Éliiiftl \Hm «M A / SYLLABUS Md>± ^ IX {^ THE COURSE OF LECTURES MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY, DELIVERED IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. J:^ BY GEORGE B. WOOD, M. D. i¿r ;-?>■■■ ;,:7 PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED BY LYDIA R. BAILEY, NO. 26 NORTH FIFTH STREET. 1840. \NilU 184-0 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1836, BY GEORGE B. WOOD, M. D., in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the Eastern District of Pennsyhania. / PREFACE. The following Syllabus was prepared with the exclusive view of faci- litating the studies of those who attend the Lectures on Materia Medica and Pharmacy, delivered in the University of Pennsylvania. It can be understood and appreciated only in connexion with these lectures; and the author therefore deprecates any judgment upon its merits as an inde- pendent essay. One of his objects in publishing it is to supply the defi- ciencies of the work which he has adopted as the Texf Book of his lec- tures. In the Dispensatory of the United States, many points are omitted which are deemed essential in a course of instruction upon Materia Medica, and the arrangement of its parts is not such as is best adapt- ed for the convenient study of the science. But by taking the Syllabus as a guide, following the course which it indicates, committing to me- mory the facts which it presents, and on the points which are merely hinted at referring for information to the Dispensatory, in the order pointed out in the pamphlet, the student will be enabled, in connexion with the lectures, to obtain all the elementary knowledge'on Materia Medica and Pharmacy which can be deemed essential. The author, however, does not wish to be understood as recommending his pupils to confine their reading within these narrow limits. On the contrary, he strongly urges on them the propriety, after having prosee uted the course of elementary study above referred to, of perusing all the re- spectable treatises on these branches of medical science which may be within their reach, not neglecting those of the French and Germán writers. They will thus be enabled to form a more enlightened judg- ment in relation to the aecuracy of the facts and the correetness of the opinions which they may have been taught; and will at the same time aequire a stock of additional knowledge, which cannot fail to prove useful in the practieal pursuit of their profession. /^ws<. y j/« *xí- ■ y ■ ■* y, ^x^.« / 5: =. ¿,^ '/ ^o / ^ J - Xo / = X* _/L 7i 7i -K^i "»-»»- «i ^é^ -AZ A--?»S-^x V€l Ixv e ivJc*~~~ fco e^V^ —-f^'^sf &-C— I oy\x¿y l¿L¿ley S/too ¿xyyx~~ /Je ¿+y Arjy. S~ o~y u a, ^y« = » ss -*l'j ¿ Cf >j 2¿- ^f^»*- y«V *^ ¿yí*¿cX ¿, ¿^ yt'^An^É^t ^« / ¿¿s s *¿¿ * ^*/++t y, .^«21~— ¿s¿y^ y . ✓ /-/ /^ L C-iSu (f. y\^t i ' ; ! -v- SYLLABUS OF LECTURES. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. Materia Medica is the science which treats of medicines; Pharmacy, the art of pre- paring them for use. Both are subjects of the present course of lectures; but the latter, belonging properly to a distinct profession, is considered of secondary importance, and treated of incidentally, and as subsidiary to the former. Medicines are substances capable of producing, as an ordinary result, and by their own inherent power, certain niodifications of the vital functions, which rende'r them applicable to the cure of disease. The proper mode of studying medicines considered. The objects of attention in rela- tion to them are their origin; their modes of collection and preparation for market; their commercial history; their sensible properties, and chemical composition and relations; their physiological aclion or influence upon the bodily functions in a state of health, and, in connexion with this, their toxicological history; their effects in morbid states of the sys- tem, and the general indications they are calculated to answer in the treatment of disease; their particular applications in cases which do not fall within any general rule; and finally, their dose, mode of administration, and the extemporaneous or ofñcinal preparation to which they may be subjected. Observations in relation to Pharmacopaeias, or codes published by authoritative bodies íbr the recognition of standard remedies, and the regulation of the modes of preparing them for use. The study of Botany recommended as preliminary to that of Materia Medica; and some acquamtance with Chemistry, Anatomy, and Physiology considered essential to a tho- rough understanding of the subject in all its relations. An accurate knowledge of the standard weights and measures employed in the purchase and sale, as well as in the preparation and prescription of medicines, insisted on as a ne- cessary accomplishmcnt of the student of Materia Medica. These weights and measures explained. (See U. S. Dispensatory.) Modus operandi of medicines. The operation of medicines considered asprimary or secón- dary,the former being their irnmediate action upon the system,the latter that which follows their original and characteristic impression, in consequence of certain physiological laws. Primary operation of Medicines. In the prim/iry operation of medicines, they may, first, extend their influence over the eystem or to distant parts by means of nervous communication, or secondly, they may enter the blood-vessels and act through the médium of the circulation, or, thirdly, they may act exclusively in the neighbourhood of their application. 1. The mode of operation by means of nervous communication explained and illustrated. This communication eífectcd either by the propagation of the original impression to the brain, and its transmission thence to the part or parts operated upon, or directly through the médium of nerves connecting the part receiving the impression of the medicme with the seat of its characteristic action. . , . j . ^ • 2 The operation of medicines through the route of the circulation proved by their ex- istence in the sccretions, and süll more satisfactorily by their detection in the blood-vessels, afler having becn taken into the stomach or applied to vanous other parts of the body. The idea advanced that some medicines probably act in both ways, viz. by nervous cora- munication or sympathy, and by absorption into the blood-vessels and circulation with the blood Facts stated to show that medicines may be absorbed not from the ahmentary ca- nal onlv, but also from the bronchial mucous membrane, the serous surfaces, the cellukr tissue and from the skin especially when deprived of its cuticle. The rapidity of the ab- culating^fluids, and to be favoured by the solubility, miscibility with the blood, and free- dom from corrosive properties of the substance absorbed. Some observations in relation to the mode in which absorption is effected. 3. The exclusively local action of certain medicines, or of substances applied in a cer- tain manner, alluded to, and illustratecl. In their primary action, medicines stated to diífer greatly as to the parts which they af- fect; each particular medicine or class of medicines having a tendency to act on some one portion of the system, some one organ or set of organs, more than upon others. This ten- dency ofren independent of the part of the body to which the medicine is applied. Ex- plained by the possession of different susceptibilities by diíferent components of the frame, in consequence of which one portion receives impressions from the contact of a medicine, whilc another is wholly impassive to its action. \n this tendency to particular parts, a \ ground of distinction between medicines pointed out. Certain substances act especially on i some one of the minor systems of the body, as the circulatory, nervous, or absorbent; and i as these pervade the whole frame, and are so interwoven in their sympathies as well as [ position, that one cannot be deeply affected without some participation of the others, such 1 substances may be considered as general in their action. Others have an especial affinity for some one of the organs, as the stomach, bowels, skin, kidneys, or lungs; and as these organs are distinct in situation, the medicines affecting them may be said to be local^ in their primary action. Both the general and local remedies may be subdivided according as they opérate on some one of the systems or organs in prefcrence to the others. The opinión maintained that medicines difFer not only as to the part which they are dis- posed to affect, but also in the nature of their primary action upon the same part. Another ground of classification thus afforded. But notwithstanding this diíFerence in the essential nature of their action, medicines almost universally, in their primary operation, either pro- duce an excitement of the system, or some portion of it, above the healthy standard, or oc- casion a depression of action below that standard; in other words, are stimulant or seda- tive. The great majority of them are stimulant, and perhaps all may be so applied as to produce a direct excitement of some part or organ of the body. But it is not deducible from this fact that there are no direct sedatives. It is a mistake to consider medicines essentially stimulant or essentially sedative under all circumstances. Medicines produce peculiar effects not only from their own peculiar nature, but in consequence also of the peculiar susceptibilities of the body or its organs. Now these susceptibilities are not the same in different parts of the frame in health, ñor even in the same part in diíferent states of health, or under different circumstances of situation. A necessary inference is, that the same medicine must opérate differently in different parts of the body having these differ- ent susceptibilities, and even that its operation upon the same part may vary with its sus- ceptibility. There can be no difficulty, therefore, in understanding that a medicine may be either stimulant or sedative, according to the part on which it acts, or to the condition of the system or some one of its organs at the time of its action. Instances illustrative of these statements adduced. It is important to be acquainted with the various influences, which, by affecting the sys- tem, may modify the action of medicines. These influences treated of under the heads of 1. disease, 2. climate, 3. modes of living, 4. habit, 5. age, 6. sex, 7. temperament, 8. idio- syncrasies, and 9. mental operations. (See U. S. Dispensatory—Appendix.) Secondary Effects of Medicines. By this term are meant the changes which take place in any portion of the body, not produced by the immediate operation of the medicine, but dependent upon certain laws of the system, which determine peculiar actions or conditions as the consequence of antece- dent actions or conditions. Arranged under the following heads:— 1. A state of depression following excitement; 2. Sympathctic excitement arising from local inflammation; 3. Removal of local irritations or inflammations on the principie of revulsión; 4. Cessation of diseased action in consequence of the removal of the cause; 5. Efforts made by nature to repair the damage received in consequence of the applica- tion of medicines to the body. These effects highly important in the treatment of disease. Explained and illustrated. Administration of medicines next considered, including, first, the forms in which they are used, and secondly, the parts with which they are brought into contact, and the mode» of applying them. Forms in which Medicines are used. Medicines are administered, in the solid state, in the shape of powders, pills, troches electuaries, and covfections; in the liquid state, in the shape of mixtures and solutions] Under the head of solutions are included the oflicinal preparations designated by the ñames of infusions, deeoctions, voines, tincturts, vinegars, syrups, honeys, and oxymeh. 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Xt'tyy-^ iTXt^-ly^.e. ¿0 ~ C?K y. rO-.X** !( -i &£t^ ¿yy«-<. ^^-#^^,^- X-cXX^, -*y «-* ¿Z< ^¿j,4-«Xs /l4-~¿- ¡^¿Z^^^^^y, aZ ¿yt^¿¿Zt. Oi^yfxi^tr ey»-zr^z^, ¿yd^^^y^c^ %¿yc^ry^i^* x**^s>yy*~- t^^-x *^*^¿^¿6rf*j A^^^c^xyry^t^^fyX _ <_,/ Ct^—s^yy,t tX^^^f^y^. ^^-^X^-r^^^o ^^'^^í^/- \¿/¿«r-r Xyt-<^ ¿¿ffc xz^-^i -*..,^ *yi-oU* ¿¿z¿> a^^a,^^ ^,i^fc¿/ ¿LyyyX t¿\. yL Oten* ¿^^yyy 4r~~a¿e^í--t*yU OK-xk^i-) , Al4 y^-e'f'lS' ' *-* ¿ 4. 4- Á™ fa fc<<4«.d~- ¿XXlAXX. 4-víéUy (/ Xfc¿~ ¿OA-ttXr_ /{TaJÍZ aXsy^yuy Xñ ¿¿U\ aa.ísX~' aX/o X O^X^t 7 '. aXycjXLfr'C ¿y/j^tX^-c.^ "eXi ¿*¿ }<*.* t. <<-wy v* A^ AiXX/y¿X-ayájy a -^cXx/fi7 yxvXxyx~ yxy-^ %+» yx+.—..*..* _Ly-^ ./ / / y ' / / / ' X ¿JCc/rK ~t^U- ¿>~ ^yU^^i^ Xmi^XlA, itlt7^„ 2} ?tJrr. Ax / i ¡ Jx I/!/ > ' 7/ tlLAÁyrlét-^a^- W ¿c^aak- t**rC ¿r»>~^- ' 3|' - i*^cn>- Í^-C- Z, ¿^ jy¿ yiy> "trié- U^yiZ^t-^^ /* nJll-j p í+yh/ud- i*XiyA4 é<*tJvyXi C^eyX^^-u, ¿y. ( 1 ) The vegetable ástringents owe their peculiar properties to a proximate principie called tannin or tannic acid, which is found in all of them. They differ only in the proportion of this principie, and in tho character of the other ingredients with which it is associated. The sensible and chemical properties of tannin, its relations with other medicinal sub- stances, and its medical properties and applications described. Dose, 3 grains every 3 or 4 hours. In relation to mineral ástringents, as they have nothing in common which does not be- long to the whole class, each being distinguished by peculiar properties, no general obser- vations are required. 1. Vegetable ástringents. WHITE-OAK BARK.—QUERCUS ALBA. U. S. -0 ': BLACK-OAK BARK.—QUERCUS TINCTORIA. U.S. .7 Oak bark derived from different species of Quercus. Quercus alba or white-oak, and Q. tinctoria or black-oak, the species officinally recognised in this country. Description of white-oak bark. Its sensible properties and relations to water and alcohol. Chief ingredient, tannin, which is most abundant in the inner bark and in that gathered in spring. Description of black-oak bark. Its sensible properties and relations to water and alcohol. Chief ingredients, tannin and a colouring principie called quercitrin. Medical properties and internal use. Black-oak bark less disposed to occasion constipation than white-oak bark. Sometimes even laxative. Both more used externally than internally. Particular applications as external remedies. Used in powder, decoction, and extract. Dose of the powder, 30 grains; of the decoc- tion, f^ij.J of the extract, 20 grains. Other parts of the oak possessed of similar properties; but more feeble. The leaves and acorn cups may be substituted for the bark. Acorn highly astringent, but also more bitter. Uses, and mode of preparation. GALLS.—GALLA. U.S. r/7' Excrescences on the young branches of the Quercus infectoria and other species. Locality and description of the tree. Mode in which the gall is produced. Brought from the Levant and the East Indies. General characters, including size, shape, and nature of surface. Two varieties—blue galls and white galls. Difference between them. Sensible properties, and relations to water and alcohol. Most interesting ingredients. tannin and gallic acid. Virtues depend chiefly on the former. Substances with which galís afford precipitates, and with which they are incompatible in prescriptions. Medical properties and uses. Chiefly employed externally. Used in powder, infusión, or decoction. Dose of the powder, 10 to 20 grains; of the infusión, made in the proportion ofhalf an ounce to a pint, fgij. A tincture directed by Ed. and Dub. Pharm.—Dose f gj. to f 311J. More used as a test than as a medicine. KINO. U.S. <7 / Varieties.—1. African kino; 2. Jamaica kino; 3. Botany Bay kino; 4. East India, or Amboyna kino. Supposed source of each variety. The East India kino most used—obviously an extract. General characters of kino, including shape and size of the fragments, nature of the sur- face colour of the powder, &,c—sensible properties—relations to water and alcohol. Interesting ingredients, tannin and extractive. Virtues depend on the tannin, which is of the variety that affords a dark greenish precipitate with sulphate of iron. Incompatibles same as those with galls. ¿ . j c • . Medical properties and uses. One of the vegetable ástringents best adapted for ínter- n,Used in powder, infusión, and tincture. Dose of the powder 10 to 30 grains_of the in- fasion, made in the proportion of 2 drachms to 6 fluidounces, from f Jss. to f^iss. Objection to the tincture. f ■ c ,. ( 8 ) V CATECHU. U.S. /X '- Extract of the wood of the Acacia Catechu—perhaps also from other sources. Locality and description of A. Catechu. Mode of preparing catechu, its aspect, colour, odour, taste, fracture, and other physical properties—the colour of its powder, and its relations to water and alcohol. Impurities. Chief ingredient, tannin like that of kino, with a little extractive. Chemical relations same as those of kino. Dark coloured catechu said to contain most tannin. Medical properties and uses. Kino preferable for internal use, as purer. Used in powder, infusión, and tincture. Dose same as that of kino. Dose of the tinc- ture from f ^ss. to f ^iij. . RHATANY.—KRAMERIA. U.S. -3 X ~ Root of the Krameria triandra. Character of the plant and place of its growth. Form of the root—sensible properties—difference between the cortical and ligneous por- tions—colour of the powder—relations to water and alcohol, and the colour imparted by it to these liquids. Active ingredient, tannin like that of kino. Medical properties and uses essentially the same as those of kino and catechu. Recently much used, particularly in uterine hemorrhage. Used in powder, decoction, tincture, and extract. Dose of the powder, 20 to 30 grains— of the decoction, made by boiling one ounce in a pint, from f^j. to f¿|ij.—of the tincture from f3J. to f arij. The extract made by evaporating the infusión or tincture. Injured by lqng boiling. Dose, 10 or 15 grains. LOGWOOD.—H^MATOXYLON. U.S. Jj ? Wood of the Htematoxylon Campechianum. ******* '*-•' **,.' 'K'"~§ ' l' Character of this tree and place of its growth. State of the wood as imported, and as kept in the shops. Sensible properties of logwood, and relations to water and alcohol. Effect of exposure on the colour. Characteristic ingredient, a peculiar colouring principie called hematin. Medical properties and uses. Employed in decoction and extract. Dose of the decoction f¿;ij.—of the extract 10 to 30 grains. ,, CRANESBILL.—GERANIUM. U.S. :Í'... ' Root of the Geranium maculatum—an indigenous perennial herbaceous plant, growing in woods. Shape and general aspect of the root, its sensible properties, and relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredient, tannin. Medical properties and uses. Given in powder and decoction. Dose of the powder 20 to 30 grains—of the decoction made by boiling one ounce in a pint and a halfof water to a pint, from fgj. to f^ij. Some times boiled in milk. BLACKBERRY-ROOT.—RUBUS VILLOSUS. U.S. X~■■'/ DEWBERRY-ROOT.—RUBUS TRIVIALIS. U.S. Roots of the Rubus villosus and R. trivialis—similar in medical properties. Both plants indigenous—former an erect prickly shrub—latter a creeping briar. Shape and aspect of the roots. Virtues chiefly in the cortical part. Smallest roots, there- fore, best. Sensible properties and relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredient, tannin. Medical properties and uses. Usually given in decoction—made by boiling one ounce in a pint and a half of water to a pint. Dose f^j. to f^ij. Dose of the powder 20 or 30 grains. UVA URSI. u.s. r :,- 7- Leaves of the Arbutus Uva Ursi or bear-berry, a small, trailing, evergreen shrub, indio-e. nous in the northern parts of the oíd and new continents, and growing in the United States as far south as New Jersey. Distinguishing characters of the dried leaves—colour, smell, and taste—colour of the powder—relations to water and alcohol. i^¿(~X^C€-X. Q <*{> X f?c ^ H-i^oC^ CySy¿^XX_ /-x^^A.y.Xyy. íi^Ú ¿ZcUcin. S->~y^ *y £~~— ei^x^ty — X(y\y*Uy*yL*^L>i-eiy ¿ALtZe4yt*Xjy«U—/títy/ly^/, ¿»~2t -¿¿^x-¿*¿- ^*¿-, ^¿^yx^i i*~y /Ly*^^_ ¿¡Xrr^yA A^ *Cy'*^^~~^'/-í i, A X£_^ 3RM^CSA *L**^C-j *>y tX-y •X**y^e*^<— yfytyt^éySy — /cXet^yXiy. tf/yyyMXy y-^Xy-V-ty^p ¿*f~CL *-Zy¿l -á^xVfc »"x* ¿£¿í-^ *U.4^jXr'-r-,j-ty.J> ¿*^ «-y ¿*-J -tíZX^^éf XtXXcLy j¿XzjÁXgyJou^¿¿,x^ Jkl~^ y* ¿*~* y**+XcJ¿£**H£pri~i&**X y^y^eyeiyyyXyxZr — z^«**c /-¿a.*^, X yf ty <^ o -¿r^ M*yy — X¿iXrfto Xy_K^ v'««-«<í¡,t^, ^-/- í^xpl /L-chhtXctr^ y jE-tr-»~- ~-yiy0-n+-c*s¿zzy '¿^n-+-yzyf c_/j fx^^ í«^ £l*<-£/^ •^ i¿*- XC~-*. %X ¿- X S~ Xt~X 0¿tUyCyX 1-t^yl^. ¿Xí^iSL - *Xyb-(yt»*rX} L<**i*— <>' ~~~y*^~//fi c^tXy íy**y£é~ *«^-«^ XX¿*XX ef^Ctry- <¿¿+~<~y- rb¿U¿- Umj 0cS-My^- 4yf~ (L~x*xy~^ //~,**~_ u^¿rc x*ssry'^f'+yy- F'Ut^y ^it^ v-*^yt A*fc~~^j***y A**±*y*-**y¿Xj ^yxh^* yXyyíÁ. x/^yL. ^/U-, (y) Aj^, f^y^ j-^--*/ ¿¿X- ¿1 ll+L^yUyy~ ^t-Xy^yfi. yy¿OtyJ Uy&~X M-*-CAx. t^~ }*~~_ ^^¿-~*¿y? o+yt*~* ~~ yxi^y *^z ¿~+^ vU-ry£¿*.£ w c%yey*¿X, a.y¿¿y jU 'Sb-^Jr**? ~~y¿^*rr~ *Xy*< *X*,^yf ¿^ a^. z„Az^.a y xy ¿y, <~ ¿i^y ¿¿xt,C ~¥c~~ <*¿^y¿y ¿L Of' Oj ¡U^Í^, _ 4t*^Ay ^^^^yX^^XyuyXy ¿¿ r- aC y+¿^ sX /' y>^y + *s ' í y .~-.*¿- ^ ,*-, ¿yk.^.frt*¿, y<¿/ x «*¿^^y¿^c ^y^tt «i*r ¿¿7V'^- X^Ar^,'^ y^*yz*Xy ¿>¿r- vti«j/«yy^ y*y^,-^ ¿ „yff ^ ^^y- ^ 4/- ^,^ ^^ /^>^z ¿,.~*,y *, j^ux¿~ fX*.+ «^~^~ ~ Á~L XLy,/- XjX ¿i*^ A Xy-X+^XtZycl Xy¿/rt,y^ "-Xiy y¿rx^y-^t^ ^^ X Átm^éy*-,. e*Xtyiz^¿^ j^y^yi,*- ^xXy^*^^*^y* Xiay^r, yy^-^i^^ <+. :-x"í t í-^^ /^¿w^ -«^^^-■^ ¿y.x*.y^ ~y/x^M¿yj ^//w «y^y^y ** / -V -" ' ^_ yX X ^^ X* ^X \'U.iÍ>fn+T^±^ x»_^^¿^ l^yL¿^yC~ t^¿¡T**ly*y^A. g/ -tf ^ f^S r^^t+yY. t'j ^^*»«^-«>¿^ ,/ i;r yy*f XAiTC~¡-y Xy~ iXf yZvl¿+-t4^íj^/ -&y/H.esz^ I . - '. ' I 1 / ic >h (! ... f ¿" 7^ - ^i- A^i '^ ( » ) Active ingredients, tannin and bitter extractive. Medical properties, those of an astringent and mild tonic, with a tendency to act espe- cially on the urinary organs, but withput materially increasing, the secretion. Particular applications in disease. - - . ' ' ' & r*r Used in powder and decoction. Dose of the powder, from gr. xx. to sj., 3 or 4 times a day—of the decoction from f¿j. to fgij. at the same intervals. PIPSISSEWA.—CHIMAPHILA. U.S. / Leaves and stem of the Chimaphila umbellata or wintergreen—a small, indigenous, evergreen plant, growing in the north of Europe, Asia, and America, and abundant in the United States—inhabiting the woods. Distinguishing characters of the leaves—colour, smell, and taste—relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredients, tannin and bitter extractive. Medical properties, those of a gentle astringent and tonic, with a direction to the urinary organs, upon which it sometimes acts as a diuretic. Therapeutical applications. /, Given in decoction, made by boiling two ounces in three pints to two. Dose, a small teacupful 3 or 4 times a day. , ..-•■■ . : An extract may be given in the dose of 20 or 30 grains four times a day. 6 . - The following vegetable ástringents also spoken of J 2. ; • Rind of the Pomegranate.—Granatum. U.S. ¿~ >',■>■ Unexpanded petáis of the red rose.—Rosa Galilea, U.S.—with its preparations—the confection of roses (confectio rosee), and the compound infusión of roses (infusum rosa compositum). / Incidental remarks on the Rosa centifólia, or hundred leaved rose, and its distilled water, called rose-water or aqua rosa, with the unguentum aqua rosa prepared from it. , • Bark and unripe fruit of the Persimmon. Diospyros Virginiana. ■ Tormentil—root of the Tormentilla erecta. .- Bistort—root of the Polygonum Bistorta. 2. Mineral Ástringents. ALUM.—ALUMEN. U.S. Chemically, a sulphate of alumina and potassa. Salts essentially similar in medical properties are fbrmed with sulphate of alumina by ammonia and soda. Sometimes native—more frequently prepared from ores, or by a direct combination of its constituents. Shape of crystal—effect of exposure—colour and taste—solubility in water—effects of heat—chemical incompatibles. Effects on the system, and therapeutical application both internally and externally. Alum curd as a local application. A solution containing from 15 tj 20 grains to the fluidounce of water, used as a gargle. Given internally in powder, pill, or solution. Dose 5 to 15 grains every three or four hpurs, or less frequently. Alum whey as a form for internal use. /¡>i. (■ :L ■.■<<■'.,' „ Dried alum an escharotic. * ._:;;. LEAD.—PLUMBUM. Metallic lead probably inert. General effects of its preparations considered under the two heads—ist, of their local irritant action—2d, of their peculiar specific action. The two in some degree incompatible; as, when lead is applied so as to occasion much irritation, its absorption is impeded, and its peculiar influence on the systern thus prevented. The preparations of lead characterized by the unión of astringeney with a sedative power. Description of its effects. Poisonous action of lead. Fatal consequences may result both from the irritant action of the preparations of lead, and from its peculiar influence upon the system. Tlie former event is more likely to ensue from large quantities taken at once—the latter from smaller quantities gradually insinuated into the system, and applied for a considerable time. The only preparation not poisonous is probably the sulphate, which is thought to be üiert from its great insolubility.. 2 ( io ) Treatment in cases of poisoning by preparations of lead. The sulphate of soda or sul- phate of magnesia is the best antidote. Preparations of lead employed—1. semivitrified oxide or litharge, 2. carbonate, 3. acé- tate, 4. sub-acetate. LITHARGE.—PLUMBI OXIDUM SEMIVITRIUM. U. S.—Preparation—aspect— colour—smell and taste—solubility—chemical nature—impurities. Not used internally. Chiefly employed in the preparation of the lead plaster, Emplaslrum plumbi, U. S. Preparation of the lead plaster. Explanation of the chemical agencies concerned. De- scription. Uses. CARBONATE OF LEAD.—PLUMBI CARBONAS. U. S.—Also called white lead, formerly cerusse. Preparation—general aspect—sensible properties—solubility. One of the most poisonous salts of lead. Most common source of painters' colic. Seldom or never used internally. External employment. Modes of application. A plaster officinal under the ñame of Émplastrum Plumbi Carbonatis. ACÉTATE OF LEAD.—PLUMBI ACETAS. U. &—Called also sugar of lead or saccharum saturni. Preparation—chemical composition—shape and appearance of crys- tals—effects of exposure—sensible properties—solubility in water and alcohol—appearance upon solution in common water, its cause, and mode of prevention. Incompatible substances numerous—the most important, sulphuric, muriatic, and phos- phoric acids and their soluble salts, the soluble carbonates, the alkalies, lime-water, vege- table ástringents, and certain mucilages. •• m*> wv*- &i a»7<.. «s*u < 7 .*í •' ""■ -* , . May be given safely in modérate doses not too long continued. In largfe quantities it is an irritative poison, in smaller, too long persevered in, it produces the peculiar poisonous effects of lead. Diseases in which it is most useful, hemorrhage from the lungs and uterus, diarrhcea and dysentery. An advantage, that it is at the same time astringent and sedative. Henee given in the early stages. Usefully combined with opium. Dose, half a grain to three grains every hour, two, or three hours. Given in pill made with crumb of bread, or dis- solved in water with the addition of vinegar. Much used externally. Applied in this way, has the double effect of restraining dis- charges, and directly reducing inflammatory action—and henee may be used when other ástringents are contraindícateos Complaints in which it is used externally. Employed in the state of solution. For application to the mucous surfaces, from 1 to 2 grains may be dissolved in a fluidounce of water, to the sound skin, ^ij. in Oj. SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD.—LIQÚOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS. 17. &—Also called Goulard,s extract of lead. Preparation, chemical nature and sensible properties. Decomposed by whatever decomposes the acétate, and in addition by carbonic acid, gum, and starch. Effects of exposure to the air. '■**-'' - •"-<''■' -• «■ - Employed externally to reduce inflammation. Said to have produced local palsy. Diluted before application—fgij. or f^üj. to a pint of water. The cerate of subacetate of lead—Ceratum Plumbi Súbacetatis, U.S.—commonly called Goulard?s cerate, prepared from this solution. An excellent application to inflamed and abraded surfaces. The best remedy for blisters indisposed to heal. Besides the preparations of lead, those of some other metáis are astringent—as of zinc and iron—but they are possessed also of other properties which classify them elsewhere. Thufr also with sulphuric acid, and with some of the preparations of lime. - CyCyÍL¿*^^<^- t* -Ty,y.^yty€*Z &>/¿cXc***^ *^W^^'-^«V^,^^^.W^ •sa,\ yy/¿^~y^yX ¿z, ^¿*'*<~^jCAZ^7rZs¿JIm^7!***j y^ CL-r--*~S.X*-r v-*^, yf¿y -^e ,. y^-J _ *^« x//\ -XrvyéXZla^xvX- «*. Vi ry, I *X << / y/gA-*ty^ ifX^C J.^ y^¿Xrrr c/C^y^y^^S «^ X^y* y^ ^^^y¿/ •^ Íl^*£x4 O « ^ ^«^ ...--«_ 4 ~XXC y*~ry-^^ AXZy **^e -r—~ ' ">. * X+***.'*l+~X>¿ ¿er~zyíC >*>—**>w c X **Z+y^y ~+~y-y ¿X~~yír~»-rTt.y? ¿Xz~ *Xt-yáX) /tA^iScz, ¿oX+^X ¿t ¿X— X***.¿\ *y su^^y^- y¿y¿<**Xz'Ks /sy*-r¿ ^*/y*^*¿^ ¿y- aC «~xr- '^ ^■arXtrt^ay'L-~ *~y*X-~y*. «*¿, -íXc/z^ ^^^¿ .1 -i> *£— &-+*. 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Z, .,^fc, /• x**~*xy y¿-x< xX'} -. -yt.x^, x, t?*.^ y ^ ¿a^XLX - r- fA¿p>^fAX^v u~ f-u *¿*-y*~-c*c *£*-~*~y¿>-') i eT- /, Z/cZ X' i *--< Xt ti f ¿"cy.Lt/ / f/' ' XX''' a-» ^ya%z /w:^„¿x^^x:../y/?«,.^-x«./- ¿y >> /c-^Xa / x- ■ y , . << . ■/ 7¡fmc <~y, * + -*~j :• ./ -y y Zz: ■ . y ^ /..^^ y ¿X-x~„x, í,y ^ & // / ^ y/ y x~/y^zx ^.y xy eXr~,<^ y - y ,¿x*m.^ ¿rc ¿* ^ x '.—■y'* -xy^zx. ¿y^iic^y ¿tzx -JÍt^x x -<.v < / /* -/c ¿7--¿r tj u^yx^yii 7 ti , * x y*x z '- / s f.ylL>. , y ; jx-e •' lt¿tX¿V f--^fX* y^^l^-S: ^w 4vXXi>. ; '.X -—, * ■ / • - y\ ,.>.'•■ Tonics indicated in cases in which the vital actions are depressed below the standard of health, in other words, in cases of debility. Here they produce increase of action, and if the excitability has not been materially impaired, place the system in a condition to recover and sustain itself. But even in debility, they should not be very long continued, as their ultímate effect might be an increase of the state they are given to remedy. A general rule, that tonics are applicable in debility without permanent loss of healthy excitability. Illus- trations of this rule. The mode by which tonics invigorate the system is two-fold—1. they increase the energy of the stomach and digestive organs when enfeebled, and thereby enable more nutriment to be thrown into the system ; 2. they exercise a direct influence either by means of ner- vous communication, or through the médium of the blood-vessels, over the whole frame, producing an elevation of all the vital actions independently of any increase in the quantity of the blood. Tonics differ in the degree of their stimulating property, and many of them also have individual peculiarities which serve to distinguish them prominently from the other mem- bers of the class. They may be divided into four sections; 1. the purer bitters ; 2. bitters somewhat peculiar in their properties; 3. aromatics; and 4. mineral tonics. 1. Puré bitters. Bitterness possessed by all true vegetable tonics. At one time thought to be essentially the tonic power, and to reside in some peculiar principie. But the mineral tonics are not bitter, and the property belongs to many distinct vegetable principies. But still there seems to be some connexion between bitterness and the tonic property. Perhaps the same arrangement or shape of particles which produces the bitter taste when the medi- cine is applied to the tongue, is calculated to produce the tonic impression when it is ap- plied to the stomach. Different substances may have this same arrangement or shape of particles, and in some it may be associated with other properties, which may enable them to opérate with great energy on the system in a manner distinct from the tonic action, and calculated to conceal it. In this view of the subject every bitter substance may be tonic, though, from its possession of other more energetic properties, it may not display any tonic effect in its actual operation. This point further illustrated. The puré bitters closely analogous in their effects, and used for the same purposes. Less stimulant than the others, and more purely tonic. Effects on the system. They increase appetite—invigorate digestión—exert little in- fluence over the circulation unless in large doses—offer little evidence of action on the ner- vous system—in large doses are apt to purge, and in very large doses sometimes vomit. 2. Bitters peculiar in their pioperties. Peculiar either by the inherent constitution of their bitter principie, as in Peruvian bark, or in consequence of its association with other ( 12 ) principies which modify its action, as in serpentaria, with a volatile oil, and in wild cherry bark, with prussic acid. In general, this división js more stimulating than the purer bit- ters, but not universally so. <>• • •' --''-/ r'■' ^ o *•■ •' Z ,' ' ■"-' í 3. Aromatics. Depend for their peculiarity on the presenceof volatile oil. More stimu- lating than the bitters, they approach nearly to the diffusible stimulants, with which they might be associated without violence. Pleasant to the taste and grateful to the stomach. Employed to cover the taste of other medicines, to render them more acceptable to the stomach, or to increase their stimulant effect. Also used as anti-emetics and carminatiyes. 4. Mineral tonics. These have nothing in common but the tonic property, each having decided peculiarities which serve to distinguish it from the others. 1. Puré Bitters. QUASSIA. O "~X Wood of the Quassia excelsa and Quassia amara. Locality and general character of these trees. Character of quassia as imported and as kept in the shops—weight—texture—colour— odour and taste—solubility in water and alcohol—colour imparted to these menstrua. Active ingredient, a peculiar principie called quassin. Incompatibles. Effects on the system, and medical applications. Powder seldom used. Dose, 20 to 60 grains, 3 or 4 times a day. Infusión most used. Proportions gij. to Oj. of cold Water. Dose, f ^ij. 3 or 4 times a day. Extract, a powerful and excellent tonic. Has more ..tonic .power ¡n a small bulk than any other preparation of tbe puré bitters. Dose, 2 to 5 grains. Tincture officinal. Dose, fsjj. to f^ij. SIMARUBA BARK. Bark of the Quassia Simaruba. Essentially the same in properties as Quassia. GOLD THREAD.—COPTIS. U. S. Root of the Coptis trifolio. Locality of this plant—general character—appearance of the root. Closely analogous in properties to Quassia. GENTIAN.—GENTIANA. U.S. Root of the Gentiana lútea, and perhaps other species. Locality and general character of this plant. Shape, size, and general aspect of the root—colour externally and within__texture__ colour of the powder—odour and taste—relations to water and alcohol. Medical properties and uses. Forms of administration numerous. Powder—dose, 10 to 40 grains. Infusión, made with half an ounce to a pint of water—dose, fgj, to f|ij. Compound infusión officinal. Tinc- ture—dose, f 3j. to f ^ij. Remarks on the danger of giving tonic tinctures. Extract—dose, 5 to 20 or 30 grains. Several plants belonging to the family of the Gentianeae have properties analoo-ous to those of gentian. Among these are the lesser centaury of Europe, Erythraa Cetofhutium, and the following. AMERICAN CENTAURY.—SABBATIA. U.S. Sabbatia angularis. Whole plant used. General appearance—place of growth—season at which collected—sensible properties and relations to water and alcohol. Medical properties and uses. Given in infusión, made with an ounce to a pint of water Dose, fgij. COLUMBO.—COLOMBA. U.S. 'J. i¡ Root of the Cocculus palmatur.. General character of the plant, and place of growth. Mode of preparing the root for market, and whence imported. A-í-c^cy^.éty' _ XÍZ^ •£y*/t<'X++. ¿y Uyf ZX A..»—«-«-«_ t^*y**X~~ ¿^ -yXr-Xyy Xly¿ZZi Ü <*~u~^y -*jl^ oXc^^^y^^. ¿¿faz x^^y^^xy^^,Xx^f uA^ix^yxt^ Cf **- 2>t^y+LyCL-S -/*>—•<*--.^<-Xl^¿^*l <&fistytyiy—^ C*, 1*-^^7? *>?*«^— XZ>Xyi^ yXy> yS-éye^^t*^ t lA- yp*-¿Ctrt*y- •f-tt-Xer?- xív" ^lA^t^XZZZ 'y*~*-*y¿¿*«LXs~f Xíy¿y<~¿y*-J 7 Z »^, — ?Z*yX¿*y-X*^ i Ay*--^-*4-y ¿X-Xv-t*^- eJ-y tytyC^y ^tLZ /lye^^yt^t^,^. 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X^ y^i^^-ZAti^^Xuz: ^¿XgcZ\^, ¿y ¿£z d/^^K^^/^ .— *y c& x¿>^*+^ HZcz^t^i*^. c^*x**^^^ ye^^c-C ¿y e^^Jfy-^ Xl—Xi—X'r'"l*<'X- x^nt^xCx (uZ Ati^4 *y¿- A¡~~ A-r-r--^ ^HZtZZZiy* ■fj-^y^yiy^-Cy-ÍÍAyX.—' X&y¿MyiA^ A^tAÍZZ X*y *\r /v ay^AX^y,— &uUA*x^yt ¿ ¿x^ o-^y^ ¿t+yx-uyixtyi, x^ ¿C**<- t"/t< y AX*f4¿X t* *x«xtxy <^/y£-£ytyCyt. iZa- Éfc, ZL*lyyLjy^~.^y^Z ^-¿1^^ X~ < ; » v y^yA^S ^ Uy^ty^XZ-t A* A XXo «-^^tx^C^oxí^- 4*>&X' &r-»S t '^XfA^^j ^ <»-/■ i-«r>-t~- AaXóXi^ ¿yXZ¿Z*~ eyt^y^eyALX-ryZ¿** ttX*yiyi>iry- UASt-f-Xt*. 4*^¿cs tu. t4A-&.y€ZZZZ/ \ v^x~y #-»yÍAyy— ¿^ ctytXH^o-X^ *y¿Azzz~. yC^xy^A, ^i^>y»^tyz> *£&. ¿Xt^^X r *A *y, ^ ¿£Zf CtAs*- fyy1>y1~ Jt^yfy,-- -*Xxz./A>tyáy- Ja- ax.^x, ^x.y^ x¡ ^^^x^^^. ' a 7V - ¿i 'Xy~ &X vt/AC ¿4io f ds t^tiyj X*~- t:Xi-r AWXtA-Ly. ¡Z~ uy^-ai^ZZ X-i AA¿*y ~~^XvA%Xíi^ *y Z ¿litüu Á*y¿y»y«1-Uy' e^cXXLy _ 'fc^C'XZZ^ y*****-,-y , V y G»«, t%Zi ~^tX-^~t^y-»y>r/> Xr-f^XzLZ. X**n- '■ -**-£, J^Xf^-^ £ -e^-V / eC-y^y****, /%^-t^VL, ¿X^ y*%. iyi< y¿^v-ft-irZy u. wy.^ ^é^^-w *-ttzzz~ &¿« c y Xl :$~t^^~ v '^«y ¿^ *^3_frtuA^d,.y.y^ L A-iL C^it V-ACísVO- -twu(-^-tyi^yuX XXXX?^<>t^-re~xy<^. yZXf¿. /tyiry-r *y¿ifiZ,yfZZy,X0Ur v^ tr ¿zhut¿yyz ¿JLy. i^¿ lt~ i ^y ^^X^^yp^<^^ *& >^y,^ 4h~- (Uy ¿X^c ¿C- c¿> ( 13 ) Shape, size, general aspect, and consistence of the pieces—difference between the cor- tica.1 and central portion—colour—odour—taste—colour of the powder—relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredient, a peculiar principie called colombin. Besides this, a large proportion of starch, according to Planche 33 per cent.—also mucilage, and a little volatile oil. Nothing incompatible chernically, which is likely to be associated with it in prescription, unless, perhaps, iodine. '. * <£.•< . »■■: l ,• ' Medical properties and uses. Frequently combined with other tonics, purgatives, aromatics, and antacids. Used in powder, infusión, and tincture. Dose of the powder, 10 to 30 grains—of the infusión made in the proportion of gss. to Oj., from f|j. to ft|ij.—of the tincture, fgj. to '3SS> "Phe infusión soon undergoes spontaneous change from the presence of starch. Numerous other bitters analogous to those mentioned; but at present little used, and not wanted. 2. Bitters of peculiar or modified properties. These may be subdivided into 1. those having a peculiar alkaline principie, as Peruvian bark, 2. those in which the bitter principie is modified by combination with a sedative prin- ciple, as wild-cherry bark, and 3. those in which it is associated with a stimulant principie, usually a volatile oil, as serpentaria. PERUVIAN BARK.—CINCHONA. U. S. ' Bark of different species of Cinchona—natives of the Andes—and extending from La Paz in Bolivia, to Santa Martha on the North Coast. Not certainly known from what particular species the different varieties of bark are de- rived. The classification of the British Pharmacopseias in this respect entirely erroneous. Three officinal varieties; 1. palé bark (cinchona pallida), 2. yellow bark (cinchona flava), and 3. red bark (cinchona rubra). All the varieties strictly officinal are brought from the Pacific Coast of South America. Those brought from the northern ports are considered inferior, and thrown together under the ñame of Carthagena barks. 1. Palé bark. Embraces the commercial varieties called Loxa and Lima barks. Named from the colour of the powder. Called gray bark by the French. Description of the palé bark—colour of the powder—sensible properties. 2. Yellow bark. This is the variety denominated in commerce Callisaya bark. Wholly different from the common yellow, which is a variety of Carthagena bark, and should not K be considered as properly officinal. Called by the French writers royal yellow bark. ^C- Description of the yellow or Callisaya bark. Two varieties, the quilled and the fíat— differences between them—colour of the powder—sensible properties of yellow bark. '< 3. Red bark. Quilled and flat—description—colour of the powder—sensible properties. Of these varieties the most efficient are the yellow and red—the least disagreeable, the palé. Carthagena barks. Varieties—signs by which distinguished. Active ingredients of bark, two alkaline principies called quinia and cinchonia, combined with kinic acid. Other principies of bark. Difference in composition between the palé, yellow, and red barks. V Quinia. Description of its properties—outline of the mode of preparing it—sulphate of " ■ quinia one of the officinal preparations of bark. Cinchonia. Differences between it and quinia. Both alkalies form salts of difficult solubility with tartaric, oxalic, and gallic acids. >^ Incompatibles. All substances which occasion precipitates with bark are not incompati- ble in prescription, as the substance precipitated is frequently not the active principie. The alkalies and alkaline earths and astringent infusions, may be considered as incompatible— the former precipitating the alkaline principies in a sepárate state, the latter forming with them insoluble compounds. Effects of bark on the system. At the same time that it is tonic, it exerts an influence peculiar to itself, and this influence is found to be incompatible with the existence of perio- dical or intermittent diseases. There are, therefore, two different and highly important properties of bark, therapeutically considered, viz. the anti-intermittent and tonic. Expla- nations on this point. Diseases to which bark is applicable as anti-intermittent, and speculations on its mode of action. Therapeutical applications as a tonic. Bark most powerful in substance. Disadvantages of this mode of administration. Only inven in cases where a powerful anti-intermittent operation is required. Power increased by combination with opium and aromatics. Dose, gj. repeated so frequently that from ^j. to 3¡j. may be taken between the paroxysms. Best mode of administering bark in sub- ( 14 ) } stance. Objections to wine as the vehicle. Sometimes used in quiltod jackets. If it purge, combine with opium, if it constípate, with rhubarb. Infusión. 5j. to Oj. of boiling water, r Decoction. 3J. to Oj.—boil ten minutes in a covered vessel. Objections to both these forms. Dose, f^ij. 3 or 4 times a day, or in acute cases every hour or two. «S*» * •• Cold infusión with sulphuric acid. A good form—^j. to Oj., with f^j. of aromatic sul- phuric acid. Advantages. Dose, f§ij. Tincture. Very strong. Dose, f gj. to f¿fss. Compound tincture. Ingredients. Advantages. Dose, f^j. to f^ss.v - - Extract. Mode of preparation. Dose, 10 to 30 grains. "■•■ ."'.."' ■*■--■ ---. Jf-Sulphate of quinia. Valué—mode of preparation—character ofcrystals—composition— i effects of exposure—taste—solubility in water, alcohol, and dilute acids. Comparative powers with those of bark itself. In what respects preferable. Ten to 14 grains equivalent to 3J. of good bark. Dose, as anti-intermittent, 1 grain every hour or two. In intermittent diseases, 12 to 18 grains in the interval between the paroxysms. In enema, 12 grains, with half a grain of opium, every 6 hours. Endermic application. As a mere tonic, one quarter to half a grain, 3 or 4 times a day. . . LZ.' ' > - ■: /'. '<: ' ¡ Given in pill or solution. Preparation of these. '. / 0.*<..l_ «*. <-- ' Xz Impure sulphate of quinia. Source—character—uses. Dose, double that of the puré. Modes of administration the same. j Adulterations of sulphate of quinia, and mode ofdetecting them. > " Sulphate of cinchonia. Character as a remedy. Dose and mode of administration the same as those of sulphate of quinia. Various substitutes for Peruvian bark have been proposed, among which may be raen- tioned the Caribean bark, the barks of the Swietenia febrífuga and «S. Mahogani, the horse- chesnut bark, that of different species of willow, and the bark of the common dogwood of this country. None used to any extent at present. The dogwood as a native of this coun- try merits a brief notice. DOGWOOD BARK.—CORNUS FLORIDA. U. S. General character of the tree. Bark from the stem and root. The latter preferred. Aspect of the bark—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water. Used in powder or decoction. Dose and mode of treatment similar to those of Peruvian bark. WILD-CHERRY BARK.—PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. U.S. ' Bark of the Prunus Virginiana, an indigenous tree. General character of the tree. The fruit and its uses, /d «>,■.. Ch' . i ■'»" 1. '' - ,. Bark obtained from the stem, branches, and root. Appearance of the bark—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol—colour of the infusión and tincture—effects of heat upon them. Active principie hydrocyanic acid, with tannin and perhaps bitter extractive. Taken internally, it is tonic to the digestive organs, and at the same time sedative in its direct general influence. Applicable to diseases in which debility co-exists with irritation „ of the circuiatory and nervous systems. Diseases in which it is employed. Used in powder and cold infusión, generally in the latter form. Dose of the powder íjss. to ¿Jj., of the infusión f^ij., 3 or 4 times a day, or more frequently. CHAMOMILE.—ANTHEMIS. U.S. Flowers of the Anthemis nobilis. Character of the plant, and place of growth. All parts of the plant are active, but the flowers are most agreeable in flavour, and ex- clusively officinal. Imported from Europe. Character of the flowers—difference between the single and double—sensible properties —relations to water and alcohol. Active principies, bitter extractive and volatile oil. Effects on the system, and medical uses. As a tonic, best employed in cold infusión. Dose, fgij. several times a day. As adjuvant to emetics, in hot infusión. Large draughts. The docoction and extract objectionable preparations. The powder may be used in the dose of gss. to 3J. THOROUGHWORT.—EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM. 17. S. ' Often called boneset. An indigenous perennial herb. General character of the plant. Whole herbaceous part used. Sensible properties, and relations to water and alcohol. y X^ ^'-^y^ y - ^ /- /y**"s*^~~«-<^¿*~-■*/ ¿¿i-* y>ty<^r—— Xl^ / lX£Zy yf^-^y £^,y %A£, ">>-C> ~~- ¿L w _/ o&yt^t^o-4yz*r-—y^f^*^; C'-ti : — í*T{'ivv< y> r?.t-•■■fZti. * *'' ¿XXt ■■■'- *L k¡ X - y.-'rí-CyXc*-^y A*- ^*yty¿X. yA^^ , - '' • / ^ ^y / / ^.xí»- I / *Cy2 cíLZLzZzzzZ ¿^y^yt^x yy?^¿¿y* XzXr-Xt y Ah^aA-Z ¿*y<*ZXZ4 lyi+yO^tX ¿-c*xsV}yti-¿'j ■'lrr~C<-y~. -Aa' XAn^y^y, "^yZ^t^J *U \.'« A¿ At . -Z ?yy x~_ yüXlA* yr& /L Xt'< t'■ « < £4^ZX' triA-^ tXz -¿XyXXÍ¿ (¿/AcaXIi^ Zz^-t í r-rUAy , ¿l.íu^ ao-X ^.yÓZy.rmAyJ /uy¿v>A> yy^yytA-tyoczz^, ¿r-y^y-xX^XXt X^Xx XXcXla- í*y,Ai >~ X^T+yt^z*zL A^y ¡z. ¡y¿zzr>u^¿Xí-yA^ yy<^c A-t^^X -t^yt- £t> ¡t á. a "~z t^^y. t~Az~ d'¿XZZZo^y^' — X4rUX cxL^ XzJ^ y£.^,} i/^p~^~^ y *s-±^y^A^y yzXy^,yy-¿x¿ j^-o-^ x '*■>.*« x ycXz¿z<-/cXiX, A^r^-t^ttP zjihy<.r¡ rzzX/i-t, co-A^~ y^. <^c<^ -**y~ 'X s'^ ^~ ■ '"-t- '<¿i ^.ftX <»y^ X'j^X- • <^y¿ Srz1:yrfy yXy Xy¿¡r-zz^ -H+^yz L~á^~ X ^ yX "■ < '^ <,<•< y, ^tyCAUy. ,x -¿rJ CAA¿¿X. /^t «O 7 .¡^ XZaAzZ <¿Xií"t.iX) %~Z¿A tfiWAZZ^y íb-Tir^XZZ/^y^zy,*xAa<^u4__ íaXí^^^X ¿i^ cy^ y tp-J-Cz 7t Aa X ÍJ y~tr-cS¿ t++Xi.zz x d<:^y^cCyy^Zuy,¿y X^< A- ^^^< vu^v /-y x^al. zX^u^e-y ''ÁJn. ^-^ y "K^ Árzzi, Xy^LV-t X. C c J . ' L <' > .'^ - x __/" ~X Z AZ. *-*_ Xt^y ¿y -TZ- ±¿¿Je-—e^iAtuZ^j A%i *U*^a_z Aí^- A-*-rTry*r'X~. AuZ ¿Ttz~ <■} t~-*-~íX<-/-'¿ ^.-t»-^^-. X a-, téz* ycae^ ¿* f^o^yuy y±. }-iZZ/-^y. /U. CtZZZ -yAcu-AX-—- ¿^Ctrw€~^ji ¿Ay esA-i^y/C^i/J <*^W f>*-^ C(y<~^ ¿CSU. .^-Xi^-^y-y Cu<<- i *?y y*-*-~ ¿v, y-^c¿ -~AZ,¿ sXXAAA, <*x**~ A&tjy^yy Xyty*^yt*y- ?A^y. *X*~~> év-^yz aí¿£^ ¿ iAa,/Zc^ +.¿ ^r^yy^^y /tzzy^^y^*-^ ^¿y^^y- &*«y~uX/6*yí¿ eA^yy^ SÍtSty., ¿A^víZ^Z *y¿SAy áttl ÍAxyíU^. '£*£- Aa ¿y**, O^+y ¿*tyCy /Vty*L*y t-ty^-C/^ ¿*-*4-A*±. AyA*y£^ íA-t^/^í ■^ty^y^, A~ <£**«. «*-**&*- ^ Ayft .^^^^^ iCZy O^Xa^-tXy¿yy~~yt -A-^-cf-*^^^ ¿ iylr *l~ fyA *í,A-ffc, tt J ^ ,<- «xí- tíV ¿C+ty^fa, ZZZZfy¿[ylyí*C Z¿^y t^cftit, ¿ó- ^^-^^^ZyCV -CA*cy£ 4Ay¿*yr-ay-AL--~**Z%. SAfi. * - y < . < y*^**^*A-%Zy.¿? ¿C*-&-y£Z~ ¿T**y*-Z~*--~,'t^c*rJÉ'Z) »c*-t,Í%j £^¿*y¿*. S^A-»-*--Sy-tZ^y^Z S~?-1¿*^*~~.X¿Z* .y **«-C-¿?£ A*^-»*-W *>- 4t~yZyUyC-*-A*H—y 1*-^^^^^-/ "C*K ^«-»v- u^AZ^Áy^ y>^ ¿L^izz^y i*-*^ ^yXz~^^^ &^y£ ¿^_ Xhn^y^t yyi\ Xz*-( 7í.í!" 4**- *-^r -2-it-/í«-^ii^, -«_ y*. *., Z¿~Z, x~^s^ p> •... ~ ¿,A-f' a*^v /x*ZrAtyy Xtey^z^zX/ -^^^Jo *<^ • ?i ^ éyOyCyCt^ JAZ~ZW^.^yAAZ¿ZZ*, ¿XX y*- My<.ay¿¿Zt~ XAZ^yíyAc^y<-~ -~ X^L ¿i-^^*«^^C ÍTt*- ¿Zá^t^yt-Hy ASI*— C*U-/>7V-^t /<*»► *¿XX J"/-y^y,**. Xv-H^y^ ¿¡y? ¿«.J^ /^^¿^^^^ yS?<~ sXJtAyy^.t +y,^ ^*-¿^~, ayf*y^^ Xz/¡."¿. w. ¿d-^yy ilA<*-*sa<- aíj A?'^.yíx~^ <*yy --+7zzr <^<&Al*a^ . zy i+i+yy-*y¿%¿ «t^xziy ~~e^ y& X vfy^ Z¿Z^t^e^t^r,yi.' ' ¿"{ vxyyV-iyy/ lí «_ /t? ^— ó ^ .■¿yU*y/Za, J ¿ /t/ n ■ : .■'/■' / Ó't'*l ( 15 ) Medical properties and uses. As a tonic, used in powder or cold infusión. Dose of the powder, 20 or 30 grains, of the infusión, fgij. repeated 2, 3, or 4 times daily. As a diaphoretic, used in the state of warm infusión. Dose, f^ij. every 2 or 3 hours. As emetic, a small bowlful of the infusión may be taken warm. VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.—SERPENTARIA. U.S. Root of the Aristolochia Serpentaria, and perhaps other species of Aristolochia. The plant indigenous, herbaceous, perennial. General character—place of growth—place where the root is collected. Character of the root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredients, a bitter principie and volatile oil. Adulterations. Effects on the system—medical uses. Used in powder and infusión. Dose of the former, 10 to 30 grains, of the latter, ft^j. to f^ij. every 2 or 3 hours. Tincture officinal, dose, f^j. tofgij. Decoction objectionable. Bitters resembling Virginia snakeroot in combining a bitter principie with volatile oil, and possessing stimulant properties, are wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium), tansy (Tana- cetum vulgare), and horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Remarks on each of these. None of them much used. I MYRRH.—MYRRHA. U.S. Exudation from tho JLmyrie Myrrha—the Balsamodendron Myrrha jaLsxune-writers; Character of the plant, and place of its growth. Two varieties of myrrh, India and Turkey, the former from the East Indies, the latter from the Levant, both probably originally from the same source. Difference between these varieties. Properties of myrrh—size and shape of the pieces—translucency—colour—colour of the powder—fracture—odour—taste—chemical nature—relations with water and alcohol— influence of alkalies on its solubility—result of distillation. Active principies, resin and volatile oil. Effects on the system, and therapeutical application. Used in powder, pill, emulsión, and tincture. Dose in substance, 10 to 30 grains—of the I tincture f^ss. to f^j. The tincture seldom used internally. Reason why the tinctures of | w \ myrrh and other gum-resins are better made with alcohol than with diluted alcohol. / ANGUSTURA BARK.—ANGUSTURA. U.S. Bark of the Gallipea officinalis, a small tree growing in South America. Whence brought—shape and size of the pieces—colour—colour of the powder—smell— taste—relations to water and alcohol. Active constituents, bitter extractive and volatile oil. Effects on the svstem, and therapeutical application. Used in powder," infusión, and tincture. Dose of the powder 10 to 30 grains, ofthe infu- sión f§ij., of the tincture f ¡5J. to f^ij. False Angustura bark described, and its poisonous properties alluded to. Its active in- gredient, an alkaline principie called brucia. •>'.. '"■'• ■■-> CASCARILLA. U.S. Bark ofthe Crotón Eleutheria, and possibly ofthe C. Cascarilla—shrubs growing in the West Indies. Whence imported. Two varieties. General characters, as size, shape, colour, &c.— smell—odour when burnt—taste—relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredients, extractive and volatile oil. Medical properties and uses. Used in powder and infusión. Dose ofthe former 20 to 30 grains, of the latter f gij. 3. Aromatics. Substances having a fragrant odour, and a pleasant spicy taste, with little admixture of disagreeable flavour. Owe their distinguishing properties to volatile oils. Volatile, essential, or distilled oils.—Odour—taste—volatility—point of ebullition—how affected by boiling water—inflammability—solubility in water, alcohol, ether, and fixed oila__composition__effects of exposure—adulterations and modes of detection—mode of preparation. ( 1« ) Aromatics more stimulant than tonics in general—more local in their action than the diffusible stimulants—produce a peculiar cordial influence on the stomach—obvíate sick- ness—expel flatulence—relieve spasmodic pains of the stomach and bowels. Often combined with other medicines, which they render more acceptable to the palate and stomach, and less disposed to gripe. -, * , Decoctions and extracts of aromatics objectionable preparations. I* ~'.l-C .-> >y .<<..■■•■.- rM X ORANGE PEEL.—AURANTII CORTEX. U.S. A 2- 7 Oranges, fruit ofthe Ciirus Aurantium—two varieties—difference in the rinds—virtues in the outer portion. Sensible properties of orange peel and relations to water and alcohol. Usually employed in infusión, made in the proportion of half an ounce to a pint. ¡ , The confection and distilled water are officinal preparations. Uses of these. 1M.lv"- ^.- s- CINNAMON.—CINNAMOMUM. U.S. í Prepared bark of the Laurus Cinnamomum. General character ofthe tree—place of growth—mode of preparing the bark. Two com- mercial varieties—Ceylon cinnamon and China cinnamon or cassia. Whence imported. Properties ofthe bark—shape—size—colour—colour ofthe powder—consistence—frac- ture—odour—taste. Difference in these respects between the two varieties. Active principie, volatile oil, with tannin. Two varieties ofthe oil. Sensible properties of oil of cinnamon. Medical uses those of aromatics in general. Especially applicable to cases requiring ástringents. Dose ofthe powder, 10 to 20 grains. In infusions of other medicines, employed in the proportion of one or two drachms to the pint. Cinnamon water—Aqua Cinnamomi—mode of preparing—uses. Tincture and compound tincture of cinnamon, officinal. Dose fjj. Cinnamon enters into numerous officinal preparations. CANELLA. U.S. 7 Bark of the Canella alba—a native of West Indies—derived from the branches, freed from the epidermis—shape and size ofthe pieces—fracture—colour—colour of the powder —odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredients, volatile oil and bitter extractive. * . / ' Medical uses—ingredient in the Powder of Aloes and Canella. H*~£'r~&~' y>t ¡, *■■«* Winter's bark—from Drymis Winteri—place of growth—similar in properties to ca- nella—never used heie. CLOVES.—CARYOPHYLLUS. U.S. ' ^ Z Dried unexpanded flower-buds of the Eugenia caryophyllata. i General character of the tree and place of growth. Properties of cloves—shape—size—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—rela- tions to water and alcohol. Chief active ingredient, volatile oil, called oil of cloves—Oleum Caryophylli—mode of preparation—sensible properties—specific gravity. ' '.<« «■»--£*-■', - \X i>v u ''= Used in powder, infusión, and oil. Dose ofthe powder, 5 to 10 grains—ofthe infusión, made with two drachms to the pint, f Jij.—of the oil, 2 to 5 drops. Cloves enter into numerous officinal preparations. NUTMEG.—MYRISTICA. U.S. <■/ :' Kernel of the fruit of the Myristica moschata. General character of the tree, and place of growth—description of the fruit—mode of preparing the mace and nutmeg. Shape of nutmegs—size—character of the surface—colour—appearance when broken— mode of reducing them to powder. Interesting ingredients, a volatile and a fixed oil, the former of which is the active prin- cipie. Mode of preparing the volatile oil—colour—specific gravity. Fixed oil called oil of mace—mode of obtaining it—colour and consistence—uses. Mace—shape—colour—odour—taste—ingredients as in nutmegs—uses. Nutmegs said to combine narcotic with aromatic properties.—Dose of the powder, 5 to 90 grains—of the volatile oil, 2 or 3 drops. ^wé~^ ¿v/,7^ ^*£*^^x^^ á¡Lx ¿¿w¿¿£ ^£ p^^Xazza ^/^c^/Au<; /^u, ¿^¿ ^^■**ytA l<^7 í— éy«~ty<- S*.^.*. 0~A^ytyA^^^- ^—- C* S^t---^— Xh-uyr^z, x^xzt^x AXyjC ^^.y^^ay-iru^ aAtcsX ^czúXzu «-y'íXcy ¿X^ (A 'k*¿yJ.XirXLj ¿t^^y^ Á«yy a, XucXyc ¿^¿_ Xt+.AL¿u^X<, X+XyX caí h cat Xy^é-~ J¿*¿ w^xifet /iiw ¿?¿t.£c~ ¿ cz -<-y'*~*~i.y a~. ¿í,y\Any y/T*-*-*^*^*-,.-^ cyr-^^xtzz^yzxz^y^, /f-iXX-tT—iZZa zzy *£ <>-Xz <- AZÍ-^y — yAuAuXo á^y uX-ty 4y*~yX* GtAyXXzzy, £ c^ux. ^¿U *iyeyXsy - --- <~— C*yt^yAZXt^ cZZXX*.-- CA^tr^ y -Z~ x>^y aXiz x~^y.cXy.^yX Xy~y^^yiz^a cr^x. c^¿ z~y x^^as-y^y. 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Distinguishing characters of the black and white or Jamaica ginger. Odour of ginger—taste—relations to water and alcohol—effects of time and exposure. Chief ingredients, volatile oil, an acrid resin, extractive matter, and starch. Virtues in the first two. Medical uses, internal and external. Employed in powder, infusión, tincture, and syrup. Dose ofthe powder, 10 to 30 grains —ofthe infusión, made in the proportion of.an ounce to a pint, fgij.—ofthe tincture, f !jj. or fgij. The syrup used chiefly for its flavour. SWEET FLAG.—CALAMUS. 17. S. J X £ Root ofthe Acorus Calamus—an indigenous plant, growing also in Europe and Asia. Character of the root—state in which it is kept in the shops—sensible properties—virtues Uses, olatile oil. modes of administration, and doses, similar to those of ginger. 4. Mineral Tonics. IRON.—FERRUM. U.S. Relative importance. In the red globules ofthe blood. Its preparations closely analogous ín medical effects. Unites tonic and astringent properties. Employed chiefly in reference to the former. Perceptible effects. In small doses, improves the appeflte—promotes digestión—favours more complete chylification, thus rendering the stools less frequent and more solid—ren- ders the blood redder and more coagulable—invigorates the whole nutritive process— renders the pulse rather more frequent and firmer, and increases general warmth—said to act as an astringent on the portal circle and spleen—causes black stools. Influence on the nervous system—not immediate like that of quinia, but gradual— possibly through increased organic actions. Tendency ofthe uterine system. Long used, induces a plethoric state with tendency to innammations and hcmorrhage. "-oiAyirtr^'tz^jr 7-i_- ántyAAXXa «V^-^t^^ ^rvex¿¿T (y ayt4A-~iyT.~zzz^ *A¿yu^¿yT-~zzyKy yLzX ¿¿-¿yzíAX ¿xzzt^éíey a^. ¿%z y-y4—*. - - X *..* _. - V — S m££*— /TvtS-Ixíjl-. _ __ y*%**&^, ^—. >-»_ ^^ Jy£**~*^>& Zm^x^T a5V.v^_- X£t-*A£y &£<- -r~9-jr~~¿í?*+. c4A^c^f ycy^zy^<*^^**-^^?X**yy~ z*~yz^.yzy^y. ^yM^áyy^ ¿. ~~-<£x. ¿A»- y^AL.^ *¿y~y£A~yfy ^y<¿¿ ^y^^. j^y* o¿c^*^. *^^--tyXc~y**~*yL—^ -¿J/ ' y • y /f? x- x * ^yC'" *u+ */ ¿y 4pAXli~ *- *7yc*<*\. ¿*¿*¿ áX*y*~<~y >0€~us¿tXyc^y XAuZU £¿^£y(/£ dyuiXo A£Ajfc: ¿u^ ¿.¿Xyyu^-v^ t^^y £L''¿C-LXczí* ^t^^^t^" y *!*..<>- L . 2*4¿ fc*^>^ í^uXuyccXy^. #£. yuuyyr- xLx-01** **+~ L. tXu^yÓK ^yLc^Ayayx -wj £ó ¿<« £ a^xy cy~ t^cXa^ 1**-^ *-*> *^^^*yá. yX^il <>¿ '*yyXiA-%yy£ *r££Xx~ -~. cSe^y ¿yAy.^ ^^4*^,^ *¿*yisAu aXlXL ¿t>-X(rt~%AtXf aJxXutyX^y-' -¿yííyXe^r-iryjj ÍAnyAíZ^^ji^Xy Oy¿«yéZyXks 0h£*+y h*y£~ f¿y¿ZZ^a ~ <*Xy£*y*Ay v^ur-UZZ, J*~ tv<*-¿Z. <^aytc^Xy£Arx^ y0n~vyb-^ ÁA^u, A abx^ljj Jbu£,¿L \¿ cCfy¿^ faU- ^Wv í-uf £t' Au fiPhy X AaA^L- . zf^r- tTArs^q '¿)&l ¿**£ A^íu^ X-¿XZ+>ir£> ** (A &yL>c*~+.4¿¡u - •¿¿¿¿cAy ¿c*Xu£, >É¿<^w*^'(> K±yX+At ¿»- y-xzy« 4-ÍAyLy X. "'-Xa M£ %y yy y/rA~t_.e*y:. xyyyiXyyy ■zyAo^yrr^. ^ &ZA-1 ^y ^yíy«<4y ¿^ yuy~Á-JíZ x ^Xyzyyy, x^a¿^. x*zy5y«^. (tXy~XLza£ X^y£ i^ AAzy¿ xy¡r áv¿ty&z~ — ix^^yyz^y^ z, yzy~yy^y/ /Zy~~ ay A.-XA¿l<**yC¿l <*^ Aiy-rzy^ fc >XíL^«yX s-XAy¿y ¿L ¿Xz &~sry x ¿y+yX^ ^^^yy^y^y ^y^¿)** syey+XLyy. ccX/X XLyty^y c*y£C^ ™ yA^zA^^ ^^ytzr ¡yy^y ¿_ yX^y ¿>yryy 'h^y^yAyyXyX As - A-^/Azr £ía*Al+~. yysziLX-y^y ><^y¡r¿i y-cty^yzzyayyXX£ XAyaXZcirixy AA££ Jr-i^f (A- Ac^Ou^r OáXA^ *^y ¿K u< aaZ+ A-y^r t'., *t r ^/C^y££ C¿Ay ¿JyX£ A^yy x*-^, y ^yyj^^xy^ ¿yy, #t^ cAXX'*^-^Jg&¿£^«^ ~t¿t*,Ay z'^tyXy.—^ ^i^^y^yyyA^yy-^c^zyU^^ ^ X^^a^xy^y^y^r^ &yXt^y. yXx£¿ ¿x^-*y„y zy ¿¿¿AyAu y A^yíA^y /■ z* r í~z*y(zA*yy«v^-£ t*-* **~-~ -*y*e-X*,*-tr¿ziy y-^y ^*yy Ayy^iy^i^yZn, y tyt*4*. y*. X£ X ¿Azl, ayizXí íx.y^o y y ( 19 ) Used in dyspepsia without inflammation, and in all complaints consequent upon or sus- tained by debility of stomach. Also in chronic diseases of general debility, and particularly when associated with disorders of menstruation. In amenorrhoea when not attended with excitement. In deficient sanguification. In various nervous affections, as neuralgia and epilepsy. Acts probably through the médium of the circulation. Numerous preparations—unnecessarily multiplied. y^ *"H Uncombined- iron not destitute of activity. Possibly oxidized in the stomach. Used in the form of Jilings—ramenta ferri. Mode of purifying. Dose, 5 to 20 grains. Scales ofiron. Squamte ferri. Mode of preparing—chemical nature—mode of purifying —colour of the powder—mode of preparing the powder—dose, 5 to 20 grains. Prepared Carbonate of Iron.—Ferri Corbonas Prceparatus, U.S.—Rust of iron.— Rubigo ferri. Mode of preparing—chemical nature—colour—taste—insolubility in water. Uses and dose the same as those of the following. Precipitated Carbonate of Iron.—Ferri Corbonas Prcecipitatus, U. S. Mode of preparing )V V —chemical changes and nature. Form—colour—taste—smell—insolubility in water— solubility in water with carbonic acid. .On.e_ of the best .chalybeateg», Preferable to the preceding. Mild and effectual. Dose, 5 to 20 grains, in pill or powder—in neuralgic cases from gss. to .^j. 3 times a day and gradually increased. Protocarbonate of Iron.— Valléis Ferruginous Pilis. Mode of preparing—chemical y y composition—influence of saccharine matter in their preservation. Advantages over other A A chalybeates. Dose. S"._\. ' ' "% > ' Xfr U 'i:',., i¡ /<. .'■/>..».- ¡ Sulphate of Iron.—Ferri Sulphás, U.S.—Green vitriol—in commerce copperas. Mode : of preparing—chemical nature—colour ofcrystals—taste—effects of exposure—solubility in water—insolubility in alcohol—effects of exposure on the solution—effects of heat—colour and'form of the dried sulphate. Incompatibles. Medical uses. Unsafe in large doses— effects of over doses. Dose ofthe crystallized, from 1 to 5 grains—ofthe dried, from \ grain . to 3 grains, 3 or 4 times a day. If given in pills, the dried preferred—reason of this. Com- j pound mixture of iron. Mistura Ferri Composita, U. S. Uses. c? * -A~ ' Tincture of the Muríate of Iron.— Tinctura Ferri Muriatis, U.S. Mode of preparing— chemical nature—form—colour—odour—taste—incompatibles—medical uses. Dose, 10 to 30 minims, 3 or 4 times a day. Tartrate of Iron and Potassa.—Ferri et Potassa Tartras, U. S. Mode of preparing— '""" chemical nature—form—colour—taste. Solubility in water—effects of exposure. A mild chalybeate. Dose, 10 to 30 grains. Phosphate of Iron. Ferri Phosphas, U. S. Mode of preparing—chemical nature—form , —colour—insolubility in water—medical uses. Dose, 5 to 10 grains. ^ Iodide of Iron. Mode of preparing. Used in a solid form and in solution. Latter usual- ly preferred. Effects of exposure on solution, and mode of obviating. Particular application. Dose, in substance, 2 to 5 grains. Besides these chalybeates, the Ferrocyanate of iron, Acétate of iron, Ammoniated iron, and Tartrate of iron, are sometimes used. COPPER.—CUPRUM. U. S. ¡¿ ,:■ In small quantities, the preparations of copper have little sensible effect on the system. It may be inferred, from their effects in disease, that they exercise a general tonic influence, which is extended especially to the nervous system. In larger quantities they act as poi- eons. It is probable that, in this case, their action is local, consisting, according to the amount taken, of irritation, inflammation, or disorganization of the part acted on. It is doubtful whether they can be introduced into the system by way of absorption in quantities large enough to prove greatly detrimental, without producing at the same time dangerous or fatal local disorganization. Henee in the administration of copper, it is necessary to guard chiefly against inflammation of the stomach and bowels. It is not certainly determined whether copper, in the metallic state, has any influence on the system. Cases are recorded in which little or no injury has resulted—others in which it has proved detrimental. It is probable that, in the latter cases, it was oxidized, or formed saline combinations in the stomach. Poisonous effects from copper vessels in cookery—from mineral-water fountains. The following preparations are officinal in this country;— Sulphate of copper.—Cupri Sulphás, U.S.—Blue vitriol. Mode of preparation—charac- ter ofthe crystals—colour—effects of exposure—chemical nature—solubility in water—in- solubility in alcohol—colour ofthe solution—taste—effects of heat—incompatibles. Effects in modérate doses on the system—on the stomach—poisonous effects—appear- ance on dissection—treatment—antidote—therapeutical application, both internally and externally. Dose, one quarter of a grain, 2, 3, or 4 times a day, gradually increased, and omitted or reduced when irritation of stomach is occasioned. Given in pill. ( 20 ) Ammoniated Copper.—Cuprum Ammoniatum, U.S. Mode of preparation—phenomena and rationale of the/process—chemical nature-—colour—odour—taste—solubility in water —incompatibles. «_•■■' , Therapeutical applications. Dose, half a grain twice a day, gradually increased. ZINC—ZINCUM. U.S. The preparations of zinc are mild tonics, thought to have an especial direction to the nervous system. They are similar to the preparations of copper, but much less energetic. Zinc in the metallic state is inactive. ¿4 ■ '.. Viv ' '•• '■• •' ■■..,:>■■ Z ■ - . Sulphate of Zinc—Zinci Sulphás, 17. S.— White vitriol. Mode of preparing—chemical composition—shape and colour of the crystals—taste—solubility in water and alcohol— effects of exposure—effects of heat—incompatibles. Effects on the system and on the stomach—effects of over doses. Therapeutical applica- tions, internal and external. Dose as a tonic, from halfa grain to 2 grains, in pill or solu- tion. As a local application, used in solutions, containing, when applied to mucous surfaces, from 1 to 2 grains to the fluidounce—when to cutaneous eruptions, from 5 to 10 grains— when to ulcers, in order to change the action of their surface, from 10 to 20 grains. With acétate of lead as an external application—proportions, 2 grains of sulphate and 3 grains of acétate to f^j. of water—chemical changes. Acétate of zinc sometimes used in the puré state—1 or 2 grains to f^j. of water. Oxide of Zinc.—Zinci Oxidum, U.S. Mode of preparation—form—colour—odour—taste —relations to water and alcohol—effects on exposure. Therapeutical applications, internal and external. Dose, 5 grains. Ointment officinal under the ñame of Unguentum Zinci Oxidi, U. S. Uses. Impure Oxide of Zinc.— Tutty.— Tutia. Used in the form of ointment. Carbonate of Zinc.—Zinci Corbonas, U. S.—Calamine. Source—preparation—chemical nature—form—colour—taste—relation to water. Used externally in the form of cerate— Turneas cerate. Ceratum. Zinci Carbonatis, U. S. Applications. BISMUTH.—BSIMUTHUM. U.S. / a ; Sub-nitrate of Bismuth.—Bismuthi Subnitras, U.S.—White oxide of bismuth.—Magistery of Bismuth. Mode of preparation—chemical nature—form—colour—taste—smell—effects on the system—local effects of over doses. Therapeutical applications—effect on the stools. Dose, 3 to 10 grains in powder or pill. SIL VER.—ARGENTUM. U.S. i 7 ' Nitrate of Silver.—Argenti Nitras, U. S.—Lunar caustic. Mode of preparing it—chemical nature—forms in which it is kept in the shops—consistence—colour—fracture—solubility in water and alcohol—taste of the diluted solution—effects of light—effects of heat—incom- patibles—influence of common salt. Effects on the system—effects on the stomach—poisonous effects—proofs of absorption —effects on the skin—explanation—effects when externally applied. Therapeutical appli- cations. Dose, an eighth of a grain, 3 times a day, gradually increased to 3 or 4 grains. Caution necessary. Given in pill. Mode of preparing the pill—treatment in cases of over doses— antidote. Several preparations of gold have been used, but not generally adopted. Complaints to which they have been applied. SULPHURIC ACID.—ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. U.S. : Formerly oil of vitriol. Not used in its concentrated state. Incompatibles. Effects on the system. In small doses sufnciently diluted, increases the appetite, pro- motes digestión, and acts at the same time as a general astringent and refrigerant. Larger doses occasion uneasiness or pain in the stomach—still larger, inflammation or disorgani- zation. Concentrated, a violen! corrosive poison. Mode of treatment and antidotes. Remedial applications, internal and external. Used in the following forms. Diluted Sulphuric Acid.—Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum, U.S. Preparation—sensible properties—much diluted when taken—swallowed through a quill. Dose, 10 to 30 drops, 3 times a day, or more frequently, in fgiij. or f^iv. of plain or sweetened water. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid.—Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum, U. S.—Elixir of vitriol. Preparation—colour—odour—taste. More used than the preceding. Dose and mode of administration the same. Ointment of Sulphuric Acid. Made in the proportion of £j, of acid to !§j. of lard. Mutual decomposition. Applied in scabies and other eruptions. NITRIC ACID.—ACIDUM NITRICUM. 17. S. ¿ Directed in the Pharmacopceia of sp. gr. 1.5, but never so strong in the shops. Two 1 yy^fa-i~**±^AT1_iizzz£*ytZ*cy yXAtyyyLyíyZ-cZ^yy^^y aZ^y ¿u*^*y^ ^'x^Ayy^ ¿~ ~ yy /T\y^nzU^yy- o^y^yty ^^rr^vc^^^__&c*^*<^ ¿cry-*yA X. yy£y*. p'Ay^^^yyuy-MzX^A~ %~ c^yí¡t^t.yy^ yyyi^-A^,^ X*y ^y^ytz-^y£yayy/^ Az-z¡ ¿zzzz yy, (h-^-r-yiyLyíy^, ¿^*S %^.¿ ArZ^t, C* /¿^tTíVx^xi^x yX^tyy.7y AlcZ 1^X~¿f ¿¿y(>A' &Z¡CA9yc^Ot^y¿cr *. y£C *-Zfzzyy'<*~*^-6yíj ' 7 ^mr'yí+y-y <*~- ¿**-J-^*-m^yy' ylluy-X o<~?--rt/tZZ ¿2y¿y 4Í&ZI X t~t4 At ^ A-^£-f <¿yyyc ¿A ¿<^*-yL¿y/- a ^z£> ¿zXyAi) Ky^t-t^ X<- uí^^zyOy v- í¿ ^y^i^ n~yz iA-<-y*-*~yy ~—¿^fAAy^Ax.y¿z\ yAZ*yr**-*yi*-^-~ ^a-cA~~o^ A.-^4*z*^t4Z<^ *.¿y¿y-+¿¿.¿i^ zz^^y^y*....'... u*te-¿¿¿~y »"*y~ éX^y^yXy.^ ^¿^-^XcyyZy ^u^J^yy^^unz^z. uA^t=yz^.yu*.¿?^yzz^ tt: ¿jX^^- **■ y*X- y ¿i^zy -á- a^yy>XayX*Zy^y~ ^At^y^ ¿^¿z: <^-Z ívya/x ¿ \^/7Ác£^_ ZzyyX ^. azyZDyrZy?,^, ?yx*yXy Z>yy~£ xyy —X^^ y>~¿L¿yZ~^<.yjC ^yy.^yz^ <*^yL*-yzu^ Ox¿^^^_^„_Ajíy . y _y - x_ ^.<^-l-^>-l^¿_, y^y ^^yyéyy^^Cy ¿y X-íiyít~ yAy£yyCy tU+^r-rAj-*- m y X, --4-y^.yZ.íj A- ÁA^yr-ry->-~c»yy-y-v^-<^j^ £y*+y^-r-^¿yCj u~ yy^-t^^. ¿yy~¿^y-yziz<^y^ * w¿la.Aí^í///¿^/^s s~^yz- is-zy,^-^,^ czzzz*yy^t^t'TsL^y fp^^y-yC al ¿yxyu~ *y<-A<^^(>/^x^^ frAí^¿*yí>xxXyyeA^~c¿t^ yyZ-y^ Xcy/^^-^-^c ^3u> £y>-yiA^ycZyycZ) (ó <*x*t-x4y^-í'V^¿ Cy-i*yr*c ' «-' <-Z <'--*- yr—yifts. uZ-r ^f^~ »'y ^f-v^^^^^^^VLZí) Xuytcyy zzi^T-^yy^, x **i¿¿(h£ ¿t zzu^s u¿ ¿- Xf^i^ y. ¿^ ^.-^ zyc^e^^y^y~-^ XA/íAfot^yzX , Xy^y/ > Az tycXXzZi^viy , ^ y y flU^ O-LtyU. /Zyiíy~- Zyt—C-*Z-.¿ZU; ^-^~ Z^tZy' ^l-X^yct-*— ¿^- ¿X^ ¿2za Auzz~¿AA-^y-j ^¿y^y^y^y^- ¿¿y^yí^y^ yc^TZ^zzz^^^^^f y^'^y ^x^aa£^~ ¡T-^.^t>tyZrLyc^.u¿^y ¿¿yyyj ¿cyi*^ aízz. A^uyi^^yy^yAyÁ-t^c-eZ. ^*yAy¿t yye*uyziy~í. y .xy -A-ec*^.^y ¿■¿^v.-^tzz y-^í. í-x">V-' y^t—y^yZtAy{y *yf ^¿Zy----¿4 A*- tüAycZAcCyyy C#y? ¿•aybZux, A^yZtZi^, •-^í~~ci-3-^*Z . jAfseXz s^y/iw-^"""^ /fc ^zc^v yA~L cy^. ^c- *^»-^y'^^- ¿*yt£Z^i~y^ ■^**? íUr-ftyyf_ny Óy^Aftyyc^-ey yu ÁtAytyt. ¿AZX¿yfz¿2^X0^ -*zr>¡y^c^ ía^yyAyyc^yH^yAiy ¿ ^ Afcz~yX-^y-j ^¿ty^yry^ yy^-rU<^. ¿¿y^yí^y^ ^ct«7Zzzz.£^¿í^/y^'^'Xy TtiXz^a^AA ¿f-X .^££t^-~ ^£^ykxX£ >i£Arayi ^yZy^t^AiZci^yXy ^ y y "~"~■"""-"■"~™~■"■"■"~^—«;-. U^i*y y^^X^y ¿Aa-¡/-2^ ¿i~tiyX~ Cf-v-yZ* AtZy eyyy%y^ ^^i^ty-í^yy^y-'y^PxAy^-tZo ¿*-e-Z) oA-~yS7 rfAtL*. *y zu ^4ATytyiyrr- 'VuV*-/i.-t«v CU., /*-/t^ eXrv A^, A^-cu. r-^fu^.^ ^ cAi%yXéZr->yiyL¿. tri^y éyi-iZíz£y^? .wv-rT-yx,¿w Aí'u^, y^y^yy^jz^ yy-Aír¿o-^caXuv^ tfc, *¿AAir¡z*a^y^ '^'iMi VfZZ -A'ZZaJ &- ihAy y, Xy,y y z. X /c • X xxy y */f ¿XZyf^ ^yét^y*. -tt£LÁy~^<~yAXy y^y7AtyAXyy£^ZA^*^y^ @4HiyZL££Xf¿y >~yy¿ix cLe-h* A y^(/£XZ / v f)y - y y ( ai ) forms in the shops, distinguished as nitric and nitrous acids. The former colounless or slightly yellowish—the latter of a deep orange. The latter consists of nitric acid with some deutoxide of nitrogcn, and by dilution is converted into nitric acid—therefore as taken is not different from the former. Incompatibles. Effects on the system, those of a tonic and refrigerant. Concentrated, a corrosive poi- Bon. Treatment of the poisonous effects. Therapeutical applications. Dose of the strong- est acid, 2 to 5 minims in a wineglassful or more of water, which it renders decidedly but agreeably sour. The acid often weak in the shops. Its strength judged of by its taste when diluted. Dose gradually increased—if too large, produces cramps in the stomach. Hopeas mixture of nitrous acid, camphor water, and laudanum, given in dysentery, diar- rhoea, and cholera infantum. External use of nitric acid, diluted or in the form of oint- ment. It should never be given in silver. MURIATIC ACID.—ACIDUM MURIATICUM. U.S. ". Mode of preparing the officinal acid—form—colour—specific gravity—odour—taste when diluted. Incompatibles. Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. Dose, 5 to 20 drops, in f¿iij. or f§iv. of sweetened water, frequently repeated. In gargles, fgj. to fjvj. of water. NITROMURIATIC ACID.—ACIDUM NITROMURIATICUM. Mode of preparing—chemical changes—composition of the resulting fluid. Proofs that reaction has take^n place. Adv.antage of adding sulphuric acid when the nitric and muri- atic are feeble. tó A> A- .£ f.:.*f~yj f;x,., ■ u** trt. '■ < ■■ " ¿*'j..- ,-.''.< Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. Dose, 2 to 10 drops; 3 or 4 times a day, in sufficient water—to be graduahy increased as the stomach will bear it. Modes of external application—in wooden vcssels. Strength for external use, f^j. to Cong. j. for bath —fgij. to Cong. j. for footbath. Temperature 96° F. Water of chlorine—nature—therapeutical applications. Chlorine itself inhaled in affec- tions of the chest. Great dangei from its incautious use. It should always be very largely diluted with atmospheric air. ( 22 ) CLASS III. ARTERIAL STIMULANTS. General Observations. Medicines which excite the circulation, with little comparative influence on the nervous Bystem. Applicable to cases of great prostration, when sufficient energy of system remains to sustain it at the point to which it may be elevated. Much care is requisite in their use even in cases of prostration. When this depends on external violence, as in concussion of the brain, or occurs in the first stage of acute diseases, as in the chill of fevers, caution is necessary, in consequence of the danger of the snbsequent reaction. In such cases, their internal use is to be avoided unless essential to life, and external stimulation is greatly preferable. When the debility occurs in the course of an acute disease, they may be used more freely, as there is less danger from reaction. The existence of inflammation is not always an obstacle to their use. In such a case when called for by great depression of the vital actions, more care is demanded than in the absence of inflammation. In the suppurative or gangrenous stage of inflammation, they may be used freely if called for by the symptoms. The tendency here is to health, and stimulants support the vital actions till the requisite chánges TTáve been accomplished. The number belonging to this class is very large, but most of them possess other proper- ties also, which rank them in other classes. Those only are mentioned here which are used chiefly in reference to their stimulant properties. CAYENNE PEPPER.—CAPSICUM. U.S. 7 ' ' Fruit ofthe Capsicum annuum, and other species. An annual plant, cultivated but not indigenous in this country. Character of the fruit—shape—nature of the surface—colour—internal arrangement— colour of the powder—effect of exposure—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredient, a peculiar acrid principie called capsicin, not volatile. Effects on the system—therapeutical applications. Used in substance, infusión, and tincture. Dose ofthe powder, 5 to 10 grains, given in pill—of the infusión, made with two drachms to half a pint of boiling water, f|ss.—of the tincture, f gj. or f ^ij. Mode of preparing Cayenne pepper as a gargle. OIL OF TURPENTINE—OLEUM TEREBINTHIN^E. U.S. A/ Oflp.n calletj *$??*■ rf turpf""tmf, Source and mode of preparing it. Properties—form—colour—odour—taste—specific gravity—solubility in water, alcohol and ether—chemical constitution—effects of exposure—mode of separating the resin. Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications with a view to its stimulant properties. Dose, 5 to 20 drops every half hour, hour, or 2 hours, in acute cases—2 or 3 times a day in chronic cases—to be suspended if it induce strangury. Best given in emulsión with gum Arabic, loaf sugar, and cinnamon water or mint water. If it purge, laudanum may be added, when not contra-indicated by disease of the brain. PHOSPHORUS. / ' A powerful stimulant, perhaps the most powerful. Dangerous. Seldom proper to pre- scribe it. Should never be given in substance. Best administered in oleaginous or ethereal solution. Dose, one-twelfth of a grain. CARBONATE OF AMMONIA—AMMONLE CARBONAS. U.S. / Improperly called volatile alkali, as this ñame belongs to puregaseous ammonia. Mode of preparing it—properties—form as it is kept in the shops—colour—translucency—smell —taste—solubility in water and alcohol—effect on vegetable blues—precise chemical na- ture—change on exposure in appearance and composition—signs of goodness. Effects on the system. Increases the circulation and invigorates generally the vital functions, without any decided tendency to the brain. Operates upon the nervous system in general more than any other medicine placed in this class, and might be ranked with (^^ccycy^ey^t^^^-- (S^y/y**- ¿Aí^y^yyCzP'¿^^<^<^?i— /^♦ixt^^^»^ * ¿Ar ^6yi^Ay- XyyXX'A f/c&xyCX~ ¿/>-^ &v~n c ¿.AzZZ^ ^ A ^■cyXtrw nr aX< £Z «¿AÍ A . - tAA^r~t ^/¿¿íyAí^y ^caXiAXz^x ~¿<^c^y/^ Ay^A-tyyzXc^- *¿ sXyy yy u A*~-*~ **.-/ Xa-,~>-i**^ y a<-* aCX>- yp-^Cy ^¿s-yt^ycyAc-o i/Xpy- A*y¿X¿^, Xn,+y~j A* A^yzy ¿X^ y ^/^ccx **x ¿ •"■- v~i>X*£ UcXiZXh. ' XAy **- *=ct. **~- «->■ <--'- "y" A-~ — <^yX¿ ^^z^yy cX ttyyy~^A*AyX' ~ y i ~« yAy ^y - / CyUy yTi^izAzAvczXtyiy AyAXcct*^. (x^^X^^t^ v irtáy¡y^y ¿£ y£yxx^A£y a^>—xn^yAy£^ ¿^Aer-u*? y-Acy~. s~zrz~ÁurA^yyi^y-yt4.X~ íA^yyz* ^y>£ y^<.XL: >«*«^C ¿c-* ///— y-£í} . ' ■/ A. / x y X ' ■/ /■ y x .y ' r f < ' / ~y i 'i *' " >£-uy¿4A-< XA. cAy~ xXcyi /£, '7^- 7 ' x^i^^5^-^ ¿^<;f .-V^W AA-^yXy-y^ c-y'i-'-z-y^ ¿X?y, y^yf<— * *<^7~a, /xx v^^ Je^tx? CyzXAit^yfyy ~<~-*¿^^y¿z /tyz.y..eycy>^-X^— v^y-g^^-t»»^- ^ *$->.<^ 1 o. 1^. T^y t/<^C'í>^Ay ^¡y *~ t£xy yyjsXX-v^f* -^ k/*„x*>~^.y*~---t y..; y AX &'A+sy%*tyí ci..yfAtyt< y>- VHXzy>T~l«y X^^t,-*?y%^C^*. &t1yts*tyty*~W?^C' yj^-^'y X¿2yA£^ > i' /«. .s "^y~x Xy X y.y y y ¿y^ycyZZyj ¿¿£Xyz¿i y^yri^t^^ ¿A v+^y,**. y yyXí ¿£ a/-Au~XÁZ A£¿í~c ■* y~*^y\ y-Clyty^^y~*yZ ZSjr*y ¿Cy í- t-c^t^^ yzt^x. yccyn^yy^^ _ Aí^cy^yAtA ^ (Zi^y^-z^¿yzzz^ ¿f y-zyzz-r ¿*a- Ava.Aí Altz ctX^ < ^LyC\_ <-1 At^ytryty r-1 ~c x^yt^f £c*^,~r4yLy(y 3X£' xyxx ¿¿yz^A-y ( 23 ) the nervous stimulants; but its effects on the sanguiferous system are most obvious. Has some tendency to increase the secretions, particularly that from the skin and lungs. Is also antacid. Therapeutical applications. One ofthe best stimulants in low forms of fever. Reasons for its preference over others. Also used in typhoid pneumonía, rctrocedent and atonic gout, dyspepsia with acidity and without inflammation, chronic rheumatism, bites of poi- sonous animáis, intoxication, &c. Dose, 5 to 10 grains every half hour, hour, or 2 hours. Reason for such short intervals. Best administered in solution with sugar and gum to obtund its acrimony. Sometimes given in bolus. Another preparation of ammonia sometimes used as a stimulant, viz. the aromatic am- moniated alcohol; but also used for other purposes, and described elsewhere. ( 24 ) CLASS IV. NERVOUS STIMULANTS. 7- General Observations. Medicines which to the power of stimulating the heart and arteries, superadd an influence of an excitant character over the nervous system. They exhibit no especial tendency to the brain, but appear to act equally over the whole nervous system which controls the functions of relation. Their action upon the nerves is not attended with any very obvious phenomena in the healthy state. Perhaps the imagination and the mental faculties gene- rally may be somewhat excited, and the flow of spirits may be brisker. But their influence is powerfully exhibited in certain deranged conditions of the nervous system. They are applicable to all cases of this kind not connected with inflammation or arterial excitement, and particularly to such as are associated with general debility. One of the modes in which nervous derangement is exhibited is spasm. When this arises from irregular distribution ofthe nervous influence, dependent upon debility or any other cause not connected with inflammation, it may often be controlled by these medicines. Henee the ñame oí antispasmodics. Reasons for considering this an improper designation. Many other symptoms of nervous derangement besides spasm relieved by nervous stimu- lants. Among these may be mentioned morbid vigilance, restlessness, dejection of mind, hypochondriasis, and even mental derangement. It is true that all these effects are also obtained from the cerebral stimulants or narcotics; but these, in addition to their general nervous influence, act with especial energy on the brain, and on this account cannot always be given safely in cases which cali for the ner- vous stimulants. They are, besides, less powerful, as a general rule, than the latter class, in the general influence alluded to. Remarks on the modus operandi of this class of medicines. MUSK.—MOSCHUS. U.S. / Product ofthe Moschus moschiferus. Native country of this animal. Its general cha- racter and habits. Part from which the musk is obtained. Countries from which it is im- ported. Appearance externally and internally ofthe pods in which the musk is contained. Modes of adulteration, and substances with which it is adulterated. Mode of discovering adulterations. Relative valué of the commercial varieties of musk. Properties of musk as in the shops—form—consistence—colour—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol—complexity of its chemical composition—evidences of good quality —mode of keeping. Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. Given in pill, or suspended in the form of emulsión. Médium dose, 10 grains; but the dose varies from 5 grains to fij. To children often advantageously given in enema. Artificial musk. Mode "of preparing. CASTOR.—CASTOREUM. Í7. S. >' 7 Product ofthe Castor fiber or beaver. Part ofthe animal from which it is derived. Sen- sible properties. Little used. Dose in substance, 10 to 20 grains—in tincture, f 5jj. to f^ij. ASSAFETIDA.—ASSAFffiTIDA. U,S. ' Inspissated juice ofthe Férula Assafaetida—an herbaceous umbelliferous plant ofPersia. Mode in which the juice is obtained and hardened. Rout by which it is sent into the ínarket. Shape in which it is kept in the shops—consistence when fresh—effects of time on its consistence—colour externally—colour and general aspect of the fracture—effect of expo- sure on the colour—odour—taste—effects of time on the smell and taste—effects of heat— chemical nature—relations to water and alcohol—influence of water on the tincture. Active ingredients, resin and volatile oil. Z'z f."- * .'"" . " Effects on the eystem. Therapeutical applications. Dose, 5 to 20 grains or more. Given in pill or emulsión. Mixture of assafetida. Dose of the gum-resin in enema, ^ss. to 3ÍJ with Oss. of water. Dose ofthe tincture, f£j. Sometimes used externally as a plaster. a¿¿a¿>^/ ^Ay^y^y _ y[xxA *y XaÍzXj ¿y*^ ¿l*^ íA^Xétsá^, v- +yy^_ ¿tytvyáy. 0^ 0u^y^ -4^^*^ yC^y^y ¿^hr-r- ¿r ¿¿X ¿L^yy* *y y ^y^^ ^¿£> Aa-y^o ¿< ^Wc, y y,^r lyz-Xzzz^ X^y^y y£yyt*-cy, / ^_ ^y^ a-s¿aC-+*.%** QyiyS-tyt^, ¿tf ¿*t^y+**^<^ *r~ -H* 1 Xe-u^CxAxu^,,. ijrA ¿y yV , //// /U- 1a a £ y / y¿#yyXíxyy ffl£y HlÍLyA\y ¿XiyCo ~X iyj A~ r^tX 'A^CyAs^t**' ¿4+, "<■<■ ^Kt^UXy ¿u y^ X~*yy7^¿ty^ fá< Ush^AtC¿yX¿ z^J yy~L AuXXr+ytuX *Xr? ** ~ y ry . ¿<.y oH^ixzy ¿y, x^*^. ¿^¿aL-,- &¿*Aw-<*y, (X£ ]^~ *yz> ~- xr-*•-..* -v-**v-~ - y~^*~^*^y f*~Ay AfAnyáL*. ArXiyx- haa yy^z >c y^xx^yy, *Xy xA£y£ yy+xAL ¿^v ✓> Xw*c%*£+s ** ¿X^uLi^yc Ux¿Xy^yA<¿*<- ^Auí^^^yX-£&**, ¿^22^^; íj /^X£.^.X^y^ ~y ¿<~*£C'LA?^+t ^t -A-'y[y £^c^-c^*u^yí AÍ¡^s^^aAt^X^y^ ■f" >.-' ^xt^o-^-^ ¿ey*£yAX¿—^ A i *y^y *^XtyCyt ¿X¿¿ (Z y-i c*. * j ¿X¿¿A< > Ayy - +a ' .*-á.yZy* -a* Xyj£^ A£L y t z£h* Xf£ ¿r Xr^-r^^ yuXXZ. «yXcy ¿*-XyL £r - AA. , ^ ¿ \ _ ^ *~**-'>''*íi.yJtS< &Áy^*- A y L ■ y.- / A-, / y V. í x^v y C J'yA-Zfj- y ¿rz-m-tct-J yc¿Ai-n *~<~¿<¿*-*5¿ %- f y~Xs« p~^ \^?y «zt&t**Ti ,¿y ¿fas yX-<-*<.y. — />7- ,}-y <*.'■<. ri-y Xa-~<~^-^?~ yy&AAtZs^ ¿o~"«» *2y£-z£iy¿Aiyty o*- zé Xy:,ty^:<íz£Ay £z?>n. y,~ ¿?k, XyaAfc^ceTíyXA--¿at ¿^yyr-nyy^Xr££,AArryy^ t, I .1 / A AY Xz.'in. "~*7 AtXít- Af-HAfA^An^. <4rAtyA xícx?^ y ?XX^*^yp-T^£yzzzy^ j/ít<.r^ yuAr.y »X.c -yycyi^zxy ¿^cyif^^^ y/v<^ yx- t*-f ¿¿yizyty^- £ yyy¿*++y á<.r yzZfZycZ^íM XAzz zi^A^ ±^y a^^ ^¿^f<^*.¿- ¿v^xa^A- ^ y\^y y^y*^ /t2yy££X~r '^- ^^ ¿yf+y*, ¿<- - A£y+¿ x . yX+t y y ^ k yyy,_ y XX x ... ' tyr-C-í ±.-XyZe~y ¿ ItJíVy-^ XAy^ ¿>~Zi. V tt-Xc-X'yi ^y£ /*-% ¿A£.ZvX l^f ¿X~ .,-W. ¿A^Xy^ ry^^^. y ^^~A{z~aCJ£^:£Á^ y & (?2yU~~AAy ¿2^*1^. *¿ A/ -'á t^X.-rXi JTf UaX^X y¿ zAjy^., yXt^zjy yyit'+^^zAa-yrr- ¿a- ^ y^t—^^^.^^ y^^xtzo*- yyXtz AAxrx yyy/ AX^ ^/H' "^v y ~tí~<*~-A£r ¿yzX^zt y^t;. ^ /^y/ \£z» > <--Av-C4s. ~- <-^íZA^-cy ¿ytXA-u^- /jv ¿2yAA¿-r>-z<.zzAz ^yey(^AZty£ - yQ, -y?yy£-/y>lt y 7o" •*xyy + aZti X«yy z^^-^.__^xxzz~~xXr x*■'<■ •.'"■■■•' : •" '■ ' . - • ' OIL OF AMBER—OLEUM SUCCINI. U.S. ; Origin of amber—shape—size of pieces—translueeney—colour—fracture—nature of the surface—taste—odour—relations to water and alcohol—effects of heat—produets of dis- tillation. Mode of preparing oil of amber—appearance of the impure oil—mode of purifying. Consistence of the puré oil—colour—odour—taste—effects of heat—■relations to water and alcohol—effects of exposure. Effects upon the system. Therapeutical applications, internal and external. Dose, from 5 to 15 drops, in emulsión. Various other vegetable produets exert a stimulant influence over the nervous system. Among them are the following;— A y GARLIC.—ALLIUM. U. S. Much used externally to relieve or obviate spasm, and / to allay nervous irritation. The bruised bulbs applied in poultices to the feet, and with hot brandy as a lotion to the spine, chest, and abdomen. Treated of more fully in another place. - TEA and COFFEE also, together with tonic and astringent properties, possess those of a powerful stimulant to the nervous system. Effects upon the system. Therapeutical applications. p^SKUNK CABBAGE.—DRACONTIUM. U. S. Root of the Symplocarpus fcetidus. i An indigenous plant. Place of growth—character of the plant—odour of the recent root— ' effects of time and exposure—influence on the system—therapeutical application. V ■< z S> y i ( 26 ) CLASS V. CEREBRAL STIMULANTS. General Observations. Medicines which, with a stimulating influence over the circulation and the general ner- íous system, conjoin a peculiar determination to the brain. Called narcotics from the stu- por which they produce in large doses. Reason for abandoning the oíd class of narcotics. The only points of resemblance between individuáis composing the class of cerebral stimu- lants, are those mentíoned in the definition. In all other respeets they differ more or les3 from one another. They differ in the degree of their power, in the relative degree to which they affect the different systems or organs respectively, in the precise manner of affecting these systems or organs, and in their several local tendencies. Illustrations of these state- ments. The different character of the cerebral symptoms produced by the different indi. viduals,is partly perhaps ascribable to a direction to different parts ofthe brain. Illustrations. Cerebral stimulants, like all others, are followed by prostration proportionate to the pre- vious excitement. Caution is requisite not to confound this prostration, which is a secon- dary effect ofthe medicine, with that apparently sedative influence upon certain functions which attends its primary action. Explanation. In very large doses, the cerebral stimulants exert a less stimulant influence over the cir- culation, and a greater energy of action on the brain, which they disable from receiving and transmitting due impressions. Life is destroyed by the cessation of respiration con- sequent upon the want of cerebral influence. Proofs of this fact. Suggested that these medicines may act partly through the médium of the brain and nerves, partly in consequence of absorption and entrance into the circulation. Perhaps the different symptoms produced by them in different stages of their action may be ascribed partly to this cause. They produce their peculiar effects on the system to whatever part they may be applied. Their influence is diminished by habit more rapidly than that of any other class of medi- cines. Having no corrosive power, and in many instances no decided tendency to excite local inflammation, they may be given, in gradually increasing doses, till an enormous amount may be taken at one time with present impunity. It is necessary gradually to in- crease their dose in order to obtain from them the same impression. When the suscepti- bility to one is lost or very much diminished, another of analogous properties may be ad- vantageously substituted. These medicines require to be given with caution. Besides the immediate danger of an overdose, they produce, when long continued, conditions of system which often result fatally. They wear out healthy susceptibility, and consequently produce ultimately a state of gene- ral debility, while, by the over excitement of particular organs, they give rise to local in- flammation. As therapeutical agents, they are more powerful than any other class in supporting the system under a temporary failure of its powers. Reason for this stated. They may be made to act as substitutes for the purely nervous stimulants, by reducing the dose, as in this way their general influence over the nervous system is obtained, with less of their ac- tion on the brain. Illustrations of this fact. Difference in their mode of action, in cases of nervous disorder, as nervous stimulants and cerebral stimulants. Different ñames given to the medicines belonging to this class, in reference to different effects which they produce. Thus they are called narcotics from the stupor they occasion, anodynes from their influence in relieving pain, and soporifics or hypnotics from. their ef- fect in inducing sleep. ALCOHOL. Product of vinous fermentation. Explanation of this process. Different fermented liquors. Distillation of these affords the spirituous or dístilled liquors. Proof spirit. Dif- ferent spirituous liquors. Proportion of alcohol in these liquors. By redistillation, officinal alcohol of sp. gr. .835 obtained. Alcohol cannot be obtained entirely puré by distillation. Absolute alcohol not used in medicine. Officinal alcohol or rectified spirit contains 15 per cent, of water. Uses of officinal alcohol in pharmacy and medicine. Diluted alcohol of the AXcyx X.Á f* (- íZZZ *Xz+ a/,¿ t_ y r xj<(íy -yAr y- AjyLyyXi4¿~ /c; r xA^/^rs x^ ^yy y,^ x ^ a¿x/» a . / / uy^í % ^yy^zzfy ^-*-^^ -~- yy ^y y,. yy.yyAyx^+y^ ^ <7^cXiyX.A*¿5zes>^ ^ ^y^yx-^Xz. tyá ■ '&7n*yXX^t yty/yiyyysy£y~ ¿*a-tXXz¿7_ -Xc^yc^ yr /«v/4**-^*— - yXyt uu^A^L ¿L o^^l/ yyXy Áy^y AAA-XycXA yA-*y1 y~ X- -' ■/*■ t^>~^Xtyf A^y íA*.'<**-< Aí¿T/ '***- •-*• <.■«- —»—-*y •»**«. yy^yX, ,^£,y<. y^/y y ,**./,* .>/,'_ /jr_A..sX z^y. y&'¿~y*yAy' i! i^,w/ A^^~<£ Ay ÍÁX ¿L^ - /y XXA^/yX^Xy y^yyXyy.^y 'XX Aity c*yZ^^yzz yy /£/ /^yy y^-c^y/A.y xy^y ¿*y^y¿, y y- / >A 2 v y Za &/A L - y¿~ x¿ - ^^ ^ y^^ y^yzzz ¡! y,— * *.^ .J^jZxLsC £ at o^y^xy^yX^^Xy -^y^yy \xyy^^y __&yt>>-~¿, ***.. ¿A^^yzAj zéa^~yy ^ Xy^^yy^ ; jy^yyx. ¿yy £ aXzz ^«r^yy, X^Ah^-^AX-^ ¿^y XX t^zz'Ai^Lyl.^y yy->.~y^*y zyX^yity cy^-+yy~XA*^- -*^~ ¡ iX^ty^ ¿jyy y^^^yy^ ^^y~^yyy. ¿y cy~ ayt^r-0~*~£ZZ &tZy y..Y A*-y -*-Y-/>»-. ly,-tZr^-. Az XS^y. aJ't** Xzx A , j- f /*- XyyXcz^^y /xWv^ y^y^yy, j^^Xyy ¡^ ^y£ Myy xzc y'A ^/y- M Xiy '«AXzy ¿yyy^y &x~y AXz ^AX*y~ *yi£yy a^^ £*yyzz*^ /^y.,^, y^y^y ¿XAí£/aZ c^tt/-iy^, A A¿ ty¿z x. • " / yf yX - .A o_ X a/ A. Xx . y.y^r^^zz,yXyz^^y \¿¿*iy ^ ¿ty yyr~jyy~~^~yuyA~Xf,.v^¡) kaAaxz *- xfayyy' ^^y- ¿z^A/frAy^ AAyíx^^y Ay- AXt+^y y*..~A¿&iy^ Xrx¿*yyX v*yyX a^yyy y*-ry**-~iy-y : X *y-"y/ eAX*~—. ¿yy£ ^^ #-** az ¿r*yy yy AA£ AtAy ^ít^^c z~^jLy_ '/7t y^-y y -y fií-is Ay¿£ ^yX^yz yXXr y ítyyyyy y r *Ly£ziZ) ¡yXy^j^yy, Xry/yA^ * *y ¿y iAy¿AyLz^y ¿i^^l^^.W.y^^^- ?*x. ^^~~^~ *i /£- A^ii^ /^*>-M^/. Xíz. y^~-*yt.i^iy x-^y^t^yt^^^. ¿y, yy ^^i^ytA ¿A-r -.. 1^4 ¿íc S-Xrr~ X^yy^v^-^Z^y '^r- ¿?<3- eyAy •*-»-»^^- A-tZZ.AZ£Zrr ^yyXy, ^-ct>AL«.A^ct-yyy A^?y£*XyZA<^-/ Jiyy,ty /-A.Z < yiu4~ y a » Z // y*.J-A Akl^AX UAy^^^y.-^tzzA^ ÁU**-¿(- éAxis^z.í Jy >^*j"£~ *AXyi~^ ¿y ^Zy^tzzi yL£^ £. ^t+yy^ ice- ¿yXuyfX. X^yx^^-"^ v ¿*- AAíZi+y^yz *^a-~y-ey(>-Azz<-y -^TA^yltA«yfyyt££í AZi lí^^Ú; A «^u^y-ir-yj **~ y^^r*y~rAyr-,y-iA^ ^^A^y£^_^ ^ ¿Z^r'-f. ¿Xy>Lf AAlZ S ytyféZZ-AyCtAyX £ £if A^-r-yAZZ TT A%Zl XpzA?inr~iAyyZty y-tí-/-*yA$~ Unyiyiy>y^t*X:'ZinAJ> ^y v~Ay*-&y A¡Z~ tZfiz X*~y< X¿- — y-tAm t- •■':*. t AZAZlKA £Z f-frf ~tl-Uy**yliZÁ . X^T-yHyyAíZ^( ^^AZ^y^tyryf^^yj ^ ¿3¿y 4-Cy€*yÓZZ¿~lyZ Ay^yy^ ( 27 ) Pharmacopceia consists of equal measures of officinal alcohol and water. Uses of diluted alcohol. Importance of knowing whether a tincture is prepared with alcohol or diluted alcohol. Distilled liquors sometimes used internally. Brandy preferred. Circumstances which justify its employment. External use. Fermented liquors generally preferable as stimulants. Reasons for this preference. Wines. Origin and composition. Proportion of alcohol existing in them. Madeira, Teneriffe, or Sherry, generally preferable as stimulants; Port wine, when an astringent is indicated. Disadvantages ofthe light wines. Wine whey. Mode of preparation. Uses. Mode of preparing spiced wine. Uses. Malt liquors. Peculiarity of composition. Under what circumstances preferable to wine. Porter or ale better than beer. Therapeutical applications of alcoholic liquors. Evidences of their favourable and un- favourable action. SULPHURIC ETHER.—.ETHER SULPHURICUS. U.S. 7 Z. ," Mode of preparation. Process for purification. Called, when purified, rectified sulphuric ether. Form—colour—specific gravity—taste—odour—facility of evaporation—effects of eva- poration—point of ebullition—inflammability—practical caution—relations to water and alcohol. ^ Effect^Pn the system. Consequences of its inhalation. Therapeutical applications. Dose, from f^ss. to fgj. with sweetened water. Mode of incorporating it with water by means of spermaceti. Mode of inhaling the vapour Circumstances under which it may be usefully inhaled. External uses of ether. Spirit of Sulphuric Ether. A mixture of ether and alcohol—officinal—seldom used. Compound Spirit of Sulphuric Ether. Anodyne Liquor of Hoffmann, or more briefly, Hoffmann's Anodyne. Mode of preparation. Odour. Mode of ascertaining its genuine- ness. Therapeutical uses. Dose, from 30 drops to f3j. in a wineglassful of sweetened water or mucilage. OPIUM. h A ¿_> Concrete juice of the capsule of the Papaver somniferum, and probably also the P. orién- tale. General character of the poppy. Varieties, black and white poppy. Where culti- vated. Shape and size of the mature capsules—consistence—internal structure—taste—uses— modes of preparation. Seeds destitute of narcotic properties. Fixed oil obtained from them. Uses of the oil. Countries in which the poppy is cultivated for the sake of opium. Mode of obtaining opium. Whence imported into the United States. Commercial varieties of opium. Smyrna opium generally used. Smyrna opium. Shape and size of the masses—external appearance—consistence—co- lour of the surface—colour when broken—fracture in the soft and perfectly dry state— odour when broken—relative valué. Constantinople opium. Shape ofthe pieces—relative valué. Egyptian opium. Shape and size—external appearance—colour—fracture—odour— quality—relative valué. Properties of opium—odour—taste—effect of long chewing—colour—mode of pulve- rizing—character of the powder—inflammability—relations to water and alcohol—signs of inferiority. Chemical constitution of opium. Most interesting ingredient, morphia. State in which this exists in opium. Narcotina, another ingredient Its form—sensible properties—effects of heat—relations to '< water, alcohol, and ether—influence of its combination with acids—effects on the system —mode of separating it from opium or morphia. Besides these principies, opium contains at least one other alkaline substance named codeia, gum, extractive, resin, caoutehouc, a volatile principie, &c. Effects of opium on the system. Duration of its primary action. Secondary effects. Influence over the secretions,"the peristaltic motion, pain, spasm, and other forms of ner- vous irritation. Effects in very large doses. Poisonous effects. Treatment of these. Pe- culiar effects of opium on certain constitutions. Therapeutical indications which it is ca- pable of answering. Contra-indications. Circumstances modifying the dose. Cases in which the medicine is best given by the rectum, or applied to the skin. Given in substance, tincture, or in the form of some preparation of morphia. When in substance, usually in the form of pill. Mode of preparing the pill. Médium dose, 1 grain. Tincture of Opium.—Tinctura Opii, U.&—Laudanum. Thebaic tincture. Advantages ( 28 ) of this form. Mode of preparation. Dose, equivalent to one grain of opium, 13 minims or 25 drops. Caution in relation to laudanum long kept. Mode of applying it externally. Camphorated Tincture of Opium.— Tinctura Opii Camphorata, U. S.—Paregoric elixir. Ingredients. Sensible properties. Two grains of opium in every fluidounce. Advantages of this preparation. Dose, for the purposes for which it is ordinarily given, f ¡5J. Acetated Tincture of Opium.— Tinctura Opii Acetato, U. S. Substitute for the oíd acetum opii or black drop. Mode of preparation. Advantages. Dose, equivalent to one grain oí opium, 10 minims or 20 drops. Morphia. Mode of preparation—form—colour—taste—effects of heat—relations to water, alcohol, ether, the fixed and volatile oils, the acids, and the inorganic alkalies—tests—state of combination in which it is employed. Sulphate of Morphia.—Morphia Sulphás, U. S. Mode of preparation—form—colour— solubility in water. Acétate of Morphia.—Morphia Acetas, U. S. Form—solubility in water. Peculiar physiological effects of morphia and its preparations. Cases in which they are preferable to opium. Dose, one-sixth of a grain, equivalent to one grain of opium. Given in pill or solution. There is an officinal solution ofthe sulphate. Solution of Sulphate of Morphia.—Liquor Morphia Sulphatis, U. S. Proportion of the sulphate to water, 1 gr. to fjfj. Dose, from f^j. to fsjij. External use oflhe'sulphate and acétate of morphia. Mode of application. Quantity applied. Muríate of Morphia sometimes used. Effects and dose the same as of the other salts. LACTUCARIUM. U.S. «"* ? 7 ~ Inspissated milky juice ofthe Lactuca sativa, or garden lettuce. Mode of collection. Properties—form—colour—odour—taste—relations to water—chemical constitution. Effects on the system. Practical application. Dose, 2 or 3 grains. HENBANE.—HYOSCYAMUS. U.S. A-XA- Hyoscyamus niger—a biennial, herbaceous plant—indigenous in Europe. Leaves and seeds the officinal parts. Leaves of the second year preferred. Odour ofthe recent and ofthe dried leaves—taste—relations to water and alcohol. Virtues ascribed to a peculiar alkaline principie called hyosciamia, but uncertain. Shape, size, and colour ofthe seeds. Effects of hyoscyamus on the system. Points in which it differs from opium. Effects ofoverdoses. Effect on the pupil. Therapeutical applications. Dose of the leaves, 5 to 10 grains. These rarely used. The medicine is most commonly employed in the form of ex- tract. Extract of Henbane.—Extractum Hyoscyami, U. S. The inspissated juice. Mode of preparation—consistence—colour—odour—taste. Dose, 2 or 3 grains, repeated frequently till the medicine produces some effect. Tincture sometimes used. Dose, f 5Jj. HOPS.—HUMULUS. U.S. AL A ■ - Fruit or strobiles ofthe Hu.mulus Lupulus. General character ofthe plant. Indigenous in Europe and North America. Mode of collecting and preparing the strobiles for market. Properties of hops—form—colour—structure—texture—powder about the base of the scales—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredients, a volatile oil and a peculiar bitter principie found most abundantly ín the powder about the base ofthe scales. The powder is called lupulin. Lupulin. Mode of collection—form—colour—odour—taste—effects of heat. Effects of hops on the system. Remedial applications internal and external. Given in infusión and tincture. Dose of the infusión, made with half an ounce to a pint of water f^ij.—ofthe tincture, from fc^j. to f^ss. ' Lupulin used in substance and tincture. Dose, 6 to 12 grains, given in the form of pill —ofthe tincture, f^j. to fgij. CAMPHOR.—CAMPHORA. U.S. /// . Product of the Laurus Camphora—an evergreen tree, indigenous in China and Japan. Mode of obtaining the camphor. State in which it is brought into market. Mode of re- fining. Form ofthe resulting cakes. Properties of camphor—colour—translueeney—texture—feel—effects of alcohol on the facility of pulverization—odour—taste—specific gravity—volatility—effects of heat__in- flammability—relations to water, alcohol, ether, volatile and fixed oils—reaction of water upon the tincture—effects of unión with resins and fats—chemical nature—mode in which it is best kept, r iy^y¿^ ^^yy^ Xy y A ¿¿/y* zz ¿¿yí^A^ X JL^yC-^yézz. 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Given in the lorm of bolus or emulsión. Objection against the former. Modes of preparing the emul- sion. Given also in solution. Camphor water—Aqua Camphora, U. S.—nn officinal pre- paration. Mode of preparing it. Strength ofthe solution. Purposes for which it is used. Dose, fgj. or fíjij. or more. Camphor is used also in tincture. Strength of the tincture. Dose, 5 drops to f gj. External use of camphor. Applied in spirituous or oleaginous solution. Officinal pre- parations, 1. Camphorated Tincture of Soap—Tinctura Saponis Camphorata, U.S.—2. Cam- phorated Soap fyiniment—Linimentum Saponis Camphoratum, U. S.—commonly called opodeldoc; 3. Camphor Liniment—Linimentum Camphora, U.S. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.—BELLADONNA. U. S. Atropa Belladonna—a perennial herb, indigenous in Europe. Whole plant narcotic. Leaves only recognised by the United States Pharmacopceia. Shape of the leaves—colour when dried—odour—taste—virtues said to reside in an alka- line principie called atropia. Effects on the system. Poisonous action. Treatment of its poisonous effects. Thera- peutical applications. Used in substance, infusión, or extract. Dose of the powder, gr. j. night and morning—of the infusión, made with one scruple to ten fluidounces of water, fgj. or fj^ij.—ofthe extract, which is the inspissated juice, and is much more employed in the United States than any other preparation, one-fourth or one-half a grain twice a day. Reasons for beginning with a small dose. The quantity to be gradually increased, if necessary, till some effects upon the system are produced. Evi- dences of these effects. External use in the form of plaster, and as an application to the eye and the os uteri. THORN-APPLE LEAVES.—STRAMONII FOLIA. U.S. THORN-APPLE SEEDS.—STRAMONII SEMEN. U.S. Leaves and seeds of the Datura Stramonium—an annual plant, growing wild in all quar- ters of the world. Situations most favourable to its growth. Leaves. Odour in the recent state—taste. Seeds. Shape—colour—odour—taste—relative activity—relations to water and alcohol. Virtues of Stramonium ascribed to an alkaline principie called daturia, the existence of which, however, is doubtful. Effects on the system. Poisonous action. Evidences of this action and mode of treat- ment. Therapeutical applications. Dose of the seeds, one grain—of an extract prepared from the seeds, from one-fourth to half a grain—ofthe powdered leaves, 2 or 3 grains—of the officinal extract or inspissated juice of the leaves (Extractum Stramonii, U. S.), one grain night and morning, gradually increased till the system is affected. External use of stramonium. Employed in the form of an ointment (Unguentum Stra- monii, U.S.) BITTERSWEET.—DULCAMARA. US. £ Stem and branches of the Solanum Dulcamara or woody nightshade. Character of the plant, and places of growth. Shape and size ofthe twigs—structure—nature of the surface—colour—odour—taste— relations to water. Virtues ascribed to a peculiar alkaline principie called solania. Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. Usually given in decoction, which is officinal. Dose, f^ij. four times a day. An extract may be given in the dose of from 5 to 10 grains. HEMLOCK—CO^ÍUM. U.S. Conium maculatum—a biennial, umbelliferous plant, indigenous in Europe, and natural- ized in this country. Sometimes called cicuta, but improperly. The whole plant narcotic. Most so in warm latitudes. The leaves are officinal. Mode of collecting and preserving them. Properties ofthe leaves—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water, alcohol, and ether. Active principie, probably a peculiar volatile alkali called corúa. Effects on the system. Poisonous properties. Therapeutical applications. Dose ofthe powdered leaves, 3 or 4 grains—of the extract or inspissated juice of the leaves (Extractum conii, U. S.), 3 grains, repeated 2 or 3 times a day. The dose to be gradually increased till some effect on the system is produced. Evidences of such effect. Caution in relation to the use of different pareéis of the medicine. ( 30 ) CLASS VI. ARTERIAL SEDATIVES. General Observations. Sedative medicines are those which by their immediate influence produce a reduction of the vital actions. Some of these are directed more especially to the circulatory system, re- ducing the action ofthe heart and arteries, without any immediate influence upon the ner- vous power. These are called arterial sedatives. Others reduce at the same time arterial and nervous po"/er; and these, for the sake of convenience, we cali nervous sedatives. The arterial sedatives, though in their primary action confined tothe circulatory system, undoubtedly affect the nervous system also; but only in a secondary manner. The two systems are so closely connected by sympathy, that any great disturbance of the one sel- dom exists without inducing disorder in the other. Though sedative in their general influence, these medicines may be stimulant in relation to particular functions or organs, and in large quantities often act as local irritants. An obvious indication for the use ofthe arterial sedatives is afforded by increased vascu- lar action, resulting from an increased display of the vital energies. Henee their use in all inflammatory diseases attended with fever, and not complicated with typhous tenden- cies; and in all fevers in which the grade of action is above the healthy standard. Refrigerant medicines belong to this class. They actin general by reducing the excited action either of the heart or of the capillarics, from which the incresed heat arises. ANTIMONY—ANTIMONIUM. " Even in quantities too small to produce obvious effects, the antimonials are not without influence on the system. They occasion some modification of the vital actions, which, though so slight as to escape notice in health, is yet important in some cases of disease. Medicines which act in this way are called alteralives. In large quantities, given so as to opérate upon the system, without producing nausea, they depress the movement of the heart and other parts concerned in the circulation, as indicated by a slower and weaker pulse, and a less vigorous impulse of the heart when examined by a stethoscope. At the same time the surface becomes cooler and paler, and respiration less frequent. Sometimes, by proper management in the increase of the dose, and in the regulation of the diet, this depressing influence may be exhibited in a powerful degree without any especial action on the stomach. Usually, from doses calculated to produce a decided sedative impression on the circula- tion, nausea or sickness of stomach also resúlts, which, by its own depressing ageney upon the circulatory function, very much increases the sedative influence of the antimonial. This combined action is sometimes desirable when great relaxation is to be produced; but the local impression on the stomach should be avoided in cases of inflammation or great irritation of that viscus. In still larger doses, the antimonials usually vomit. Of this effect, more will be said under the head of emetics. These preparations are apt also to irrítate the bowels, and to occasion purging, especially if not thrown off from the stomach by vomiting. Very large doses sometimes occasion violent vomiting and purging, with great and dangerous prostration. While operating as general sedatives to the circulatory forces, the antimonials appear to stimulate the secretory functions, being directed to one or another of these functions, according to the circumstances under which they are given, or the mode of administration. The effects of antimonials upon the heart and arteries, and upon the secretions, probably depend upon their entrance into the blood-vessels by means of absorption. On the stomach they probably act by an immediate irritation, though they appear to have a peculiar ten- dency to this organ, as, even when introduced into the system by other routes, they are said to act as emetics. Applied in large quantity to any part ofthe body, they produce local irritation or inflam- mation. Thus, tartar emetic, when applied to the skin, gives rise to a pustular eruption, and on a surface unprotected by the cuticle is capable of acting as a caustic. Metallic antimony, administered in very fine powder, is capable of producing all the A z~ ' ^ / / y £ A -' y yyX Oy^uzy ¿i<~Auyj , -yX^ yA^yyy ..yyyAiXyX' y^'^ u " y^ -y — y ! Xty^^ yy,^.^A ^ ^Ay^^^c ¿. ^X^yy A%zz X*Xi£yy^yy ! Áí£ A^ay^uA^yyLy-^X£yy A£z c+JÍa- - ^ — ^^Zy^yX^^ ¿¿ yc^^^ ^yíz y^.yyy^XyyS XC'áá**^ y Ai^yU.yAjCtzA yyyU^^A- £ c^rr-~yy a^^-yXiyy yy^AA^ L^x.^^, *y£^ yyAy ^UyX Ai ^A/Av^yy^A^^^y y^^^xíxí a+X¿r.t¿**út .u-*-XrAy-.... (v Zuy¿y££x .£ c^-ayXz — £y yAtA^yXytyrv, A^y A^yA^ZZ X<**yAZZc. y . a A Ázn— ojxLXL ;^~ -zL ^x¿y^o ¿Xzz^y£ y<^¿ z£:y^ yA^y^^yzyy ^ y^. ^4A- XíiyXx & -.At-AA .^tX^^ «y>w7íC ¿v^xA**^ ^*-»-^..-tx ^^^cyc^zAyA y Az^y^yy. fn ..^yyAAy A ^ zzm.^i^. AAaXcA v~ í< 'Uyy^^^^ AA 'A-y^y^^ ^y^t^Ay* £ly y ¿ty<,.^y hy^^Xy^^yU^yyAy - A -^t-xf AZ xL¿£z. „ ¿Ayy~^y~x- c^yy^AJyzy y+x^yX^yy *^u¿yXy£y(yy^jA*^ y - -, yyy y? ui~yz^y XA>v^y*yy- A^y^ 6^-MAy^^y UAytyiXy cyay*y^^ A ( 31 ) general effects of its preparations; but its activity probably depends upon chemical changes) which it undergoes in the stomach, and its operation is too uncertain to be depended on. The preparations which have at different times been employed are very numerous. It is sufficient to notice three—viz. 1. tartar emetic, 2. the precipitated sulphuret, and 3. the antimonial powder. TARTRATE OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSA.—ANTIMONII ET POTASS^ TARTRAS. 17. &—Tartar emetic. Tartarized antimony. Chemical nature. Mode of preparation. Reason why it should always be crystallized. Shape of the crystals—colour—effect of exposure—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol—effects of time upon the aqueous solution—incompatibles. The best of the antimonials. In small doses, used as an alterative in chronic cutaneous diseases, scrofulous affections, chronic pulmonary complaints, &c.; in somewhat larger doses, as a refrigerant or arterial sedative in febrile and inflammatory complaints, particu- larly bronchitis and pneumonia, and in hemorrhages. Employment of very large doses in pulmonary inflammations. Acts in this way doubly, 1. as a sedative, 2. by revulsión to the stomach and bowels. Dangers of this mode of using tartar emetic. Poisonous effects. Resemblancc to malignant cholera. Treatment. Dose of tartar emetic as an alterative, from one thirty-second to one-sixteenth of a gram, dissolved in a large proportion of water, and repeated so that from one-fourth to one-half a grain may be taken daily;—as a sedative, from one-twelfth to one-sixth of a grain or more Antimonial Wine.— Vinum Antimonii, U.S. Solution of tartar emetic m wine in the proportion of 2 grains to fgj. Advantages of this preparation, and of wine as a solvent. Caution necessary in the choice of wines. Disadvantages of the inferior varieties. I his preparation should be used only in cases requiring small doses ofthe antimonial. PRECIPITATED SULPHURET OF ANTIMONY.—ANTIMONII SULPHURE- TUM PRyECIPITATUM. U. S. Mode of preparation. Mode of preparing Kermes' mineral and golden sulphur of antimony. Difference between these and the oficinal pre- cipitated sulphuret. Colour ofthe three. Relations to water and alcohol. Operation upon the system. Therapeutical applications. Dose as an alterative, 1 or 2 grains—as an emeto-cathartic, 5 to 20 grains.___ ANTIMONIAL POWDER.—PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS. An ímitation of James s vowder. Mode of preparation. Chemical nature. Colora—taste—smell—insolubility in water. Uncertainty of medicinal effect. Therapeutical applications. Dose, 3 to 8 grains. SALINE SUBSTANCES. Almost all the neutral alkaline salts, and those in which the acid predomínales, ate se- daüvTfr their influence on the circulation. Usually called refrigerante. They produce this effect independently of their purgative action or influence upon the secretions. But hev are chiefly used in reference to these latter effects, and only incidentally as refrige- ra! or seda^ Therefore more properly treated of under other heads. One of them nnlv so Drominentlv sedative as to require consideraron here. NITRaT¿OfÍ>OTASSA.-POTASS^NITRAS. U.S.-Nitre. Saltpetre. Whence imported. Mode in which prepared. Artificial nitre beds. State as imported. Mode of refiSnhapé of crystals-colour-odour-taste-solubility in watV^™ absence of water of crystallization-water mechanically present-effects of heat. In modérate doses repeated frequently, lessens the forcé and frequency ofthe pulse and a- ■ Tp! animall heat Sugestión as to its modus operandi. Stimulates the secretory SffpS^l^t ^fkidn^-in some measrae also that ofthe skinDnnm- ShesTe energy of the stomach, and causes indigestión. In large doses, it often occa- tZ ™frriña■ Invery large quantities, poisonous. Effects as a poison. Treatment of sions purging. inyr£ iarSe«1 inflammatory diseases, in which the action is above the ÍJdSrftaSandiwh ch infl—üoyn ofthe aiimentary mucous membrane is ab- ¡^^!^.3ic*to Dose, 5 to 10 grains every hour or two hours. Given u> ^otnTomSeTwith tartar emetic, in the proportion of 5 or 10 grains of nitre to one- t^«?SÍ25hrf a grain of the antimonial, in solution. Often also with calomel m addiüon. Composition ofthe nitrous powder s. .VEGETABLE ACIDS. Mo,lof.he.o.arercf;;6e,ar,^ SC i^'o^ZSfo». Ül used .«je eUric and aceüc a* rüií form of fonumjuiee « vtaega,. forma usually preferred, ( 32 ) Citric acid contained also in limes, sour oranges, and tamarinds, which are therefore equivalent in effect to lemonjuice. , Modes of preserving lemonjuice. Citric acid in solution may be advantageously sub- stituted. Mode of preparing citric acid. Form of crystals. A solution made with gj. to Oj. of water, may be used for lemonjuice. Oil of lemons is a good addition, in the propor- tion of 4 drops to the pint. Mode of mixing. For lemonade, £j. of acid may be dissolved in Oj. of water. _ , Citric acid is best purchased in crystals. Adulterated with tartaric acid. Mode ot üe- tecting the latter. Used as a refrigerant, also as a preventive and cure of scurvy. yyyy y¿2ycy^Á-^; //¿y*zz*z, -¿¿^t*. ,i< ' Ay,,,Zi^y hr-L* *«, x-,\ v / yy y. ^ >$-fx Aatl-**. AÍi.) j.y y."z~¿y-~-x-.^/ ^^yíc^zzziz -AZT y-t<-^-x. 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EMETICS. General Observations. Medicines capable of producing vomiting, in certain doses, and as an ordinary result, in the healthy state of the stomach. No immediate effects are produced. In 10, 15, or 20 minutes, nausea comes on, with paleness, a cool, moist, and relaxed skin, and a feeble, frequent, irregular pulse. These symptoms increase till vomiting results. During vomit- ing, the face is flushed, a sense of fulness in the temples is experienced, and the pulse be- comes full and slow. After vomiting, the skin is moist, the pulse soft and feeble, the pa- tient languid and disposed to sleep. Mechanism of vomiting. Explanation ofthe mode \n. which it is produced by emetics. Intervention ofthe brain necessary. Proofs of this. """*- ''"" - '" - <*A '■•■ * ' >-^. .■ t Emetics often act on the stomach, when applied to the rectum or the skin. Said to differ from most other medicines in not losing their power upon repetition. Ob- servations going to show that their difference from other medicines in this respect is only apparent The susceptibility to the action of emetics is different in different individuáis, and in different diseases. Complaints in which this susceptibility is least, and those in which it is greatest. Therapeutical effects of emetics included under the following heads: 1. Evacuation of the utomach; 2. Mechanical pressure on the liver and other abdominal viscera; 3. Reduc- tion of arterial action during the period of nausea; 4. Muscular relaxation; 5. Promotion «f the secrctory functions of the skin, lungs, and liver; 6. Powerful agitation of the whole frame; 7. Revulsión to the stomach; 8. Purgation, when the medicine is given in conside- able doses, but insufficient to vomit; 9. Depletion, directly by the promotion of secretion, and indirectly by the removal ofthe food; 10. Irritation ofthe stomach. Observations and illustrations under each of these heads. Two or more indications for the use of emetics are often presented in the same disease. Circumstances contra-indicating the use of emetics, 1. acute inflammation of the stomach, bowels, or neighbouring viscera, 2. strong sanguineous determination to the brain, and 3. pregnaney in its advanced stages. Caution in cases of hernia, and in the use of acrid or corrosive emetics, in large doses, in insensible states ofthe stomach. Usually administered diffused in water, and in doses repeated every 15, 20, or 30 min- utes, till the emetic effect is produced. If the object be merely to evacúate the stomach, warm diluent drinks should be given freely, as warm water or chamomile tea; if to produce a powerful impression on the sys- tem, with much retching and nausea, little or no drink should be allowed. Excessive vomiting relieved by the free use of warm demulcent drinks, followed by lau- danum or morphia, a spiced plaster or sinapism over the epigastrium; and if these fail, by an anodyne enema consisting of 60 drops of laudanum with f^ij. of a solution of starch. 1. Vegetable Emetics. IPECACUANHA. Root ofthe Cephaelis Ipecacuanha—a small shrub growing in Brazil and other parts of South America. Character of the root—shape—size—structure—nature of the surface—consistence of the cortical portion—its translueeney, fracture, and relative virtues—relative size of the ligneous portion—propriety of rejecting the smooth portions of stem attached to the root— colour of the root—varieties founded on the colour, brown, gray, and red—all from the same plant—no essential difference in them. ^ White Ipecacuanha—root of the Richardsonia Braziliensis. Distinguishing characters. Peruvian or black Ipecacuanha—root ofthe Psychotria emética. Neither of these used in this country. Colour of the powder of genuine ipecacuanha—odour—peculiar effect in some indivi- duáis—taste—relations to water and alcohol—effects of decoction. ( 30 ) Active ingredient, emetia, an alkaline principie. Relation to tannin. Inference as to the incompatibility of ástringents with ipecacuanha. Ipecacuanha injufed by long exposure to light. Effects on the system. Character as an emetic. Therapeutical applications. Dose as an emetic, from 15 to 30 grains—as a nauseating medicine, 2 or 3 grains—as a diaphoretic or expectorant, from one-half a grain to 2 grains—as an alterative, from one- fourth to one-half a grain, 2, 3, or 4 times a day. There is an officinal Wine of Ipecacuanha—Vinum Ipecacuanha, U. S.—which may be given as an emetic in the dose of fgj. to an adult, and f^j. to an infant, though seldom used for this purpose. More commonly employed in similar doses as a diaphoretic and expectorant. GILLENIA. U.S. Root ofthe Gillenia trifoliata—an indigenous, kerbaceous, perennial plant, called Indian physic, and sometimes American ipecacuanha. The root of the G. stipulacea has the same properties. The former grows in the Atlantic States, the latter in those ofthe West. Shape ofthe root—size—nature of the surface—colour—difference between the cortical and ligneous part—taste—odour—colour of the powder—relations to water and alcohol. Character as an emetic. Therapeutical applications. Dose, from 20 to 30 grains. INDIAN TOBACCO.—LOBELIA. U.S. - • Lobelia inflóla—an indigenous, herbaceous plant. General character ofthe plant. All parts of it are active. Time of collection. Colour ofthe powder—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol. Character as an emetic. Poisonous effects. Therapeutical applications. Given in sub- stance, infusión, and tincture. Dose of the powder as an emetic, from 5 to 20 grains. Dose of the tincture—Tinctura Lobelia, U.S.—in asthma, fróm fijj. to f^ij. every 2 or 3 hours till it acts. Besides the above emetics, numerous other substances possess the property of producing vomiting, and have been employed for that purpose. Among them may be mentioned the following, viz. The root of the Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, and ofthe E. corollata—indigenous plants— emetic, in the dose of from 10 to 15 grains. Disadvantages. The root of the Sanguinaria Canadensis, or blood-root—another indigenous emetic plant. Shape of the root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste. Active ingredient, an alkaline principie called sanguinarina. Character as an emetic. Dose ofthe powder, from 10 to 20 grains—ofthe tincture, from f^üj. to f|ss. Squill is emetic in the dose of 6 or 8 grains; but is scarcely ever used for this purpose. Tobacco is also powerfully emetic, but in consequence of the excessive nausea it pro- duces, and its narcotic properties, it is almost never prescribed internally. Dose of the powder, 5 or 6 grains. Mustard sometimes acts as an emetic, in the form of powder, in the dose of gj. Thera- peutical application in reference to its emetic property. 2. Mineral Emetics. TARTAR EMETIC. / Before treated of as an arterial sedative. To be considered here only as an emetic and nauseant. Character as an emetic—certainty, power, durability. It produces much retching and frequent efforts to vomit, makes a strong impression on the neighbouring viscera and the general system, and occasions much relaxation and prostration of strength. The indications for its use, deducible from its peculiar mode of operating, are, in addi- tion to the eyacuation of the stomach, to agitate -and compress the liver, spleen, and other abdominal viscera, to divert irritation from its existing seat by a powerful revulsión to the stomach, to break up morbid associations, to produce nausea and consequent relaxation, and to evacúate the duodenum as well as the stomach. Illustrations of these indications in particular diseases. Tartar emetic is more apt than ipecacuanha to act on the bowels. Médium dose as an emetic, 2 or 3 grains. The best plan is to give 1 grain dissolved in a little water every 15 or 20 minutes till it acts. Often combined with ipecacuanha. A good proportion is 1 grain of the antimonial to 10 of ipecacuanha, repeated as above. Dose oí antimonial wine, ás an emetic, fgj., or fgss. repeated in 20 minutes if the first dose should not act. Seldom given to adults as an emetic. Dose for a child 1 or 2 years oíd, from 20 to 40 drops. ly AX^.yAy^ /t¿ ^ ,.Xa7£) AyA^yty.y <:,.„*£ Xz/^yy a£ h C7 /. a> . y ¿^yy *yyy^ i^aÚ.. 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AA yt AX \A^yU-^-ílAXzZZ Z<*^y<-<*y*yi~*1^ I AzXXi__*, y*~r~*tyAXLy__ &KA¿tXÍr Att+yAzz ^3-~r^y£Cy m^yy>£ytX¡X— wc*y-yyyA, AtA-vcy^yXuy, y- V- y yytyr-Ty e«yAy~iy¿y+y.yh yuyf~x*y,- ¿^ -? / L¿(x¿y Ajy /y J'«-> yyyy¿XuHy*^.f *yyA^*t.yy, „ s^yyí£ Ax^ytyiyf Ayyy^ ^ i^y^^^^ y ty^try>rTAyftX2^^y^ y^tA^^y, ( jr*.y¿"C jUyci^y. yy^Xi) yUy y ' . y í^yZtytylyTyytytyVya-ttAtyf-, ¿^♦v^A-^-^rA** A^ *y?y* yXyZZZ££ *<. y? fbr+4y?trr iy Áy~xy^y cXy y^y£ y yp^y yxXyj-iyLy» Ayf+y^ fíxyí-* JyXL y ay lUy AZyT^íytyiytyiytyytiyA r* «? yt A^^^yXy^^ ^-irXy'« . xy¿>to*«y7 j£ yhyyV^ ^C-*ty1yyty/ £-mA-*+ yy, íif+*y X X-U- i Xt-Xy» y^Oy*A/h ' ' •"' " ■*' ',•••'"' ' Ailyy^. ■••'■■ < ■- •■- '>■* : COLOCYNTIL—COLOCYNTHIS. U.S. 7 Fruit ofthe Cucumis Colocynthis. General character ofthe plant. Place of its growth. Character of the fruit. Mode of preparing it for market. Size and shape of the fruit as in the shops—colour—texture—consistence—constituents —relative amount ofthe seeds—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredient, a peculiar bitter principie called colocyntin. Character as a cathartic. Effects of overdoses. Therapeutical applications. Dose, 5 tolO grains. Almost always given in composition. The compound extract—Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum, U.S.—a valuable remedy. Constituents. Dose, 10 to 15 grains. GAMBOGE.—GAMBOGIA. U.S.XA A Inspissated juice of a tree not certainly known to botanists. Supposed origin from the Stalagmitis Cambogioides or Garcinia Cambogia. Place and mode of collection. Places whence imported. Shape and size of the pieces—nature of the surface—colour externally—appearance of the fracture—colour of the powder—odour—taste—effects of heat—chemical composition —relations to water and alcohol. Character as a cathartic. DJ£posilioiiJto_42riMÍn^ Therapeutical applications. Dose, 3 to 6 grains, given in pill or emulsión. Compound Cathartic Pilis—Pilula Cathartica Composita, U.S. Constituents. Princi- pies of their formation. Applications. Dose, 3 pills. ELATERIUM. U.S. ¿- / Prodnct of the Momordica Elaterium or squirting cucumber. General character of the plant. Place of its growth and culture. Character of the fruit. Modes of obtaining elate- rium. The best of these. Clutterbuck's elaterium. Shape of elaterium—colour—appearance of the surface—weight—texture—taste—odour. Active ingredient, a peculiar principie called elaterin. Character of elaterium as a cathartic. Danger from overdoses. Therapeutical applica- tion. Dose of the purest, an eighth of a grain—of the common, half a grain every half hour or hour till it operates. The best plan is to commence, as a general rule, with one- sixth or one-fourth of a grain. Dose of elaterin, from one-sixteenth to one-twelfth of a grain. CROTÓN OIL.—OLEUM TIGLII. U.S. X 7 Product ofthe Crotón Tiglium. General character of this plant. Place of its .growth. Shape, structure, colour, and medical effects of the seeds. Formerly called Grana Molucca and Grana Tiglia. Mode of pbtaining the oil from the seeds. Consistence of the oil—colour—odour—taste—solubility in alcohol—chemical constitu- tion—proportion of the active principie to the inert oil—adulterations—mode of detection. Character as a cathartic. Effects of an overdose. Therapeutical applications. Dose, 1 or 2 drops. Administered in pill. Mode of preparing the pill. Effects of its external application. Remedial uses in this way. Mode of application. 2. Mineral Cathartics. SULPHUR. U.S. Origin of crude sulphur or brimstone—mode of preparation—places from which it is im- ported—mode of preparation for medical uses. Called when prepared, flowers of sulphur, sublimed sulphur, washed sulphur. Form—colour—odour—taste—insolubility in water and alcohol—solubility in volatile and fixed oils—chemical nature. Peculiarities as a cathartic. Determination to the surface. Alterative action. Proofs of its absorption. Used in costiveness with piles, in dyspepsia, chronic rheumatism ajul \ a ■yy. _____^ Zy JualZZJ^U-^ ^y^Xcyyiy/ *Í>-ÍLyr-lyyfy ¿¿Uy¿X ¿ytLy-&Aiy /«*^Cí~, *V}rr- ^^ -^#-^í«x¿í<£__ y t^y^^y^. ^y^yirr AXaXzz y&¿yLy<> yc*/>-yty xy»y>^Xu££) Ay At. ^Xc^figrC ¿x>r-y/y A*, A?y^xyy\y ayA^-^yTyX^. ?~¿v>w A7(£ -r-t^yA-Xz^ ^y A^-eZyCiyt^^. yy ¿ZKz .*>»-*"--*»^<_-y^.^«__^ »c^ y?-^-^y^~u^ +y *^t«-^J££***. ~yy^yyy^-^ oX^, ^U^^y^^^^yyA^-.. A^ ^y%y^l- *^-.~c*y^y^f ¿ye^yX^yy^í^y zz y^yyyXzz^y y^^Xc^yC y Xy X«y: Lx£Tyyyy yxxXz ^ Pz\yAy ty^xi^ Aá-«~*yy xLy^yc^^ '¿y^ ££ Xtyy*C-y*yVy^ ^aX^ ¿r^ <2^yy t^yA^y- ¿yA/yy^ Atuyy y vyy*-y'x^Ay*, x .^ y-yyyyx ¿r~v c Ai <£¿ly £ AAzzcXL.£*\ ,yx z*y*y^xyéi£y y£Xy£? <^ ' N /.< ... ..x..... * K y 'f _ -X. .... ^'U'-í. &y^y cAA > (tyct'iy ■■' — yyiíyyArAtxqX- cyZACiyLyXyyytal ~'^y-~yZz y* *yc%A-ty? ~- XíyíZin^XyjC, ^^-a^^_^ (^¿¿t^yíCzz -**yzy f^r^^^¿^y^yy1^^y>^4/l^ ¿yt^^u. X¿y£zy£y zy£XX£ xz . y.^r^y^ ^ *^X-^Ziy. A^y^y^. - au¿2 -*y?~iyty í^yA afíy^ytyyi^r^^y ~~ * X X yylytyc¿y*iy<>y--iy*i. xfc*^y. I AtyziyLyyy^, y^^^, ^ *y££y '***^r+ycrJÍy¿ ¿y^^y. ,,!<. y~^y£y y aXzA-ii^y ¿Ay£zX^ y'¿yyy*y ¿Ay Ay-tZAz^a AAZ y—ctytyv, ¿cu/laX x^-^^-c-»—^ ¿í-^x y-^-^XX^^ w„ ¿yyZr'. ^juyw. Xx^X-Az ayX^yyx^yy. tzX^^y ¿uyLzAXLyA- t^- ¿^A^y^y _ //y? -a HiyyA¿x XTca ty,¿yiy . y A-~tyvy .^AcyéLy, -z> ^j^«*a íy^yu-iy^ eriy^-^y^ y 'piy-e^y A-^y?zri^ fa+yCZ^yr&yC+ytfl\^ ¿A7~ X''*-— ^777 ¿tA^yAZi^yt-xs ^U^ay iyyA~y ía- Q¿yy2-~CyfyT^fZ+.y -■ XAv^ AuyA£ c¿ ¿i^_ ¿¿yyiyzv^y y<- ¿~y yw y yirX^y-,yy «^ ^^^y,«, x-iy^^^ztXy 7 AÍ^ ^yyy Xk^ A£y a£zAaz¿uA: Ahr-fy *y¿y cA e y/*~-*w*„yy*y**y^y^- y tt^^y c<^-**~ (yy y^ys JL /^^ ^/f *y£xX y>-ir-^j-cA(y~ £A/; Form—colour—effects of exposure—solubility—effects of heat—effects of acids and acidulous salts. A Little used at present. Dose, from S;ss. to §j. TARTRATE OF POTASSA AND SODA—SODíE ET POTASS.E TARTRAS. U.S. -"f'X 2- Commonly called Rochelle salt. Mode of preparation. Chemical composition. Shape and size ofthe crystals—effects of exposure—proportion of water of crystallization —taste—effects of heat—solubility. An excellent cathartic. One of the least unpleasant to the taste of the neutral salts. Dose, §j. or ,^iss. Composition of the Seidlitz powders, and mode of administration. PHOSPHATE OF SODA.—SOD^E PHOSPHAS. U.S. Mode of preparing this salt. Chemical composition. Form as kept in the shops—proportion of water of crystallization—effects of exposure— taste—solubility in water. Sometimes useful on account of its not unpleasant taste. Dose, from §j. to i|ij. £ CALOMEL. y \ 7 Officinal ñame Mild Chloride of Mercury—Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. Improperly called submuriate of mercury. Its mode of preparation, and its chemical nature and rela- tions are treated of in another part ofthe course. In the dose of from 5 to 20 grains, it usyally operates briskly, producing bilious stools, of a dark colour. Sometimes it operates without pain or nausea, sometimes it is very painful and apt to induce vomiting. In the latter case, the discharges from the stomach are bili- ous. Probability that the irritation is not owing to the direct action of the calomel on the alimentary mucous membrane, but to the increased quantity and disordered quality of the bile which it produces. Reasons for this opinión. Amount of purgative effect not al- ways proportionate to the dose. Sometimes it operates in the quantity of 1 or 2 grains, sometimes very large doses produce little effect. Causes of these peculiarities in its ope- ration. Risk of overdoses. Comparative insusceptibility of infants or young children to its purgative effect. Slowness of its operation. Propriety of following it, if it do not opé- rate in 6 or 8 hours, by another cathartic. Often combined with jalap, rhubarb, scammony, or other active cathartic, to render it more speedy in its operation. Dose of calomel and jalap, 10 grains of each. Generally, 3 or 4 grains of calomel combined with other cathar- tics, is a sufficient quantity to insure the peculiar advantages ofthe mercurial. An ingre- dient in the Compound Cathartic Pill of the United States Pharmacopoeia, and in Leé's Antibilious Pilis. Therapeutical applications. In the commencement of autumnal fevers, and sometimes in their course when attended with congestión of the liver. In other diseases accompanied with deficient hepatic secretion or congestión of the portal system, as constipation, jaun- dice, hepatitis, &c. One of the best cathartics in cases of inflamed stomach and bowels. Peculiarly adapted to the treatment of the diseases of children. Unfounded apprehensions of danger on the part of some practitioners. The only serious danger to be apprehended from it when properly given, is excessive action upon the mouth. Given in powder or pill. Dose for adults, from 5 to 20 grains—for children two years oíd, about 4 grains. ENEMATA. Uses of purgative enemata—to hasten, facilitate, or increase the action of cathartic medi- cines—to opérate upon the bowels in cases of irritability or inflammation of the stomach, or of debility when purgatives by the mouth might produce exhaustion, or of feculent ac- cumulation in the lower bowels, or habitual constipation dependent on a want of due irri- tability ofthe rectum. The common laxative injection is composed of common salt, molasses, and lard or olive oil, each a tablespoonful, and a pint of warm water. If a more powerful enema is required, f|ij. of castor oil may be added to the above in- gredients—or a pint of senna tea of the officinal strength may be resorted to, or any other active cathartic in three times its ordinary dose. r¿^&^^^ „ r^Ccyz£^ >~ PC**/UyXayyXZv-^ y- X íhyi~i^7-rZ*yZy y\^-X- ¿?-~<=—- y A-~**yLei~ *Xty?A/t-iy-v-xy ^"Aíítt^i-»^-^ At*y2yX~Z. * 'tiK y X t*- ■ y - .-•■y £ £>.,_¿y«y-iy ¿y. zuyy, A éiyxytyXyttyXtzyyyX£iy,<}±---y?-z^*yJ y^^g-^,—, y&yyT- yr~ CtA-^yXy^T.yy~^y. yyy£*^*^ ¿v^y^. 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X^y/^X^Zc^yy <^xX^yyy^y^yy ~$wg£^~^ C*- -4*y<^*A^ ■Av^A£y¿> y^^yAtA^^-^ ayyyy X^ycXLZ~7y^yyc^<^ ^y~y^x y¿~y~¿xL xa-y^y^y. ^c/^^^ z^y^yy***^^^ ^yy ^ yyy £T xÁ»y~ °¿i^'l^y ^^^ ^*^~«~~- xx^xaV^Vt^^^ yXÉ^j X&y~y^^tt^^cy*y. XAXy^yyyXy^ 4y*yty±y<. <¿V—t~-m. <-~p ytyy ' *-*—*£-? 9^CA—Zy—^-c^yyyCI J/JL - -«*y¿ A4>£yc¿, Jl kyc^yÓAZy, ¿^ ¿^¿*<¿ ^^., -^ A f y y a,¿^ y y y, yX S^+yZZyíj ¿t+^t ¿Ayz<~<^ t*cy4tcyX£^ n*y Ai faytyt-tX^-*** /£ ^zz ¿r**y A /?y3 AlZZZZ. A^r-L-yX/^t-, . A^TA^yAyyy *S *% ¿^íxá- <^¿Zy y/^*^ " Ayy¿X+yyzzcy ¿c+yAy ¿£ yXxy^^^ AZyi^A~^y^yy£ ¿yyAzyy, ¿¿y-A^z*- t^Ay X&XZXZy a-;'-LA-Xy ¿y^XyXiZ'if &v X7&~cy+^y cty-txyyy, tftytyA^yyyyL\^y XzXzy XAvyyy^y _ Xxy^y y ¿yyAy *** yAyAzyAcyXy jypy^t^yó^ ^A^c^ ~¿XÜ pa^ yy^ y^^y XÁy^yy^tz Xy^yuy czy^^. -<^-' /S-^A-x^x-i-i-^fcx^ Aaa£ y¿y»z^ y^-tfzyyyxi£x yXAtnt^y^yy£ ~— yy-iyyxzzzy ft^y^^yx y xy^ x^.íy^ey Cytyiyy-V-y^ytAy 'A ■''•"■'■"'/ ' ^¿AyL^yAy AAxataX <-yyAÍ£^y^^y yXyyy^zy ^yy^y-^*^ y¿yyyy~-- / - - *A*ytyyiytyi^tyty\ytyyf ¿Cy^—Z^X-y ^^- Wy^T/Xy^. ( 47 ) Bulb. Shape—size—structure—consistence—mode of preparing for the market—shape ofthe slices—colour—odour—taste—relations to wine and vinegar as solvents—influence of time. _ Active properties supposed to reside in an alkaline principie, at first considered as iden- Ucal with veratria, but at present as peculiar, and denominated colchicin or colchicia. Seeds. Time of collection—size—colour—virtues in the outer coating. Effects on the system. Effects of overdoses. Therapeutical applications. Dose of the bulb or seeds in substance, from 2 to 8 grains, but scarcely ever given in this state. Usu- ally administered in the form of wine. Two officinal vinous preparations: viz. Wine of Meadow-sajfron root—Vinum Colchici Radiéis, U.S. Proportion of the bulb to the wine. Reasons for the large proportion of the bulb. Dose, 10 drops to f^j.—in acute cases, from 10 to 20 drops every 3 or 4 hours, and gradually increased till it produces some effect. Signs of its action. In chronic cases, from 10 to 20 drops 3 times daily, and gradually increased. Often combined with magnesia—often with morphia. Wine of Meadow-sajfron seed—Vinum Colchici Seminis, U.S. Proportion ofthe ingre- dients. Dose, from fgss. to f gij. WHITE HELLEBORE.—VERATRUM ÁLBUM. U.S. AMERICAN HELLEBORE.—VERATRUM VIRIDE. 17. s. Perennial herbaceous plants. The former a native of Europe, the latter of the United States. Root the officinal part. Shape and sensible properties of the root. Active principie, veratria. w Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. / Veratria. Obtained from cevadilia, which consists ofthe seeds of a Mexican plant. Sen- sible properties. Relations to water and alcohol. Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. Chiefly used externally. Mode in which employed. INDIAN HEMP.—APOCYNUM CANNABINUM. U.S. Root ofthe Apocynum Cannabinum—an indigenous, herbaceous perennial plant. Sensible properties of the root—relations to water and alcohol—effects on the system— remedial application. Used in decoction, made by boiling three half pints of water with half an ounce ofthe root to a pint. Dose, fgj. or f^ij., 2 or 3 times a day. DANDELION.—TARAXACUM. U.S. . Root ofthe Leontodón Taraxacum—an herbaceous perennial plant, growing in almost all parts ofthe world. All parts ofthe plant c;ontain a milky juice and are possessed of medi- cal virtues, but the root is most efficient. Shape of the root—colour—odour—taste—relations to water. Best in the recent state. Effects of time. Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. Used in decoction and extract. Dose of the decoction made by boiling an ounce of the dried or two ounces of the fresh root in a pint of water to half a pint, fgij., 2 or 3 times a day—of the extract, 20 or 30 grains. The extract is officinal. Proper time for preparing it. JUNIPER BERRIES.—JUNIPERUS. U.S.- Fruit of the Juniperus communis—a.n evergreen shrub, indigenous in Europe and natu- ralized in this country. Shape and size of the berries—colour—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol. Active ingredient, a volatile oil, called officinally Oleum Juniperi. Colour ofthe oil— mode of preparation. , Character of juniper berries as a diuretic. Therapeutical applications. Generally used as an adjuvant to other medicines. Of the infusión made with one ounce of the bruised berries to a pint of water, a pint may be taken during the day. Often associated with cream of tartar. Dose ofthe oil, from 5 to 15 drops. FLEABANE. Erio-eron Philadelphicum, and E. heterophyllum, herbaceous indigenous plants, growing in the^fields. Identical in properties. The whole herb is employed. Sensible properties of the herb—relation to water and alcohol—medical effects—thera- peutical application. Given in the form of decoction, made with an ounce to a pint of water, the whole to be taken daily. WILD CARROT.—CAROTA. U.S. Seeds of the Daucus Carota, an indigenous perennial herb. General character of the- plant. Shape and size of the seeds—colour—odour—taste. ( 48 ) Active ingredient, a peculiar volatile oil. This impregnates nTófe^ofoless the wholfl plant, and the tops and root may be used in the same manner as the seeds. Character as a diuretic. Effects on the stomach. Therapeutical applications. Used chiefly as an adjuvant to other diuretics. One pint of the infusión oontaining the virtues of half an ounce ofthe seeds may be used daily. External application of the root of the garden carrot. Difference between the boiled and unboiled root. PARSLEY ROOT.—PETROSELINUM. U. S. Root ofthe Apium Petroselinum, or common garden parsley. Medical use. Adminis- tered in strong infusión. Dose indefinite. X TURPENTINE.—TEREBINTHINA. The juice of different species of the genera Pinus, Abies, and Larix, consisting essen. tially of resin and a peculiar volatile oil, called oil of turpentine. Many varieties are known in commerce. In the United States, only two are much em- ployed—the common white turpentine and the Canadá turpentine. 1. White turpentine—Terebinthina, U.S. Derived chiefly from the Pinus palustris, growing in the southern states. Mode of collection. State in which it is brought into the market. Properties as found in the shops—consistence—colora—odour—taste—effects of exposure. 2. Canadá Turpentine—Terebinthina Canadensis, U.S.—Canadá balsam. Balsam of fir. Product ofthe Abies balsamífera, Pinus balsamea, Linn.—growing in the northern states and Canadá—cultivated as an ornamental plant under the ñame of balm of Gilead. Position in which the turpentine is found in the tree. Mode of collection. Properties— consistence—colour—transparency—odour—taste—effects of exposure. General properties of the turpentines—effects of heat—inflammability—relations to water and alcohol—chemical composition. Their virtues reside in the volatile oil. Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. Dose, from 10 grains to sjj., given in pill or emulsión. External use. Several substances analogous to turpentine, and derived from the same trees, merit no- tice. TAR.—PIX LIQUIDA. U.S. Obtained usually in this country from the Pinus palus- tris. Sometimes also from other species. District of country in which it is prepared. Mode of preparation. Properties—consistence—colour—odour—taste. Chemical consti- tuents. Creasote one of those upon which its virtues depend. Relation to water as a solvent. Officinal infusión called tar water, or Aqua Picis Liquida. Therapeutical uses. Admin- istered in substance, or in the form of tar water. Dose ofthe former, from gss. to £j.—of the latter, a pint or two in the day. Remedial use of the vapour. Mode of applying it. Use of tar ointment—Unguentum Picis Liquida, U.S. The residue after the evaporation of the volatile parts of tar is called pilch. Creasote. Mode of obtaining it. Properties—consistence—colour—volatility—specific gravity—odour—taste—solubility in water and alcohol—influence over the putrefactive process—effect on albumen. Therapeutical applications, internal and external. Dbse, one or two drops. Applied externally in aqueous solution or ointment. RESIN.—RESINA. U.S. Commonly called rosin. Residue after the distillation ofthe oil from turpentine. Yellow and white resin. Difference between them. Properties— consistence—relations to water and alcohol—effect of heat in rendering it adhesive—fusi- bility—facility of combination with oils and fats—pharmaceutical uses. Basis of the resin cerate—Ceratum Resina, U.S.—commonly called basilicon ointment. Uses of this cerate. OIL OF TURPENTINE.—OLEUM TEREBINTHINA. U. S. Its properties and applications as an arterial stimulant before treated of. Determination to the urinary or- gans—effect on the uriñe and on the urinary passages—diuretic action—therapeutical uses in reference to these properties. Dose, 10 to 20 drops, 2, 3, or 4 times, or more fre- quently, during the day. jy COPAIBA. U.S. Commonly called balsam of copaiva. Derived from different species of Copaifera, grow- ing in Brazil and Guyana. Mode of procuring it from the tree. Its consistence and co- lour as first obtained. Consistence of copaiba as kept in the shops—colour—transparency—odour—taste__re- lations to water and alcohol. Constituents, principally a volatile oil and resin—the former of which is probably the active principie. Mode of obtaining the oil. Its specific gravity—colour—odour__taste —composition—application to the preservation of the alkaline metáis. Effects of exposure on copaiba. Results of its mixture with magnesia. Officinal pilla of copaiba and magnesia. Proportion of the ingredients. y - '££ ' A^*y* //%r+ y <2y¿*yyáyA~y ~y ¿c/Xxy Ayy,..y <,_ ^ yy <. y y ^ A^y^ ry. ¿^yyy £Z XAZnXAXÍty -y¿C. L ^yeM^y^y y¿ y^ <^y Á£^*/~^<*Xy^£y¿(W¿^<.^ yA-uj ^Uly xf y yt..t:. y , x^ „£y ^XCy^^/^áx^^._ yd£..y¿yt A X X l / A A y ¿Zx A<.AAyyZi5y y Xx^Xy Xuy i^y^y, yHíyy /£/.«. y£ ¿y, Aí^^y. AcaXZzA^ y XX. (VA7 yyt y y. aXtaítA., ¿y^i^y, AAzz^^^y *a XA%zz^ Xyyu^y zjyXyyX. 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Ay cv^^^vA^ cAA^X^y Au (/ fy.,Azf t<„ ¿-.AZ 'z> "fs-i*> *,«n. <.¿-i— /<>^^^^- A*r yijg....., y^y-t* <* A4.y>*..< c^y*-.^-^ ^.y^x^e^' ye yyüXy£ c7~ycl-,t ^^y~tyyt-t ■Ay a Xg^y yiyy4^-'^<^^X:r~ Xl+X^yt+iyf 0SAaA^¿y<2*c^y*r*^y¿j. yAiZy ¿yy- A£tyAr-y~u+,+A-r-~ cyy-^^XXrí ^7< ~XFXAtAi^ x ^. < A;££££, C* <-Xy <^-1.^gyACZ¿yy yX^y-Xct^^./- *y&. £ ¿y? n ^^AAXyty X/yuy y*tA: ArAu: ? ¿c^aÍA ¿¿-^y AAxAtiAAzx^yA^x/ AAÍy. > yT^\ cxyy^cyy^6y£7y£Ayuyi.yyAAf^rL^Z'^f cak yX^X^f XAtXA-.c yAíyyyAs s^yXy^y X ' A A A A A --—___„_. y —~y~— L U*-CtytytAy~ ¿Ay^/..^ Atc^AZ^ AA&AtTtrXl^r 4^ A£y /S f/^ ¿U-^^tfíX yy¿ytA X2yy*-£ f x y / y X t'y+yxí y XAi y y y xy y sAuy^ - fyy AtyyXAz yX Pyf-tcX'. AyyzyX. yy,X7 A Origin, commercial and chemical history, and properties as an arterial sedative,' before spoken of. Sometimes powerfully diuretic. Cases to which it is especially applicable. Dose, from 10 to20 grains, repeated so as to amounj. to £j. qr 3¡j. or more in the 24 hours. Effects on the stomach when too long continued. l)t b- <•<.». < i i -A >^ SPIRIT OF NITRIC ETHER.—SPIRITUS iETHERIS NITRICI. 17. S. * Commonly called sweet spirit of nitre. Mode of preparation. Composition. Form__colour__odour—taste—volatility—inflammability—solubility in water and alco- hol—specific gravity—changes produced by time. Often diluted with alcohol. Injufious consequences. Character as a diuretic. Therapeutical application in reference to this property. Dose, from f3ss. to fgj. frequently repeated. T ( 50 ) CLASS XI. DIAPHORETICS. General Observations. Medicines which promote perspiration. The vessels of the skin, in a healthy state, are always secreting. The perspiration is generally insensible, because, as soon as secreted, it is converted into v-*yX yyyiyAXyy &££*, ly £*- ,A^^^-A^ y.yAzAy,^XZZy , ^A¿X£ -fi¿£ XfxÍA^yAÍA^y^yy x/ *~w; y **£c/yCy ^^~-^.+~£^ AfyTAAy^yAXyAs*Ay^,. Aa^ ¿yy~~*^yy ¿¿~~¿xkx¿ x-ayA *yy ¿y yl^ ¿y At-^z~> *£> ^y^ r^^y^Azz-r.^xy -> y^y *yC ¿yA^yty? **yrX aXy<^yc* -*c **■» , y £ - "/y*.., <£_£ <íf_ í Xlty^ ¿Zy¿¿ ty^'Csly*-- 'Xz*. < X —A^zy^-y Xy^A-X X Xy-a^.^ ~— yt c AzA^X r^-i.. y y ' / y. 0~t4y-cXZ^ Al<0-^c^tyu7 X -íy^yZ-Ay,/ tt^y yAAn^y^yy*. aAí ZX,\ ■ /*-^*-~r~ *yiZ*yyz XX^-yXZyyyz XXety^a^yy "jy^yyXZ-n/ Hyi-y tXzry-iAv^ As ca ' ¿A y X? ,'.. ',y / ¿/ a x's y ^ '.-ty^ y^x.^ ~ Xy^u Xoi^^^?« Xo-t^^y a. yy^ -^ ¿yy-y^ytyt^y,^ ¿ rnx^y yA c^a^xX to^y^y^yy, Í>W Ax-X_ ¿yX^Z^y^yiyy^-^, «O- ^ XXcr^y^r yiXyc y„ A Xy^yZXyL XXXyty—y y^^y, AXy yyXXÁZy^yXXy yXsr. ^yX^-cy ~yí-^yy Xyyy^yy^ íy y>^ <^/eyíL ^yLAa^yy^^- X^XX ~^A 4-,X-^^,y¿>- Ay Ay- t^zA, £-7 ixytyy ^l- //a-**'.. '~~-f>?-Aiy A&^XZyyXT aZa-X^ - y, Xa.-- y~X y _ / y ^zAy x yXXy<^Á£~ xyzy¿r^ ^ yyj^^^yyyyr ¿tyxyy ¿yy^x Ax-L^yy^^ yx^y- y^^^., T o~>^X£ X^tyy-íAy y/AyyXcX- XÍXiy A -X£y Xyy *tst~yX¿iy^Xt^a _ yy£ ¿Az^cyA^ f AZA yX uy*~^*yzAj ¿Se*-**^? /L z^y^ yíA J c~ y/^y^ ¿s. ¿y^yA, _. yiyA£-zr*y yXLXzXy-x^ yyXXíyy ¿ty-xCcyiy^. *¿yf £^ty-rXy>TA^yj y.^yy ZAyyyXÍXy ¿2r>-^yzyC; XALXzzTyiyy/xX Akc^y ^^^^^_ c^yyr-rTA-^T^A-yLy, Xi^Xy a^ryCy A&^y-tyyyA ^Ayyy _ XA^y^y^yy yyAT^^Xy>y^yyyA~yy£^^y^-^^^ ■-^yyyyy, ^¿nyyxL^ ¿*y^_ a^u^yy *y, x-íyzz, x^+y^yXs^y^^ «^ A^^y^^^y^y^ ^yy^y ££--y<^y-^„ XAyyy cy^yCy^^, cyy^yAzZjr^ CyAy^,.^^- ^^^^«x^l*^^ A-cyATy*^ ..,_^, tyy/AXzyy^ZtT^y y/ y *y~X ^^^ y__y y yyXyyyy ^:y Xl x< x/¿cyy y^-y TTxy Ay_ Alaa^-X. Ty x 'i<«-xA A-my y — AaÍ£ /X£y ¿ ¿z. Acy^^.y^_ &y ¿XyyXy^^y / y /// ' y A y x- X „ y Aiy <\A££-x J/í*i^yy '*-'■**.,**,}*-<■«**-- ^«--*<- '" -A. X y X y / e ' ^y A AiZZAy C £%£*sC^^^ CZtzy*^ 4**¿¿¿ñ*¿< ¿yty*ytALy Xz^X<-<^yy •* /U. ^T^á^á" y¿C SXzA¿Zy^X¿y¿tz£ yy^ty^í^ j*4yt- «.y.... yy~*>~.*-yy ¿¿z±*~<^~. *yyzy¿zy~ Xy r yy-^yy cy XA/UyApL ¿t^V~ x£y<^ 4~~ £Xz'tAiyy&-yX- AXy k- ¿%Y/<'h**X ^ .— y- AZZAtyy^AyAAtri^. ,_„ ^— .— t^_^ yA2AÍ¿Cv^£y^ aX^ A^rAZ- *¿5£- ^ ¿teyéy AAy fly*~C ¿jy*X*Aku*y íí, ££i*y/> ^Jyj7^yX¿yy ¿~¿cye^-¿«Ly f H^XX) iy£r-u7T£ X> £r**Az JAcy£yy XfcTAzX&r^yíi ^¿¿U^ ¿, ACi~ XL**~,£y4y¿yt_sr-ytT eXAc^tyiy^yAiZy ■w^<.axW<í->l/ yyyLXz^ty. XyXjyyiy £ yy^1ytf tiyiXruMÁTuUaXL^ í^y^Pu, yi+AA.ctM*-v*~aATvu ¿*yy&iry~ - tv'isvZ <¿~y j AAyc éyXCz" fA^ A-j(íXy>. yy *y*~yA £^^^^17^ A^j^(-fcwyA ¿~ ^*-y^ ; azAz Ac¿J-y-<^^y iXzy~l~~^~~~ ~*y* - ____ ( 53 ) CLASS XII. EXPECTORANTE General Observations. Medicines which increase the secretion from the mucous membrane ofthe air cells and air passages of the lungs, or facilítate its discharge. They may be conceived to act by relaxing the secrctory vessels when in a state of eon- striction, or by stimulating them to increased action, either by an immediate influence or by the sympathies which connect the Jungs with the stomach. There is also another mode in which certain expectorants opérate. The bronchial secretion may be in such quantities as to exceed the powers of expectoration possessed by the patient. This may arise either from the great abundance ofthe secretion, or from the great debility of the muscles con- cerned in expectoration. The excessive quantity of the bronchial fluid may result from a debilitated condition of the vessels. Stimulating medicines here prove expectorant by im- parting tone to the secretory vessels, thus diminishing the amount of secretion and bring- ing it within the power ofthe patient to discharge conveniently, or by increasing the mus- cular strength, and thus enabling the patient to exert himself more vigorously in its dis- charge. ll is obvious that, in such cases, those medicines must be most efficacious which with a general stimulating power unite an especial tendency to the lungs. Practical illus- trations. During the administration of expectorants, the surface should be kept warm, and flannel should be worn next the skin. Emetic substances usually prove expectorant in small doses. Ipecacuanha is sometimes given in doses of one or two grains, and tartar emetic in the dose of one-eighth of a grain more or less. For the same purpose, the wine of ipecacuanha or antimonial wine may be used, the former in the dose of about 30 drops, the latter in that of 15 or 20 drops or more. Cases to which these medicines are applicable as expectorants. SQUILL. The origin, commercial history, chemical properties, and effects of squill as an emetic and diuretic have been before treated of. Character as an expectorant. Circumstances under which it may be advantageously employed. Dose, in substance, 1 grain several times a day. Usually employed in the liquid form. Officinal preparations, vinegar, syrup, oxymel, and tincture. Dose of the vinegar, {Acelum Scilla, U.S.), f^ss. to f^j.—of the syrup, {Syrupus Scilla, U.S.), and of the oxymel, {Oxymel Scilla, U.S.), from fgj. to f ^ij. Mode of preparing the syrup and oxymel from the vinegar. Dose of the tincture, {Tinctura Scilla, U.S.), from 20 to 40 drops. GARLIC—ALLIUM. U.S. Bulb of the Allium sativum or garden garlie, a native of Europe, and cultivated in this country. Character of the bulb. State in which it is brought into the market. Shape, structure and consistence of the lesser bulbs or cloves—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol. The virtues of garlie reside in a volatile oil. The expressed juice owes its virtues to the oil. Effects on the system. Mode of operating. Therapeutical uses. The expressed juice most conveniently administered. Usually mixed with sugar. Dose for a child from f 5Jss. to f #. SEÑERA.—SENEGA. U.S. Root ofthe Polygala Senega, an herbaceous perennial plant, indigenous in this country. Shape ofthe root—structure—colour—colour ofthe powder—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol—relative virtues of the bark and woody portion. Its activity is thought to depend on a peculiar acrid principie called senegin. Effects on the system. Therapeutical uses. Given in powder or decoction. Dose of the powder, from 10 to 20 grains. The decoction usually preferred. Prepared by boiling 5j. ofthe bruised root with §j. of liquorice root in Oiss. of water to Oj., and given in the ( 54 ) dose of f^j. or f.^ij., 3 or 4 times a day, or in smaller quantities more frequently repeated. Composition of the compound honey of squill—Mel Scilla Compositum, Ü. S.—commonly called Coxe's hive syrup. BLACK SNAKEROOT.—CIMICIFUGA. U.S. Root of the Cimicifuga racemosa—an herbaceous, perennial, indigenous plant—grow- ing in woods. Sometimes called Cohosh. Shape and size ofthe root—colour—odour—taste—relations to water as a solvent. Effects on the system. Therapeutical applications. Given in substance and decoction. Dose of the powder, 10 to 30 grains—of the decoction, made in the proportion of §j. to Oj., f^j. or f^ij., several times a day. AMMONIAC—AMMONIACUM. U. S. Inspissated juice of the Dorema Ammoniacum—an umbelliferous plant, growing in Persia. Mode of collection. Place of export, and route by which it reaches this country. Two forms, that of lears, and that ofmasses. Size and shape ofthe tears—colour externally—brittleness—fracture—colour ofthe frac- tured surface. Shape ofthe masses—appearance when broken—liability to impurities. Properties of ammoniac—odour—taste—effects of heat—relations to water and alcohol —chemical constitution. Effects on the system. Therapeutical uses. Dose, 10 to 30 grains. Usually given in emulsión, sometimes in pill. The compound pills of squill of the London Pharmacopceia are an excellent expectorant. ASSAFETIDA. Before described. Here spoken of only as an expectorant. Character in this respect. Therapeutical uses. Dose, from 5 to 15 or 20 grains. Given in pill or emulsión. BALSAM OF TOLU.—TOLUTANUM. U. S. Product of the Myroxylon Toluiferum, a tree growing in tropical America. Mode of obtaining the balsam. State in which it is imported. Consistence as in the shops—colour—translucency—odour—taste—effects of heat—ef- fects of exposure—relations to water and alcohol. Essential constituents, resin, volatile oil, and benzoic acid. Mode of separating the acid. Form, colour, and sensible properties of benzoic acid. A characteristic ingredient of the balsams. Use in pharmacy. Effects of tolu on the system. Therapeutical uses. Dose, 10 to 30 grains. Given most conveniently in emulsión. There is an officinal tincture. Objection to this preparation for ordinary use. Dose, fgj. or f^ij. BALSAM OF PERÚ.—MYROXYLON. U. S. Product of the Myroxylon Peruiferum—a native of tropical America. Mode of obtain- ing the balsam. State in which it is imported. Consistence—colour—odour—taste. Constituents, resin, volatile oil, and benzoic acid. Internal and external use. Dose, f gss. X-^ZZZÍt^y yjtXy^ c^Jt^U-ry^ — (££c^ytyyey*yty*s^ C*^¿yLyr-y£-. é LA&-tyiyj£y y*~i ytyX' •^t*—~o¿^ **y£Zz+^-*ty£Xir -*-yAzz^^¿¿i ¿o^yZ^&y^ *&A}yy^ yt^y^^^ ^ -y, y-T^^xyy y x .y y y y)-ly^Lyy/ —c-y<^% ~ A^vy A*-*~ --™ .^y y£,~y^zzyy^ v f*£yAxAy<.* ¿c**yt7ZA. XíAcy^yy^ A£Z7£7Zty ■ f£rt*f yA£ 2cx„-^_ y X^yX-c- a^ X) y . >y^y ^, y y y <^£__ y /y ' £A A7- y yy*íyy y« A- <^€&^ y+x/T^..y yy A«_ ^XTAa zr*. / -v - ^"^t_y ,z 's&yr* .y ^rv. ^^-^ x^?C -i^Xt^^XA-r-*^* A TyA yv XX A -y.7* y x,. <: ¿/. v,—- -7^ y y. X'xy^^y'Ay *~~í> OA^y.yyZyíy^y. ALy/A-y^ Ayy^^y y^ A^y^^^y^yA^y^r~~>^-^yyy7zzuy £ y-y£+y-z.+-.^.y 'X ry- .__ - X • yy' . ~J yft+>ty*-^-.xX-». Xy A'Ay --z~^ Aiyt^^XCy K^xyuy^Xty^y £y ¿^ yArzz-, x^^^yy/j ^yCxx\y^j ¿w^ ¿¿¿a: x¿£ 7 y XCytXvny- , ^¿Zy^y¿(_^ x^yACgo yiyyiyAXL*y>-»y AyyA-TZwí*^ - -^rZí- *CytA-~-v-jy*y*-t~— AyAy^yX— ^ycyi^iX^yA yy-i^. ty>yX. Aiyty^^^ y^yyy T^yy^y nyiyiyiy-yXh^. ACAy7yi^_ Xt~TZ __ A Aytí~iy AycyHyvy £%? ycy/h-^y/yAT-^sy-yY Ayx^rXA; 'yX/ZZ y y^yy^y^ ^_ ■ Xiytyyty ¿A^iyr-Atyy^ $—*ty-ítyAyyAtyxyy^,y£ yAy^ ¿-xy OyA^n^^yvAyiyC' 7AA777 Ay^y A-Lyt*y£**^f, /í^v^vv,^^*- x A~yyy ^^yyX^cr.yyx. x^y- £¡yy cyiy^^^, xy^- */u^^ *x* ¿Clyy^. 2A^-€y*y~*-y<^A>yAZ77yyy^. , y XAZ *yY. ^tx»^ /,yXy- 4yy^~y -i-xyiy^y^y*y>yZi^X ^X P-tytX-iyyA y.AT-1^.. rtytytXy fr~^<2-X-y.y* y At y„j ery .(A^ylXZ-, C^LyXXl^cA / y L 1.7 £4X1 l.y»Xt > TAy^-cr-X^zzziAzzziAX *yÍAy~ ¿*~ ¿XX' a*~x jy.^ aj^,^ fzy,. — <-fy- *?* -t.^ AXTAx *yXÍ Xy^^p, £77A*y A^yy~yi--ryt^yííy^yíy cX*^ 4y, ¿Xy Xy^ ZíAtytyyyy ^ y y y / y /"■") iy A*^Z—77 * — ■ ^ A>i~ ¿4yt»-A f*-A ( 57 ) CLASS XVI. EPISPASTICS. General Observations. Medicines which, when applied to the skin, produce a blister. Also called vesicatoríes. They act by producing inflammation of the skin, the vessels of which relieve themselves by the secretion of serous fluid under the cuticle. They prove useful as remedies in vari- ous ways. 1. They act indirectly as general stimulants. The system is excited by sympathy with the local inflammation. This effect is greatest during the rubefacient action of the epis- paBtic, and is diminished when the cutaneous inflammation is relieved by the effusion of serum. As general stimulants, they may be used in typhoid diseases, and in intermittent or remittent complaints in which it is desirable to supersede the paroxysm by a strong impression on the system. Remarks as to the proper circumstances of application in both cases. 2. They are powerfully revulsive. In this way they prove useful in various nervous irritations and in inflammations. In cases of mere local determination of blood, they are usually best applied at a distance from the part affected; in inflammations, as near the seat of disease as possible. Grounds of this difference. Another practical rule is that, in inflammatory affections, they should not be applied during the existence of high febrile excitement. Grounds of this caution. 3. They substitute their own action, which spontaneously subsides, for the diseased ac- tion existing in the part to which they are applied. 4. They act as local stimulants. 5. They produce local depletion, which, though not abundant, often proves highly useful «n inflammation. 6. The pain they occasion is sometimes useful in hypochondriacal cases. 7. They are employed to sepárate the cuticle, so as to procure a denuded spot for the application of medicines. SPANISH FLIES.—CANTHARIS. 17. & Cantharis vesicatoria. Synonymes. Meloe vesicatorius. Lytta vesicatoria. Countries in which the insect is found. Situations frequented by it. Mode of procuring and pre- paring it for use. Shape and size of the fly—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol—attacks of insects and results. Blistering property thought to reside in a peculiar principie called cantharidin. Form, colour, and solubilities of this principie. The following officinal preparations are worthy of notice. 1. Cerate of Spanish Flies—Ceratum Cantharidis, U.S.—commonly called blistering plaster. It is the Emplastrum Cantharidis of the London Pharmacopceia. Constituents and mode of preparation. Mode of application. Used for blistering. 2. Ointment of Spanish Flies—Unguentum Cantharidis, U.S. Mode of preparation. Used to dress blistered surfaces in order to maintain a discharge. 3. Plaster of Pitch with Spanish Flies—Emplastrum Picis cum Cantharide, U.S.— more frequently called Emplastrum Calefaciens, or warming plaster. Constituents. Uses. 4. Liniment of Spanish Flies—Línimentum Cantharidis, U. S.—generally called decoc- tion of flies in oil of turpentine. Mode of preparation. Uses. Practical remarks on blistering with cantharides. Local action ofthe epispastic. Strán- gury a frequent resuft. Probable cause. Modes of prevention. Treatment. Sloughing of the skin in the blistered part sometimes results. Cause of this occurrence. Rules for applying blisters. Remarks in relation to their size and shape, the means of attaching them to the skin, the prcvious preparation of the skin, the duration of their application, the difference in this respect between children and adults, mode of dressing blisters, mode •of treating them when inflamed, and the means of sustaining the discharge so as to forra a perpetual blister. POTATO FLIES.—CANTHARIS VITTATA. U.S. Synonyme, Lytta vittata. An indigenous insect. Plants on which it is found. Mode of collecting it. Size, shape, and colour. Sensible properties similar to those ofthe Span- ish flies. Chemical composition probably similar. Uses the same. 8 ( 58 ) CLASS XVII. RUBEFACIENTS. General Observations. Medicines which inflame the skin without vesicating as an ordinary result. The prin- cipies of their operation are the same in general as those' mentioned under the head of epispastics. But some indications "are answered best by one class, others by the other. As general stimulants, blisters are preferable when a slow and permanent impression is to be produced—the active rubefacients, when a sudden and powerful but fugitive action is requisite. The former are superior to the latter in the power of interrupting morbid associations. On the principie of revulsión, blisters are more useful in local inflammations —rubefacients, in spasm and other forms of nervous irritation. When a very slight but long continued action is desired, the indication is best fulfilled by mild rubefacients. As depletory means these are obviously inferior to blisters, and they cannot be employed to obtain a raw surface. For the mere purpose of producing pain, the powerful rubefacients are even more efficient than blisters. MUSTARD.—SINAPIS. U.S. The seeds of two species of Sinapis—the S. alba and S. nigra—natives of Europe—cul- tivated in our gardens. General character of the plants. Their seeds distinguished by the ñames of white and black mustard seed. Size and co- lour of the two varieties. Colour of the powder. Mode of preparing it. Chemical composition of the seeds. Mucilage contained in their coating, a fixed oil in the interior part. Among their constituents is a principie, which, in the black mustard is converted into a volatile oil by the reaction of water, in the white into an acrid substance not volatile. The odour and taste are ascri bable to these principies. Effects of mustard on the system. Operation when taken whole. Operation when swallowed bruised or in the form of powder. Internal uses. Employment as a rubefacient. Mode of applying it. Duration of its application. Local effects. Occasional unpleasant results. Cases to which it is especially applicable. CAYENNE PEPPER. Before spoken of as an arterial stimulant. Effects as a rubefacient. Modes of applying it. Cases to which it is applicable. OIL OF TURPENTINE. Already described. Powerfully rubefacient. Mode of applying it. Peculiar effect on the skins of some individuáis. Cases to which it is applicable. BURGUNDY PITCH.—PIX ABIETIS. U.S. Product of the Abies comrnunis—Pinus Abies, Linn.—a large evergreen tree, growing in the north of Europe, and commonly called Norway sprucefir. Mode of procuring and preparing the pitch. Form as it is found in the shops—colour—effect of exposure on the colour—consistence —difference in this respect in cold and hot weather—smell—taste—chemical composition —effects of heat—consistence at the temperature of the body. Properties as a rubefacient. Poisonous effect on the skins of some individuáis. Thera- peutical uses. Modes of application. HEMLOCK PITCH.—PIX CANADENSIS. U.S. Sometimes erroneously called hemlockgum. Obtained from the Abies Canadensis—Pinus Canadensis, Linn.—an evergreen indigenous tree, growing in the northern states and Canadá. Mode of collecting and preparing the pitch. Colour. In sensible, chemical, and medicinal properties, closely analogous to Burgundy pitch. WATER OF AMMONIA.—AQUA AMMONLE. U.S. Chemical nature. Mode of preparation. Odour. Relation to the oils. Effects as a rubefacient. Modes of application. There is an officinal preparation under the ñame of Linimentum Ammonia, U.S., commonly called volatile liniment. Composition of this liniment. yx£y7¿Lyy A¿------y y? £ AAZyZJxXl ^^^^tt;,v ^ X*4 /<-4C^ J^y^XAz- zAXy^ J¿*,*^ .yC'yyyyy .,^y^ yy¿^y^ y^yy ^y^j£t /z-£L y^yX XAyX yCy'A^y^^y^yy ^^xy.CAy z^X- / (*y / y &y£y hof.A^jAíz^x y^ .yy y yyx^*yy^. *, y^yzz^ ^7. / 'a ' ^ A^Aiytyy/y-y «c y ^ y, f aj~-^ y ^y^u^y yjyy+tyf J£ ^ y y-yX^ AxL >^yyy* 72py¿y- yyy yy^^^ ^yy^y y^yy^*, _ yC ¿¿y^y*^ x£^^,^ jy¿x~' ¿¿X^ yy^yyy'- x^yy ^ y^ ^^yAzzz^y \yyt^y- y'—yy ^-4 X^yXA^jA, ^^T^^yyyyy^y^ <*«— ~^y -^<^^^ yX^ yy.r^ ¿^ *y¿y yy, y,—yy x£y^ x ¿x¿L cl >v^ jyt^' yuy Ay/i£^yXA cX*-? yyy~y:-y AyXly^- /XrXy yiy-ly^yytyA X^yfytXy £AAí£^ ¿vy^xz íÁ-Tyíyyty-ttyyXy^^ ¿yyXyyr- yy^/t < y xA-A-z^^j, yy*^. ^yCyíCX^L y^< á^ A£ A A\Z yy, y / _a CAytA-Cyl. 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A£ZZ Otyyyty-cy-t^-yyy fayCyXzyi^y &Xy0 AyiyyL^ jy AtAy£t>t4*yiX- ¿¿y?-*- - Afylyty— Aca Ay^y^ U^-cXXicy, A/y-iy^^ ^X a. co-XityXc s' ZZ^y/iy^tyy CyX¿Ly A^iyy*iyL^íiy/£ /L ¿KTAy+u- iaXa yy^y^y. y^ ( 65 ) Occasionally mercury produces excessive and exhausting sweats, sometimes a peculiar eruptive affection. Treatment under these circumstances. Alterative use of mercury next considered, viz. its use in quantities insufficient to pro- duce any obvious effects on the system. This employment qf mercury is important. It is especially advantageous in functional complaints of the digestive viscera, and more parti- cularly when the liver is involved. Remarks upon the colour and quantity ofthe faeces as an indication ofthe state ofthe hepatic function. The alterative use of mercury is called for when the stools are white or clay coloured or very dry and scanty, indicating a den. cicnt secretion of hile—when they are very copious, liquid, and of a bilious colour, as in bilious diarrhcea and cholera morbus—and when they are dark coloured or black, and of a tarry consistence, as in melcena. Methods of administering mercury with a view to its alterative action. In chronic cases with constipation, a blue pill may be given, or from half a grain to a grain of calomel, every night or every other night, followed in the morn- ing, if the bowels be confined, by some gentle aperient. In acute cases, with irritable sto- mach and bowels, one-sixth of a grain of calomel or half a grain of the blue pill may be given every half hour, hour, or two hours, according to circumstances, and suspended when the requisite quantity has been taken—care being observed to avoid any effect upon the gums. A little opium may sometimes be advantageously added. The preparations of mercury considered in five divisions, ]. metallic mercury, 2. oxides, 3. chlorides, 4. salts, and 5. sulphurets. 1. Metallic Mercury. Not given internally in the liquid form. Always in a state of minute división. Mode of effecting this división. Change effected in the metal by trituration. Partial oxidation produced. 1. Mercurial ointment—Unguentum Hydrargyri, U.S. Constituents. Mode of prepa- ration. Colour. Effects of time upon the colour. Purposes for which it is employed. Modes of application. 2. Mercurial plaster—Emplastrum Hydrargyri, U. S. Constituents, mode of prepara- tion, and uses. 3. Mercurial pills—Pilula Hydrargyri, U. S.—commonly called blue pills. Constitu- ents. Mode of preparation. Colour ofthe mass. Effects of age. Kept in mass or made into pills. In the former state called technically Massa Pilularum Hydrargyri. Wcight of the officinal pill 3 grains, containing 1 grain of mercury. Relative virtues of this pre- paration. Dose, 1 pill 3 times a day as a sialagogue—1 every night or every other night as an alterative. The mass is sometimes advantageously given in emulsión. 4. Mercury with chalk—Hydrargyrum cum Calcis Carbonate, U. S. Constituents. Mode of preparation. Therapeutical use. Dose, from 5 to 20 grains twice daily. 2. Oxides. 1. Black oxide of mercury—Hydrargyri Oxidum Nigrum, U.S. Mode of preparation. Chemical nature. Form and colour. Effects of time. Dose, from 1 to 3 grains, 2 or 3 times a day. 2. Red oxide of Mercury—Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum, US.—commonly called red precipítate. Mode of preparation. Chemical nature. Form—colour—solubility in water. Used externally as an escharotic and stimulant. Complaints in which it is employed. Modes of application. There is an officinal ointment called Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri. Much used. 3. Chlorides. 1. Mild chloride of mercury—Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, U.S.—commonly called calo- mel—sometimes, but erroncously, submuriate of mercury. Chemically it is the protochlo- ride of mercury. Mode of preparation. Impurity. Mode of purifying it. Form—specific gravity—colour—taste—insolubility. Incompatibles. Dose, from half a grain to a grain, 3 times a day. Howard,s calomel. Relative valué of calomel as a mercurial. 2. Corrosive chluride of mercury—Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, U.S.—commonly called corrosive sublímate. Chemically it is the bichloride of mercury. Mode of pre- paration. State as first obtained. Powdered for use. Colour—taste—solubility in water and alcohol. Incompatibles. Character as a sialagogue. Dangerous effects in overdoses. A corrosive poison. Therapeutical application. Dose, from one-eighth to one-quarter of a grain, 3 or 4 times a day. Given in pill or solution. 4. Salts. 1. Yellow sulphate of mercury—Hydrargyri Sulphás Flavus, U.S.—commonly called Turpeth mineral. Mode of preparation. Chemical nature. Form—colour—taste—insolu- bility. Dose, from half a grain to 1 grain as an alterative—from 2 to 5 grains as an ( 66 ) emetic. Scarcely ever used at present for these purposes. Sometimes employed as an errhine, diluted with 5 parts of starch. 2. Ammoniated mercury—Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum, U. S.—commonly called white precipítate. Mode of preparation. Chemical composition. Form—colour—insolubility. Used only externally. Purposes for which it is employed. Mode of application. An oint- ment made with it is officinal under the ñame oí ointment of ammoniated mercury. 3. Nitrate of Mercury. Used only in the form of ointment. Mode of preparing the ointment of nitrate of mercury— Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis, U. S.—commonly call- ed citrine ointment. Colour of the ointment. Therapeutical applications. Frequently di- luted with lard. 5. Sulphurets. 1. Red sulphur et of mercury—Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Rubrum, U.S.—commonly cali- ed cinnabar. In the powdered state called vermilion. Mode of preparation. Chemical constitution. Appearance in mass—weight—colour—colour of the powder—-odour—taste —effects of heat—insolubility. JJsed only for fumigation. Mode of application. 2. Black sulphuret of mercury—Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Nigrum, U.S.—formerly Ethiops'' mineral. Mode of preparation. Chemical nature. Form—colour-—odour—taste —insolubility. Scarcely ever used at present. Z • < ' -. ■ IODINE.—IODINUM. U.S. 7 Chemical nature of iodine. Origin and modé of preparation. Form—weight—colour— aspect ofthe surface—odour—taste—relation to water, alcohol, and ether, as solvents. Effects upon the system. In small quantities it promotes the appetite, increases the strength of the pulse, operates gently on the bowels, and appears to act as a tonic. But if continued, it is found grcatly to promote absorption, and at the same time to increase almost all the secretions, so that emaciation results, and goes on increasing with the use of the medicine. If still longer continued, it gives rise to derangements of the nervous system. Digestión is at length impaired, and the patient is worn out with hectic symp- toms. When given in large doses, it produces the same effects in a greater degree, and the result is more speedy. In very large quantities it acts as a corrosive poison; but it is frequently rejected from the stomach, and therefore not necessarily fatal. More danger is said to accruc from small doses very long continued than from an overdose at one time. Therapeutical applications of iodine. Dose, one quarter to half a grain, 3 times a day, and gradually increased to one jjrain or more. Never used in powder. Dissolved either in alcohol, or in a watery solution of the iodide of potassium. The tincture is officinal. Proportion of iodine to alcohol. Dose, from 10 to 20 drops. Cautions as to the age ofthe tincture, and the mode of keeping it. The iodide of potassium—Potassii Iodidum, U.S.—is officinal. Mode of preparing it. Form—colour—effect of exposure—taste—relation to water and alcohol as solvents. Probably converted into hydriodate of potassa in solution. Dose, from 1 to 2 grains; but given lately in much larger doses with impunity. Its solution has the property of dissolv- ing iodine. A convenient method of administering the medicine thus afforded. ImgoVs solution, containing ^j. of iodine, Qij. of iodide of potassium, and f gvij. of water, given in the dose of 6 drops repeated twice a day and gradually increased. Numerous preparations of iodine besides those mentioned have been used. Such are the iodides of iron, of lead, of mercury, of starch, of sulphur, and of zinc, and the iodohy- drargyrate of potassium. Reasons for thinking most of these superfluous. Iodine is externally used in the way of bath or ointment. Proportions of the ointment, Qj. of iodine and §j. of lard. Effect on the skin. The ointment of iodide of potassium has probably little efficacy, though frequently used. . y - xyxy yúyu-'^yy ^ ¿y^ v Ay^Xy^, y ££^ e-AiyZtyZZz y Cxy A£íx£yx^yzz *-* téyyhy^wi^^f ^^.i y X*£yy Azy¿yx£X- y¿xyyy/y£- AA^y£^yy «A. <*/ ytA^^yAXyyy yxyTy x^x^Ay^y^^ ~¿0yx&yeyt~ *~" y AyyA^y yyiyy.rti^y^yy *xí¿> - cA^yx y yyy^y^ yy yy^y-y^c y y z? ^ yyyyxy A2tyí ¿xyyyxz y'z~í.^^ yy y^^yz^, a?-t,y -<^¿~^7v,y~¿yw¿' y-ryAZ ^^.y-zyL- 'zA7y^y^yXxz^yTyy. c^X yy& ^yxc^y ¿y^yZy. yy ^x< y' Xyy A%. y Xu -A y AAXllytyiyytA-y.^1 ¿¿, y t ¿r aX^X yyyZyy^ y 7¿y7 x A X, y y^ ¿ yX*y¡y . X¡\. /-tJ^'(yy-y - 'i. x'Ux y*-ct^-.,,^ ¿'~!-'--. . t.^y,uAZ~ CyL<. y A'Jy -7- £yí.tyllyA Hytyh^ y<^yy Z ^—-z. a- -X£ ¿A/yA. y^<~Ai ^ ¿... .yy .%t^íy¿/ T • &tyl A y~.~y Aíyty}y.£cyA y^y^_y^ yyX^yHAy-^y^yyz^A-yXyX- /x- Xa y* y y y y y^AX+fjytyyuzz. 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Ayly2-y¡y ¿^, ¿Xc^yu^yy yytytytytyftyt-L, yAy A^Xf/^yy^ ¿y-tyCAf^, t^c-tycyytyt^. A-Ty-ry-ist^ZXyy- _ AyyytyfX cj^^ye^^iy ¿xy yXXc^ /y^z^x. ^' Aoyfi*yi) tf^/Z^L yy AyyC£ y¿yy4*^~+y£¡C yAtty^yXtyy Jy yzZy-y^y Gkiyyp': caX'««¿^v s^A-yy ¿c^yAz y£¿y^- ¿yyy Xy zXAy^t*^- A Xíyy AA££ AAyxy^yy Xyy^^-Tyy. -4. X-ty^y-. yAyAttTyty-iAi^ a^A£-XzT ¿yx^ Xyu^y -. yytA't' AA^uvy yhyyy-y cy^^ íaxAL íyyyyAT) Av AliAy ¿Z? AA£yiX>1 yX V:.'- ^y,~y'AxzXyi >£-*—X ^ XAXy^y yx^y- y Xyty t^tXfy y-ryc-*^yy-iyirT^-y AXA^AyZAXAyí^. ■'— / ( 67 ) CLASS XXIII. —>ANT ACIDS. General Observations. Substances which are capable of combining with and neutralizing acids. Henee all sali- fiable bases are antacids; but the alkalies, alkaline earths, and their carbonates, are the only ones used medicinally with this view. They are useful by correcting excess of acidity in the primee viee, and probably also in the blood. They serve also to correct or prevent acidity in the uriñe, and thus prove useful in the uric acid form of gravel. CARBONATES OF POTASSA. These have been already fully described. As antacids, the carbonate is given in the dose of from 10 to 30 grains, the bicarbonate in that of 20 to 40 grains. The infusión of hickory ashes and soot, sold in the shops under the ñame of alkaline infusión, is an im- pure solution of the carbonate of potassa. Mode of preparation and uses. Dose, f^ij. 3 times a day. CARBONATES OF SODA. 1. Carbonate of soda. Source, and mode of preparation. Shape of the crystals. Ef- fect of exposure. Taste—solubility in water—alkaline reaction. Proportion of water of crystallization. Inequality of the salt as found in the shops. Bette/ to use the dried car- bonate. Dose ofthe anhydrous salt, from 10 to 30 grains—ofthe crystallized, from 30 to 60 grains. 2. Bicarbonate. Formerly called supercarbonate of soda. Mode of preparation. Aa usually found in the shops not strictly a bicarbonate. Taste and solubility. Advantages as an antacid and antilithic. Dose, from £ss. to gj. Pleasantly administered in carbonic acid water with ginger syrup. AMMONIA. Sometimes used as a stimulant antacid. Given in the form of aqueous or alcoholíc so- lution. Water of ammonia—Aqua Ammonia, U. S.—and Ammoniated alcohol—Alcohol Ammoniatum, U. S.—are the officinal preparations. Seldom used internally. The Aromatie ammoniated alcohol—Alcohol Ammoniatum Aromaticum, U. S.—frequently called aromatie spirit of ammonia, is much employed. Uses. Dose, from 15 to 30 drops, largely diluted. Carbonate of ammonia may also be used as an antacid. Before treated of. LIME.—CALX. US. Employed in solution under the ñame of lime-water—Liquor Calcis, U. S. Mode of preparing lime water. Effects of exposure to the air. Mode of keeping it. Proportion of lime dissolved. Taste. Therapeutical uses. Seldom given alone. Use of lime-water and milk. Effect of this mixture on the taste ofthe lime-water. Carbonate of lime much used, either in the form of chalk or of oyster shells. Mode of preparing chalk. Called by the United States Pharmacopceia, when prepared, Calcis Car- bonos Preeparatus, by other authoritica, Creta Pra-parata. Form—taste—insolubility in puré water. Solubility in water impregnated with carbonic acid. Combines astringeney with antacid properties. Therapeutical applications. Given in powder or suspended in water by means of gum Arabic. Dose, from 10 to 20 or 30 grains, every hour or two, or less frequently. Mode of preparing oyster shells. Officinal title when prepared, Testa Praparata. Dif- ference in composition from chalk. Ground of preference in certain cases. Dose and mode of administration the same. MAGNESIA. Already spoken of in relation to its preparation, sensible and chemical properties, and uses as a laxative. As an antacid it is one ofthe most powerful, in consequence of its low combining number. Cases to which it is applicable. Dose, from 10 grains to a drachm. The carbonate is occasionally used in double the dose. ( 68 ) CLASS XXIV. ANTHELMINTICS. General Observations. Substances which have the property of poisoning or debilitating worms in the aliment- ary canal, and thus rendering them more easy of expulsión. In relation to their mode of operation, it is probable that some act by a directly poisonous influence upon the worm, others by a mechanical agency. In this view of the class of anthehnintics, all those me- dicines are not included in it which are employed in the expulsión of worms, but such only as opérate advantageously, in consequence not of their relations to the human sys- tem, but of that which they bear to the worms themselves. PINK-ROOT.—SPIGELIA. U.S. Root ofthe Spigelia Marilandica—an herbaceous perennial plant, growing in the South- ern States. General character ofthe plant. The whole of it is possessed of anthelmintic virtues, but the root is most powerful, and is the only part recognised by the Pharma- copceia. Shape and aspect of the root—colour—colour of the powder—odour—taste—relations to water and alcohol—effects of exposure. Effects on the system. Effects on the worms. Modes of administration. Dose of the powder for a child from 2 to 4 years oíd, from 10 to 20 grains, repeated night and morning for three or four days, and then followed by a cathartic. The powder is sometimes com- bined with calomel in the proportion of 12 grains of the former to 4 of the latter. Dose of the infusión made with ^ss. of the root to Oj. of water, for a child, from f§ss. to f^j., 2 or 3 times a day. The infusión is often associated with senna, of which ¿jss. may be add- ed to the preparation, and the same dose given. PRIDE OF CHINA.—AZEDERACÜH. U. S. Bark of the root of the Melia Azederach, or Pride of China, a native of the East In- dies, and naturalized in our Southern States. Used chiefly in the South, seldom or never in the Northern States. Effecte of the bark on the system. Effects on the worms. Used in decoction made by boiling Oij. of water with ^iv. of the fresh bark to Oj. Dose for a child, f,=§ss. every 2 or 3 hours till it operates, or night and morning for several days, and then followed by a cathartic. WORMSEED.—CHENOPODIUM. U.S. Seeds ofthe Chenopodium anthelminticum, or Jerusalem oak. Those also ofthe C. am- brosioides are used. Both of these plants are indigenous herbaceous perennials. Odour and taste of the plants. These properties reside in a volatile oil which pervades the whole herb. The seeds only are officinal. Size and shape ofthe seeds—colour—colour when deprived of their outer covering. Effects on the system. Effects on the worms. Administered in substance, bruised or powdered, in the dose of ¿)j. or J}ij. for a child. The volatile oil is officinal, under the ñame oíOleum Chenopodii. Mode of procuiing it. Colour and odour of the oil. Dose, from 4 to 8 drops for a child, repeated morning and evening. COWHAGE.—DOLICHOS. U.S. 2/l4¿ ¿' it y. .%, Product ofthe Dolichos pruriens—a climbing West India plant. Shape and size ofthe fruit. External covering of hairs or bristles. Colour of these and mode of separating. Mode in which they affect the worms. Administered in electuary. Dose ofthe electuary for an adult, §ss., for a child 3 or 4 years oíd, ¡jj, MALE FERN.—FILIX MAS. Í7. S. Root ofthe Aspidium Filix Mas, or male fern, growing in Europe and North America. Character of the root—shape in its unbroken state—condition as usually found in the shops—colour—odour—taste—relations to water, alcohol, and ether. Effects of time upon I«a ✓;, AÍZ XXm . ' 1 (f~■-.... W ,---yyf yy^yy XCcA-ty o yéyeyAJy, yZ/yy£?y7 /í-y^ 'r i y> f y - /y y /y T^ 7y~ ' , A y ' • * ~A -lyyA tiHat^/^77X Xy^y yA>^, sy^AA,/A~^yT/--£Ay_. yxycyy y^rury^^ £yy.- ¿yyyi X^y Aua^AXT, ¿yz/X y/Xyá^ . yxy ¿y-yTy ¿£yo-n-,.<.z,. Xvy-fty^-ty ^ Aízy x^-y /^^ y^y^y n i *, ¿£y xyy£, ^ Az-^AX^ £££ Xy+Xy X y>y¿yiyfyy y? A / y —- A Ae-tryf . XAyjT^^ eT>. / y X / X y AXyyA-y-y^^yyy cy/'X X¿ -í~-- c &yx£y7-Ly ^tyc^yzy X¿. zuxyy^,. yy. AAAyytyp^ y^*y____ y*C^^y^~í/z**^«^ yZ*yyyy*yT. A¿<.^ ¿yy ¡tí^ yy-T^-y^.y^y.xTy 4^t^. a. ¿yyyyxXzz y\y y y^ a ' / y y a ¿AlaXL. lyyytyy-xyr^yzA c^y-Ay- y^y ¿íXv,. ¿y y> z,, *x.«^...tí .-x.,..... yyy yyty.c,^¡ Xyt^tyiy^ - AÍ A/ytyry l íaX X. u yyZyciyi~->yyJ AX X7t AyXXc^yXyyy ¿yAtÁ^- ^ytXyA&Víy- — y'" -y ' /r y "/ / A 'A y ' A 'AZ<. (-Ay --yj *Xz£xyyA^yyyy ^o^yy, a^xy.^A yA^ AA.^y A££ z-tr^ti^^y} ^*yn yXt-x^^y^yy y ¿y A£ A£y tyCA-yy~^Ux^ Xg) ££Zy*yly Xy-iy-^Tyt^ XiyAAAy/ X- y /¿yf CzX Uy^oty^iX y- y i/C ' * - y/y * *'í l A X • ' jy^y-iyi A yi/it^ny^^ ¿ Xkyy. y yy^ *iy*£y L.^__ _, ^ t>- ¿y 7y¿ X ( 69 ) "V* - X its virtues. Effects on the system. Mode of action on the worm. Peculiar application. Scarcely ever used in this country. POMEGRANATE ROOT. Bark of the root of the Púnica Granatum, or pomegranate. Relations of the root to water. Effects upon the system. Peculiar vermifuge application. Administered in de- coction made by boiling í|ij. ofthe bark in Oij. of water toOj., one third of which, repeat- ed every half hour till the whole is taken, is the dose for an adult. OIL OF TURPENTINE. Powerfully anthelmintic. Particular vermifuge application. Dose for an adult, from f^ss. to f.^ij., or even f^üj. Effects produced upon the system by this dose. Followed /in 2 or 3 hours by a dose of castor oil. f In small doses of 4 or 5 drops, repeated several times a day, the oil is useful in the sto- machic worms of children. TIN.—STANNUM. U.S. Used in the form of powder. Mode of preparing powdered tin—Pulvis Stanni, U. S. Appearance. Mode of operating upon the worms. Particular application. Dose, from 3j. to ^j. y >yX¡yzX tXA) 4y* .' y /-**-'«•? * & ' X..z ¿£> Sr*- Afiy. Z A/u f- Aayuty 44**.. y NLM032745733