7/i/zz^Azcd'? — zz, zy /yyTt-tzy-y*,-**-,r- /Xdyyy*7S. AtSz* A//  ✓ *,.. ^ As-z/z,*/y.

   '*             -Ad  A     A -         ■//    y    '      y   y)      .   y-y
 ■//n. 7/tS yt,  /-/■**AAt,y3<H*. c^Syzy*^.7 zz^n syx   ztsyz/ z  — z z~-yL.SZz. ■/Az .zZzyjA^Ai^>
*   s             s                                                     A'      A
 A/cd'  tz^y-i^^  /> zz/x. yAzd Acy.t,e-AA-! Z y y/r^y/t-ty zi st y /szsA^^ty^^..,
                                               X
yT^t srs-cA/,  yy /Az7**y~.~«_^^C y  &z*,<y ATA
d.  LZZz.y.syy-t/,^_ytyc.-/.t^.df-  /^£y t  Z<z^- yT^-y yry^//c  ^ / <Wi-^Jl<C ,/  d> z*,-Ly" AT/7t,. yn. .


    y Lz-/^:A ./ z  S. di. *~-zlz z^ y/y ^ A *7?., y.  zt.yct A zy\/A y/s: .x s Ad-  X y/U /(A,■■__

                                             Ay^A^-           Y
     y               .   As  /*cS'</t<<-yu3-jl-^t/-y           <a  y ,      y.
.i-Z~AA  zy?ZZ-z-ty2i.zXZzAA^<^A':t<A/nrA<:7, s  y^-.  . t~zy /Azs-Zy/.ZZ z/yd y _

       ; -t,^, yyAAtyC/yy  z ydtzsAAx/pdAyAzc _.  A^':<l-7AAAddst.:>-y;d<A<z, <A-
 t".  /    /■ .   '      "    A
zti/zzTt y  z-j.^ dslS/-ii^± y zSXdi d-tyz^c^d1
//.. Az/AyzA-cZnAYA/AyA+^L. cAziY-A'^AA'.yyyd tA z?  ys^zsY--  ZALd?Y-L.yi'A/A  zA

    ytAzu A-- A A'' (A  A/AzAAl,  Oss.  Ays- z<.  YyAA..^7z~yzd.
/A ./Ay,  yd A

yt-it zcysiAdb.Ai.iZiL  At < tAs  zA A'/<_c  t'/ticz?/i ci. - z/t*aX.*,/uy ,/yi.^-A .
/
■y
C- H. ez> _.
       A^    -  ^  A-  /       A  / A      y/   ' ^    d  ■/
     / V /- A  ■      A  A   ^      /          Y y  -  /
L /A// A d/ syAslAyyA:  z^y^zzyA z-'A ./K^t.  s^^y7/y7,y^A/7 /^.-^ ^ ^

       ^  /'/     ■       /      y'''  '                 d      '
          Sz^ztzt-   / z-t d d>t  A / / Ay g,
.1^ -  f zS Sz^ztzt-  / Z-tdfy
7
 
                                >l dt(ACCOz?l ■

7.  AA: t--i rs/i£  z v~y zAt. AAAn.zy  % Ac zA? s z LyAtZ*z{Azzisy~ zy dAAzz-ztiy dz- c./tt'/z  X.zztAy
    '             A     .                    A    Yy    y           y       zf__
   Azt zZ-z-z^z l - zaAzs-A /'z-iAd zszi tX''d--Z^z-z fddt Xs.y.AA-<A try-*/, A sA-ir/ti, d: t y-zcA

    A c-cs,7<.zz y yz AAz tzr Az.tt~6.As  zs?AA/—  d'.i^AA- zz-a-z /zz- z ztt> >< /Azzz■yzssf JZiyAzz-
    A  Ax^        a                          a-         A  YA            <y
   Sit  A'-sAAdt,  ^sz-A-tizzt.-A, y zU. ttc-z*. zzz* —  Az **-zl t y zX /',' yd.
                                   ," -      ,    -                    ,     y
1.   Xty y/Zlt\  cjt/dt~t zry-.t^ dAAyyzzyZ/,  As-snAzzA. Zt z,y>ttSi.AzLy  Asz A//c / dz ,.< -
    y - A                  ,'                 7 s A
    '" s trtSTZ-ty, /7zt?A tZ ts/czA^ yA^Z^-i. ZZ-**-/*' y.S-t s.  ,
                                                                           A
   zt z yisf-z^y,  y/zyX zz c^z-cz'S —  d-A-^/t-t,  zt.^-ztty'Z' sy sy/zy.

d/C dt z-doA/* 7- d/ZLd Ad- sZzd^^t^yi,t^  SAz's tz/dz ziA  A Az,, ci./> <l   ? Az  y~zy y(t/A}
                         A
AA dA  AAa/z AAs
/   CitftiAsz. A / zz/z/zdAzl /Ay.■ yA »y/y A AA-z (dldA.y,Jz>i.z!AAdtc,yz->s^jjiA^
        s      l/                     a"     t?  y           ■   ■  z >   s '          tj
   fz> AA^-7 /A~> dzt.yt, 'SyY Z/z/z-z  A/d sY'A'cA/~^zA ^ 7az y~«yy:iy /A zAasz^, zAA
Z^h ,-C-yAz^dyAdesA A/Af 1l£~ —A ^Z f /a Azd.z}y+/yz z _ Al/* /:^/.tty-6yzAA sy/i
                                    A  />         X                         A

 A ft t My ztdsY — Y'/z  A iS, /A zz,/Az,s^tdz/S  zft- </-~tAzzyzcJ^Ay7ALyw- a /ym.
 /     ,      Ay       ty         yZ      //      /'     y,     A      /
Ady'-  7 z^cyA) AAz/zz- //t/Att /i,/y /tXtA zz./wZZtyz.- ^z/yzt-z yyiA/■'<. <./sz^z yzr r**^._

 A ,A,dA/t zdAsr, z 'Ay^-cdAd' ^ztz*A-ftA zk.yczAA A-AaA. i/Ad/ yz ■
  '         yy,        A                                7   y<             '      , 7
 At' yAz't A/YY,ztr Ar-ts,  y.*..7z  s~y.-tt-dzt yztXitdd' *A-AL a*.-  ss z^A z<~zdyAX
Zy- Z
'zi j A- Ayt-Y  SZ-AYz i-AyA ydAs^tt*. d/ydz.zd A. y{ v d. dszzyity u .j-zzy.^z/
       /     A   ,  Z           SS    d    y  A yA
7:
Ayin- A^ziiz.Yzzd A,  zz//xAtAAzz^y t*//A  /yAy.
<   .  .             ,cd
3.  (7/dd yz/Ayz-zr- zAztAt/7ty.wa m A7/tzzz-zA, c ;^^AV Ac-  zA AAt,,*„^A<-
    /  Y            Av      ■" z.y.     s      -  ^
    rf/yi:U7 d,iz/Az -^ z^t s/^y/'zi A^At;c.Aty .s^^ysy,^
                                                        7  7   .   d   .  -A-    A
/,.  AlAA^A:'  * /A-z^ddAAz> y.AA'z cA^dy y/,z A/A^Ad/A^  **Am«,s*A/
    z^y/zd^y^y tiyAzSy~YyAzz<.zyiy/Sz**y/.tys,«,y-y/<X^.  Az Az/nr-Az
                                                    <"      S t '
    ^ y#^»,*AY*+n yYA!«Y*A~ /*Azzry7Ay *./  Ay^ A/tsX .x.idyy'A/,.
        X               A     /                 zA
    67//t./d/z
                                '  A                  sz    /   /
                               AAAl yz   "At y-\ v*-* XAt/ttzz Azi/z As.

 7.  dj/zzYAz _ Sty AvA^A/r*,:* <■ A^-.A A/-
    A -~ --—           '             -   /                                       z~f    7
2. fj7lt.y  dzAAA,/. AdAt/yy^yd AAzz- zyyzdzz.Az'tA As A A y.Ly~XArZL-d/AzA^

    ^A/A-u^a,AyYdy,xA y^t/.A,^AAAy .y^yy£A<^<*<Uddcd
   Jfrzu :0a zy^zr/'y/AYr^- <"  Ayzty y«7<^  yAAidczAzy-/™^
    YAx.dydsAsdyA z^y ya, zs  zAzy /tAzy/y^-f/Yy^L^A
PL
  uAAzzz-z'^Ayzsy dd/ZLyy-zzAA^  dAAAc *>*^  A zd dz zA zA-dydd

                                                                                A
 ytt/Aditc/z'^Ay/y 6 6/zyAzdc *** - C*?f<- " *~  A <■■' ■ - - « ^w**~

r A^A/Z^Y^Aydz,  .d^^yArA- jAY^y," A .St^sz  zdz^  AzTt- a.
z
A^L/AA7,y AyzUAtyAL^AA  Any Ayzz-/ti zAz z/i /. u** // A Adz.

C''^  ^ dyA/zA  AA  A A/zr^lf/ /icz y'yc zAyA As>  A t-y Az l z c- tyzu  /7A-L ■i~*t~' 
U* Y Ad/zt .-//, y M „ zz Yy  AzzYYt Y. Y.^/y . Y Z>, Adz A ' <<
d<-zz  A-ysyt  ,Y<  zttdt'z.y/c zr zcy <z  /<.
y.id^^z-zd/iY Ad/zt//'  .>>...AsA,  AAAAAt^.-AtK/dtzS <*
                    z
k. yz/i^, y y c z.~-/t /* Az /t z sd
        A    y           .        a      .     X     A -     '  dy
dyst.y-dz l zAndA s^/tAkA/A z-**  7 yt^y/<z/y A-  i   z,y *ztydt<
                                        X  X7
   4.A/LU Azjy y/Ld ttdsZ  Sy /yyA^ ^ A ^ '" • As. A y,, c  z  7 Sz< _

    ydiA dtyszAz-^/^z. > y^z.,.A'AULt/t^
«.  dYzyzA  AzdYsyy./, /7-4T /dA+Ad/xAAAz^y- A*. s/*MsA,z~y aAzzu,

    cAas/dA^AYd AAzAzYY , xfAydLxAAdS-^yz-z-Az tty/y^dyA

    A y^v- y iAdzysAAyi: AAY  AYdtdtA Styyz^z ytdY/Y'At  AA^./.^
              7 .  s      A                 </.'■■       ^A   dA  '  /
   y)L dtdyy AYzyAszu X/t-dd yzt  ydS.z z. ,y zf 6/Aty ^z-zz./Azi,,   To

   AyCzAdYYlZ  S-zLiyttX, ^Yt't-dLidZ- z7//zA/zzAAA7/  a .-a/ SzsyA >,^

   Azl Adrt^ -z z-z.yzyAdsxz.i,,./-^xAz.s-z- zftAdyYAy/, Yaz dzAyAY

    L(,Ld-n- Y'LtS'StA /lAC  77 AAt z-<. ZZ.L. ^- AAcl  ZZd/lys  tZt's7z7dy Zz^n,
                                  •'                XX
    zyfAd.YtS 7-6At^<icydz. tzszAyA- A  Ayy/,  A*<A~i/y SyyA^yy^y
                       A                '                     i'/     t-t y _ tAt/.-.
    /Yx  sYtAdA zd/yyY A "y^yAd-t / ^ < ^a yd dyz/t A.s^.A.A Ay Ad .
:£<~/YL^/Y<YYtAx^c>Yc^dYfc-  -acYzztl  AY^  ^^^,.^ -^Ar^
  z    /  7        y  .    y    /          ..//        y ,/  ' ,    '
 Jlzw zXddi^ zzyyA zt— A^yz A/t^y tzyyZA/tLzy Sy/ tC/*>*/ Az -
dysi  ,A dmrddz. 7dAxXdS;^y. A Aty-^dy c At/Ay/ AJy zAz^. 
(   25   )
                   GALBANUM.—SAGAPENUM.—AMMONIACUM.
     These are all gum-resins, and possess properties as nervous stimulants analogous though
  much inferior to  those of assafetida.  Neither of them, however, is at present much em-
  ployed in reference to these properties.   Galbanum is occasionally used in plasters, and
  ammoniac as a stimulant expectorant.

                           VALERIAN.—VALERIANA.  U.S.
     Root of Valeriana officinalis—an herbaceous perennial, indigenous in Europe.
 /    Shape and aspect of the root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to
  water and alcohol.
     Active ingredients, a volatile oil, and  a volatile acid called the valerianic, which rises
  with the^oil in distillation.—Sensible properties of the oil of valerian.
j.. .Effects onThe  system. Therapeutical applications.   Administered  in powder, infusion,
 "tincture, and oil.   Dose of the  powder, 30 to 90 grains—of the  infusion,  f^ij.—of the
  tincture, from f^j.  to f^iv.—of the oil, from 4 to 6 drops—each dose to be repeated 3 or
  4 times daily.  Decoction and extract objectionable.

                      OIL OF AMBER.—OLEUM  SUCCINI. U.S.
/ ■  ■ -Origin of amber—shape—size  of the  pieces—translucency—colour—fracture—nature
  of the surface—taste—odour—relations to water and alcohol—effects of heat—products of
  distillation.                                                            *
 2,- --Mode of preparing oil of amber—appearance of the impure oil—mode of purifying.
 £.. Rectified Oil  of Amber.—Oleum Succini  Rectificatum, U.S.  Consistence—colour—
  odour—taste—effects of heat—relations to water and alcohol—effects  of exposure.
j .. - Effects upon the system.   Therapeutical applications, internal and external.  Dose, from
  5 to 15 drops, in emulsion.

     Various other  vegetable products exert a stimulant influence over the  nervous system.
  Among  them are the following;—
^...GARLIC.—ALLIUM.  U.S.   Bulb  of Allium sativum.  Much used externally to re-
  lieve or  obviate spasm, and  to allay nervous irritation.   The bruised bulbs applied in poul-
  tices to the feet, and with hot br»ndy as  a lotion to the spine, chest, and abdomen.  Treated
  of more  fully in  another place.
 ■y .. .TEA and COFFEE also, together  with tonic and astringent properties, possess those
  of a powerful stimulant  to the nervous system.  Effects upon the  system.  Therapeutical
  applications.
j.  SKUNK CABBAGE.—DRACONTIUM  U.S.  Root of Symplocarpus foetidus.  An
 ' indigenous  plant.  Place of growth—character of the plant—odour of the recent root—
   effects of time and exposure—influence on the system—therapeutical  application.
4 
(   26   )
                                   CLASS  V.


                           CEREBRAL STIMULANTS.


                                 General Observations.

       Medicines which, with a stimulating influence over the circulation and the general ner-
    vous system, conjoin a peculiar determination to the brain.  Called narcotics from the stu-
  /  por which they produce in large doses.  .Reason for abandoning the old class of narcotics.
    The only points of resemblance between  individuals composing the class of cerebral stimu-
    lants, are those mentioned in the definition.   In all other respects they differ more or less
    from one another.  They differ in the degree of their power, in the relative degree to which
    they affect the different systems or organs respectively, in the precise manner of affecting
    these systems or organs, and in their several local tendencies.  Illustrations of these state-
2- --ments.   The different character of the cerebral symptoms produced by the different indi-
    viduals, is partly perhaps ascribable to a direction to different parts of the brain;. Illustrations.
*• """ TJeT^raTlitimuTants, Hke^alTottieTs, are followecTby prostration proportionate  to the pre-
    vious excitement.  Caution is requisite not to confound this prostration, which is  a secon-
    dary effect of the medicine, with that apparently sedative influence upon certain functions
  i which attends its primary action.__Explanation.
 /7**"  In very large doses, the cerebral stimulants exert a less stimulant influence over the cir-
    culation, and a greater energy of action  on  the brain, which they disable from receiving
    and transmitting due impressions.   Life  is destroyed  by the  cessation of respiration con-
  >> jieqnent  upon the want of cerebraHnfluence.  .Proofs of this fact.
       Suggested that these  medfcines may act partly through1 the medium of the  brain and
    nerves, partly in  consequence of absorption and entrance into the circulation.  Perhaps the
    different symptoms produced by them in different stages of their action may be  ascribed
    in some measure to this cause.
       They  produce  their peculiar effects on the system to whatever part they may  be applied.
       Their influence is diminished by habit more rapidly than that of any other class of medi-
    cines.   Having no corrosive power, and in many instances no decided tendency to excite
    local inflammation, they may be given, in  gradually increasing doses, till an enormous
    amount  may  be  taken  at one time  with present impunity.   It is necessary gradually to
    increase their dose in order to obtain from them the same impression.   When the suscep-
    tibility to one is  lost  or very  much  diminished, another of analogous properties may  be
    advantageously substituted.
       These medicines require to be given with caution.  Besides the immediate danger from an
    overdose, they produce, when long continued, conditions of system which often result fatally.
    They wear out healthy susceptibility, and consequently  produce ultimately a state of gene-
    ral  debility, while, by the  over excitement of particular organs, they give rise to local
    inflammation.
       As therapeutical agents, they are more powerful than any other class in supporting the
    system  under a  temporary failure  of its powers.   Reason for this stated.  They may be
    made to act as substitutes for the  purely nervous  stimulants, by reducing the dose; as in
    this way their general influence over the nervous system is obtained, with less  of their ac-
    tion on  the brain.  Illustrations of this fact.  Difference in their mode of action, in cases
    of nervous disorder, as nervous stimulants and cerebral  stimulants.
       Different names given to the medicines belonging to this class,  in reference  to different
    effects which they produce.   Thus they are called narcotics from the stupor they  occasion,
    anodynes from their  influence in relieving pain,  and soporifics or hypnotics  from their
    effect in inducing sleep.

                                         ALCOHOL.
  /■• • Product  of vinous fermentation.   Explanation  of this process.  Different fermented
    liquors.  Distillation of these jiffords the spirituous or distilled liquors.  Proof spirit.  Dif-
 "  fcrent spirituous ffquors.  Proportion oFalcohol in these liquors.  By redistillation, officinal
  „ alcohol of sp. gr. .b'.15 obtained.  .Alcohol cannot be obtained entirely pure by  distillation.
  » ■ Absolute alcohol not used in medicine.   Officinal alcohol or rectified spirit contains 15 per
    cent, of water.  .Uses of officinal alcohol  in pharmacy and medicine.   Diluted alcohol of the 
                            (XiyidAzzxA '  Az/t/zttz YszdzzAA.

7.  /Adyrtc^.  dA.Ayy / a   Sy,~y/z/A^Y ^//^/C^ yZy./Lz7./y y.^tA.X/A

2.  AAz^ z/y^cttt, yzzzdtAsA/y i*d.AA,'ss.__./.„___^   A   ,.7/7 A  ..A
                                      t.cU.  szy.^z Aayt-t^A.. t,y jy dy /ruyX ■ zzz-z7tA

    CyvAzudA dz/7y.dyz,z, ^  y/7z A   Ay/ Ac^/LA; ■Ad/'"* A^/^z^ *yzt,zdJ
      7           //   A   A                     A   A
    6/1.y t, zy, d AzlZ AAzX, a.zAzd ^ Ayz^ZzArc,

•2-   c '/.i/cit/L.- /y y<_2 lA ts ^-y A
'sis. cSzjZ/^z/tc, sAsA/yy.'y/.st.z /^. /Ay  Acz Adz _

                                              A A"
  d         A ■              A    d   z  z            /y              /       y
zt,.syz<yzzdztyd/-y,z^ zv*z X yet y./y/  /^ y/t,aAl . Azvyy y*_ AAz  cS/dA
y  /Ad ysyAzAA zzyA/ic/syzy- zdxAzyY.A/

    ^..zzAddttstty  yd^y.rAztyy.  y^A///  .ztytXA/A /Ay   ^7
           sz          a     ^ z
yt-e-Z^ly  ^yyyc-y  ty  zyz.   sz.Cd.X.,
St ! < ^  ,_ y.
s/t z z+~z-?t.t KA/ydd/t^  <Sz .
A.  Kyic  A.-^syt-t^yty /Ay  .AsA^^t- r a,.  tY^Y^Y.
                                              ■y-y  A lIt,,.*"i £c<-> Z  Zt ^/A^zZlAt z-yz  AcA

        y-  ■   A '   AAA    '    ■  &     *'       ''       y*    A   y    X   y
   Xtzzdiz^sA sl,**ASA At/ yyytyy^ szSytrsyz~ty^yyytt.7iLyA,yy.,AyAz  .AA-

   AcSzd^dXy /.^y Az.z.


                                    .dYszYzoA.

7.   V zesy sZzt,^  z z^zl Adz/ y A. Ady/ /1ZiAz\-t Z A t A ZszdA  r.ZtxA A zi.z z, _  / Yz* A/A/s

    d A/tS /Zz- yy.t //.yXA Cyy, .\Z y 'sy-t't (zy SS-'z S/.Cyd 7s zZ/Z  Z.,Z ,-t /X^ 7'■ </ /Ad*^ Ac tytA
   *  y    *             y     z>     Ay            y                       y
            s-         77 -   /■        d/            A                   ■  A    7       7
          aZ Ss*. z*.  yZ-m . s/c^z zzyr- ,/Az?^y/scyy y d dtzi s —  S-c^yy^t /**  (7/r£_ y y- z3.yt.-_
                             A/  y,                               st     A    d            " y
SL*-/ y- Zsk^y,/,- yt-tAA y yzyi^zA^- /A[z  t-zs~£ c'yAA\ ' f zz-AaA A  P^y-t^td  A
A  A   a dA                a           /    ' ,   A  ,
X-zz-   z/ A%y,  Xy~yycL -  :i,s/-i £y.  y,u y.d,7/tX d/z/tsy y y, y s y yyt± ;._,-  zt ^-7z
ZL
    "AcA7   ,LA> y,  A-zAc/A-^ 6 z z A.yz z?<yA,  Ad A< ''sYt.<y>Y A yaA 7dyA1'
                         y                                A
    /d. /  i £/z A//\ Az?t-z z? -" y AzAyd, ,  .At* e -,> yd .A y A  dtd < 7?*.t  Aye > A zs^sA.-

    czAdzz A~*a.l AdA^-Ay  my yy?*,ssty d*tz.t#, ,A si,*>~z-sz A&z t <A A~~  z^y  <j/d—
         A     '         /   './              A    /           '       y
    A/yA  /*,'/ z+XL; z+'Ask.A?  ~A*t y/, a. Asid  c z  ^t/  zi-A yy ''A/.^ Uc_

*>.  ft AAAA dA dzyy.  ?JS" «7 /d*A  zy   tdj a  ^  t  *>A,c/~dttd /**-
     /          ,     Ay  /  .       y   .      y      _  y'zz.y^ y   ,         A ,y   r/
    zzsAzi ■*.■ z t■ t \ iz/ 7/A  s AiSi-iu/AA /,   t At t \Aa 4  *z*    -d /sz-  a-A/  A  ^oi^-
    y/  ■      Ay   .        ,.   A /■  "   A-    y    /  yy/" ■   ■/--s    ^  A,
    s/t. y  y z^-yt  A/n^y j-j^d .-/?<■? d/ z^y; Adz ,/?  ^d/A~. AAzyi^AZLy^cd //AyC/y ./■
                    ,             ,      y                    it           z.i/
    7  zAAz A Jyz-tdAs  At  Adz sz..* 7zz-Azt.y  A) >ALZ  ,  «,-<.  At-z^y, X.t..,..  C-yydY-

     Atr/'   'y 'z z*./Ady/ y. -zs. ^yy i ^Az 11 <*  Ay ft  «lt,c Cy A.Ai y Z.<^ Z < /Yd^t ^ ^ A-yz^,
    *      , A    A  _     ^     yy      ■  i '  '.">             A     „
      , ?-*'A_   Ls.l't-iy   z^cCZzii /tzdy,  ///t.t^-AA-zZ_,Z/.Ziu  'rzrt^.-Ct,^.  ■fz^e^Ji.t.yz^.

    y. dzx  cA tdYdyA^zXy y / *- <*-rA., <.  A /'A.
    *    /       Z~ '     '    .'  Z      t,y   ,    y y         ,  y _               *y y   j   .    j
_.    7-yz X^Ad zt tzderd A dz^Adtz  t A St. ,   At A dlz/t/ szXz    dA   ' 6-Zcdd- A-
                         /     '  /            A              a                         /
    PZL Cfz z < Ate,  CA.-V A.'   <~ f-"s4S. ■ zT?" ,/tj. l _^, .

 A  AAA1' 7^6r/A<~<L  '/ zzAZ "   / y.y~  A/ /zZ11 C4,t£y zA -sz. y. ^ / z^s■, y < <^z/c-S-ZXz /iX,

     aA  ./             AA     A                   d            .A'  y'd>
      r(/>~i&s <d  £Zl /zi/dva-7,  7y>  y/-- zc t^dZ<yysdi-y%*i n^ yk. .A <^r Stuxs  /zytti.^
                         A.  r     A  .               / 
A
rSA-^Ax Add*  '>  -,  zdr:i'Y^YzzdysY/yYY.,yXA/{OY


  .rz/AAs. yzAzz/y  t  dzAdYAz7  yy y dU*^A * '< ^ '  ^' ,

    Yy.YAyAz  z/.' dr  zsA/iyYdtAzA'._  Yz/aaY^ A< ,/t-iS/sA   ZS

          .   /A
/
At  y
S. v A' <i- A-. / t
■< z/AZt
/         A
At z t , zl .z2  *■


  <t.d,As-<Z  *
St.*  Ay/t dotted Sd7y
dzt zY
                       Ad'

                    A   ' '  A      A
- y y ystczz * £,'  fAdY/ft'i «£> • '
z . A
>aLcsY .yyzTt/Yyy-dYtA^A  Ay  SdzL.-SXcsAs.AXS), z

A-.-,  ys  ,   A / .AA.-'A;  y'/A A -  .dty  A AY/cZ/Atd
ziat. A<y<-z -
                      K,/d  ?  'AY'Aa \dcy A/A/cAAdYzs- t/eY'dzd^
L(A,7v  -A> *- "* zs /Z.S*y   i. *■   -  s2.i>  y             '  ■     S

                                                             y-i^ - y^ ' Z d 07
                                                                  A /



                                                                   7
+t   Zz  a —■*  —**-  A2 t^-ty zt-yz z zy t.
^/tiyszis A  lSz~;/z y  -<l  ^  ydL^,z-ytzz:y(zyy^<i~-  ,   -


 AA,J^.  J.<t„dfrJc~i.dA«-*    YY^AyLzAs^  yddzzzAY
t.. s / /<■
   /-^/At<^.A., yy*~yS,utyS^ z*a,... zz*Syt./y

       /               As -A   A       -     /  yZ y           /  ' A
dvAAA.zsyzy,^^  yy.<-  id-zzAiz.  z,zsdAd,sdt*  .TXAszAzy.
J)
           A'
'■'  s,   / A-
 z.lZ-IA'' ^e/y
< d/.t At*? t 'zz y*.* dzz/sz, < '<? j**AA*>  Xa
CA  Tx zk.ic.yj. ^yyy/z, I A , yt<. s.
dc  ' Z z'AA yd'A'/>
                                      -?- y/ AA/-.-, d^ zt dA t  ' z zXX yd 'zdzd

 /,S/..AAAAdtt yy.._tJ,y«„  zi.'.zAt-/y,y,X/y

A/"i' Ay^yYva/z-A/Y AnzAA zs ,/z zy z/7l ^  Az

 c_


 X
frd.
A
('
      zl//, y Y'y^^A /A-Zy/zzjAy  Y.tTs-z^Zd AdzZyz.yyA.S  7/zszZ-


      ^/a/,/^,///-^  ys.yyiy.zr/yd?dAAAz^/ALZ  ✓ <* ~*-


    *,/A'/z//t/f/d .   yACAzAyArSy z/.zA a^A^r-dz  ^^.z.d X/td.

A^     -y 7 A                 y        S    S         y  "      yA       yA
 YAt/YA A zA-Aztd zdi<^Azy7zL  /Ax  tAs.S/cdLy^yzSz3,-dd ^ ydA~A
*~lA
Z/W 7
                               SyA", ->/■   - /Ai*dddl"   ■  7d^.Azt.AuAAAA*
7/ A . d  zy^ <■<- z. <~y  ■ < tj.^c.    "- <- 7z <. zy z ,    y^ z  c <.*+    ,



"Jf/zd/^ 'dAuLzy X Asz^ydAc  mddzL  A/yyt

    '  /  f  "    A            ■ '      /         ,yd
      7  .y     .          /» . . ^ .  /. y^  A ,2. yt > S  / 7. '.
                                                       A As  2d s~d.L  cd a
        "'"%'"'  A           'Af             a    y    s    cf  y
y   >yYrA Yy Sy'. . ^cady ^ .  La. *.A^? a d, 77. z uY y /AzA ^y y/<c


A A  /A  A/
                        -/  *----   /    •-'    s -      '    -      f


           ytLw tAy  . ft. Y^t.  /c^YzA, S^A: ycA; d ' y/^Ay, y««AAt


AAtizuHy <-■ Ssu'-A Y'A/iyde, d/A/A/s AzLzAAtyiAc^J ,


                                         Az^td z ,^, .is t zy . y-y/iL /^i-dtsi
Jlj'l zy.  Ate  YA//A7 izn-^dy a~ AY A Ax dtiZL.yx,
yii /                         //                 Syr
h/    dLdAAA/r.''Ad yj.a,<.A*>^tyt'*A  «*  dAcy/Tyta //■£ A/>~ ^/^-c««-.


       Yfi/tX, /Ai/// a'AzA/ A7'AdAd,  zdiz/'tA, AAizn<,yY /zA/td.  'Azi  AzrdAt<.<?S
'.'\A    ---    - -  -    — A        _          X         y    A       -7 ^   A

 m    cdfy.A^Yc  czzzyz.AzAAzr7z.7AA zdYA'yZ  U Ayz < r Az ^ Aj  zy /s<^/iA7/


        'A/tdysdi  zAAr^ya-^Y.AdAzYzyX-^    .^d  AcAx.//> dieduyAai.


     d. */uYA/t[t<.  ..  ^-tAzA^/c d"/*'  A At AAz- Az,t/  * *>.  ZzzA.d st-ft tdrA^

            d*        s                y         a                            id'
        (iX/i <yd  YAAdA  At A z~< l- , -,i 7zyt -l  - ex  /> //-/ z //-«-  >S A//,  * Z zur.' -dA d >-a y/w

                 y/        ■      A          *     •   y Yd  .   ■ X-   >
         ''tX'S-u d*  z  '.y/t^t  ttz lA^a. t/txit^yzzy cist*. ^ l*/zeds .(}/zz<*.      ^


                    ,yAd.    A/  Zl  A/t  Ay tlA^. ArzetzA//.  idd/dl l ZU.' //( +ISI /■;,
                                             C                ,~          A
 : id/A X  zAy/r   A/l .
                                     C       r        y           A

A, daYA y^^yX z*  Ac'J A*, Ad Ad? A Ax'// X  Adj/r.udd /«A&.  7^/zAAz,
'          ' 1               A               .' X                77

       f   ..              ■_________         7_________'________ 
             / d  z"   A        •     •-•/•/   y        • ■/      y        S
  /-' s //. c yd  Zi  £ t Zf/zzzd zlZzt/nAtX  .£P?-iysd'/tzt 'zzzC zsi^z A.   t^dzi' <. z  //zz. etc —
                1                           "                         ,
O sUz zk, 7i-dt} At iAa/AyAs<-/dzy^. jd->7 Ay. cXyAA> t« « t, s 't cA  z^i,   y.c- a'  '">.£-'

   c~ A,           A        '  <-'".!-' ~~       ^
 C>AzdA <dytAsuAdytA,yAt'tyy,~  Xz^y XzyAXA/zz*. A r-z-Jz-Xi d  y,z   etz/zzA'

 cA t/. /> Ay^/t.// /A /Ax  AtAytX-. 7.  Xc^d.zy&y cdcdt z   ALC,^  ix^y A7/z,r zzz- *y


 ~A AdAsT-cLA dtd-dsA*.^--  XyLj_  tzilXz.  A'"' At. ^ S/^/ts^zdy^-.-st  7As-y

    A      z    ■?/" •         A     A     y               /*/''  X    °        A
 I (sZ  /c/t,ddi TAx-zt, zttc AAd  * '/A A L dy <l 7 * z^z ~* r//c / i/tx /.,c*.z^l ^, Sdy*.^

 '      AA    '  A-  A               /      A  y                <■          iyy
 As-l  ^-Aix   -r: yyzLds- 7 zd*-t- rz.1 c'y/st A* tr/yX y ySdzZysy-ty, /-. ^ s*.  ..z-Ly. svtyyyssy

   A  z. /Ay    /          .   y      *,  y  ,   A  ^     7 /.  .           y-
                                                                   z/AZy. Az^   ) tZiy,
^■d A A Azt-dst. zA t-iAyAzA^AyAA zL / rATA*-, /Az7A^LS-ti>
*Xl OAd Ai z^cLze &YYL&L*
     (      - A    ./z'   >   ' / X   A- A
'   AA/  AA-dAt/ty Szd/AActAc: /teedtiAAA  sidzfs.  A  7z\n/A<A- '/*zaz-
                  Y                 A /               y.  A,   Z          y
   Axyy  A7y,rA- r/S cy 7/L  e^A dA*A> AA0- Aa^A Atd/yAc^ztyS:dZ d>-
          A  A    A                 y    A      ys.y   yA       x
   dyd/ct /dcn-t cxtz, ziyzcxtaAiA_ ^-y  ,yz As/Ay t-^yy drz-yO  ?-/%/< ■//<-< zX

    A. rd/zrXs y sAzA^ <Y/Ay a Ay/A.  yy-zy A/y /AAiizszl z^Asx,^. * A zdzi -

    Ay/i*. t >  At  YAl /■ZLjsizxAC.  ydizdz  <  z A S-< sk y ?- dyd  Aty/t,/A^
7        "a           / z   *                      s  z~      ■  y A
                                   Adz /Azay.Ai-dA 77 Az y. y it /<..-> As  . Jt,
dZizsA s.iSzl s  AdiT^  .2   Acy/L/7. /fzz

d*t y~L  zzts  z\ <A  /- ' AyA//A-lz\lA.
1.  U Act* tYy *AAd/<^-<'A'A  a 7-sztzdz^/cA^  s7/y yzA yyAdX A, Azt d Az^A
d
    A   A   /'' lA        ASS      yy                 Ay-     Ay
list,  c tc-Z/t A7 A A/-* zd^d.zAsA^ y<,/> 77X dtJ /i   /zdti-y/t^ lA^ssizz Z *yA/
Z Z. I t-tt -L t C-t Z t-Z  S /ISSS-*- tt-^ t.i y~- ' •---.  <«, C. i-*' *.i~ «o- _  ' - •  - -  ■ - -

azs Y.iyt-i A dzy^A/'ydiy ,/d<iszXA(/tf AAs  AsAi^^.  St/^yy a **.~y  y-t^zy  ,


A 7+zx Yd/Y, z '/<  ^>y/^ n AA  zz sl du AA 7 ,v A A Xy, 7< t A< *a Ad //* A  s7/~
tztt
7
                            /
7 dzyy ^yz'^A zcz± Y Ax y Ad^z^ dky?/ySScy*-./Ay Cizi/Ay7  « <., £■-
                      A /   y   '  -  A          '    .     .    ^__   y     y
7 '//t J t,d~ yAt%Y fr.Yy  dd- AA< t + c  , A 7 Zi dc^Ac tcy &_  U 's^S/^ Zs z ^/ (s ■'.
       , f              i /            y               ■/


 AYz^z/zrc  _ fadd :^-.7Sd>z:y- S*<zY~4*.    ^rydz,  A'y^  ^J^/zfL^
  A   '■ <"       '            /          A      ,.  A  ,      ,  /  y   X.
A   A-dtdid XAA/d A d A* z^s/t'S-rfz./ Zl-y^tzr/e- z^y sy^ydx / zX c^zy \,
^A'   ' '                          ■                   y           y                y.
'czLAA* 77 /A .A, z, z/ztrzz    A  *//*,„**/*, y ' 7^ A ^/-  ^ A^AaA/

jJy^AA7YY<AyYrXz,-/^A zz. 7 y ,U^ d>A AAa Yzzxyyy //>  /

A A/ a At t z LA', .c7^xAzzzzxA)~  YL& /Yzzyt   u, /z y/c AyAd^d zi *7d> .Asyj/x-
 yf   L-'*-'                                       d*   / /            / y          r /  yd

  tut.d' ** Atd,:,y/A ■'/'--                ; ^^^
                  A - d          ,^
                                  y
                                  Y     -ax     Y Ay  ■     d a </ „s.


t/yXA Azu/^te, AxAs .h<  AddA^y*  A
7^l Aezf tdYAAA'z. ud- y ' Adf,7d, AAy Act zl* A</  A/z , tzAc± cC  > yty
dtActd.^  A/A ./z/z^<a  .yyA/yL zzXy yzAn  AAddcz/y^/A r

i/J,A/tt.L,Ad/Y/.  zYtxYuztA.  Ay  dYtrYd.AA>y/zt7zA. *zs~.
                    A     .          A       a       ^
a- 
    fW/Y'^AsfA Ad  A ziS/t Adcdd  StuA*-"AAl.  ZfzAA*  t< aA/c- Xjn^/^z-n^^

   Strut'   A  s/tAztA/yd  Ayy?^  zt tA'd/2 zr  Adz  t-tz 'As ZX y&', zAdy 7-'t ZzAy*/A;Jrtt*
        ■'       yy        y              / y                  'A                ,   /
   Aiz Ay^H-i'   ■ d /Adi.-/ltA/  ^y/zAs^/r  A-zz-z^y, — d/Aidtt <~zy ,x- zz^-Adz sL  adz yy/

   /Ayhz^/ Ay  As  ?y/t,T ztidd A AlX X< *■-*■ +  "*- '*- sc/Ax AAz zA^ZszdAtS  zt^

 I                s*   /''   A
   0LZ-t/uyxS AdiA-.2,dsiyd—

.'■   'A  zfrut^zzyy  s/AtXy^  t AA: y  AA',A7 y/t/1, -AZyA7.' / /A'. /' AA l*i <A a/*'/<-,

   L<d/AdAX AAtAx szdd'dzza/-Azi.  dAy  dA'c+i^T £s^7y/zzyt<e SsAcdz-   //AA/. c^i^

   sllc*A4Aa^"'Ai/>A/Z)s-L  Azi-sy/yi-s~2-cSyd ydzy  ,z ddAy/yryA-yds  z^A^S.   c

   Aitypy Idz'dt-z dp/— Attyt At't* i  zi /,yzzt.• ydyzt i  + A "/Sz  Az^'l , -- yyVtra.;,^
     /  ■>        y                ,, /          7          /.               >-
   l/'7i.d t- zAiA-d<?y/iudA', tt*.A< S/  tr7c/±t 7itAAcA,\r?t_sAdi.s2Ad<<y  /z  <sy /f^

    t/S c ^.AcA-z z/dyz^r ,/z^, yX <dA' sZ A //-tyf <A  zy y zr//t.yAz*nyty S-- As/ #, ^,-u,
   ^       -7         /    X  *  A>         y          /
    ZPti^Ydz^^  zy addAt yyX dc d-z A~-  Ax-xd At '  sld+Ad&ZJ /t gy^  ^^nA-

   Ad  ty/tyyyzAdsty/isTS.A  <?*.£ isisyzzy ddl' zyf z Zz y 7 c.^ cd zzz  sdiSi^zz^zcy^j-i^x^yi

   ts  AtrtJ/zy  f dy   ydi-*-. cSl Y^t-v—dArtX  t/X zzlcA'tA/Ad  dfeA-t-t^t i-- g'*A
    A  ^A  A           • A A                                         '
   77Ul, Azi-z-ly, yy.czS^7 Au   isd/tyS.

                               A * At T71A.

/  . Kz Zl/i/, zzzit  AzZ-'lz/'^  <ysi-/-yy Zzszdy^y: dttt^z t iL /'Siy^-A£  yA<*t y<t zBsse^   -Z /, Zt3,7/_
       A  '           '        A      /*   /           AA  /        . y    .~        y   '.
   yy  d><~ //-- ry 'yi/  2>-Ay ,-zzA^  rt.Attz  -A_  'dAzxryL s-a.-r<.d y A. -z*  nd// >yz-

   dld/,- z*?~ /*. Azdx yAf/zzy /tyXAL  z/A^-tzAy-d  cAziyZA-<y  //tAtl/A t/y/yA^ AA

   ZzsAAA/r zzziAeA/ ACcz*  tzAjcAz  v/Alla- <a zdddy,, . A'Adt .y // „ Aysyz s AkiXA,
         d         x             ■   '/                               /            AA
    dz<x A t-tAzzZy.i-L  A: > yA/y  AAc/zAi-.   zi/*,y  fczA/x^ /At-Asy,   sAydy/y, «>/. ^ ■  <*
o   AA    <^    yf       Y-    Ay /    -A      .'    y         /  A       t :y  . y
   *~ *-t,  Ctisi-.y/s .■t^,^/^i^Li rtf  /-sy y/z dz'tyzjetyt.'/y  yyzyz  //y/yz, /ydi sf'/i,.
     A           ;  /     "                     /             '
   -/' 777',  ZU  /tr- .s.i-z/i. At .... Az zf/Ai t. ,\ zd.
  7
r-
2.  ASyz ^/t Ad  d.//di  ;^  *z.A.dz-y  y./y.  dAzzt^ zr- AdzYdzy.,  Y, d zyz-m^zd,.-
      *          "  "             7y'        £          "                                   d
   Yrr''~   ^ ■■-'-'/.I x'yd A zzAzi-iyd  otzszyy _ AvAtc.Lc  yy.^. y,-i.y, yzz-Z- zzrZ- .

    irizy d/y <  z/*-^yid<^L, ei>*AY.iS .txedAYz.-Y- ~f.AAAy  A' a/~ ^ u^tyf/Ae.-

   Al/J/ y 7 dt-.-Ht. y Arr  dyiytd.. ArA./Ity,y._  yAty.yY.A  ztst «. /A dy// - /
          A  / y   ./  X./:
 -2     7/   /   'A   -,d    ,',     ,A.             y.            A y t
' ,  . y ^-za/t^7 yzX.  ZtXAd  dysyd ytZ  .-.,. yzsL*yy7.Ai&  y ZzszS,d<t/y zz*./A 7
A    d
■#-»■■ SJ- *t t/v
A.^dA^tAuA.yA/tytysAzA.A^Az's Azz.  /Ac  o.i,Y**<<*  ^e  A./iy>~JudA,
z yz
    /.          •         ■  .           v          y         y           *
   Au SiS/ztzzy, ziy^tyt  S^t^//, /U/Ad X yy/t^j Atd'y^z^A y/u <~z/^tA 7 J.
     i "      / * C ■    /'             .                                                   /
   AAA nAt-zzdAA  ftr/LiUd/A  ,v^/-w,  Az< tzY Yt Ay^. Alny^ .Y, 'Yah, -

   JtnAtAndzz. A AdYd.yA/,U*^  AL  yy^.y  d.n.,y„y^ <;,<&
      y ,   ''      ' '           *                                y
zA ySzAy,.  </zt  L.yyy z^zAy.tyy  z  zyz.,^^ / //y•  •    y  ^,7dzAyS/L
        ' /A                ,     A   ~          y                  //_    ,      y
    dAAu*;  ^yy/,y  .zy./yz+A^..  dzsz/y.^^AAx^Aet, .,,/.  / ^/.^/*if   I 
(   27   )
  $   • Pharmacopoeia consists of equal measures of officinal alcohol and water.  Uses of diluted
       alcohol.  Importance  of knowing whether a tincture is prepared  with alcohol or diluted
       alcohol.
   6.  : -Distilled liquors sometimes used internally.   Brandy  preferred.  Circumstances which
      justify its employment.  External use.
  y. . . Fermented liquors generally preferable as stimulants.  Reasons for this preference.
 A £   • -Wines.  Origin and composition.   Proportion of alcohol  existing in them.   Madeira,
       Teneriffe, or Sherry, generally  preferable as stimulants; Port wine, when an astringent is
   ^indicated.  Disadvantages of the light wines.  Wine whey.   Mode of preparation.  Uses.
^|./*.^Mode of preparing spiced wine.  Uses.
7$.  -  . Malt liquors.   Peculiarity of composition.  Under what circumstances preferable to wine.
       Porter or ale better than beer.
  //  ■ ■ .Therapeutical applications of alcoholic liquors.  Evidences of their favourable and un-
       favourable action.

                    SULPHURIC ETHER.—.ETHER SULPHURICUS. U.S.
   /   .Mode of preparation—form—colour—specific gravity—taste—odour—facility  of evapo-
       ration—effects of evaporation—point  of ebullition—inflammability—practical  caution—
       relations  to water and alcohol.
   Z. ■  ' Effects on the system.   Consequences of its inhalation.   Therapeutical applications.
       Dose, from f^ss. to f^j. with sweetened  water.  Mode  of incorporating it with water by
       means of spermaceti.  Mode of inhaling the vapour.  Circumstances under which it may
       be usefully inhaled.  External uses of ether.
         Spirit of Sulphuric Ether.  A mixture of ether and alcohol—officinal—seldom used.
   £'•.:Compound Spirit of Sulphuric  Ether.—Spiritus Mtheris  Sulphurici Compositus,  U.S.
       Anodyne Liquor of Hoffmann, or more briefly, Hoffmami's  Anodyne.  Mode of prepara-
       tion.  Odour.  Mode of ascertaining  its genuineness.   Therapeutical  uses. Dose,  from
       30 drops  to fgj.  in a wineglassful of sweetened water or mucilage.

                                             OPIUM.
   /  • -Concrete juice of the capsule of Papaver somniferum.  General character of the poppy.
       Varieties, black and white poppy.  Where cultivated.
   j, ... Shape  and size of the  mature capsules—consistence—internal structure—taste—uses—
     "  modes  of preparation.
   * ... Seeds destitute of narcotic properties.  Fixed oil obtained  from them. Uses of the oil.
    ' .^.Countries in which the poppy is cultivated for the sake of opium.  Mode of  obtaining
    ^ opium. Whence imported into the United States.  Commercial varieties of opium.  Smyrna
      opium generally  used.
   .£-. . .Smyrna opium.  Shape and size of the masses—external appearance—consistence—co.
      lour of the surface—colour when broken—fracture in the soft and perfectly dry state—
      odour when broken—relative value.
    sj--Constantinople opium.  Shape of the pieces—relative value.
    y... Egyptian opium.   Shape  and size—external appearance—colour—fracture—odour—
   / quality—relative value.
   f ...Properties of opium—odour—taste—effect of long chewing—colour—mode  of pulve-
    ' rizing__character of the  powder—inflammability—relations to water and alcohol—signs of
      inferiority.                                                                  .
   K. .-Chemical constitution  of opium.  Most interesting ingredient, morphia.  State in which
   /  this exists in opium.
  7 a . - .Narcolina, another ingredient. Its form—sensible properties—effects of heat—relations to
  '    water, alcohol, and ether—influence of its  combination with acids—effects on the system
      —mode of separating it from opium or morphia.
   //_--Besides these  principles,  opium contains at least  one other  alkaline substance named
  A-'codeia,  gum, extractive, resin, caoutchouc, a volatile  principle, &c.
  to   ..Effects of opium on the  system.  Duration  of its primary action.   Secondary effects.
  '*  Influence over the secretions, the peristaltic motion,  pain, spasm, and other  forms of ner-
      vous irritation.  Effects in very large doses.  Poisonous effects.  Treatment of these.  Pe-
    . culiar effects of opium on certain constitutions^ .^Therapeutical indications which it is ca-
  t* pable of answering. ..Contra-indications..  Circumstances modifying the dose^Cases in
  /4.rwhicH tUe^^^^M^^est^vferT5^^jectumr or applied to the skin.  _^-y
 ff  "*GfvifnFiubstoicetTmcture, or in the form of some preparation of morphia.   When in
 ,/>s'ubstance, usually in the form of pill.   Mode of preparing the pill.  Medium dose  1 grain.
  jf ^^nctudbJVpium.— TincturaOpii,  U.S.—Laudanum.  Thebaic tincture.  Advantages
  A'foT this form.  Mode of preparation.  Dose, equivalent to one grain  of opium, 13 minims
 / £J or 25 drops.  Caution in relation to laudanum long kept.  Mode of applying it externally.
  ,o ...Camphorated Tincture of Opium.— Tinctura Opii Camphorata, U. S.—Paregoric elixir.
  t 
(   28   )
 /£.  Ingredients.  Sensible properties.  Two grains of opium in every fluidounce.  Advantages^
  '    of this preparation.   Dose, for the purposes for which it is ordinarily given, fgj.
2 0. ... Acetated Tincture of Opium.— Tinctura Opii Acetaia, U.S.   Substitute for Acetum
      opii or black drop.   Mode of preparation.  Dose,  equivalent to one grain  of opium, 10
      minims or 20 drops.
 % / ■ - ■ Vinegar of Opium.—Acetum  Opii, U. S.—Black drop.   Mode of preparation.  Advan-
      tages.  Dose, equivalent to one grain of opium, 7 to 10 drops.
  * o... Morphia.  Mode of preparation—form—colour—taste—effects of heat—relations to water,
      alcohol, ether, the fixed and volatile oils, the acids, and the inorganic alkalies—tests—state
      of combination in which it is employed.
  2 ? .. • Sulphate of Morphia.—Morphia. Sulphas, U.S.   Mode of preparation—form—colour—
      solubility in water.
   2 a . Acetate of Morphia.—Morphia Acetas, U.S.  Form—solubility in water.
   -g-.  Muriate of Morphia.—Morphias Murias, U.S.  Form—solubility in water.
   2&. .Peculiar physiological effects of morphia and its preparations.  Cases in which they  are
      preferable to opium.  Dose, one-sixth of a grain, equivalent to one grain of opium.  Given
      in pill or solution.  There is an officinal solution of the sulphate.
  2"f. ■ Solution of Sulphate of Morphia.—Liquor Morphia Sulphatis, U.S.   Proportion of the
   /  sulphate to water, 1 gr. to f^j.  Dose, from fgj. to f £ij.
  2$ ..External use of the salts of morphia.  Mode of application.  Quantity applied.

                                   LACTUCARIUM.  U.S.
     .   Inspissated milky juice of Lactuca sativa, or garden lettuce^.. Mode of collection.
    * ~7.Tropert\es—form—colour—odour^—taste—relations to water—chemical constitution.
   ''   Effects on the system.  Practical application.   Dose, 2 or 3 grains.
   asz/    __,     _.    -----------------

    ~^             henbane  leaves.—hyoscyami  folia. u.s.
                     henbane seed.—hyoscyami semen. u.s.
    /.-■ Leaves and seeds of Hyoscyamus niger—a biennial, herbaceous plant—indigenous in
     Europe.  Leaves of the second year preferred.
    £• --Odour of the recent and of the dried leaves^taste—relations to water and  alcohol.
        Virtues ascribed to a peculiar alkaline principle called hyosciamia, but uncertain.
   ? ... Shape, size, and colour of the seeds.
   /*. .-Effects of hyoscyamus on the system.  Points in which  it differs from opium.   Effects
  "^ * of overdoses.  Effect on the pupil.   Therapeutical  applications.  Dose  of the leaves, 5 to
     10 grains.   These rarely used.  The medicine is  most commonly employed in the foAn
     of extract.
   tf. ..Extract  of Henbane.—Extractum Hyoscyami, U.S.  The inspissated juice.  Mode of
     preparation—consistence—colour—odour—taste.   An alcoholic  extract  also directed  by
     U. S. Pharmacopoeia.   Dose of either, 2 or 3  grains, repeated frequently till the medicine
     produces some effect.
        Tincture of Henbane.— Tinctura Hyoscyami, U.S. Dose, f^j.


                                  HOPS.—HUMULUS. U.S.
  j.. .Fruit or strobiles of Humulus Lupulus.  General  character of the plant.   Indigenous
     in Europe and North  America.  Mode of collecting and preparing the strobiles for market.
  2..- Properties of hops—form—colour—structure—texture—powder about the base of the
     scales—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
       Active ingredients, a volatile oil  and a peculiar bitter principle found most abundantly
     in the powder about the base of the scales.  The  powder is called lupulin.
   jt.. Lupulin.—Lupulina,  U.S.   Mode  of collection—form—colour—odour—taste—effects
     of heat.
   ^...Effects of hops on the system.  Remedial applications internal and external.  Given in
     infusion and. tincture.  Dose of the infusion, made with half an ounce to a pint of water,
     f^ij.—of the tincture, from f^j. to f£ss.
       Lupulin used in substance 'and tincture.  Dose, 6  to 12 grains, given  in the form of pill
     —of the tincture, fgj. to f'3ij.


                              CAMPHOR.—CAMPHOR A.  U.S.
/ - • -Product  of Camphora  officinarum (Laurus  Camphora  of  Linnaeus)—an evergreen
     tree  indigenous in China and  Japan. .Mode  of obtaining the camphor.  State in which
     it is brought into market.   Mode of refining.   Form of the resulting cakes
2.. •"  Properties of camphor-colour—translucency-texture—feel-effects  of alcohol on the
     ftolity of pulverization-odour—taste—specific  gravity-volatility-effects  of  heat—in- 
d/y/yzt-dii A A AAz  Lud
y
ys zc
'■ A/e  yZii-.t./fy—  zAdit  A^^A Tin /^zdtAA
'''dd- <^dzAA A Ady/./t ddyy/trs'tyy? /Yz°Y//d ytyt:^ tyAd  zY/z/Ay/^
z
 A' yyz^^ Z/7-a.dcczd. zsAy^.. As/?./llzAl




Ayzt i yAz /sty, 7it7zZz/Az'/  /< y7,,  A t+XztAA /Yz
<sZzz/i _  zz si Zz-t. z-




            /y
   Yf  d  /  A
   ■t tzz, y/ <_ zt-z>y—



A fy zA/A//7  ' A
A.
■z d  Ad  zd/s^yya^AyYtAAz  /A
-//> /dyyA t<yz a, /v,

       / s    z          X
a    A    Ayy  /-x       a            /      aA  >  / /   A
<z>.   ttT^Lytdt yZz /t.7zZct,7tXL dsz-yt'y i?zryyL/A /z~7AA  A-<?A A^-z/Ady /
f.l iX
           A  .      .   --;■■/


                                                                   dy  y/yy

               ■A      '     7  A           d  >  ' A
             /zzA zdyAyy~yL sA AAyzs. y>z/yAy.iziL   ,^z*-tyt/r-zjLd.~tL   ys-t


t.-y z Hs/edA/ <Z<-cty.u z -• /
/
ZZsy/z-//) dtzi/zscsZ. A A dtzyd A A A
A A
- zAt-zz-z  Ay/ Az
try
                                                    A


XA-Aya/i/y  y-z<t A A z.t.y zy sy^  zd/z/zi : — C-^rZ-dLX s/ /  AAid  sld/jc ay/i^d



dA * yx/zd Ac a A- y zrAAyzz,i~ ydzAAy/A-- dzt AAtd _


X   A       *
zyy/^i/fuzty y/z zt y /*- ztz




7~Zz- A~7r~*r~1^ '  A . 7 zz  z Z/.X t



AyzAi\^-
y-

                     -.yy s7/t yyyAyt sA^/ d/t-sd  y/Lyy t^yy  A^  dAzdd/.dd



 A        'A-           ■          xx              -  /.  ■     /'  '   y
/r~Z>-tsi '    ds  /tzizyZtiyz/XZy/Tt'.  — ZXz/t-ZsLy'  /ti/dit,yy  Xz Sl<.A .


         y ■      a     A A,      ,    y      / / ,    y       t  /y  A

         AztZzy/i,  yc es^y ^7t  dt z--t> / yy7 . t ^A/— zA  zys^t,? z  .,_ /-_  ^y'/Ld




   ay. Ats/Aa^  /d/d'Y<ALAAAsz7A.zdy^,tt~dt.dy/AyYyAtrd
X ytz

^ /*/  /*x Y C? tsf*
          A/a A   A
//l >  yy zt 7- A. zz-A L  t< AtCt*
,y.A
    Vd/yA/A^  y y.  y*tL   fd'/y /Azy7t  Azzrity/zl z-zz-dd/yzt.z d dy /A/lyyX/7



£  0 AzAmtz->  ys.< a t.Zt'zt z- zzA/y<..y^  A AA/1 cte-z z/A An A _ A/Ar/ts? ctitl  zd-

      y  A  (               y.     y            f                  ■A     /A      X

   X  A/cAyty/ /-ice AzA/i/ dAz ' dA / A/zX't.  ilcklX /A<<XyAtA.<.yy~ r- dfo y? zyj^,



                                                                                    A
X-
                               A A A
fz  -zsz zz ,-y.Zz.Z z~dis Zi, y?/t sld At  s/ Z/Zt2^:< ji< yt  //-/'.
/
a
Ad dz
sht^A
t?rzi w> —, c y^
'*- A
aA
      v zz/t dt - <7 /c Aty^zfxyZ





A Z/yl dd A„ AztiXZ  Yds
z yt.a z^z /^zzAz AAzi Lt?
..  /az y/t z<  AzzdzA t/coAz A~ zkaAa/a*.*...* AAt _  yy zdAA

* z  >            y            z .   A      .z        /zY/s    y
Y

A
7 /■ /t^/zA dt/y-y^ y^ t.. y  Zf-zd- X(
:/
i4-/ cdt An-ty  dy  Zcsg t  -1 ytZ.-


         /--     X/         /                ^ /
yr-  />   A  tZ   \ A t//t c <~xjX zAct t A /l d</y A / '  Y *"**■ *- ■



                                                          A/Y.
0ztyyyA;
l zsit^- y z/i-

    7
t,A/zc/Az^szAi t//cd
                                          t? y~/ty-/°i A ZZs dy ZZt-zyy. y ZfZ X-)/ X,/^^


    'y             z->  y .    cxz  /   ■       //"           .     A  y-
d.XtzZSt , /dX/ C 7 ^A^Vl/^t  A t Ayztst,  Zrhz)zsicL<! t^t ,/■'t > z.dy ■
A.  A/At* ' l 7zd.; zA- /J t r^//zyti/^ f. ty/AA- z~* X^c A/,  //z d-Az^2^zs^ /.



       /      /A A A   X   •    / -'7     ^ ,/  A A'  '   d  -  '■
    -_ A (y. Z^c A"Z t7y Ash A-  7/zZrAz Z'l  yy '. Z, /ddsy/y t^ . 7»/rL sCzy Z^tx XA, ^ //.



    aActdtrY, sZ-dt,/Zt■ sAczAfd >',l dtAdi.- AAj ± aAAy zt^d.  yyAXAAd  /^   rAA,




    1<+Y  cd /T^Aiy t Addy-- ZzA(Yzz.<dA ^.,YYyy/YtxA<L'dr^AA<) £  A^t,


                           x  " //    '  ■      x'  A   'A   ■ //   a  y,  A
                         U/sy, // y ^cc/sty/At- ys>/*-  "A  t T^OtA/ *s. A C   i^-A-l-zts?.
  Z     ,yy  ^-A-  ■    ./
SyZf  az "yd* /*.lzsitA,cyt,<


             v   z  yA     ^  A  y y, •       z   y-/             /  AA a  / A

      <  zi A.A'-ttAid .y/z-CLd7L /Ay zu "zyt/X zA*^  '*-  /« yAAAldzy zrr
z 4/(A-
         A^/y'Y' /A scfzidty yA_yr-^zyyy ttsttyy  a z tAAd-LArzAA A/dvir~




d-XZrYzdYy ytz^cy / Ads 7/7y^A±4*. t *-."/% «***^  y/lzXTLAuX^^



Az^dAdYy/^  dAy^^L yy- zXt-tryAAd^ ,Ay J?AAlIl, z^/^-yzL  aYz^
dd 
    lAsttzdld y/dy AAz  .A a. z'yAZed y — . Ycy Acz^yzsAdAz.x , y / yyi<-  >*r z/~-
     '7 A id  ti/ tA  //y^y'/AzA A[)7/ ,y //yy dzs A// zAty'  A/^' yAAdz  .
    ' y A  y A         / VA   ~      ,     y  /~ry '   / /          '*'            /
/A.  '/idAdAzz^ d zy/Ay Z A Az^y zt.': rAz ,  ^ t <//z zA ^  r//y. c ....  y ■■. i 'i-a'^-i  d> A
                  A                  7   *'           *       f                y       J
    z< ■  X AtLdy/AL/L ... -Zzyrd/L Xy zAAa ydY'd/i  Aa/AAA-/ <X. /sztz A?zd~X,<r<A-
            Ad     'j     <<      A   '?>       AY-,y.        z/    y,Y/.
     y  y</> /  7t>  ztyd y/z AAz  ytyAy z / A'dxszsd^  '  -zz'.z■</*.* y-sX'.A.  y'Ar.rtAd**

    / l-Z td dA- ItyAA/-Z-i^AyAcyAdd.

72-. AztyAd//czAd  ■AA^sz^s-sct zz,tz  AA.>.d A*- z/ztdtstA^xAA^s^ Ati-j-yd, Adz/tzAA*
           "/   "  lA  A  A .          A  .  ^   ■    y ■  AndA^'A    y r\_
    Zltd tzzy/A't. .z.dyA, ALdziy-£y,,ytd.lyd/, y/z^a./Z*■ yAt zzt/|^-/ trz..- - dA /At, dA/
    t>~-/Ac*,-f^d~,-A/^/z./yy Ad/y<Au  /Acy>A AA.Z s/~a.zsy<^f Jz> XAc  .AysZ^

    y .. Axl  ■"-; -• YYL YsA Ac A /At* zlt_^ z/'dtL Yy Ay ^ y zAz <. /YAyYxA,
                                              zdy/t. yz y*zzy?t yyy^ (/zy^_ y /.i^r^

dy/tydz zAA'..'.u.'  a-    d-rr/d/dy^sA  ~ A/t  A d 7 t/ztz ~AAfddAAAz^zr/ A
                         L-   Ad       1   y           *                /
dt a 11  * iz^  ,/r+>d Ad.7 dty yJ  zf. z-c" dz, ./zz/t'i/ .zy +zAz-t y <■ A, ,7-x.. rAd-Zs t--
  /.  -    7A /         X              /               /   A      /      y'
 A/z^,/ dAz£  dy-d)-, A/[d/i y~iy /tZy /Ad ..'AzLyz  y ddyi-Ldyyi,-v*/ zz\ '
                      XX     X   A'      A     l    '     A,   ...      /./
 //   7d .y^fZdd   "/dzd X f.-zvyA y/*y/,. ed zd ^c*^/l < -A // y ^oz.*. Zs-  ^v/- -sAd,
   / ■  '                      /         7    7          *   '       y ■
 y/z c*s <-ti.>-- /a Az/zA. -Ai.yt yAiAdd  ydAz.Xy, A Ay ■' d'A  yts-ss^y Az/tid, yi.7//i/M,
 '•/    v"     '  A'  l/    K/AY    '•  V       /'      ■"   '     A
 ZA/id  d..Z sd ', -'d-  /tA ..' L- Zd/z/Xd zdsz.yx/Zsr/i f yt  ' t Zt  /  S.l^St.  d / lA?r*.
 Aet/^A*yy//<-(A//y/yy:_>yy£<sVAz<-fy  yzAzdL  yy^, yie/Aztf y^^x,  y/dyA*^
 A y  r-  A           '          /   -      zz7    Y  .    (-.        ,  Ay
 tz-it-t, tz>  ./y  iSKX*i.'y,/7*-./di<.A/>i^/<-t//zLy    -zc*,' >■?  z/<^ttZt^yzy^z,^.
A/l y/ny d^it^c A'y-dy Ax  t .  -^z^d // , yz Cz Atttdz^A A  y/ £7,A //u-
-V Zt 'i . i-t ^^ d/i S- d,C^. Zyt'A ( **■ A't A/it-  S)
     At               "     y
*s zi'z.  tzr- . j_ f s />-i^-t   -ty z y '-ZZ* ^
zdA, Ay z<, AJ^zy/rii. ^ <y /Arx+d /zc/2_t<,AyA- / yd Ay/ts? -t /l^Asi
A-2 c<,/A-£- £y y .  z y/ zy
•<     "    z  y      z
   A   a    A   /    X A'y~          '     "   ,   ',  y      A              /
y^^lzy  d7y/yc_t2/-i_  dAz AAAAA^r zlZ^cA A/z,jXa*71s-A l^-A yA, -t^-tAtyZuZl-A,

             4-iiS,*- dzty Cztd^y A AAdz/ Az 'dv dAz/d zA zziLd-. ^/ yd c
**- yj.zt yy/
AyZ CdAA*- e  d^ A t Ax zd y y/Artt. Xtv?   A  /'AAi~*~t.   ;/
</Z Cdz/t. e  dZPt A t /Zy z/d  y y? ys-Z t. *** i&
X zy rz*.
 A^ztd  Ac  idzzyd  AAyAzA.Adud^tXdyt*A;/-iy?AaAty^zcstyAr3-*tYYAz,
/ststf/t,^ 2- y?~ 3 dz,*!ZZt^y zyfA/y AAA r7 yAyj* zAi zzyz/Adzy.  AxAzd/T,.  A/d
dt*AH^yy*AA.dd> cA Azyrc izAzyAA/i^z/. Ad /Az. ,-^. .■ ,^.,  yy Ayr/
X  Ay   .y   /  /A  A   ■-
<A^zisiy AA,  Xczzztd A d*    y  A,
  yztsiy //y  * cz/7  ^ </'    A  A,- .■ /rn-us y/zs-yA/zAy7  z-ca Ad //i-. < -iX.
 Yd      A'    'J'     ■          A A        v>     /d         y
ui'zt-l- A As n  yydA ~diy-z^7iyj.yiyt.£z> Az^z/d,^ <£d*/zzTuAAAy^ t-ds-t z Ays-
*/^.^i  U/7v  p-ds-z.  Z Aya^r X-
 dy/A^c/y AYYyyydzc.jUs / A; Y/r Xyyy^Ac/?  £ A Aa /z+Ya'Y/ji
sAJY-zuJz^Ya^ dYA. .  t, \*A£ AA^zr-Ady.^  ;   A9sn %?*,*, „ y
,idAt<Yd jdy^L  /£ ^  A^^^a^zz.  a+  z^^^y YY~/>*A>>A/^zA 
 AZzZcZ-ts ZeAz^ /A, / /AyxLT.sy'A zAzy /A C  AAr~/*iy2.*A A'*^*AAdt  /AzA^^aA,


  /A    //  d'Ay/       A"    f-x7  Ad    A/   >■
  LsUiy'zt.nA A yTj, <z. **** s/z z *%  /ts//y^ /yrr-zAy y-tTsL-dAs/'^ .Try d,y Al+A a/zz-^


(/       d           z       /   X7 a/    '  /A^A   'Y'y        /
 Ush*, , dAzy / j^sh^ A dh-d-^As?tA//A-z  z^.yyAy^-n.X  " yn. z' /-»y y-?is*z-
             w      A                                                      ^      •


7X/>iry  < ys  zzyd zis/AA  A'zA Az^.-Ady AAz.y y A ,t^AAAzA adyAA/A dAy



If-Ztytli/! AAA- A *■ Adzt-A A  As tdAi/^ /Ae^...  SZyy fy-2 fZSt*? d£t--e~c~ <AXd!,ylXt


        /   ""-          A/     a^a  //v^r  /y   //
zy- z*~ /t-i.yyX *-n  \ A z* //.-/ /yu *f< <  /Atr*z d, ,',/d y^  zZ,s zy^ys^.y^yy^r.zrzzd-



dAsd. A/Adzi  z 'z's-c Ac-cAtzx *** yAy ytj,*<7- A^<_ //xAAAzAyzy y/^tsrt-^ zzx-



AYdzy /£ aYz 4-A^- ^ z/yst,s>Ay/y <AYy, ydAty^y* sA^-/7*^yu yd^yezAAzA



AaAAz  ArAsss.  AA dyzTtsAsX^ AAzyd- AAu^y^y.-i  s^-iAA z?^t,ssyAtyj<^y yy~



 dd \^  A  YAs  zAddt'zAAs y&  AAz  AydyAs.yA  ,-AAl^  y/.iA- y XX

f'd./T         y   y   . A          ' >         A     ^
                 A        A _>  y A          A         A                 A
         7^/ Az>   y- &z^s-zt -yziAs A./Ay z-zsr^yr zvAz,/ ^d///.e^2*K-«v yty^A



zq^rdz - y dt'z yxAA^ iA  zz^t^y tyzi dzd  zy*yA*t.«yYcA-<.A:/ /Ay.  sAz zA-zz.^
                          zZsA**/zyi dsA  zsz^yA*tz*u  Az-A-A/ d/dd  //<'^«-*^.


                           Ad'A             /    //Az'            A
yj^dAtc, XA a/A  -  z^  yy-zy Asyy- z-^ytJ^,  tttA.diy/Ayy"A*.z.  zs^^ s/Lyyd-



/Yd  f 'AA'd ytdyAy '-z. tzTAX*^ A<r^> y du^y. Y zv-z A Ays 7. / y dy/ s i.7As yy..

    y   "    t?  A                           ,y  y A         t  /A      y

   dt/yYdz   ydz-sy^£^y.A yy^  ^lAA/A  A^y-yAzt AAy  .?  yAX
.Ty-t-
d


  A       "t A
An /  aa. =<Xft^^X <;y /-^/i . § A/  4?-y/z^.£ f^fityXtAt^.X<..iy-/,ly ^r^y^



dLz>7~- S7*.A.s<,<zZ~s.y Z^yr^yAziyy^ At^y/As** Ay.s^d-A fAdy AdAX^^t., cy
        7

cyi i*y y
     A "A d^At-Ady/ d> td/YY^ dz-Av^.y AA AYz z'AlAz^- ^y^r^yA/A^^ lyfz/A




  ..^yy.z tA: Idy - /Yak* syAsY AjAdy ^yYyd*^~ tzXX^yy y^-  ^^z^/A zA.




YA> 7~ / ys-lz Z 'At: . . S?~  zr^L- y?L ^//c^yy^d A~>-*«±^ . yy- t^trf^A A* dyt .£  A/AAx^-

A3, d- AAea&'V /^^ 7. AA« «,yAdt tdAsd^.. s^r-yA/ysdc dz^d/y z*~ Ay/At



       Xy
Zh.^ z» Y yr -y z Az-sl A z<*<tes  s7iyr- z yAU-s,  z^, ■ -


c/^AaA//*eYAM  <<zYAz- AAz/^yy/YAaY^J'AYz'yyy^y.Y^^/C


JA   ^Z^y.^ 4/^^                          ~ax*/Ya

A            i      A          * y/  X          ■/    ■   /A  ■   ■   /AAA d
                        / -—f/yAAyyAA, y^dd.y


                                                    j. yiyAlAy sz dz i Z"tzZ ///A tsttr^o. /■
    z/s ■ d* L~* *r- < * / —- /•/' '<■"' A/^yy.



 ytZ-zd e^ti/c+z tt^ tu/y w~. y ■ ■ — — - - • - - ^ *" /


      A

tt-y  X




t JA  z^AYkl.- eys A/.L/y Ahs^zs^ 
sY t..A«'-'AA< yA/*/',,- z,y<y*7/,tyAdyZ,?Ay  .  X*XA'   +■**e~/>-,  /A <-,/£;
Y     /       rAy     'y    /'  t         '        s y-          •      X        /'
s^/zzA./ Ad* * f/.i.yS A **/■■>»  a* *--  zdd..ys:s^y/   z<^ yy/t/• y  td^^y.^^. yy

 z^.zA/x x y .<, AAt A, z sye « A/a 7s Y,,  k /A' '/'*— Yfi-  ^ V^ * • A< , < '  s Ats/ Z
                                                         A  aA        a    ■      ■> (X
y/t /.,                                            «*- St - Ad? y! AX/ t^ tt,f /s Z\-ts*^. . d>  Xs> y^,

     IZA ysz-i
Ait,  t    A z+, ZT1  /*t e d  zZ^l  AAtr   ^ ■*  **- s>- dy # AA', ty <*,f
                A y    .           ,         y   ,    A   y       A '
             dz.AAy r-< / A*r. tA sA-S dt'sz l^*t.-ZtS/t z7. y /t S  /7t-Z < A-~y^yt ~t,  St ,
                          y     a Y  ■   YyA      CA            '*   -A  a
'/'At  ysy<y A<yt .Azdz-y^A. As*' Ay^tf^ <rs~rd^y ds ^- a^  ,    A y/z s, t.y £s zZ*>
AA+zyA/At&tt-y- Zyz^dAytAt +»* + '.  XX  d**-*L  ■/>. ld*/* .  ^.^yA-c AA' '^X -

   A:-«. <*,/> <*-^i ayY't rs<^A A AAtAAs^zAt-y As  A*z~.i,r ,  AA/As . t*/ ZZ^zA
Azctz, y/yA-s-^sz/  A-dAd, a At .-> Z . Zz^d-'sa XA^/V y eS^t^ 1o~.*.yz /r/SXAz./
7$.
             A         y                      y               y  y/——?*   d               /
     'A/ Ztlu.AXc.. zt AA zAs/Zi*y/^> z<A A. Z zt-^ytAZr<i -e-*i-L-  'frc^t  .

7A..  Azr7tALti^zAd< r^ Ad  yt-t  zz-l/A  zy ty-z^c^t. s>AiAyyz^ Zd-d-,  C^£/A*A z t t/fee*^ .-  a-,

     zzyAt .-A   /i/At2 Ai.: /''sy^rZiZ**. at- ^td-A^v^t^^f^tr-AA*^, A  ,/v<r**-"-,  y/~ z3-*-/t^ AA—* .£*>.

          ■   /'''     x                        A    /        A
     ds- z-hAZt< /a.- /,-  Ztt^< e.ytz^  z/,zv**/.- z*z7i6ez£es*yi. .zzas t^s- /j'^Vf'Vt^w ab  t-^y

     A../r-z« ydzz zX/7zi-^AAy A ■<  >d~ 'X 7 stiyA//XyfAs dA z/cAa/s? X- cA zXey-yzt^A -
                    A- AX    <-   -      */■  /Yd   A   y          Ay       y       .
     AZ\ l- ts,^ yct.yXA zAy A/lZ  Z zsy.Z U ZtA^ytCy AAz.  z/t^Zdsiyy., y /AA  AAt,tty^Ay..s>^

     {"sins'  ~&'ts>  ~k at zi-t /*-- A-*?  i. ■  y-/ti a-dy.  tAy^y tyZ^z^-z-^, A^/Ay ^-z*Ay yyAyAZZzA, A
                     Ay       y,    ' /    '         /A.     Jy/^^./d    X_
     it-1' sCZt ■  CZesL-Lf'd   Z>  .-Vi y ysdiyd<*-.y  £& *£Z7z**~*/Az>-dA ;  & AX77 at y* t  it*s  Z2^y„
           s       yy                                                 s           ..S
                  y                                                             y
     .■*-  s?-tiycAzts.jiiAzrzZ-lyjeAyuzz^/^  yy~iAt^t ti'/st/zy*. */zy/, y  y-

                                                                                    yy..  yy-i^...

      ly tyyt.'t-L.  f t-t^  £sz-t_jy&rzsi Z^yL, zzsy^s^y,.  <s/. s  y * /sy ty tt,^/^-- Zo 'Z^-0 z/isL-t-f^XAt^  //dAsZta^

     r d~ *^ /*Asd*^  d/s  sy.A^y/z /As ^j/*e/.  zy s7ty z* y  AA/At.. tzy'.*sAA~l- su?, dd/TATt,

     y>'/*ts z^'d.y^-,/ uf lzy 2v^ Z/udAddA^t7 ^r .   Xsu£, y.yy-tts  A/A A*m~  /AA.
   A    y      ,      yy/   y.         '.  /■           yy                   "
     ./Zi sz£l-/i.-L J-, ./ /*yy ZtXyzXt^rfis tA /4*yd-zA<^~>^.  yz^^Aszs/s sTu^c  Ay^fj.y/yd
        y                          y  J/  y              A- X *7ii7ji^y,-.y/Xy?AfsfAAi^.^^
     7/ Az> tS~z^/t-zi^t,/^y  ts. iz a-/-czXXA-zzz^j  yy.s. z st,   **"-. -d.'2 /l<yy vyyd-<y.. ysz^z z-l^h. ziyi.

Ay.  AftvzdzL.  Zt-t^  dh-tZ/^nsidA zzs/yy,. A// XAysaszstA- zo dAz?  t/zsiAst/rAA dA/A^z*.
/*T   / A/A jAz-cruydy/UT.7-t a. /7/ dyAy/Ats,^* AA> Z -^ /Syyz^ddty^d /// <^t,^,z>A
                   A A''*  /://          A     */•'.        t.   /  /
    /CWAr^/iXt/"// Az«  A /a/x>^ Ayc<A±4*Y+-<- <tA a/>,/<-*it.  ^^  tY^At^iY  As Sa.i* xs1-*aC-
                                                                                      Ay
Ad. Ajl-L^Azz^L^t^t^ /sz,t.-  tA/  y^y zTAzAzlZ^ j/A&ytAusi 1.1^ tz*  z^A A^riJt zgAyx zA/y

    A-i/Ad. a * A.ytiA dtd. zy/y-ztyisz yy^A Ai-.Zsy  /y zZZyyZ.s<'/t>A~.  .^z.-t^s ,  sid, s/-dL.

     4/y.Asi y<L. Az> XczlA:A   r-t \tiAz.. u t yyAd^  7/,/ht^f:^^lLJy .st/Ayzdd ^y

    Pzyy Ar/ X, a / Cy^ /Ady,,,. ^r. * AAy/^^^   ,t /Ayf z *.» ^ yAy, &z  ^
    Xf y      \   /y y ■'   y                 y   7y y             y
    zst/rty t ,y  Az/^y«_  ,sy  y^t_  .AsXA  sy-ytd-y zAy xYa^-h... z^dt, <*</■■
       '                   * ay   a     a    .  x >  ^x         A a      /   a     y
      "' "<•'■  '"*y .AA^sr.z^e.X *T, * y^, dXL. /Ay A^Ztt.A y/.^-  s/r*.Ajd'Y- y A

      A&yty.  A-(Az^y^yY*ttyAA Y^d^^.,^ H^^Ayy yyyr«.A_ y^A

    c/AYzAtAsA.)  Ztsz^r/Z d^Ayd^.  dYsy/A- sry.zXY^A-dAf^yZ..  XA/vyyY

     z^AA' y.L..AZyAzy^^ YdY* ,Xw Az Yyzzy/^zst. [/yVJy ^/a  ■£■/& + .
A 
 /?■  Ass-Azas*^, AAzty?. yz^xAzi^y- 7AAasm*7yAyj', XX,zy 'jiy; Aa^yAY^Szs; ^dd/y _


      AyA .x'€sf. A Qy.x   -/*> t l/.- dyy*^  A - zAs/y. y *>,../  AzA*?   s/jt^ydz


     //z/  Az  / ss^ <^./-<AX // //t7  /A' ,1^-y.i.^  rtr/y<*i.  AtAzi tTt«s / A/z   yy^fyzttsz^.
      X ,    a/              /                  ■   /'       /

      7,   <-/- 7s< y z^cutd  y'-is./iya. s-X ZzAf z>/z  .-. A zA .-/dys*^, y/.ii^rt  'y> X-r-^. X ;,^^^u.^.

     'S,   *     AA    •   "    A  d    y         x             aA            7 y/
     Zy-zC  , ■   ytz/sft^trt  /*>yz.i y zu^fr;  d.y ;Vy> Zy/---./ yyyy t *y*n, ti-t 77t  <*, zz^ty^tr- ■//> dziy,

        '   "       y         /'                  A  A^/    A                  y      A
      t tr: ■■'  jydi-.nA<. z-..  ,y  A* < t<X-f-j, zt^ii*,  _. y/< tAi A>'zrAU e.-,  ,'i^u^ z/dA'saszs/,/y^


     C/iytyA' ss A A/-L-. /i/At t. '/£. Zzy /y< /dyyz^y sTz^d/' y^St-t^rt 4-tt.fZsy. 's, AjpZ y .*?./..sr> A tsA
        z.     A-—- . 5        /'   A          z        y                     y
     A-/ f C/-A, ,-■ u/. ^,/a/,/. CdJC; Z.y> A/s t A'  Az-t,.'/.- y.7 **/Az t?ST/*Ay ./> / , c'rZl-yA Sr^yds'Aza.'j


Z2.0.  Atz Aa/yAiy zdt/t Aa it  'A/ti/^^-z./tAAz-z^trcsy AA^ Ai^z^A<z*yz.uti,:>-,-t.^ tzs2*yA'A

                              A      Y    n              ^x    A  dy /A* A
     14t,  s7,trst,y,  yt*~tAs s^yy-iA.  dAA/z/XA.z/t sz^iyZtAyL^/Ay, AzA AAz/zA z*y*.Z4 iAzt<4t.

                                            ^                            x             y
2t/.   A/yA^*,, ..ycAAyy/AA./A-t^..f/t  Xa?/vX*  ^^xXX^/^z^ //£-/, A^^yj  /X<v~


      yid z/td-yi,,./^/  At z st-i^y/ zz.y £*,e.. Az*Azh—,  y<<-s*s*-.  OLy/AdAA/di^-^s.js>?   -X^_


     7U/Azy/s S*./AAAz //  Z Ul^y-tA-A/y  A  7 ,< S^C L./y,^ yt </7.t t A't/ /,,   Z,tysr Xz--yy 7t7


       xAi'd^tsdAAAyAtAy~ s <.  -z  A 7,  ^i^rdyzT-/ &Ai -.  yzd<Ay? Acyy/  .d^
                    AAyztA'Ag.  ..d ZlA^ :^-y,yy /Ass   At-cfd-SzZ^:A^.yAy  zZzy*^<~

     f              ' -*'/  y-                 d   A


A/.   t dA.-  z/AtAA/sc.lA  t.T-L ^tr^^,  slyz-t^*,_ /-^ z zy— ./idA **_£*/& «r«.», /A yyz^ts, r ^


                     sztt^cdtszAA,  7>t  *  .-A'/,  yZ-Zra^ctA Asty/  s A/zA~LZzA,, AAt

      Z  /  j           /  .                  /    /        7 Y •     A                   A
     dz/L/Attrf  <~z n TAz-stA  7/, ( y* i*ytAd cy   7*tzry Aizzz^. ^--Ttzt-zzt * / zs  7„ zy ,*<X


      A,fdAAs'aA.  /tri^/yy  zty<:A7A- dAz  d/7-z.dzy?zsz  ztc-sAAyyAiy/s'-pdAAAAAid


     dhz  . >  t> Adzz~, zzdtAyY  A  "-zrAAd/>y yd 7■ dzZ-zAzAX-t. 7^zi./7L yz,.  y/td*iy_


      Jiz*,iA^uA czyyAzzAy^ zvAdA zn./ytstyA/L ~ AiA.'dt- ryAdh   ttz^A/.A/Az

     '      s   A-  A     A       -a-■   .         a  *■'■   y            d    Ay
      Cszy&As  A  ' yj_g,  /A yA z^a~/Zi t</  r r i/y AzzAt -cya-tUs-^  7- z+*t 7•••<   zz,  Ss^ ^7iy^^


     A^z .    Zts*y  /-AziA.  Aft-niz-A? 4.   LydA/ysy- yyyf/tysAAa/c  7t,dA-d/X/A-


                     As* AA Azt,. z>AzAts dzAyAA/4 y. dz /i* .,.-yyA,y / *<sAa<,_ ^/a
22.  Ad~A,
ydAi-m - zztyyi
■    s  '       A   ■*yA yT^n/L.   .    X .    ,     /  A■*  •      Ay  '   ,     yy"
uAc Apl aZ-zdyA s^y ^y /-,<-     v £v*.?.*/' y//X  z.jt+st<A <  *,t, JsAAAi
                                        y
 dyzs<yYx  <A~  xAz  /Y.X^  ddtzyA-y  zz-yy-- zz AA/ y z\l  y.e* Ay^AsiyAAy

                        y  . A           .dy    A// _                 y     ,    A\
 e^ dd.yf.yy-yAAA/ A;yy/ys./A:  ,-AiLsA  * i-   d7 yzl y s/ZtXy « y/y-c  /%d~


 A,y.  % Ay  £A /^A/ziA.i _  A/a A; y^^y .Az^da-A/ Az^ /A, di-*Ac*e/*«,
A    y//                         y  ,   ■  ^y/         7c/    y  X /  y     ^y y y

*  AAl ,/  XX.V-  /Azl.  AtAXAz  &A.L Atsst d-zx  -cd/.</A  Ac/rAs /cssLe/Z-z-t/nA


_- /.yytyz^YYzAA ydAAs  zzyuAdz^Yy^Addy/ytd *YaY/A**. A^-  *«


U^yyYAcA, t^tY/yYAd,AYAzy/t.yA:;AAsy^  dz  ^d. A' *./ A


            k^7 A zz --/YAtitsss^ . ->ztdzAAAyds+~Ad/   lb*'^Z /*?><.As /^sd /Ay-L. /
                                                         s7
                f.    - y A A .> . „_    o..t */dr~ / ^ s j? yd s^*** ^ /SA


 ■    xd'd
t,/T, A.yy d-yz-ty^t,/'z*/
AYyy ^y^j/A^z/zA  z.t//A/*A  la rAQz/Yz z^zd, - AAy /zrz YyAYt
X 
 LA sTl.L.e+cA  S/izyYAzz/zA^^ ft*,. AA/#A A<£ Z■< A7i-ZSt, z/A.  Z/H-t^Z-cyr A   ZA


 uAa-XA./tuy/d. Aylyrsy-Az A  zyzr/zArz*tts-'s/zJi.zyyzU-s*d  szAz<e/A zy  /dA^,
  I         s*     s      7 "   A                *    y~                         z'

'i/JuUtZA  /AVi   Z'rA  <?-t ■ dtyy * Zi Z^t //y   A  Ad i .


 < t 17 d'zAXzsy.yi AtAs? yZz-z yv X Z-r«. ^  /yzA  * ''<* ', -As z? yzz/^ - s AA' st- i-t ^ £ Ad*. ><*_

 '   y      X  L y   ->./■'        y       y/        ,  .'             yd a?
,.h' db  ddyAztizzAz Ad -St.,  . tnyAc.,d - /v-/aA/  <• ty,• yZ* A ztXtst/ ► XZ«  v
d
2/AAA
         'a   A'     a            yy'.    A     is       'At_/    / a"    a/.
         st-^dz/zsr y'< zzid z7/z.ys/AL.<tZ Ay Zz ftAzc .izt<u~d^-  yyyyda  -.  a^ytyds

             A   (/A    ■   'As  xv'aA"         y   /  y       y.   7
z dzy^/zrr^u, . r   szz zzc+yZ ~-  z yd  z&yd  f sm-*,/<_z scdiy * ^ <  ac  /*<- /^z, L

  ./.  r./ .   A          y   ,                   y  /^d
yAzA zrAi^zzt,Ay sAiy u.Aza'lz^< yz^i-jiy. /.yc t ,- yA< t /d zt^ /   t/yz<^z,.

         A     A       / A    Ad     A  _  ,       A   /      X
Al' ^■n.yzitzzA-  yty-s/AX^c  ,A   s/j^y / L<yty.A _ ztzA-z-t 'A'y/ < Azcst.ysz   zz c/c _
  7 y              , A    y A/ -         ■                   Ay
zi Atzz  ez-z.«. Atv/7d yyA<* A7/  >*«_  a/A . /y^  y?d ^ y zt-^zXtf-t Actt^ z^^a/dz. .
          *                        <*                            i  y
ifi.  /Add/ YA az- s<z f+s zyy ±X zzAA dAz  y /t sAzytly  /// dy .A, A X A /zl -, z'A ty
      dA      /                      y.     zA      77       /  zy   a     ,   ...'   /
     X~ * .yd' A ■■//> z/z^.zzy zxAzd^ dAtz^z/AziA/ y}~ aA/ds-Ay/z  zAy^nd, Afzy/sAA
          t           /                                 A.
     t, y/7t/A.yi^y d//zu. yy  >v^ *,,« zt.dd^zsA.Ads'yyy^ zAyyyu  A. A zt  dz?-i.-
A

    z'Ac lAAA f  zdzydX'y  z yy d/zd-zty cz^l,.// yd . z/ss,   z Az>. d Ayzzi.  /.<?.
      zd      '  / y  *   y/       y   x   .  A   A                /   ,y     A
    ZdXz zy y A d-z zz /Ar ft/A  A / Ay/tZ't - yy^ttd  z> zzz-St  zAayd. z. A  /dzLj   i*^«_

    9zdA zdA+z/.^—yAtdLAd/idy  .7/yy Xdz^zs/t y/y z-z/ yYA^ArA-X Z*ctyd>
           Ay?     .   A   ,        y            y.   ; .</'   AAy          .     y
    Xiiyi/ /y-d L/czy-/L  z<zt. /^ d /yy ^y^^jt  ,./  d At s< s/l  z^-A^-A l  d/As, i iistAzt _

    ../--.       .          /. a
    iCZ^/t,  *dc  l^^/Z   to <y( zt Sy-zy~z^.

Zy.Xzt'Z/zy Ldtzz,* Zz y y- ,t A/t-d /7~yt^t'it-uAd-zA £/i  Zt yy-/-z*-i /l d/ A-t cz^,**+..~\ \zd-

A   As/    y     X      •"    A ^ A/f   /AsA    Az  -x  y ^■ *■       ^AydAs,.^.
2zf.  AAdZtd A'tt >Ad zs-ytzCA-t/t/  t^sZ A/ tAA. A d i?A/d/A<f /A  '//(ztsy^_  s\/y\tv £d~
            yy'           A AX- ^-      /    "a   .7   A     ,      y,
    ft. * f t X dAz / ZL y  ZtL.i  z  /> /s^zAe-z,. e/X7A*.  ,/tt yy/Ax-cyc- /st^, f l?i7 d2.y h, A/ t—

    < A z c/yi AczX ys^d-L y/n, zAdz cy^Azy/A  zA z/u yy _  Sy-Zt64ztAz  s^t^z a,d.. z'c,
Z 7

Ay
           y  y                  v-               y>~ cl, . z.^^a_ yy
<,~s. z/d-AA-yt-tsCzr,/^<cyfy t/"-z~/i-^s.z^s^.- _ ac~   t-Jt^-«t- <a- a,//l.£i A/.
                             -     A       z          A           /
77 l.  ZU^-A


dL /Ay;
                      y             /    vw
                                  -X ACCA/ZCXd^ZdZ in,.

 /.   A z-tAAAZsZs^z/AzzA z*y7 a,  zudAe^t^aszsy z/tXz, z2zAAAA _ z^y yA y*r?ttX*z zy AAd,

    /zznAj As? tyyzz^zy A Azyit^AA. z9^ ztAs^-uT/AAy/X  7z n  ~y/Ay~, /yy /t dsiAX-

    tvAiA^f.Ai,  A z/?z.yz y d& d~y*dz/4^A /t A<?/l /Ad  A7si st  A ./  z4v A'y-y/H.-


             AAA/yz.// /Azd  ydA/u   TiXyzc^Ay. ^/u^Axy   Az  y^rd/Ayy A, dAy

             z^.yX 7 Xt/yzL dyA 7yy X st-  XAd.  ZydYdAi s* Ay-zed^^ aYa,


2.  A^-Ttd*yL&, Ayt^ty,+ttS—  Azz-zriyra, _  yd/yt^-zy  Ay A Ay A.d,   V ^/^^_ tytA/A

    tYAfrt'A:  dy  v  zt Z? AAtycz yzAz->yA.yA_ A&' ziyiAY^yA-y^^.,AYAd. y  t _.

    AAh-tzy^At^zz^ .//y,- y?XAy,Az^ty:.7Xy/l,cAzyA/1  ^./y AA-r.yt"z<z /.Y-s/zJ
      y ■    t1    /              /'"                A                     X
cX  e..WA/W- X y<y<ts^t  A/yyy y„„yt A„    zyySz.Y?sjt  _ xdssA zAAA/ir
           /'    / *            7  A    y   /     ,
    d*rjueAAY*A Ays  ..zy.tfd zA^aAyAz i,y dy d-  Xdz (Y>7dd7z^. /, Y'y/ yA//A/


 zj. J^z^'zz, di^/^d^^^A^x^A/AA ^u Y^^ttd Y/v   &h^<z/Y
*.d 
                    £aaX Ydnet.
/ 7AU Y-d^Y zy ZsT-Jyz AdA^.Y, f/Atty^-t^dXs.-y>^ yyisdAy/^iyA 'At/y.
A   ■ A  •// -   /
                               y tuez^ ■/. -tA>i, .stszZdA,yzs.■ i
yy  A A       ^      '           A       A /     z      A
z  y
^
  zAy/z.yz YdY A/f/y^, ,Y.z^. AaAAAYl zTzz^^d/zz/zs^y y X y dt^d*- **/
    d  Z     7    X AX                         7
J dA zA / t-ziyi Yfy AAA AyAtyz.- Yddy z^zstXy/AAsdy //A A- Z^fTdZs-z (/ 7 -

^,. AA,y .dtdydd ztT-tyrzAAzdz y^xi^YA* 4s/dzAYC dy^AAy /ty*^ yts/^Ay'
  z/X/y/yA, ' /zAA /yY&^d'AYy /Aa/aYa!/, A/Y5/^ zd^/Ys/^ zr^JA^
  ^.dzyy yyiYz^AAYs*^ /AlAsc**-*, zAYyydzdAAyyyYyAyY^JArdz^
  zYzyy  Uid&Afc Au yzdy^zzzy/.- ,,yy z^y^yAYYAzAy^Y ^~>~
  dcz/dz- AYzA^/iyydX^ z^y/^zdAAsX /-AY/ ^yy yd^yyyz^ y^dy

  AXsiiJ'yr? .
$, .A y,^Yt~y^Y^ -Ad /vAzyyyzdy^Az z/c cz  zY/d/yy t>s;UA/&t.At. „
  AA^-yZAysL.-zTdd^ z^AA^zy dYzyzzdyAY,. AZ^t^a*****
  uy*U~ ddz^y d . Yy  ^zyzYdy^^yYd X. Az, ^AYzd^f
  .■Yd X^^Az^yy A d^z^AAty- YY zXAdz yyyyyyy^Y AX A~SAP y
s-tZsyny-
YY^A/Yd /itsYdL zAy/y Add/z /^ «*/L ^^4 ^ ^^^ "
' A**-"
d^ Xz^l  „ A/s. AAYuy yd/x/JdA'^L aYzzAx yyYYed/y/AY
Z. J& ,dyd,i^ z^zy^/yyzzyyyd^'Uca^/^^AU ^
   //..^Y Xy.AY.zy^y^^^^Y ^'^r^^f
   'W^~ yzasdiy/Az-Azz^y^ ^-A{ '*^'^'^^~W^
  Ad y^yz. a,yX/yXyy^ty-yy/y, y■ y
■   z<n,iAx^A,zyA. ydX y.z/s^y.yt^zy^y.
   ,u7/ - ytAAyy- 7 «y7y.~^zy t,y,^<Xy:yyr.
   A  '  ■  Y   /''     „. X d'/AdzA/ yy-AAXy z/z yy z/Xt-.A-Az. sAa.
   Uv.^yz/Ay, ..zz ^^'^f^'f**   yd              yy
y /3  -A i'-  - , ASA**- szyy^d Y*-^al^^  ^y^A- AdA^
A.tAy/AzddzzZZy y y/^/^7         y            y      „
   A  A           A* ' A AA    y/,,YYdLy7^*z tydt-Aiz y. z. A*-
   z:y7Adz^~. z^tdy^ziA^^  yzAUz,— y»/ ^^
   d
  Z     ),
   ddd'/L .'tT'          -          t        y      A yr   y      y /
..  /AA.s,..Xz, zs^A sy..AyX.a ^.aa -^
   ^usdy z^dAy A^A^ s-^/^y.y~yy_ zy Z 
z2r£t//z-tt^tV Yiy^.CAuc'/u J.  ^<*«, ztd.Aus AY/y  /Yy Yy X YYy < ,y y*^ \

 /A ydy/y./AX+, zyddz-ty aYz zALyAxYr-z"■ .*,<//*■/** z*l,z Adr yd A ^ Azz..A/
  A  z7               y         A        /                'yd■  A y  y'   /
zyt-tAA/tytt-'yr<y <*Aa-'^A-s.^y .^yyzty, Adr^e Az-cyyy^  AAAXs A A Az zzst/j^.
     /            "    z  a-        X •   ^A    A  d''      L<A>/
dist-did_ /Aiy y/ti  .kyz/y C*.  (***T~^yyr*.^>sy s.tt/A, yAss^-7-tt, .   c^-«^-
'.■yj^cA/y^yd/y z AA, .yA/
 yt t-ydA:Az^y yd/y c  -z Acdzd AzZzyyAz -yy U  zLd A At  c jA a*-c**.  -C 7/AtA <"
1               A        •                                            A A   »
 d/Ad J AAy  A; /r-Y~ /t'/AA  .Atry, /A/'<AA Zy z<y ^-isy/A-dyy zX, 'y A A7 A ~

 dY, estdAY. yttd.A's^^dA7X/td//'// z^yA.L  as^y^y,:  cy. dy- yd. 2ZAAdA7yyt^/)
     d     st   A A                        y a   f   / zy ts  / z.     , yy
    7 ^tdzddy   y. yz'yAAyd/zszAAAzzAssAzy^   yds/A.,  sz.AAA XtX  'A


n— A . i ddAACa zZ.yzzyyyA/c.yA-z-c/'i.LzsXL. y  zk-t*A AA  A y  . A^ry* A< ys <_, &
 '  -d  A       yd,    y  A         A       yy  Ydy yyX /*
 : . A. /^c a t^Zt-Ld  AXzzlC /-^ d-tye^z. A-/y /(t7<.y -A*, si,^f //Ay/ yt. /A.y
UX di /i tA Ayr;

                                 /A <A(z^s/
/.  d'AAz/iuyA A,■■ yz>--d4^yszAz*<cyAAyzt7 sAx sA/Zzzsyyy'y .A/tyA dA-AzAzsyA^
   zAtoyAydyyAAyAAAYa  /AAA A/xyyAAy?-/zztyddA^y y*^& AA, cXyd ^/A//'_

   Zfoztzd?.  dyy-if A<*iyA',y7-7zA /Ar-Z/^Zz,  (ZaAiy■ yc/s  zAAzZ, dAd^A/ /Zcy,-ztAAd  Astd,
     a/SS       A  /         A    Ay y,         /A      sA-Y          '     _
   tA/iAi j/yj/i-i /y Z7tyLy/udtzd/yy ys.z.^T_ /y^yz^Ady#?pc,AyziXA./si.zKj>-

   i  y^*d * ■ r    AX-* yz*yAA<>7/-t>**iy zy/AyA d^ z/A _ cy-zZ-z^r^. ya Az<7yA-yAys-^

   /.AA-.

%. /AAy^. /tdyA-Ay L yYedAdy^zty^-d} y: zt yA A^yA ^yA^^zy^y ygAAdAAAy <-
zrh. A \/2/rzyz* ZL-- Af-i^zd-AA z^zzZ-T^yy-c/y zzdzyyzz txy/ATx*-^  - d^/ty.ZAAdd<y-
        y dy c. 7y 7, dAz£y-^^YyAyyddyyyyA z^yt dAyAa_y: d^tydt^ tf/zzz-tAA-

 AAAt- Az yy.': y.  iyf zzdddx.A- z/TAd-Ust- AL^d-zddz^. ^ AtsAiAd /z-^t^/y/'tA'
Y  J A-      / //- yd         ^~              A'x' '     V    '    Y   y
 Cyy/zsity - dAftd^yc^. y/t^-t /^ dz~*.  z-u _ ./yzyy z<  rz tA..  y _  _+. X zt, yT^t^z^zXyt-s^sCA

  dAAiA z yt/yAA-.   AdyYLAt «^zy.d/t^y^^ _ lyndA/lA/. zja^yA.C _  ZAs-zxAAl,
  A '    ^           d/  A  /      A      A- -   ., A
 d<yyz~tXy /-j/z?7>" -  z/ytyyA diyz-^A^d/z& X- yy  /Tt^szy.*u'<uzz-Ady*^- A/

 ay*- nzyztyzzz, <XA tirmAc^) ys^zAA zdcy.yyA*^,  tA^yrty^/y/A^s^y ^r^yAA Ay tAv
cA-cyAdCdYAdz, y A^Ayyd^'d - Ayz A/lY/A^Ax ^v^>^_ a<%xdyA, .

 cc- d'/Ct^/ArHs 7'.  7ZA<zA~d^^tsls^/YsL£y^^^c'Ait^               ZLAjA^"

 A*^C szttAIziAcAA /n<.y- AiyyAdtdAy eisz^,  ztizyAy.  ■'..  s^yAsyd'.■ y>zY, z Y/A-
//ydA Yd Y'-c-y  TAzytyAy-itdLtd (Ay
isey^
za,yy/?y z zy ^__ yzy/Ar isns dl/yiy.
 J.  Al. /U^sdA/Adz/, Xsv-y A //A zid^yus tyAArhy  /Ht^z/yyysAd y y t?s*yyyy^ a ■
       A           A  '  A    A-A                      •            C,y'
\   ye .^AzUcyi^/f fu\ i./z. aAYay/S y/A^y-y^^s yddyyyz^AcAAd^YyA"i'ydAdXy zYA.

    /UAYy*i*Ay - z^.Azx y dy- .AnuysYz z^zAsty  ^, AAyy> j/dz^zAz^z^dy _  . ,^
     " A/' /           A           '   .       y   /  /
      ff A  /jZc^y^j s?tyzyyAl£^  d^ ZA-z-yd.--^ ^  >*ddy. 
(   &   )
   flammability—relations to water, alcohol, ether, volatile and  fixed oils—reaction of water
   upon the tincture—effects of union with resins and fats—chemical nature—mode in which
   it is best kept.
Jk ..-Effects on the system—poisonous effects—therapeutical applications.
  '    Medium dose, 5 to 10 grains—but the dose may vary from 1 to 20 grains.  Given in the
 / Jp/'n of bolus or emulsioru__^Objection against the former.   Modes of preparing the emul-
/&Asion^  Given"TflscT'iri solution.  Camphor water {Aqua Camphora, U.S.) an officinal pre-
    paration.   Mode of preparing it. Strength of the solution.  Purposes for which it is used.
    Dose, f^j. or f.^ij. or more.  Camphor is used also in tincture.  Strength of the tincture.
    Dosev'5 drops to fgj.
  £. - .External use of camphor.  Applied in  spirituous or oleaginous solution/  Officinal pre-
    parations, 1. Camphorated Tincture of Soap (Tinctura Saponis Camphorata, U.S.); 2. Cam-
    phorated  Snap  Liniment (Linimenlum Suponis Camphoratum,  U.S.)  commonly called
    opodeldoc;  3. Camphor Liniment (Linimentum Camphora,  U.S.).


                                   BELLADONNA. U.S.
       Leaves of Atropa Belladonna—a perennial herb, indigenous  in Europe.  Whole plant
     narcotic.   Commonly called Deadly  nightshade.
  j . .-Shape of the leaves—colour when dried—odour—taste—virtues said to reside in an alka-
     line principle called atropia.
  +  . ..Effects on the system.   Poisonous action.. Treatment of its poisonous effects.  Thera-
   ' peutical applications.  Used in substance, infusion, or extract.
       Dose of the powder, gr.  j. night and morning—of the infusion, made with  one scruple
     to ten fluidounces of water, f^j. or fgij.—of the extract, or inspissated juice (Extractum
     Belladonna, US.), much moire employed in the United States than any other preparation,
     one-fourth or one-half a grain twice  a day.  An alcoholic extract also directed  by U. S.
     Phanriacoppeia^ ^Reasons for  beginning with a small dose. The quantity to be gradually
 •^ "increased,  if necessary, till some effects upon the system are produced.  Evidences of these
     effects.
     . .External use in the form of plaster (Emplastrum Belladonna, U.S.), and  as an applica-
     tion to the eye and the os  uteri.
4'
                  STRAMONIUM LEAVES.—STRAMONII FOLIA.  U.S.
                   STRAMONIUM ROOT—STRAMONII  RADIX.  U.S.
                   STRAMONIUM SEED.—STRAMONII SEMEN.  U.S.
       Leaves, seeds and root of Datura Stramonium—an annual plant, growing wild in all
 j ..quarters of the woild.  Situations most favourable to its growth.'- Common names.
*'' '   Leaves.  Odour in the recent state—taste.      - "
 2'    Seeds   Shape—colour—odour—taste—relative activity—relations to water and alcohol.
 **•    Virtues of Stramonium ascribed to an alkaline principle called daluna, the existence of
     which, however, is doubtful.
       ' Effects on the system.  Poisonous action.   Evidences of this action  and mode ot treat-
 ■'A-'ment  TheraoeiMical applications.   Dose of the seeds, one grain—of the extract ot the
  A seed's '(ExtractumStramonii Seminis, U.S.), from one-fourth to half a grain-of the pow-
     dered leaves, 2 or 3 grains—of the officinal extract or inspissated juice of the leaves (Ex.
     tractum Stramonii Foliorum, U.S.), one grain night and morning, gradually increased till

     tHExternal use of stramonium. .Employed in the form of an ointment (Unguentum Stra.
     monii, U.S.)

                          BITTERSWEET.—DULCAMARA.  U.S.
       Stem and branches of Solanum Dulcamara, or woody nightshade. Character of the plant,

 J'' ;;:1ha1pTan°dfs!zeOWof Ae twigs-structure-nature of the surface-colour-odour-taste-
2
relations to water.
. -Virtues ascribed to a peculiar alkaline principle called\solanui.
                         mi________.wlnnl nr\r\lm'i( inn a   I Sill;) IIV t
*'is  officinal!   DoseX^ij. four times a day.  The extract (Extractum Dulcamara, U.S.)
   may be given in the dose of from 5 to  10 grains.

                      HEMLOCK LEAVES.—CONII FOLIA. U.S.
                       HEMLOCK SEED.-CONII SEMEN. U.S.
               a  *ab «f Cnnium maculatum—a  biennial, umbelliferous plant, indigenous in 
(   30    )
/ . .. whole plant narcotic.   Most so in warm latitudes.  Mode of collecting and preserving the
      leaves.
      •  • Properties of the leaves—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water,
      alcohol, and ether.  Appearance of the seeds.
         Active  principle, probably a peculiar volatile alkali called conia.
     .. ..Effects on the system.  Poisonous  properties.  Therapeutical applications.  Cose of the
      powdered leaves, 3 or 4 grains—of the extract or  inspissated juice of the leaves (Extractum
--/•   Conii, U.S.),  3 grains, repeated 2 or 3 times a day.   The  dose to be;gradually increased
  <,..   till some effect on the_system is produced.   ^Evidences of such effect.   Caution in relation
   '   to the use of different parcels of the medicine.  An alcoholic extract also officinal,  j 
dttizzz/A^.  a//, Azy/AzAzT-dd<y. , zyAA^A z^tdA- z?i~£r.*rA*xy  AA^^X^X**A
                A      , / ' •/X7               t  ,/    /;   ,  -     A ^
 7ftAey/i-Ty/dyd Zzd/A  Zzt s ysy//zy?ZtdAy?c /// A/id At 7s,z,___zx,<yzy  d*y?

 yZiy At ftnn+dyz/y'//fAz-s&y  yyA, y? AYy d>tyz7t A-z,y•/ArAA /y/Xz*^ y/syAydyy^.. -

 (y?^ zdtyXyUty^,y?~7Ay A-A<y/ A 'z^AyzfTz^^cs^yAz/ zz y^d-y^z. zt Tzy.y. z*-Ay~

 AAA  .z+s zZ^Asyz*^ezy.AA'.Ay^yy^sy^  __ /^^ Z&y^t^T-zzX/dd&ddXAty zX. tZ^yy/iytsz^z ~
ztitiyi'iy zzyzA zzjsATAAAA zAAzXsz^y./ y-z^y dd&y s?y X/^L.dA ziz> A, Z>, yyy/tyzy.
z
  '—-. cy
  — dAA-Yd+AzA (Az^z2aAaA/ /y<^YAdtsAA%d /^-ttAAaaAA' ^^  dxrzs^*
     A/fy   y  y ^  .\Y  Yd,    A  . /Ay  .  y y   A  JAX
   dyye/^Aiy/i.Ayzys%yy _ y///T^a/ey-z^y. yn/LaAAdsA- z-st/yA AlA /z^^-y-.y  d*-^-

   ZtyzAtMitsZ,/ d^yzsyi^sr?^, zSyrdyA,  Zi^-yv^yisdyA A^Zyyy z?nyi. y A yA^Ad~iA~

   fi^ fdA/kyZ/Ay/AAre. zAATZ- Zz^sxys^z, Z+~lZ A^ X yAA zd^yzy-/'^ z/A^ac/zX

   A/^yiy/A-  AAl.- /A /dzzzAYAA^, Adr~e«y* /Z-stAA* AA sAy dyy^zzyy zAAAAAjUs,-

  yfafiAdz  AAycty^a.eyC y~ _ AAy^s Yz^yyzzy/ yAyt^/U-  znr?**dz*ves7AzsAA z^zdzzA/

   AA 4.d?^z.yAAz  d>- xAst/Azi- tAiczyy£zty> es*^ ^ A^yzAAAAAA y&d ^^d^ ^ y^^"-
          A   yy      XX  y             y/            A A         L
   dK&z y^,  ycAAddT/d zZ/AAyo-tdd .AdAA^'d^*.*} td>L~yyy^t-y>y/d^. A. C~*^+i--
     i A    A   AA,               "  / / /-' y   zd y   /-y    '  _,
   JfA-dz- zy-/i-A/ y./y/yz^cyy,/^ z)ySs7 yy.Asyz}yAi 7yu * yy^ -dt As sua- zy ^-zjtz^A.J.
         s?    A  i          s  '     A  y y.      Ay y                      y  y
j., /3/YAcy sTtydy ydy^yAAtdAA^zAzf  y a/AA  yy/ytdy ysv ezy/dAyd

   Czs-AA-lz ^  yesy^ ydyA/~ yy/yy AA /A//  y.Ay/z^2-AA _ XTz+tAy y*^

    tsi^sAd  tzA^-r^Yd, zz^ok,, yyyy^y^,^ Azt /^A Ad z^A<~ A& Aa****Ad,
                       A  y A   '  A            A            y  yd     Z-    y
   AUzLdXdY*yA; Aytt/z A%af*4id*£/£. WtA£1 AA/- /T&d^/AU .y ,it A*ry^

    ey-i'tAYyYA, a Ady-AdA//£t4«. z^zAA Ad yz^A^^Ay ^AlAysA >-^'<-

    zysTxAYY  asCytyYA^t -Ay /A/YtZA zZyAAZastshy? /AdATAdez^, ^y^ y^y-z.^^  Z/T

   /ALu Az-yyC- ZY/kd/AA^,.^ zTZo^etd A z2yYy*A/d( ?<., Yf/ ^Az^.A

 S.  AUiyzAyA  7^ ^^^^^^^^^</^^^AX^^^/^r^^^^^/'^'^'

    OJ/AX^  Zstntl^y^y.  yfyyL dyVH^A/f^z^dAtAj^At^U. /^ yZy^A? A

    /Yd- z^ay^^^AhdT^AzYzTyztz/ AAdz zyz.X/rA^zztt^  yzzyz^zAy-t  /^^  AA^^y

    dJ+LyuAd-xfrziyy Xzy. 7 y^. d *■ dv'/sf/Z*2 d/^ zy tAd^yAd^Y d*c z2X-
/ '■*/  /*-:         A     /'     / ■
 / tz d/t.y-  &Ls?t, z^y t^z^f^L'Z^y  yyzzy zz>
dtA /yd/i


(,ZA 7t^
   U.U *J^y J A d^dys YY                      £*s4~e

       /y/ydzYzdti\/y^/y^Xzt,/Azyy.Y/At^-^d- AY^^„' /Ayy^A

        Ct<A/y>~.AA/tA^/?rz/zA yy-dzyAxAdy-dYc^s/ycy,yYd^yL^Ad& zzcA.
         A                     yo  dd' /
                             A. Or7y~ 1 dy/z /+ zz^,

7. SztzoxV y^tzAt zzzu^-AizA^S^-yA^                        ^^

   d*^yt,dz*YuzYd<>r.'zAA ztZztdA-                             y

X A7./fi^d*dzdtdAyyYz^^YAyy ^^tdd^ iy^A-y^edyy

   AAA/y >'x/ Ar^Yi yy^dxysAtr/yyXs/ ^z/yyz,Ayy^ /Yy Yd^^Y 
y   .  x
dAz ./A A ysXz A-yd'y  / A A*At*£*C szszyy znz^j___  A/l.  + '^T-Tzyz-c^y/yi A Azii yc^

         .y di^Z'/irf /t^yzlzy, AdAzyztZ/LZ/A^SL^ it* AT-SZ^-z^f STl c^^td/ AyA
                                              y'' *d   n  / ' f
                                       \zyy. zAdz/Ady .Xz-s-yzyA y z y A/zyfdy
                                                    A    A, y X  y


              Xc^yyyj/t,. AXXy^yAzX AA~yA/z.l> Ayr^z.. A/y
<yy<y/ sn
    7  z    y                A y   y -        y       ' ...z
 .y S-X/Z Zs Ad ■ 777- st-Sy *-tA>tAAy.yj-2 ZA?. /^-zX *"~?-^A> A z^.-Zz2-/l

A*l, A^-yA^-^^-d /y-y^s-cz/L,  /s7~ »y7/y-p^y/Aty^^yy --zAzy/ zsyyA*y /z^y-A/y^-,

 AA   ''  *'       'W  yi>             Ar d/Lx     y      S-   ^
AlyzXX  zx, d/z,yt>t.7-t^,. Ay,  A^y-z,/t^. yz-nzzz/ Ay < Ad  A y7izy2sr.A.,
zZAdz-s,^
   A1 X/dyty/zss/AAAd dZ/ZyU- ttA.A /yy^ ±Att A 'lszZ', ',A/Ly* // /dy, tZ-e.zl££--/ydzzAAAs
   A  yA    _A

3. zAAzy yp.Aly^ztA z<7 zytAyy^aAAzA /w  /zdAX/yyAx, zAy^y^^- Ayy<y/-y~zC
y'.L. / >i.i ://s  A y/^tt y~
        /i'    y     y   y*        /   y
    ZA)Ai,sydAcyyid,/Aud z^dAA,  A  zZy^,  yy~*7t
     a/a'A        A
    /r y/ty sz z■ /. Ly/iz /,
    f'             '                  A
*/,  AyAyL^uyn <a z^^-ty^yzcAy oAA^^-^zsiAAzAAi^ —  A*  /AtAz?.AAA A^y/^
                ^'   /   / r7     y         j *            /      A   /.
    tsfr^/yr, zdt.yy^^yy/y-.AA. y/k4*. t*yXr*t<? y~2t  X/dz ydcyy-scA- yy>- ^yz,tasTt^^zst**

    AAAd^L z-nx.1&/y^zAdAi^, ~  Ao /AAA/idA  ^ ^fe._   zz^i^zzyYj
AS zz ^
A/ryc A/ Ycil ^-"^^Aty A /Ad.  /Z-Zcy^y,
 _  //
CX'.- dtCty/zr zr>uocy4>*4y.
  /.   yYi*n tA/dA/zudzAAt~7l - rzyY**Y< hntXz/A^udJi'd/xyzdYAAz^.
      c/         //A              /                       '  •
      dA/ yz/i -z' / A/yy

4 2.  dyy/^AzyyY zz^A fc YzY, A, >&, ZtoasUALf+fS- y^/Uz,- ..-Yd//sT/Yzt-z^
 i          *       / ^       AAy.        y  A yA


 /.  SAdsdj zY^zd,/YyJ'AAYd^^^.Ydzd/ydzyz^/A^y/YydY^^ ^zzuzU,

     *^z*>*- 'Yd- d-zdyz*±£*,_ X^^Yy^YAA-^yyddxYAzyy.  A2/zA-Atzzz.

' A di:Y/L AfcA*y,dt^yfe/jy z/t^^Y/t/fyyz  zy/JAtyzdzztdX^

     ^z/yd/^^XsAAy^^y^^ dYz^Y,Yd..y^A7yyYf '<£*,.44J, A

     %"fUi/  YAvyYVAd,/^t//^Ad^Yfy ^zA^zz'y^Ak/ Y*,*u/zhm

 .    dYAYYd^y yy^^zi/y y{YdA zyyd^ *U  YS> AaC^u __ j£+t4,rsi-

     /ny  ./daA AA ayyAyz^y^z  //^i^^

 X.  A AAA-A At.- s^Zis/sAtA/>A*.AzAa4~\
 
                   -   A  A-    A       a '              A •      ■       Af
    7~.-dd?t y J,  z   I /  *ty y^,j Ayyty/y..  s-A^,**^  ,.  Z/< ■■-" /?Csy _. >**  ,rtAy#X^£-7

  /Tnc/yAA  >*zs.-A<Ay-u7£y y<yz,A~  zdi-zt.yy/tP-zyy />   /A fAA'<_ / .A _.
   X      ■   /-'   A ^-   /  '      A y^A 7Y  A7d    /t-
   y /-/yiZA-sz  7/t  y/ y  y*Ly/  y A/'r ',. //y>y//z/> ■£/.-*/ dy A/-a-,^yy dt/tt-A

   fit  , AtzzA lyf^AA/Tzt, .y   Ayddy , y 'AY/AAty'z'ilt.y tA  ±zi  A^zz^zA.

                       .  ...dAd  zy/A/AzA,.

A  YYAz/zzz Azyy tZyzA-dAx/YAdd/t £_ Adz? udA  z/Zsyt/d // At/yYisY/  y' d^3< d^

   tz. -ys- t-.y a / X" fy Az'A-t <*.  *A yud /At*/, s-. L y_ /y/zs zy "A  Zd7*z y zy^/tfy

   tzYAdA- A<YA</ tAszA,  AfiyCads/a?, cdyriiy yzisdyyAztAddd yfzyz^Vts dy.
    ',     a/    Y    Yy        ,  ,      tAA    'd  a    ^ y     y
2. A'Azc/AA zZ/pyt zyydAAA/z.y^ y ddz z< 'yd ..Ay A '/6<  A - /Ay/AytA'A/AdU _
                 A   X   ' •'    'a       '                  z /, yy   /
   Z-ycAyA 7l/s Az±/„ dy^A./yn  /.y/er_ d,ds7z< A/XS^ * -  Z.AdAd,yy'//   Ay  ^
   r      s   ■> A     '    y          *                   i  ✓
  "       y    ~- .  -          7      •      -   ■    -    y   ' -  ' ' '       d
   /Ad/ ddAyy[y/yA  . ? s-iAe/A— '/aA/' A yzt-Azc yy Az  *^~r - /**? y zzAaz ->

     ~'       y         '   <? A  /**
7^   A'fzcti A  lAX/1 t*^/y / lzz 7<yy/z, /At zy^dsycdf* -
                  A   / A       y       >          /?       A        ■'
A  AY? y A** zdy AY/AY. Ay. y  .A* yt~'<'dX^  z ,<,   zLz/^-t,   Ayy/y /AiC  Ut-

      . jAt/i ■YA-'^/7tdy zz/'AzsYz'7zA/\l 7%y z'yzAXdAd/ y z<r<_z.AA4.—
             ?         y         /          ,        A     .Sj  1       y
    AxsA Acy /Ydz zyAy  '/^t/^/:^'-/«  /A  Azz-iyt,   Aszxy.. .

    «a  r  'A *7<-y ~ dA//t.  A y^yzy^ aw^?  z-dAy A Af*,yA'<Ayc*,'*y*y
             y                      7<  /     "          'A    A 7   f
    Ay -.  Ay .desd.:.  a/^ f A/A/, d dYyAzd t /A  d »z, yA A** A yf z. < ~</*~yAz.

    *y/AAd>i. / y tt-z  <A f/y/csAxz  A(a zAcy/dzzyd d^< zz/y  A tys? Ad *- A' dA:
A    /-•             XA
ddn z* A*z  i   A/ y/tz/ Az yy*z /) zistZ
                                   y  y;.
                                yr t>/?y ■  t//y.
               Z                     st        -       '   " S
A  AA}/' d YsAdz- /- y aYYzY,   A? »A<  /y A y»z aY/A-Y
               / Ay  " •  A .      y      dA    .  ,  y X ,  yy              y
Z.  ^£*y*id  YA^dAizd^K^A?^- -,X/v.  A/,dA  zz yiS q .zsytz - <'■'„..
       s~       df /y   Ay-                 1                   .       A
    ,  A,Yd AA ?S<f - d?/X -  A Y'At '/AYA/  7/2/ss- y  t^ttyy/AA yy'AAdy

    /    , Y.\.- s ?A/Ay/Yz/-  (  c 'zzYYX S-yj  /d  a A-    Az? Ay/*<?/AAdzA  A

     iz dy/*.                           ^                  y   -.

j    •     //yy^y/zsr <Asd  YyaA  AAz^y/Az/fX' / zsA'Y. UAAYXAy  _ , /AA

  "',-.,      XyAAxAz,t„s  XX^s.yA-Ad A
    zz^ t y                                      *,          y
    dA^zrtd'Y. .  a/Ai*'*.A/./iA*,  /.,  ' 7/aa /Am. .us A a / <d/y
A
t
df/dye ■ X/i  Ay? zs/S
s/y^ .A AA i z/t/zz. ^dz-A  At A  Aa Yy., d. * dyA' /,
'Ar2/.-~l«-
//y . v /• zsz z <y  z .  - - -   ;- . ^ . . __  _                   ,     ,,
 A     f     A                  a ,     '     y   /     y A
[y  ,sl/yAl7/  /•y^/.^   />*!-*< AdZdltA.  i.     t Zz'Az dSzf Xy

A^r.'/ Y  f*At/yz^ .  <yrY'z  Y  Yy d>J y y'■>■'* td<S Afr f.diy»/y ^

 </ yyr (//A*dd YYd Y7/Yy Sh Ay yy 'y/-   / AAs  \  Axz^ A  A*

; zaYc '■"* £fJ+J A*y> dls>t  zzyAYizt/Yz'X dt..   AA> < -  . Y'L -*^r *'€       ^

      Yo/AzA Yz yA,   .  r-X ^tYa-A*^ Ay, yy-y&z^y  ^.s,yA-
/*.'/<.'  'Adr'ZA/y /:z y 
>          A/      A/    A        -  "  /"//   ,             ™
|    Xy/AAztz, , y< .,  y yy Az /dy. A^y/z  y , YY / yXdz\y « ,.
I    A   y^     ,?  .     t       y YA /         Yy      a  _
    fi-y zS<>y, t   Ay,.  y*Ar, i^vz    a/ /y£, /yy ,t ,t/  7 /Az y  /  *,   .  ,,
j    /^ &Yxy /Ytz/YZSy* . J."y/^dYz tdC^ dtYA 'y^fy  AA/Ya< A* .
    Aza/ Alt  z >z? zz zfcA  Ad/tA-^a ^7 y A7t At*A*. « tYy/.
j d  A/Y^AAtyzdzrzY dC A/tyY y/^ siyyy/tYYY yds* .j ^ ;^, /  .
    s ; /, y/Aryz^yyd.  ^.Aa  ~ A»L
 -^ TYf£yy> ^ zAA^ y  dY//A yTlA d dAAyy'/f7y/~A^r./1   t-1
     a  y  ,  /?  /, Ad y  y yy-     ,    A/        *             ~
    ''*'.'   <~ f ^i^Yl* /t./ZySZ, %/,y^AU  X^Z^yf, A

\                       . -hdAvAd^t At'd/diAY/Aj.
j  / -YiA/At+dU zyJy/YAAtd z^zXAyLd^y^dY'zy ct*  4^£d*,<*,£„
\    *" /yY^/dtydf  Xy-fAYzy y^  «.£^d££Lf .dY  adt, ^ ^

,    AAx ty/YA^ /A AA'yy-y Ad/l£  Xz^Zz.       '            S
A?zAzj/i //*?/,
/ydu yz
  dA^/yyyA^/y^^  / tY/AUdi^ jLr*
/ dJAz.AYyf./A'AyAdYyy yyfdy/z/ Yy z [y ziY, d/Y A, YY A
  '/^d/dtd tYd/Y^ Y.c~SM \,/A, td'A*«^/zz/^Y-
  YYd ^/^ // y/- / _ ^^ / y
  /          y?/y        -d\Ay-'"«y,tVZ:Zy/vy/^ys?y.jU^
AAc  ^y^yz^A A/fd-Aru A/U' y'zyyA A'-   '  ^  /■  *     y
  , X       ///             Ayyys/^d^yy, f ^yt^//tP  ty^^AA
yzrti, t&d+zAAd^y/^ t,^^  ,/// 
(   31   )
                                   CLASS   VI.


                             ARTERIAL SEDATIVES.


                                  General  Observations.

       Sedative medicines are those which, by their immediate influence, produce a reduction of
     the vital actions.   Some of these are directed  more especially to the circulatory system, re-
     ducing the action of the heart and arteries, without any immediate influence upon the ner-
     vous power.  These are called arterial sedatives.  Others reduce at the same time arterial
     and nervous power;  and these, for the sake of convenience, we call  nervous sedatives.
/ .  . . The arterial sedatives, though in their primary action confined to the circulatory system,
     undoubtedly affect the nervous system also;  but only in a  secondary manner.  The two
     systems are so closely connected by sympathy, that any great disturbance of the one sel-
     dom exists without inducing disorder in the other.
       Though sedative in their general  influence, these medicines  may be stimulant in relation  ' '«* *
     to particular functions or organs, and in large quantities often act as local irritants.        '•
       An obvious indication for the use of the arterial sedatives is afforded by increased vascu-
     lar action, resulting from an increased display of the vital energies.  Hence their use in
     all  inflammatory diseases attended  with fever, and not complicated  with typhous tenden-
     cies; and in all fevers  in which the grade of action is above the healthy standard.
       Refrigerant medicines belong to this class.  They opeiate in general by reducing  the
     excited action either of the heart or of the capillaries, from which the increased heat arises.

                               ANTIMONY.—ANTIMONIUM.
       Even in quantities too small to produce obvious effects, the antimonials are not without
     influence on  the  system.   They occasion some modification of the  vital actions, which,
     though so slight as to escape notice in health, is yet important  in some cases of disease.
     Medicines which act in this way are called alteratives.
       In larger quantities, given so as  to operate upon the system, without producing nausea,
     they depress the movement of the heart and other parts concerned in the circulation, as
     indicated by a slower and weaker  pulse, and a less vigorous impulse of the heart  when
     examined by a stethoscope. At the same time the surface  becomes cooler and  paler, and
r  . . - respiration less frequent.  Sometimes, by proper management in the increase of the dose,
     and in the regulation of the diet, this depressing influence may be exhibited in a powerful
     degree without any especial action on  the stomach.                                   • •
        Usually, from doses calculated to produce a decided sedative impression on the circula-
     tion, nausea or sickness of stomach also results, which, by its  own depressing agency upon
     the  circulatory  function, very much increases the sedative  influence of the antimonial.
     This combined action is sometimes desirable when great relaxation is to be produced; but
     the local impression on the stomach should be avoided in cases of inflammation or great
     irritation of that viscus.
        In still larger doses, thai: antimonials usually vomit.  Of this effect, more will be said
     under the head of emetics.
        These preparations are apt also to irritate the bowels, and to occasion purging, especially
     if not thrown  off from the stomach by vomiting.   Very large doses sometimes occasion
""■ - • -violent vomiting and purging, with great and dangerous prostration.
        While operating as general sedatives to the circulatory forces, the antimonials appear
      to stimulate the secretory functions, being directed  to  one- or another of these functions,
 s .. .according to the circumstances under which  they are given, or the mode of administration.
        The effects of antimonials upon the  heart and arteries, and upon the secretions, probably
     depend upon their entrance into the blood-vessels by means of absorption. On the stomach
     they probably act by an immediate irritation, though they appear  to have  a peculiar  ten-
     dency to this organ, as, even when introduced into  the system by other routes, they are
     said to act as emetics.                                           ....     .
       Applied in large quantity to  any  part of the body, they produce local irritation or lnflam-
     mation.   Thus, tartar emetic,  when applied  to the skin, gives rise to a pustular eruption,
     and on a surface unprotected by the cuticle is  capable of acting as a caustic.
        Metallic antimony, administered in very  fine powder, is  capable of producing all the 
(   32   )
      general effects of its preparations; but its activity probably depends upon chemical changes
      which it undergoes in the stomach, and its operation is too uncertain  to be depended on.
         The preparations which have at different times been employed  are very numerous.  It
 ,.,   is sufficient to notice three—viz. 1. tartar emetic,  2. the precipitated sulphuret, and 3. the
      antimonial powder.                                                  ___„«„,. «n *-i'
         TARTRATE  OF ANTIMONY  AND  POTASSA.—ANTIMONII ET POTASStE
      TARTRAS. U.S.—Tartar  emetic.   Tartarizedyntimony.^ .Chemical nature.** Mode of
   A 'preparationATfeason whyTT should always be crystallized.
   2. .-Shape of the crystals—colour—effect of exposure—odour—taste—relations to water and
      alcohol—effects of time upon the aqueous solution—incornpatibles.
         The best of the antimonials.  In small doses, used  as an alterative in chronic cutaneous
      diseases, scrofulous affections, chronic  pulmonary complaints,  &c;  in somewhat larger
      doses, as a refrigerant or arterial sedative in febrile and.inflammatory complaints, particu-
  «3-  'lady  bronchitis aRd pneumonia, and in "hemorrhages. "Employment of very large doses in
      pulmonary inflammations.  Acts in this way doubly,  1. as a sedative, 2. by revulsion to the
   /   stomach and bowels. ..Dangers of this  mode  of using tartar emetic.   Poisonous effects.
   r~' Resemblance to malignant cholera.  Treatment.
 S. """'   Dose of tartar emetic as an alterative, from one thirty-second to one-sixteenth of a grain,
      dissolved in a large proportion of water, and repeated so that from one-fourth to one-half
      a grain may be taken daily;—as a sedative, from  one-twelfth to  one-sixth of a grain or
      more.
         Antimonial Wine.— Vinum Antimonii, U.S.  Solution of tartar emetic in wine in the
/C .  .jprorjortbn^^a^rainsJoJ^j^^-Advantages of this preparation, and of wine as a solvent.
     ^~Tniution  necessary  in the choice of  the wine.  Disadvantages of the inferior varieties.
   r ..This  preparation  should be used only  in cases  requiring small doses of the antimonial.
         PRECIPITATED SULPHURET OF ANTIMONY.—ANTIMONII  SULPHURE-
      TUM PRiECIPITATUM. U.S.   Mode  of  preparation.   Mode of preparing Hermes'1
      mineral and golden sulphur of antimony.   Difference between these and the officinal pre-
      cipitated sulphuret.  Colour of the three.  Relations  to water and alcohol.
 /A  . • • Operation upon the system.   Therapeutical  applications.  Dose as an alterative, 1 or 2
      grains—as an emeto-cathartic, 5 to 20 grains.
      .  • ANTIMONIAL POWDER.—PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS.   An imitation of James's
      powder.   Mode of preparation.   Chemical  nature.  Colour—taste—smell—insolubility in
      water.  Uncertainty of medicinal effect.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose, 3 to 8 grains.
T-
//
/.
3.
                                    SALINE SUBSTANCES.
         Almost all  the neutral alkaline salts, and those in which the acid predominates, are
       sedative in their influence on the circulation.  Usually called refrigerants.  They produce
       this effect independently of their purgative  action or  influence upon the secretions.  But
       they are chiefly used  in reference to these latter effects,  and only incidentally as refrige-
       rants or sedatives.  Therefore more  properly treated of under other heads.  One of them
       only so prominently sedative as to require consideration here.
       ,  NITRATE OF POTASSA.—POTASSjE N1TRAS. U.S.—Mtre. Saltpetre. Whence
       imported.  Mode in which prepared.  Artificial nitre beds.  State as imported.t Mo.de of
       refining.
       • -  Shape of crystals—colour—odour—taste—solubility in water—insolubility in  alcohol—
       absence of water of crystallization—water mechanically present—effects of heat.
         In moderate doses  repeated frequently, lessens the force and frequency of the pulse, and
       diminishes animal  heat. .Suggestion as to its modus operandi.  Stimulates the secretory
       functions, particularly" that of the kidneys—in some measure also that of the skin. Dimin-
/ . . .ishes the energy of the stomach, and causes indigestion.   In large doses, it often occa-
       skins pjjrging\_Jji very large  quantities, poisonous.__Effects as a poison.   Treatment of
J ■ ^  its poisonous  effects.   Given in  inflammatory diseases, in which  the action  is  above the
       standard of health,  and in which inflammation of the alimentary mucous membrane is ab-
 ✓     sent.^.Particular applications.   Dose, 5 to  10 grains every hour or two hours.  Given in
"^     powder or solution.
7 -"""'  Often combined with  tartar  emetic, in the proportion of 5 or  10 grains of nitre to one-
'       twelfth or one-sixth of a grain  of the antimonial, in solution.  .Often also with calomel in
       addiJipmJ^oniposition of the nitrous powders.     .___-—-—
r>
                                   VEGETABLE ACIDS.
        Most of these are refrigerant  or sedative to the  circulation.  Useful, when properly
  .„  diluted, as drinks in febrile complaints.  Too largely given,  diminish the vital forces,
     occasion indigestion, and cause emaciation.  Those  chiefly used are the citric  and acetic
     acids, in the form of lemonjuice or vinegar.  Former usually preferred. 
                        7   -/■    Y    y
                       *  LCLl-lLL-  CyyttLl/d.
/. ts?- /Azy-XZt,  AuAyA dyst^ zAitoy> A J y. AAzAAl  7AA. AtAA/AyAayA a7td
   /Ay, d/Azztn XrHAiy^L-. d'uA.itd/ yz z yAtA^ds * L/y Ad uyc*d<'  A&.
     ^    ' 7  '      /Ay             A         A    Ay       y      y
   /_ oz/uA i t-x XA.z^yyzyy/zyy „y ~Ly.^yzv A a/zAs^*^^. a Xcz. /Ayzru<,^
   AAA- dfAc/yc-cs d/cdy/ctA — yz/Atytti^y, /..-zszt/At zst At^s y  yA^'d/yiy-yt/zy/Az
   zA-z~yzd> tt tyd/t.zd.  X yXXidt ■//tt A-z< zsAAy.
cy__ i/ddky v 'yAss Azt yzs  z^-aXA yy/ -
y  ,   /''
    '   'A*   A  ■,'■    *,    / ■     y  yA a    u         ,-/  /    X
   zU y-LXiZs yy yc.t y/yy^ //z^z/ Z/sd zZd yy/ddt -^ zyy/ssyzyy ddtXciA^Z<y z/XdV?U. ,
   yytz x  dy zd/td  zz .zt'iy/A/AAc^ycyzzzti   .-<..-,•,.  y y,-/azAu^ t ^ dy/iy/y^X
   /        7 ,  ty'         A       /             7  7              ^,
   Al  AA.Ad:iz/ydAdsyzt.-<yzdAAiA.z-7A,__^ iy/td-dyi.yy AzXUy  zzyyy'  XX

   i7/-t/-tzZut. > ZLCzAaa yAu-ys y.Zz-t7y/zcd/-y aXz^.tctt. z/zZ/l ycst/Z'-zt^z/  y> ZuAA
                   Az.              '       '        -  - -
   r zisd/y Zlsz./'.-  fl/Xs ■ ttt C ds<z.A/i.y/ .cdAy/sy. /Xy'-Ay..y+,
3, CSTtAlZULyiyAz d/AdA- (4*/ t/-zAzz/ZZi, dA *- A^./tzld:.
X. u'd-cszyytt  z/tdtCAZ- uddd/d/y/y ^ d yAd cc d / cZd J y//zd' zy Ad/^cAd/tyy A
      y t  .   A       , ,.           y      y     '   '  '/    yz'  X A   '     tyA
  yzA/t/yy zfr~ //.AAisti.  .z *.'Ay-stzydA- yyu  • z-r *,*-//1 z/z d/yz-z-^z. yz/tZz.
   .z/zd-z-sy zAA,  yYzyiyzsAd.zt- 'zAyzdAzrz^, dAzzAdz^y cdz/z-tztzAzuyy yY-
    Aty A Yd zsz/ztd  z/y/dXy /tvA/y^S-AYy  /zyisy.tLsAy y AYxy xAyz/A
    AYsi-cA/nl  YyyC-izyy-z-AzA.
    l/ A\   ,  , .      y          . s     ,           .  ■       .  '      ' — '
Y.  Oyt/isAi-izy,  Aity'XLztzdAaAd/A,  cyi-ouu/^oc^ y7^^tz. L+c-ytuzz^  X
   AdAz/zAi^.. JuudyiY-y AALccdYy/'zudzAy  dd*, A,y z/s . l. A/v, Ax/-
    hA/C/ yttU/yy/yd^  .-^dy^,  ^^^-^Xaa^/^m:
    lzYuTc/,  Azzt.-A. az/L/ncrzu. yd^AAiz^z/i dAztlL,  A yAzyy  A,  AY/Ayzd.
A  dAny,  dyk AAi c.czr etc-  zzxy  yy/y.  & AAa f^y.
    YdXdc^7zyAjYy7yzz jAy-  ^ytlj\AA.y; tat/AhX ^ y yyA^zLYyc.
    fdiy^dAd Adda,  Ay Az-zzy  AAA ztddsrzyit^Ayr^.  dd'A Zyls/XJ (.YA^yj
    d./^  -wY Aizyu? ^a^^^^W^^v-^^^^^^" /it-tyA
   jl/& dtn-dd/zshs s?n/AAAty /y/ydd zAuyy/zz^iyyA zX:
I ^.yzyyjz^ Aa tdsAAi^Y^Az/^y_ yxYAAAYAL frr- eYu/du^y .c~
    yA^/As   dY/Yd Ay  AzzdAd6^  cy^z/A^^/z  A^^-  ^7^.
                     JPuc^Aa&AAhd/iYtua/o-Y<- ^rA7H,yZtX
 A A^ds^dx  -oyfiA'tdc/fA A^AA y*y /c/J/urw ^'/.xAizdyfti
/  dtdd^zidd^d^AyzYtoAuu  fdjyzy/A X— yA^/UcyA^y
   ■tU; dAAy //tzxY^ d„<~>*  & y^/cAAud * <u<yU~^ <*^>
7 
ZldzAld!^ tYlA   A/yAtyzAtAXyyuA/f AtzY/yt/y  A /Xd/AcA/A.

Yy' AYl^ zi-d+d zYc a. A A A  AA. 11  y/rtrAA. /. Azy  d A/ /At, ■ / A <■  U y AutA

ted A/JY.Y^uY A  Aityd-czxx . AtA-i >^*a .dn^^y-i./£<■•■"-****£ yyA
         A             7 -               '                                        —
 2 SO. Szy/yAy+tzzYdzzz/A z*»A;,t/ AAy. XAXyAyy IT yd>..u/.Ai*^

yJ/it-YYd  //Y:AA /Ay Xzyyzsz'.ytd ;  AA/z-yXzAdyi  /<dyY/«,*eA y

 /Yl   A'A/iYA'" Yd Y,df;,.. (/A. a J.  2st Ad//!.); AAL a
y*u  /uy z/! ,z //it r </ i ^-v >*/«-•{ > <l*.  « »"  ~ <~    /

  \/j:^X^/^^^"/^fe^/ Ady^LZ^zd/tAAy^d^ yyy^y_
           Ay    yd,                 /     *                     A    ^  Z
yktdd  ■  Xa-  dt^. A A zU-ddAA  A At yz dz/<yA Xdtz+iyd-  tex f  za^/A,
                 t                                        t      A              '
 z/ic a/z*A< YtAeAcsT^eyyYcAAyA.  YYja dY^^^^ A^/Azc/d <^ ^d/tyd.

At y-ddi'y zzY'szY/Y,\y. z^y tz'YzAy zy  AXzs^zi/ /tdYd^suy/yzA^id
(zi\ Ai A*y A-z uzAdd.
/O.AiA''YA<AZ'A  AdYzd-f. A Z/y dxszz'dzti. a*f* Az < zzlz^z A\ zd, ZAt'Azy/ Zlz yyyii^.
zX
z z+<
    A '■'
   y/dh.Adj^ yz. AAz yzA^z z < l-4. /. tZzr/sA Ay ydy/y^sd- zzAtLsyA-f'styA ZAz>l.

   I'AA/yy An z.sl  AA y yz. i~ it*z  At yyyt^ssy/z  ZZ/'zt/d y/y.y/z-t, -,/yy z s/t,t/A-A / Z-

   ^ll- uyA-draY dy-Au/tAr dyAA AA; /Utydzydz. 'z/Azyy ztyz^zytty  ZzyLs^y, sy-tr/tH,
                     A           z            y      .              _                y
    i Any y YLCtX 'A'*"*  <-a-'/*a   At/ A: yymd.J.— AcAAzz.  uyuzd~z*y ddt-Zj-uZy Atdu.
        At A   A A  ,y    j  yy  ,       ,    r-  /       y         A
   yy^tt A n-u: ydi /zAll<u7. c ffl/zXznzy.zut zty k-'u-z d.  dsZiadLZ.  .

   t. //1. A n cyzi za I  UdAtyAdYcA.  ( (YuAzzd dy/ Aiy* ^iaa^  AyritdL ./.AA,..)

//. 3}n Atz. A z-t<.' l A. X. A' X X^aX zzysyz-zt. -Art- daA/t^Xy Ad^e^. Ads-zzszAt,.

   Ax  luUzA'st^s y'<d.i yAs-/u, A-yy-i-y <7T w^ X za.:-.>./<<■/•'  UrzAAA d<yAyAAt-z^zzA
       7     '  A    A      X,   /         .        ,      X              Ay
   A, y/Az.rtxy A y   z/zYAu^X^ zl /xzAddoLz/Ay, AzzAA/l/AZyyyAz^zy-z Lz-y.d/y-
, A
/zt  A>j /i L</dAiLdd ddfAyAAdzA*/* X zZ'Azztzi^zA^ X yyzzAiyicy7ty/ /zy AAhl /slzs*./
Vt.
yd(/ A~ u'''u-i X dA yAyydzLC _ d/ydy d AfAz t/AA AAA  d7zsi7szy.-zdt.yzAy zt X<aX

iy yyy sy-zi. ty« //</.  Zi^  z/.ZSSZ. s./iXy /ZsS AAl) 7/y^.zcA.  At-Jz3.A / i-*- AfAc A < / LsZ //l -

 A 7*1../ AAc- yy-zztyAdt,' rfn -i -zlA~ &A zkA ay/iAc/z<_y>v<sZ>t<,y z2zxd lyz/tLZyo zz>

 (Hi  t y/i/ z^yd d-y. A.//iy\<y ZZ It dd't-Auz /A (y,  zAAa dAff-Ad. —  AAy/J^ZC  Zts zzA d/ZA.,

 /.yu/'cd ml.  Aiz'tt*' y aAzzl/ittzAzyz,^^ /yy /,_ y tye&tfA yz,y<y A3yr~ A Atyyuy

 A/yi/t cAc/yi AyU~ / X/ t.d-^^ s7 /Atzy zdytA /y Asl4-zAA<3Zz//\ yy/'y-Z fi Ay

. >//«- A-t-li ZzA /-cs/ AAy dy i zs^ sy zz~ /UtAAs z zd  yy z^c At .J

L (Adi/czsz ■'  idddtti inZ/tzA  y?>uzA6tAtLy //*. y*yz X  Ayy/  zt/t/Lzitsrt+siA  z stX

c "y //tLzf'y ///-. t'Adt>, a / iA ot/yy A*. Az. yny 7 Ay Anyzzit  Az/nd oz-i t,AA+i.L<r7-z^-siX
                                     y
       *- CL'H.<.yzd/^y_           y  ' y~- y   n y__    tt      •          /        f
A/^/zc'/L ^ y/z. z dzy/ zt-.  d/z.t  7z.z  /A / dtz^y /faX? .■  dt  , 7/t*. ^ As l t d AA  (dlvy y/Az/d

dy Ai zAz /A'zl  A. zAtsAAy d t y-Az**,- zz,iyt.u*u7 zAA d (.y '/z ,A .< Zz s''/..,L. yz/y A.' zz/^yt y

(y&d/iz/Ayz.y.A-',*iy  /Ayyyy -Y A/y t^,  /<Ay  A*   <- d/t L  /> z A>AL /'/.lYY*-- J5~<7 AAl>
      A   A                  A /                  •         '                7 
;                        ^'AAAidiYAs  <xY (YdY/iA/d.
  /.  J2sff7-M,AA,^tyA<KtzAzxtz'.  AAly-zU^yd dy ydxAtszAAz
y*y y-  yztys./y/As.y<y /ys-sz,-
 /JTy-yz+y Xa-zdA zAydztdA Ay/A/ AYzzyhyydy  zzr/Ly.y  zz~zddA zy^daz^tt
z/Tu/yAi zt /-zyy/saAz/MytAA/.y,  f/d 7zl Azyyz..  Ad'tYoY  "z^rzAA^iy^ &£.//'
 &wiz&dAdU<ice< zn^yt>y■<<■>•■ A ./(d'dz*zA;  At  y/^;t  y.iy,tzA y/z^A^d, <  /Ad  zZzt-h-
  /       •    y    s  A        ''     ,-       z  ,                       '
      -ZAa..,  /Cy*r,.y  '"y7 yr-n-X/  A7,  A/(   /f t A-X A/  /»AAy-~ A  Xrvrf/. A
      zty-zzyz/isniyas A zzXAssiA A AiyrA/YAy dlz/zAzy/d AzriypAtzf zTiyAdz
zzdzAA zrzAAAA// AAt ytdAc  zz/A /Aaa^- zaszzA&A z/yAAy AyAA^z&zy  /A
dydyiyA<. zA/A  tX/zyzA yd/Ay. (iAdA*.f.y*Ay&.tt2AA/<  A s?z^yyyysi^*y zrzAy A
dPiyy-Lc.«.zt  t&rzzs'spcy/zlsl,, yy y/Ay d AA/ yt^zsyTy AA /7u/ryyS*<- zz^z-dA .-nty.ydy-i,. A/Ac
tfy-T-iL/ss /k-y-uzrzw /y/zty^y. -t AyAzray/L- zv-zAA>yxy-yAt  -y y>zyyzyys^zy/. AAA*/,
A zi Ayy jA^a/AszszAtstiy/y^jAdy  //t  zdsz,2s~e*/ *d AAz, dAzz^zyzy-zztAAA A^yz^yy
AAh. tdyyyd',  !d- yyi zyy zy^,  A//As?*., /AA? AAAAdaAd/tyAy AdsA  ZZsU./yzstu..
ed A/A zAAeyyiyAt^/zzzzy zzst^aA/^oA y yyyyAdAA y/i(Xy/AA //HAiddA TtszdAA
ayAZA X^./zty,  tdy zy/tczzA /^a/A^/y  Zdyy^sy/x^'Ay /zy7,Xziy yyy+./cS/.  tTdAdzt.
uA ytycdy. d z-yzAz^/z-zz-cy dztzz^z si,zy^, sdaAA #- d-zsAd A.dA. AAzd'AHyd Ay
            si.** dy/ty „ y/sz/yyzt^j tA'tsz /-/y/ t- t-y S /*jQ/zzyySa dd-z/z-zy/ .

7/.   Ld-ty/yA/// dz-y - dz^Azy. _  dAzyzzA/AzyAA/z^esA-- /AzyisU.yyZzSftd4ti/z. t /ty/Asz/yTyy-

      yytA-iu:
Zh
      - dAiyjstyA-i  zyA^./iy zAs^Az sAy- d.y A/c AzAAAAzA XA/sAA/y ztd> 73yA. /y^tt./Aj_
   d  i      ''  /  yd   A     "    *•  ■ '
iaA, ytt/ ydyyAzA— zd z/tXA zAAAdttzuy  zz*-zsd  AAz'y zdzm.Azc4i, t/z^y  z*t-yAuz
         y .y ZXtA.  y/iyi/dt-y'/t-zZa-Z-
dzs^u.  A*i  A/cd yXAAAAy.t*,cAA
          uydAzLA'Zdy.Ayuj^ sAAyzy z/aa/iz AzsAc /77r/-z^y z*s-zAXo yHytAt-zzy-AosAyy
       a A, z/y/A z/yA<- zAy  z^zz/i-t.   zd yyyAy.yAA zzyy /AAuAA ,tAy  -AutaA.
A.  Q/yfrid, zd/izAtyA z 7/  /T/rzAAza  y ^y.AyAzz-d y^yAz-tV*
    yy/.y/ dA dAAs A*ydctyzA z/y zX yyAzsAs'
     tA/r         /           /       _      .        y             X    '.-  .  -
    '/id7  /AAcA  I/A" d z^>  z/sysazyy  dyA,ya,cz.yzz^  zyTrdyL /xzy^yt, *z^l, SsA Asyrg-t,,
    A AAlyy.A AAAzyA /AdzyzAty y/-c  AAz. AAy/uXyA7i*y  AtAi^f s7yAzz>y-/dA.
 A Az-zaA /iszAAzzuA A/Ad  £iAAto,£yiAAo<y s/^uy,zizr7^y yz/td^/zdz^^d__,  AztA /yAAd-zy
    zztzd / dz- a Az-zls? AA*t«y d zA-itAizt^-i/  AAA,  sAyyAzt.y /A-zz/zdA.^s //LzAyAy/t-
           A         z z^       ■      /7 Ay      .      yA       A  ■     .  ^y       A
    /[■ t - AA/ y/AA Ay dzzAyyAz,y.^ /Ay Ay/d/t^y /(/  <//y.zAs*^1 y^ Add  . isiysA^
         z"
        ■ lX
   A.     z    d
    aAx<.  . dA&yz. Ar dztyd-yz^dz^yy^^yAeyyy-tAmgyy zA-nyiyyz

S.  J/yj-u (A/xlZ /AuAsLyzyu/y A' zzdii AYLA*y( /X^t (sAtA*^. A zz/A/i.  <?y 7ttsz J ft/Add
     -AdddiUA, C^Ttdzt/dcy^y s.'AAtx- -?z/ / ty>z<j « ty/icf* Ay/<<yJ. AAzty Azz^ .//a-d/.

    XZ n  z/yzd tydA.zz.AA ytzAA^ Aua/./zut^dldd^ty/d  dAu^Azy/yzyL  A (4yU,  AAA/
         Az     d                                                      y'             *
    At/LdAA-l l A yAlA tiA. c'/. XX« . y.y l/yA-AyUty /A Ad. . Ml&A -Ays Z^e^dAusdzhs,.Aj
 
  ■.  Yl'/t^iu ddytYds./ Ay/zd  y/LdAyzyAy  AcddY/*' A  yAyyy.tid, -< auAAYA.

«>.  Yzz, Az/dcYi tA/dttyA zyzAtA*^ A/yyAdyy c*/zAtzrty aAAAy-tAc^c**^

    ✓X  X  y  yysd' z/dyss't*At A- A A Ay- dzv-zryAy Czt-AAiyyA^XydiAtcy/is/iUl
      A   '    X   -       A                     ,/y                            A
    a; AtzA.Y/ .YYz/yyzdy,  ya^dy rAyd-sA Az Azyy^yAyz^A.  AAAz^A' Aty.cA A €<^y
           ■   '     /  ^   y   ^d  A Ay  ,  y  fX      y zy^^,     ^   .
    t-k/Ay 7>i-  zdAtx^itinsrA^s/tX tz/u  /y/Azdty AAA y/X-ZcdyAiy^ y/sz/L  /y -X/
      d/            /    y               •          A        A                d
    y/t- zi,  Ai^zA zd y-zsy/y.-' /z-yAdt/  yA yAA-Ai-zz-zyf.y■

 \  Ad* A zs«dd /A AaAzcYz/l-. YA/.iiy Ad i'sf /'A./ /■ ^dsy zzc Az-.tyy dty/t*
<                             .  *        /A         -   / y                 X
    /X A< , AjA-y eyy-y^/dy \ A/a z Ad.

 A A/ 'dtizzu' yyi sty dz iJ. „ // 'Ax  TX. zs .vAAAy/UA' y i./';  A a/A, z dy ty /iz- w.

    A A. Ad fiuAzAZ"zAyyY.A~ yi z zt-Ad iXy yz ttZ s>U Xydyy /Ay At/rz^cy  Uc AA

    d tzA  X-. WA'.____AA<~C- /yAAy z* ^z-i^y  yyAtsX/zyt-ZT,  z*?  /ayz/L^ d?s>-/?*syy-L**,,t 7.

    L  7  /' -Aid  Ay'-AAy ^ ti / A dAdtiyA y zy. y -X - zX^y At y A A.   c X-Aczzy^ y-zr^.

    AiZL  d^dty  iUAA/d Ats/ZlX.

                              YYzaY^^aa  tydcziyYs.
/.  t XX yoiy  zA yrt<.y+yd/^yid z zZ AA/  AdZs/i*. A e.y■zjy.A■■- dr Ay yc'/tlc**.

    /     t          y                 , Z    ^           z7         y'           d
    ^ *^zyi ZZ .^tiA. s-A y/Zy 11 J ./Zz^ti,yzZZiy£- oz<s .

A.  OaX/zA  Z A tAy atAAzAt,/ d/n//M  Az  yy *zi-yzi.yo<Lzy£ .y zu/zyz/zA A   >'c<  u''


    ■yiz z dsyiz/X/Az A  AXi,zy /<? /<-*tyAt/A. yyyt-L. AA /y dAi yz,; ~iv  7:.aAz-l. ,/zdyA,^
                                             " Z' '        -  _/
                                       Azy ' y/ 7t l  yy y < Ay/<_■_, zz 'A/zt z'c  zy * aXV
           ty-      y  A'       y   ,.y '      A"    y   "    zi-A. fyA          X  /  .
   Zlid dyL-A-< 'ztA A<   A/'-a/.y/lAAtl1 . ~ ^Z:y z A-a./y zt^d. /A/zA/zz/yzsAytd y zsyz/zdj

       A    ', .    Y     ■     y,     .      A
   dd.dzi. 'AC  .s-yyzz,,yyy  ysis,y7i^ Cy-/A7 syyt^.y yy/t.z.  ,


X yy zl d.yy/y dyAsy/n^. scAd' d<yy A. /tyy/AAzyy. C Ads/y yyzZ-  .Ay A zAa--^

   dL-fs/A A  At  /AzAcz-dXn,, z^e a. v, .-^7 X^X^.'^aa^^ 7(:,-a^.'/^
       s /  y                ,  \                /     y .  y              A
   Cd7i-L 7cyizLXzAAiAAddzi,./ A'-zystyzA.yiyzAt.yy./ zzstzAAd ydiytszyzAy/A z-h/A dAfti--

   ->'-teV;_ tt^  /iid-z£-/--s Zz'Adt.^rz.t./ ^-AtCAAdyi/c'.

    JtzlYdiuC  tsXAdy.  d  t^/Ayd^y^zA^ AtsA',dyiz.y /yyA :/cC   y/yX

      .AyAy; A dA. yy.i    „
AlzAu.i.U£S /Y Adz A/A-  t/LA-yzd. 
(   33  )
  Citric acid is contained also in limes, sour oranges, and tamarinds, which are therefore
equivalent in effect to lemonjuice.
 - Modes of preserving  lemonjuice.  Citric acid in solution  may be advantageously sub-
stituted.
  Citric Acid.-—Acidum Citricum, U. S.  Mode of preparation.  Form of crystals.   A solu.
tion made with gj. to Oj. of water, may be used for lemonjuice.  Oil of lemons is a good
addition, in the proportion of 4 drops  to the pint.  Mode of mixing.   For lemonade, gj. of
acid may be dissolved in Oj. of water.
  Citric acid is best purchased in crystals.  Adulterated with tartaric acid.  Mode of de-
tecting the latter.
  Used as a refrigerant, also as a preventive and cure of scurvy.
5 
(   34   )
                                    CLASS   VII.


                                NERVOUS SEDATIVES.


                                    General  Observations.

          Medicines which, in their primary operation, reduce at the same time the nervous power,
        and the force of the ciicul ;tion.   All of them  obviously affect the functions which belong
        especially  to the  brain, and rank witli those medicines usually called narcotic.  It is doubt-
        ful whether their influence on the heart is excited immediately, or through the intervention
        of the  nerves.  They are applicable therapeutically to complaints attended with nervous
        disorder and unhealthy excitement of the heart and  ai teries.

                                FOXGLOVE.—DIGITALIS.  U.S.
          Leaves of Digitalis purpurea—a  biennial herbaceous plant, indigenous in Europe, and
        cultivated  in this country.  Said to  be  strongest when it grows in sunny exposures.
 /-      • Shape of the leaves—size—character  of the surface—colour—separation of the footstalks
        —mode of drying—appearance as prepared by the Shakers—means of judging of the quali-
        ty—odour in the recent and dried state—taste—colour  of the  powder—relations to water
        and alcohol.
 2  - •  - * -Effects upon the system.   Influence on the pulse.   Direction to the  kidneys.  Symp-
        toms produced by an overdose.  Treatment of its  poisonous effects.  Permanence of its
        influence.   Disposition  to act with accumulated force.  Practical inferences.   Not to be
        relied on as a substitute for the lancet.  Reason of this.  Useful as an adjuvant.  Particular
 5  .  %* therapeutical applications.
 •^*       Given in substance, infusion, or tincture—most certain in  substance.  Dose of the pow-
        der in chronic cases, 1  grain night and morning—in acute cases, one-half or one-fourth of
        a grain every 3 or 4 hours.   Administered in  pill.  The infusion officinal.  Made in the
        proportion of gj. to Oss. of boiling water, with  f^j. of the tincture of cinnamon.  Dose,
        ft^ss.   Dose of the tincture, 10 drops, about equivalent to a grain of the leaves.  Cautions
/   ... in relation to the increase of the dose, and perseverance with the medicine.

                                 TOBACCO.—TABACUM. U.S.
          Leaves of Nicotians Tabacum—an annual plant—probably a native of tropical America
        —cultivated in all quarters of the world.
 / -   -  • Sensible properties—relations to water and alcohol—effects of long boiling.
          Activity thought to  reside chiefly in a volatile alkaline principle culled nicotia.  Form,
 7 ... - colour, odour, and taste of this principle, and  effects upon the system.  Another odorous
 7/  __ .jjrincjpje^ ^Empyreumutic oil, resulting from the destructive distillation of tobacco.  Form,
 J-  ^^coToTTrVtas,e> ar)d odour of this oil, and its effects on the system.
 AhA"   . • • General effects of tobacco  as a nervous sedative.   Poisonous action.  More dangerous
  *•     when given by the rectum than when swallowed.  Reason of this.  Treatment of its poi-
        sonous effects.  Diuretic, nauseating, and emetic properties.
 /  .  . . , Seldom  given by the stomach.  Cases in which it is used as an enema.   Given in this
 ^*     way in the form of infusion made with £j. to Oj. of  water, of which one-half is  to be given
        at once, and the other half in half an hour if necessary.   Cases  in*which tobacco may be
        used by smoking it.  External  application in the form of cataplasm, or  of cerate made
        with snuff.  Use of tobacco ointment.
                                          «
   ,       ___  ffYDRWYANICACip.—ACIDUxM HYDROCYANICUM. U.S.
   /•      Also called cyanohydric acid and prussic'acid~.  ^Plants  in which it  exists.  State in
        which it is obtained from them, and mode of obtaining it.  Cherry laurel water.  Uncer-
        tain, and little used here.  Oil of hitter almonds may be  substituted for the diluted hydro-
        cyanic_acid._ Advantages of the oil.
  ^ A   .^fhe concentrated acid is too powcrfuHbrjise.__Also very susceptible of decomposition.
   3,  / The ofiicmalacid is preparedAuiirdTIutcTnstate. _Mode of preparing it.
    '  S»A-Form of the  officinal hydrocyanic  acia^colour—taste—odour—effects of exposure—
   £ "mode in which it may be best kept.
   g.  ... Effects on the system.   Poisonous effects.  Remedial measures.  Therapeutical  appli- 
                A'c/AAAAAyAAAAAAA:

                          Ac/xx.

/  At7tz t yzzzz t' — A'ty yd- z, Ay zyA^/yd/idAdzA^ Az <7> t///t/^ /ydsTny
         d               /           /                     y^~'
        v A        '  d'  /'    y      y y   7 •      y       ''  s   y         y
   yiyAdrt^ydytyytXy  yA/y/tdA Ad  Azyys^zAA-yi^/Ayyzs^yyyy ty.yyz.yA-_
      s       ''   •    ~                            z        A
   t-Cy AAi.</t Ayy  A'yA-. Azyzd zzts zt  zAAtzAyA./ yz^ /s/it <%, /Act/A/.i/  zAyzd y-

    ayUL./ssZu.a' -Lyzdyydyt ,yyys-/c aXXX  AYtXdyiyyts/Ay z A'/■ z&? Ay" Ad
                   ' y~       °    ■ z    /  o sy yy/i/y y                      ,
   •yyc/zyt y^yz  z-ztXti yysL^yc /cy^z.y/*  /y/AfA yytz-s-tt*.c ,z^/-/,/.a 7sx2AuA/.
      y      A          .   yy    Z         s                            y           y
   — AtyyA Le 7tyy/i. yLC Addi-z d^yz^^  z^ydzd-  zAx z^/yAyzXAAA Y!^^zt dy/A

   Addzy^ esAf ydtrzt^^iyt <z  A*/Azr yy-yd/zd-y^  stzztZzrUd^ yzAzn^z zzzAzY A-

   Zty^tzty Aztysyt-AAAy y/zyyy ,y _ ttZs/Ad. dd/uyAAAz Ay/AzxAy^xzzddy^ayydy-itdA.

    Ay-ceAA zAy dtyAXiy A zs/aA/c y yAAyy/AyA- czAAdy yy/z-tL-zyy zd sycyA Af^yty^i,.
A,iJL  t-ZZ/A yyy zzy-zdszyAiyy/AzAszy AX/i^d di^y.j.,,yzz,sdyi<
A
  ■!,/,.     y         Z      '      y                      y
<s-7l zyA d-iAzztL. Xz-tdz A A zzA z zi.y/- ,y zyAzs-zuy y7zzt yz/ns< AAz dyXyA.^ dy-iAzi
   '  V                X     A     z               '           yz
 lczA XX" Az^-t> yy A/A/dd z/Ayy AA Adydz-zzy /Ad  zzdyssZy.y,.  z///d -zssZ/zs
      A                        A    .    y          Ay'     y.  /

 cy/z,y //stszrAi u'Zs/y/Ayzyz-L-A/yytAd, A /do z/tszA. . t/sy/-i7czsyzss7A 'ystyttz,^ 7Z ~7s//Xy m,/


AistSstyi, ty 11  yy/ttA A  Azyy^yyi/ /-/l yz y.l ttzAA/ZZ^sZ^t-t^ZS AAzy-stz^-^z zy/ y zAz yzsszc ,


zTadJ— dA AA yy+y-AstyzdAA.tdL./styd< zAe-/A^A- <d dlAyy/s/*try


 yyty y/nzLyAd. OdAzyA-ss/zzyyAAAzdyzA yAzAyz//ji_^/Ay/A'-'yyzrr ddd. <??*y.d~


ZdAsZtX, zt.Z'sA  Ay /Ad/z/zA/zA*iy A' A/zTyAid z2y/zyz,7zyd4ryXs /AAA zU^-dksAAAAAt^y


 idsAA A//'  t^y  z't'Z  /Xdy-zz^*,^yyAA A AdtA, ^X^/-  %« t<Az.y  ^es/zszyAy yyy^z^y'z/t9-d*<yd'
 t/y  Zyyycy A/7/  /zsZZzA' Z-y-dtJ Xd stAcAAy yi'.my /X%d<-J y/iA. cZM'y

 tcdX / .Aszt/z/TAsy y/>?tAAAy?y z-zy/AAyyyytyz /AA AdAky  dA /Ae, zk-cyzA/yzAA^^


 dAAAA/, s/Xz/AdX-zA^.  Zzizyzy,ad/Ad.  t**/zA yyAy.zyzAf d**, yy-*t*yyA/zyy-7tyyAzs-


 Aa iz-^z s y;. /zy z?tzisz zydAdyy^A z^t^ XAdAts y/z A-zs /fr/dAA/yc/Adi/AyAyy,t /yd _ /y/-
        .'     S                .        .         y''                A

 A y~k.s:  -AA/.Z.  y sz.y>^ X d :Az>//-uAy/yis/ t/AssozdAzAyy zz /•Az/ / -»yAzzzyyt. dXy  Ay^./y _

     y  A. .     y,    ■   _ y     ■   Z                 d   A y-y    /  ■'  ■ A/
 zl/ddAAz/z-tyAss^A, /it./ A/y y-c^z^Lzty/ /df-&^v^y^,*jd/X ztTc/dys. y /<.;u/t^ / Az^


 ■'dAzy y/t' yAyt-AAy,  <J AA-yziA  ZtddA yty yt. AAt+.<'s zs Azt zA Ay Ay A z ^ .AdAtA-id

   AAA       '         *   /                   '   •              7
A Aide ot' jy/dst'Z>-dd. <Atz AiA'.yyzcyz^ yy-ssz^tAAAAAyy 7>Ayy./'z/zA^^-^^t-*- dXyi*?-


 ydi/Ad  d-dyA d/Az0y y /-/>-,<.■ /z+tZ^z  As-y^-zz.zzAAA/ty.yAzuy*y>.. yyyzAvLdyd, tiy/zX-


AA-t/dJ. ^ z/td/.yuA- dyy2^Hv  Az^tA dA tT^t/lA, .Az/z yyt/yAydAAi- dsy/A,<


 Y AdZz-cd.t stsyytz   Azy^/zyAy  A A/ A  /y t^s/, yyL ;7/^AyAAztX-/czUU^^X/tzX-
Ae yzL/t.-z.AyyAt/zzA-yd .AyyA/.^ Adz//c /Ay-zAaAyy, y./z*t.y/ ,^^XA/yc

tri*. At/.- Aiz.t/Azzy A<d/y/z/, /AAz/yAts^s'z^zAAyz^-zzdAxysc t.yz-y az, //Ayy^
tAA/*y  A ^yotAytiyA d zsp- yA^^A^-Ztgd AAa. zArzy— d/y
7i7tid/ zi  ztzr. 
 /(/A 7s7 K>;-„ yAyy-it/y y tt-y/ltt Z. z/Ay ;~& ■ y'A z/zz ,3 tt yJ-z-As /CA j>'./yA-t.yAz XyA-

                                                      y A'                   y                    \

a-AAdy, ty. Azy^.,7  Amsi,/  zt./d /■ zszAzztZ.y z^AAX yy.d.A'/-szydy zA/z<yy* « s*y z/„



<.z<.7X y z ,*, >.   /i A^yy/A/y/L >7z/A Atiz^z z . t/ A7A7A /Ay 1 Z* z*A fi-/./y A^Zi. y'l^Tt -
   d'Z/'yt-u'  ./-? y/n_ XzX 7z,z AyZd-zA  ZZsn, yy-^/Ac-  ^A s7zAy . zyyyAsLtzy.X; Azt/ zfSzAy.

          Ay          X  /        7'   <        A    -             -          '   ■  .
    t  AstvuAzi/i A/;tA7t,c. yu-Azty.<cz.y/yttu AA,t*' /X AA\Ayyy/i A/uyt.  zA ysyz ■


    a A Ad 1 Zt   cf-tdAz  yrAd?  zyAx./AYA- zAAtyt'  Zdzy/^AA  zTzyA


    y/Z/Ay   /IzdzAAuAc, yyy zAA/~- AytdTzzidA Ay'dUVct*d  zAA-sty/.ztAV. Zd'-  sy  -TzyA


    /aAA £dhz A7y /Az.yzL-yA^ zy-zzyy y/zt-dy d dcYYA-  AAA/,  t2yyyAAAy^ yy  As A/  7/z^y/y.



     Add Ac-A zty yty/z /LzAytzz^zzZi,/ s/Ay^Azdzs/zzyy zy/Ayy  /AdA/AA^/tyt^/Adz^,  ■


    yttszs u'd dy /A,'   /Ad/^yA/ //y/A ,/iy/-ZZsA/y.sAAA, ZdtA zyy,7 d-yy-*<y.  s^syyy


    /  Ad/i: AzAaZzs*/, Azd-H-yA Ays*[  y/AAAAAdAy.


3.  AAAzzA /cd/Azd,yLdy AsiyAy,  .t-zts dlld/iyd* A' Az dz.dyi.yA^ -Ay-zzyA' yyy.
t/yz/zz tA/Azzny /z Az-t-dA ^t-^.t/X--tX A Au.y7XX'y/zA-rz_ zy/r7^t,zAz<z<yyA zyy XA
A    7                           X        x     /A      A  y' y     y          ^           1

iztizyy Zftyitt ,/y y/yz/A d:*zy Ass>zty Azzt.. /XvA'-A zyy At-d-T^-tyA- ftA/d.z>AAz.y-/-r.AA/
          y y                      -   z      A                           d'Z

tdz z/diz 'Ad  c-yz/tAzzzAtzyAAJ zd/t-AAszt dAst-v AAzy.  yy  s/i<A/.c-. y/z zys-AtyzAA.   j


                                             Ay> Ay Zy  A/'td. / < > z st /.y/^, Ae Zzyy^A.
    -dz tAyddycdZ- ^dry/z AzzydA, yy- zy/Ly>A,sZt yi-'dLy.'.t/.yz-t,- -Ac  Zzyy_y^- Zsztj_


    / id~ztZ7   dy ts Az A/yy/cy



Ad- A AzctU'/-/«".  Atyyy/LXA/^szy zAAAz zz  zz^zz/d. yy  As.t-y  lysyAAAAAdzy *A zt.<^* /eyyd^


    A/yt/Ayy ,7-zsX—zyA //.p^y ,-/a //  .Az/z lypc^icd/Ac y/y/z. tz/ zs-L.ysy.i^y^.  Ay/Azy
  /
d
    A  A AAy AzAy/zdz?d^y yycyy  zzAd  //Ac/y^-d z:yx^.^yyy/zs.


                                    ACiACiXCA.


 /.  ./j?.z^c<.~7T-cyA<y cyAzzpo-^t- Au,C4AAtyx>d s/t cz^l/yyAA y/Aytc^y ^, yizzzAitdzrzzy id vt/A&ul.

                         /          •                     y    d
            (dd A/ AAyAdyiAAeJ A zzsyddyV- d>AyAd- L/rtzy Adz-AAny dyytA/Aj


         'Z/ytzt/yA ztdty/ yi*rL-/AAA-// 01^. zzA^ctA/y^ zf/A-


H.  yLccyAAny  X co 4-ztAAAcaA 0.//AA/A ztAftzxAA- yyAtzusAAcd'_ zAAu^ytAyy^dAd, zrdru*/


    yzyt-LitA  t//zzAyddzncy ZZttZ/jL'  _ ZZ/Lz^ttyuA^Asyt.yty.srAzC.yyz-cyyz^.


3.  , r t/A/A  t2s-y~LzAcZd s-lA / dy<.<  AtyA Ly  Zyyyutz/-zi~ Az7z/zs,yzs>-d>y-7i^AzZszi7.


lA Ai/istyf: drA  zz zAd/z-sd AAyyczy7~ ty-tAddz^z A At,  AYztsA- A Ad^- /'aAaA /-*</
                        7/  ^----*a *~^- *-c^^_ s^y^ /-t-c.- c/yi~<yy^   uj- yt^-/ ds*y& — /
                     ■ A                                 A a  A     A
s-yyi-Alyyyy.*i. aXa/.                               _        y  ■  z          AyA/A(
      d'-            A/         ^                     zi;ddyi-zirsAzyy.y yzi AzdAttAJj zcy yyAiLst'i.-ru-,

AA-it   >,LrdA/iyX d*zz/ zAy/AsAza,cz*' ss. ^ds/dAtzy yyyAz^z/ XX «/£/^X<^^Xy


   ICh' Azisiszyiy z/yz/yj s/i zityttjd-/>L-, tZ-y-7t^AA^ca, Aizz^yyZnizy,  ^zz/tzj zsz >; A/Zyt-i AA/y  Ad4/i/(t -

          AA     y ■         •    /   '       A   '   S/       A                  X

   d»y AdtyaAzyr/cAA] -■ ytL yiyzdUiiyzts /yy~ziyAc AA/y yy A////U.  zzzyA/i z */s.//id,


   t.YiiJAzyzu, Add-Ax. yz-azyd  £yAdAz/zzt//  Ty/A/yTAi^tzzAdzsfz/dAaAY^/zzrzy
czistzz-yzyy^zd tA/y/y C*,dt7z^(*deAl*yyc Jzzs /yzTXyyry.  Atyyszst + d AAy7/,yd~

     d 
   z/ddAdzi  ay 44/7/^-//,-? /Ay//'ziyA /yzz z't y;/i zAzt..s — ^'7Za/dt-cZ*iA d/ d/yy  7y//i+m
   uAna At^,  s/t-dA yzzzzswyA, y^ty^c^y^tZU A&A, d/ZrynztyA— ,Aid«z yjzyz~d.  '/-zj^.v.^^t-
     A                       A-*                                 a             A
   Ah cryuyz V C £ z'7//Ajl : zZZs? e/z/At zt^t/y yur ztzAs-^Mz2- zyy/ss^J zz.{ Ay^s si t  zt-Zyyys-tcc _
   -/-'       a   *' ^      '              .-/--'     y
   u/iX7 /yyidt^  aasz zf Asy%y /*  dy./? AAz y/.y A/yz-zyyzyy: -
   Xzdncdd  /zz>A six-  AAy 'Azyt^+y y/A/yzsyA /A ztz tAi- Ayzzy^A zy ziA/rrAA
   ¥■ zi/i^.y s/y/zzzA zs/Xzl-  A2?(r?uiX zt/yAuA yy zttj AAAuszt dttzAzAAy.
b. l Ad~zyoiZiL  Ay /At/  AAApi^zizAl dAdd'yt^Ji^y zAz7vdtz^^ZzzAdy- - stdt^y,', z2^ dAdcyt
    7yyzi-il.}ZyAs*.dAA /A/yzt-L-tsu^ z/zA/zzttX  yy/t/AtAzAssi.— J^-Zt-ztAT^yA u^ZdA y
   y<Yt'*gAdzt"-—(AA?Hy%y.dy*s dAn/zXdn/ Asy  zsAAz/zis*y; a /t,zisgs7i^yAd oitdzAt.
   ( A Acu.yt.ty*.u*./.- ^AAA A/£y AdAdzs<~zs Az^y  . yy eyLzZy/st- zA ^A Z^t/^ztzyAyAZAAA
   (cc*^ d>z yx' ,dz, Aa  AzzzzisAd/ty. AzydA)- A*'z ^/^- dz a./,/ (^cyrrdL, C-A1.z1y-1stiT.ztyn/z2yA,
   <d0?^) AzsAczLs-Aizn^Ay.  zi-/A** /AyAzzsz  cttddnz^ii-yjAyziMLsAAvJ+tsyyr-itit&r.
     oXh.A'inZyA tAyyttyyyyz, (y/isAddiA Utsjt^zn^iy v-  zAfyrX.
                           Mt'tYwcytdJUC' xtcAaY.
 /.  yY-e  ^Xyt ty/y y Adyiyzt^  zy :d   AuA y?*ziy y-a/y Ayzz^  /AzytA/A A' AAl-AzxzZ.7< .
    czy AAAzAl- y/<i<Lt.s~K-AsyLyt£yLfAx/z-zuA>s  dy . yy AA tdz/zy- Az^udd, Zz 1 Ay Xzz^C-
       Aidy^zA, 'Yzz-tA A zAtd-AYzyyrsy _ Md zZZ/A'A/tA/  AAAY/ -ddA.z/A 7/A^
:AAz yY/y
 zya-ty d/  ;w/,f-.^/,/y' — driz zzrzzrs * y*11 <zl- zns^  ■<■* ^c^  "■*-/-
tz/tdXc . dizA y d  Aza/s' z/zyAyyzyA t^y dzz/A yxs 7A.7- fa'tyuyz', Xz* A  zy
    y     '           y      . ■     „         s  y.           y      /  /
                 s                 *                        yt          ^       /' 7
t/A/zAzt dt A dy /Atz  sd/ty/Az zz A .zZzxyAy l A /z/zytydst-AcsX, d- ryz^s7zzz^QzsAsyA-t
Ottd Xv*/rX' +"- AYc yidzy/tzdj z7 zyzaAzs. AlZ y//.^szdz-ty szzAyis/zz fdyiztyzyrd
   ' d's  AYddA A.y'Y'zy  HszzAAA1 AAz Xy/zcz-Azy A rsyyssyAzA h zXds z7^A
    sy  //  ;zdzyX/  ./y</y-zy Wz
           X      *'   "      Z   .       / y   y y
    Zyd ZyU-/-tei  yyAA Z"*Az /s Xzz.ySyz/zA/Azz  St 1 Az-oZc^/ty.
2   dviy zAA J»Va,c  -yzsZLyAzTt/iKdzrfA&y/&*>--/
    AY^A^zy yid'Y  aYi  A y^/.AA ,id 1 AzX/Ly/Ad AAA yy/yi
    AJAA a-yz^^AY^^dAAzzy^AyY^ydszAzy  Azay^yzsy yy^-^AAA^y ^Jy^cuA
     fi/c/znAAty  JyiLt. A/hO dtsyA-'z^sud Au  yy^Au^yd (A?hA.A Zd.XX/tXA-
     zAszy AYa z^zizzsz.AZtAdyA Azy/L A Asv .Azyy/y 7^. /M^uAXt7<,-.l
"-         J  ,  y    A        d                   y      .'  y
 3.  .-Hv y/LyYA /AuA/d.A^A z<u   tzzd y*yt/y7  £ /Az  Azd/y^Ay^.
 7\,  Ad A Yz tu<-  *dz zZdyszy^tf Y f/ A/uA^c zs/t l ylttU^AA dt-yiXAzi «Aj, ^s/yAdus-lzc.
    a-cu/yY^y AzzTfiALdlA'yyAAAA* d/dtzyyz^/z^izAYyidzU^y^^  z^u,
    (yA/ zA AYl .tzArzA, 17 Ay/iA*dy<*7<d uzz'dd  //^AaAXyz-yy, yytcc/A- /y
     Al^OA  z<  tAtyr 7d//y. zy7jA/nyty .^Aud,   /Z/^.^yzcA^Ajl
    t/zAzii/.
~$. . J U'o"dY- zyddUtzYdJ.  AzcyAyAz/Xd/u/ Au.y .cyyAAy.zcAyx- dAyu/A
          A                                      7 
                                                 Xt -A, /i yA fy-iy? *. • A/.
                           '7      7       '  '    '       A      d
Azdd X  iUyz/nA/c- fAuz-A A.  zAu. a.A dy  As AAz <  zzA/z y/z ''A— tAdzd/itAtj-

11A A Y/YA v-yzzA^z., A  dsiy/z YA AAidz/Ay7d  yyi tyy/n*< A z/t  yz yz /.
 A * /  ^ ' " yA
 /AdiA  yr AA.
Y>.  ^ Ac-Ad U/y+^izy/'/ddy trh-  /Ay y/tXyns-z/pcy fdyzAdyzz, yvzydAy/vty^zAzyyzLyAyx -
        4    ■   7   s      '             "./        X   -X     ' /       A „  ' y
    ■c c*y z  a<a A dd  /HA<ydAX*, zzAildA  A'dyt zAdZ /dy  tAs/cyy ^  Az.yyyy.A/L
    AdHyAA/   /,/z/K /Adu zd/yzzA&d ~  XXdYdy zy/^yyzdzsy^y A yl/yzsAarAi .
   A-zddtA/ cizA/al /y  'yt4ytyzsyitA'tsr^YyyiziyAzdd--AAzAXtyzzyz  zyXd/dz-zzz_

    TAtz^  z/yK-AL-d/Ay./^c^/A.  Af-AdztA // ydtAU'/ryc/-is^  z^zy  A-^'A X ArtA/Ad/^
     ■A'/'    7  'ty_           "'    t,  4       /    ''   y-  /    A  •         -y
    'Ayy Ay_ ydlAytzyAdidsA- Zy77-tysiyy^Zy/<~s^ ALdlXyd*,yAs e  d'tyaZZzyiizy^ *>/■**?£_
     '    Z A                       /   '  "   / y   z        A    /  y c'■    t     y '
    d+zy hzy-zclj^yz yUtdzAdz zAdz~< /A  yA-Au y/y tdr/Azy/X AdXA  *. z*y/t ot Az/z.

    A^y^-AttxZ^A zy  G/y/yz-A Ss^-sT/iy/A yz^ty j-y  ys/jy Az/y A Z/zt zaAz dj

    zyz'id .t~y>i7/<  y..t<L  (tdAdt-ttYAytzy/^y Ay z/nyAyz.At X<?  yx-s-*  A/A/.A'
     •  /  y     •  s   X  /'          dY" ■      y'    y     Ay     -   /'/■/•
    ta /tz> A/<x  z/t AA  A/A Az-czy^ At Ayzy-h,/. -. A- yy/f^xcXytsA yy  /•* X? A,<  syrs^.
    i/AA aYAiAAzzz-yy yrd-c AA-zyiyY X A AAzsAAz(yUiAA/dyztA '2yyA//AA/Ay7L..
 A.  Jo dis-A/Acy  Zzdzz yzzyz  /yzsAzdy.zty, ALydyiy- s^y d?zrzcyy'l,  d^tyAAzyzAszAaA-
    tAdyAy/AAd^zdAzzzdzi/zt. ) 7 /^AiX'-y-y z/Xz zzy/^-td  id-  //zty'/?t yAc <z aX*X* -
   Ay/    y Ay   '      yA t  A  y            /     ...      ._,       t    A
    Aczdhy dy ATA kyAAzT/Zu-i l'Aa  y y<-7 At-zAy/t-Ly . Z^y Zzry-U  SLy  /ty sydyzdt/G-- -
zyztyy.
o-e~.
          dy dtiy ky7yr?2t,-id-/U Zy scy /yssttyzt-Ly, . Z~C-sz-t+zs yy__, /'/
     y d          y     „  X_   t        _,           •   s''  ax   ,
$.  -Az/dz/Lyzi/AAyAz"AyyzZ777ct.'y.AAiyhszyzdj/s7zz<y  Xd- /d-t-z
/d-i-td- dz./uZi
ZiyiZ-Z-
     z  X             A        /                    t s             "        d '
    X/ t/Aysys/xy Az> CL  tdzd At-dzi A/ ^Az-^.^t ,. tz,/ , ydAd-A/y, / ^-iz/iAyzy Az 7^9  A/iis

   ///s Azz/jd u Att /tdAA

ty.  Az diy ayuA* d/ Aid  dAyAz>,z:A<z.
$£■   yTZliAy/zy dAz/Ad/v LL-cAu-t/zALt/  zssz Ad Azyd/A z/Az At Z'/tzA /y/tcsy.yz-z*z c   / cziy

    irdt J1 dtz ry'\. zz^yd/aa/ zh. d^r^stys/^Uyyr yrisfa . AAA*,  Ad/uAydcz^  A AAul ->

   (lAZ'Hd/iyA zz/A dy z^y/A c<yitsy.

     AAu.  7X. A.(A?,dyy 6tAyA AaA A*?+<-  A&C dArs^t/yS^y ..AL v 7X.L   dydAz^ZzTs^
   yzty.//^t-dc dyA AisXyAiw/AyKy /Ad z/c-eAAA Atn-  is&iyz^fd/tiAz'  7sy/,:

     tyAAtyz  tzlAzyzuAzAdszidcd  Oy U/. ^L/, Zy&dAis' zAzsoA/ydd^Ay /c-ecAt A /''%/'/ ^

    ayAd CssyyzLttid Az/ Ay//z d^> A/A'z^. zAAt-ziy'Ad.  AAtA.  dsAsA/yAA Att/ z*,y
             /           6          A     z
    tX./t  t AdyY'-dyA  <YYzA. AaYAl A/Ay  1*1 j/A z A Ad  7/ct/AAz-L,  CoYAAaAAA aA

   4yiXlzALA) Aizof dzy-A^A-ZzLAArt^i /d/AdYsC-  cAds/st,  //yzsyy,- /yy tytwy.tAAlLA

   lid X  AAy dyltuX  ttA/t /l/AAl.  zl<7 AAz dYAA'<vc'4^ oi.zu.iZ J
   'd&j/d/ty-t, u/zc.7  dlcA/dyAtdtzz-tdd  Ay yA/Ay-iyy'lLf-d/yy.y  /Yz  AA'A.o?

    L-/ v/./W /zy Ady Ad z dzy i-- A A./"-ut* &*■ >~ Adydz^^y; y^/uA. J 2A.l■:  *A Az. Ad>

    /U>. A^drAAuY^^  Aa zftAsy  ycAAA a t-zii- r/icA/,  yy And, /sti/Adcn^, A cAutAstJ. 
?■
                                       (   36   j

  cations.  Dose of the officinal hydrocyanic acid, to begin with, two drops every 2 or 3 hours,
  to be gradually increased if necessary till evidence of its influence is afforded.
    Of the strong acid not more than one-twelfth of a drop should be taken at once.
 -  ■ Cyanuret of Potassium.— Potnssii Cyanureturn, U.S.   Mode of preparation.  Becomes
  hydrocyanate of potassa when dissolved.  This is decomposed by any acid, even the car-
..bonic acid of the air.   Hydrocyanic acid is thus liberated.   As the cyanuret when dry
  keeps well, it is a  good substitute for the officinal  acid.   Given in solution with a little
  vinegar.  Dose, one-fourth of a grain gradually increased to a grain.

 *                               /


   X/ty Atrzt, d A.ct  dtX dA  AAAaAc  Zt-ty/ir tr/id-Z  /y z y-yiiy^

   O,  acyyustyAdcy /A ztl.  /AztrAA Az> a, A-tyy u^<-A z*. /zsxZ 
(   36   )
                           CLASS  VIII.


                                   EMETICS.


                             General Observations.

  Medicines capable of producing vomiting, in certain doses, and as an ordinary result, in
the healthy state of the stomach.  No immediate effects  are produced.  In  10, 15, or 20
minutes, nausea comes on, with paleness^  a  cool, moist, and  relaxed skin,  and a feeble,
frequent, irregular pulse.   These symptoms increase till vomiting results.  During vomit-
ing, the face is flushed, a sense of fulness in the  temples is experienced, and  the pulse be-
comes full and slow.  After vomiting, the skin is moist, the pulse soft and feeble, the pa-
tient languid and disposed to sleep.
  Mechanism  of vomiting.  Explanation of the mode  in which it is produced by emetics.
Intervention of the brain  necessary.  Proofs of this.
  Emetics often act on the stomach, when applied to the rectum or the skin.
  Said to differ from most other medicines in  not losing their power upon repetition.  Ob-
servations going to show that their difference from other medicines in this respect is  only
apparent.
  The susceptibility to the action of emetics  is different in different individuals, and in
different diseases.  Complaints in which this  susceptibility  is least, and  those in which it
is greatest.
  Therapeutical effects of emetics included under the  following heads:  1. Evacuation of
the stomach; 2.  Mechanical pressure on the liver and  other abdominal viscera;  3. Reduc-
tion of arterial action duiing the period  of  nausea; 4.  Muscular  relaxation ;  5. Promotion
of the secretory functions of the skin, lungs, arid liver;  6. Powerful agitation of the whole
frame;  7. Revulsion  to the stomach; 8. Purgation, when the medicine is given in conside-
rable  doses, but insufficient to  vomit; 9. Depiction, directly  by  the promotion of secretion,
and indirectly by the removal of the food; 10. Irritation of the stomach.  Observations and
illustrations under each of these heads.
  Two or more indications for the use of emetics are often presented in  the same disease.
  Circumstances contra-indicating the use of emetics, 1. acute inflammation of the stomach,
bowels, or neighbouring viscera,  2. strong sanguineous determination to the  brain, and 3.
pregnancy in its advanced stages.  Caution in cases of hernia,  and in the  use of acrid or
corrosive emetics, in  large doses, in insensible states of the stomach.
  Usually administered diffused in water, and in  doses repeated every 15, 20, or 30 min-
utes, till the,emetic effect is produced.
   If the object be merely to evacuate the stomach, warm diluent drinks should be given
freely, as warm water or chamomile tea; if to produce a powerful impression on the sys-
tem, with much retching and nausea, little  or no  drink should be allowed.
  Excessive vomiting relieved by the free use of warm demulcent drinks, followed by lau-
danum or morphia, a spiced plaster or sinapism over the epigastrium; and if these fail, by
an  anodyne enema consisting  of 60 drops of  laudanum with f Jij. of a solution of starch.


                             1.  Vegetable Emetics.

                                 IPECACUANHA.

  Root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha—a small shrub growing in  Brazil and other parts of
South America.
  Character of the root—shape—size—structure—nature  of the surface—consistence of
the cortical  portion—its  translucency, fracture, and relative virtues—relative size of the
ligneous portion—propriety of rejecting  the smooth portions of stem attached to the root—
colour of the  root—varieties founded on the  colour, brown, gray, and red—all  from the
same plant—no  essential difference in them.
  Colour of the  powder—odour—peculiar  effect  in some individuals—taste—relations to
water and alcohol—effects of decoction.
  Active ingredient, emetia, an  alkaline principle. Relation  to tannin.  Inference  as to
the incompatibility of astringents with ipecacuanha.
  Ipecacuanha injured by long exposure to light. 
Cx/yye
cS 
i 
(   37   )
  Effects on the system.  Character as an emetic.  Therapeutical applications.
  Dose as an emetic, from 15 to 30 grains—as a nauseating medicine, 2 or 3 grains—as
a diaphoretic or expectorant, from one-half a grain to 2 grains—as an alterative, from one-
fourth to one half a grain, 2, 3, or 4 times a day.
  Wine of Ipecacuanha—Vinum Ipecacuanha, U.S.—may be given as an  emetic in the
dose of f ^j. to an adult, and f £j. to an infant, though seldom used for this purpose.  More
commonly employed in smaller  doses as a diaphoretic and expectorant.
  Syrup of Ipecacuanha—Syrupus Ipecacuanha, U.S., given in half the dose of the wine.

                                  GILLENIA.  U.S.
  Root of  Gillenia trifoliata—an indigenous,  herbaceous, perennial plant, called Indian
physic, and sometimes  American ipecacuanha.   The root of the G. stipulacea has the same
properties.   The former grows in the Atlantic States, the latter in those of the West.
  Shape of the root—size—nature of the surface—colour—difference between the cortical
and ligneous part—taste—odour—colour of the powder—relations to water and alcohol.
  Character as an emetic.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose, from 20 to 30 grains.

                                   LOBELIA. U.S.
  Lobelia inflata—Indian tobacco—an indigenous, herbaceous  plant. General character of
the plant.  All parts of it are active.   Time of collection.
  Colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to  water and alcohol.
  Character as an emetic.  Poisonous effects.   Therapeutical applications.  Given in sub-
stance, infusion,  and tincture.   Dose of the powder as an emetic, from 5 to 20 grains.
Dose of the tincture {Tinctura Lobelia, U.S.) in asthma, from fgj. to fgij. every 2 or 3
hours till it acts.

  Besides the above emetics, numerous other substances possess the property of producing
vomiting, and have been employed for  that purpose.  Among them may be mentioned the
following,  viz.
  Tne root of Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, and of the E. corollata—indigenous plants—emetic
in the dose of from 10 to 15 grains.  Disadvantages.
  The root of Songuinaria Canadensis, or blood-root—another indigenous emetic  plant.
Shape of the root—colour—colour  of the powder—odour—taste.   Active ingredient,  an
alkaline principle called sanguinarina.  Character as an emetic.  Dose of the powder, from
10  to 20 grains—of the tincture, from  f^iij. to f.^ss.
  Squill is emetic in the dose of 6  or 8 grains; but is scarcely ever used for this purpose.
   Tobacco is  also powerfully emetic, but, in consequence of the excessive nausea it pro-
duces,  and  its narcotic  properties, it is almost never prescribed internally.   Dose of the
powder, 5 or 6 grains.
  Mustard sometimes  acts as an emetic, in the form of powder, in the dose of gj.  Thera-
peutical application in reference to its emetic property.

                               2.  Mineral Emetics.

                                TARTAR EMETIC.
  Before treated of as an arterial sedative.   To be considered here only as an  emetic and
nauseant.
  Character as an emetic—certainty, power, durability.  It produces much  retching and
frequent efforts to vomit, makes a strong impression on the neighbouring viscera and the
general system, and occasions much relaxation and  prostration of strength.
  The indications for  its use, deducible from its  peculiar mode of operating, are, in addi-
tion to the evacuation  of the stomach, to agitate and compress the liver, spleen, and other
abdominal viscera, to divert irritation from its existing seat by a powerful revulsion  to the
stomach, to break up morbid associations,  to  produce nausea and  consequent relaxation,
and to evacuate the duodenum  as well as the stomach.  Illustrations of these indications
in particular diseases.   Tartar emetic  is more apt than ipecacuanha to act on the bowels.
  Medium dose as an  emetic, 2 or 3 grains.  The best plan is to give 1 grain dissolved in
a little water every 15 or 20 minutes till it  acts.   Often combined with ipecacuanha.  A
eood  proportion is 1 grain of the antimonial to 10 of ipecacuanha, repeated as above.
  Dose of antimonial  wine, as an emetic, fgj. or fgss. repeated in  20  minutes if the first
dose should not act.  Seldom given to adults as an emetic.  Dose for a child 1 or 2 years
old, from 20 to 40 drops.
                               SULPHATE OF ZINC.
  The tonic and astringent properties  of this salt before treated of.
  Characterized as an  emetic by its  promptness, and the comparatively little nausea  which 
(   38   )
it produces.  Exerts  less influence over the system than tartar emetic, and therefore less
extensively applicable in disease.  Used chiefly as a mere evacuant of the stomach in cases
requiring a prompt, and energetic emetic, as in those of the narcotic poisons.  Under such
circumstances,  it should be combined with  ipecacuanha.  Dose, 10 grains under ordinary
circumstances; but, in cases of insensibility  of stomach from narcolic poisons, 5Jss.  Reason
why it should not be indefinitely increased  in such cases.

                            SULPHATE OF COPPER.
   Before considered in reference to its tonic  properties.  As an  emetic, characterized by
its very great promptness, and by the very slight nausea which  attends its action.  Re-
sernbles in properties the last  mentioned salt,  though even  more prompt and  powerful.
Used almost exclusively in cases of poisoning from narcotics.  Dose from 2 to 3 grains in
ordinary states  of the  stomach—in poisoning from narcotics, from  5 to 15 grains.  Caution
as to increasing the dose more necessary even than with the sulphate of zinc.
   Many other mineral substances possess emetic  properties.  The acrid or corrosive poi-
sons, such as corrosive sublimate, verdigris, and  the arsenical salts, when taken in large
doses, usually excite vomiting.  But they are dangerous, and are never used for this purpose.
  The Turpeth mineral, or yellow sulphate of mercury has been used, but is now abandoned.
It usually proves emetic in the  dose of 5 grains,  but is uncertain. 
*
/ 
 
(   39   )
                              CLASS   IX.


                                CATHARTICS.


                              General Observations.

  Medicines which produce evacuations  from the bowels. They operate in various ways;
—1. by simply irritating the mucous membrane of the bowels, the muscular coat of which
is  brought into sympathetic action; 2. by stimulating the exhalent vessels and mucous
follicles ol  the intestines  to  increased secretion; and  3.  by a similar stimulant, influence
upon the liver, and perhaps the pancreas. Some cathartics act in one of these ways, some
in another, and some combine two or more modes of action.
  Cathartics differ as to  the parts of the alimentary canal on  which  they act, some af-
fecting the upper portion  more particularly, some the  lower, and others operating equally
on all  parts.   This difference is partly, perhaps, ascribable to  difference in solubility; but
is chiefly owing to the peculiar susceptibilities  of different portions of the bowels.
   The character of the discharges varies with the kind of cathartic used.   Medicines act-
ing on the large intestines produce consistent  fecal evacuations, those acting  chiefly on
the peristaltic motion discharge the liquid contents of the bowels, those which stimulate the
exhalents give rise to large  watery evacuations, and  are hence called hydragogues, while
calomel, acting especially on the liver, produces  bilious stools.  Mucous or bloody stools
result  from the use of the more violent and irritating  cathartics.
   Cathartics differ greatly in their power.   Some act mildly, merely producing looseness,
and are hence called laxatives; others  act  with greater energy, and are called purges;
and a  third set, which are most, powerful and irritating, are distinguished  by the  name of
drastics or drastic purges.   Observations upon this difference.
   Cathartics are useful in disease in several  ways.
   1. They evacuate the bowels, and thus relieve constipation  and all its  attendant  evils,
as well as remove irritating  substances,  and those having a depressing influence on  the
system, whether introduced by the mouth, or resulting from  chemical  changes going on
in the  alimentary  canal, or the product  of deranged secretion.  Explanations and numer-
ous  illustrations of this action of cathartics.
   2. They directly deplete from  the blood-vessels, by  increasing the action of the intesti-
nal exhalents, and thus reduce arterial excitement, and they indirectly deplete by removing
the sources of the chyle by which the constant drains from the blood-vessels are supplied.
Hence their use in almost all febrile complaints of an inflammatory character, in plethoric
cases,  and in inflammations  even unattended with fever.
   3. They promote absorption by diminishing the quantity of the circulating fluid, and
thus prove useful in dropsy.
   4. They act powerfully as revulsives, producing a gentle,irritation over  the whole tract
of the  alimentary  canal, which, while it is usually safe to the patient from its mildness, is
energetic in its revulsive  influence by its extent.  Peculiarly  useful in  this way in  affec
tions of the  head, they are beneficial also in all cases of local  inflammation, except those
in which the alimentary canal itself is involved in the disease.
   5. Some cathartics act  favourably by increasing secretion from the  liver, and thus re-
lieving congestion of this viscus, and of the portal system generally.
   It often happens in disease that cathartics are called on to meet  several indications in
the same case.
   General observations on the importance of eatharties.
   The action  of the different cathartics modified by  combination.   By  mixing several
drastics together,  they become milder in regard to  their irritant property, without losing
any of their purgative power.  Explanations of this fact.
   Small doses of emetic medicines promote  the operation of cathartics.  The same effect
is produced to a certain extent by bitters.
   Cathartics  are sometimes favourably  modified by  combination with substances which
exert a chemical agency  upon them.                                                 _
   Their tendency to gripe  may  be lessened by combination with aromatics—and their
nauseating effects by the same medicines, and  by carbonic acid water.
   Cathartics operate most speedily and favourably when given on an empty stomach.
   Susceptibility to their action is diminished  during sleep, and is increased  by exercise. 
(   40   )
Hence,  when a very prompt effect is desirable,  they should be given in the day time, on
an empty stomach; when a slow operation, with as little  inconvenience to the patient as
possible, is  required, they should be given at bedtime.
  During their operation, or before it, the patient  should  drink some  mild diluent beve-
rage, as molasses and water, barley-water, oatmeal  gruel, &c.
  Hypercatharsis may be checked by from 5 to 15 drops of laudanum by the mouth, or
three times the quantity administered by the rectum.
                            1. Vegetable Cathartics.

   Observations in relation to bran, sugar, and molasses, as laxative articles of diet.

                                   MANNA.  U.S.
   Concrete juice of Fraxinus Ornus, and other species of Fraxinus, growing in Sicily,
the South of Italy,  and Greece.  Mode  in which  the  manna is  procured.  Difference in
the result according to the season.   Three varieties of manna described; 1.flake manna,
2. common manna, 3. fat manna.  Distinguishing  characters of these varieties.
   Odour of manna—taste—relations to water and alcohol—effects of heat.
   The saccharine principle peculiar.  Called mannite.  Mode of preparing mannite—co-
lour—taste—solubilities—difference  from sugar in  relation  to the process of vinous fer-
mentation.
   Characters of manna  as  a cathartic.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose,  5;j. or 3jij.
Usually given in combination.

                   SACCHARINE AND  ACIDULOUS FRUITS.
   General observations on these fruits in their recent and dried state.  The following par-
ticularized:—Dried Peaches and Apples, Tamarinds, Raisins, Figs, and Prunes.  The
last considered as the  best of these fruits as  a laxative.  Cases in which they are particu-
larly applicable.

                  PURGING CASSIA.—CASSIA FISTULA.  U.S.
   Fruit of Cassia Fistula—a large tree  growing in the West Indies and East Indies.
   Character  of the fruit—shape and size—colour—internal structure—disposition of the
pulp.
   Mode of extracting  the pulp—its colour, odour, and taste—its character as a cathartic—
and its therapeutical  applications.   Dose as a gentle laxative, J^j. or ^ij.—with a view to
a more powerful effect, j§j. or §ij.   Seldom given alone.  An ingredient of the Confection
of Senna.

                      CASTOR OIL.—OLEUM RICINI.  U.S.
   Product of Ricinus  communis.  Character of the plant—native place—where cultivated.
   Shape and  size of the seeds—colour of the surface—internal structure—modes of extract-
ing the oil.
   Properties  of the oil—consistence—colour—odour—taste—solubility in alcohol.  Mode
of detecting adulterations.
   Characters as a cathartic.  Therapeutical  applications.  Dose  for an adult, f^j.—for a
child of three or four months, f%). or more.  The  dose is larger in proportion for children
than for adults.  Modes of administration.
   Observations in relation to Olive Oil, Linseed Oil, and Melted Butter.

                            RHUBARB.—RHEUM.  U.S.
   The root of different species of Rheum—possibly of R. palmatum, R. compactum, and
R. undulatum—herbaceous perennial plants, growing  in Central Asia, and cultivated in
Europe.
   Age at which the root is dug up—preparation for the market—routes by which it reaches
us. Varieties,  1. Russian, 2. Chinese, and 3. European Rhubarb.
   Russian Rhubarb.  Care in its preparation—shape of the pieces—nature of  the surface
—character of the hole penetrating  them—texture—fracture—colour—colour of the pow-
der—odour—taste—effect on the saliva—feel under the teeth—comparative cost.
   Chinese Rhubarb.   Shape and size of  the  pieces—object of the hole through them__ap-
pearance of the surface—texture—internal colour—colour of the powder—odour__taste__
effects on  the saliva—feel under the teeth. This variety most used. Its comparative value.
Its greater liability to be  mixed with worm-eaten, rotten, or defective pieces. 
 
 
(   41   )
  European Rhubarb.  Shape and size of the pieces—density—appearance of the fractured
surface—colour  of the  powder—odour—taste—effect on the saliva—feel under the teeth.
Inferior to the others as a purgative; but sometimes preferred for chewing. Reason of this.
  Chemical constitution of rhubarb.   The active ingredients probably a peculiar principle
called rhubarbarin and tannin.  Otlier principles are gum, starch, oxalate of lime, &c. The
European has most tannin, and least of the colouring and purgative principle.
  Relations of rhubarb  to water and alcohol.
  Peculiar properties as a cathartic.  Therapeutical applications.  Cases in which it is
contra-indicated.  Dose as a stomachic and laxative, from 5 to 10 grains—as a purgative,
from 20 to 30 grains.  That of the European variety, double.  Given in powder with syrup
or molasses, or in pill made with soap or simply with water.  The root chewed habitually
by some persons affected with costiveness.
  The officinal  preparations  are, Infusion of Rhubarb (Infusum Rhei, U.S.)—Tincture of
Rhubarb {Tinctura Rhei, U.S.), given as a laxative in the dose of f^j. or f^ij., as a purge
f^ss. or f^j.— Tincture of Rhulmrb and Aloes {Tinctura Rhei et Aloe's,  U.S.), formerly
called elixir sacrum, given in the same dose as the preceding—Tincture of Rhubarb and
Gentian {Tinctura Rhei et Genliana, U.S.), in the same dose—Tincture of Rhubarb and
Senna {Tinctura Rhei  et Senna, U.S.), commonly called Warner's Gout  Cordial,  in the
same dose—Syrup of Rhubarb {Syrupus Rhei, U.S.), given in the dose of f.^j. or f^ij. to
children—and Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb  {Syrupus Rhei  Aromaticus, U.S.), commonly
called spiced rhubarb, also given  in the same dose.
   Effect of roasting on the purgative and astringent properties of rhubarb.

                                    SENNA. U.S.
   Leaves of several species of Cassia, viz. C. acutifolia,  C. obovata, and C. elongala—small
shrubs growing in Africa and Arabia.  Three commercial varieties—Alexandria, Tripoli,
and India senna.
   1. Alexandria senna.  Place of collection and preparation for market—port of shipment
—constituents—distinguishing characters of the constituents.
   2. Tripoli senna.   Place of export—distinguishing characters.
   3. India senna.   Origin—commercial history—distinguishing characters.
   Garbling of senna—its odour—taste—colour—colour of the powder—relations to water
and alcohol—effects of exposure.
   Active ingredient, a  peculiar principle called cathartin.
   Character as  a cathartic.  Therapeutical application.  Dose of the powder, ^j. Seldom
used in this  form.   Generally given  in  infusion.  Officinal formula for the  infusion.
Dose, f giv. every 4 or  5 hours till it operates, or f^ij. every 2 hours.  Mode of counteract.
ing its griping effect.  The Tincture of Senna and Jalap {Tinctura Senna et Jalapa, U.S.),
 formerly called elixir salutis, given in the dose of f.^ij. or f^ss.
   Confection of Senna—Confectio Senna, U. S.  Constituents—preparation—sensible pro-
perties—practical applications—dose, gj. to §ss.
   Syrup of Senna—Syrupus Senna, U.S.   Given to children in the dose of f^j. to f^ss.

               AMERICAN SENNA.—CASSIA MARILANDICA.  U.S.
   Leaves of Cassia Marilandica—zn indigenous herbaceous plant.  Period for  collecting
 the leaves.  Shape, size, and sensible properties—relations to water and alcohol.
   Similar to senna in virtues and uses, but weaker.  Given in infusion.  Dose,  one-third
 greater than  that of senna.

         EXTRACT OF BUTTERNUT.—EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS. U.S.
   Extract of the inner bark of the root of Juglans cinerea—an indigenous tree.
   Sensible properties of the bark—mode of preparing  the extract—its colour, odour, and
 taste.
   Character as a cathartic.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose,  20 or  30 grains as a pur-
 gative, 10 or  12 grains as a  laxative.

                                ALOES.—ALOE. U.S.
   Inspissated juice of the  leaves  of  different' species of Aloe—particularly A. spicata,
 A. Socotrina, and A. vulgaris.   Character of these plants.   Native places, and  countries
 in  which  they  are cultivated.   Different modes of collecting  and preparing aloes.  I he
 mode which  yields, the best, and that which  yields the worst aloes.   Three commercial
 varieties,  viz. Cape Aloes, Socotrine Aloes, and Hepatic Aloes.
   Cape Aloes.   The plant which  yields it—mode of preparation—place of export—state
 in  which it is imported-state as kept  in the shops—appearance of the surface—fracture
 —colour of the fracture—translucency of the edges—colour of the powder—odour—taste
—effects of heat and cold on its  consistence.
                     6 
(   42   )
  2. Socotrine Aloes.  The plant which  yields it—place of production—place of export—
colour  and nature of the  surface—fracture—effects  of exposure  on the colour—translu-
cency of the edges—colour of the powder—odour—taste—effects of heat and cold on its
consistence.
  3. Hepatic  Aloes.  Origin of the name—sources—places of production—colour—nature
of the surface—edges—odour—colour of the powder.
 . Chemical constitution of aloes.  The active part, a  peculiar extractive matter.  Relations
of this principle to water and alcohol.   Change produced in it by exposure to air, and by
heat.   A little volatile oil  in the Socotrine aloes.  Character of the remaining portion.
  Relations of aloes to water and alcohol—effects of decoction upon'it—permanence of the
infusion.
  Characters as a cathartic.  Tendency to the pelvic viscera.  Mode of operating.  Com-
plaints in  which it is contra-indicated.   Therapeutical  applications.  Peculiarity as to the
dose.   As a laxative, given in the dose of from 2 to 6 grains—as a  purgative, from  10 to
15 grains.  Usually administered in pill.
  The officinal preparations are, Pills of Aloes and Assafetida  {Pilula aloes et Assafosli-
da, U.S.), given in the dose of from  10 to 20 grains— Pills of Aloes and Myrrh {Pilula
Aloes et Myrrha, U. S.), sometimes called Rufus's Pills, given in  the same dose—Compound
Pills of Rhubarb {Pilula  Rhei Composita, U.S.), in the same dose—Powder of Alois and
Canella {Pulvis Aloes et Canella, U.S.), commonly called hiera picra, in the same dose—■
 Tincture of Aloes {Tinctura Aloes, U.S.), given in the dose  of f^ss. to f^iss.— Tincture of
Aloes and Myrrh {Tinctura  Aloes et Myrrha, U.S.),  formerly called  elixir proprietatis,
given in the  dose of fgj. or fgij. as a stomachic and  laxative—and  Wine of siloes {Vinum
Aloes, U.S.), laxative in the dose of f^j. or f^ij.—cathartic in that  of f Jss. to f^j.

                             JALAP.—JALAP A. U.S.
  Root of Ipomaea Jalapa.  Place of growth.  General  character  of the plant.  Nature
of the  root.
  States in which it is imported—shape and size of the  dried tubers—compactness—nature
and colour of the surface—character of the fracture—colour  internally—concentric ar-
rangement of the colours—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations  to  water and
alcohol—chemical composition—adulterations—influence of worms upon its activity—re-
lative power  of its resinous and mucilaginous portions.
  Character  as a cathartic.   Therapeutical applications.  Ordinary combinations.  Dose,
15  to 30 grains.  Effects  of an overdose.   Dose of jalap and bitartrate of  potassa, from
10  to 20 grains of the former with from ^j. to ijij. of the latter.  Dose of calomel and jalap,
10  grains of  each—or 5 grains of the former to 15 of the latter.  Dose of the  resin of jalap,
8 or 10 grains.  Disadvantages of this preparation.
  Extract of Jalap.—Extractum Jalapa,  V. S.  Mode of preparation—sensible proper-
ties—dose, 10 to 20 grains.   The tincture, Tinctura  Jalapa,  U.S.,  is little used.

                      MAY-APPLE.—PODOPHYLLUM. U.S.
  Root of Podophyllum peltatum—an indigenous plant.  General character of the plant.
 Nature o!  the fiuit.  Asserted poisonous nature of the young shoots.
   Shape and size of the dried root—colour—colour of  the fibres—taste—odour—colour of
 the pow'der—relations to water and alcohol.
  Character  as a  cathartic.  Remedial applications.   Dose and  forms of administration
the same  as  those of jalap.           ,

                       SCAMMONY.—SCAM MONIUM. U.S.
  Inspissated juice of the root of Convolvulus Scammonia.   Character of the plant.  Place
of its growth.  Mode of collecting and preparing the juice.  Commercial varieties,  Aleppo
and Smyrna  Scammony.
   Aleppo Scammony.   State in  which it  is imported—weight—consistence—fracture—
 porosity—colour—effects  of exposure on the colour—translucency  of the edges—odour—
 taste—colour of the powder.
  Smyrna Scammony.   Shape—colour—consistence—fracture—odour—relative  value—■
question as to its origin.  Montpellier Scammony.  Factitious Scammony.
  Relations, of scammony to water and  alcohol—chemical composition.
  Character  as a cathartic.  Therapeutical applications.  Seldom given alone.  Usually in
the compound  extract of  colocynth.   Dose, 5 to 10  grains.  There is-an officinal  confec-
 tion, little  used.

                   BLACK  HELLEBORE.—HELLEBORUS. U.S.
   Root of Hellcborus  niger.  General character of this plant,  and place  of its growth. 
 
 
(   43   )
   Shape of the  root—colour externally and internally—odour—taste—effects of time and
exposure—colour of the powder—relations to water and alcohol—effects of long boiling.
   Character as  a cathartic.   Effects of an overdose.  Tendency to  the uterine system.
Therapeutical applications.   Sometimes called  melampodium.  Dose  of the powder, from
10 to 20 grains—of the decoction, made with 2 drachms to a pint of water, f^j. every 4
hours till it operates—of the tincture  {Tinctura Hellebori, U.S.), fcjj.—of  the  extract
{Extractum Hellebori, U. S.), 12 or 15 grains.


                      COLOCYNTH.—COLOCYNTHIS. U. S.
   Fruit of Cucumis Colocynthis.  General character of the plant.  Place  of its growth.
Character of the fruit.  Mode of preparing it for market.
   Size and  shape of the fruit as in the shops—colour—texture—consistence—constituents
—relative amount of the seeds—odour—taste—relations to water and  alcohol.
   Active ingredient, a peculiar bitter principle called colocyntin.
   Character as  a cathartic.   Effects of overdoses.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose, 5
to 10 grains.  Almost always given in composition.
   The compound extract {Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum, U.S.) a valuable remedy.
Constituents.  Dose, 10 to 15 grains.

                          GAMBOGE.—GAMBOGIA.  U.S.
   Inspissated juice of a tree not certainly known to botanists.  Supposed origin.  Place
and  mode of collection.  Places whence imported.
   Shape and size of the pieces—nature  of the surface—colour  externally—appearance of
the fracture—colour of the powder—odour—taste—effects of heat—chemical composition
—relations to water and alcohol.
   Character as a cathartic.   Disposition to produce vomiting. Therapeutical applications.
Dose, 3 to 6 grains, given in pill or emulsion.
   Compound Cathartic Pills.—Pilula Cathartica Composita, U.S.  Constituents.  Princi-
ples  of their formation.  Applications.  Dose, 3 pills.


                                 ELATERIUM. U.S.
   Product of Momordica Elaterium  or squirting cucumber.   General character of the
plant.  Place of its  growth and culture. Character of the fruit.  Modes of obtaining elate-
rium.  The best of these.  Clutterbuck's elaterium.
   Shape of elaterium—colour—appearance of the surface—weight—texture—taste—odour.
   Active ingredient, a peculiar  principle called  elaterin.
   Character of elaterium as a cathartic.  Danger from overdoses.   Therapeutical applica-
tion.   Dose of the purest, an eighth of a  grain—of the  common, half a grain every half
hour or hour till it operates.   The best plan is  to commence, as a general rule, with one-
sixth or one-fourth of a grain.   Dose of elaterin, from one-sixteenth to one-twelfth of a
grain.

                      CROTON OIL.—OLEUM TIGLII. U.S.
   Product  of Croton Tiglium.   General character  of this plant.   Place of its growth.
Shape, structure, colour, and medical effects of the seeds.  Formerly called Grana Molucca
and  Grana Tiglia.  Mode of obtaining the oil from the seeds.
   Consistence of the oil—colour—odour—taste—solubility in alcohol—chemical constitu-
tion__proportion of the active principle  to the inert oil—adulterations—mode of detection.
   Character as a cathartic.   Effects of an  overdose.  Therapeutical  applications.  Dose,
1  or 2 drops.  Administered in  pill.  Mode of preparing the pill.
   Effects of its  external application.  Remedial uses in this way.  Mode of application.


                             2.  Mineral Cathartics.


                                  SULPHUR. U.S.
   Origin of crude sulphur or brimstone—mode of preparation—places from which it is im-
portedXmode of preparation  for medical uses.   Called when prepared, flowers of sulphur,
sublimed sulphur, washed sulphur.                                                 ...
   Form—colour—odour—taste—insolubility in water and alcohol—solubility in volatile
and fixed oils—chemical nature.                                                t>   r
   Peculiarities as a cathartic.   Determination to the surface.  Alterative  action   Proofs
of its absorption.   Used in costiveness with piles, in dyspepsia, chronic rheumatism and 
(   44   )
gout, chronic catarrh, cutaneous affections, &c.  Dose as a laxative, gj. or £ij.—with a
view to affect the system at large, somewhat less.
   Used externally in psora,  in the form  of ointment.  Mode of preparing the ointment.
Sometimes applied in the form of vapour.   Mode of application.  Observations in relation
to sulphur springs.
   Precipitated Sulphur—Sulphur Pracipitatum, U.S.  Lac sulphuris, or milk of sulphur.
Mode of preparation.   Chemical nature.  Impurity and its source.  Dose, the same as that
of sulphur.

        CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA.—MAGNESLE CARBONAS. U.S.
   Sources and mode of preparation.   Form, as found in the shops—weight—colour—feel
—odour—taste—relations to water and to water impregnated with carbonic acid—chemical
nature—adulterations.
   Peculiarities as a cathartic.  Antacid property.  Liability to occasion flatulence.  Some-
times preferable to the pure  earth  from its insipidity.  Therapeutical applications.   Full
dose, :jij.   Often given in smaller quantity.

                                 MAGNESIA. 17. &
   Sometimes called calcined magnesia or magnesia usta.   Mode of preparation.  Means
of ascertaining the absence of carbonic acid.
   Form—colour—taste—odour—relation  to  water—chemical nature.   Peculiarities  of
Henry's magnesia.
   Character as a cathartic.   Antacid  property.  Possibility of accumulation in the bowels.
Therapeutical applications.  Dose for an adult, gj.—for a child  two years old,  from 10 to
20 grains. Often combined with rhubarb in bowel complaints.   Best mode  of preparing
magnesia for administration.

                                 Saline Cathartics.
   Not all  mineral, but too much alike to be separated.
   Intermediate in power between laxatives and active purges.  Act upon  the intestinal ex-
halents and produce watery  evacuations.   At the same time operate as arterial sedatives.
Occasion  as  little  uneasiness in their  action as any other cathartics.  Adapted by these
properties to inflammatory  and active  febrile complaints.   Contra-indicated in typhous
complaints.   Closely resemble each  other in properties, so  that one may frequently  be
safely substituted for another.

                SULPHATE OF SODA.—SOD^E  SULPHAS.  U.S.
   Commonly called Glauber's salts.  Sources and modes of preparation.   Chemical com-
position.
   Shape of crystals—effects of exposure—proportion of water of crystallization—taste—
solubility  in water—effects of heat.
   Less used than formerly.  Dose of the crystallized  salt, ^j. to ^ij.—of the effloresced,
half the quantity.  Mode of administration.

          SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA.—MAGNESLE SULPHAS. U. S.
  Commonly called Epsom  salt.  Sources and modes of preparation.  Chemical  compo-
sition.
   Size and shape of the crystals as ordinarily found in the  shops—proportion of water of
crystallization—effect of exposure—solubility in water—taste.
   The neutral salt usually preferred as a cathartic.  Dose, ^j. or more.   Mode of admi-
nistration. Advantage of solution in carbonic acid water.

            SULPHATE OF  POTASSA.-POTASS^ SULPHAS.  US.
  Formerly called vitriolated tartar.   Mode of preparation.   Chemical composition.
  Shape of the crystals—hardness—use on account of their hardness—solubility in water
—effect of heat—taste.
  Little used as a cathartic.   Difficult solubility  an objection.  Dose, ^ss. or Zvj.


          BITARTRATE OF POTASSA.—POTASS^  BITARTRAS. U.S.
  Frequently called cream of tartar, and crystals of tartar when crystallized.  Chemically,
bitartrate  of potassa.   Source of this  salt, and  mode  of preparation.   Imported  in the
state of crystals.   Appearance of these crystals.
  Form of the salt as kept in the shops—taste—solubility—effect of time and exposure on
the solution. 
 
 
(   45   )
  Peculiarities as a cathartic.  Hydragogue properties.  Direction to the kidneys.  Degree
of its sedative or  refrigerant  power.  Therapeutical applications.  Particularly useful in
dropsy.   Dose, gss. to 3£j.   Mode  of administration.   Given in solution as a laxative re-
frigerant drink, sweetened with sugar.  Often combined  with jalap.

            TARTRATE OF POTASSA.—POTASSA TARTRAS. U.S.
   Formerly called soluble tartar.  Mode of preparation.  Chemical composition.  No water
of cry stall ization.
   Form—colour—effects of exposure—solubility—effects of heat—effects  of  acids and
acidulous salts.
   Little used at present.  Dose, from ^ss. to ^j.

TARTRATE OF POTASSA AND SODA.—SOD^  ET POTASSiE TARTRAS. U.S.
   Commonly called  Rochellesa.lt.   Mode  of preparation.  Chemical composition.
   Shape and size of the crystals—effects of exposure—proportion of water of crystallization
—taste—effects of heat—solubility.
   An excellent cathartic.  One of the least  unpleasant to the taste of the neutral salts.
Dose, ^j. or ^iss. Composition of the Seidlitz powders, and  mode of administration.

               PHOSPHATE OF SODA—SOD^  PHOSPHAS. U.S.
   Mode of preparing this salt.  Chemical composition.
   Form as kept in the shops—proportion  of water of crystallization—effects of exposure—
taste—solubility  in water.
   Sometimes  useful on account of its not unpleasant taste.   Dose, from ^j. to ^ij.

                                     CALOMEL.
   Officinal name Mild Chloride of Mercury—Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. Its mode of
preparation, and  its  chemical nature and  relations are treated  of in  another part of the
course.
   In the dose*of from 5 to 20 grains, it usually operates briskly, producing bilious stools,
of a dark colour.  Sometimes it operates without pain  or nausea, sometimes it is very pain-
ful and apt to induce vomiting.  In the latter case, the discharges from the stomach are
bilious.  Probability that the irritation is not owing to the direct action of the  calomel on
the alimentary mucous membrane, but to the increased quantity and disordered quality of
the bile which it produces.   Reasons for this opinion.  Amount of purgative effect not al-
ways proportionate  to the  dose.   Sometimes it operates in  the quantity of 1 or 2 grains,
sometimes very large doses produce little  effect.  Causes of these peculiarities  in  its ope-
ration.   Risk of overdoses.   Comparative insusceptibility of infants or young  children to
its purgative effect.   Slowness of its operation.  Propriety of following it, if it do not ope-
rate in 6 or 8 hours, by another cathartic.  Often combined with jalap, rhubarb, scammony,
or other active cathartic, to render it more speed/in its  operation.   Dose of calomel  and
jalap, 10 grains of each.  Generally, 3 or 4 grains of calomel combined with other cathar-
tics,  is  a sufficient quantity to insure the peculiar advantages of the mercurial.  An ingre-
dient in the Compound Cathartic Pill of  the United States Pharmacopoeia, and in Zee's
Antibilious Pills.
   Therapeutical  applications.  In the  commencement  of autumnal fevers, and  sometimes
in their course when attended with congestion of the liver.  In  other diseases accompanied
with deficient hepatic secretion or  congestion of the portal system, as constipation, jaun-
dice, hepatitis, <fcc.   One of the best cathartics  in cases  of inflamed stomach and bowels.
Peculiarly adapted to the treatment of the diseases of children.   Unfounded apprehensions
of danger  on  the part of some practitioners.  The only  serious danger to be apprehended
from it when properly given, is  excessive action upon the mouth.   Given in powder or
pill.  Dose for adults, from 5 to 20 grains—for children two  years old, about 4 grains.

                                     ENEMATA.
   Uses of purgative  enemata—to hasten, facilitate, or increase the action of cathartic medi-
cines__to operate upon the bowels  in cases of irritability or  inflammation of the stomach,
or of debility  when  purgatives by the  mouth might  produce exhaustion, or of feculent ac-
cumulation in the lower bowels, or habitual constipation dependent on a want of due  irri-
tability of the rectum.
   The common laxative injection  is composed of common salt, molasses, and lard or olive
oil, each a tablespoonful, and  a pint of warm water.
   If a more powerful enema is required, fgij. of castor oil may be added to the above in-
gredients—or  a pint of senna  tea of the officinal strength may be resorted to, or any other
active cathartic in three times its ordinary dose. 
(   46   )
  The oil of turpentine is an excellent material for a purgative injection, especially in ty-
phous cases, and in tympanitic states of the abdomen.  From f.fss. to f.^ij. of the oil may
be given, suspended by means of the yolk of an egg in Oss. of warm water.
  Assafetida in the quantity of gj. rubbed up with warm water may be used under similar
circumstances.
  Large quantities of warm water will sometimes operate favourably by the mere stimulus
of distention.
  Very cold water sometimes proves purgative when administered by the rectum, by re-
laxing spasm.
  When-but a very slight impression is required, as in  habitual constipation, some muci-
laginous fluid, as barley water or flaxseed tea, may be employed in the quantity of a pint 
 
\
\
* 
(   47   )
                              CLASS   X.


                                 DIURETICS.


                             General Observations.

  Medicines which increase the secretion of urine.  They operate in one or more of three
ways—either 1. by entering the circulation and stimulating the kidneys by direct contact,
or 2. by the propagation  of a sympathetic  impression from the  alimentary canal to the
kidneys, or 3. by promoting absorption, and thus secondarily stimulating the kidneys by
filling the blood-vessels.  In the great majority of instances, they probably act directly
on the  kidneys.
  Various circumstances influencing the action of the kidneys, necessary to be considered
in the use of diuretics.   Opposition between the urinary and perspiratory functions.  In-
fluence of cold in diminishing the latter and increasing the  former.  A similar opposition,
to a certain extent, exists between the kidneys and the bowels.   Cause  of this opposition
in both instances.   Practical inferences.  Influence of cold, drinks in promoting diuresis.
Rule as to  the quantity of drink that may be allowed in the Treatment of dropsy.  Arteiial
stimulation within  certain  bounds  promotes   diuresis, beyond  these bounds  checks it.
Practical inference as to the use  of bleeding  and  other depletory measures, in cases of,
high excitement, in order to favour  the action of diuretics.   Influence of mental emotions
over the function of the "kidneys.
   Diuretics are employed chiefly in the treatment of dropsical complaints.  They operate
partly  by diminishing the quantity of circulating fluids, and thereby promoting absorption
—partly as evacuants, reducing  arterial excitement, and diminishing the irritation  upon
which  the effusion depends—and partly, perhaps, on the principle of revulsion.
  Employed  also in inflammations and irritations of the urinary organs, after due deple-
tion.   They probably act in part by increasing the quantity of urine and rendering it less
irritating, in  part by depletion from the excited vessels.
   In chronic nephritic affections,  certain  diuretics prove  useful by coming into contact
with the diseased surface, and changing the nature of the morbid action.
   Many of the  diuretics are useful in febrile and  inflammatory complaints as depletory
remedies.
  Very uncertain in their  action.   It is sometimes necessary to employ several succes-
sively before  the effect is produced.   Good  often results from combining them.

                            FOXGLOVE.—DIGITALIS.
   Before spoken of as a sedative.  As a diuretic, one of the most efficient.  Peculiarities
of its action.   Reason for supposing that it acts on the absorbents. Remedial applications
as a diuretic.  Dose and forms of preparation before stated.

                             SQUILL.—SCILLA.  U.S.
   Bulb of Scilla maritima, an herbaceous plant, indigenous  in the countries  bordering
on  the Mediterranean.
  Shape, size and structure of the bulb. Varieties, red and while.  Difference between them.
Mode of slicing and drying for market.  The  parts rejected.   Loss of weight in drying.
   Shape of dried squill as  in the shops—texture—effects of the damp  air—colour—odour
—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active ingredient, a peculiar acrid  principle called scillitin.
   Effects of squill in large doses. Action as a diuretic.  Direction to the pulmonary organs.
Effects of overdoses.  Local effects.   Cases to which it is  applicable.   Dose, from 1 to  3
grains, 2 or 3 times a day, gradually increased till nausea is produced.  Object in  producing
nausea.  Often combined with calomel—2  grains of squill and half a grain or a grain of
calomel being given 3 times a day till the mouth is affected.  Advantages of this combination.

                 COLCHICUM ROOT.—COLCHICI RADIX.  U.S.
                 COLCHICUM SEED.—COLCHICI  SEMEN. U.S.
  Root or  more  strictly cormus, and seeds of Colchicum  autumnale or meadow-saffron.
Character  of this plant, and place of its  growth and cultivation.  Period at  which the
cormus or  root is perfect.  Cause of its inefficiency before and after this period. 
(   48   )
   Root.   Shape—size—structure—consistence—mode of preparing for the market—shape
 of the slices—colour—odour—taste—relations to wine and vinegar as solvents—influence
 of time.
   Active properties supposed to reside in an alkaline principle, at first considered  as iden-
 tical with veratria, but at present as peculiar, and  denominated colchicin or colchicia.
   Seeds.  Time of collection—size—colour—virtues in the outer coating.
   Effects on the system.  Effects  of overdoses.   Therapeutical applications.  Dose of the
 root or seeds in substance, from 2  to 8 grains, but scarcely ever given in this state.  Usu-
 ally administered in  the form of wine.   Two officinal vinous preparations: viz.
   Wine of  Colchicum root—Vinurn Colchici Radicis, U.S.   Proportion of the  root to
 the wine.  Reasons for  the large proportion of the root.  Dose, 10 drops to f^j.—in acute
 case-!, from 10  to 20  drops every 3 or 4 hours, and gradually increased till  it produces
 some effect.  Signs  of  its action.   In chronic  c ises, from  10  to 20 drops 3 times daily,
 and gradually increased   Often combined with magnesia—often with morphia.
   Wine of Colchicum seed—Virtum Colchici Seminis, U.S.  Proportion of the ingredients.
 Dose, from f^ss. to f^ij-

               WHITE HELLEBORE.—VERATRUM ALBUM. U.S.
             AMERICAN HELLEBORE.—VERATRUM VIRIDE. U.S.
   Roots of Vera!rum album and Veralrum viride, perennial herbaceous plants, the former
 a native of Europe, the latter of the United States.
   Shape and sensible properties of the root.  Active principle, veratria.
   Effects on the system.  Therapeutical applications.
   Veratria.  Obtained from.jpevadilla, which consists of the seeds  of a Mexican plant.
 Sensible properties.   Relations  to water and alcohol.  Effects  on  the system.  Thera-
 peutical applications.  Chiefly used externally.  Mode in which employed.

               INDIAN HEMP.—APOCYNUM  CANNABINUM.  U.S.
   Root of Apocynum Cannabinum—an indigenous, herbaceous perennial plant.
   Sensible properties of the root—relations to water and alcohol—effects on the system—
 remedial application.  Used in decoction, made  by  boiling  three half pints of water with
 half an ounce of the root to a pint.   Dose, ft^j. or f^ij., 2 or 3 times a day.

                       DANDELION.—TARAXACUM. U.S.
   Root of Leontodon Taraxacum—an herbaceous  perennial plant, growing in almost all
 parts of the world.  All parts of the plant contain a milky juice and are possessed of medi-
 cal virtues, but  the root  is most efficient.
   Shape of the  root—colour—odour—taste—relations to water.  Best in the recent state.
 Effects of time.
   Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications.  Used in  decoction  and extract.
 Dose of the decoction made by boiling  an  ounce of the dried or two ounces of the fresh
root in a pint of water to half a pint, f^ij., 2  or 3 times  a day—of the extract, 20 or 30
grains.  The extract is officinal.  Proper time for preparing it.

                    JUNIPER BERRIES.—JUNIPERUS. U.S.
  Fruit of Juniperus communis—an evergreen shrub, indigenous in Europe and naturalized
in this country.
  Shape and  size of the berries—colour—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
  Active ingredient,  a volatile oil, called officinally Oleum  Juniperi.   Colour of the oil__
mode of preparation.
  Character of  Juniper berries as a diuretic.   Therapeutical applications. Generally used
as an adjuvant  to other medicines.   Of the  infusion made with  one  ounce of the  bruised
berries to a pint of water, a  pint  may be taken during the day.  Often associated with
cream  of tartar.  Dose of the oil, from 5 to  15 drops.

                                   FLEABANE.
  Erigeron Philadelphicum, and E. heterophyllum, herbaceous indigenous plants, growing
in the fields.  Identical  in properties.  The whole  herb is employed.
  Sensible properties of the herb—relations to water and alcohol—medical effects__thera-
peutical  application.   Given in the form of decoction, made with an ounce to a-pint of
water,  the whole to be taken daily.

                        WILD CARROT.—CAROTA.  U.S.
  Seeds of Daucus Carota, an indigenous perennial herb.  General character of the plant.
  Shape  and size of the seeds—colour—odour—taste. 
\
4 
 
(   49   )
   Active  ingredient, a peculiar  volatile oil.  This  impregnates more or less the whole
 plant, and the tops and root may  be used in the same manner as the seeds.
   Character  as  a diuretic.  Effects on the stomach.  Therapeutical applications.  Used
 chiefly as an adjuvant to other diuretics.  One pint of the infusion, containing the virtues
 of half an ounce of the seeds,  may  be used daily.
   External  application of the root of the garden carrot.   Difference between the boiled
 and unboiled root.

                     PARSLEY  ROOT.—PETROSELINUM. U.S.
   Root of Apium Petroselinum, or common garden parsley.  Medical use.  Administered
 in strong  infusion.  Dose indefinite.

                         TURPENTINE.—TEREBINTHINA.
   The juice of  different species of the  genera Pinus, Abies, and Larix, consisting essen-
 tially of resin and a  peculiar volatile oil, called oil of turpentine.
   Many varieties are known in commerce.   In the United States, only two are much em-
 ployed—the common white turpentine and the Canada turpentine.
   1.  White turpentine—Terebinthina,  U.S.  Derived chiefly  from the Pinus palustris,
 growing in the southern states.   Mode  of collection.  State in which it is brought into
 the market.   Properties as found in the shops—consistence—colour—odour—taste—effects
 of exposure.
   3. Canada  Turpentine—Terebinthina Canadensis, U.S.—Canada balsam.  Balsam of
 fir.  Product of Abies balsamifera {Pinus balsamea, Linn.), growing in  the northern
 states and Canada—cultivated as an ornamental plant under the name of balm of Gilead.
 Position in which the turpentine is found  in  the tree.   Mode of collection.  Properties—
 consistence—colour—transparency—odour—taste—effects of exposure.
   General properties  of the  turpentines—effects  of heat—inflammability—relations to
 water and alcohol—chemical composition.  Their virtues reside in the volatile oil.
   Effects  on the system.  Therapeutical applications.   Dose, from  10 grains to 5jj., given
 in pill or emulsion.  External use.
   Several  substances analogous  to turpentine, and  derived from  the same trees, merit
 notice.
   TAR.—PIX LIQUIDA. U. S.  Obtained usually in this country from Pinus palustris.
 Sometimes also  from other species.  District of country in which it is prepared.  Mode
 of preparation.  Properties—consistence—colour—odour—taste.  Chemical constituents.
 Creosote one  of  those upon which its virtues depend.  Relation  to water as a solvent.
 Officinal infusion called tar water, or Aqua Picis Liquida.   Therapeutical uses.   Admin-
 istered in  substance,  or in the form  of tar water.   Dose of the former, from gss. to gj.—of ,
 the  latter,  a pint or two in the day.  Remedial 'use of the  vapour.  Mode of applying it.
 Use of tar ointment {Unguentum Picis Liquida, U. S.).  The residue after the evaporation
 of the volatile parts of tar is called pitch.
   CREASOTE— CREASOTUM.  U.S. Mode of obtaining it.  Properties—consistence-
 colour—volatility—specific gravity—odour—taste—solubility in water and alcohol—influ-
 ence over the putrefactive process—effect on albumen.  Therapeutical applications, internal
 and external.  Dose,  one or two drops.  Applied externally in aqueous solution or ointment.
   RESIN.—RESINA. U.S.  Commonly called rosin.  Residue after the distillation of the
 oil from turpentine.   Yellow and white resin.   Difference between them.  Properties—
 consistence—relations to water and alcohol—effect of heat  in rendering it adhesive—fusi-
 bility—facility of combination with oils  and fats—pharmaceutical uses.   Basis of the resin
 cerate {Ceratum  Resina, U.S.), commonly called basilicon  ointment.  Uses of this cerate.
   OIL OF TURPENTINE.—OLEUM TEREBINTIIIN.E. U.S.   Its properties  and
 applications as an arterial stimulant before  treated of.  Determination to the urinary or-
 gans—effect on  the  urine and on  the  urinary passages—diuretic action—therapeutical
 uses  in reference  to  these properties.   Dose, 10 to 20 drops, 2, 3, or 4 times, or more fre-
 quently, during the day.

                                   COPAIBA. U.S.
   Commonly called balsam of copaiva.   Derived from different species of Copaifera, grow-
 ing in Brazil  and Guyana.   Mode  of procuring it from the  tree.   Its  consistence  and
 colour as first obtained.
   Consistence of copaiba as kept in the shops—colour—transparency—odour—taste—re-
 lations to water and  alcohol.
   Constituents, piincipally a volatile oil and  resin—the former of  which is probably the
 active principle.   Mode of obtaining the oil.  Its  specific gravity—colour—odour—taste
 —composition—application to the preservation of the alkaline metals.
   Effects of exposure on copaiba.   Results of its mixture with magnesia.  Officinal pills
of copaiba and magnesia.   Proportion of the ingredients. 
(   50   )
   Effects on the system.  Remedial applications.   Dose,  from 10 to 30 drops, 3 times a
day.  Modes of administration.  Dose of the volatile oil, 5 to 15 drops.

                      SPANISH FLIES.—CANTHARIS.  U.S.
   Commonly called by the plural term  cantharides.  Cantharis vesicatoria.  Its natural
and commercial history, sensible and chemical properties, are spoken of under the head of
epispastics.
   Effects on the system.   Tendency to the pelvic viscera,  particularly to the urinary pas-
sages.   Danger of overdoses.  Therapeutical applications.   Dose of the powder, 1  grain
2  or 3 times daily—of the tincture {Tinctura  Cantharidis, U.S.) 10 drops, repeated  as
frequently.

                          CARBONATES OF POTASSA.
   The carbonate and bicarbonate are employed—Potassa Carbonas,  U.S.,  and Potassa
Bicarbonas, U.S.
   Source from  which the carbonate is usually procured.  Mode of preparation.  Impuri-
ties.  Results of exposing its solution to the air, or to the action of an acid.  Mode of pre-
paring the purer salt,  properly called salt of tartar.
   Form  of  the carbonate of the shops—effects of exposure—taste—alkaline reaction—
solubility in water—insolubility in alcohol.
   Cases  to which it is particularly applicable.   Dose, 10 to 30 grains, 3 or 4 times a day.
   The bicarbonate.  Mode of preparation.  Form—composition—solubility.  Effects of boil-
ing water and of a red heat.  Advantages over the carbonate.  Dose, from  ^ss. to 3J.

              ACETATE OF POTASSA.—POTASSjE  ACETAS. U.S.
   Formerly called sal diureticus.   Mode of preparation. Form and appearance—effect of
exposure—taste—solubility.   Dose,  from ^j. to 3J.  as a diuretic, every 2 or 3 hours.  In
larger doses, cathartic.

                          BITARTRATE OF POTASSA.
   Origin, commercial and chemical history, and properties  as a cathartic, before described.
One of the best saline diuretics.  Mode of administration calculated to secure its diuretic
operation.  Cases of dropsy to which it is peculiarly adapted.  From Sjj. to t^ij. given daily
in divided doses.  Effects on the stomach when long continued.

                            NITRATE OF POTASSA.
   Origin, commercial and chemical history, and properties as an arterial sedative, before
spoken of.  Sometimes powerfully  diuretic.  Cases to which  it is  especially applicable.
Dose, from 10 to 20 grains, repeated so as to amount to gj. or gij. or more in the 24 hours.
Effects on the stomach when too long continued.

     SPIRIT  OF NITRIC  ETHER.—SPIRITUS iETHERIS NITRICI.  U.S.
   Commonly called sweet spirit of nitre.  Mode of preparation.  Composition.
   Form—colour—odour—taste—volatility—inflammability—solubility in water and alco-
hol—specific gravity—changes produced by time.
   Often diluted with alcohol.   Injurious consequences.
   Character as a diuretic.  Therapeutical  application in reference to this property.  Dose,
from f^ss. to f^j. frequently repeated. 
i 
 
                                     (   51   )





                             CLASS    XI.


                               DIAPHORETICS.


                             General Observations.

  Medicines which promote perspiration.  The vessels of the skin, in a healthy state, are
always secreting.   The  perspiration is generally insensible,  because, as soon as secreted,
it is converted into vapour.  If, however, it be greatly increased in quantity, it retains the
liquid form and constitutes sweat.  The state of the atmosphere, in  relation to the degree
of its moisture, has much influence over the form which the perspiration assumes—a very
dry state promoting its evaporation, and vice versa.  The idea was at one time entertained
that certain medicines  promoted the insensible, others the sensible  perspiration; and un-
der this impression, the former were called diaphoretics, the  latter  sudorijics.  But  it is
now generally admitted, that the two forms of vapour and liquid are merely different
states of the same fluid, depending partly on its quantity, partly on the condition of the
atmosphere.  There is  obviously, therefore, no ground for such a division; and the term
diaphoretic  is now considered as applicable  equally to all the individuals of this class  of
medicines.
  Diaphoretics operate in several different ways.   1.  Some give rise to perspiration by re-
laxing the constricted cutaneous  capillaries, while the circulation  is in a  state  of excite-
ment, as in  febrile complaints.  Illustrations of this mode of  action.  2. Others probably
act by entering the blood-vessels, and  directly  stimulating the vessels of  the skin to in-
creased secretion.   3. A third set may possibly stimulate the cutaneous vessels  by means
of the sympathy which connects the outer surface of the body and  the stomach.  4.  Some,
with a tendency to the skin, conjoin a stimulant  property by which  they at the same  time
excite the circulation.   These have little or no diaphoretic action in the febrile  state; but
are calculated for complaints in which a cool dry skin is connected with a languid circu-
lation.  5. The  diaphoretic action is  induced  by any thing  which  fills  the blood-vessels,
provided,  by the application of warmth, a direction of action be given to the skin.  Hence
the free use of drinks promotes sweating.  6. Lastly, a mere increase  in the flow of blood,
if action  be directed towards the skin  by proper  measures,  and care be  taken that the
excitement do not proceed so  far as to produce constriction  of the extreme  vessels, will
cause an increase  of the perspiration.  Hence exercise, the heat of the  weather, the vapour
bath, and gentle internal stimulants, especially  if accompanied with warmth  and free di-
lution, prove actively diaphoretic.                                            ,
   These medicines do good in disease; 1.  by removing constriction of the cutaneous ca-
pillaries, the existence of which, by increasing the heat of the skin,  seems to  aggravate
fever; 2. by depleting from the blood-vessels;  3. by  revulsion to  the surface; 4. by pro-
moting absorption; and 5. by eliminating noxious matter from the blood.  Illustrations
on  each of these points.                                                                •
   If copious perspiration be required, the patient should be confined to bed, well covered,
and clothed with flannel next the skin.   Warm  diluent drinks may also  be given  freely,
where there is little or no febrile excitement.   If the pulse be strong, and high  inflamma-
tory action  exist, the operation of diaphoretics  will be promoted by the previous use of the
lancet or  other depleting measures.  During the continuance of diaphoresis, if this be the
main object in view, care should  be taken to avoid measures calculated to promote other
secretions, particularly that from the kidneys, and  bleeding also should be abstained from.
Reason for this caution.
   Diaphoretics may be  conveniently considered  under the three heads of 1. nauseating
diaphoretics, 2. refrigerant diaphoretics, adapted  to  inflammatory complaints,  consisting
chiefly of saline substances, and 3. alterative diaphoretics.

                          1. Nauseating  Diaphoretics.

   Most emetics are diaphoretic in small doses.  Ipecacuanha and tartar emetic are  those
chiefly used.
                                  IPECACUANHA.
   Seldom used alone as  a diaphoretic.   Usually given in combination with opium.  Value
of this combination.   Explanation of its mode  of action.   Necessity tbr  intimate union. 
(   52   )
Mode of effecting this.  Officinal  preparation—Powder of Ipecacuanha and Opium {Pul-
vis Ipecacuanha et Opii,  U.S.)—commonly called Dover's powder.  Proportions of its con-
stituents.
  Therapeutical applications of this powder.  Dose, 10 grains, to be repeated every 4 or 6
hours when copious and continued  perspiration is required.

                 TARTRATE OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSA.
  Cases to which tartar emetic is applicable as  a diaphoretic.  It  probably acts both  by
directly stimulating the secretory  function, and  by the nausea  which it  induces.  Dose,
from one-twelfth to one-fourth of a grain, repeated every hour or two hours.


                         2. Refrigerant Diaphoretics.

                            CITRATE OF POTASSA.
  Seldom kept in the shops already prepared.   A soluble, deliquescent salt.  Usually pre-
pared extemporaneously in the state of solution.  Employed in two forms, viz. the neutral
mixture or saline draught and the  effervescing draught.
  1. Solution of Citrate of Potassa.—Liquor Potassa  Citratis, U.S.—Neutral mixture or
saline draught.  Mode of preparation—proportion of ingredients when made with carbon-
ate  of potassa—propriety of straining in this case—proportion when made with  the bicar-
bonate—proportion when citric acid in solution is substituted for lemonjuice.  Dose, fsjss.
every hour or two hours.
  2. Effervescing  draught.   Ingredients and their proportions.   Mode of  preparation.
Dose, f ijss. of the alkaline solution with f t^ss. of the lemonjuice or acid solution.  Addition
of water.  Cause and remedy of a  failure to effervesce.
  Taste of these solutions of citrate  of potassa.   Circumstances of disease under which
they are especially applicable.   Cases in  which the effervescing draught  should  be prefer-
red.  The  medicine sometimes occasions pain  in the stomach and sometimes  purges.
Remedy for these effects.  Tartar  emetic added to increase its diaphoretic power.  Spirit
of nitric ether also added in cases of nervous irritation or typhoid tendency.

                           ACETATE OF AMMONIA.
  This salt is employed only in solution.  It  is officinal in this form under the name of
Solution  of Acetate of Ammonia  {Liquor Ammonia Acetatis,  U.S.).  Commonly called
spiritus Mindereri, or spirit of Mindererus.  Mode of preparation.   Reason for  preferring
distilled vinegar or diluted acetic acid to  common vinegar.  Colour and taste of the solu-
tion.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose, from f^ss. to f^j., to  be repeated every hour, 2,
or 3 hours.
                            NITRATE OF POTASSA.
  Powers as a diaphoretic.  Therapeutical applications.  Usually combined with tartar
emetic.
                         * SPIRIT OF NITRIC ETHER.
  Described under the head of diuretics.  Powers as a diaphoretic.  Indicated  especially
in febrile complaints attended with nervous derangement or typhoid tendencies.   Particu.
larly useful in the fevers of children, from its influence over the nervous system.   Dose, 20
drops to fgj., every 2 or 3 hours.
                          3. Alterative  Diaphoretics.

                 GUAIACUM WOOD.—GUAIACI LIGNUM. U.S.
                       GUAIAC—GUAIACI RESINA.  U.S.
  Products of Guaiacum officinale, a large  tree growing in the West Indies and South
America.
  Guaiacum wood.   State in which it is imported—hardness—weight—form in which it
is kept in  the shops—colour—odour—taste—relations to water and  alcohol.   Its efficacy
ascribable to the guaiac which it contains.
  Guaiac.  Concrete juice.  Different modes of obtaining it.  Form  as found in the shops.
Properties—colour—translucency—brittleness—fracture—colour of the powder and change
effected in it by exposure—odour—taste—effects of heat—chemical nature—relations to
water and alcohol, and to alkaline solutions.
  Effects of guaiac on the system.  Therapeutical applications of this and the wood.  Dose
of guaiac in powder,  from  10 to 30 grains,  to  be given in sweetened water or mucilage. 
 
 
(   53   )
  There are two officinal tinctures, viz. the simple tincture {Tinctura Guaiaci, U.S.),and
the volatile or ammoniated tincture {Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata, U.S.).  Dose of cither,
fgj. three or  four  times a  day,  to be  given in  milk, or sweetened water, or mucilage.
The wood is usually employed in decoction.  An ingredient of the compound  decoction of
sarsaparilla.

                         MEZEREON.—MEZEREUM. U. S.
  The bark of different species of Daphne.   D. Mezereum is officinally recognised.  D.
Gnidium and D. Laureola are also said  to yield it.  General character of these plants.
Place of their growth.
  Shape  of the bark—structure—pliability—toughness—colour—odour—taste—relations
to water and alcohol.
   Among its constituents is a peculiar principle called daphnin; but  its virtues are thought
to reside in an acrid  resin.
   Effects upon the system.  Operation upon the  skin when locally applied.  Therapeutical
applications.  Given in decoction with liquorice root—gij. of the mezereon and ^ss. of the
root being boiled in Oiij. of water to Oij.  Dose, a teacupful four times a day.  Mezereon
is much used as an ingredient of the compound decoction of sarsaparilla.

                                    SASSAFRAS.
   The officinal portions of Sassafras officinale {Laurus Sassafras of Linnaeus)—an indige-
 nous tree—are the bark of the root {Sassafras Radicis Cortex, U.S.), and the pith of the
 twigs {Sassafras Medulla,  U. S.).  Properties  of the  bark as  kept  in the shops—form—
 colour—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
   Active constituent, a volatile oil called oil of sassafras.  Mode of procuring the oil—its
 colour—odour and taste—specific gravity—influence over caoutchouc.
   Effects on the system.  Therapeutical use.   Employed chiefly as an ingredient of the
 compound decoction of sarsaparilla.  The infusion may be given ad libitum.   Dose of the
 oil, from 2 to 10 drops.
   Sassafras pith.  Form—colour—levity—odour and taste—relations to water—character
 of its mucilage.  This is made with  gj. of the pith to Oj. of boiling  water.  Therapeutical
 uses.
                               SARSAPARILLA. U.S.
    The roots  of several  species  of Smilax, as S.  officinalis,  S.  syphilitica,  &c.  Ascribed
 incorrectly to the <S. Sarsaparilla.   Native country of these plants.  Their  general  cha-
 racter.   Places where  the root is collected and whence it is imported into  this country.
 Commercial  varieties.  State in which the root is imported.
    Shape of the root—size—structure—character  of the surface—colour—odour—taste-
 relations to  water and alcohol—effects of long  boiling—relative value  of the cortical and
 medullary portions.                                .   .  ,    , .  ,  ,   ,, ,    „ j
    Active properties  thought to reside in a peculiar principle, which  should be called sarsa-

    Effects upon the system.  Modus operandi.   Therapeutical uses.  Given in powder, in-
  fusion or decoction, syrup, and extract.  Dose of the  powder, gss. to gj., 3 or 4 times a
  day   An infusion,  and a compound decoction {Decoctum Sarsaparilla  Lompositum, U.b.)
  are officinal.  Constituents of the decoction and mode of preparation.   Dose, f£iv., 3 or 4
  times a day.  There is also  an officinal  Syrup {Syrupus Sarsaparilla  Compositus, U.S)~
  Composition of the  syrup.   Dose, fgss., repeated as above.   Dose of the alcoholic extract
  {Extractum  Sarsaparilla, U.S.), from 10 to 20 grains.  This is an excellent preparation.
  Mode of preparing the fluid extract.  Dose, fgj. 
(   54   )
                             CLASS   XII.


                              EXPECTORANTS.


                              General  Observations.

   Medicines which increase the secretion from the mucous membrane of the air cells and
 air passages of the lungs, or facilitate its discharge.
   They may be conceived to act by relaxing the secretory vessels when in a state  of con-
 striction, or by stimulating them to increased action, either by an  immediate influence or
 by the sympathies which connect the lungs with the stomach.  There is also another  mode
 in which certain expectorants operate.  The bronchial secretion may be in such quantities
 as to exceed the powers of expectoration possessed by the patient.   This may arise either
 from the great abundance  of the secretion, or from the great  debility  of the muscles con-
 cerned in expectoration.  The excessive quantity of the bronchial fluid may result from a
 debilitated condition of the vessels.  Stimulating medicines here prove expectorant by im-
 parting  tone to the secretory vessels, thus diminishing the amount of  secretion and bring-
 ing it within  the power of the patient to  discharge conveniently, or by increasing the
 muscular strength, and thus enabling the  patient to exert himself more vigorously  in its
 discharge.  It is  obvious  that, in  such cases, those medicines  must  be  most efficacious
 which, with a general stimulating power, unite an especial tendency to the lungs.  Practical
 illustrations.
   During the administration of expectorants, the surface should be kept warm, and flannel
 should be worn next the skin.
   Emetic substances usually prove expectorant in small doses.  Ipecacuanha is sometimes
 given in doses  of one or two grains, and tartar emetic in the dose of one-eighth of a grain
 more or less.   For the same purpose, the wine of ipecacuanha or antimonial wine may be
 used, the former in the dose of about 30 drops, the latter in that of 15 or 20 drops or more.
 Cases to which these medicines are applicable as expectorants.

                                      SQUILL.
   The origin, commercial  history, chemical properties, and effects of squill  as an  emetic
 and diuretic have been  before treated of.   Character as  an  expectorant.  Circumstances
 under which it may be advantageously employed.  Dose, in substance,  1  grain  several
 times a  day. Usually employed in the liquid form.  Officinal  preparations, vinegar, syrup,
 oxymel,  and tincture.  Dose  of the vinegar {Acetum Scilla,  U. S.), fgss. to fgj.—of the
 syrup (Syrupus Scilla,  U.S.), and of the oxymel (Oxymel Scilla, U.S.), from fgj. to  fgij.
 Mode of preparing the syrup and oxymel from the vinegar.  Dose of the tincture {Tine
 tura Scilla, U. S.), from 20 to 40 drops.

                             GARLIC—ALLIUM. U.S.
   Bulb of Allium sativum  or garden garlic, a native of Europe,* and cultivated in this
 country.  Character of the bulb.  State  in which it is brought into the market.
   Shape, structure and consistence of the  lesser bulbs or cloves—odour—taste__relations
 to water and alcohol.
   The virtues of garlic reside in a volatile oil.  The expressed juice  owes  its virtues to
 the oil.
   Effects on the system.   Mode of operating.  Therapeutical uses.  The expressed juice
 most conveniently administered.  Usually mixed with sugar.   Dose for a child from f 2ss
 tof3j.                                                                          6  "

                            SENEKA.—SENEGA. U.S.
   Root of Polygala Senega, an herbaceous perennial plant, indigenous in this country.
   Shape of the root—structure—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste__relations to
 water and alcohol—relative virtues of the bark and woody portion.
   Its  activity is thought to depend on a  peculiar acrid principle called senegin.
   Effects on the system.  Therapeutical uses.  Given in  powder or decoction.   Dose of
 the powder,  from 10 to 20 grains.   The decoction usually preferred.  Prepared by boiling
^j. of the bruised root  with !§j. of liquorice root in Oiss. of water to Oj., and given in the 
 
 
(   55   )
dose of f|j. or f|ij., 3 or 4 times a day, or in smaller quantities more frequently repeated,
I here is an officinal syrup of seneka.   Composition of the compound, syrup of squill {Sy-
rupus Scilla Compositus, U. S.), commonly called Coxe's hive syrup.

                  BLACK SNAKEROOT.—CIMICIFUGA. U.S.
  Root of Cimicifuga racemosa—an herbaceous, perennial, indigenous plant—growing in
woods.  Sometimes called Cohosh.
  Shape and size of the root—colour—odour—taste—relations to water as a solvent.
  Effects on the system.  Therapeutical applications.  Given in substance and decoction.
Dose of the powder,  10 to 30 grains—of the decoction, made in the proportion of 2"j. to
Oj-, f^j- or f^ij., several times a  day.

                       AMMONIAC—AMMONIACUM.  U.S.
  Inspissated juice of Dorema Ammoniacum—an umbelliferous plant, growing in Persia.
Mode of collection.  Place of export, and route by which it reaches this country.  Two
forms, that of tears, and that of masses.
  Size and shape of the tears—colour externally—brittleness—fracture—colour of the frac-
tured surface.
  Shape of the masses—appearance when  broken—liability to impurities.
  Properties of ammoniac—odour—taste—effects of heat—relations to water and alcohol
—chemical constitution.
  Effects on the system.  Therapeutical uses.  Dose, 10 to  30 grains.  Usually given in
emulsion, sometimes in pill.  The compound pills of squill {Pilula Scilla Composita, U. S.)
are an excellent expectorant.

                                  ASSAFETIDA.
  Before described.  Here spoken of only as an expectorant.   Character in this respect.
Therapeutical uses.  Dose, from 5 to 15 or 20 grains.   Given in pill or emulsion.

                    BALSAM OF TOLU.—TOLUTANUM.  U.S.
  Product  of Myroxylon Toluiferum, a tree growing in tropical America.   Mode of obtain-
ing the balsam.   State in which it is imported.
  Consistence as in  the shops—colour—translucency—odour—taste—effects of heat—ef-
fects of exposure—relations to water and alcohol.
  Essential constituents, resin, volatile oil, and benzoic acid.  Mode of separating the
acid.  Form, colour, and sensible properties of benzoic acid.   A characteristic ingredient
of the balsams.   Uses.
  Effects of tolu on the system.  Therapeutical uses. Dose,  10 to 30 grains.  Given most
conveniently in emulsion.   There is an officinal tincture.  Objection to this preparation
for  ordinary use.  Dose, fgj. or  fgij.

                    BALSAM OF PERU.—MYROXYLON.  U.S.
  Product  of Myroxylon Peruiferum—a native of tropical America.   Mode  of obtaining
the balsam.  State in which it is  imported.
  Consistence—colour—odour—taste.  Constituents, resin, volatile  oil, and benzoic acid.
  Internal and  external use.  Dose, f gss. 
(   56   )
                             CLASS  XIII.


                              EMMENAGOGUES.


                              General  Observations.

    Medicines  which promote  the menstrual secretion.   Observations in relation to this
 function.  The question considered whether any medicines exist, which have the peculiar
 property of exciting  it.  An  affirmative opinion  given.  Emmenagogues may act either
 by reaching the uterine vessels through the circulation, or by the extension to them sym-
 pathetically of an impression  made elsewhere.  They act with greatest certainty if given
 so that their full influence may be felt shortly before the regular period  for menstruation.
 The state of the system should always be considered before prescribing them.  If the sup-
 pression of the menses be accompanied with a plethoric condition of the blood-vessels and
 the existence of inflammation  or a strong inflammatory tendency, they should be preceded
 by depletory measures, and the milder individuals of the class should be selected.   If de-
 bility exist, those of a tonic or stimulant character should be preferred.  If the affection
 be attended with constipation of the bowels, the cathartic emmenagogues are obviously
 indicated.
                           PREPARATIONS OF IRON.
   The chalybeates considered  as on the whole not  inferior to any other medicines in em-
 menagogue power.  Applicable to all cases unattended with local inflammation or general
 excitement.  The subcarbonate of iron, or Pills of protocarbonate preferred.  Often com-
 bined with aloes.
                                      ALOES.
   One of the most effectual emmenagogues.  Believed to exert a specific influence on the
 uterus, independent of its mere cathartic property.  Probably operates through the medium
 of the circulation.   Cases to which it is applicable.  Mode of administration.   Dose, 1 or
 2 grains, 2 or 3 times a day.
                              BLACK HELLEBORE.
   Said to be emmenagogue even when it does not act as a cathartic.   Apt to be feeble as
 found in our shops.  Cause  of this. As  an  emmenagogue,  usually given in tincture.
 Dose, fgss. to fgj., 2 or 3 times a day.
                                    SENEKA.
   Esteemed emmenagogue by some.  Stimulant to the secretions generally.   Affects one
 or another, according  to the circumstances under  which it is given.  It has no especial
 direction to the uterus, but in consequence of its general  influence  over the secretions it
 may restore menstruation if given with due reference to the natural indications.

                                    GUAIAC.
   Before spoken of as a stimulant  diaphoretic, with occasional tendency to act on  the
 bowels or  kidneys.  Believed  also to have a decided tendency to the  uterus.  Found in
 numerous instances to be an effectual emmenagogue.   Peculiarly applicable to cases asso-
 ciated with rheumatism, especially in its  neuralgic forms.  Use in dysmenorrhcea.  Gene-
 rally administered in the form either of the simple or the ammoniated tincture.  Dose,
 fgj. 3 or 4 times a day.
                             SAVINE.—SABINA.  U.S.
  Leaves of Juniperus Sabina—an evergreen shrub, indigenous in  the  south of Europe.
 General character of the plant.
  Shape of the leaves—Golour—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
  Active principle, a peculiar volatile oil  called oil of savine {Oleum Sabina, U.S.).  Col-
 our of the oil—sensible properties.
  Effects of savine on the system.  Operation upon the uterus.  Unpleasant results from
its use in pregnancy.  Dose of the powder, from 5 to 20 grains, 2 or 3 times a day—of
the oil, from 2 to 5 drops.
                                SPANISH FLIES.
  Character as an emmenagogue.  Remedial employment in  reference  to this property.
Cases in which they are contra-indicated.  Dose of the tincture,  from 10 to 30 drops, 3
times a day. 
\ 
 
(   57   )
                          CLASS   XIV.


                              SIALAGOGUES.


                            General  Observations.

  Medicines which  promote the secretion of saliva.  Some substances taken internally
produce this effect, as mercury, &.C., but, as they are not used  in reference to their siala-
gogue operation, tbey cannot properly be noticed here.   The only medicines actually em-
ployed for this purpose are such as produce the effect by being chewed.  All irritants may
thus prove sialagogue.  None are used exclusively with a view to this effect.  When any
medicine is employed as a sialagogue, the  fact is noticed under other heads.   Sialagogues
are useful either as revulsives or direct irritants.  In the former capacity they are applica-
ble to rheumatism of the face, toothache, &c., in the latter, to  paralytic affections of the
tongue and throat.             >              ■                 A

                            CLASS   XV.


                                 ERRHINES.


                            General Observations.

  Medicines which promote the secretion from the mucous membrane of the nostrils.  As
they usually excite sneezing, they are also called sternutatories.  No medicines taken in-
ternally are known to have a peculiar reference to this function.   None are employed as
errhines, except by local application to the nostrils.  The principles of their action are the
same as those of the  sialagogues.   When  any substance is employed as an errhine, the
fact is mentioned under other  heads.  None used exclusively for this purpose.  Applied
by snuffing them  up the  nostrils in the form of powder.  If very acrid, they should be
diluted with some inert substance.
8 
(   58   )
                            CLASS    XVI.


                                EPISPASTICS.


                              General Observations.

   Medicines which, when applied to the skin, produce a blister.  Also called vesicatories.
   They act by producing inflammation of the skin, the vessels of which relieve themselves
 by the secretion of serous fluid under the cuticle.  They prove useful as remedies in vari-
 ous ways.
   1. They act indirectly as general stimulants.  The system is excited by sympathy with
 the Iofeal inflammation.  This effect is greatest during the rubefacient action of the epis-
 pastic, and is diminished  when the cutaneous inflammation is relieved by the effusion of
 serum.  As general stimulants, they may be used in typhoid diseases, and in intermittent
 or remittent complaints in which it is  desirable  to supersede  the paroxysm by a strong
 impression on the system.  Remarks  as to the proper circumstances of application in both
 cases.
   2. They are powerfully revulsive.   In this way they  prove useful in various nervous
 irritations and in inflammations.   In  cases of mere local determination of blood, they are
 usually best applied at a distance from  the part affected; in inflammations, as  near the
 seat of disease as possible.  Grounds of this difference.   Another practical rule is that, in
 inflammatory affections, they should not be  applied during  the existence of high febrile
 excitement.  Grounds of this caution.
   3. They substitute their own action, which spontaneously subsides, for the diseased ac-
 tion existing in the part to which they are applied.
   4. They act as local stimulants.
   5. They produce local depletion, which, though not abundant, often proves highly useful
 in inflammation.
   6. The pain they occasion is sometimes useful in hypochondriacal cases.
   7. They are employed to separate the  cuticle, so as  to procure a denuded spot for the
 application of medicines.

                      SPANISH FLIES.—CANTHARIS. U.S.
   Cantharis vesicatoria.   Synonymes.  Meloe vesicalorius.  Lytta vesicatoria. Countries
 in which the insect is found.  Situations frequented  by it.   Mode of procuring  and pre-
 paring it for use.
   Shape and  size of the  fly—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to
 water and alcohol—attacks of insects  and results.
   Blistering property thought to reside in a peculiar  principle called cantharidin.  Form,
 colour, and solubilities of this principle.
   The following officinal preparations are worthy of notice.
   1. Cerate of Spanish Flies—Ceratum  Cantharidis, U.S.—commonly called blistering
plaster.  It is the Emplastrum  Cantharidis of the London Pharmacopoeia.  Constituents
 and mode of preparation.  Mode of application.  Used for blistering.
   2. Ointment of Spanish Flies—Unguentum  Cantharidis,  U.S.   Mode  of preparation.
 Used to dress  blistered surfaces in order to maintain a discharge.
   3. Plaster  of Pitch with Spanish Flies—Emplastrum Picis  cum Cantharide, U. S.__
 more frequently called Emplastrum Calefaciens, or warming plaster.  Constituents.   Uses.
   4. Liniment of Spanish  Flies—Linimentum Cantharidis,  U.S.—generally called decoc-
 tion of flies in oil of turpentine.  Mode of preparation.  Uses.
   Practical remarks on blistering with cantharides.  Local action of the epispastic.  Stran-
 gury a frequent result.  Probable cause.  Modes of prevention.  Treatment.  Sloughing
 of the skin in the blistered part sometimes results.  Cause of this occurrence.  Rules for
 applying blisters.  Remarks in relation  to their  size and shape, the means of attaching
them to the skin, the previous preparation of the  skin, the duration of their application,
the difference  in this respect between children and adults, mode of dressing blisters, mode
of treating them when inflamed, and the means of sustaining the discharge  so as to form
a perpetual blister.

                POTATO  FLIES.—CANTHARIS VITTATA. U. S.
  Synonyme, Lytta. vittata.  An indigenous insect.   Plants on which it is found.   Mode
of collecting it.  Size, shape, and colour.  Sensible properties similar to those of the Span-
ish flies.  Chemical composition probably similar.   Uses the same. 
■ 
» 
(   59   )
                          CLASS   XVII.


                             RUBEFACIENTS.


                             General Observations.

  Medicines which inflame the skin without vesicating as an ordinary result.   The prin-
ciples of their operation are the same  in general as those  mentioned under  the head of
epispastics.  But some indications are answered best by one class, others by the other.
  As general stimulants, blisters are preferable when a slow and permanent impression is
to be produced—the active rubefacients, when a sudden  and powerful  but  fugitive action
is requisite.   The former are superior to the  latter in the  power of interrupting morbid
associations.  On the  principle of revulsion, blisters are more useful in local inflammations
—rubefacients, in spasm and other forms of nervous irritation.  When a very slight but
long continued action is desired, the indication is  best fulfilled by mild rubefacients.  As
depletory means these are obviously inferior to blisters, and they cannot be employed to
obtain a raw surface.   For the mere purpose of producing pain, the powerful rubefacients
are even more efficient than  blisters.

                           MUSTARD.—SINAPIS.  U.S.
  The seeds of two species of Sinapis—& alba and S. nigra—natives of  Europe—culti-
vated in our gardens".   General character of the plants.
  Their seeds distinguished by  the names of white and black mustard seed.  Size and
colour of the two varieties.   Colour of the powder.  Mode of preparing it.
  Chemical composition of the seeds.  Mucilage contained in their coating, a fixed oil in
the interior part.  Among their constituents is a principle, which, in the black mustard is
converted into a volatile oil by  the reaction of water, in the white into an acrid substance
not volatile.   The odour and taste are ascribable to these principles.
  Effects of mustard on the system.  Operation when taken  whole.  Operation  when
swallowed bruised or in the form of powder.  Internal uses.  Employment as a  rubefacient.
Mode of applying it.  Duration of its application.  Local effects. Occasional unpleasant
results.   Cases to which it is especially applicable.

                               CAYENNE PEPPER.
  Before spoken of as an arterial stimulant.  Effects as a rubefacient.  Modes of applying
it.  Cases to which it is applicable.

                             OIL OF TURPENTINE.
  Already described.   Powerfully rubefacient.  Mode of applying it.  Peculiar effect on
the skins of some individuals.  Cases to which it is applicable.

                   BURGUNDY PITCH.-PIX ABIETIS. 17. S.
  Product of Abies communis {Pinus Abies, Linn.), a large evergreen tree, growing in the
north of Europe,  and commonly called  Norway spruce fir.  Mode of procuring and pre-

PaForrn  as ft is found in the shops—colour—effect of exposure on the colour—consistence
—difference in this  respect in cold and  hot weather—smell—taste—chemical composition
—effects of heat—consistence at the temperature of the body.       .,..,,    rp.
  Properties as a rubefacient.  Poisonous effect on the skins of  some individuals.  1 hera-
peutical uses.  Modes "of application.
                  CANADA PITCH.—PIX CANADENSIS. U.S.
  Sometimes called hemlock gum and hemlock pitch.  Obtained from the Abies Canadensis
(Pinus  Canadensis, Linn.),  an evergreen indigenous tree, growing  in the northern states
and Canada.  Mode of collecting and preparing the pitch.  Colour. In sensible, chemical,
and medicinal properties, closely analogous to Burgundy pitch.

            SOLUTION  OF  AMMONIA.—LIQUOR AMMONIiE.  U.S.
  Often called water of ammonia or aqua ammonia.  Chemical  nature. .Mode of prepara-
tion  Odour.   Relation to the oils.  Effects as a rubefacient.  Modes of application.  There
is an officinal preparation under the name of Linimentum Ammonia, U. &, commonly
called volatile liniment. Composition of this liniment 
(   «o   )
                        CLASS   XVIII.


                              ESCHAROTICS.


                            General Observations.

  Substances which destroy the life of the part to which they are applied, and  produce  a
dough.  They operate either by a direct influence on the vitality of the part, or by a che-
mical agency.  They are employed to form issues, to change the nature of the morbid ac-
tion in diseased surfaces by destroying the part affected, to remove fungous granulations,
and to open abscesses.
  Observations on the actual cautery.  Iron  heated  to ignition may be used to arrest he-
morrhages in places which are beyond the reach of a ligature.
  Moxa is another  form of the actual cautery.   Meaning of the term.   Materials from
which moxa is prepared, and mode of preparation.  Use of nitre and bichromate of po-
tassa.  Mode of application.   Therapeutical uses.  Principles of action.

                                 POTASSA.  U.S.
  Common caustic.  Mode of preparation. Shape and size of the pieces—colour—change
upon exposure—mode of keeping—impurities.
  Used to form issues, to destroy poisoned surfaces, and to open abscesses.  Modes of ap-
plication.  Subsequent treatment so as to form an issue.   Principles upon  which issues act
in the cure of disease.

                            NITRATE OF SILVER.
  Lunar caustic.  Mode of preparation.  Shape of the pieces—size—colour—translucency
—change upon exposure—mode  of preserving them.   Peculiar character as an  escharotic.
Used chiefly to destroy  the surface of diseased ulcers.  Particular  applications.  Mode of
application.  Effect upon the cuticle.  Used in weak solution as a local stimulant.

              ARSENIOUS ACID.—ACIDUM ARSENIOSUM. U.S.
  White oxide of arsenic.  While arsenic.  Mode of obtaining it  State, as it is kept in
the shops—colour.—opacity—nature of the surface—fracture—odour—taste—solubility in
water. Danger of mistaking it for magnesia when in powder. Character as an  escharotic.
Therapeutical applications.

                           SULPHATE OF COPPER.
  A mild escharotic, not much used as such at present.   A  very strong solution contain-
ing 20 grains to f^j. of water is sometimes applied to chancres, and to the cankerous sore
mouth of children.

   CORROSIVE CHLORIDE  OF MERCURY.—HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM
                              CORROSIVUM. U.S.
  Bichloride of Mercury. Corrosive sublimate.  To  be spoken of among  the preparations
of mercury.  Referred to here only as an external application.  Seldom used as an escha-
rotic.   More frequently as a stimulant application. Use in onychia maligna.  Its solution
applied to  ulcers, particularly those of a syphilitic character, to certain  cutaneous erup-
tions, and  as an injection in gleet.

                DRIED ALUM.—ALUMEN EXSICCATUM.  U.S.
  Burnt alum.  Mode of preparing it.   Character as an escharotic.   Purposes for which
it is used.   Mode of applying it.

                            THE MINERAL ACIDS.
  Though powerfully caustic, these are  seldom used, in consequence of the inconvenience
of applying them in the liquid form. They are sometimes employed to destroy the cuticle
hastily, and procure an  inflamed surface.  Diluted sulphuric and nitric acids are  occasion-
ally used as stimulants  to old ulcers.  These acids are also employed in the form of oint-
ment in cutaneous  diseases. 
 
 
(   61   )
                           CLASS  XIX.


                               D-EMULCENTS.


                            General Observations.

  Bland, unirritating substances, which  form  with  water a  viscid solution.  They gene-
rally consist of gum, or of a mixture of gummy with saccharine and farinaceous sub-
stances.
  Demulcents act in two ways.  1. Applied in solution to an irritated or inflamed surface,
they protect it against the  influence of irritating matters. 2. Mixed with acrid substances,
they blunt their acrimony, and render them less irritating to the parts with which they
come in contact.    Illustrations  of these modes  of action.   Therapeutical  applications.
Question as to their mode  of action in cases in which they cannot come into direct contact
with the diseased surface, as in nephritic complaints. Probability that, in such cases, their
solution acts as a mere diluent.   Substances belonging to this class are useful also as diet
for the sick.  Used in pharmacy to suspend insoluble substances in water, and to give ad-
hesiveness and consistence to pills and troches.

                         GUM ARABIC—ACACIA. U.S.'
  Product of numerous species of Acacia, thorny trees or shrubs growing in Africa and
Arabia.  Mode of procuring the  gum.   Places in which it is collected.  Places of export.
Several varieties are known in commerce.  For medical purposes it is sufficient  to  distin-
guish two, viz.  Turkey gum and Senegal gum.
  Turkey gum.  Shape and size  of the pieces—colour—cracks or fissures—effect of these
on the transparency—great brittleness.
  Senegal gum.  Shape and size of the pieces—colour—peculiar appearance of the surface
—transparency.
  General properties—colour of the powder—smell—taste—relations to water and alcohol
—effects of exposure upon the solution.
  Character as a demulcent.  Therapeutical applications.  Mucilage  for drink made in
the proportion of ^j. of gum to Oj. of water.   Pharmaceutical uses.

                    TRAGACANTH.—TRAGACANTHA.  £7.5-.
  Product of several species of Astragalus, small, thorny shrubs, growing in Greece and
Asia Minor.  Mode of collection. Shape of pieces—colour—translucency—difficult pulve-
rization—mode of pulverizing—odour—taste—relations to  water.   Components chiefly
gum and bassorin.  Tenacity of its mucilage.  Purposes for which it is employed.

                     SLIPPERY ELM BARK—ULMUS.  U.S.
  The inner bark of Ulmus fulva or  slippery elm, a large  indigenous tree.
preparation.
  Shape of the pieces—colour—texture—odour—taste—relations  to water.
  Therapeutical applications.  Used in infusion prepared in the proportion of
External use.

                            FLAXSEED— LINUM. U.S.
  Seeds of Linum usitatissimum, or common  flax.  A fixed  oil is contained  in  the in-
ternal parts, and mucilage in the skin.  Mode of obtaining the  oil.   Called Linseed oil
{Oleum Lini, U. S.).  Colour, odour, and taste of the oil.  Uses.
  Mode of extracting  the mucilaginous 'ingredients.   Decoction of the seeds  improper.
The infusion made in the  proportion of ^j. to Oj.
  Uses of powdered flaxseed.

                   LIQUORICE ROOT.-GLYCYRRHIZA.  U.S.
              LIQUORICE.—EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZiE.  U. S.
  Root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, an herbaceous, perennial plant, indigenous in the  south of
Europe.  Whence imported.
 Mode of


|j- to Oj. 
                                      (   62  )

   Shape and size of the root—character of the epidermis—colour externally and internally
 —colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water.
   Characteristic principle, a sweet  substance  called glycyrrhizin.  Different from sugar.
   Uses of the root.  Proportion in decoction, ^j. of the root to Oj. of water.   Uses of the
 powdered root.
   Mode of preparing the extract.  Place from which it is imported.  Shape and size of the
 pieces—colour—appearance of the fracture—taste—impurities.  Mode of refining.  Shape
 and size of the pieces of refined  liquorice.  Uses.

                       ICELAND  MOSS.—CETRARIA.  U.S.
   Cetraria Islandica (Lichen Islandicus, Linn).  Indigenous in the north of Asia, Europe,
 and America.  Size and shape of the plant—consistence—colour—odour—taste—relations
 to water.
   Interesting constituents, a starch-like principle to which it owes its demulcent properties,
 and a bitter principle.  Solubilities of these two principles. Mode of separating the bitter.
   Effects on the system.  Therapeutical uses.  Administered in decoction made by boiling
 sjj. of the moss in Oiss. of water to Oj.   Given ad libitum.

                         IRISH MOSS.—CHONDRUS. U.S.
   Carrageen.  Chondrus crispus {Fucus crispus, Linn.).   General character of the plant.
 Place of its growth.   Therapeutical  uses.   Mode of administration.  The decoction made
 in the proportion of^ss. of the moss to Oj. of water.

                                    SAGO. 17. S.
   Product of Sagus Rumphii, or sago palm, indigenous in the East  Indies.  Obtained
 from thejnth of the trunk.  Mode of preparation.  Two varieties in the market—common
 sago and pearl sago.
   Shapejf6ize, and colour of the grains of common sago, and of those of pearl  sago—taste
 —relations to water.  Consists almost exclusively of starch.
   Uses  in disease.  Mode of preparing  it for  exhibition.   Proportions  for the decoction,
 5|j. of sago to  Oj. of water.  Additions.

                                  TAPIOCA. U.S.
   Product of  Jatropha Manihot, a  plant of  tropical  America.   Places  in  which it  is
 cultivated. Two varieties—the sweet and bitter.  "Difference between them.  Tapioca ob-
 tained from the root.  Mode of preparing it.
   Shape and size of the grains—colour—hardness—taste.  Uses  and mode of exhibition
 the same as those of sago.

                       ARROW ROOT.—MARANTA. U. S.
   Product of Maranta arundinacea, and other  species—plants  of the West Indies—
 cultivated in our southern states.   Obtained from the root.  Mode of preparation.
   Form—colour—chemical nature—relations to water.  Liability to mustiness. Purposes
 for which  it is used.  Mode of preparing it for use. Proportion for solution,  a tablespoonful
 to the pint of water.
   Starch of the potato, and from other sources, is often substituted for arrow root.

                           BARLEY—HORDEUM. U.S.
   Mode of preparing barley for medical use. Commonly called pearl barley {hordeum per-
latum) when prepared.
   Shape and  size  of the grains—colour—chemical constitution—relations to water—lia-
 bility to mustiness.  Medical uses.   Form of administration.   Decoction of barley (Decoc-
tum Hordei, U.S.), commonly called barley water.  Mode of preparation.   Occasional ad-
ditions. 
 
\ 
(   63   )
                           CLASS   XX.

                              EMOLLIENTS.

                            General Observations.

  Substances capable of retaining moisture, and forming a soft mass, without irritating
properties.  They serve only as vehicles of warmth and moisture to the skin.  They are
useful in relieving the tension of inflamed parts, and in promoting suppuration.  The in-
dividuals of the class are described under other heads.
•
                          CLASS   XXI.


                                DILUENTS.


                            General Observations.

  Mild liquids, which serve to dilute the contents of the stomach and bowels, to fill the
blood-vessels, and to increase and at the same time dilute the secretions.  The only liquid
which can be used for  this purpose is water.  Additions are generally made in  order to
give it flavour, to render it somewhat nutritive, or to answer some indication independent
of mere dilution.  The advantages resulting  from diluent drinks are, that they render
the fluids with which they mix in all parts of the body less irritating, and thus absolutely
relieve inflammatory affections.  They may also prove useful,  in some  instances, by re-
storing a due degree of fluidity, and consequently of mobility, to the blood and secretions,
rendered thick and viscid  by disease. 
(   64   )
                                CLASS   XXII.


      Medicines  belonging to the first great Division,  not capable of being ar-
                        ranged in any of the preceding  Classes.

                                   ERGOT.—ERGOTA. U.S.
        Sometimes called spurred rye or Secale cornutum.  Product of Secale cereale, or com-
      mon rye. - Part of the plant.  Question as to its origin.
 -   A - ^Size and shape of the grains—longitudinal furrows—colour, external and internal—
2*     odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol.
 3   . . .  • Effects on the system.  Consequences of its free and long continued use.  Therapeutical
      applications.  Given in powder or infusion.   Dose of the powder, from 10 to 20 grains—
      of the infusion prepared with one drachm of ergot to four fluidounces of water, about f^j.
      —of the wine {Vinum Ergota,  U.S.), fgj. to fgiij. - O-iL x0 fc 57) cUoLu.

                                     NUX  VOMICA^. &
  W ■    Seeds of Strychnos Nux  Vomica, a tree growing in the East Indies. ^Character of the
      fruit.
 ■j ■ ■ ■ ■ Shape  and size of the seeds—character of the surface—structure—character of the in-
      ternal part—colour,  external and internal—hardness—difficulty  of pulverization—odour-
      taste—relations to water and alcohol.
 3   . • -  Active ingredients, two  alkaline  principles called strychnia and brucia.  The  latter
      found also in the false Angustura bark, but not used because similar in properties to strych-
      nia, and yet much weaker.
A. - - - -Strychnia.  Form—colour—odour—taste—effects of heat—solubility in water and alco-
      hol.  Obtained for use from the bean of St. Ignatius.
$.■•-■ Effects on  the system.   Poisonous action.  Therapeutical applications.  Dose of the
    • powder, 5 grains—of the alcoholic extract  from half a grain to 2 grains—of strychnia,
 7    from one-twelfth to one-sixth of a grain.^. External use of strychnia.  Mode of applying it.

                                 ARSENIC—ARSENICUM.
        Probably inert in  the metallic state.  Exceedingly  powerful  in combination.   The ar-
      senical preparations, when  given in small doses, produce at first little obvious effect; but
      after a few days edematous  swelling appears about the face,  and if the medicine is perse-
      vered in, nausea occurs, with tremors, muscular debility, diminished force of the  circula-
      tion, and other indications  of an enfeebled  condition of the vital powers.  Their action
      appears to be compounded of an irritative operation upon the stomach, and of an operation
      entirely peculiar to themselves  upon the system at large.   They are evidently absorbed;
      as they produce the  same effects when applied externally as  when taken into the stomach.
      In large quantities they are powerfully poisonous.   The symptoms  produced are  those of
      inflammation or disorganization of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, com-
 .___plicated with great general  prostration._ Symptoms enumerated.  Treatment of the poi-
 /-""  sonous efiects of arsenic.  Use oTtHe hydrated peroxide of iron as an antidote.   Mode of
7 . - ■ preparing this oxide.
 '3,  - -Arsenic is contra-indicated in all cases of irritated or inflamed stomach, and in states
      of disease attended with great prostration of the vital powers.  Useful in intermittent dis-
      eases, in  which it may be employed when circumstances forbid the use of quinia, or this
      medicine has been used ineffectually.  Employed also in cutaneous affections, particularly
      in those  of a scaly character,  and  in secondary syphilis especially when attended  with
      nodes.
        The only preparations recognised by the  U. S. Pharmacopoeia are the Arsenious acid
      and Solution of Arsenite of Potassa. The  sensible and chemical  properties  of  the acid
      have been already treated of.   Its dose is one-twelfth of a grain,  made into pill  with the
      crumb of bread, and taken 3 times a day.
Ap.  ■  -  Solution of Arsenite of Potassa—Liquor Potassa Arsenitis,  U. S.—commonly called
      Fowler's  solution. Mode of preparation—colour—taste.  Dose, 10 drops, 2 or 3 times a day.

                            MERCURY.—HYDRARGYRUM. U.S.
t.  • - -  ■ The action of mercury is quite peculiar.  In very small doses, it may be given so as to
      produce no obvious effects upon the  system, and yet to exert a powerful influence in dis. 
/  Uz/ iX 'A Z* Ua* y/ C-/X /yLZ~ ,/Z.z-iXAy yZ^yC yZyzy'iz/Z/y  AAfc^ yyXyX-Z'7  X

      -         '           '"*   J      ^ ^J/             X    /     '/         sA
    AAzC-  zytziyzztz  //<  fA/X. zxcz^/t^X-- xAfcM7yxiz7Z'«A^yZz./SzzA^£7 4^^7y7^4"


    tJ^^XL^u/TltyX XF AyZ ZT, zXt* /y^:£- y7_. .XXZ y ./ cz^y t'zzzy < A A ,y - ^z*A


   /^7,'AL  7t%- A3t^As7Ac   teyaizX//^^yy>y  aA z/z.y:Xy/,■s-Zy /zAl^zzXAx.


    Xts€yhz?Xz*y J 7zUyXyZyiyz ; '/c yi' Ax <y£- //&*- Xzsi**<^ — ^Acc^&zX^/y t^zij


    ^/. ' iAtV ^»7./ ^^>A - -^ <Xf y„.<y-C<?/^Zt.eyX <?u .Tryzzyyy-KZ  zXlv~ZZ-

       ■7                       y   '          X        /'   '           ■  ^
    XitiiZ? A-HZ~ rt-'/y?*.--/is* zyt-ztyyptz XiAt--  (^/-^*w.  Zi yi yA. yycs~/.r/-7z ,
' ,    A
                              /*/^i^zyC T^y XTz*-. y?z.yyXXtyt^ A .  A.Z. yta^-.x-y


    Vuczzz  A A<r zi.cTir^j ' Z* yZh^ zX^/^yf/ ^rz^Zyt7X


2>, 0,'A't. *ir/i'i r'tzt/./tS, fTTryrt  Aa-AX^j^.  &tc^L Z*  uXz (n,zr*.z*r Xsrxyy-


    7 lt^rA<? XZy7yu\t- y/y^zy/^7XV- a^zt-fXZZ/XA'-  '7 ~&*s^zxJ*y zX*<4zA-
                   A    " J        -.-                                 X y        '

    7/-/yyCy^ zvt/^i 7izi/7/yyyAy.yv^7^' -  Xz/^y, c^ /1^ zXyyyS  Ayy&z. A/t^X


    //^.C.t. A/7^-, ± A'.yA/y'X./zwLXAyy/y,z^.,yyzy .y/^Lz^/X7A.

    AyA          A     y   y             AX''  ry   y     '//-'Ay
    £a  S^Sr-X-nA- XzAAyt+y^tyyutA   - A/Y^  U* 77rt*A<sC</ la u^Zz<. -


    a.tfz/'y/. 1'lyrA^ ryy/.yyAy/z  /Zy  z^ ,^tyy*K~// ^*^- '/ fXiss/


    z/tz .A7^zy £&. *■** /t^-c/zz y- 6zi^/> *  - »< f<*  < '■/" ',- * '■/'** ^<*  ■ *' -^

                                                                        zi,  yyyy:y _
                                                                         A   y'
                                                                             Z
^ . >i[   L  Ma.7^ a zZyzSe^ s-Az*/.  /A.z ^z. yr~^c z,  - €^<A


Ac+z y&-^~ Z772C yy tA-isO-c*/'                                   ,

zL a-z^'-v  /cU/^y'yUC ALu   turf^z^ ^/^^..4^^'^Jiu^t^-^
yiU ^A zyi  z£,^/XrHA?^<*SJ&7*6^/£**-y&        '^.^iAUAiy
\ 3.Jh. ^*6czOl z/z^y  </^W*L<W ^,^f^«-> Mz^-^y zu/ y/.




     AziuX  ^.^ z^/z^oyz^. S^^z>s^/£sz^7~y?y fy'.r M*^  XXry u*zX^
i   <c.'/u- ,w,/-w^vzy *>  i^Y/u^ratd-'. '^f^/y^
yl£izz-?yi/h/ *~- A^/^z^^zlz^Lal. z^ u^'as ^fi""^,* £A*Jty/ 
zlZc&L z'smiJ ..//zzvt  A  u^yAX  a.  z/<;/t/u<< Ayz<' / Xz> ^ zrzz A A/.-t z/ti'jt .

 [ /sU.z.1.  SAut/cy 7*> y^rn/z yr.Z  U YXi'/iZ   a<r-U ■/</.& y Az'y/zS (TzAiAk- M.Z- y77 to 7/< <_  to/

 ^a,te'// ^'/?6yiL&^,r- /£ zz/xza^ /z zy, .'z..y  tzXzy /; JAUz.-yz>z M  <i^^

 foyTZ^Suz / AAi.l ZyAAg.uiJ- IA yt^AAZy&to*v yz.ZZyr/, 7 /z^y>tsz>-Ai .  A t^Zy* /Zz-*<X

Zfy-zTzX/- Az  ZiiT.z.LyiuXyA  a z-yn ziyy/L.  y^XX/^- zi^y/* 7'iZ-*t-£ZZXA 17 azAAAzUi-yzAuyC-

7irz.'/Ai < '^*"i srrAi. _  Z7x7 //zzz^-rAt. yy^tZ^/^ 77/-  (Xz 7^^ fl-Z'&Zt- t^ysy*^*****,^

 £z>/ /jc yyz/^Xyyy yX/y^yTz^^z^^zT^^^yXi, X^y/ZyAztyz7 /X Z^tz/Ay/.^ ,£**- e^7Ai.yX
t/'U /T^to/ZZy ,-y AAy zTy^Ar ■^Xh^./yyUy^z■
A   A
xfltz/s jxrt
/.   ibzuXX^AA S~ z^^Z^zzi. y/zty^ /m^z^yye^^ ZZzry^UyyA avX^y ZC /La^^if /U^^Az
     X/c.z7/zz<yyt,y OLs /tyy/Xi  z^Tuys/vXAit-iyy/^ Mx  ^AZyX.

2s.   'X eyiey^iayVj CzrH47<xyzX /tzl s7iX z/z.Ac,  zi^i,  zztzAty 7v^ zyAit^*t% v X~z zzzXL Azu^^

     £xz?y&Ljt<yA/£y zk^Xy/A<y/A ' AzX-A^yy "so/— zay.A'^ypiuzzAiAAAy u.  HA<rz<yXl/  Ac^rft^y  zhu.
                 Az -     A      y   ■ /        ■  _^_    y   A   y    '  Xy    /
     L'llzzJ--.  7?¥AAz.L,}-icX.  /7^yaZz toa  ^.yys, /^j^*^/^<:rf«^A uT/AXAt, __  /ZZtzn^yi,,

     4AvV  /^///■^/A'/%^SiA  ■/l7Ly.yyX  is&A .>2zT^XaX7 AAy^  TtXziSTiyyA,  Xc-y yL.c.
               y     AL            /
     /<./n]<*y ,£o  Uf-nZtZu-■

3.   TzuXz, itA'ytzz/yXy ZZfyze/e^X Az'zS ■ Zi/^zlZ^zy/yt.  z^yrTTztX&yca^A^O i^zTAihZ  Z^yZt^

     jAuUC'■■ ZCtLZyA■  zAzlOLCZ/XeJ  TTiXi, Z/ct-  7/<rcl./77v ZLyXTr/cAt-y^cX<*y? XAAg^ZWsn**..

 Az-,  1  Afu 'It-'C-it y U/./X _  77/ yzZZ'lZT*X- z-fiA^yzX'tvz.'/Af-cX 7z^</AAiL^/7iSX/ZWL.
             4    7                                      //
     ,/_/£, zAiZ'^zf/t^z/yXTizy  Asz^ U-^z-.-i £h*z**k- _ X/Zz>c<PU^  /*<s yzXXzyrTiAarC^ a^y

     (  ^yt-iy./^.. t.<-'  /it* //'-yt-Ait'C/<&yv>. tot~yy^jy. 7
                                    x i    y x            ,   y         /<?v>«^'iA"
tJ.  (y'.z  <L yy. a-Al X/"^Z* tXyvcC _ toizJ AO^t. y/^-1  zXtZ/^/ yA' AzyV/^/i zcyyey'y/"z n z« y^z <a .
CyT/i
hyr^XAA/niJ. iZ  7'AjTzx, •„** .//zzccZ^Alz Az /0Lt yyy^/y^yZyy AzaX   TZ/y^ZL^cZ' yLzAztA't^
yz<r<-y  C-*  ZutzATA/Zi  gy/^  /AlZ  iATi^ruaX Xti-Z>rf't<zz2y^  Oyyty^ztat^a a-- AccA^u,;  *A
    A  ^ic-.AAyiL  zyAr7^<-  C7i74y  if  ZcAllclcyryiJ J^ zx^iyUH^-.  t X zZ/z^rX/^y XcZLzn.ic.yAt'

    77 /Az/ jT-nz't '■''iLy  zAzit  yfZ/y&OcAziXAcsw  *  <z^-yy.iyLy  tyv'  ziyr^/c^y^y/- y+y-y/ZtZ AAi y -Tyz '-

    yz.ZcA7z>zyz/z^-t^-^  XA7y7//^y/^zn<yr tyTyy/A i^tC   AtXzzvu^r giTZtsTt+A^To^iy  zt.^

    /rfu  ' V-ZA-;  (7yi£yvZ7i. — ZUuX /i^/L^.zy ^/^.iy (zHyfAXc  ^-i^XAt^zi yr^X <■■//".-
      «''        7                  7   ^A.        /   ''           A,      ..   y        '<
    7,Ay(Z!yeJ <7- XXUyy AXZ-OTZU^ ctXyt.&£-Zr7v7. _  iA^^/^^ift^' yZ Z^C2<Zr?tAAAyhyt*i /*C //

    Uyiyitt  (rT^^/yLastyiXy^y  L cAiyyi£y^U4^/AUyizrz^/ yftX^fcyr/yHc*^  c/yU-^.-

    ACi*y   tiZayHyyy}r /TXXt^.zZZyzoc-,']                                    *

A?.    zT-l^yA Zf>~z7z'-i.y/z^Z'yzAAy  Zpi Zt^^^cyi^cy y^zstf y*-<? - Zfr^ /X^ty //U7* '" Oy^f*e.cAAi^a

    X7l *  Xoi'yAy- /zZtoZc  a./£<r-7n,?*u+y <7Z//iy-/z /; yy- 7~yL+ /ry^r// ^ 7. A2rd *.z /X.

 ,  L //ic X&-* <y  ^^^w^- rr- zz& Sz/AX? btCyi&&/ acJfaL^A,  7?iicA*<AL 
p->~ ZZz^t/z 7<? A/ J toZ.uX AA/Z L 77tt///t-7. zXzszZ/zX' 3^ yr A£ Ay / y icZ-u^ ., y/y? <XAu /i/7y

pltZ it./ yy,/X.*. uX 7/XA 4~/f*cAy t  fZTyZ/i/ y <■*■("•/. y'7cy/,-z>7z^/ryJ.r'A.  /Xz yZ/i/z^cz/^tiz

7yX-Azi^ ayit, y'7Z£(.yzX.AI



ytf-j/uAz/u/, /fA-tn-z yi<4iy yuz-i./i- 7-1+. AAiz//ha--^~ y ^.Avv/..^- A ,}. zyy<.z/t/y A7 dAxAztZic

 Xlt-sy Usi^/ <rs<_  /AiX^/^toi' cA z/iyzysr/z?^. z'Z^^AA<zXyiz.yr A%ys*yA7tyz.ZyAt.'c.
   I  A   y  '        .A          ''■'''//         '  ■  */A        /   , Z       /,
 <^zzi+t_.£..7ft-Lt/  *c-cAv/t<7 y.zcy<y'*A<A  /A XZt,-  -->..// At*flus?^±- ./a.  t <. z-//^^.<f. A
   s     /             z.  Af *  y y '    y  ■        7 y    /             __y            s,
  yc-t ," /ly/yry'-tc ZZ*  zAyzt  ZL   'Ay a~&Acyiy y~ix- .'.At- ' Tu-" ■/./■<,-. uy *!<-/• A^-. AAzii/i7l.

 j/cz*,-kU Atzz y/y'z^XciX  />. fZ/izz A'.r  tyt-cyA-iy/-' zxy7z7HZy£ zyXyi^Ay yZAtyf^/t^ Z/zyzZ

 0y  A/lC z?yyyyyyy<- *A7<i' A z.Az*Xiyy AAz Ziyr *yyZc  yy a^^-fry Az y/^ - i U^Ayzu z. A

  7y-y/./^yzZ,t.Lzi./ - ■£&-£- z%-e  ^AyyytyzZ,A.y//.///^Al- -  y.tj/--z/u.  y&-7~+t^y/<yc£?  Ay
 / A      ,              z-          ,y      /   j   A                   ■         ,.,  y'
  y-OAl^cSiy'' '/>zA  AAzi7a^f  /y^-A'A ,y  -.<z zXZiZyA zj./^A y*yu  z~*t*y-A7t (yyX/zAyX(~
             /                            /          y                           z
 /y>7  L v^iu  sz- -fttzcJ -yz^7^-' \cA iTic  y z^ac-AAny z wc*+//l y.Ls zVLc y-Xs?i<--
 7    /A.       .     i     A                           .A                      __
 ctzz  Ay cXfn,./<,/JCruAt--  m- .y/iiyy /  zy.zy - W7i* <X-, JzA- <r?^ S-zr-.zXt-, t/ts/y*/

 7- /.-ZyAAt- \A-<Z ■ *-V/.*-£-  ZS7/zZ'zz/ /zy.XytAyyA  ^S-ZcZyCzzyxy/Xz y.  ^ty/y  i,£z> w^- #■-

 z/z^cz zz  AuMy/z.-y/.zA/^Ai'zz/cAy .^ &J.<yLrr™'„A  t<**y fn~/4y?*u,k,-

  ulzX u ,. A^ <A&- ^y'i/ty/y7t£™^Z*-«^-AJAyS/  J^  ✓?- £s  //ATT^ey  ^

  ZJMl&A.  Z?y  f/z- y?y.aZ^/& / Jz.J/zz/z.- A/< X Z/Azz Zz/- .■*&*./<*.■<-<//  *X
         Z   +'     'S-    '"  C' y/           ■     y       *
  ca///i zi iAA<?  Az//z AzzztX  uzAAt   Az  **«■<?*.<■ y-K/Xz:.

                 yz/cy/c. z/ iz*.u/A<.z?£ y iAf/A /<^'a/a£ yTT^Uzz /Ztu^A( zz/z.z Z,// -
i/Ut,^ zt^. tC/'t.y zyzAA^y// zi^.J u-/u< 7^z//z^<AAAAA . A z   %2S^  /
  A'
   Sls.t zz- a j*i ■*»*■ '»* - fA'uc. ,/*-/ '<Az/- * rTcz zi***> c AizM/+.<,  -X. zz/y^<" *Zy t X

  ,%/  /z*.,.X 4*  //*./ ^cyiu.fy.ic/azAA, i^fr/a/. el * tjUz'<*-<*'<^<s  -/.-

   z/t ...'ZnA&rtJ & <£ XAz/ztyz, <?zczzy 6 y^^.z/c'4/.ry.yy..yz/ ^ ^1  zi*/-

  zA*X/.y/^  z'l. yi-ykv /1 * z--Ziscy*s *-

I J>m.>i**/Zl.<. /tofctJtvfac^fcsr-yi.* /~/Ayut^K^y^y^A<A^z-/^A*c-
       /    *     ,    A              7
  OUl&Z^ y/yySz/^ /. r

                               y/A wv/kA 7V*.  A^y^A zy/ zti^ // 7/ c "U. c Arm dt/1 A^-

        v/, _ /fo  /z^A.zyuyzZzzz^ <J*'"< /<<tJ z*sz4£/A //.y.A, y s-fAA^ z-Vv/A

         yZu.A ,1 . /iz.yzy.y.^AcM.  c^y/^zX ty < «>/^ J^.76~s

  U az/y/zWistA A,zsy/z^afc/,  Ay  ;>c<z Z,y, a/z, ^A^A.yyz yc//^/^/. / A'A,

      '-JJ/1  U«e*<*6* ti- i^u/^  /£'&rt$n**..  AyZ'zZZ^ycX.
7  l/a>ail jt.zszt 'y^z a.c&*lA unzAAu7**, A^y^A zy/ zy/iAA<y z/  c*.
T *                 .                            Z'      /'    r  . ,•  '.
kJ/u
. yXAiCtz l Xj
?L U^.  ^cly/.J, eAAV^^ '*»*Hf uA:/z/.<7i<y  As;~zz s^Az.X^, 
,izAA/n/*'y.<//S£z/<syzAyYz/z./-/<is ;ztz<~/zyyy/zy/z'cy .XS* <(</>_  /Az,

                                *   7                    '

                     fc XcAc o yi- c>.  ^y>  //<z^'  zy/<- <**-* 'V"■
,yt'/~Z**i<X'/x7/Ai. /t/f^'/iAt. ^7> /AAt*.-  t//<_./4-t A
A
2.   t>, ,/AtV/i*h,/llz^«^>-£v is  zz^  zAuy  /^^^ >/X+-< Az<^*.y  is/A/ttoczXs 7 yyu£


        '■*   X                           '  '  '              ■      .  /     A'          y
      /AC, -'Assist, cz ■  «Zyz.z   ■/-//«- zy/'t't-z cut^n. .Xz/yt^z ^^  /*Xu<~  /A yy^AA. y^c/r
     7



\oC AcslyZ-l' (A//z  i AXril-'Z,.  y/./fyz/^Zycy ZZ-U- AA /cyA/A /tZ^7 *7- A/yr/cZA.Z.yzZyyy ^
fsTU.-.;zonV^Ai/p-TCztayLyA/zLZ^  A7 zy/./azAAcC- A/cSy zZtoz-c^zz-zcyA' /Ax Ate--//   ■


         A<  ,L  <l£ct. — zZZyyiZt^-z AATAAXizy^c 77Ac, zyz^y/zXAy, Zc^zAj>^*y ^/o^A^^/ y..^:
           /A                X                  •                  z   A          X,z
Zu-<y.  A<
    Y-'/a tz.yi.-Z~ y Zy^&s- yr  t. U-A/s'^A.'.



3.  ~a±<~ .i^A/A/.tsyyzAAAAz-  £z<//is-zyy toz  toTiy&tXaAtozX,



4-. ^A /%& yZzTZ^/yz z/''//zy.7z-o^/y /d& y7^.ZU^A/yX/ey/ ,.7//? /iztfyyyZ/iXzAz yyyy'ZA^OAAA



     £<A/l Z&za. A<'i/ £7c>  // V AAA- A7?Al£- ts /?7tsto/ A'Azt./t/Z- ^ zX^y AA*U;l   /.yyts/zCs-uX



    A &-&ty *'' < //yj-  X As, cyyA/xAzX-y'/iAy 7  77^^  yZ/zA/ yz<yy~ yw yTTi. y^z/ay



     A/ fAAiT&U —  yy,//z_^X/z yiuszjsts/?y&zy zAZs-yZzyZs-, c-zzJAy-y-zZrAAA*-^ toy A, yA Z7Uy£4Za



    /HZ /H-tzr XzzzUzA-.- zTto/zy //c CS^*c yft^LtoX Z^l. /aAAAsZzL /f zsuy^y>



    /CZ  /AzcuLAy-zAZAyi.
/  s>
fr. /'iu  Ct^C-Lz/c  /zzz^z2.yyyyy^yzAA^^X/ZVAX^^.'/c^-  Zt^CcZl/A £.cy4**s/LA*7***' to/* ZyyZA



?k  yy-Z-Ay/ Ay> AXA(, /zz>7t z«jz/ Xz/z/AAs-i/ y7j^^.z<tcy/ /r7%Lgz.y#z<zy> 772<rz. iAtA1 AAT/yzyyTyai


      ■   / '           /-  '     '       X   '   /''            ///     A   •'"   /        /        y  '
    ^/yAzi-y/i.-izyyxAyr/zy yXzzZA  z4?c ,y, A ZsA #, -Jyfiy/ yt,y/ if c Zy ' A/z/Zy^.. /y/v /2tZL<y.



    , A zAz>  UZZ yv. .■ _  At/A z-un.y4.ty  Xz y/y z> Zzu A</ , //LZltot^/z z zry^zU^y Ayz-y' H-^yc/y AcZ^.



    Ly f  Aza/jc AzAy^y, y?7vZr/yyy _  Xz* At «-&/■<-<,:-/<-  y<>  ^AiX/ Z*c£/^ZtZy^iy.



(A, y'AlA-z.'ic.C'^cUy yYiy^  yt^t^r/yy/ s7L.yX/y ,zA/_y  /^yX.yiz  y /  Xy /%y /?stU*y



    .1 7 A 7-y-Z7Ai  yz7y/yX<cy>z &*4-i^z/ r//  A7<Ay Zy-t^Z-/  7*is ^tA ytrr/TA/ C^^/T^toXAytsAcA'Tt..
     A XZ .f^*><  y zu Z7Z/.z~i. .y<y /XtyUasZ&y /XzyAAz^z ytA^iy ,,7t /g/.y/zy , X<Zt* '/..yy.t £■■/*■-,


        ",.■/     y   X      '     ^       y       ,                 1      y  A   , / .
     &4 , A/A-*A/,  sz/jz .<yy. ^y±z. 7, a■■/■/ y.'Ayy,y.-. tv?« A  "''*<'Zi /zy.yc   < A <"- c/ot.L c.'.
            z         X  z z          7/                                 '   z


y  lAzl.  ^y  ^Az-ctty y/ ^ //e  AXzX  zA7/Le.y/y  zzzTzXti, y?tXA'a/z^^Ly\ -z',  XAz.z  c<xi>yz)



    AAaA//yzsyy//y<zf6Z yy  .z/yZZ./ZA  «Azi/,/7AiX/*  Ayy^./y/X yy -Xz 1+vz J.'H''-.



     XA,-y^yy<z; --An. <-+..z^&7 y^/AX/yXzyA /'-/A.'   A-o?X/uAyy yt/c  zuA<ooz ^z<*trz^A'i uAAHz &

               / y .    z   f^    w         /   .          Au^Ayz,/r  /

     Oij/z/t■ .cyi7  zz,■■ AAcZ/zczz.,  aA%7  'j/.z*i..t<y/.y /A /AXiz/r/t zXAyyy?,t /A^^a,  X-.iz..z/z-
                     '.'            '                 s          A    ^


     t-ZkXX.  LCTA^t y/^z  1/- yy zAAAAAc/^XAyX  &>'./y.  /J/Az^Z/y-i-y,



fA   iA AWc£^c 0^.y&i^y//0LCa^?J/H£zly/*r-  luu7A'ylr*.'Sh./,<*r l<<  XhZiziz.



     1-tZ,  cXtdc. yc^zX lay-AAy z^^yXXzyi/i/zfa^y ,^./y/y^y-  A Ay  zi/izyAz^



    _ yTlXA AAA fe- Xt*y%X/7zyz/ totiy f/y  //Ac/iAt./UyXy^i. yy-  ^:z>y^/y /yr/y^ yy/c.i y/yztv



     (ixAt-iyx. /}ri£iyy~ //- At^tWAAayiXX^TiZ^  j/r'X Ah-puZ 7AzyA<y / At*..   A AzyzL.   z'7/u y-s, yX<>
                                                            A                      /    1        '


     7 <U*T-y^ /i^y^uiAz./^A  /y. /zymy zAi&f.yz^ y/i .A^j-zyy^/^Xz*zy^l f/^ 
I
tf~7^/y /.z^y-ziz ^ 7/t Ay; ^74 / A~ /7-zXi zu-yuz/ yTitc&z-/ $7  /tyZy/17 zTzXA a/yy-y z-A/cZz. '



        .  /' y                      /      '.
Zyfr { ysi^Aa/Ay/ yifr AziAAh 7 y,t ;Au z;i/nyiA^A y?^^y y^^  SiyZ*/—


   '    *    X                                                            -i


 /A/flu AA Zi^ty, z/t^-zAzX. ^zf ,//yyy zAs/lX/l,/zfT-t-s ayn~  yzy/z^/t^/t.  Ac*ztyr/z7.





 J  ■Inl-  A/zZ'zX^ y^A/y^/y /^>zX^.ziztszzy  z/iy2sy yZiy£/sZI.  ^^  A 7 y/^X MuZ/i-



r.     ,  /  ,                      /       /                 /.      / y

££ Ifi L7yX a.f/£yAy^/7u.-< ,77Xi/yy^^yZ7^cyyyyy<7/A xXyyT^^AZAA   -^^XA
A'AyZ-y/.Z  <7iX^-yAAt yx^y^/XXX*yXyZixA// Xz^/yizA/yy'^/ ay/ yA7i7*<2AC /yz/yzyi _

                                      X      /   z     '
                                     /


UZyz^'  .*  Z'ZJ  t£zt/A<.  ;^t/" yyt-Z cAs <yty-cyZ.
                                          A.
A |_ <- /cAt-ZX-tsy ytlVy' Zy./^-zZ.AAiy ZZAzL.z.-L^i.-Cy7>AZ— toi^y a^:z~  yy/yys.,.ziy^zz.ZAAy7-^Z — /-In

           /       y    /                           '
                  z      x.             •   X                                    z ''  X
   U*A yAyyZ<^AKzr?^  AXAt y?7^/AAzX X illy .*>y**-^  X/yz _£cuL  (  A^</ (Zt'.U^a^
L . l zy c. A, '£,, ^Uy^^Z CtznJl, j^M^^/L^zzy y>*,/Lz^<J^ w£y





J^ZA- AAiyt ■ ^■y^^TXA 2^-yrtX aAx  &£7ux>XZ^ ^ &lZ  *^u*«x(Jl,*-
t£i,  ..^yt/yX  ?/' Ou.  t^J&*»^(«*<f' y^L7^/^  y/lJL;  tiz^





AJU  A-^v-1^ ■  *&//6^ **> A/iyryA/(y^Uyy^^zXc^ yX,Ay^^uAAAA

       - yc   /                        V                                    y




kH>^A»«/£ 7^-Mr^ * *~u*£. y^^^^J^
<l7*.)
1 fcrcizaS .iAj.Jb/^ %^Z*/- ft//./-  ftf-6
                                                              •     7    y '


Q  t/ltfAi? yy a/LUlcyr^ A^ci'£*, ^^ ^t/£*&/*-> .*&, ^M*
1//Z
A  f       /
<yCslXsPl& 7C __ lytiy
                                                                             ' y

'A. Oosty/ /airtrvt^/£yf^  ****~*U>£r*;fu-LJL.  /y/zzc   ATL<.  ^ A, z^X ^







   #*.*„. ? -:. a  ^AV^:^y ^  .4  - ^  ^^^Ua
A< a/i/i/ztyut  .Ay ^.y./yyy y a  y
y ..7 .i sz^ AA
r"1   7            /  \
; // ■ i /a  A"- r^'* ^/^  -£*^S. 
//   /xAXz^yy y ,z/z//z<-z zlaA y/^/ynz/z A /y   X/ts A/z/*A t <<<./!*.<• s*;

             A    "                                             z             ^
     cyz?yZs/ Ay / z^y  y/i.  *AiXeX/ * A/.Z/z-iX./ Z*/X/i y/ /--urn A' *>^Az <yU± X; f X* _
         A A     A                                           X
              7 s- '            '                          X                 —
     /JLCxxtAAl*  m.  ,z Ay l 7 Ar ^ y //^  //yyfTz/)   /T 7y-t AzyA/x yxyX yytAy


     ,-,lC  z.tZ'Axy.z/i/,   CQxzX 7/y  y.-A yZz/ yx  y // jnx...z.*Z< yyj^y  z7  yuyxu/X.
                                         AX      ,7 y'       A              '   /
           A    ■"           A A   A                 '   '  ' -x—     f'
     (A  i. ri-fu/Ay/,-y;  /s/ttiu/X A^Z s//,Z/Z°x<z<-X^ zu/£styzy/AXy

                      .       ,    A?  S          "      7            i  <    '■
/2<  ^'AslXJ^ Z^iXi^st^Z / XAA^z   Zszy^Z X/yZtX yAyz^;/z.s7y.XyiAA./.<l<* yz, ,..*-yAy
■ ciXXsuiy- JA. d<ZCz?7*z.zA  /(/y> C..zzyZZz:/yziXy/zyzz yz /'.Xy^-y-t+Z, fyZ-/-^y
    AyiAtAAUi/ AAixm/J<AAzl yyyc* /z/<Zz/ //^ ,/a *.« 7 sl-  Ax y* , /t-Xzt.xAy.  XXuA-
   ''                             A                  - ■                         '        x
    yAa^  u,A A XX  /?-"''-'X^X z^y <6t'A/Ac zx.c^zzyiA^/y  tzX-Atovx^.

    xX     x~a         /  .        f/  z                yy     y             it  /
    U7XX>. XxiA  yJyzyi//y^y^yX  yA-to7<^ /z<^ yA7A<rz<syc^^j  y^ ,/,,,<t Ay^/+ynyy


    /Z<AAZl*iX z'A y^/lst/yi^s Z>A/./t<u.XZy  zX-jy^y/Xx. zA/Ac,  £<y"/XAA*rv  yixAfy^a^Xy  7^ _

          ,  . y /-/'
    z.<xt*<z <ti - x, Ac A <:.


/3.  XyzAxr- /2/Ax. sAzXy/A/Az,  /jXl/X^y ,A,/A^ X/sc.  <?./y.y AA'Azy/zc s7A  zy^_
/! AXsi,. /z^iATAr,.  aXi/iXzist^. yx-Z.XsA  X-Xy/z-z-z-xAs-yy/^ZZ-zz^z/ty'  /Xz. y/^ AAy.
/.■"./■          y    .    •      '/.   y.   /'
'       A             X             sA    y  y   - •*      -            X
At{z' y/Zsts^y ,-"y y. yif AAyxty  ,„<•/• A/z A/t.  .^yf.AAze^ /_ yrr- A,/* ~
      .  /
<-yy AAz/
X..;i-yiL\ ' .<aA *■•..:>  A/i  xci/n-A  /</.//?/ • axx  yyxz/A Xyy^/iZ/t , /Az zy/zy
      y             '         Z                                                       7
    '    A         Z      f                                                       /
OstA-  AxX-k/  a A(.c/A/.<lX  X /Au  *  yyZ/yzz; #^ ax£Zix^zX &z^, s/ <yy  ^y/AAy. aJA^A

                      y                                       ,  <?
 AAI-iXlC ^«VA  A-/// ,*//. y},s >z y zx// XZ,.'/./x.t/zX  TAfy  /■> A 77 7t<- /z< .■*/'/,
                         X                                    -
                        <   .           \                    < y        y            y
 AA/lX iZ>~yiyyyi--  KXiX^AtAxA-.^-sZ- tZZtoc. 7<z~-< 7 s ^ L  J7 zy/y  ^y/At  yy^^y   X'
          a    t              ,         a              y            ^         /

 $£(/*.■ yz-z^c  ~  lAAt.  /xz.yyy-A .AXyy-y.zZz X^-LTL-y/cy-AxtixAy-y^  ,,  //-
                                                              y

 i-^Z<-^X( XT- / y-nyi^yX/AA'e./ /fax /-Ztsz^yTZAxX yAc^Tcy//tys^/tAr   /yi^.  ZxXyA/u
A                  / .          ^ _       ^         A

 -i-^- .-^^t-*v-A<< A.  \A- /atyyirTX /AAzzy  ^Acyj^A^yy A Ay  A,xz-  Ay IJ>- 7/ //a
      /        /                      A                        yx  '      A       7

 friy-jXyAi.- IX ytc*zAAy'UzAX<L-A£4,S^/AyA\Xyi7X7'<i'  X S^y^y /A/, (~> y y/t.ji.


 i-Ky/ 'Xu.  y/y/itzf,  /yriJyA X*  Az't• XlA ^ /yuA//v^ XAa AyXAy/A^y/Zteis&Aj

 c  rl XU oAj ex/-Xxz A w .  t   ^. ^A yyyy, /t 7  yy/, y/^ A/y  //i^it Z ■ X  /yr < ■ \

   *                    <?   ^-     /    a. ■   .               '    /
 >in.i.   -Z/yJi-t^cz^ .  cUzXl /t-y/4.77- ^-/y tu.--'.„y  .^^y^cZ,  >, .r,,^> yA /-z^z<.. Xz
                                              A    >'          A          f"
                                             '    A             A 
(   65   )
        ease.  In this mode of action it is said to be alterative.   More freely employed, it makes a
      •  very sensible impression.  The most  evident symptoms are those ranked together under
        the name of salivation or ptyalism.  Description of these symptoms.   At the same time,
        it gives  rise to an excitement of the circulation, evinced by a peculiar quick and jerking
        pulse, increases nervous susceptibility, augments most  of the secretions, and invigorates
        absorption.  Probably other unperceived changes take place in  the system, the actions of
^      whichappear for a time to be completely revolutionized.  The effects produced by mer-
        cury gradually  subside, and, unless very severe, usually leave  the general health unim-
        paired.
          Therapeutical applications of mercury considered, first, in reference to its  general in-
        fluence  upon the system as indicated by its action upon the gums; secondly, in reference
        to its alterative influence.   The effects  of mercury connected with its sialagogue opera-
        tion, upon which curative indications are founded, may be included under the following
        heads:
 /    _  -  1. Excitement of the secretory functions. Circumstances under which it may be use-
 ^""    fill in reference to this effect.  Whenever the secretions are arrested, and no contra-indi-
        cating circumstances exist.
  •g ~_-  — 2. Altered condition of the capillary  vessels.  It is probably  by some influence over
        these vessels that mercury proves useful  in most chronic inflammations.   It appears to be
        peculiarly adapted to inflammations attending a typhoid state of the system.
   /  ___ _3. Peculiar action upon the liver.   Upon this organ  and its appendages mercury  exerts
  <°-    an influence greater,  perhaps, than upon any other part of the system.   Peculiarly adyan-
        tageous in hepatic inflammations and congestions, and in all the numerous complaints
        which have their origin or support in deranged conditions of this organ.
           4. Excitement of the absorbents.  Hence its  use in dropsical complaints, and in chronic
        tumefactions, though it operates in these affections also upon other principles.
           5. Local inflammation of the mouth and fauces.  This is no doubt sometimes useful by
        its revulsive influence.  But it is seldom advisable to employ mercury  with a view to this
        effect alone; as there are other more convenient and safer modes of producing revulsion.
           6.  General revolutionizing action.  There are some  complaints in which  the curative
         influence of mercury admits of explanation, in  the present state of our  knowledge, only by
         resorting to the supposition that it produces general effects incompatible with the deranged
         condition in which the  disease consists.  One  of these complaints is  syphilis.  Observa-
  7. ■   ' tions in relation to the prejudice  against its use in this affection.  Much of this preju-
  '       dice is  ascribable to its abuse.   Great care is  requisite to restrain its action within due
         limits, and to persevere with it sufficiently long.  The  poisonous effects of lead upon the
  jf   - -system constitute another disease in the cure of which mercury may be said to act by its
         revolutionizing  influence.   Further  remarks  in relation to its  therapeutical application

        _J!jThe  best modes of bringing the system under the mercurial influence next considered.
        -The belief stated that it acts through the medium of absorption.
           In general, when the object is to produce a gentle ptyalism, calomel or the blue pill may
       -.be given, the former in the dose of half a grain, or a grain, the latter in that of 3 or 5  grains,
         morning, noon, and  night.  Any purgative effect is  to be counteracted by  opium.  In
         cases of irritable stomach, the dose may be reduced, and if necessary given more frequently.
         If the medicine cannot be taken by the  stomach, it will be necessary to employ it exter-
         nallv  For this  purpose the mercurial ointment may be resorted to.  This is also some-
         times useful as an addition to internal  means, particularly where the disease exists in the
         course of the external absorbents.  Places to which the  ointment is applied, and mode of
  IC     application.  It is sometimes necessary to produce the mercurial influence very speedily.
         In such  cases  the medicine must be  introduced by  every  avenue   The doses are to  be
   y .  . . augmented, external frictions employed, and  the ointment applied to blistered surfaces.
  '  '     Sometimes fumigation may be advantageously employed.
  / 2  - - ■  Great difference in the susceptibility  of different persons to the action of mercury no-
  '      ticed.  While in some instances it is almost impossible  to  affect the mouth m others
         excessive salivation is induced by small quantities of the medicine.  Different diseases are
         attended with a difference in this susceptibility.  Sometimes the medicine accumulates n
         the system, and after having been given for some time with no apparent effect  break > out
         at length with  an overwhelming force.  Practical cautions founded on these facts   A good
         rule is always to administer mercury with great caution, unless the  necessity of the case
         demands its speedy action.   In the great majority of cases, it is sufficient to produce the
         slightest effect upon the gums, and to give the medicine so as to sustain ^is  effect
   / 3  —  Description of the mercurial sore mouth in its different s ages and degrees of v olence.
   '      Dangers of excessive salivation.  Condition of mouth sometimes left behind after its sub-
         sidence.   Treatment of excessive salivation.                .            a.i^^j mitli
   ,y   -  Poisonous action of mercury on the  constitution in some individuals. Attended with
  /Y    great prostration. Generally observed in hospitals.   Treatment.
                             9 
(   66   )
/$~.  . . • Occasionally mercury produces excessive and exhausting sweats, sometimes a peculiar
       eruptive affection.   Treatment under these circumstances.
         Alterative use of mercury next considered, viz. its use in quantities insufficient to pro-
       duce any obvious effects on the system.   This employment of mercury is important  It is
       especially advantageous in functional complaints of the digestive viscera, and more  parti-
       cularly when the liver is involved.  Remarks upon the colour and quantity of the fasces as
       an indication of the state of the hepatic function__The alterative use of mercury is  called
       for  when  the  stools are white or clay coloured or very  dry  and scanty, indicating a defi-
       cient secretion of bile—when  they are very copious, liquid, and  of a  bilious colour, as in
       bilious diarrhoea and cholera morbus—and when they are dark coloured  or black, and of a
       tarry consistence, as in melcena.   Methods  of administering mercury with a view  to  its
       alterative  action__In chronic cases with constipation,  a  blue pill may be given, or from
       half a grain to a grain of calomel, every night or every other night,  followed in the  morn-
       ing, if the bowels be confined,  by some gentle aperient.  In acute cases,  with irritable sto-
       mach and bowels, one-sixth of a grain of calomel or half a grain of the  blue pill may be
       given every half hour, hour,  or two hours, according to circumstances, and suspended when
       the requisite quantity has been  taken—care being observed  to  avoid any effect upon the
       gums.   A little opium may  sometimes be advantageously  added.
         The preparations of mer.cury considered in five divisions, 1. metallic mercury, 2. oxides,
       3. chlorides, 4. salts, and 3. sulphurets.

                                       1. Metallic  Mercury.
  i  .  . - Not given internally in the liquid form.  Always in a state of minute division.   Mode
 ''    of effecting this division.  Change effected in  the  metal by trituration.   Partial oxidation
       produced.
 A     ■ 1. Mercurial ointment—Unguentum Hydrargyri, U.S.  Constituents.  Mode of  prepa-
       ration.  Colour.  Effects  of time upon the colour.  Purposes for which it is employed.
       Modes of application.
 $. ■ - - 2. Mercurial plaster—Emplastrum Hydrargyri, U. S.  Constituents,  mode  of prepara-
       tion and uses.
  7, . . - 3. Mercurial pills—Pilula Hydrargyri,  U. S.—commonly called blue pills.   Constitu-
      - ents.   Mode of preparation.  Colour of the mass.  Effects of age.  Kept in mass or made
       into pills.   In the former  state called technically Massa  Pilularum Hydrargyri.  Weight
       of the officinal pill 3 grains, containing 1 grain of mercury. Relative virtues of this pre-
       paration.  Dose, 1 pill 3 times a day as a sialagogue—1 every night or  every other night
       as an alterative.  The mass is sometimes advantageously given in emulsion.
   y. — 4. Mercury  with  chalk—Hydrargyrum cum Creta,  U. S. Constituents. Mode of pre-
       paration.  Therapeutical use.   Dose, from 5 to 20 grains  twice daily.

                                            2. Oxides.
   y ~ - - 1. Black oxide of mercury—Hydrargyri Oxidum Nigrum, U.S.  Mode  of preparation-
       Chemical nature.  Form and colour.  Effects of time.  Dose,  from 1 to 3 grains,  2 or 3
       times a day.
  2.   - - 2. Red oxide of Mercury—Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum, U. S.—commonly called red
       precipitate.   Mode of preparation.   Chemical nature. Form—colour—solubility in water.
       Used externally as an escharotic  and stimulant  Complaints in which it is employed.
       Modes of application. There is an officinal ointment called Unguentum  Hydrargyri Oxidi
       Rubri.  Much used.

                                           3. Chlorides.
   / - - -  1. Mild chloride of mercury—Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, U.S.—commonly called calo-
       mel—sometimes, but  erroneously, submuriate of mercury.  Chemically it is the protochlo-
       ride of mercury. Mode of preparation.  Impurity.  Mode of purifying it.  Form—specific
       gravity—colour—taste—insolubility.  Incornpatibles.  Dose, from half a grain to a grain,
       3 times a day.  Howard's calomel.   Relative value of calomel as a mercurial.
  2. - ~  2. Corrosive chloride of mercury—Hydrargyri Chloridum  Corrosivum, U. S.—commonly
       called corrosive sublimate.   Chemically it is the bichloride of mercury.   Mode  of pre-
       paration.   State as first obtained.   Powdered  for use.   Colour—taste—solubility in water
       and alcohol.  Incornpatibles.  Character as a  sialagogue.  Dangerous effects in overdoses.
       A corrosive poison.   Therapeutical  application.   Dose, from one-eighth to one-quarter of
       a grain, 3 or 4 times a day.   Given in pill or  solution.

    /kZ     "~                            $  $<  Salts.
  Jy-^~~\. Yellow sulphate of mercury—Hydrargyri Sulphas Flavus, U.S.—commonly called
        Turpeth mineral.  Mode of preparation.  Chemical nature.  Form—colour—taste—insolu-
       bility.  Dose, from half a  grain to 1 grain  as  an alterative—from 2 to 5 grains as an 
Zyyyyy
    yu7 cXy tyrfxyA/i/Ls; Z/Zz A e'Atxy-^  -'/y'/ 'xyy/  'Az  x.zj,ts£_ u-r/XAc' /AAA. / Xu.y*

    fhxif  UZtizLyi  6yyZax7/tXz^  toz' Ae /'Xt U-ZZ-/XZyX— yzxAU-XXlsZA ■ 7VtX~  az/zAj.yy

    yjytoiy'Zy X/A/L.£siX yZzXyj ZTyyvAx, yy  7i-l* tzXz yAyyyyyzA yr s/-AtX y^  yi^Z Z'( 7/A/Xtsu^-

    Alu  Ai/AAlX yyx;,.y A-Z/yA-A /TAXyy^aAzz, r/7axxAX; rAAxuy/x JA  £y>zA/ a/

    /HrtasU. Atflsr:  sAjUcAx* /XT^y /AtAyzi ^x/AAy r- //y 7AAu7;  (yx^/iA'cXS. z/ixAzAA-
          ■ ' '     '/7  A7       'A                     s                  ,
    ziL-ax-X yvCAsAAzy/z- v   AAzzx  /.<*' <zffr   zXy.yz*z >^/a  cAz, AAv. L  yc/Lyx-Ac,. ,
             " ■          /          .7                 7            s            -"        y
('Ax - CZZzA/X Z/tXxy/  7szA/z/z cyz/Z/y^ (Adz^z^^-yiyX  Azs-zjC. yytz yzy.y'i  y*> xtsisz y/zz Xy<'/_, Ari*/~

    /Axl-L-^' .y  iX7/<yiZ7 .  yxzzA Az-X-yt, Aa/A>A<^/X^^r <AXy*4*  <yxxc/?Ai.7xy
                          7/          .                          ■
    A Z^/XXzXzs/XXX^ /yz ZzZy/yXtoyy r^ y ^t Ay<~X*X7y2Xlr/^^ .x. ^Ayyylyi,yyzyuy Cty/i _

    C7?/z^  /ft-zztc.  , zX^tcA Xy^-s-7iy gXxx/yA&TL.  , //zxAx^Xz  . i/lta/AA/ ■V-' yTj-iXs/yyAAtAiX

    y&sU A z7/ix (-TCJ y/Acx/'

 IS \X^yLz.^-niS a^yLy^^AA/^-^y/ Axy  /z t^s/ /<yyy jA /yy  «A zysj-i^LOs/. zztX AAXy cy.y .

                  zX     ■   v-   ,  / z '' A         "  ,     r '      y'    '    -  A
    •izvf ztsttrt/XA\/i '.>i^^.,^// „w/ V">j'«/t., /^/^/^;/m.  yAzif'Kt t sixty
       "A   A             -         ''/"          -    •"                          '  r '
    z/^ixlAx. ^o.  yt^tsCs/^AzyA / ^A^-t/ Ax/ /'/•*■  tA yAAj-/<y/Ay<^A,  ■->- tz<y AthX<«. A

     cluy-er/^/i'Lcet AAix  y/ix<zy/y-zz/<-/&yy< y/zAX±/-zy

                          / ^ yltAia AA/. y <> t, AX 1 zu^^y.

 A. </.*stx*C- yc<^/-zAz-AX/x £x*yisC 'Acy.yc /£ „ y/^z. xs  ZA  IT1// ZzsZ  /teXyyX-*y<yyyyz Az^/X

    f X . — - yAyyAZ7z- //y^,y y/^^ry XsfXzXix/ztx^e, zZZ zyz /yy^Z~z-z yyvz.Z  AA toz*  /c^X.'J
    "  '  '                   A          A                  y
    Aa/zx  ,,sit--t/<  Ai^c //ts/yxz/^x/ yzA~ zz.«x/i.zzzZf  a. .Acz^y^-^-  .Ax^l-^Al. XZjX^y-

     d^y/AyAty/Ay AAcAzyLa/^y c^AAs /XAxx^ *<<./--/A*^u~'-  1/ z/s/AzA^/xy-

     CtdZ // A  7t ZZ' ZZ /. /t ■> Z~X aX y+^f? X^' '  ' A* Ay ZzyAyAXXZ. <  Xx z y 'l A-^y/

    /Lay*6-a/Sy~  Arzx-X/AaAz^, A/l^z yzx7.^xCz..*/s7^ zx^z  /yy.A / XXz^UX

     az ^X^/ty yiz r^yzA . XXyizy,.^z,A^^ / zy^zA/z^yy  syyXz.yxzzyy wX^

    AA^/a/Ay  Ay SA/nf <*7,,zX^6X i-^A/ //A AAAz/z^X^ s/ yAAz y //,., zs~ ^/Aiy.

             A  /     +.         ■                  7              X-       y
    *xuj/s{ tfc  ^.A,<^s,yyrr^^t,L ix/yzt/yz/-/^  ^ri/y-*-^—'■

 A.  A^yCzi/ ^y^A  ^ /AyzX/c^yy^/i?AAy  77Azz,/Azcy,   z?y,  ./aUx/2S

     Xy   A' *X,x /^  </j      ''/i/JiA/£  zXAxczxcy  zczy'/cz   Aa(x

    ^y/A/x  zi -A^AA/c  //  //u   £t*S- yy-z/Z/'^A^yyCA^ z/zyA

    fac,  A/a,   ,±.JZ/!&  exx/y/z^.  Ay/z/yZ/yx/f/^yXX-

     -.ZuA/zyy  *X/X/ixA- szC y+ Az^  AA/y/^z^/yryy,^^  J.<XL- ^

    fllSAn/*. - C/^zyUlYxy/^Axz A^^'^; Azy,A/yy^i /y

     .1   Z^yyy,/zAcsr/zAzy, /^z^J_  J.*^AAy  / AZAA^^y


     xzu'/^yAiz/lA^/^^  ^sx/^-  /a^azx^*^ 
Z-7 S3- '-
 ^ZL-£&- AX/y' zAy^Xy  Kt-Sy^   yy €  X'-zxyy AyATyzt- :__ Az.azX  /zzSst-  y/'
'<         /        /...                 / y     y.    X     ,„
 ysTjy 7T7C7  zXZXX   ZZ^ZyXy +Z.xyzX^''X X Ay X  . Z)   AAZf •-Z Z s~  /A <^   < x s*>
   //frX cz^s X,  -,z/ixx/^y y?-  y? y^ys Xy'yXtys  zzx^zg <%^yyy-.  AXl.z  ^.A .yyzA/yl

   y2Xcsy/yAz/~ ZXTtXyZXy^zXyy yyyz ^ Au^  y/z.-y»yXX XyXz* yr-ZZ^ ZZs XX.  , /AA -

   XXZ/XxXXA ^/z^^' 7? yZ.~-,
si   ~ 7 7  y  -                          ■ / s*      •          • y   y- ' Xy    y       -.-»  X'/>
 ,  /fyt/Azyiy,   s/zZ'y-yZx.yt/X /ZX-xA- zyX«Zy yy  y.'-yx/  A A.  /Ax   /^//f^V
                                             -X  A   , y -   _.     x/
    xX .^ AzZAxt-ycA, xAXZz   'A/yz.ux&yy Zz'ZX^x x'S*z.X ylzyzyy'— yAXXyyAxX' x^
     y~              y     y  y  A        *              y
    AyZ/y/zy-zt^s^ X yXyZyy c Xyz y7^-' XX/.Xxz y^. y^tzz'7* <&,

/A- A%y/ TXzyX-^Z'xy /,y ZZX-AA' /A.XZ;/yy xf s/XX7~' X<y/yA  ZXty y/yyy^y^
      >- >   x         zAy      -      x     y±     -x^  s     y        z/  ■
    iXZ.z//-yu'&'cy  X/X-T^y XXy'X7yzxyyC-<c  yyx/Xy-tZ y yryy yZyy-yX-.  Zy.yXxyXZz'c
         A.    ■ ,zy   X    X   z"X                 y"''        ■        X*--
    ,/sr-yy^  ^.yyy ZXyZzXZ   7. Zx C.  yXXltZ^t'  AAA*V Z/yxZi-x XAzz^x. yy 71 y^y

    C, A.AA  Z/7yXAx^ .7  /xX~7/x-  yXlx*  /? AyAA~ycX__ £_ . A'i~X/L   2.ZyAAyyyX  yz^A
                     X    . „    A
''x a ■ /  ,   y  y ,
                     JA          x^         y                    .--» y    *       **
y At, XX yry yy/x^y ' y/ X> '• -* >/ < y' ? A<ZX 7/s/yXz-s  > 'Z <7^ >-xyy\Z ■/   XzSyf_
   /z/XAzA- //yXz/tA yi/ zAxXZZ7x/7iLx^-7/.yXy7 AyAX yz.  Syyy yyx^' f 'yr y^J. J
  ■   y>        A*/-           • yy "                      -y—        X^
    yxy-zxcXAxzz-r-z-^   z-y~ry/y tz-z^<xz   yzz-y?Az.  .
dA  lAAz-lZZ  7/s^y A-  AyXzXLxy-xZXsy^y cA- -y /yA. X   . °/ .?A/A'  /AAAxA/-i. y? zAAAA'_
A   y^X -         X
                  ^-^*^ yx Z^C '7-Z. £-d~z&X~<-
                     A   X
                                      yzxxzXt.xAys
        ,    X   ' ^    y~     /  sAX- ''    -   X   y  y   y/       y—  >
yz. ^ y-zyAz- yz zZ-zziya. ^ _  AX/ z.. zzx yzy. xX' Aj 2yXA. yzx.^z yx tz^ry,
 y, ',y'  X         y y*               x-   y.  <                   x
fzAyXy  f-yz*-yt  txA~7 AAX*  ,/7/.7yz-zzAz .-Xz^y .x x <r y  yyX/XT-t' /y-i
 A X  '   -/
4-zX.zl- /Ay
                 Xz^:iAa--ttx/uy/t«syy^Axc .  __ // yy/^t^z^uyx xXA Z2y?z.yyAx
                 A       ///A,               X-         X
    yxxy yy yyxy^y^y y y?yXyt^zyx Xz a.-^/^/  zyzzx^zy^ s?-  yXxyX/x
    tt X. /A' Xr  y, ^  (y/yZzX'. /ZZs yiyy  i ■' ,-XzxzXy-X   y^^ £   AAAAiXvz.zr?/^
       Ay  xy-'-     y    y ,y y            ,     ,  y,        ,
    <?Z ^ceAxzXyy A Z?y / zL./z^xXyz  .  -AA ^ C^ X*/z ■: ■<> y /A^.^^A^ xXxAzyXZz. -
    '-/   ■         <A   -         y    '     A         /   s,     /'"    €rr.     y
    L7Ly£  yc^zx~iyA J y  y/fz c.   x/z ^Xc . s&zisiA zt. tyX/a^ .  .    y,zy AAaAz/
   ylxA/z  Axz .Xxc   y* ' £< -* ,-y  /ytzyx  <?jy _ yt /yt^xtixA  Ayy/-.

    e< \/ty/  xa ~  y AAx y:zA?yALsx:..- /Ax.  xxy<y?y /A  azxx*^7/7^^-^ zz --sS/aA
    iA 7/  yA'yyz  A-K^. yAAAAy-  y*ziszy^  ^z//Af  yyA,, /%/
                         /A.    tit/s/sx.
/ //x< -/yz/XzXix  yx A/zl/y //^'.zA'^Xy.  i/ y^.  /^.^  <yA
  yAAzXy^A xt.y/y , A^AA-A^. ."TtzyAixA  Z^AltAU//^  xZX^
   XZ/yXXi^ A7t   Xyyy^ Az7c-x,yA X\  i xzXX y/;'yZzzX/yyyyy y.fX. i'yAxy-yPzA''.-
    S^xy^y  /£x Ak//A.-  x-y  A£n*,J^  Sa/^/xzzx,
XZl~
 .   A  X\  yA  A7   7       XX    '-■"   X   z                  ZZ,
,yx^At^  Xyy^yxu  zAyzyzxXy zyAy^y/  ./^^     .s/y?x/z7^  Jx
           A -  A X                                             "           X
r-A A  -  /xy//' /xA&^/H (A«y^  As/ /yzz/t xPiy yy/  zAtzxA// yi.//
  zX    /'      -XX"         '         /
 //A*.   /Tyt^Z^, ,7/,^ <y.?//T X  /,t  sZX.^/'/  .7//,^^ *-/U
                                 X           /                    ,    X 
zA XZX?y ys/L z/y Zsy±  >AA'XAy/z<?yyxX ^ yzZy^y^Xy X/ xXn^y-Xy/y1-

          • A" X '      -S      a                                     X XA y~ «
£ls?ZyyZXsXz& z-yX-iXA ZZ.Xz/ 7i^  , zzx ci , yXyXz^ y*y yyzA   zZ*X yt.   Xx^zAeAyAA-- AL
                yA,          '
X 77- /A I*.  XX, yzX  yyzx.Az<Xzz y i. s? <-x Z
2-<.xyyx~n.  /z,   Z/ix/tztA/  xTy  /y   .i"Az7iA/^- xA/y^ Ay' XZ///.x /•<. -/yy^xZt
                           Ax              7      s             y*    '    X   y
y.y/ yA///£y y/y/nC Xz/ ///. <xXxlxA,// Xy^y/
zX?,A'y-czzyzX/ ^'<<A 7^X7^ y.Xx/xx^ Xy'y XtU  <xXx.X-  Ay  Xx&yAt-  X^ix
      • x  '/ x        Ay' x/"          X  >*X  '  A'  x---x
A 7yzz/A y*>  ciAc'*s's:. x XxX< Y/  <y. z-XZ. f^/y^ xy , 1* A/iy yZ-yXz y~Ui-yyyXzy,^.
  rX                   ^x    a     y  a"                *        ,^__
 XAx/y.   * z~? /;l zzxy yAXX^-syr . Zyr xz-cXt x* s /y^, zxxiy Ay  yX/zx/.x*-Zy<x
        A          zA                             Ay       -         y    ,
j-r<_X  /zZsZ 7A?/yXz^yX ^'^AiAA xiAz^X~ ^ yAy/.y/X. zZyxyX^z^A
           x      '' y -a-             x       '■  xa     y  s ■  x y- yy
 t_ Xy/U  /X / Z/( AZiy(_   y /y.y yy.XyXA __ ^X-/&£A  ,x^Z Xy Ay*',A> 7Z . /Az -
     /_ '    A    A. ,.  '       a  ■            /.   x  ,    y   •    -    y"
  .^ sXjXX.Zttz', AAXZy  y. ,  X/z.  ZXX - x-x^xyyyi zcXxTf/xyxy-^ Sy^sxiX
 x           r~     x  ■ y' x  A     '               "      y
A  A  <?~z^x* AA*  *■  syzxyzXzt,yy -   'zyy  -AX-AzZ/xxA A/xy / y
'si ?*. yxXy  *^v.^/*r-  yz 7xzz^x-xj,  A^XzyX/yLXy^A^yXy-sy.^/AX^
  7'    / y  X A.    y     x  yx      '           x   .z yr   y  y
 /Xy Xiy.yX --/.tts-x-  AAAA  Ay/C  7/X'XX yyzXs yX^T-isy^ .ytt^xA y. ZX -
             A
   y                 .  y  y.   z  sy
/.  X'yyyyi.  <z~  X ct/y /tzAAA  Az-  A,u
                     A         '        , ,f              yy    '       '* y
   yl*y  7/c   t  At Ay/ Zt. A i/^ /-< tA z/c cX
                                          syAxi  A/ysyy/cZ*,   AcA/^Ay/.
                           y*            ^                 /         x* .  *  X"
y- /  yA/.xyi, X * zxy ' A Ax  *  *c S&/lc ? ■ C Ay<xA Zyzy  « Zy //<■»^ * AA.-,

/*  ,xzy/i7,zy1z^^sl^^z,xA7A/x^               ^/y

//cXiA/i/  „-*<it.,_ A/Aiz.  ^xzzAxiy^^  /Ay  ./Ax/^/iy

x■//'#. Aj/y{y^y/7yA/A, / XxAXzyz^y,  z'/x/Z^t,>x7f xSzy/^A y-

 ^"kx,/yUz/^ex  A/y^/rA/^X.zyyz,^ *$.

 y<A{/_. XXx/y.J,  /yy4A^x/y / A^A/Al/z<WA^  Ay/A,^
            7                    f     X*                    /"""^      X /        '
 /,! ZZ^AZ X  XcZzt^/zA/  i-z^/zi?- ^A^AAA/sA, Zy^y

                                  /          .    'x-  xX       ^-    'X   a.
             y'A  y     X X' X  s» ,yy .y.s~2,,sr  AA  'Xl.Z^s //"X7Zl  / Zy /■ "^ "
  yzi-z? ZfX./A^X- zx zXAyXyxy/.- yfr-y-. <^s Zilxl  ^                  A

  4a^  /* /acx.xAx/*  A^/^AAyX^icyyA/JyA/A^'y
                                           Ay/cZ7r7«/xzx.Xx X^ yx.yx c-  ;" ^A
''O'x.'t'it r/- S*">v  yyAAzyyxy/yix^zAx,  e*y*
XAyc -
yAlx.  Xxi.c ux/ Ayzy.^xsz, A yy 7  ^y~xyu      ^ <  >'>.-/
                           y  z-XiztAc^y Xy "X.z.y       yyx   y
 /-x AA.z^A, z-z/y^- Aa^a  Azcyy//A-y,  Ayy  y>- ^Cz v xA .

tlv .„k*A ^/x  ,2z/7^s,/Acxyu^Ayzzx//'  *'«'/*<
          A                    X            A
 ,zAA, z,c/z±7Z.7.A,x  S^xXi/>y   <AXzA/zZ 
                          yA/y A. rXzy /Az'7/X /


   /Aa ^A£, *> At^A,  X xAzr y?<~X  X/\ '  A.'/A^-^' A/ X  z/-~yy/ y-xz-'zX
   .________.        — /»                  x               X            7

     tyAcZ**.  z. '-t/Xzynxy/ xz^ y  yZ-y >zsz  txzz+A /y-z?/; Y>Vxy?*zy>^_yxA-


     ■    ■    -  "/   'S      A   -     y     <*V-
   {X z-zzy z2Ay<-zt; x XzyAt/xxxy- a*a /zAy .

    c—'  a   Ay _              A     -     x          a*      A             yy
?. yyyxu^  fa'ytX<'Xx-tyy.A,yAir /Zx> /yy  A> XtxA/XX?-Ly' '  ztzY. 1/ X zy /r.
                y    _    /           ~y          y

   XaAAx 7/ v XxAyXs//X yX^ yy AA Az//A AZyxAx-Zt X' zXy/A/tz " yA/^Z^ZXyfTtSc-


   JZyuX, /A zyXT^x/iAzs^Xyy z7y /<yAy/sAAzyi^yzAAyy, .: sexzxAAAzr/Ays , / yyy^

    y/A« ,          ' ,  s       y             ,  A/AyAx   . y^      Xy      X x
    xAxzyxxyA.zxx^zxA^ y? zz: zA-z-yyyx ztyz.  __, zx x. :x z.zixZ/^yx.z&zy  -z?y

    X~ A       y,X        y^,t    Z  ,7^       •/   .   ','.   , _y   ■
y<L £*2xsy ///, syz-, SA/Jy  Az2x/Az   zzx-zx,'/.  ."Xy/yiAzyx:  yyx


y-^s/zA l  y/yiyt// yx/x/ x>'± s/A-A^Ay ) yzz^rzxl y'X x^. y? x. y-A 1 x/,


A^^iyJ. yy/AAyt yy'ci-/<y* )-lA y//"yAAz^XZX 4*~ //y/Xy
X
-   c//yi ■. z?.Ay, XztszxAAx   six 7,  x xzTty'-Aix/'   <zy / x.
L'7z-z!-7Xy;yX.


Ay^zyX.   ZsAitAy/^tA yy/x/y ytXA/zXA,  Xx^zX'zyyy / A^   wZ'aXzxzx? ze ^/xi.,.

   a          ^      i   "*         z y A           '       A          y    .
AA2AA- Z/7/XAt^exysyyy? y^y ..  /r    yyAxx,  y'/^Z-Xy , X  >/-,W,j^»r ?y   xftx

        x      <zy          y^  y?         /*             .,           X
xx7z.^-. z,~-AX  X^z. yyyyx i,  _ ex yr^T^. y^X- z7xyyyx, z/z xz*z xxtA. Xsu>~
   A _


L^'yyzy^/
   zztscz'zxT.s?  a cjyyyAt/;   7y/ AcAy^y^, y   y  .yy.yzz .  _  ^ ^/yx/AAyxx/xA,

      x ,  a" /           i^    '   y-  y-   x.y   y  X              ,//
   t.xyfxy^-c 7*u7/z   yty <_y\^y zz'^ zxXX./  z/,zXs2-X X,Axz/z   X7*-z/''7^,s_


    tXyx-zyAAAXsf.y y~ xy c-xaXAyAA, y-Zsyi/^  z^>Ziyc.//yzx.  /xt^z/z^yycyXyZ^zx^..


                 '            Ay-Jx.xiy//~


/. (A. */Ay/?x/yi/i .  AtA A  AA7z Ayy-y/.yz  X ZXx/iz7i 7  /x -'X- '/XtX, y^-*. *y/%x


   a   Ce/x/z  y2./xxAxA/  //  yy- AAx AAx ycyszyAyAz\?yy


   XX/teyLXZZ  z*zi/y7Vz>zxAA-h-  zyzztixi - y/yyXAAA^Xy Zxyy^c .  ^ f- y^
        y                        y             y  A

   [kx/-/^■/'9r/ Aycx.it /x?ta£  yxAzs-*.,  y x/y*-xAx7 ,  a Jy+>7/,   ii^


   U'^.  AT-  y&/z* xyAyf A'.—  '/A/2*rx-z^//xu. / x/Ay /zyyi/   A/Ayy^X'.
                      y                    /      ,    yA'  ,   /
   -lyX  A'yz/y/y/cAs  XXz-y^yzX  yzyXy; '' yz x< s^',^  yy^.  Xy <^Xy c*y/yz—. f

          ■              y              '                             ^
   / Xy£ y^ty, ,-  zAxXyyi^rt^, y./f x_..?-i x. XZs± Xz^ xy x~ XZc  AAxyxyi/Ayx-y^   y

     /  •             X             X  -  ''          '                           A/^
    Xx*r'/'   y.yyxzxx^/^  Xt? _ /AzzzA   Ay? y-,  z/ccx.   Ax  « ^yy-xiy..

     t>   x <  -             /          /^      x ■                    •
y. u: ^xAAxyXzxyZ'"- <Ax.Xs/-Z-Z^*-zc- _ AAy/y^c^yy^^yy  y>?~  zt£xX  {.x'<zXi<XzL>  «


    /ctzxsA  y7^/ zCZy-z*.y X ZXy Ax, .■zA /'TAA/yr-cxAX ~-" ZXTzz^yAi cZx ^77//
                         7     .       X          y                       X  "

    AzzALXxyiytL '  *yty~z/^  yt.  y/^y/iAA.  yz/xz^sAyXij  s>~ yyizx /fxiA/y/t^
   A  -                   -y '    x
(y .fX~zX,*<- eZ-  <- 7 y^'x^?^. yr   .. xxy^ tXx^ Xy-  'Ay/ATy 4x~Zy s z ^ sU'styX-


'zXc-z^z < ( '-jy/yx. yyz Xc^^y. _ ( X£ a,yX £/ zAAryz<sy/izt-  /X?~XSy?Ax*

   AX                                  y          a             "          s
7U. AZ i^zy/'' e/z .  y*~. &A3j A7c*Zf~A. £ Ax /UxyZsA//  x/x/ /^'c   yz/i__

A2~  -      ^   '            sX                    y
AAA.yXX  y'^^x^.xrz4*? ^yy.i^y  z*X A7^  XAy X. „ zxxL C <y/ z^<7  XAZ7 7-.
        X       y                             ^

^C./a/-A^ ,  A?^/ z/z.x/ yi-^jACc^Ay _ Xzry^/tAtAizyX /fcp  /zi 
                          ^^Q//z/&m







     ix/./y //xxy . ^£^~ ,/ j^ //-x/Ay ^_^7 a/ 4^£jL



   ,Aj//a/Ax^ -xA^a: /x/^/yA/xz^yC^y/,^/.



    <z/y x/zty/^ zA Z^yyAy^A/^/^^^^_  y£  /Cziyzyy y/y?ry~_



     /-x, /p^x^C^ y^y^                A^^/L^yyly^x^y



    yy ystyztXsxA. _A2yA%^yA^ ^ y^.^^/^x/^^ ^y^/A/.



2-  ' 'AXXyit A^AAAaA 4y x^/y^yvzxyxxyAz^?^ yx/H/A//^  a ' ,<'_

        X //"                                                   <y

    XX Ax?-/^, ^n^Xe^^-^u^.  A%L^. y^^A. x^^_


   ^zlzzAX.  A/',Lziu>, AyUyxAAAzstxT^y yyAyzxxxAAAAx^  Att^y//^ zf^gx/^X



    X-  x /^/x/^. TA^y/ zitxryy /yA/'/x y/i/^  A^yzzC^^/fy y/^



    y/ttt ■  z*--  x/y// 7Ax^ ^Ay-ztxxy.  :  A^A/y^^/y/s ^^

     >-  c ^__„      /*                                           yX      y

   _ Z^^AysZcs/zAAy   z'-yztAfzAyS-r x /y 2 Z^zyxXZ^ty^cyyJ /^X /i^-yA^y

                 - -                                                y
   xzy // zz/iestA, y^y



y~          '   y
        *y?  zytx^vz. /y  ^


/.// '                    ^ ,
f<x7/Lxi7i_xy-^ -6*^s£-  /7~?i^-~ xy 7 z~.xzy
iy£* z ftXAAyrz*y y^ ,
'                          0
                          6. ^Zx/A//U7 /SAX.




A.  ., cy.  X ,i£sL cxAxiy zyxzyyAA yyy/izyy/  ^XyXyAi-Z  A//" eAy^x/ixA7*tX^X.




   AAA, l.c A&>.  -7- j/icy^Ayi.  A'x$y _ /u- y*t~z2yx <//;/yzx^/X^Ai




   /-LZ*TX7Z<y /xxLty,  z///y?7-y/'*XX'.zX-/Ss/y 'y/sUi/Ay-  £^a/>^/ 
               x  x  y  ,              ^                    X     yy yy     \
xx^Z  y  ytrXyzX.   y /y^i/y X?t&*£, . y*x  Z^zl.. *?- *x-<- •  -•  xcuXy ^   I
y
        iix/xh/Vyz/z£<zy*y/x^t- *c  /Asx  „i xzu y/Cxyy/ Als^x/ /
                   •  /'   A  —

AH.  icAiZ- zTKy^t?, X «z+<yA/.  xxxt,yA/^ACyzy.U^ /zXz^yyAixx z  _ zt~  y^y^y
   J,-    U- z/zA*Ux/A/Ai>zx/ tr/s^y Xy*/yAxAtt^X-  /xZxtsgsry,   A-y^y^  yx^x/i.

   tuj^s  zT-yAx. j^ AxxZ*.'yx/xzAZsLy Zte^xyAzx*X zxszz <£c  , y 2-z^i.^ y'r-< «f- x*'•
               _..   I _S } AAV£ A Az €x%___

A/  :,X/zAzxzXs/^z/A./7z^^-y?*t^yzzycL-^ __   ATAxyz-c x/x XL.x~yA •   <■ '  *.'AxZ ~
X
                        X'
    c**czl<Xx/ AAAeXyLx, X~y/xz^^x^Xxx yy*x /2U~ jA/sttc- ^-  Z.^zAsj-At  */ ^yyA-^
                 //  \^/y A AX.  ,   ,  y_>   /      /    X^     A>    X^y.
    4o*ptX^  x>y/Azixis/Z7y if  . 7 yzf-zLxfrAAAy^, ^yyy.y7x^czx2y. . «>  * itxr c x^^
    yiX/t^Xt/ztA —  ,^xX Aa . ^ *^yA^,  Xi/ztyxy  /*/*■>  X~-  <ixA  Xx/A/eAz
    7y/a Ay,  7yy/y. *.,- /l- //Aes£Z ,  0-i*Ai>7Ay~ A/AXx   " /xAx-z '■'■t^-^, a f.-zy/
     //AA ,  X y/a/'Ai  J/ <?4y '*'z&A/^y ,  -i/^ / yxrg^irzocx^  cXAy^xz^A- ^4,,
    Xxz.  7A' ze^ts//o/y/T/r^?    v. y z  zXy*i/y ^yzA. c'i^ ygy . "*- AA/Ax^, astutC
    L yXAz/Az 7X j2 zAf/cAx/t-yA'yAr/AAAkx, ___ c^z/A/i/ ycx'/A Zty/tZz/cA /Ay a z.Az/j
v   i'A yc/AA Ax/^ t*yL  /f xit*. yA s- £Az4**zxs*<x Xzr-zAAy.
 2.  t yZftX /zzt-tXt  xA4zix?^iX'Zz..y <yS77z.xAxA*rzAfe' ^.x/i —y?/.* .   A/yAgS7Ay-
     ...x^l  X. z- y AT*  /e. 4y.£s/'y2Xy xy ycxAxAAyA /% x??z-zzs*i*~**t^7i.. i^ /A\ AAA/
    * ''/ly.'X-  x^y/yAAzx-z*~XtX  //A\ _
,?   cAr^/yy ^  t_yi z^s/-ccAAtz*-'ux£  ^j^^, ^^W t/^^/^. z^y
     !^~£^ y yXXy/<y Azz<. /it- Z*-2<ycyx _  ^/<"-A«?^r, .', vyie Cx'-a A c y .?t /"XT^X
     f,z A/7,y  /yx XyAZzytxxzAXy,  <A^y*^€  zz/yAA'X^yiy^y /Ay .z-.-i- /'<X~-   .
                /   <         s?* /          x       x  ^                   y
    ■ 7sLz7u:zxxty y7iAA£sLsCcx2X£y— ^^yty7z-x/i * 'yyAA/A/Xx- AAA2a?t?sTtys'xZi . -
     '.AA'Zc-.  Z7i.y.Aszx^y>yyz^y / Ai*&iy, *^A£ C£^l. y<^. _ As/ixtyyi.-.  z tcit7/tztsZ>
    X 'tyyiPix. X? y.  . t.A.; a^zA-,,-)*^.  AX A&xz/. yy>y7t/x z &_  ^c-a.Zt.y /ixtx,
     x/cA/zJ  ArfLA  Zx^yA^y(^/  jixsyy^g_ yA^/AX/xZtxzAAA 7x>  tAt Ay-y7i yi./) z/XZ.^
    yl<?.lXZ4Xr y7/iAxvixAyy ZxZi  ZTy/^ty.  ZyX/-^z/. y  +'/s7yz . „ ayyi/xAx/^
                 /- Ay   y     /        y       . 7/   t  /x^/u eXy/A/*/ Xz* **&
             /W2ixx  &    ,..- j.^y2.«.7*l   y x Ax-z   XyyAyZyLy-7^.^yyj2A y 1..
    zAysxyCs/y?,  Ax/^J zixh^  asfi^z'y y .i^yx< Azt^y  -r^-^£/A^vt/_
     Acux^zx  Xz ih-t  72/  x y ^spty^y^y /x>--<■ <?/  zzxt^yz^/^< /yAAtx-  fit *Aa.-  ~
    7/UiA *y  /a^xJX/,/ia<-  y zn^  /Ay Xz^UsX^y  X y^y^/A <   xxl.  A A
    '>7yX{AtAx Az^t T/iCz^i^y, /t/Lt y  -.  ^^«i-  *st^t^x7i-   'AtX.  (JA/yA/
    / A..? y     A ^     _         A _       s                              y  yy' .
 Ay rx.XXy  z<7 ///Xtx-A / Az/ /yy/Lt-cy  *€i-A'x-x,y ry y/ Ay Azy/Ar.
1  X '     .'     A-  "        X  A'  X-       /A.  X -r    > '/   '/  A   •
xxUXtX , A-Zxzt. y-Xc/^y xj^zC xy<~x &t^  yy< 7 xtzA- xyA//U<.  yy-/v*z_ Zx>-
zA/Ac  A A AtzrfrXy /x>  //izx AAa^y/, A X Xg.'. yxsAyy/sAkz/ Ayz/xuApuy A*-
cAAzA^ iy ///\ Az^yzAt^  /- 7?axt/, xy jAyyy  _  £crfrA.tc/t./i/ c y* A*/, 
(   67   )
       emetic.  Scarcely ever used at present for  these purposes.  Sometimes employed as an
       errhine, diluted with 5 parts of starch.
2:----2. Ammoniated mercury—Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum,  U. S.—commonly called white
       precipitate.  Mode of preparation.  Chemical composition.  Form—colour—insolubility.
       Used only externally.  Purposes for which it is employed.   Mode of application.  An oint-
       ment made with it is officinal under the name of ointment of ammoniated mercury.
 3----3. Nitrate of Mercury.  Used  only  in the form of ointment.   Mode of preparing the
       ointment of nitrate of mercury (Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis, U.S.) commonly call-
       ed citrine ointment.  Colour of the ointment  Therapeutical applications.  Frequently di-
       luted with lard.

                                        q.$. Sulphurets.
   /-    1. Red sulphur et of mercury—Hydrargyri  Sulphuretum Rubrum, US.—commonly call-
       ed cinnabar.  In the powdered state called  vermilion.   Mode of preparation.   Chemical
       constitution.  Appearance in mass—weight—colour—colour—of the powder—odour—taste
       —effects of heat—insolubility.   Used only for fumigation.   Mode of application.
  2 .  - - 2. Black sulphuret  of mercury—Hydrargyri Sulphuretum  Nigrum, U. S.—formerly
       Ethiops1 mineral.   Mode of preparation.  Chemical nature.  Form—colour—odour—taste
       —insolubility.  Scarcely ever used at present

                                  IODINE.—IODINUM.  U.S.
  y---Chemical nature of iodine.  Origin and mode of preparation.  Form—weight—colour—
       aspect of the surface—odour—taste—relation to water,  alcohol, and ether, as  solvents.
         Effects upon the system— In  small quantities it  promotes the appetite, increases the
 ^ .. strength of the pulse, operates gently on the bowels, and  appears to act as a tonic.   But
       if continued, it is found greatly to promote absorption, and at the same  time to increase
       almost all the secretions, so that emaciation results, and goes on increasing with the use
       of the  medicine.   If still longer  continued,  it gives  rise to derangements of the nervous
       system.   Digestion is at length impaired, and the patient  is  worn out with hectic symp-
       toms.   When given in large doses, it produces the same effects  in  a greater degree, and
       the result is more speedy.  In very large quantities it acts  as a corrosive poison; but it is
       frequently rejected from the stomach, and therefore not necessarily fatal.  More danger is
       said to  accrue from  small  doses very lone continued than from an  overdose at one  time.
 g----Therapeutical applications of iodine.   Dose, one quarter to half a grain, 3 times a day,
       and gradually increased to one grain or  more. Never  used in powder.  Dissolved either
       in alcohol or in a watery solution of the iodide  of potassium.  The tincture is officinal.
       Proportion of iodine to alcohol.  Dose, from  10 to 20 drops.  Cautions as to the  age of the
       tincture, and the mode of keeping it.
   A - - Iodide of potassium—Potassii Iodidum, U. S.  Mode of preparing it.   Form—colour—
 ^"   effect  of exposure—taste—relation to  water  and alcohol as solvents.   Possibly converted
       into hydriodate of potassa  in solution.   Dose, 3 to 5 grains; but given lately in much
       larger doses with  impunity. Its solution has the property of dissolving iodine.   A conve-
       nient method of administering the medicine thus afforded.
  y - —- Compound Solution of Iodine—Liquor Iodini Composilus, U. S.—identical  with LugoVs
       solution, given in the dose of 6 drops repeated twice a day and gradually increased.
   /----Numerous preparations of iodine besides  those mentioned have been  used.   Such are
       the iodides of iron, of lead, of mercury, of starch, of sulphur, and of zinc, and the iodohyi,
       drargyrate of potassium.  Reasons for thinking most of these superfluous.
 7_ _  -Iodine is externally used in the way of bath or ointment.  Proportions of the ointment,
 / "   9j. of iodine and gj. of lard.  Effect on the skin.  A compound ointment of Iodine is also
       officinal, containing 15 grains of iodine and 30 of iodide of potassium in Jj. of lard. 
(   68   )
                         CLASS  XXIII.


                                 ANTACIDS.


                             General Observations.

  Substances which are capable of combining with and neutralizing acids.  Hence all sali-
fiable bases are antacids; but the alkalies,  alkaline  earths,  and their carbonates, are the
only ones used medicinally with this view.  They are useful by correcting excess of acidity
in the primse vise, and probably  also in the blood.   They serve also to  correct or prevent
acidity in the urine, and thus prove useful in the uric acid form of gravel.

                          CARBONATES OF POTASSA.
  These have been already fully described.  As antacids, the carbonate is given  in the
dose of from 10 to 30 grains, the  bicarbonate in that of 20 to 40 grains.  The infusion of
hickory ashes and soot, sold in the shops under the name of alkaline infusion, is an im-
pure solution of the carbonate of potassa.  Mode of preparation and uses. Dose, f^ij. 3
times a day.

                            CARBONATES OF  SODA.
  1. Carbonate of soda__Sodee Carbonas, U.S.  Source, and mode of preparation.   Shape
of the crystals.   Effect of exposure.   Taste—solubility in water—alkaline reaction.   Pro-
portion of water of crystallization.  Inequality of the salt as found  in the shops.  Better to
use the  dried carbonate.  Dose of the anhydrous salt, from 10 to  30 grains—of the crys-
tallized, from 30 to 60 grains.
  2. Bicarbonate of soda.—Sodee Bicarbonas, U.S.  Formerly called supercarbonate of soda.
Mode of preparation.  As usually found in the shops  not strictly a bicarbonate.  Taste and
solubility.  Advantages as an antacid and antilithic.  Dose, from gss.  to gj.  Pleasantly
administered in carbonic acid water with  ginger syrup.

                                   AMMONIA.
  Sometimes used as a stimulant antacid.  Given  in the  form of aqueous or alcoholic
solution.  Solution of ammonia {Liquor Ammonite, U.S.) and Spirit of ammonia (Spiritus
Ammonia, U. S.) are officinal preparations.  Seldom  used internally. The Aromatic spirit
of ammonia (Spiritus Ammonia Aromaticus, U. S.) is much employed.   Uses.  Dose, from
15 to 30 drops, largely diluted.   Carbonate  of ammonia  may also  be used as an antacid.
Before treated of.

                               LIME.—CALX.  U.S.
  Employed  in solution under the name of lime-water—Liquor Calcis,  U. S.  Mode of
preparing lime-water.  Effects of exposure to the air.  Mode of keeping it.  Proportion
of lime dissolved.  Taste.   Therapeutical uses.  Seldom given alone.   Use of lime-water
and milk.  Effect of this mixture on  the taste of the lime-water.
  Carbonate of lime much  used, either in the form of chalk (Creta, U S.), or of oyster shells
(Testa,  U.S.).  Mode of preparing chalk.   Called  by the United  States Pharmacopoeia,
when prepared, Creta Prceparata.  Form—taste—insolubility in pure water.  Solubility in
water impregnated with carbonic acid.  Combines  astringency with  antacid  properties.
Therapeutical applications.   Given in  powder or suspended in water  by means of gum
Arabic.  Dose, from 10 to 20 or  30 grains,  every hour or two, or less frequently.
  Mode of preparing oyster shells.  Officinal title when prepared,  Testa Praparata, U.S.
Difference in composition  from chalk.  Ground of preference in certain cases.   Dose and
mode of administration the same.

                                   MAGNESIA.
  Already spoken of in relation  to its preparation,  sensible and chemical properties, and
uses as a laxative. As an  antacid it is  one of the most powerful, in consequence of its low
combining number.   Cases to which it is applicable.  Dose, from 10 grains to a drachm.
The>carbonat« is occasionally used in double the dose. 
    y .y      ^AyL    —y       ■             ^^^m^mamm^^^^mm
AxxylLy  /AXz^Xyx^yyy^^ yyz/AxyXxyzxt/ /AisiyA  Xy/zuX  A/x/y  ot*^
Aa/Azxy y.x^_x.y  X yA Xxx/iyAi/xy^AA  ^x'^x 4x+A. zA> z*~xA/xT,  5~s' X/)
       x    -        ,_     *   .    .         y       ^                         +
Xs7l/y~ &/£.  -- // X/^  /ux^yyXy ^ /zy A/ 7y.-2>X// /ZyZiyA. Ay/AxX, - ^X AL //ty-
y.ZtxlA-^  AyZHxC/xtfyy  .'Z-yx>x:?y\- ^.y-yc.^X  7/ yX'^v.v _;XsZZx  y  AxzX /yAy .

<A C .:                  .  ^A,/Zy. zx  «'Zy>. Xyyyy.  XXxz^z.x/yr^.zX:zX.yiXyxs(zy.
r/       /zz, t7& ■   ■'■
                                                                    y
 i 7  -z-7t ;  z^XXZ/t  r  zzyysyXZi/X yL AA*■  A Xyzy «JS-/y,  yz y^^y  z,i <-'^zi^txA
   y        y -    '              z   y  y      ,   Ay,      .
A/uz.yy j/%. zX At^yy. c _  £xL6otst-^z y.-*? Zxts  . .^ A p-^ yA^ X XtA;.^?.   y/xX xzss*x
  •7   y    y      A      y-    z      X>       X, yX.
i-y-  yX/u AAy'yyszA ^.  C/AzzyAts ,7  -ye^r^A/A/Ay.
$. t/*-z//:y   A/a  Xz.y.  xy/AAy7/y.-
               zr 7          A     y
Ai .^x A*..Ax 7y  zyyy/- 4*>/iA ~ x/yAAxzcx /' t y^/Afx/ X- xy/ zzy?y^

    7.yX.  Ay  -AzyxX z<z   ^zyyAi,—  £ A^yXze^-yz-yzxyzy- _ y<7 ayzx/Xa^z .

   tXxzz7 A,_  Xx^y/yx,A/A/szXA.  ysXS. X /«tV Xz yr yyy^Xy, A

   t,7~y/- y t  zizXyx-c--  'A/y/yci.A/iA./.  z?yiXy7//~- XtA .-<      XXTtXU-'si*  ./A.

    Asyt, ylzAx/zx/. 7 *x.:-  Xsi-^yx  y*c^y?.& ///-,■ £yz Ay AaAc   <A*y^ ZyiA^x .
      y                   '              ^7           y.  ?           .
   /b zzyy.  .y/X  ' Xyy yA — ^ _ AXAyy/ sXZzZZx/. XyyxZX,yxs ,   y/^y

   X  ■ /-XA*7 A  Z". -yC' ZX~,<y//^.'y  ZyXx/y-Ayi, . 77 y2-. » S Zz.7 X ^ sZ~ ^ £y yy.cxL

   ztAA/^ z/L z'7/z-A  '  Zix Z /Az/rys^ Sz'+X.  zy^X Xy.7^/.-,-tyzAx yxzxzy xz.c-,

    y  Ay/Xy/l  i_A'/x-yyy.xys .XZ/X 7-cs- X?ZXZA7~ --  yZZ^X, y?  7X^AyXZyL.^'  Xz zxs^X
          A                         X                 ^  yX             X
   AAA  zis/XX/t/'e -_ <^/a-'XX -£-£-' a  z'xz// /y77t^. yA  yzxSxzcx,  zxxzy^tX.
                           '     Z                        yZ
cA-'zXiiZ'c z'< <r /sx cy y yy Az-.y xy , x
             y.    .  '      y
                                                                             cy
y.  tz/ztAzzX  .~7z^/AA,'ZX<yX~ X7~xy*iyZ  yZxXi>-tx ys./1*~ jc &t7^ 7  /?

   yzXc A  -y  - AZ/, c^  zZ*rt£x< ^y  X^Zz/z/, y*x/-,y/  >/A^ Zy-zz/iA^

     /XTX.  </.XiXr/L y^yt/xxz  t *7Z. 7ts„ £?< / / Az /A^x/ix ■ /*/A7X  -£7-/^ 
 
(   69   )
                         CLASS    XXIV.


                            ANTHELMINTICS.


                            General Observations.

  Substances which have the property of poisoning or debilitating worms in the aliment-
ary canal, and thus rendering them more easy of expulsion.  In relation to their mode of
operation, it is probable that some act by a directly poisonous influence upon the  worm,
others by a mechanical agency.  In this view of the class of anthelmintics, all those me-
dicines are not included in it which are employed in the expulsion of worms, but such only
as operate advantageously, in consequence not of their relations to the human system, but
of that which  they bear to the worms themselves..

                         PINK-ROOT.—SPIGELIA.  U.S.
  Root o?Spigelia Marilandica—an herbaceous perennial plant, growing in the Southern
States.  General character of the plant.  The whole of it is possessed of anthelmintic vir-
tues, but the root is most powerful, and is the only part recognised by the Pharmacopoeia.
  Shape and aspect of the root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to
water and alcohol—effects of exposure.
  Effects on the system.  Effects on the worms.  Modes of administration.  Dose of the
powder for a child from 2 to 4 years old, from 10 to 20 grains, repeated night and morning
for three or four days,  and then followed by  a cathartic.  The powder is sometimes com-
bined with calomel in the proportion  of 12 grains of the former to 4 of the latter.   Dose of
the infusion made with gss.  of the root to Oj. of water, for a child, from fgss.  to fgj., 2
or 3 times a day.  The infusion is  often  associated  with senna, of which gss.  may be
added to the preparation, and the same dose given.

                    PRIDE OF CHINA.—AZEDSRACH.  U.S.
  Bark of the  root of Melia Azederach, or Pride of China, a native of the East Indies, and
naturalized in our Southern States.   Used  chiefly in the South, seldom or never in the
Northern States.  Effects of the bark  on the  system.   Effects on the worms.   Used in
decoction  made  by boiling Oij. of water with giv. of the fresh bark to Oj.  Dose for a
child, fgss. every 2 or 3 hours till it operates, or night and morning for several  days, and
then followed by a cathartic.

                      WORMSEED.—CHENOPODIUM.  U. S.
  Seeds of Chenopodium anthelminticum, or  Jerusalem  oak.  Those  also of the  C. ambro-
sioides are used.  Both  of these plants are indigenous herbaceous perennials.  Odour and
taste of the plants. These properties  reside in a volatile oil which pervades the whole herb.
The seeds only are officinal.
  Size and shape of the seeds—colour—colour when deprived of their outer covering.
  Effects on the system.  Effects on the  worms.  Administered in substance, bruised or
powdered, in the dose of gj. or ^ij. for a child.  The  volatile oil is officinal, under the
name of Oleum Chenopodi'i.   Mode of  procuring it.   Colour and odour of the oil.   Dose,
from 4 to 8 drops for a child, repeated morning and evening.

                          COWHAGE.—MUCUNA. 17. &
  Product of  Mucuna pruriens—z.  climbing West  India plant.  Shape and size of the
fruit. External covering of hairs or bristles.  Colour  of these  and  mode  of separating.
Mode in which they affect the worms.  Administered in electuary.   Dose of the electuary
for  an adult, gss., for a child 3 or 4 years old, gj.

                        MALE FERN.—FILIX MAS. U.S.
  Root of Aspidium Filix Mas, or  male fern, growing in Europe  and North  America.
Character of the  root—shape in its  unbroken state—condition as usually found in the
shops-colour—odour—taste—relations to water, alcohol, and ether.  Effects of time upon 
i
                                 (   70   )

its virtues.  Effects on the system.  Mode of action on the worm.   Peculiar application.
Scarcely ever used in this country.

   BARK OF POMEGRANATE ROOT.—GRANATI  RADICIS CORTEX. U.S.
  Bark of the root of Punica Granatum, or pomegranate.  Relations of the root to water.
Effects upon the  system.  Peculiar  vermifuge application.  Administered in decoction
made by boiling gij. of the bark in Oij. of water to Oj., one third of which, repeated every
half hour till the whole is taken, is the dose for an adult

                          OIL OF TURPENTINE.
  Powerfully anthelmintic.  Particular vermifuge application. Dose for an adult, from
fgss. to fgij-, or even fgiij.  Effects produced upon the system by this dose.  Followed
in 2 or 3 hours by a dose of castor oil.
  In small doses of 4 or 5 drops, repeated several times a day, the oil is useful in the  sto-
machic worms of  children.

                           TIN.—STANNUM. U.S.
  Used in the form of powder.  Mode  of preparing powdered tin—Pulvis Stanni, U.S.
Appearance.  Mode of operating upon the worms.  Particular application.  Dose, from
3J- to gj.
'2619^ 
 
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
NLfl D3S7M57E S
NLM032745725