fr -\ OUTLINES OF LECTURES OH MATERIA MEDICA AND BOTANY, DELIVERED iar JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE, PHII.ADEt.PBtA. BY WILLIAM P. C. BARTON, M. D. , volume n. PHILADELPHIA* PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH G. AUNER, BOOKSELLER AND STAIIONER, 333 MARKET STREET PBINTED BT LYDIA H. BA1LE.Y. 1827. r. £-> EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, to wit: BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the sixth day of Oc- (L. S.)- tober, in the fifty-second year of the Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1827, William P. C. Bartok, M. D. of the said District, hath deposited in this office the Title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as author, in the words follow- ing, to wit: " Outlines of Lectures on Materia Medica and Botany, delivered " in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, by William P. C. Bar- " ton, M. D." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, intituled " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprie- tors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned." And also to the act, entitled " An act supplementally to an act, entitled ' An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching, historical and other prints." D. CALDWELL, Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania PREFACE. THOUGH the arrangement adopted in this volume, is sufficiently plain to the student, it may not be amiss to make a few remarks on the advantages it presents, for acquiring a knowledge of the subjects of Materia Medica. It will be perceived, that a reference is made, under each number, to the specimens of the articles treat- ed of under it, which belong to my Cabinet of Materia Medica and Botany in Jefferson College. This cabinet is the'result of a gradu- ally increased collection of interesting specimens, and fine figures of all the medicinal plants of the Materia Medica, during eleven years that I have been a Professor, and Teacher of Botany, Vegeta- ble Materia Medica, and Vegetable Toxicology, in the University of Pennsylvania. Many of the more rare specimens have been con- tributed by my eminent correspondents, Professors in the different Universities of the Continent of Europe ; especially by Professor Mertens of Bremen; Professor Schrader of Gottingen; Professor Sprengel of Halle; Professors Desfontain and Thoiiin of Paris; and many highly valuable specimens from Professor Horneman of the University of Copenhagen, whose liberality has been usefully pro- pitiated by my friend, his excellency, Mr. Pedersen, late minister from Denmark to the United States. To my pupils, in the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, during the period mentioned, the Cabinet is also indebted for many; and for some rare specimens from the West Indies, and from Louisiana, it stands indebted to my assidu- ous pupils, George Terrill, M. D. and Henry W. Bassett, M. D. Surgeons of the United States Navy; two gentlemen who have con- tributed to science, by pursuing assiduously the official recom- mendation given to the junior medical officers of the service, by the Hon. Samuel L. Southard, Secretary of the Navy, to avail them- selves of the opportunities their continuance in this city during a respite from duty, afforded them, of cultivating the Science of Botany; a recommendation, being one of the numerous acts of that distinguished director of the navy, which has elevated the dignity, respectability, and usefulness, of its Medical Corps. The whole cabinet, I venture to believe, when arranged, which from its extent has heretofore been impracticable, owing to a want of suitable apartments, will constitute the most complete collec- tion of Materia Medica and Botany in the United States. For its reception, together with the excellent and rapidly increasing Cabi- net of Jacob Green, M. D. Professor of Chemistry in Jefferson IV PREFACE. > College, and the Anajomical speomens, an extensive gallery is provided in the new Jefferson Medical building, now erecting in Tenth, between Chestnut and Walnut streets. This gallery will be a continuous room, forming a right angle, on the front and south aspect of the edifice; each angle of which measures 47 feet, by 18 ifeet in height, and about 12 or 13 feet in width ; being well lighted from the main, and small street, on which the building stands. As far as the references of this volume go, it will be an explanatory catalogue of the articles of the cabinet—for the residue, a cata- logue will be printed, by the session of 1828. For my own depart- ment, I can confidently say, that,.no pains nor expense will be spared in the arrangement and enrichment of this Cabinet, to ren- der it a mean of useful instruction to the numerous students who have encouraged our new institution, which has hitherto met with so much cheering encouragement,* (particularly this session,) by intel- ligent and educated youth, from South Carolina, Virginia, Mary- land, Ohio, Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, Delaware, Pennsylva- nia, New-Jersey, New-York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massa- chusetts, Vermont, Maine, and even the West Indies. Our class contained, last year, but three students from Virginia; already, at this early period, when the regular course has been but five days commenced, we have matriculated near thrice that number, from that State—and it is not doubted, that that part of our Union which has hitherto sent so large a number of Medical Students to our city, will in future bestow a good proportion on that School, which bears the name of the illustrious natal patriot of the state—a patriot of whom it has so much reason to be proud This volume contains a designation of those articles of the Materia. Medica, which, from their novelty, uninvestigated properties, or in- terest, would form useful subjects for inaugural Theses. In reference to these, 1 have the pleasure to mention, that the Medical Faculty of Jefferson College, has determined to award, this year, an equiva- lent to $90 for the best inaugural Latin thesis, which shall be ad- judged excellent, from its pure latinity, and the able treatment of the subject. For the next best, an equivalent to half that sum, to- gether with certificates of this honourable distinction in the class. Philadelphia, Nov'r. 12tk, 1827. • Last session, the aggregate number of our class, was less than one-fourth of the number reputed to resort to the University. I his session, :.teording to the ac- kno.\ . dgtd numbers of that schoo , we hav. nior th:.n out-third—uud this is but the thud session of th< existi nee of our tV . l' .' \e hav.- th. r.foiv every rea- sonable ground for calculating near y on .. -in... division with that celebrated School, next session—and in one more session, a fair moiety. OUTLINES OF LECTURES. ABI—ACA No. 1.—Abietis Resina. Synonym, Pinus ab'tes, which see. No. 2.—Absinthium, wormwood. Synonym, Artemesia absynthium, which see. No. 3.—Acacia, the generic name of an assem- blage of pinnatified plants, of which two species furnish drugs of commerce and medicine—gum Arabic and gum Senegal. \cacia. Species plantarum of Willdenow, Vol. 4. page 1085, 23d class, order 1st of sexual system of Linn. viz. Polygamic^ Monoida. Natural order, Lomentacese of the same author. Natural order, Leguminosx of Jussieu. Genus No. 1902 of Willdenow, as above, with the fol- lowing characters: Hermaphrodite. Calyx five-toothed. Corolla five-cleft, or formed of five petals. Stamens 4-100. Pistil 1. Legume bivalve. Male. Calyx five-toothed. Corolla five-cleft, or formed of five petals. Stamens 4-100. That section of the genus which embraces species that have Leaves bipinnate, sKpular tlwrns or prickles, elongated spikes—contains species No. 73, Acada Ca- techu. Catechu—formerly Terra Japonica. That sec- tion which embraces species with leaves bipinnate, stipular thorns and globular spikes, contains species No. 87, Acacia, Vera, Acacia or Egyptian thorn, yield- ing gum Arabic. VOL. II. B IV PREFACE. College, and the Anajomical specimens, an extensive gallery is provided in the new Jefferson Medical building, now erecting in Tenth, between Chestnut and Walnut streets. This gallery will be a continuous room, forming a right angle, on the front and south aspect of the edifice; each angle of which measures 47 feet, by 18 Feet in height, and about 12 or 13 feet in width; being well lighted from the main, and small street, on which the building stands. As far as the references of this volume go, it will be an explanatory catalogue of the articles of the cabinet—for the residue, a cata- logue will be printed, by the session of 1828. For my own depart- ment, I can confidently say, that.no pains nor expense will be spared in the arrangement and enrichment of this Cabinet, to ren- der it a mean of useful instruction to the numerous students who have encouraged our new institution, which has hitherto met with so much cheeringencouragement,* (particularly this session,) by intel- ligent and educated youth, from South Carolina, Virginia, Mary- land, Ohio, Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, Delaware, Pennsylva- nia, New-Jersey, New-York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massa- chusetts, Vermont, Maine, and even the West Indies. Our class contained, last year, but three students from Virginia; already, at this early period, when the regular course has been but five days commenced, we have matriculated near thrictthaX number, from that State—and it is not doubted, that that part of our Union which has hitherto sent so large a number of Medical Students to our city, will in future bestow a good proportion on that School, which bears the name of the illustrious natal patriot of the state—a patriot of whom it has so much reason to be proud This volume contains a designation of those articles of the Materia Medica, which, from their novelty, uninvestigated properties, or in- terest, would form useful subjects for inaugural Theses. In reference to these, 1 have the pleasure to mention, that the Medical Faculty of Jefferson College, has determined to award, this year, an equiva- lent to $90 for the best inaugural Latin thesis, which shall be ad- judged excellent, from its pure latinity, and the able treatment of the subject. For the next best, an equivalent to half that sum, to- gether with certificates of this honourable distinction in the class. Philadelphia, Nov'r. 12th, 1827. • Last sessionj the aggregate number of our class, « as 1. ss than one-fourth of the number reputed to resort to the University. This session, •uvrdn.fr to the ac- kno.v - dgid numbers ot that schoo., we havi mor thui. om-thnv- mil this is hut flu third session of the existence of uur CoU-g .' \yt h*v., th.e.foiv every rea- sonuo.e ground for calculating near.y on ,. 4Ua, d.vis.ou with that celebrated School, next session—and in one more session, a fair moiety. "»■**» OUTLINES OF LECTURES. ABI—ACA No. 1.—Abietis Resina. Synonym, Pinus ab'tes, which see. No. 2.—Absinthium, wormwood. Synonym, Artemesia absynthium, which see. No. 3.—Acacia, the generic name of an assem- blage of pinnatified plants, of which two species furnish drugs of commerce and medicine—gum Arabic and gum Senegal. \cacia. Species plantarum of Willdenow, Vol. 4. page 1085, 23d class, order 1st of sexual system of Linn. viz. Polygamia, Mbnoida. Natural order, Lomentaceze of the same author. Natural order, Leguminosx of Jussieu. Genus No. 1902 of Willdenow, as above, with the fol- lowing characters: Hermaphrodite. Calyx five-toothed. Corolla five-cleft, or formed of five petals. Stamens 4-100. Pistil 1. Legume bivalve. Male. Calyx five-toothed. Corolla five-cleft, or formed of five petals. Stamens 4-100. That section of the genus which embraces species that have Leaves bipinnate, sKpular tfwrns or prickles, elongated spikes—contains species No. 73, Acacia Ca- techu. Catechu—formerly Terra Japonica. That sec- tion which embraces species with leaves bipinnate, stipular thorns and globular spikes, contains species No. 87, Acacia, Vera, Acacia or Egyptian thorn, yield- ing gum Arabic. VOL. II. B ACA—ACA Officinal. Catechu extractum. Lond. Acaci* extrac- tum Catechu. Edin. Catechu: extractum e ligno. Dublin. Pharmacopeia, United States. Extract of Catechu. Wm. P. C Barton's Cabinet of Materia Medica and Botany, in Jefferson College—specimens No. 1 and 2. Coloured figure of the plant, small series, frame No. 3, under Stnohim Mimosa Catechu. No. 73 is now under notice, as yielding Catechu ; de- rived, according to Kerr, from two Oriental words— cote, a tree, and chu, juice. The tree which yields Catechu grows abundantly in the woods of Kanhana, in Hindostan; seldom exceeds twelve or fourteen feet in height, covered with a rough thick bark, and towards the top dividing into numerous branches, on the younger of which are placed from fifteen to twenty pairs of pinnae, about two inches long, each having near forty pairs of hairy follicles; flowers, hermaphrodite and male; fruit, a lanceolate, compressed, and smooth pod. Flowers in June. Two sorts of Catechu—Bengal and Bombay; the first being the produce of Canai'a, the second of Behar. Little chemical difference, according to Davy—e'ther nearly soluble in the mouth ; their solution in water inodorous, and slightly red in tincture of litmus. From 200 grains Bombay Catechu, Davy obtained 109 tan- nin, 68 extractive matter, 13 mucilage, 14 impurities; obtained by boiling and evaporation of the decoction of the brown coloured and inner part of the wood of the Acacia Catechu. Taste more or less bitter and astringent, with sometimes mawkish sweetness. Besides the true Catechu, there are sold in the bazaars of Lower India, two other substances, similar in pro- perties to it, and used by the native and European practitioners for the same purposes. The first is call- ed Cuttacamboo in Tamool—the second, Cashcuttie. They are two different extracts from the nut of the betel-nut tree, (arcka catechu,) which see. The term Terra Japonica, or Japan earth, formerly ap- propriated to this drug, originated from the supposi- tion that it was an earth from Japan. It is called Cutt, by the Hindostanese; Cutch, by the English ; by dif- ferent authors, Chaath, Cate, Cachou, Cachoze. Qualities. Pale Catechu—in small square cakes, Si- enna red, light, friable, lamellated, fracture rough; first taste sweetish, aftertaste bitterish and astringent; *»' ACA—ACA 11 specific gravity, 1.39. Dark Catechu—heavier than the pale ; specific gravity, 1.28; more austere and bitter; in other respects, alike. Both kinds often adulterated with sand and other impurities. Mebicixal Properties and Uses. A valuable astrin- gent—the brown containing most tannin, preferable." Used in dysentery and diarrhoea, alvine and uterine haemorrhages, leucorrhcea, obstinate catarrhal affec- tions. Locally, to spongy gums and aphthae of mouth and fauces—for relaxed uvula, occasioning teasing cough—as a dentifrice. Alkaline salts destroy its astringency; metallic salts, and solution of isinglass, form with it insoluble compounds. Dose, grains x. to9J. or3i. Officinal Preparations— 1. Infusum Catechu, ? London and Edmburgh. 2. Tinctura Catechu. 5 3. Electuarium Catechu compositum. Edinburgh and Dublin. I recommend the following formulae:— R. Catechu, Wxv-"\ Alum gix. I Mixed into an ointment, White resin, giv. > used in India as an ap- Olive oil, f^x. j plication to ulcers. Water, q. s. J No. 1.—Pulv. Crete, gr. xij."l ---- Opii, gr. i £■ ---- Extract. Catechu, gr. xv.J> Made into one powder—to be taken, in diarrhoea from gastric acidity, as often as may be requisite to suppress it. No. 2.—Pulv. gallarum, gr. x."^ Tinct. Catechu, f^ss. I Made into Tinct cardamom comp.f^ss. fa draught. Syrup of cont. aurant. f3j. J No. 3.—Mistura Cretae, f3 iss.} in game cases Tinct. Opn, drops, xv. V ag No- 1# Tinct. Catechu, f^j. J No. 4.— Infu. Cuspariae febrifuge, f||T Made into Tinct. Catechu, *3J- > a draught. Pulv. Ipecac. gr. v. J j^o, 4,—Acacia Vera. Synonym, Mimosa nilotica. ACA—ACA Officinal. Acacisc gummi, Lond. Acaciae Arabicjr gummi, Edin. Gummi Arabicum. Dublin. Acacia Gum, or Gum Arabic. Cabinet Mat. Med. & Bot. Jeff. Col. Specimen No. 4, called best (opt); Nos. 5 and 6, common; No. 7, sophisticated; No. 8, coloured figure of the plant, small series. The small tree yielding this drug, is common in nearly every part of Africa. The gum exported from Barbary to England, is from trees growing in the Alas moun- tains, and at Blod-el-jerreede. Stem crooked, bark grey, that of branches tinged with purple ; leaves alternate, bipinnate, composed of several pairs oppo- site pinnae, a small gland on the common petiole, be- tween the base of each pair, and having numerous pairs of narrow, elliptical, smooth leaflets. Capituli consisting of hermaphrodite and male flowers, sup- ported on slender peduncles (4 or 5 together) from the axils of the leaves. Calyx small, bell-shaped, five-toothed. Corolla five-cleft, segments narrow, yellowish. Filaments numerous, capillary, anthers roundish, germen conical, style slender, stigma simple. Pods three or four inches long, half an inch broad ; seeds several, flattisb, brown. They yield a reddish dye. The gum exudes spontaneously from the bark of the trunk and branches, in a semi-fluid state; becomes hard and transparent by exposure to air. Collected in December. According to Jackson, it is a diseased product. He says, the most sickly trees, in the hot- test seasons, yield the most; and in these seasons, it is gathered in July and August. Little is obtained in moist, cool, or mild summers. I cannot acquiesce in this opinion, and account for the facts stated, by in- ferring that excessive heat is favourable to the exces- sive generation of the gum, which is a natural and not a diseased secretion. The elimination of a greater quantity than is consistent with the usual economy of the plant, by heat, naturallytakes away some of the nourishing juices of the tree—hence it is sickly. Qualities. In irregular shaped pieces, hard, brittle, semi-transparent: fracture semi-lustrous; neither fu- sible nor volatile ; pale yellowish, white, or cream- white, when pure ; insipid, inodorous, dissoluble in the mouth ; specific gravity, 1.3161 to 1.4317; sophis- ticated with gum Senegal—may be known from it by the latter being in larger masses, of a darker hue, more tenacious, less soluble in the mouth, sticking to the teeth; also adulterated with B Abided Giind, oi ACA—ACE 13 the Hindostanese, a gum brought from the East In- dies, darker, less pure, and less soluble, than gum Se- negal, and which is the product of Acacia Arabica, or Babul tree. Soluble in hot or cold water, and vege- table acids; insoluble in alcohol; triturated with fixed or volatile oils, and resins, renders them miscible with water; insusceptible of fermentation, owing to some lime it contains. Dr. Thompson found it to contain gluten—hence its very nutritive quality, as mentioned in therapeutic lecture on Demulcents. Medical Properties. Referred by writers to demul- cents ; dissolved in the mouth, for cough ; given in drink, in bowel diseases of children ; in gonorrhoea, leucorrhcea; chiefly used in state of mucilage, and as a vehicle for medicines repulsive to water, in making pharmaceutical mixtures. Officinal Preparations. 1. Mucilago Acaciae, L. E. D 2. Emulsio Mimosa: Nilotic*, E. Emulsio Arabi- cs, D. 3. Mistura corn. ust. L. D. 4. Mistura Cre- tae L D. 5. Mistura Moschi, L. 6. Confect. Amyg- dal, L. 7. Pulv. Cretae co. L. 8. Pulv. Tragacanth. co L. 9. Trochisci Carbonat. calcis. E. 10. Troch. Glycrrh. Glab. E. 11. Troch. Glycrrh. Glab. cum opio. E. 12. Troch. Gummos. E. No. 5.__Acetos.e FoLiiE. Leaves of Rumex ace- toss, or sorrel dock, which see. No 6—Acetocella. The plant called Oxalis ace- tocella (which see) or wood sorrel, yield- ing oxalic acid, in form of super oxalate , of potass. No. 7. Acetum, L. E. Acetum Vini, D. Vinegar. Qualities, and economical use, well known. Medicinal Properties and Uses. Is refrigerant, dia- " phoretic, diuretic, anti-narcotic; externally, slightly stimulant and astringent. Used to acidulate diluent drinks and ptisans; as a glyster, in obstinate costive- ness; externally, as a fomentation or lotion, to burns, bruises, sprains, and chronic ophthalmia, diluted with water, used to clean the eye of small particles ot lime. In vapour, it is used in sore throat and catarrh. Dose, 3i to 3'ii—in glysters, f§i to fgij. Officinal Preparatto**. 1. Acidum ■«**«»•£ E. D. 2. Acidum aceticum forte. E. D- J- ayrup- us aceti. E. B 2 14 ACE—ACE No. 8.—Acetum Colchici. L. Vinegar of meadow saffron. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 9. Vinegar dissolves the active properties of the bulb of Colchicum. Qualities and medical uses—see Colchicum Autumnale. Dose, f^ss to fgij, in any mild liquor. No. 9.—Acetum Scill*. L. E. D. Vinegar of Squill. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 10. An ancient preparation of Squill, depositing, when long kept, a precipitate consisting of citrate of lime and tannin. This does not, as is often supposed, deteri- orate the medicinal value of the preparation. See Scillae maritima. No. 10.—Acetum Aromaticum. E. Aromatic vi- negar. Thieves'1 Vinegar.* Marseilles Vinegar. Le Vinaigre de quartre voleurs. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 11. [s a solution of essential oils and camphor, in vinegar— for the formula, see Edinburgh Pharmacopeia, and a similar preparation in the French Codex, consisting of an acetic infusion of various aromatic herbs and camphor, under the above French name. No. 11.—Acetis Hydrargyri. E. Acetas Hy- drargyri. D. Acetate of mercury. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 12. Qualities. In small, flakey, silvery-white crystals, of an acrid taste, composed of acetic acid and oxyd of mercury ; insoluble in alcohol—soluble in hot, spar- ingly in cold water. * A supposed prophylactic against contagious fevers, so named from the cunfession of four thieves, who obtained their reprieve, when arrested for plundering, with perfect security, the dead bodies of those who died of the plague of Marseilles, by confessing that their preservation from contagion was owing to their use of this vinegar. ACI—ACI 15 Medicinal Uses. In pills, dose gr. j. for old venereal affections, particularly of the skin ; a solution of gr. ij, in f^ij rose-water, used as a cosmetic. Keyser's anti-venereal pills consist of this mercurial salt, tritu- rated with manna. No. 12.—Acidum Aceticum—(impurum?)Fortius. L. Strong (impure ?) acetic acid. Spe- cific gravity, 1.046. Lond. Pyroligneous acid—e ligno stillatum. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 13. Acetic acid distilled from wood, or pyroligneous acid— known in England in 1661, under the name of "sour spirit," or " vinegar of boxwood;" within a few years past, introduced into use. Obtained by decomposing wood, in large iron cylinders, by heat—rises gaseou^ and becomes condensed into a liquid by passing through cool pipes. y Qualities. Colourless, limpid; sharp agreeable taste, and penetrating vinegar-odour, with some empyreu- matic aroma; five or six times stronger than common vinegar; very volatile ; makes a white opaque smoke, which is a dry acetate, when its vapour is allowed to rise-near carbonate of ammonia ; similar in chemical properties to diluted pure acetic acid; forms a colour- less salt when saturated with potass, and a colourless mixture with sulphuric acid. Medical Properties and Uses. Diluted with distilled water, may be used as distilled vinegar is. Stimulant; powerfully antiseptic—hence its economical use, in preserving animal and vegetable substances—might be used for preparations of morbid anatomy. No. 13.—-Acidum Acetosum, forte E. Acidum ace- ticum. D. Concentrated acetic acid— radical vinegar. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Col. No. 14. Differs from distilled vinegar, in being more concentrat- ed and pure. Obtained from decomposition of acetic salts by sulphuric acid. Qualities. Pungent, acrid, volatile; takes fire, when heated in open air; more solvent than distilled vine- gar, dissolving camphor, essential oils, and resins— dilution precipitates them again. With alcohol, it forms a kind of ether; united with water in any pro- ACI—ACI portion, evolves caloric during the combination; cor rodes every thing but gold, platina, glass, and earth- enware. Henry's aromatic vinegar is an acetic solution of cam- phor, oil of cloves, lavender, and rosemary. An ex- temporaneous similar preparation may be made, by gi acetate of potass, M. xx. of sulphuric acid, and a few drops of some fragrant essential oil. Both useful, when applied to the nose in fainting, &c. —Acidum Citricum. L. Acidum citricum crystallis concretum. D. Citric acid. Acids of lemons, limes, &c. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 15. Qualities. Pure, is in white, semi-transparent, per- sistent, rhomboidal prisms—or two four-sided pyra- mids, joined at their bases. Inodorous; intensely acid, sub-caustic taste; soluble in cold and hot water: f^i, cold, dissolves gx—same quantity, boiling, dis- solves £ij. One ounce of the crystals, dissolved in one pint water, equivalent to one pint lemon-juice; if not carefully kept, the solution undergoes spontaneous decomposition; combines with alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides, forming citrates of them. Decom- posed by sulphuric and nitric acids. Sophisticated with tartaric acid, which may be detected by adding to the solution muriate of potass, or saturating it with carbonate of potass, when an insoluble super- tartrate, in small brilliant crystals, will be formed. Adulterated also with citrate of lime, which may be known by dissolving the crystals in water, salinating the solution with ammonia, and adding to it some oxalate of that substance, which will precipitate it instantly. Medical Properties and Uses. One ounce to a pint of water, used as a substitute for recent lemon-juice, in scurvy, both as a prophylactic and remedy. Though not equal to that juice in this disease, it is equally good for making the effervescing draught, with car- bonate of potass. Used also in all affections in which fresh lemon-juice is proper. A solution of J)j, in a pint of water, sweetened with sugar that has been rubbed on fresh lemon-peel, is a grateful lemonade, in febrile and inflammatory complaints. Dr. Paris has given the following table of equiva- lent proportions of concrete citric acid and lemon^ juice, necessary for neutralizing alkaline salts ■.— ACI—ACI t7 ' . . ~------------ Citric Acid. \ Lemon-Juice. ------------1---------------------<----------- ' A scruple of Alkalies. gr. x. '#*• (Carbonate of potass. gr. xv. fguy- Sub-carbonate of potass. gr. xxv. f3viJ- Sub-carbonate of ammonia. Citric acid, though called the juice of lemons, is contained in many other fruits, from which it may be obtained by the same process as from lemons or limes: viz. the cranberry, bird cherry, solanum dulcamara, rosa canina or Hep, or fruit of wild briar. It exists in combination with malic acid, in the strawberry, raspberry, currant, bilberry, whortleberry, hawthorn, black cherry, &c. ; and in small proportion, in the berberry, elder-berry, sloe, service, plumb, &c. This accounts for the well-known fact, that the juices of these fruits soften and remove tartareous incrustations on the teeth. A recollection of the existence of this acid in the foregoing common fruits, will also enable the practitioner to direct or forbid them, in disease or convalescence. No. 15.—Acidum Hydrocyanicum ; Acidum Prus- sicum. Hydrocyanic acid. Prussic acid. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 16. _ The most vehement, certain, and destructive poison known. This deleterious liquid was first introduced to somewhat general employment, as a subject of materia medica, in the year 1815, by the London practitioners—and since, by those of other places in Britain and on the Continent, and in the United States. This remark has reference only to the acid in its sim- ple, separate form—for the deleterious principle of which it consists, was long known to exist in the distilled water of the Lauro Cerasus, as appears from the murder of Sir Theodosius Broughton by means of it, and also the suicide committed, in 1782, by Dr. Price, of Guilford, in vexation of spirit at his inability to prove the truth of his profession of a power to con- vert mercury into gold, before a tribunal competent to decide on the fact. He put a period to his exist- ence, on the day before the appointed time of trial, by drinking laurel water. The medical employment of this article was also known long since. Linnaeus, in the Ammoenitates \cademicae, published in the year 1765, mentions 18 ACI—ACI that laurel water was used frequently as a remedy for pulmonary consumption, in Holland. Other vegetables contain the acid, besides Laura Cerasus, or cherry laurel. It exists in bitter almonds, the leaves of the peach-tree, the kernels of the fruit of this and many other plants of the family, in the pips of apples, and in the bark of the prunus padus, or bird cherry. It exists also in the bark of the pru- nus Virginiana, and prunus serotina, or wild cherry of this country.* Qualities. Liquid, transparent, and colourless at the ordinary temperature, but occasionally yellowish; first taste cooling, after taste peculiar, bitterish, acrid, irri- tating ; slightly reddens tinct. turnsole; odour pow- erful, resembling that of bitter almonds, insupport- able, unless mingled with a large quantity of air. Exposed to light and air, spontaneously undergoes decomposition, when the above properties are lost. Very volatile ; boils at 79° F.—congeals at 59° F. When a few drops are put on paper, it quickly eva- porates, and in the generation of cold, the residue is crystallized—a unique property, distinguishing it from all other liquids. Soluble in alcohol—very little so in water; agitated with ten or twelve times its volume of that fluid, it *• oollooto on its surface, like oily. " Left to cool in vessels, it is decomposed in less than an hour, and rarely preserves its integrity more than a fortnight." Magehdie. It consists of a peculiar gaseous, highly inflammable compound of carbon and nitrogen, called Cyanogene, united with hydrogen as the acidify- ing principle—hence it is called hydrocyanic acid. The medicinal preparation contains a small portion only of the concentrated compound. According to Ma- gendie, the acid, prepared according to Sheele's me- thod, is of irregular medicinal power; and he recom- mends Gay Laussac's acid, diluted by six times its volume, or 8.5 times its weight, of distilled water, for medical purposes : this mixture Magendie calls medi- cinal prussic acid. Dr. Ure proposes that the specific gravity shall designate that fit for medicine; and after comparative experiments of the gravity of the acids obtained by different processes, he states that the acid usually prescribed is of specific gravity, 0.996 or 0.997. Effects. Hydrocyanic acid, in a sufficient quantity, instantly destroys life in man and animals. The ve- * The only mineral substances in which this acid has been found to exist, is the Fer Azure of Haiiy, and a new substance found ac companying Welsh Culm. ACI—ACI 19 locity with which it acts, probably destroys nervous energy. It has the property of extinguishing general sensibility, without injuring respiration and circula- tion. Animals have been found to breathe and suffer no impediment in circulation, for some hours after muscular irritability has been extinguished. Medical Properties and Uses. Referable to sedative narcotics. Efficacious in tracheal phthisis, according to Mr. A. Todd Thompson : has been commended by Granville, in tubercular phthisis—by Brera, in pulmo- nary inflammation—by Magendie, in all cases of aug- mented irritability of the pulmonary organs, as nerv- ous chronic coughs, asthma, whooping cough—by Thompson and Elliotson, in dyspepsia; the former recommending it to be combined with tonics, in this affection accompanied with gastric acidity, with heat and soreness of the tongue : he says, that in these cases, " it reduces the morbid irritability of the sto- mach, and thereby enables the juices of that organ to be more slowly secreted, and of a more healthy character." Thompson appears to have been the first who used it in gastric affections. It has proved ser- viceable in uterine haemorrhages, dysmenorrhea, and haemoptisis. In England, it has been used in cases of hectic cough—in Italy, to calm the irritability of the utems, even in cases of cancer, and to moderate and regulate the inordinate action of the heart in sthenic diseases. It has been used in chronic rheumatism and mania, in the Pennsylvania Hospital, with advantage. As a local remedy, it has been serviceable in allaying irritation of the skin, attending on impetiginous affec- tions. Internally, it may be administered in distilled water, camphor mixture, or some vegetable infusion. It has been proposed, instead of using the separated acid, to employ some vegetable in which the acid naturally resides, by an association of physicians, sur- geons, and naturalists of Florence—as the essential oil of Prunus Lauro Cerasus. They recommend olive oil as the best vehicle, in the proportion of twelve drops of the essential oil to one ounce of the oil. Others prefer laurel watei, (which see.) Formula:— No. 1.—Mistura Acidi Hydrocyanici. Mixture of Prussic Acid—Magendie's Pectoral. Medicinal Prussic Acid, gr. 59.07 troy Distilled water ibl Pure sugar oz. 1 £ Mixed, and to be shaken when used. Dose, a desert-spoonful morning and evening—may be increased to 6 or 8 spoonfuls in 24 hours. ACI—ACI No. 2.—Potio Acidi Hydrocyanici. Potion of Hydro- cyanic Acid—Magendie's Pectoral Potion. Infusion of ground ivy, (Gkchoma hederacea,) 2 oz.~) Medicinal Prussic Acid, 15 drops £ Syrup of Marsh Mallows, 1 oz. j Mixed and shaken, before use. Dose, a desert-spoonful every nine hours. No. 3.—Syrupus Acidi Hydrocyanici—Hydrocyanic Syrup. Clarified syrup, Ibl ? Medicinal Prussic Acid, gr. 59.07 troy $ To be added to common pectoral syrups, and used as they are. 2J0. 4.—Lotio Acidi Hydrocyanici—Hydrocyanic lotion. Hydrocyanic acid, ^3'v ~) Rectified spirit of wine, f 3 j > Distilled water, fgxss. j Used by Mr. A. T. Thompson, as a wash for im- petiginous affections. —Acidum Benzoicum. L. E. D. & Phar. U. S. Benzoic Acid. Flowers of Benzoin. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 17. A preparation of gum Benzoin, which is the produce of Styrax Benzoin, or Benjamin tree of Sumatra. Qualities. Inodorous, when entirely pure; very agree- ably fragrant and aromatic, as it is found in the shops, under the name of flowers of Benzoin; in this state, it contains some oil, on which its odour depends—by dissolving it in alcohol, and precipitating it by water, this is got rid of. It is, however, in its impure state altogether, that it is employed for medical purposes. Taste pungent, sweetish, acrid, and acidulous. It is in minute acicular crystals and flakes, soft to the touch, of a beautiful white hue and saline lustre, and not pulverulent. Specific gravity, 0.657. In a strong heat, it burns with a white flame—in a lower heat, it melts, and emits an acrid suffocating vapour. Soluble in twenty-four times its weight of boiling water; but is nearly all deposited on cooling, say nineteen twen- tieths. With alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides, it forms salts, called benzoates of each, which have never been applied to medical purposes. Benzoic acid exists in other vegetables besides the Styrax— in the Dipterix Odorutu, or Tonca bean, on the sur- face of which it is often seen crystallized. ACI—ACI 21 Medical Properties and Uses. A stimulant and ex- pectorant, as all the bakams and balsamic products are. It is chiefly used as an ingredient in the com- position of other medicines, particularly common Pa- regoric, which is never agreeable without it, though it is sometimes left out. As benzoic acid is in some degree pectoral, it is not improbable that it has its share in the peculiar and agreeable effect of that mix- ture, in catarrhal diseases. It also enters into the Tinctura Opii Ammoniata. E. No. 17.—Acidum Muriaticum. L. E. D. Phar. U. S. Muriatic acid. Synonyms, Hydro-chloric Acid, Hydro-muri- atic Acid. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 18. Qualities. A straw-yellow liquid, of pungent odour, and intensely sour, caustic taste; emits white, suffo- cating fumes when exposed to the air, and corrodes animal and vegetable substances; forms muriates, with alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides. The liquid acid in use is a solution of muriatic acid gas in water. When of specific gravity 1.16, according to Davy, it contains 32.32 per cent, of the gas, which is a com- pound of chlorine (oxy-muriatic gas) and hydrogen, in equal volumes. Medical Pboperties and Uses. Tonic and antiseptic; used in typhous fevers* and cutaneous eruptions—in gargarisms, for ulcerated sore throat, and scarlatina maligna; highly diluted, as an injection for gonor- rhoea ; was supposed a cure for syphilitic affections— Pearson has opposed this notion : he says, by its sa- lutary effects on the stomach and general health, "it is a medicine capable of ameliorating the appearance of venereal ulcers, and of restraining for a time the progress of the disease, where it is desirable to gain a little time, previously to the entering on a mercurial course." Dr. Paris says, that during several years' extensive practice in the Westminster Hospital, he uniformly exhibited it with success, in the most ma- lignant cases of typhus and scarlatina. He says also, that after a copious evacuation of the bowels, he found * Professor Reich was rewarded by the King of Prussia with a pension, for his assumed discovery of the efficacy of this acid in camp fevers. VOL. II. C ACI—ACI it very efficacious in preventing the generation of worms, administering it in a strong infusion of quassia as a vehicle. This acid has been used as an antilitic. The antiseptic virtue, above noticed, has long been known. Some strong facts on this point are related by Sir Wm. Fordyce. As a disinfecting agent, the acid has been highly commended. It appears, however, too acrid and oppressive, if not suffocating, for apart- ments inhabited, as the wards of hospitals, &c. It is better fit to disinfect recently occupied cells of pri- sons or hospitals, wards, dissecting rooms, &c. which have become foul from putrefactive animal or vege- table matter, or from previous animal effluvia without ventilation, or from previous contagious disease. The muriatic acid gas may be evolved by pouring sulphuric acid on common salt. This, in common with the other mineral acids, is preferable in cases where we wish a long-continued use of acids, since they are not liable to decomposi- tion by the digestive process. Dose, ITLv. to xx. frequently repeated, in some bland fluid, as barley water, gum Arabic water, or, if occa- sion require, in bitter tonic infusion. Pewter or lead- en spoons must not be used for receiving it. Formulae— No. 1.—Acidi muriatici, f^ss to fjij to fgiv of any kind of fluid, as a gargle in sore throat, &c. No. 2.—Acidi muriatici, Hi viii ~) Mixed, for injection Aq. fjiv 3 in gonorrhoea. No. 3—Acidi muriatici, fan refreshi tonic Decoct. Horde,, Oj £ . hus8fever# Syrupi, f3y vel q. s. J ;r —-Acidum Nitro-Muriaticum. Nitro- muriatic acid. If nitric and muriatic acids be mixed, a mutual decom- position takes place, of which water, chlorine, and nitrous acid are the results. This constitutes the nitro-muriatic acid, or aqua regia of the older che- mists. Medical Properties and Uses. A bath, acidulated with this mixture, has been proposed as a substitute for mercury, by Dr. Scott and Dr. James Johnson. The former strenuously recommends it in liver dis- eases, or all those affections which, in a tropical cli- mate, spring from deficient, superabundant, and de- ACI—ACI 23 praved secretions of bile. In cases of this kind, he recommends that patients sit with the legs in a tepid nitro-muriatic acid bath, half an hour, or less, accord- ing to circumstances, every night, or every second night. He says, it produces its effects (after the first bath) in a few hours. "It purges—gives rise to the expulsion of dark-coloured faeces or bright-coloured bile ; or bile of a brown, a green, or black colour, like tar mixed with oil. The pulse, in time, becomes quicker than natural, and a degree of restlessness takes place. These effects may be kept up for a number of days; they are often, however, much long- er in appearing. When the bile is deficient in quan- tity, the effects are only known by the faeces re- turning by degrees to their natural colour, and by a gradual improvement of the health." It appears by his statement, that delicate or even strong people suffer temporary inconvenience from its use, and first perceive its beneficial tendency, a considerable time after they have given it up. It is said by Dr. Scott, that sponging the body with nitro-muriatic water has nearly the same effect as the foot bath—Dr. Johnson prefers the foot bath. The sponging, with this, of the thighs, legs, stomach, chest, or arms, for ten or fifteen minutes daily. Immersion of one hand or one arm, in delicate persons susceptible of the stimulus of this bath, may answer the purpose of sponging. Mr. Webster, surgeon of the 51st regiment, (English) speaks of its efficacy in infantile bilious diseases, as jaundice. The bowels must be kept open, in every case, by medicine, under the use of tliis bath. Dr. Johnson gives these directions for preparing the bath : "Into a glass vessel, capable of holding a pint or more of fluid, put 8 ounces of water, and then pour in 4 ounces of the nitric acid of the London pharmacopeia, and 4 ounces of muriatic acid." One ounce of this nitro-muriatic solution to a gallon of warm water, will form a bath of medium stiength, such as Mr. Astley Cooper prescribes. The propor- tion may be increased to an ounce and a half, or di- minished to half an ounce, to the gallon, according to the age, strength, delicacy, or other peculiarity a the patient. One drachm of the nitro-muriatic solution to a pmt of warm water, is the quantity for sponging. My friend Dr. Hartshorne, an eminent practitioner of this city, has had some experience with this bath, and he some years ago spoke so favourably of it to me, as to induce me to use it in some cases. I am not able, with propriety, to give as yet a decided opinion 24 ACI—ACI on its efficacy. I rather lean, however, until further experience with it, to the belief, that it is better suit- ed to the diseases of a tropical climate, than to those of our own. I recdmmend it to your attention and trial. No. 19.—Acidum Nitricum. L. E. D. Phar. U.S. Nitric Acid. Aqua fortis. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 19. Qualities. A limpid fluid; specific gravity, 1.500; emits white fumes, of a suffocating odour; of an extremely acid tas'c; very corrosive, and tinges the skin yellow—this hue wears off, but is indelible by any application. It is de- composed, with violent action, by all combustibles, and mingled with volatile oils, inflames them. Employed as a pharmaceutical agent altogether. No. 20.—Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. L. Acidum Nitrosum Dilutum. E. D. Diluted Nitric Acid. Qualities. A less concentrated acid than the above, vary- ing in strength according to the quantity of water directed by the different pharmacopeias—that directed by the pre- sent London pharmacopeia> is weaker than the D. and E. Medical Properties and Uses. No. 19 is a tonic, anti- septic, and anti-syphilitic remedy. I have used it with great benefit in cutaneous affections with general debility, and particularly in some of a leprous character. I can also attest its efficacy, in certain cases of syphilis. This, very largely diluted, or No. 19 also freely diluted, so as to ren- der the water slightly acidulous, forms a very refreshing, grateful, and tonic beverage, in fevers of low type. In doses less diluted, No. 19 has been found efficacious in chronic hepatitis, even after dropsical effusion had taken place; also in wasted and worn-out constitutions, as a gentle and certain tonic, without increasing too much the excitement of the system, during its immediate operation. It also restrains violent nausea and vomiting, and is an excellent tonic in dyspeptic disorders. In 1796, Dr. Scott published, at Bombay, some account of its efficacy in sy- philis : he combined it with muriatic acid—three parts of the latter, with two of the nitric acid. It has been sup- posed by some, that it only checks the disease for a time; and Dr. Pearson has averred, that it is no substitute for mercury in the venereal disease—an opinion in which I cannot acquiesce, having, in a very extensive practice, for many years, been in the habit of using the nitric acid ACI—ACI 25 without the muriatic, and in numerous cases with entire success. It is said to lessen the action of mercury on the mouth and fauces, and hence, in broken-down constitu- tions, to be a useful tonic conjunctive with that medicine. Nitric acid itself, however, often salivates ; and as the mouth and fauces give the first evidence of this effect, I can in no way perceive how it can lessen the determina- tion of mercury to the same sites. Carmichael recom- mends its union with digitalis, in cachectic constitutions, afflicted with venereal. It is useful, conjoined with mer- cury, in obstinate ulcers of the legs, as I know from expe- rience, accompanied by or existing without venereal taint. No. 20 has been nefariously used as a poison. It may be known by orange-coloured spots on the lips, chin, and hands of those who have taken it; and post mortem examinations have shown the same maculations in the stomach and in- testines. Besides this, the mucous coat of the latter is converted into a fatty matter, and the former often perfo- rated. Dose of No. 20 is from m„x to n^xxx, in f^iij of water, three or four times a day. Formula— Acidi Nitrici dilut. f^ij > Aq. com. Oj. > Mixed as a lotion for fetid ulcers yie'ding an ichorous discharge, and also in caries of bones. No. 21.—Acidum Succinum. Edin. Succinic acid. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 20. The process of this preparation is directed differently by the Edinburgh and the Dublin College : the discrepancy does not affect the article as a medicine. Obtained from amber. Qualities. In minute triangular prisms—when pure, are white, translucent, shining; have a slight penetrating odour and taste ; redden infusion of litmus; volatile, in- flammable ; soluble in twenty-four parts of water, at 60° F. and two parts of 212°, the greater part crystallizing as the water cools ; soluble in alcohol, and sulphuric and nitric acid, without decomposition ; combines with alka- lies, earths, and metallic oxides, forming succinates. Is adulterated by—1, tartaric acid, which is detected by carbonate of potass; 2, by muriate of ammonia, detected by nitrate of silver; 3, by sulphate of potass, detected by barytic water. Medical Properties and Uses. Was formerly mucu used, externally, to stimulate punctured wounds, and as a pow- erful stimulant, internally, in tetanus; still used on the Continent of Europe. c2 26 ACI—ACI No. 22.—Acidum Sulphuricum. L. E. D. & U. S. Sulphuric acid. Synonyms, Oil of Vitriol, Vitriolic Acid. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 21. Qualities. See Dispensatories. Adulterated in the shops ; ordinarily containing three or four per cent, of saline matter, which consists of about two-thirds sulphate of potass, and one-third sulphate of lead ; does not affect the medicinal properties ; it is used in doses of from five to eight drops, with a glass of water, for the same purposes as the following. No.23.—Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum. L.E.D. & U. S. Diluted Sulphuric Acid. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 22. The dilution variously directed by the different colleges. This preparation is more pure, and its dose can be better regulated, than No. 22. Medical Properties and Uses. Antiseptic, refrigerant, astringent; useful for weakened digestive organs, colliqua- tive sweats, diabetes, typhoid fevers, cutaneous diseases, internal haemorrhages ; was Sydenham's remedy for epis- taxis and haemoptisis; used, much diluted, as a Collyrium, in chronic ophthalmia and obstinate gonorrhoea—dose, It^ x. to xl.—in violent uterine haemorrhages, and in malig- nant erysipelas, has been given to the extent of f^i in twenty-four hours. May be given in the infusion of rose- leaves. The teeth must be guarded by sucking it through a quill. Locally applied, is a good gargle in ulcerated sore throat, and to check salivation. Officinal Preparations. 1. Acidum sulphuricum aro- maticum, called in Phar. U. S. Tr. sulphuric acid—this is the common elix. of vitriol. 2. Infusum rosae compositum Formula— Cinchonae lancifoliae cort. contus. !|ss "^ Aq. com. f^xvj Made into a decoction—then add to the boiling liquor, Serpentaria radicis contus. z\\ Spir. cinnamomi comp. fd'ss Acid, sulphurici. dilut. f giss _ Dose, in low fevers, two ounces every 4 or 6 hours ACI—ACI 27 No. 24.—Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum.— Aromatic sulphuric acid. Elix. of vitriol. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 23. This preparation contains ginger, cinnamon, and alcohol. It is erroneously considered to be an impure kind of ether, but is no more than a solution in alcohol of the acid and the above aromatics—it is absurdly denominated a tincture, in the Phar. U. S. Qualities. Limpid ; of a mahogany or red-brown colour; odour peculiar and aromatic; taste gratefully acid. Dose as in No. 23, in water or chamomile tea. May be used in all the affections in which No. 23 is employed. It is, in- deed, the common way of giving sulphuric acid. The dose may be repeated three or four times a day. It is now com- monly used in the mixtures of sulphate of quinine, to add excess of acid. These mixtures are therefore aromatic alcoholic super-sulphates of quinine. No. 25.—Acidum Tartaricum. Tartaric acid. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 24. Qualities. When crystallized, is white, semi-transparent, persistent in the air, inodorous, and very acid to the taste; primary form of crystal, an oblique rhomboid prism; melts if heated above 212° F.; boils at 250°, without losing its whiteness; readily soluble in water, the saturated solution not being liable to spontaneous decomposition ; forms tar- trates, with alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides; readily saturates alkalies, like citric acid; carelessly made, con- tains sulphuric acid, which can be discovered by adding muriate of barytes to the solution, when a precipitate, in- soluble in excess of muriatic acid, will be thrown down. This acid exists in tartarum rubrum, or red argol, ob- tained from*red wines—in tartarum album, or white argol, which is an impure super-tartrate of potass, obtained from white wines; it is the essential salt of the grape, deposited during the fermentation of the wine, particularly in north- ern countries, where the fruit does not ripen thoroughly. It is contained in common cream of tartar—in soluble tar- tar, which is a tartrate of potass—in Hochelle salt, which is a tartrate of potass and soda—in tartar emetic—in the composition of one of the papers of Seidlitz powders. It is never used in crystals, but in solution with large quan- tities of water. Medical Properties and Uses. Diluted and sweetened, forms a cooling and pleasant beverage, in fevers and bili- ous affections. 28 ACI—ACO No 26.—Acipenser. Syst. Nat. Gmelin. 1483. CI. 4. Ord. 6 Pisces, Chondropterygii. G. 134. Species 2. Acipenser Ruthenus, the sterlet or small sturgeon- ------ 3. Acipenser Huso, the beluga or great sturgeon. Officinal. Ichthyocolla. Dub. Isinglass. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 25,26, 27, 28. These sturgeons are caught in the Volga, Danube, Urel, Oby, and Irtysh rivers, and the Caspian sea. Isinglass is prepared in Russia from the air-bladders, or sounds, of all the species of sturgeon—in Lapland, it is made from seve- ral species of perch—that made from the beluga is the best. Imported from Petersburgh in bales. There are four sorts—1, long staple—2, short staple—3, book, and 4, leaf. The finest kind is No. 1; is devoid of odour or taste; when good, it is in dry, whitish, nearly transparent, inodorous membranes. Qualities. Insipid, inodorous ; soaked in water, swells, softens, and becomes opalescent; according to Hatchett, 98 grains of 100 are soluble in water—the insoluble two grains consist of phosphates of soda and lime ; 3»j of No. 1, and warm water Oj, produce, on cooling, a strong opa- line coloured jelly, which is a compound of pure animal gelatine and water—the jelly putrifies in a few days. Medical Properties and Uses. The solution was formerly given in leucorrhoea and diarrhoea—now rarely used as a medicine ; is nutritious, being one of the restorative diet- etics, with the addition of sugar and lemon-juice; it is used in making English court-plaster. No. 27.—Aconitum. Spe. plan. Willd. ii. 1235. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 29 and 30—coloured figure of the plant, frame No. 31. CI. 13, Ord. 3. Polyandria Trigynia. Nat. Ord. Multisili- quae, Linn. Hanunculoeeae, Juss. G. 1062. Cal. none ; petals 5, the highest arched; nectaries 2, pedunculated, recurved; pods 3 or 5, with blue co- rollas. Spec. 8. A. Napellua, common monk's-hood. Lond. Edin. Med. Bot. of Woodville. Spec. 9. A. Neomu.vtanum. Dub. Officinal, Aconiti folia, Lond. Aconiti Napelli folia, Edin. & U. S. Aconitum folia, Dub. The leaves of monk's-hood. The species of Aconite cited by Lond. & Edin. colleges, and the Phar. of U. S., has been regarded as the plant origin- ACQ—ACQ , 29 ally used by Stoerk—an error originating with himself. It appears from Willdenow's and the Dublin college's ex- amination of the plant, that the species which we should use medicinally, is the A. Neomontanum. It is a perennial lant, flowering in July; a native of the Alpine forests of arinthia, Carniola, and the mountainous parts of Germany. Qualities. Taste moderately bitter and acrid, leaving in the mouth a sensation of heat and roughness, followed by numbness in the gums and lips, which continues for two or three hours. Odour faint and narcotic. The leaves of aconite, the part used in medicine, have their medicinal virtues impaired by drying. Mr. Brandes has ascertained that the narcotic principle of this plant is a peculiar alkali, to which he has given the name of aconita. The virtues of the leaves of aconite, are but imperfectly extracted by water and alcohol; for this reason, the extract is the fittest form of administration. Medical Properties and Uses. This medicine possesses the powers, and produces the effects common to other narcotics. It occasions, in over doses, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, hypercatharsis, cold sweats, convulsions, and death. Stoerk of Vienna, first administered aconite in the year 1702. He gave it in rheumatism, gout, scirrhus, and paralysis; more lately it has been used in scrofula, can- cer, and intermittents, with reputed good effect. The leaves are sometimes given in the form of powder, but they are variable in their effects. When thus given, they are combined usually with mercurial alteratives, antimoni- als, camphor, and other diaphoretics—the dose is from one to ten grains. Off. Prep. Extract. Anconiti, L. E. 28.—Acorus Calamus. Sp. pi. Willd. W. P. C Barton's, Veg. Mat. Medica, U. S. vol. ii. . Sweet flag—Calamus. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 32 and 33—coloured figure of the plant, No. 34. Cl. 6, Ord. 1. Hexandria monogynia. Nat. Ord. Fiperitae, Linn. Axoidex, Juss. Spadix cylindrical, covered with florets. Cor. petals 6, naked. Styh 0. Capsule 3-celled. Officinal. Calami Radix, Lond. Acori calami Radix, Edin. Acorus Ccalamus aromaticusj Radix, Dub. Sweet Flag. A perennial plant, growing in marshes in Europe, Asia, and America. / Qualities. Pleasant aromatic odour, similar to the mixture of alspice and cinnamon; taste, warm, bitterish, pungent, and aromatic. The aromatic principle is an essential oil, I 30 ADE—iESC which may be obtained by distillation. It is extracted with the bitter matter, by infusion in boiling water. Con- tains a fecula, which is precipitated from the infusion by acetate, and super-acetate of lead. Medical Properties and Uses. Aromatic tonic. Used in intermittents, combined with bark—in dyspepsia, alone, or with other aromatic tonics—relieves the vertigo attending this disease. I agree with Mr. A. Todd Thompson, that it is too seldom prescribed. It is a valuable medicine. Dose in substance, 9j to 3J in powder—of the infusion made with ^vj of the bruised root and f^xij of boiling water, a tea-cupful three or tour times a day. Very weak, is useful for colic of babies. The shoemakers chew it to obviate the dyspepsia incident to their trade. No. 29.—Adeps Prep a rata. L. Adeps sui scrofse, vulgo Axungia porcina. E. Adeps suilluS prseparatus. D. Prepared hog's lard. Fat. Axunge. An emollient; use well known—principally in making oint- ments, plasters, and liniments. Incompatible substances.- extracts, spirituous preparations, tinctures, and infusions, are incapable of a perfect union with lard, without an uniting ingredient. All dry pow- ders, vegetable or mineral; fixed and volatile oils; balsams; camphor; and soaps—form an intimate union with it. No. 30.—^rugo. L. D. (sub-acetas cupri impura.) Sub-acetas cupri. E. Verdigris. See Cu- prum. No. 31.---iEscuLUs Hippocastanum. Common horse-chesnut. Cl. 7. Ord. 1. Heptandria monogynia. Nat. ord. Trihilatse, Linn. Acera, Juss. Officinal. Cortex, the bark. Dub. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 35—coloured figure of the plant, No. 36. A large and elegant tree, native of the north of Asia, but cultivated over Europe and America—flowers in May. Qualities. Bark inodorous, bitter, astringent, sub-aroma tic. Water and proof-spirit extract its virtues. iETH—jETH 31 Incompatible substances with the infusion. Sidphate of iron and zinc, oxymuriate of mercury, super acetate of lead. Tartar emetic does not affect it. Gelatine throws down tannin. * Medical Properties and Uses. A tonic; used in inter- mittents, typhus, &c. when cinchona is admissible. Dose, in powder, Zss—decoction to be made with g j to water Oj, and strained. Dose, f^iss, or fjij, every three or four hours. No. 32.—jEther Sulphuricus Rectificatus. L. & U. S. Rectified sulphuric ether. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 37. Qualities. A colourless liquid, of specific gravity 739; of a pungent and fragrant odour; excessively volatile and inflammable; when free from alcohol, boils at 98°; should never be administered near a candle ; unites with alcohol and ammonia, in every proportion. A powerful solvent of balsams, resins; gum resins, wax, camphor, extractive, &c.; takes up one-twentieth of its weight of sulphur; does not dissolve alkalies. Medical Properties and Uses. An intense diffusible sti- mulant, narcotic, anti-spasmodic; may be given in sweet- ened water, or any cold infusion or decoction; useful in hysteria, tetanus, gastric cramp, hiccough, and to check vomiting in cholera morbus and sea-sickness—used, on account of the coldness generated by its rapid evapora- tion, as a refrigerant in burns and scalds ; to facilitate the reduction of strangulated hernia; and to lessen high cere- bral excitement of the blood-vessels. When externally applied, free access of.air must be permitted to the part— for, covered or confined by linen folds, it is rubifacient, and even produces vesication. Mixed with muriatic ether, an instantaneous evaporation takes place, and a cold much below 0 of F. is engendered. Specific gravity is the best test of its purity. Sophisticated with alcohol and sulphur- ic acid : the first known by its forming with phosphorus a milky instead of a limpid solution—the second, by its reddening the tinct. of litmus, and by the precipitation which ensues on adding a solution of barytes. Long kept, undergoes spontaneous decomposition. Dose, f^ss to f^ij, repeated at short intervals. Inhaled, it excites the senso- rium, like nitrous oxide gas Boys made a toy of it, in this city, two years ago, by putting it in glyster bladders, and inhaling it through the pipe ; it produced dangerous effects, and, it is said, two cases of death. 32 jETH—jETH Formulae— No. 1. R No. 2. R No. 3. R Tincturae castorei, f^j *| For an anti-spasmu- JEtheris sulphurici. V\ x (die draught, to be Tinct. opu, rr^vij [taken three times a Aqua cinnamomi, f JissJ day. Moschi 9j ") Acaciae gummi contriti, ^ss An anti-spasmo- Triturated well together, I die draught, to and then gradually add, f be taken pro re Aquae rosae, ^j nata. Athens sulphurici. f £j ., Assafcetidae, 3j Aquae menth. pip. f3iss Triturate the assaftetida with water gradually added, and when well mixed, add Tinct. Valerian, ammoniat. fjij Tinct. castorei, f^iij ^theris sulphurici, fjjj A large table-spoonful every second hour, in hysteria. No. 4. R Tinct. assafoetidae, JEtheris sulphurici. Spir. lavend. comp. Aquae, S3 33 A draught, for s-same purpose as No. 3. Pharm. Prep.— No. 1. Spiritus Mtheris Aromaticus. L. Aromatic spirit of ether. Made with cinnamon, cardamon seeds, long pep- per, ginger, and spirit of sulphuric ether, which is a pre- paration of etherial oil, or oil of wine, which see. No. 2. JEther Sulphuricus curti Alcohole Aromaticus. Edin. Aromatic sulphuric ether with alcohol. Made with cinna- mon, cardamon seeds, long pepper, sulphuric ether, and alcohol. These two preparations are similar in properties, and the dose is the same as of No. 32. No. 3. Spiritus Mtheris Sulphurici. Lon. Spirit of sulphu- ric ether. A mixture of half a pint of sulph. ether, with a pint of rectified spirit, used in No. 1. and 2. The fol- lowing are its synonyms:— JEther Sulphuricus cum Alcohole. Edin. Sulphuric ether with alcohol, being a mixture of one part of the former, with two parts of the latter. Liquor JEthereus Sulphuricus. Dub. Sulphuric ethereal li- quor. Made of 32 ounces of sulph. ether, and the same j£TH—jETH 33 >f rectified spirit, the latter heated to 120°, and poured into a glass retort, fit to bear a sudden heat, and the acid udded in an uninterrupted stream; used for the same pur- poses as sulph. ether.—but is less active. Dose fgi to f giij, or f 3'iv. * Formula— Syrup7 orma'rsh mallows, ffvV ^rgle for slight inflam Of No. 3, above, fgj J mat,on of the fliUces' No. 4. Spiritus JEtheris Sulphurici Compositus. Lond. Com- pound spirit of ether. Made of a pint of No. 3, and two fluid drachms of ethereal oil, {Oleum JEthereum, or oil of wine,) mixed. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 38. This was intended by the London College, as a substitute for the anodyne liquor of Hoffman. Properly prepared, it is an invaluable medicine. It is'.veil made in.this city by the manufacturers of drugs—particularly Wetherill, Far and Kunsi—and the respectable retail shops are supplied by them with it. I have known a miserable substitute for it, sold out of some shops, under the name also of Hoff- man's anodyne; No. 4 is stronger than sulphuric ether. Medical Properties an> Uses. Stimulant, antispasmodic, and supposed anodyne. United with laudanum to procure sleep, it is anodyne—and this is a good union, preventing the former from producing nausea. Dose, from fjss to f 3'j, in sweetened water, one ounce. No. 33.—iETHERis Nitrosus. Dub. Nitrous Ether. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 39. Made from nitrate of Kali. Qualities. Strong ethereal odour, less fragrant than No. 32. Taste strong and peculiar; colour yellow-white, which is supposed owing to the presence of a little nitric oxide. Highly rectified, its specific gravity is 0.866; more volatile than No. 32 ; boiling at 70° F.; producing a greater de- gree of cold by evaporation; very inflammable; requires 18 parts water for its solution; combines with alcohol in every proportion; absorbs nitrous and acetic acids—which are formed in it when long kept. Not used in this state in medicine, the preparation from it only being employed in the following— Pharm. Puep.— No. 1. Spiritus JEtheris Nitrici. Lond. Spirit of nitric ether. Made by gradually mixing two pints of rectified VOL. II. D' 34 ALC—ALL spirit, with three ounces by weight, of nitric acid, then distilling by gentle heat, twenty-four fluid ounces. No. 2. Spiritus JEtheris Nitrosi. Edin. Spirit of nitrous ether. Made of 31b alcohol, lib nitrous acid, gradually mixed, the alcohol being placed in a vial immersed in cold water; the mixture is then distilled by the heat of boiling water, into a cool receiver; the spirit comes over. No. 3. Spiritus JEthereus Nitrosus. Dub. Nitrous ethereal spirit. Differently directed by this college from the pre- ceding. Nos. 1, 2, and 3, known by the common appellation of sweet spirit of nitre. Qualities. Fragrant; pungent, acidulous taste; very vola- tile; inflammable; soluble in water and alcohol. Coagu- lates tinct. Guaiacum, turning it deep blue; strikes a deep olive with solution of green sulphate of iron. Dr. Paris says, it communicates a flavour resembling French brandy to malt liquors, when added to them in small quantities. Medical Properties and Uses. Refrigerant, diuretic, an- tispasmodic. In the dose of HLxx to It^x], in a cupful of water, is a grateful drink in fevers. In larger doses, re- lieves nausea and flatulence ; in half ounce doses, is a powerful diuretic; used*with other diuretics in dropsy; used in gonorrhoea, alone, or combined with balsam co- paiva; well adapted to strangury, or difficult urination in children; becomes decomposed by keeping, and hence, if not well stopped, its medicinal properties are dete- riorated. No. 34.—Alcohol. L. D. & U. S. Alcohol. Ar- dent spirit. Qualities. Dissolves soap, vegetable extract, sugar; oxa- lic, camphoric, tartaric, gallic, benzoic acids; volatile oils, resins, and balsams; combines with sulphur, and the pure fix- ed alkalies, but not with their carbonates. Its other proper- ties and uses, unfortunately too well known and resorted to. There are two pharm. preps., the rectified spirit, and the diluted alcohol, or proof-spirit, for which see spiritus reel, and tenu. Medical Properties and Uses. Detailed in the lectures. Wine is a liquor much used in medicine, which see. No. 35.—Allium. Cl. 6, Ord. 1. Hexandria monogynia. Nat. Ord. Spathaceae, Linn. Asphodeli, Juss. Three species medicinal, viz. the leek, common gai'lic, and the onion. ALL—ALL 35 No. 36.—Allium Porrum. Officinal, Porri Radix. Lond. Leek root, (bulb.) A native of Switzerland. Qualities. Pungent odour, acrimonious taste, owing to an essential oil, which is nearly dissipated by boiling, and is separable by distillation. Medical Properties and Uses. Stimulating diuretic; ex- pressed juice, used advantageously in dropsies, ascites, &c Dose, f sjss, to f 3'ij, mixed with mucilage or syrup. No. 37.—Allium Sativum. Officinal, Allii Radix. Lond. U. S. Allii Sativi Radix. Edin. Allium Radix. Dub. Garlic root, (bulb.) A well known perennial bulbous root, found wild in Sicily, and cultivated every where. Qualities. Whole plant of pungent, offensive odour, and acrimonious, biting taste—these properties strongest in the bulb. Like No. 35, contains an essential oil, which blis- ters the skin, and strikes a black colour when triturated with oxide of iron. Coction renders garlic mild and me- dicinally inert ; the acid principle may be obtained by ex- pression. Medical Properties and Uses. Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic—rubifacient, externally. Its application to dis- eases, detailed in the lectures. Off. prep. Syrupus allii. D. U. S. A good medicine. Taylor's remedy for deafness, is garlic, infused in oil of almonds, and coloured by alkanet root. No. 38.—Allium Cepa. Officinal, Cepa; Radix. Dub. The onion. Qualities. Odour and taste resembling garlic, but weaker; contains some acrid, essential oil, in union with sulphur, got by distillation; the recent juice contains sugar, mu- cus, phosphoric acid, phosphate of lime, and citrate of lime. It is the sulphuretted oil, which blackens silver spoons and utensils, in which onions are placed, and which occasions the offensive odour they give out in putrifying. Economical use well known. Medical Properties and Uses. Same as garlic, but weaker. Owing to the free phosphoric acid contained in onions, they have been supposed useful in calculous diseases, as it dissolves the lime out of the body. Syrup of onions, is a common, domestic, and excellent remedy; the officinal syrup of garlic, {Syrupus allii. D.) is too little used. De- tails in lectures. 36 ALO—ALO No. 39.—Aloes Extractum. Aloes. 1. Abe Perfoliata and A. Hepatica. 2. Aloe Spicala. Cape aloe. Bitter aloe. Synonyms of Aloe Perfoliata.— Aloe Perfoliata Socotorina. Woodville. Aloe Socotorina. Lond. & Edin. Pharm. Aloe Vulgaris. Jussieu, Bauhin, and Sibthorpe. Cl. Hexandriu. Ord. Monogynia. Nat. ord. Coronarix, Lir.i? Asphodeli, Juss. 1. Root perennial, fleshy, brownish, beset here and there with numerous fibres, sending forth a stem never exceed- ing a foot high. Leaves thick, succulent, seven to twelve inches long, about three inches broad towards their base ; pointed amplexi- caule, and as it were perfoliate, covered with a glaucous investment, bordered with spinous teeth resembling the teeth of a pike. Flowers slightly pendant, disposed in a corymbous manner on a simple cylindrical spike, garnished with numerous brac- teiform scales, arising from the centre of the leaves, or their bosom. Calix monophyllous, tubular, nearly cylin- drical, divided into six small segments at the limb, which are green, all the rest of the tube and limb of a red-orange colour. The stamens are slightly e^septed beyond the calix. The fruit is an oblong capsule, marked with three projec- tions, divided interiorly into three cells, containing semi- circular, angular, flat seeds. Native originally of Africa, whence it has been introduced into Asia, Spain, Sicily, the West India Islands, where it is naturalized or grows spontaneously. "Remarks.—Aloe Perfoliata or Vulgaris, yields the socotorine, hepatic, and caballine Aloes. The Barbadocs Aloes, is the same as hepatic. Aloe Spicala yields unquestionably the best extract, and grows native at the Cape of Good Hope and in the interior, particularly at Zwellendam, near Mossel Bay. It is said also to yield the extract brought from the island Socorina, or Socotora. The following is its description:— Stem round, four inches in diameter, leafy at the top, and rising three or four feet in height. Leaves spreading about two feet long, sub-verticillate, broad at the base, gradually brought to a point, channelled, acute, and re- mote teeth. The flowers spread horizontally in very close spikes. Under each flower is a single ovate, broad, mem- branaceous bract, white, with three green streaks, and a little shorter than the corolla. This is bell-shaped, and 6-petalled> the three inner segments are white, marked ALO—ALO 37 with three green lines, not connected together, ovate blunt, and broader than the three outer, which are con- nected with them at the base, and resemble them, but are narrower and less concave. The flower contains a large portion of a purple honey juice. The seeds, which are numerous, have a membranaceous border, and are contain- ed in a superior capsule. The first juice which exudes on cutting off or ineising the leaves at the base, and which is collected and allowed to harden, is the Socotorine Aloes. The next process con- sists of cutting up the leaves in small pieces, and obtaining the residual juice by heat—this constitutes Hepatic Aloes, or Barbadoes. A third process, obtaining a less pure con- crete, and adding foreign substances or impurities, makes the Caballine or Horse Aloes—not used in medicine, ex- cept veterinary practice. The real Socotorine Aloes are rare in the market, the greater part of what is there being brought from Bombay, and are the real Hepatic Aloes. Socotorine is shining, and breaks with a glossy fracture— Hepatic is duller and browner. Socotorine Aloes have a peculiar, rather aromatic odour; and permanent and in- tense bitter taste; is of a deep reddish brown colour, the edges and small fragments are semi-transparent, and of a reddish or golden colour; softens in the hand and is adhe- sive ; is easily enough pulverizeable; the powder is of a bright yellow hue. Cape or fine Aloes, has a stronger and more disagreeable odour, than the Socotorine or He- patic, taste about the same. Outside of the pieces more friable, more yellow, and less glossy; the colour of the powder is greenish yellow. A Mocha Aloe resembling the Cape, is in commerce; it is less purgative. According to the account given in No. 39, there are in com- merce four drugs known by the name of Aloes, or Bitter Aloes:— 1. Cape Abes, or Shining Abes, which is obtained from Abe Spicata, and is far superior to the others. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 40. 2. Socotorine Abes—next in goodness; now rarely met with— the best Hepatic Aloes, or Barbadoes Aloes, being sold for it—obtained from Abe Perfoliata. Cabinet specimen, Jeff*. Coll. No. 41. 3. Hepatic Aloes, called also Barbadoes Aloes—obtained from the same plant as the preceding, by a different process— but, according to Smith, from Abe Hepatica, another spe- cies. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 42. 4. Caballine Abes—far inferior to the others; being obtained by a more forcing process from the leaves which, by the process of making Hepatic Aloes, give out by that process no more juice. This Horse Aloes is very different in ap- D2 ALO—ALO pearance from either of the others—is called Fetid Aha. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 43. There is another Aloes, besides those above mentioned, common in the Indian bazaars, of an inferior quality to them all, resembling what in Europe is termed Barbadoes Aloes. It is brought from Zemen, in Arabia, to the west- ern ports of the Peninsula, and is, in all probability, ob- tained from the A. Perfoliata. L. This species, according to Ainslie, is common in India, though he did not learn that any of the drug was prepared from it. There is a coarse kind of Aloes, common in the bazaars of India, which is perhaps prepared from it—called musambrum. Virey says, the Agave Americana yields a yellow juice, analogous to Aloes, which is sudorific. Properties. Aloes yield a small portion of vegetable mucus, resin, and a peculiar extractive matter. Braconnot found Aloes to consist chiefly of a peculiar bitter matter, which principle he called the resinous bitter principle. The su- periority of the Socotorine, Cape, and Bombay Aloes, is supposed to be owing to their containing a larger propor- tion of it, and consequently less resin than Hepatic or Barbadoes Aloes. Boiling water dissolves nearly the whole of any of the kinds ; but as the solution cools, the resinous part is deposited. And by boiling Aloes in water, the ex- tractive principle is altered, rendered insoluble in water, and approaches in properties the nature of resin. Soco- torine Aloe, distilled, yields a volatile oil—Hepatic does not. Medical Properties and Uses. All kinds agree in medi- cinal properties—are warm stimulating cathartics, slow of solution, and thence act on the colon and rectum chiefly. Contra-indicated in haemorrhoidal diseases, and plethoric habits of irritable temperaments, and during catamenial flux; expel Ascarides from the rectum ; supposed impro- per in pregnancy—Denman says, the common people, in that state, use them with impunity. Dose, from 5 to 20 grains, chiefly used in compounds; with Canelb Alba, form Hiera Picra. In substance, Aloes should be given with yolk of egg, or with an acid or alkali. Aloes act on the bowels, if applied externally, as a liniment or plaister, to the surface of the body—applied to caries of bones, they do the same. Are the base of numerous quack pills, and various nostrums and compounds of pharmacy. Celsus, and other ancient writers, esteemed Aloes less hurtful to the stomach, than other cathartics. This is the opinion of the native practitioners of India—by them also applied externally round the eye, in chronic ophthalmia. The Tamool doctors toast it, and give it for bowel affec tions of lying-in women. ALO—ALO 39 Economical uses of the plant, &c. The leaves, deprived of their juice after aloes are obtained, form excellent fuel. An aloetic varnish is prepared from Aloes, which is used to preserve dried insects, feathers, and other things, in collections of natural history. Vessels are also preserved by it from the ravages of the famous naval worm. Dr. Charles William Poerner has obtained a beautiful brown colour, by the simple immersion of woollen cloth in a decoction of Aloes. Jean Fabroni, a distinguished man of Florence, has made of Socotorine Aloes, a dye which communicates its hue to silk without the aid of any mordant, producing a very persistent violet colour. The same juice, made sufficiently thick, gives miniature paint- ers a beautiful transparent colour. Many species of Aloes are very large and tall, with large leaves, which are impregnated with a sweet juice, from the fermentation of which a delightful liquor is obtained. Cordage is made of the leaves ; and the largest Aloe of South America furnishes the Mexicans with almost all the wants of life—viz. the Agave Americana, or great American Aloe. The genus Agave closely resembles that of Aloe. This furnishes the Mexicans with cordage, for boats and other purposes, of an incorruptible nature, with tiles for roofs, rafters, paper, hammocks, vinegar, wine, honey, and materials for impenetrable hedges; in short, for the nume- rous wants of economy. Officinal Preparations. Pulv. aloes comp. L. Pil. Aloes cum myrrha. L. E. D. Pil. Aloes comp. Pil. Aloes cum assafoetida. E. Pil. Aloes cum colocynthide. E. Pil. Cambogiae comp. L. Pil. Rhei comp. E. Pil. Scam- mon. cum Aloe. D. Decoctum Aloes comp. L. Ex- tractum Aloes purificatum. L. D. Extractum coloeyn- thidis comp. L. D. Tinct. Aloes. L. E. D. Tinct. Aloes comp. L. E. D. Tinct. Aloes aetherea. E. Tinct. Ben- zoin, comp. L. E. D. Tinct. Rhei et Aloes. E. Vinum Aloes. L. E. D. Formulae— No. 1. R Opii pur. gr. i ? Pulv. Aloes cum myrrh, gr.iv 3 M. A pill to be taken at bed-time—it obviates the binding effect of opium. No. 2. R Opii gr. ij? Extract. Aloes spicat. gr. x 5 M. Divided into three pills—one at bed-time— has the same effect nearly as No. 1. No. 3. R Opii pur. S^*.? Extract. Aloes spicat. gr. iij > Extract, gentian. gr. v j M. Divided into two pills—which may be taken as a dose. 40 ALT—ALU For the numerous compound pills, not pharmaceutical, into which Aloes enter as an active ingredient, I refer you to the article Pills, in Vol. II. No. 40.—Alth,ea Officinalis. Common Marsh Mallows. Officinal. Althsea Folia et Radix. Lond. Radix. Edin. The leaves and root of Marsh Mallows. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 44, 45, 46. Coloured figure of the plant, No. 47. CI. 16. Ord. 8. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat. ord. Colum- niferae, Linn. Malvaceae, Juss. Gen. char. Cal. double; the exterior 6 or 9-cleft. Caps. numerous, 1-seeded. A plant indigenous to marshy situations, and the borders of rivers, throughout all Europe—cultivated in this country; flowers in June. Qualities. Root inodorous, mucilaginous when chewed; externally tough and yellowish, internally white and fibrous; contains much mucus, which it yields to water by coction. The mucus of this and other plants differs from the mucilage of gum Arabic, in not being precipitated by silicated pot- ash, nor affected by red or oxy-sulphate of iron. Medical Use. Used in decoction and infusion of the leaves, root, and flowers, in calculous complaints and bowel affec- tions ; the roots boiled and bruised, for an emollient cata- plasm; a decoction of the leaves, as a fomentation for abra- sions of the cuticle and skin, and in cutaneous eruptions yielding a sharp ichorous discharge. Pharm. Prep. Decoctum althaeae officinalis. L. Syrupus althaeae. L. E. No. 41.—Alumen. L. E. D. &U.S. Alum. Super-sulphas Aluminae et Potassae—Sulphas Aluminae. E. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 48, 49, 50. This well-known salt is a ternary compound of alumina, pot- ash, and sulphuric acid. It is often found native, as at Gbttwig in Austria, effloresced on bituminous schistus— and frequently united with the soil, in volcanic regions, as at Solfatara, near Naples; where the only processes neces- sary for its extraction, are lixiviation and evaporation— these are performed in pans sunk in the ground, the heat of which is sufficient to carry on the evaporation. The chief part of the alum of commerce is obtained by a peon- ALU—ALU 41 liar preparation of schistose pyritic clays, called alum ores. At Tolfa, near Civita-Vecchia, where the best Roman alum is made, the ore is alum-stone, or sulphuretted clay, found in large stratified masses among compact iron-shot argilla- ceous lime-stone ; but at other places, both on the conti- nent of Europe and in Great Britain, it is manufactured from pyritaceous clay, which is in black, hard, brittle masses—volcanic aluminous ores, a white saline earth ; shale alum slate, which occurs amorphous, or in concentric balls. At Hurlett, near Paisley, the largest alum mine in Britain, the schistus hes ten inches thick above the coal beds. An alum is found near Moscow, which contains much sulphate of iron. It is abundantly diffused, in a formed state, through many parts of the earth. Consider- able quantities have been found in different parts of the United States, as in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Formerly deemed one of the ingredients in mineral waters; first doubted by Dr. Hoffman, who denied that it could be detected in these waters, in their natural state ; after- wards ascertained that martial vitriol, or sulphate of iron, v gives these waters a sourish taste, and had probably been mistaken for alum. Yet Dr. Layard assures us, that the Somersham chalybeate, in the county of Huntingdon, in England, contains alum. Dr. Morris obtained it from this miners^water, in the proportion of five grains, in crystals of alum, to two pounds of water. Dr. Rutty suspects that the mineral water at Ballycastle, in the county of Antrim, in Ireland, contains a pittance of alum. It has been supposed by Mr. A. T. Thompson, that alum was unknown to the ancients, since the a-wr-nya. of the Greeks, and the alumen of the Romans, were mere vitriol- ic earths. The first regular alum works appear to have been established by the Asiatics, in the middle ages, par- ticularly at Roccha in Syria, whence the name of a kind of alum" called Roche or Roch alum; and from these works Europe was supplied, until the 15th century. After this, works were begun at Tolfa and Voterra, in Italy; at Ober- kaufungen, and several other places, in Germany; and at Almacoran, in Spain. In England, in the reign of Eliza- beth, Sir Thomas Chaloner established the first alum works at Gisborough, in Yorkshire- The largest manufacturers of alum at present in that country, are those on the estates of Lord Glasgow, at Hurlett, and those of Lords Du^as and Mulgrave, at Whitby, in the same county. The best kind is the Roman alum—it is the purest; it is in irregular octahedral masses, powdery on the surface—it contains no ammonia in its composition. " A. rubrum, in crystals pale red when broken, and covered with a reddish efflo- rescence." Gray. 42 ALU—ALU The Alumen de Rocchi, Roch Alum, Alumen rupeum. This variety was originally brought from Roccha, formerly called Edessa, in Syria, in fragments about the size of an almond to that of an egg, covered with an efflorescence of a pale rose colour. That which is now sold under this name is common English alum, artificially coloured by prepared bole. It is unimportant. The English or Ger- man alum, in large masses, procured by the solution of it to saturation, being poured into barrels and allowed to crystallize, is the article met with generally in commerce. Qualities. Has the property of retarding, and in some instances of preventing, the acetous fermentation of vege- tables. Added to common paste, it prevents it from be- coming sour, and hence is used to give firmness to paste used by bookbinders and paper-hangers ; such paste may be kept for weeks in winter. Animal substances, as glue, are preserved by it in a similar manner. Medical Properties and Uses. A powerful astringent; used both externally and internally, in haemorrhages, fluor albus, diarrhoea, diabetes, intermittent fevers—in colica pictonum, as a prophylactic and remedy. Under circum- stances mentioned in the lecture on Cathartics, it becomes purgative. Boerhaave's astringent powder for thd(^ue, consisted of alum and nutmeg, with the addition of Armenian bole— he remarks, that both the alum and nutmeg were disagree- able to the stomach, and prevented a repetition, where more agreeable and more certain medicines were at hand. Dr. Lind assures us, that next to the bark, he has pre- scribed no medicine with greater success, in the treatment of fevers, than "alum joined with nutmeg." Dr. Adair found it of great service, combined with canella alba and bark, in the intermittent fever of Antigua, in the year 1779 ; observing that the bark, given alone, rarely cured those fevers. Darwin was of opinion, that alum was peculiarly adapted to the cure of fevers attended with a diseased state of the bowels. Chalmers recommended a particular administration of alum, in the putrid bilious fever of that country, with elix. vit. and snake-root. In old and obstinate diarrhoeas, in cholera morbus, and even in cases of cholera infantum, in union with laudanum, or as alum-whey, it has been serviceable. Mynsicht, Crell, Cullen, Van Helmot, and many others, have derived be- nefit from alum, in harmorrhages. Cullen did not find it useful in haemoptisis, and assigns as a reason, that this is always an active disease, and one in which astringents are always hurtful. He used it successfully in uterine haemor- rhage. Van Helmot is said to have acquired a portion of his celebrity, by reason of cures of this disorder, which he ALU—ALU 43 I I made by alum and opium conjoined. Leake used it in I, j solution as an injection, in protracted sanguineous dis- K,i charges from the uterus, connected with great relaxation. is Helvetius, as early as 1691, declared alum to be a specific j in haemorrhages. He used alum fused with a portion of t! sanguis draeonis, which was called pulvis stypticus—a Jj name still retained in some pharmacopeias—but kino has been substituted for the dragon's blood. Dr. Thomp- (j son, a Scotch physician, has published an account of his 4! success of the Pulvis Helvetii, in uterine haemorrhages. I j In menorrhagia, combined with galls, may very beneficial- i f ly be employed—when it purges, laudanum may be added. Dr. Fowler found alum useful, in scorbutic haemorrhage. I For scorbutic gums and cancer oris, gargles made of alum, I j sage, and honey, useful. Combined with the heuchera Americana (or alum-root,) galls, or geranium maculatum, it I has been also found serviceable in gonorrhoea and leucor- 11 rhoca. In the disease of diabetes, alum has had advocates I { of celebrity, among whom were Drs. Dover and Mead. \ Darwin supposes that it acts, in curing this disease, by i exciting the absorbents of the bladder to their natural action. It probably acts as a tonic or astringent, and cures I very old cases of the disease, when it does so at all. Cullen observes, that alum-whey was frequently used in the treat- \ ment of diabetes, in the Edinburgh Infirmary, without success. Brocklesley and Vogel have used it with advan- tage ; and some physicians of this country have advocated the same practice. Dr. Barton used to relate, in his lec- tures, that Dr. Wistar had cured one case of diabetes, in j this city, entirely by alum-whey. Selle also states, that he cured an obstinate case of this disease, by alum. Recommended by Dr. Percival as a prophylactic against colica pictonum, and as a cure for it. Dr. Grashius first recommended its use, in this disease : he used the dried alum, (A. exsiccatum.) Dried alum has been principally used as an external application. Richter commends alum in colica pictonum. It would be easy to adduce the tes- | timony of numerous other physicians in favour of this 1 practice—as Sommer, Gebel, and Lentin. Finally, alum lias been recommended in gastric debility and colliquative sweats. Formerly much used as a gargle, in putrid sore throat. Decoctions of Virginia snake-root and rhus glabrum, with a portion of alum dissolved in the liquid, beneficial in ul- cerated throat and fauces—have given way to capsicum. After inflammation has been somewhat subdued by de- pletion, or in chronic ophthalmia, alum curd is useful. In ophthalmia membranarum, Cullen found alum more pow- erful than white vitriol or sugar of lead. Some have re- commended alum curd; but Cullen has found the solution 44 ALU—AMM in vv- ♦» be still more effectual. May be exhibited in— 1 \ c0i cion. 2. In substance made into pills, with ex- tract " 3." In the form of whey, called serum alummosum. A In the form of curd, or the alum curd of Riverius— qibumen Muminosum. The first of these is made ot siicn strength as may be required for the purpose intended to be answered, and indeed varies according to the views of the practitioner. The second is a convenient mode ot exhibition, in cases of hemorrhage. The third, or alum- whey, is made by boiling #j of alum with a pint oi milk, and Ihen stmning, the dose of which is a w»ne I have not myself employed arsenic in this distressing affection, which seems, in many cases, to owe its origin to an arthritic diathesis. But I have no doubt, that arsenic will be found a medicine well suited to certain cases of this head-ache." Lecture on Arsenic. Dr. Chap- man says,* " I have long known its utility in removing the series of affections, as nodes, cutaneous blotches, ulcers of the throat, rheumatic pains, which, though usually ascribed to a venereal taint, are nearly always of mercurial origin." And in a note : " My use of the medicine in these cases, for the credit of having prescribed it originally, I believe due to myself, has been more extensive since the first edition of this work, and in part with a confirmation of its utility." Now, I deny Dr. Chapman this " credit of having pre- * Therapeutics* Vol. II. p. 478. 64 ARS—ARS scribed it originally" in these affections, without ceremo- ny ; but still, with regret that he should have been so reckless as to claim a merit, to which he could not, with the faintest semblance of reason, justify any pretension. Is it not extraordinary, that of this original practice, he says not one solitary word in his first edition, though he " had long known its utility," &c.—not a word, until after the publications of the writer in the Medical Recorder, on nodes! I refer to Asiatic writers, for the fact I have al- ready mentioned, that arsenic has immemorially been used by the native physicians, to cure confirmed lues. And what is this ? What are " nodes, cutaneous blotches, ul- cers in the throat," but symptoms of confirmed lues ? The author just quoted must be strangely eager to claim originality of practice with arsenic, when he should found that claim upon a point established as a regular Asiatic treatment, near a century ago. For the same reason, the writer who claims, in the 3d vol. of the Amer. Med. Rec. originality in using arsenic in venereal nodes, must he acknowledged to be entitled to no such originality. But in reference to Dr. Chapman's claim, (which he thinks of some importance, or he would not mention it,) we need not travel to Asia, to show its futility. His words are plain enough; and though qualified by the salvo, "I believe due to myself," still, is it not surprising that he could believe any such thing, educated as he was, in the school where Dr. Barton taught materia medica for more than twenty years— and as he graduated in that school, he must have attended twovcourses of the Doc- tor's lectures. Dr. Barton says, "I have had under my care a most violent and obstinate case of rheumatism, which seemed to owe its origin to syphilis, but which mercurials would not cure, which yielded in a short time completely to the use of arsenic." Again : " We sometimes meet with venereal cases, to the entire cure of which mercury seems unequal. Such are some of the disagreeable and distressing ulcers, which sometimes remain after the open- ing of venereal buboes ; in these cases, arsenic will often do more good than any other medicine. 1 mean, arsenic given internally, either in the shape of pills, or Fowler's solution. At the same time, it may be necessary, in some cases, to wash the surface of the ulcer by means of a weak solution of arsenic. For we have not yet discovered the medicine, which more disposes sores of different kinds to form a good pus, than arsenic. 1 might, with some pro- priety, dwell still further on the employment of arsenic, in venereal cases. Such as chronic venereal blotches of the skin, the leprous-like affections of the skin, originating from syphilis, and the like. But I shall conclude, here, ARS—ARS 65. this part of my subject by remarking, what indeed I have already hinted at, that arsenic, given internally, is admira- bly adapted to the treatment of many cases of venereal rheumatism.". Barton's MSS. lectures. It remains now to notice the external use of arsenic. Since the latter end of the 16th century, the escharotic powers of this mineral have been enlisted in the baffling disease of cancer. There is little doubt, that in certain cancerous ulcers, it has effected cures ; the peculiarities of these will be given in the details of the lecture on this substance. It constitutes the basis of nearly all the nos- trums for cancer. It forms, with sulphur, a species of ra- nunculus, and stinking mayweed, Plunkett's ointment. The Pate Arsenical consists of 70 parts of cinnabar, 22 of sanguis draconis, and arsenious acid, made into a paste with saliva, at the time of applying it—it is a similar pre- paration to the Pulvis anti-carcinomatosa of father Cosmo. Arsenious acid and hemlock constitute Davidson's Remedy for Cancer. Sulphuret of arsenic (orpiment) with lard, or spermaceti ointment, is Singleton's Eye-Salve, ovgohten tintment. Dr. Paris says, that in England, the red preci- pitate ointment is sold under the same names. Arsenic also forms the bases of several French blistering cerates. Martin's Cancer Powder was believed by Dr. Rush and Dr. Barton, who examined it, to be composed of arsenic and Epifagus Virginioma. Internally administered, arsenic soon discovers its cura- tive effects; and it should be laid aside, after the aggre- gate doses which have been taken amount to two or three grains. It produces an cedematous affection, first noticed by Plenoiz, as affecting the face ; and afterwards particu- larly noticed and described by Dr. Barton, under the name of Oedema Arsenicalis. He taught that this effusion in the legs was not a dangerous symptom, but one evidencing that constitutional effect on the system, to which we are to look for all its efficacy. The modes of employing arse- nic, are, in substance, combined with opium; Fowler's solution, which is an arsenite of potash ; the sublimed oxyde, or prepared oxyde of the London College ; and Lefebre's solution. Dose, in substance, one-sixteenth of a grain; of Fowler's solution, (Liquor Arsenicalis,) from .5 to 15 drops ; Lefebre's solution contains 4 grains to the pint of distilled water—its dose may be regulated by the preceding. Dupuytren uses an ointment of 199 parts oi calomel and 1 part of arsenic, in noli tangere. harm. Puf.p. Liquor Arsenicalis. L. Liquor PotassxAr- senlatis. U. S. Arsenical Solution. Arsenici oxydum sub- liniatmn. L. Prepared oxyde of arsenic, 66 ARE—ART No. 80.—Areca Catechu. Drunken date tree. The betel-nut tree yields two inferior kinds of Catechu, call- ed Cuttacamboo and Cashcutiie, -in India. The first is brought in finest quality from Pegu—is of a light brown colour, slightly bitter taste, and powerfully astringent. This substance has long been confounded with the real Catechu of the Acacia Catechu. The better sort of na- tives chew it with their betel leaves. The Cashcutiie is of an inferior quality, almost of a brown black colour, hard, extremely bitter, and much less astringent than the Cuttacamboo. The poorer classes of natives chew it with their betel leaves. Taken into India from Asheen and Pegu. Both, of an inferior quality, are made in Mysore, and are prescribed by the Vitians in bowel complaints, and externally in a sphacelous ulcer—a common and de- structive affection in India—easily arrested in its progress, according to Whitelaw Ainslie, by the external application of Balsam of Peru. No. 81.—Arrow Root. The nutritive fecula of Maranta Arundinacea, which see. It is also prepared from potatoes: see Solanum tuberosum. No. 82.—Artemesia. CI. 19. Ord. 2. Syngenesia superflua. Nat. ord. Composite Nucamentacex, Linn. Corymbiferx, Juss. Cal. imbricate, with roundish converging scales. Cor. with- out rays. Six species— 1. Artemesia Abrotanum. Southernwood. , 2. Artemesia Santonica. Tartarian Southernwood. 3. Artemesia Maritima. Sea wormwood. 4. Artemesia Absinthium. Common wormwood. 5. Artemesia Sinensis. 6. Artemesia Lanuginosa. Woolly wormwood. No. 83.—Artemesia Abrotanum. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 99—figure of the plant, No. 100. Officinal. Abrotanum,- Folia. Dub. Southernwood leaves. A small perennial shrub, native of south of Europe, Siberia, Chine, and Cochin-China. Qualities. Strong fragrant odour; nauseous bitter taste— Rater and alcohol extract its virtues. ART—ART 67 Medical Properties and Uses. Tonic diaphoretic—re- puted vermifuge ; externally, as a fomentation for inflam- mations, pains, tumours, and gangrenous ulcers. Rarely used, except in domestic practice. Dose of leaves, £j to 3j, of an infusion made with gvj of the leaves, fjx water —a cupful twice a day. No. 84.—Artemesia Santonica. Officinal. Artemesix Santom'cx Cacumina. Edin. Santp- nicum,- cacumina. Dub. The tops of Tartarian Southern- wood. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 101—figure of the plant, No. 102. Native of Tartary and Persia—same properties as No. 83; yields worm-seed of older pharmacopeias, (semina santo- nica.) No. 85.—Artemesia Maritima. Officinal. Absinthium Marihmum,- cacumina. Dub. The tops of sea wormwood. Indigenous to England. Slightly fragrant; taste bitter, and slightly aromatic. The properties same as No. 86, but weaker. No. 86.—Artemesia Absinthium. Officinal. Absinthium. Lond. Artemesix Absinthii Folia et Summitates. Edin. Absinthium Vulgare,- folia, cacumi- na. The leaves and flowering tops of wormwood. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 103—figure of the plant. No. 104. Native of England, and other countries of Europe ; exten- sively cultivated in this country, in gardens. Qualities. Taste intensely bitter, (hence the by-phrase, bitter as gall and wormwood;) odour strong, sub-fragrant, peculiar, and disgusting. Water and alcohol take up its properties. Medical Properties and Uses. Tonic, anti-spasmodic, anthelmintic; extremely discutient; possesses a narcotic property, which coction dissipates. Dose, in substance, >}j to ^ij; and of the infusion made by macerating g\ j in fgxij of water, f|j to f^xij, three or four times a day. X0# s7.—Artemesia Sinensis, > Native of Artemesia Lanuginosa,) China. The down of the leaves, formed into small cones, is the Moxa, imported from China. See Moxa. 68 ARU—ARU All of the species of Artemesia owe their virtue to a rcsu; and an essential oil. No. 86 is the only important one, and it ought not to have been omitted in the Phar. U. S. There are other species, called herbs, used in domestic practice—as Artemesia Vulgaris, (Mugwort,) the tops of which are used in local baths, for suppressed catamenia— mixed with rice and sugar, the Chinese women use them as a pessary. Artemesia Pontica, (Absinthium Romanum,) is the true Roman wormwood. No. 85 is called common Roman wormwood. Artemesia Rupestris is Alpine worm- wood. The French use Artemesia Dracunculus, called Tarragon, as a stimulating potherb, and to flavour vine- gar. The Creoles of Louisiana use it in their gumbo, a heavy, stimulating, mucilaginous soup. The whole family is a natural assemblage, and allied in properties. No. 88.t—Arum Maculatum. Wake-Robin. Cuckoo Pint. Arum. The root. Yields sago. Synonyms—Serpentaria Minor. Zingiber Album. Zingiber Germanicum. Zingiber Barbe Aaronis—Aaron's-beard. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 105—coloured figure ol the plant, No. 106. Qualities. Root saponaceous, acrid, amylaceous. The acridity of this plant is possessed, in common with all of the Aroidex,- and from its saponaceous quality, it has been used in washing, instead of soap; the acridity of it, how- ever, unless carefully washed away, chops the hands of the laundresses. When thoroughly washed from the root, and a similar process pursued as in making starch, it yields a fine amylum. This is made into a sago by the inhabitants of Portland Island, where it is abundant. I suspect that some of the varieties of sago, in our shops, are obtained thence. Medical Properties and Uses. Stimulant diaphoretic ; grs. x to 3)j of the fresh root, made into an emulsion with gum Arabic and spermaceti, taken three or four times a day, has been useful in obstinate rheumatisms. Its conge- ner, No. 89, is an indigenous plant, worth attention, being nearly allied to this. The Indians use the leaves of an- other congener, Arum dracontium, in cases of dropsy, co- vering their patients with the leaves, which vesicate. No. 89.—Arum Teiphyllum. Radix. Phar. U. S. Indian turnip ; called also, Dragon-root. ASA—ASC 69 fyVmet specimen, Jeff. Col. No. 107—figure of the plant, No. 108. * ' Indigenous ; root acrid, stimulating, poisonous; used, boiled in milk, to relieve oppression in phthisis—said to be use- ful; is a common domestic remedy; the acridity of the root renders it powerfully rubifUcient, applied bruised to the skin. By maceration and frequent ablution, yields a fc cula resembling arrow-root. No. 90.—Asarum Europium. Officinal. Asari folia. L. E. D. Assarabacca leaves. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 109—fiirure of the plant. No. 110. b * ' Native of England. Qualities. Recent leaves, nauseous, bitter, acrimonious, Violently purgative and emetic; impaired by keeping; contain a peculiar acrid principle, not well understood. Infusion in water takes up the properties ; coction dissi- pates them. Medical Properties and Uses. Errhine, Cullen says, the best; grs. iij to v, snuffed up the nose every night, till the effect is produced. Ornc. PnEr. Pulvis Asari compositus. E. D. No. 91.—Asarum Canadense. Radix. The root of Canada snake-root, or wild ginger. Phar. U. S. Alcohol and water extract its virtues. An indigenous aromatic congener of No. 90. For detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. Dose, £ss of the powdered root—orgij of infusion, prepared by f3 xij of boiling water, with gss of the root. May be used as Virginia snake-root is. No. 92.—Asclepias. Milk-weed; silk-weed. Pentandria Digynia, Linn. Contorts, Juss. Three species, indigenous— 1. Asclepias incarnata. Flesh-coloured Asclepias. The root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. Ill—figure of the plant, No. 112. 2. Asclepias Syriaca. Common silk-weed; milk-weed. The root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 113—figure of the plant, No. 114. VOL. II. G 70 ASP—ASP 3. Asclepias tuberosa. Butterfly-weed; pleurisy-root; wind- root. The root. Phar. U. S. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 115—figure of the plant, No. 116. For Nos. 1 and 2, see Dr. Ansel W. Ives' edition of Paris's Pharmacologia, under those names. For No. 3, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. A diaphoretic; used in pleurisy. Dose of powered root, 9j to gss—of the decoction, prepared by boiling ^ss of the bruised root in Oj of water, f ^j every second hour, till it sweats, or till it nauseates. Asclepias vomitoria. (Kcenig.) Coorinja or Cocrinja. Asclepias asmatica. (Willdenow.) Marsdenia vomitoria. Moon. Ceylon plants, p. 21. A thick twisted root, of a pale colour, and bitterish, some- what nauseous taste ; found in the Indian bazaars. The Vitians prize it for its expectorant and diaphoretic proper- ties. It is prescribed for children, to produce vomiting, who are oppressed with phlegm. Infusion used to extent of half a tea-cupful. Possesses virtues similar to ipecacu- an, and hence has been found a useful medicine, in India, in dysenteric diseases, both by the native and European practitioners. Stem shrubby, twisting, villose ; leaves opposite; petiotale, cordate-ovate, smooth above, but be- neath covered with short white hairs. It is remarked by Dr. Ainslie, in his Materia Indica, that the medicinal virtues of this root resemble those of the Asclepias tuberosa, or pleurisy-root; and it is chiefly no- ticed here, to lead to the investigation of our native spe- cies of Asclepias, all of which I believe to be active and medicinal. The Asclepias Curassavica, which is a native of Jamaica, is called (in flower) blood-flower, from its reputed efficacy in stopping bloody flux, and other bleedings. A decoc- tion of it is also said to be efficacious in gleets and tiuor albus. Barham and Lunan commend it. The plant is cultivated in our green-houses, and its flowers resemble those of the Asclepias decumbens. It is not improbable that the name of the Jamaica plant has led to that of the species just mentioned, which is called flux-root. Its other name, pleurisy-root, indicates a coincidence of name with the properties of the Asclepias vomitoria of India, above noticed. No. 93.—Aspidium. Felix mas. Male fern. Officinal. Felicis Radix. Lond. Aspidii felicis Maris Radix. Edin. Felix mas,-Radix. Dub. Root of the male fern. ASS—ATR 71 Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 117—figure of the plant, No. 118. Astringent tonic ; a reputed remedy for tape-worm ; always prescribed with a cathartic, to which its anthelmintic pow- ers are doubly owing. Was Madame Noufer's remedy, purchased from her by the French government—they paid dear for the whistle. Rarely to be met with in this coun- try__the cabinet specimens are from Switzerland. Xo. 94.—Assafcetida. A fetid gum. See Ferula . Assafcetida. \o. 95.—Astragalus Tragacantha. Officinal. Tragacanth. Lond. Astragali Tragacanlhxgum- mi. Edin. Tragacanth. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 119. A Persian shrub, yielding the Gum Tragacanth, which may be used as a local demulcent, like Acacia: gum; chiefly employed, from its .tenacity, in pharmaceutical prepara- tions ; it is used by apothecaries, to paste labels on their bottles," ?ic. The shoemakers call it gum dragon, and use it in pasting the inner to the outer soles of shoes and boots. No. 96.—Atropine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. ColL No. 120. The alkaline or salifiable base of Atropa Belladonna, disco* vered by Brandes. He boiled 2lb dried leaves of the plant, in water q. s.— pressed decoction, and reboiled in water. The two decoctions were mixed, and sulphuric acid added to precipitate albumen and similar bodies ^fil- tered and super-saturated the decoction with potass. The precipitate obtained, when washed in pure water and dri- ed weighed 89 grs. in small crystals ; solution of them in acids, and precipitation by alkalies, yielded pure atropine In Virev's edition of Gmelin, is another process ^digesting the decoction with magnesia, boiling the precipitate in al- cohol, and filtering. On cooling, atropine crystallizes in needles, or translucent and shining prisms, without colour. Qualities. White; nearly insoluble in water-more soluble in hot than cold alcohol—insoluble in etlier and oils. Forms crystallizable neutral salts with acids. Very dele- terious ; its vapour occasions vertigo, head-ache, pains n back. Vapour of solutions of its nitrate phosphate or su - phate, applied to the eye, dilates the pupil; more consp - cCus'anTcontinued, if atropine be tasted. It - sc, mth >. way produces vertigo, cerebral pains, shaking of the limbs, flushings, with alternations of sensation ot cold and heat, dyspnoea, and redaeed arterial excitement. ATR—ATR Medical Properties and Uses. Being the concentrated deleterious principle of Belladonna, may be used in such diseases as that herb and its extract are used for ; also in dilating the pupil for surgical operations. The dose must be very minute—perhaps from the 32d to the 16th part of a grain. No. 97.—Atkopa Belladonna. Deadly nightshade. Cl. 5. Ord. 1. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Luridai, Linn. Solanacex, Juss. Cor. bell-shaped. Stam. distant. Berry, globular, 2-celled. Officinal. Belhdonnx Folia. Lond. Dub. Atropx Bella- donnx folia. Edin. Deadly nightshade leaves. Atropa BeUadonna, Folia. Deadly nightshade, the leaves. U. S Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 121—figure of the plant, No. 122. Native of Britain, Switzerland, Austria, and Italy; frequent- ing shady places, in calcareous soils; flowering in June,. and ripening its berries in September. Qualities. Leaves inodorous; taste slightly nauseous, sweet- ish, sub-acrid. They do not become deteriorated by dry- ing. Vauquelin found a resembling substance to animal gluten in them, salts with a base of potash, and a bitter principle, on which their narcotic virtue depends. This has since, by Brandes, been ascertained to be an alkaline principle, called now Atropium, or Atropine, the sulphate of which crystallizes very beautifully, (No. 96.) Every part of the plant is poisonous; children have been allured to eat the berries, by their beauty and sweet taste, and have been killed by them. They intoxicate, and induce gesticulations, laughter, thirst, difficult deglu- tition, dilatation of the pupils of the eyes, nausea, a de- traction of the eyelids, restlessness, swelling of the face, stupor, delirium, low and feeble pulse, paralysis of the intestines, convulsions, and death. The root of the plant partakes of the same virulent properties as the leaves. It is supposed that this is the plant which produced such extraordinary effects on the Roman soldiers, during their retreat, under Antony, before the Parthians. They suffer- ed great distress for want of food, and ate any vegetables they met with—among others, one that was mortal. He that had eaten of it lost his memory and his senses, and employed himself wholly in turning about all the stones he could find, and after vomiting up bile, fell down dead. This is the account given of the disaster, in Plutarch's life of Antony. Buchanan relates, that " the Scots mixed a quantity of the juice of Belladonna (solanum so mmftrum) with the bread and drink, which by their truce they were to supply ATR—ATR 73 the Danes with, which so intoxicated them, that the Scots killed the greatest part of Sweno's army." What rascals!!! I do not think it is the root of this plant, which is alluded to by Shakspeare, when-he says, in Macbeth— " Or have we eaten of the insane root, Tbat takes the reason prisoner ?" First, because the maddening property ascribed, and just- ly, to the berries and leaves of Belladonna, have not been proved to pertain to the root; and secondly, because there is nothing esculent or savoury in the taste of Belladonna root—while several roots of umbelliferous plants are at once sweet and deliciously aromatic, and affect the brain with intoxication. Post mortem examinations, after death induced by Bella- donna, have shown the stomach and intestines to have been inflamed. The body swells after death, and haemor- rhage ensues from the mouth, nose, and ears; and a speedy decomposition takes place. For relieving the system from this poison, I refer you to the lectures on Toxicology. The name Belladonna ori- ginated in the circumstance of the Italian women using the juice of the berries as a cosmetic. Mkdical Properties and Uses. Narcotic, sedative, dia- phoretic, diuretic; externally applied, discutient and as- . suaging ; dilates the pupil of the eye, preparatory to the operation for cataract, when applied by dropping the in- fusion into the eye. Theden', surgeon-general of the Prus- sian armies, recommends it internally, from experience, in dropsies: he used the leaves, and found them to allay the nervous irritability preceding dropsy. Drs. Buckhave, Borden, Hufeland, Schaeffer, Marc, Weltzer, and Alibert, used Belladonna in whooping cough, with the effect of shortening the course of the disease, and relieving its dis- tressing paroxysms. Has been used in epilepsy, by Munich and Greeding. Cullen cured cancer of the lip with it, und some cases of scirrhous and cancerous affection. Ali- bert and Mucker speak well of it, in scirrhous disease of the intestines and stomach. Others have found it preju- dicial. Mr. Q. Bailey found it efficacious in tic dobreux. Has been used in, and recommended for, hydrophobia, by the German physicians. I should doubt its efficacy here; for it produces one of the most distressing symptoms of that malady—thirst; together with constriction of the pha- rynx. It has been commended by Bailey and Burdacb, in melancholy, mania, and hysteria. Hufeland says, it allays convulsions from scrofulous irritation. It has been used in gout, chronic rheumatism, paralysis, and amauro- sis. Dr. Reimarus, of Hamburg, discovered that if the di- luted extract be dropped in the eye, the pupil becomes G2 74 AIR—AUK dilated and fixed. Mr. Wainwright and Mr. Paget, sui geons, confirmed this fact, and availed themselves of it, preparatory to operations on the eye. The application gives no pain. The latter thinks it well adapted to make examination of the state of the lens and capsule, previous to determining on the operation. The leaves furnish the best form of exhibition. Dr. Paris observes, " the recent leaves, powdered, and made into an ointment with an equal weight of lard, rubbed over the penis, prevents priapism, and relieves chordee more effectually than any application which has been proposed." Externally, the leaves make a good assuaging poultice. Much of the extract found in the shops is carelessly pre- pared, and inactive : the latter can only arise from inatten- tion in obtaining it, because the proximate principle, Atro- pine, is deleterious. Generally, it will be found best to use the leaves. The student should guard himself against mistakes, owing to the common name. I have known it confounded with woody nightshade, and black nightshade, (solatium dulcamara, and solanum nigrum.) Though all narcotic plants, BeUadonna is" infinitely more active than either of the other nightshades, and indeed, than most other narco- tic vegetables. • Dose, in substance, 1 grain, gradually increased to 12 or 14 grains—of the infusion, made with ^j of dried leaves and f^x of boiling water, fJij daily, and increased with circumspection. A little of the infusion, dropped into the eye, dilates the pupil. Adams, in his "Practical Observations on Ectropium, &c." says, its operation seems to be confined to the radiated fibres of the iris. By continued U6e, it loses its effect; but desisted from for a time, again pro- duces tliis dilatation. Offic. Prep. Extract. Belladonnas. L. & U. S. Succus Spissatus Atropx Belladonnx. E. Formula. R Pulveris Belladonnae foliarum, gr. i ~) —— Potassae Nitratis, gr. x C --------Sacchari, gr. x j Made into a powder, to be taken every night at bed-time, for chronic rheumatism, extensive ulcerations, mania, and epilepsy. No. 98.—Aurantii Cortex et Baccm. The fruit and outer rind of the fruit of the orange tree. Citrus Aurantium, which see. No. 99.—Aurum. Gold. Phar. U. S. This stands, in the above work, in the first list. At one time AVE—AVE 73 in Europe, (owing to Dr. Chrestein's publication in 1811,) and within fourteen years in this country, it was esteemed anti-syphilitic : cases of syphilis are reported to have been cured, in the New-York Hospital, by this remedy. Dr. I. C. Niel, a French physician, says, the aurific prepara- tions are efficacious in scald-head, elephantiasis, and scro- fula : he says, they sometimes salivate. Drs. Hosack and Francis observed secondary symptoms to occur, in the oases of cure of syphilis, made in the New-York Hospital, by muriate of gold. On the whole view of what has been said in favour of gold, I am not inclined to attach great importance to it as a remedy. It is well enough, in its proper place, and for its proper purposes, for which it is much more useful than as a medicine. Plenty of it would doubtless cure many diseases of mind and body! Preparations used are—1. Metallic gold, in minute divi- sion. 2. The oxyde, precipitated by potash. 3. The •xyde, precipitated by tin. 4. The triple muriate of gold and soda. The muriates the most active. Dose, ever so little—few patients can afford to pay for much ; and it is, questionless, ill suited to poor practice. Gold-leaf was formerly used to cover pills, that their- nauseous taste and odour might not be perceived. Pills, thus sheathed, may be rendered insoluble, and pass off by stool—now entirely disused; and the "gilded pill" is only met with in the song of the poet. No. 100.—Avena Sativa. Common oat. Officinal. Avena farina. Oat-meal. Phar. U. S. Avenae Semina. Lond. Edin. The seeds of the oat called grits. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. CoH. No. 123. I prefer the U. S. officinal term, it being the only proper one to designate the article used as a restorative dietetic. In this country, we never use grits, which term is applied to the oat freed from its epidermis. I discard the view of this article as a medicine, and class it in section (F) of this course. As a nutritive substance, it is perhaps overrated. It is liable to produce acidity, and distressing colics, with lying-in women, when made a constant diet: wine added to it only increases its acescency; and I think, when wine can be proper for parturient women, they had much better discard oat-meal gruel, and eat animal soaps. I have, however, known many who could bear it, and grew fat upon it—still, I deem it, in general, a less fit diet for such, than some of the amylaceous feculae. Immemorial usage, however, has given it a place in the parturient chamber, and there it sticks as long as the nurse does. As I have scarcely been able to drive it out of my own house, so I despair, by these remarks, to send it from the sick cham* AZE—BAR bcrs of other houses. Yet they may serve to induce you to watch its effects closely, and when it produces heart- bum, to interdict it. I have used it much with seamen and soldiers, and their iron.bound stomachs resist its aces- cency—delicate and dyspeptic women have no sucli safe- guard. When used, it ought to smell gratefully—it is apt to be musty, which increases the inconvenience mentioned. No. 401.—Azedarach. Azedarach. Cortex. Phar. U. S. The bark of the Pride of China. Melia Azedarach, which see. B. No. 102.—Benzoinum. Benzoin. CommonlyTGum Benzoin and Benjamin. The balsamic pro- duct of Styrax Benzoin, which see. No. 103.—Benzoic Acid. The flowers of Benzoin; sublimed from the balsam. See as above. No. 104.—Bistort.*: Radix. Bistort. The root of Polygonum Bistorta, which see. No. 105.—Balsamum Peruvianum. Balsam of Peru, the product of Myroxylon Peruife- rum, which see. No. 106.—Balsamum Tolutanum. Balsam of To- lu, the product of Toluifera Balsamum^ which see. No. 107.—Baryta. Barytes. Found only in combination with carbonic acid; carbonate of Barytes, or Witherite ; and with sulphuric acid, sulphate of Barytes, or Heavy Spar. No. 108.—Baryta Carbonas. Carbonate of Bary- tes of the different Colleges. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 124. Inodorous, insipid, poisonous—only used for preparing the muriate. BAR—BDE 77 No. 109.—Baryta Sulphas. Sulphate of Barytes of the Colleges. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 125. Used only as a substitute for No. 108, in preparing the mu- riate, when the other cannot be had. No. 110.—Baryta Murias. Muriate of Barytes of the Colleges. Prepared from the above. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 126, Qualities. A heavy bitter salt, of a saline, pungent taste. Medical Propertiks and Uses. Occasionally, it gripes, and produces anxiety and nausea, when first taken, espe- cially if worms infest the body. Slightly opens the bow- els; does not affect the pulse—Hufeland says, it makes it slower. Diuretic sometimes, and diaphoretic oftener. Has been used by Dr Crawford, of England, in scrofulous cases, with success. Pearson, Clark, Hamilton, Fourcroy, Goerling, I. A. Schmidt, Peterman, and Hufeland, confirm his recommendation of the remedy. Others have con- demned it as injurious. When I was resident physician in the Pennsylvania Hospital, Dr. Physick directed me to give it to discuss scrofulous tumours ; and in several cases, it appeared to him and to me, to produce rapid detumescence. I subsequently prescribed it at sea, in numerous cases of a similar kind, sometimes with success; but for many years I have not used it—for which I cannot give any good reason : one gets out of the way of pre- scribing a good remedy, to take up with some new-fangled thing, not half so good. My early impressions are strongly in favour of the efficacy of this remedy, in scrofulous tumours. I prescribed it, in the Isle of Wight, for a goitre in a girl living in the inn where I dwelt: it did not cure her, but lessened the goitre perceptibly in a short time. It has been used with benefit in obstinate cutaneous eruptions. Dose of the solution of 3j in f ^ j of water, is from 10 to 15 drops every three hours. I have given 100 drops in twenty-four hours, for several days in succession, without inconvenience—unless slight nausea, and some purging, may be called so. The dose should be gradually increased from 10 drops upward—I see no reason why it might not much exceed the quantity I have given. So. 111.—Bdellium. Gum resin. Semi-pellucid; of a yellowish brown or dark brown colour, according to its age ; unctuous to the touch, but brittle; soon, however, softening between the fingers; in appear- ance, it is not unlike myrrh ; of a bitterish taste, and 78 BIS—BIT moderately strong smell; splutters a little in burning, but does not explode, as Herman Valentine reports. Used by Tamool doctors, in India, as a purifier of the blood in de- praved habits, and externally in foul ulcers, and in dis- cussing tumours of the joints. In Europe, is considered as diaphoretic, diuretic, cathartic, pectoral. Dose, from J}j to 5J. The tree which yields Bdellium is not certainly known —is supposed to be Chamxrops pumilis, a dwarf fan-palm. Others say, it is obtained from a species of Amyris; others, from the Borassus fiabelliformis. It is one of the substances thrown into the fire, by the Hindoos, at their trial by or- deal—Ainslie,- also, Asiatic Researches. No. 112.—Bismuthum. L. & U. S. Bismuth. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 127. A metal used for preparing the No. 113.—Bismuthi Sub-nitras. L. & U.S. Sub- nitrate of Bismuth: formerly called Oxyde of Bismuth, and Magistery of Bismuth. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 128. Qualities. A pure white, inodorous, insipid powder; solu- ble in strong acids, from which water readily precipitates it—therefore insoluble in that fluid, and in very diluted acids; soluble in ammonia, which precipitates it from the nitrate; sparingly soluble in potass and soda. It is black. ened by sulphuretted hydrogen gas, its solution in water, and all the hydro-sulphurets. Mixed with charcoal, and highly heated, is decomposed, and metallic bismuth rege- nerated. Medical Properties and Uses. Antispasmodic and tonic; used in gastrodynia, dyspepsia, spasms of the stomach, hysteric colics, palpitations of the heart, epilepsy. Mr. A. T. Thompson combines it with extract of hops, and Hufeland with cajeput oil and extract of henbane. An old remedy, revived by Odier of Geneva, and De la Roche of Paris, followed by Marcet, Bardsley, Clark, in England; Belden, Reil, Hufeland, Kiysig, of Germany; and Hosack and Dr. Samuel Moore, of the United States; chiefly as a remedy for gastrodynia and cardialgia. Dose, from 1 to 12 or 15 grains, two or three times a day. Odier gave it, a quarter of an hour before eating, in 12 grain doses. In an excessive over-dose, is a poison. No. 114.—Bitumen. A term comprehending various mineral inflammable sub- BOL—BON 79 substances, somewhat resembling oily and resinous bodies. The one used in medicine is the Officinal. Petroleum. Lond. Bitumen Petroleum. Edin Petroleum Barbadense. Dub. Petroleum. Barbadoes Tar- commonly called Naphtha. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 129. Qualities. A pale yellowish thin fluid; light, transparent, odoriferous; unctuous to the touch, volatile, and verv in- flammable. - ' Medical Properties and Uses. Stimulating, antispasmo- die, and sudorific; given in asthma, and coughs without inflammation. Chiefly used as a stimulant, in disease of hip joint, in rheumatic and other chronic pains, chilblains, porrigo, and to paralytic limbs, applied by friction. Dr. Flemming speaks favourably of it, internally administered, in the chronic rheumatism of the West Indies—he used the Burman Petroleum. Rarely used in U. S. Dose, from n^x to f£ss, in any convenient vehicle. No. 115.—Boletus Ignarius. Agaric of the oak. Officinal. Boletus Ignarius. Agaricus. Edin. Agaric. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 130. A fungus, found in Europe, growing on the decayed trunks of the ash and oak—that of the latter is said to be most valuable. Qualities. Prepared Agaric is inodorous; taste slightly astringent. Bouillon la Grange found it to contain resin, extractive, something similar to animal gelatine, and dif- ferent salts. Medical Properties and Uses. A celebrated styptic, ap- plied to bleeding blood-vessels ; introduced, in 1750, by Brosard, a French surgeon, and for some years generally used—not now used. No. 116.—Bonplandia Trifoliata. Three-leaved Bonplandia. Synonym—Cusparia febrifuga of Humboldt, and adopted by the London College. AVilldenow named the tree as above, in honour of Baron Humboldt. Cl. 5. Ord. 1. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Quassix, Juss. Cal. monophylous, campanulate, 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petalled, cohering at the base—funnel form. Officinal. Cusparix Cortex. Lond. Bonpbndise Trifoliate Cortex. Edin. & U. S. Angustura,- Cor/ex. Dub. Cus- paria Bark, Bonplandia Bark, or Angustura Bark. 80 BON—BON Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 131—figure of the tree, No. 132. This elegant evergreen tree is a native of South America. It is found abundantly in the forests, five or six leagues from the eastern bank of the Carony, at the foot of the hills which surround the Missions of Capassui, Upata, and Alta Graccia. It grows also west of Cumana, in the Gulf of Santa Fe. The tree is 60 or 80 feet high, with a cylindrical trunk, covered with a grey coloured bark; branching towards the top; the leaves two feet long, independent of the petiole, and composed of three oblong ovate leaflets, pointed at base and apex, and attached at their bases to a single chan- nelled petiole, from 10 to 12 inches long. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, composed of alternate peduncles, bear- ing from 3 to 6 flowers each. Calyx inferior, persistent, 5-toothed, and tomentose; corotta funnel-shaped, 5-petal- led, united below, so as to appear a funnel-shaped tube. Nectary, 5 glandular bodies. Stamens shorter than the petal. Pistil, 5 oval hairy ovaries, from the centre of which a single style rises, supporting 5 fleshy green stigmata. Fruit, 5 oval bivalve capsules, each enclosing a single seed. In 1778, some parcels of Angustura bark were imported into Europe from Dominica. At that time, the tree which yielded it was not known, but was supposed to be a native of Africa. It was subsequently imported from Havana and Cadiz; but not until Humboldt and Bonpland travelled into South America, were the real site and nature of the tree ascertained. It comes in flat pieces, of different lengths; some nearly flat, others rolled into partial quills of differ- ent sizes, packed in cases. The pieces are covered with a thin, whitish, wrinkled epidermis; the inner surface smooth, of a ferruginous-yellow hue; breaks short, with a resinous fracture; is easily pulverized. The powder, when triturated with lime or magnesia, yields the smell of ammonia. Qualities. Odour not strong, but peculiar; taste bitter, slightly aromatic, permanent; contains cinchona, resin, extractive, carbonate of ammonia, and essential oil. The active matter is taken up by cold and hot water, and is not injured by long coction; but the addition of alcohol pre- cipitates part of the extractive. Its bitter and aroma are soluble in alcohol. Proof-spirit is its best menstruum. The alcoholic tincture reddens litmus paper, and becomes milky when water is added. The aqueous infusion preci- pitates the infusion of galls and of yellow cinchona, but not gelatine. Medical Properties and Uses. An aromatic tonic ; does not oppress the stomach, but gives warmth to it; expels BOS—BOS 81 ilatus, opens the bowels, and provokes the appetite. Effi- cacious in bilious diairhoea and dysentery, after cleansing the primae vix ; useful in dyspepsia, leucorrhoea, hysteria, and indeed in all atonic affections indicating the necessity of aromatic tonics. Alibert tried it in the St. Louis hospi- tal, in intermittents, but found it not to answer. Brandes found it efficacious in these fevers. I have used the Cus- paria for many years past; and in the fever which prevail- here in 1823-4, with the greatest and most unequivocal advantage : I cured numerous cases with it entirely, after a mercurial purge and an emetic. It may be exhibited in infusion, decoction, tincture, extract, or in substance— in either case, the union of cinnamon or ginger disguises its nauseous taste : it may also be combined with neutral salts, or magnesia. Dose, of the powdered bark, grs. x to 7)j—more than t his pukes, or creates nausea. Of the infusion or decoc- tion, f Jj to f Jij—beyond the latter, it also nauseates. Of the aqueous extract, grs. x. Adulterated with No. 118, which is an energetic poison. This is an important fact to be recollected, because in commerce the poisonous bark is called sometimes F>ne Angustura, more commonly False Angustura—both of which names should be discarded, and that of Brucea bark substituted, by which no confounding one with the other could occur. No. 117.—Boswellia Serrata. {Roxburg. Asi- atic Researches, 8vo. vol.ix. p. 377.) Cl. 10. Ord. 1. Decandria Monogynia, Linn. Gen. char. Cal. beneath, 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petalled. Nect. a crenulate fleshy cup, surrounding the lower part df the germ, with stamens inserted on its outside. Capsule 3 sided, 3-valved, 3-ce'.led. Seeds solitary, membranous, winged. Officinal. Otibanum. Lond. Juniperi Lycix gummi resi- nx. Edin. Olibanum,- gummi resina. Dub. Olibanum. In India, called Salai. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 133. A large tree, native of the mountains of India; yields the Olibanum or Frankincense of commerce, which is import- ed from the Levant; but tnis is not so much esteemed as the Olibanum from Arabia, Qualities. A translucent whitish-yellow brittle substance, generally covered with a wiiitisii powder, from tin :■' t tion of the pieces with each other; when burnt, t>-- a very fragrant and delicious odour; taste aci slightly aromatic; affords a volatile oil. VOL. II. H 82 BRU—BRU Medical Properties and Uses. Stimulant, diaphoretic. Formerly, much used in affections of the chest—now, only to give a fragrant smell to sick rooms, by burning it in them; and as incense, in Greek and Roman chapels. I am of opinion, that we have discarded this article without good reason : its delicious fragrance, and its balsamic pro- perties, have induced me to prescribe it as an inhalation, in incipient phthisis and angina; and its good effects have been so manifest, that I recommend it as an expectorant, in this form of exhibition, particularly well suited to the strictures of the chest and dyspnoea attending inflamed tubercles, in scrofulo-phthisical subjects. For this reason, I have particularly noticed it. No. 118.—Brucea Antidysenterica. (Bruce.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 134. Synonyms—Brucea Ferruginea. (L'Heretier.) Wooginos, in Abyssinia, where it is indigenous. Angustura pseudo-ferruginea. (Orfila's Toxicol.) Angustura virosa. (Rambach.) Dioicia Tetrandria. Nat. fam. (Juss.) Quassias. False Angustura—Fine Angustura. A middling-sized shrub, branches few, alternate, patulous, round and thick; leaves alternate, spreading, unequally pinnate; flowers crowded together, colour herbaceous, tinged with red or russet; root valuable in dysentery; is a simple bitter, without aroma or resinous taste, leaving in the throat a roughness resembling that from ipecacuanha. This species yields Bruciu, which see. The bark of this tree is met with in commerce, and has been called by druggists fine Angustura and false Angustura. It comes in pieces rolled up, of a yellowish-grey colour inside—some of them have the epidermis affected with scattered whitish excrescences; others covered with a brown pulverulent substance, resembling the rust of iron; other pieces are more or less polished, sometimes rugose, and maculated with coloured spots—these are generally thicker than the other pieces. The powder is of a grey colour, looking and smelling like ipecacuanha; it is in- ., tensely bitter, and nauseates most persons. Orfila, who calls it Angustura pseudo-ferruginea, has shown that it acts like nux vomica, St. Ignatius bean, and Upas antiar. It appears, from the account of Professor Emmert, of ex- periments he made at Bonne, on a species of Angustura, to which Rambach first gave, in 1804, the name of Angus- tura virosa, to be identical with the one under notice. He also found it a violent poison. A child died, after tak- ing the deqoction in mistake. BRU—BRU sa The ferruginous rust which covers this bark, and which resembles the rust of iron, possesses certain chemical pro- perties of that metal; for if water, acidulated with muria- tic acid, be agitated in contact with it, it assumes a beau- tiful green colour, and affords, with an alkaline prussiate, (hydrocyanate of potass,) a prussian blue precipitate. Late experiments have proved the existence in this bark of an alkaline proximate element, which has been called Brucia. According to the analysis "of Pelletier and Ca- ventou, the bark contains—1, a fatty substance; 2, yellow colouring matter; 3, gallate of Brucine; 4, traces of sugar; 5, gum ; 6, woody fibre. Has not been used in medicine—is a good subject for an inaugural thesis. Brucea Antidysenterica, of Bruce's Travels into Abyssinia, (vol. v. p. 69.) is described by L'Heretier, under the name Brucea ferruginea. It is called Wooginos, and is supposed by some to be the Angustura bark, No. 116, which it is not—and a more serious mistake could not be. Dr. Rox- burg observes, that another species, the Brucea Sumatra- na, is fetid, and simply but intensely bitter, and promises to be as good an antidysenteric medicine as the preceding. It is called, in India, Amypadoo. A third species of Brucea was discovered by Dr. Horse- field, in Java, called Fraunabt by the Javanese -. he eays, it is of a bitter nature, and possesses propcrUes somewhat similar to those of the Quassia simarouba. Another spe- cies is spoken of by the same author, under the Javanese name Patti-LaUar—native of Java—possessing the same qualities as the other species. No. 119.—Brumadundoo. See No. 78. No. 120.—Brucia. (Brucine.) In 1819, Pelletier discovered, in the bark of Brucea antidy- senterica, an organic, salifiable base, which is iirtensely bitter, and slightly soluble in water; it unites with acids, forming neutral salts. Its action on the animal system is similar to Strychnine, but weaker; is a narcotic. Dose, from 1 to 3 grains—given in pills, tincture, and mixture. Nux vomica also contains Brucine; but for medical purposes, that obtained from No. 118 should be used, because that from the vomic nut is apt to remain mixed with some strychnine, which increases its activity, and prevents cal- culation on its effects. rhe medical properties and uses of Brucine would form a good subject for an inaugural dissertation: much credit would be derived from a good experimental dissertation on this subject- 84 BUB—CAL No. 121.—Bubon Galbanum. Long-leaved Bubon. Cl. 5. Ord. 2. Pentandria Digynia. Nat. ord. Umbelbtx. Officinal. Galbani gummi resina. Lond. Dub. Bubonis Galbanigummi resina. Edin. Galbanum—Gum-resin. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 135—figure of the plant. No. 136. \n umbelliferous plant, 10 feet high, native of the Cape of Good Hope and other parts of Africa, and of Syria. When the stem of the growing plant is cut or wounded, a cream- coloured juice flows out, which is the gum-resin : a small quantity exudes spontaneously from the joints of the stem. It comes in variegated masses, of a yellowish-brown hue. Qualities. Strong peculiar odour, rather fetid, faintly re- sembling turpentine; a bitterish, warm, acrid taste. The latest analysis of this gum-resin, by M. Meisner, afforded— Resin 65.8, gum 22.6, cerasin 1.8, malic acid 0.2, volatile oil 3.4, vegetable debris 2.8, loss 3.4; soluble in water, wine, and vinegar, by trituration to extent ofA of its weight. They form milky mixtures, which are deposited by rest. To suspend the drug permanently, the yolk of an egg, or Acacia gum mucilage, is requisite—either must be half the weight of the galbanum. Alcohol takes up one-fifth of its weight, producing a golden yellow tincture, which has the sensible properties of galbanum, and becomes milky by adding water. A mixture of 2 pints rectified spirit and one of water, dissolves all but the impurities. Galbanum yields half its weight of volatile oil, which is at first blue, by distillation. Medical Properties and Uses. Antispasmodic, and acts like assafoetida, but more powerfully. Dr. Paris remarks truly, it might be " placed between assafoetida and ammo- nia." Externally, it is resolvent, and induces suppuration in sluggish tumours. To be given in pill. Dose, from grs. x to Jjj. Offic Prep. Pil. Galbani comp. L. Pil. Assafxtid. comp. E. Pil. Myrrh comp. D. Tinct. Galbani. D. Emplast. Galb. D. Emplast. Galb. comp. L. Emplast Assafxtid. E. Emphst. Gummas. E. c. tfo.122.—Cajuputi Oleum. Cajeputoil. The pro- duct of Melaleuca Cajuputi, which see. No. 123.—Calami Radix. The root of Calamjus, or sweet flag. See No. 28. CAL—CAL 85 No. 124.—Calamina. Calamine. An impure car- bonate of zinc: used in making Turner's cerate. See Zincum. No. 125.—Calumbje Radix. Calumba root: the root of Menispermum palmatum, which see. No. 126.—Calx. Common lime. Rarely found in an uncombined state, but abundantly in union with other substances. The medicinal preparations are from No. 127.—Carbonas Calcis a—Mollior, creta alba. Dub. Edin. Creta. Lond. Chalk. A mineral found in the north of Poland, France, some of the Danish islands, and the south of* England. Qualities. Inodorous, insipid; adheres to the tongue some- what ; white, or yellowish white, or greyish white. Medical Properties and Uses. Antacid; must undergo levigation and ablution, before used as a medicine. Exter- nally, an absorbent in burns and excoriations. Offic Prep. Creta preparata. Mixtura carbonis calcis, U. S. Formulae— No. 1. R Carb. calcis praep. ^iss " Sacchari, . 3J Pulv. Acaciae gummi, £ss Ol cinnamomi, Mix Tr. Opii, f^'j Aquae, ^3XX- A mixture for diarrhoea depending on acidity. Dose, a table-spoonful pro re nuta. No. 2. R Pulveris Catechu extracti, grs. xv ~> Pulv. Cretae comp. cum opio, 9j > A powder, to be taken after every dejection, in diarrhoea from debility of bowels, or from acidity. No. 128.__Calcis Liquor. L. Lime-water. Aqua Calcis. E. D. Liquor Calcis. U.S. This is a saturated solution of lime in water, f£j of which contains | of a grain of lime. Mr. Dalton has discovered that lime is more soluble in cold than hot water: he con- cludes that the quantity held in solution by water at 32 F-, is nearly double that retained by water at 212° F. This statement is confirmed by Mr. Phillips. H2 86 CAM—CAN For incompatible substances, see table at end of Vol. I. Medical Properties and Uses. Antacid; used in dys- pepsia attended with acidity; usually mixed with an equal quantity of milk, in which state it is useful in looseness of the bowels of infants. Is astringent in leucorrhoea, and the later stage of dysenteiy and protracted diarrhoea. Is anti- Kthic. Is tolerated and retained by an irritable stomach. Forms the basis of astringent gargles. Milk disguises its caustic acerbity and its flavour, without diminishing its virtues. Used as an injection, for ascarides. Dose, fgj to f^vj. Formula— R Liquoris Potassae, fgij ? Liquoris Calcis, f^vj 5 A table-spoonful, or two, to be taken shortly before meals, by persons afflicted with acidity of the sto- mach. No. 129.—Camphora. Camphor. See Dryobalanops Camphora. No. 130.—Cambogia. Gamboge——Camboge ; the product of Staligmitis gambogioides, which see. No. 131.—Canella Alba. White or laurel-leaved Canella. Cl. 11. Ord. 1. Dodecandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Olera- cex, Linn. Meliacex, Juss. Cal. 3-lobed. Pet. 5. Anthers 16, adhering to a pitcher- shaped nectary. Berry 1-celled, with 2 or 4 seeds. Officinal. Canellx Cortex. Lond. Canellx Albx, Cortex Edin. Canella Alba. Dub. & U. S. Canella bark. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 137—figure of the tree, No. 138. A native of the West Indies. The inner bark of the branches is freed from the cuticle, and dried in the shade. The quilled pieces are of a straw-yellow colour on both sides, but paler within; break with a starchy fracture. The flat pieces, which appear to be the bark of the largest branches or of the stem, are yellow on the outside, and Sienna browfi within. Qualities. Odour, when fresh broken, aromatic, like a mixture of cloves and cinnamon; taste slightly bitter, very warm and pungent. The watery infusion is chiefly bitter, slightly aromatic or pungent. Alcohol extracts all the vir- tues. The tincture is bright yellow, and becomes milky CAN—CAN 87 by adding water. By distillation, Canella yields a thick, heavy, yellow, very pungent, gratefully odorous, essential oil; on this, and a little resinous matter, its virtues depend. For incompatible substances, see table at end of Vol. I. Medical Properties and Uses. An aromatic tonic; use fully combined with bitters, in dyspepsia, gout, and other diseases attended with general debility; it corrects the griping of aloes, and other resinous cathartics; is said to prove useful in scurvy. Dose, of the powdered bark, grs. x to Jss—of the tinc- ture, §ss to |j. Offic Prep. Tinctura Gentianx composita. E. Vinum Aloes. Lond. Dub. Pulv. Abes cum Canella. Dub. No. 132.—Cantharadin. The blistering proximate principle of No. 133. No. 133.—Cantharis Vesicatoria. Blistering or Spanish flies. Cantharides. Officinal. Cantharis. Lond. Cantharis Vesicatoria. Edin. Cantharis. Dub. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 139. Qualities. The blistering principle has been obtained in a separate state, in the form of small crystalline plates, of a micaceous lustre—called Cantharadin by Mr. A. T. Thompson. When pure, is insoluble in water—rendered soluble by the presence of a yellow matter, existing in a native state of combination with it; very soluble in oils. Robiquet says, flies recently collected yield some uric acid. Medical Properties and Uses. Cantharides are power- fully diuretic and stimulant—occasion strangury; have been used in dropsy, gleet, leucorrhoea, incontinence of urine, arising from paralysis of the sphincter vesicae; ame- norrhoea, particularly recommended by Dr. Joseph Klapp. Internally, recommended by Dr. Ansel W. Ives, in typhus. The free use of diluents necessary during their exhibition. Dose, grs. i to grs. iii of the powdered flies made into a pill, with extract of henbane, or with opium. The tine- ture is preferable—dose, H\,x to TTLXx. The external use well known. Offic. Pbep. Tinctura Cantharidis. L. Emplastrum Can- tharidis. L. Emplastrum Cantharidis vesicatorix. E. Ce- ratum Lyttx. L. Uhguentum infusi Cantharidis vesicato- rix. E. Uhguentum Cantharidis. D. Uhguentum pul- veri Cantharidis vesicatorix. E. Also, the decoction of Cantharides in turpentine, found in the shops of this city, 88 CAN—CAP Formula— R Cantharid. in pulverulem trit. gr. i "*i Ammoniae sub-carb. \ Confect. aromat. aa gr. v f Syrup q. s. J Make a bolus, to be taken every four or six hours, with a draught of the compound infusion of horseradish—as an aromatic stimulant. No. 134.—Cantharis Vittata. Potato-fly. Ame- rican Cantharides. Synonym—Lyttx vittatx. (Olivier.) Resemble No. 133 ; yield Cantharidin, according to analysis of Dr. I. F. Dana. Properties, as the preceding, and used as they are. , No. 135.—Capsicum Annuum. Cayenne pepper. Cl. 5. Ord. 1. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Luridx, Linn. Solanex, Juss. Officinal. Capsici Baccx. Lond. Capsici annui fructus. Edin. Capsicum annuum, fructus. U. S. The fruit of Cayenne pepper. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 140. Native of India, East and West. Qualities. The long, pointed, pendulous orange-red pods, have an aromatic and pungent odour, and an acrimonious fiery taste; partially soluble in water, but entirely in ether and alcohol; contain cinchonia, resin, mucilage, and an acrid principle, said to be alkaline. Medical Properties anb Uses. Aromatic tonic; used in fevers, and as a gargle in cynanche maligna, and relaxed condition of the throat; with purgatives, used in dyspep- sia, gout, tympanitis and paralysis, dropsies, and cachectic and lethargic complaints. Externally, as a cataplasm, is rubifacient; thus used in West Indies, for coma and delirium in fevers of the tropics. The juice of the fruit is said to be a remedy for ophthalmia depending on relaxation. May be given in pills, in dose of vj to grs. x or grs. xv—of* the tincture, fjj to fzij, in any convenient vehicle. An infu- sion of gr. i to f"5J, boiling water; or fgvi of the tincture to f "fjviij of infusum rosx—constitute the proportions for a gargle. Formula-i- R Aloes spicat. T)j ~i Scammoniae, grs. xij Extract. Rhei, ►*)ij ^ Bacc. Capsici pulv. grs. vj [ Olei caryophyll. n\.v J Made into 16 pills, one or two at bed-time, pro re nata, as an aromatic cathartic. CAP—CAR 89 No. 136.—Capsicum Baccatum. Bird pepper. Cabinet specimen, Jeff Coll. No. 141. The berries of this and other species, mixed with the above, form Cayenne pepper, used as a condiment. No. 137.—Carbo Ligni. Lond. Edin. Dub. Char- coal. Powdered charcoal is antiseptic, newly prepared. It has been used internally, to correct fetid eructations of dys- pepsia. Dr. Caliagno, of Italy, proposed to employ it instead of cinchona, in intermittents. I have given it a fair trial—it is inefficient. Is used in the fermenting poultice of meal and yeast. Is an excellent dentifrice. No. 138.—Cardamine Pratensis. Cuckoo flower. Cardaminis fiores. Lond. Edin. Cardamine; fios. Dub. The flowers and leaves of Cuckoo flower. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 142—figure of the plant, No. 143. Diuretic, antispasmodic. Not used in this country. No. 139.—Cardamomi Semina. Cardamom seeds; the fruit of Mattonia Cardamomum, which see. No. 140.—Carthamus Tinctorius. Fiores. U. S. The flowers of Dyer's Saffron. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 144—figure of the plant, No. 145. No. 141.—Carice Fructus. The preserved fruit of the fig-tree. For its use, see Senna. No. 142.—Caryophylli. Cloves. The unexpanded flower-buds of Eugenia caryophyllata,xt)\\ch. see. No. 143.—Carum Carvi. Common Carraway. The aromatic seeds called Carraway-seeds, being the fruit of an umbelliferous plant. Dose, in substance, from grs. x to jij. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 146—figure of the plant. No. 147. 90 CAS—CAS Offic Prep. Oleum Carui. L. D. Aqua Carui. L.. Spiritus Carui. L. E. D. Left out of the Phar. U. S. Used in confectionary. No. 144.—Cascarillje Cortex. The bark of Crotort Cascarilla, which see. No. 145.—Cassije Pulpa. L. E. D. Cassia jistula— Lomentorum pulpa. See No. 147. No. 146.—Cassia. Cl. 10. Ord. 1. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Lomen tacex, Linn. Leguminosx, Juss. Four species— 1. Cassia senna. 2. Cassia lanceolata. 3. Cassia fistula. 4. Cassia marilandica. For species 1 and 2, which, together with Cynanchum Olex- folium, constitute senna of the shops, see Senna, and W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S, for a detailed account. No. 147.—Cassia Fistula. Purging Cassia. The pulp of the foments, as above noticed— No. 145. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 148—figure of the plant No. 149. Native of the East and West Indies. The pulp is gently laxative—dose, jiij to %j, or more. The loments are now sold by confectioners in this city, and are eagerly bought up for a few cents, as a domestic laxative for children and weak women. The odour is mawkish; taste sweet and mucilaginous. In a dose sufficiently large for strong per- sons, induces flatus, nausea, and griping. Offic Prep. Pulpa Cassix fislubris expressa. Edin. Con- fectio Cassix. L. E. D. Confectio Sennx. L. E. D. No. 148.—Cassia Marilandica. American Senna; the leaves and loments. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 150—figure of the plant, No. 151. Indigenous ; a laxative, like Senna. For detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. No. 149.—Castanea Pumila. Cortex. U. S. The bark of the Chinquapin. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 152—figure of the shrub, No. 153. CAS—CEN 91 No. 150.—Castoreum. Castor, a substance secreted by Castor Fiber, the beaver, in bags near the rectum. Two kinds in the shops— Canadian Castor and Russian Castor. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 154 and 155. Qualities. Strong, heavy, aromatic odour; taste bitter, sub-acrid, nauseous; colour reddish-brown. Medical Properties and Uses. Antispasmodic—given in such cases as admit antispasmodics. May be given in powder or tincture. . Dose, of powder, grs. x to 9j, given as a bolus—in clys- ters, 3j. Is very expensive, and rarely ordered. Counterfeited by stuffing a mixture of dried blood and ammoniacum, and a little real Castor, into the scrotum of a goat. Russian Castor is the best. No. 151.—Catechu. The product of Acacia Cate- chu, which see. No. 152.—Caustic, Lunar. The nitrate of silver; an escharotic and antispasmodic tonic. See Argentum. CAUSTIC, Common—caustic potash. See Potass. More powerfully escharotic than Lunar Caustic. No. 153.—Celandine. See Chelidonium majus. No. J54.—Centaurii Cacumina. L. E. D. The flowering tops of the common Centaury. See Chironia .Centaurium. ^o. 155.__Centaury, American. See Sabbatia an- gularis, and other species under that No. No. 156.—Centauria Benedicta. Blessed thistle. Officinal. Cenlaurex benedictx herba. Edin. Carduus bene- dictus, folia. Dub. The herbaceous part, or the leaves, of Blessed Thistle. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 156—figure of the plant, No. 157. Kmetic, diaphoretic, or toni«, according to the form and strength of the preparation used. Not now used, but in domestic practice, where its blessed name secures its toot- ing—not equal to our Boneset, and very like it in its vari- ous effects. 92 CEP—CER No. 157.—Cephaelis, vel Callicocca Ipecacu- anha. One of the plants yielding ipecacuanha. These are so nu- merous, that, for unity, I "shall briefly notice each plant under its proper letter, and refer to Ipecacuanha for an account of all. No. 158.—Cera. L. E. D. & U. S. Wax. Admitted into the Materia Medica, under two forms:— 1. Cera flava—yellow wax—unbleached wax. 2. Cera alba—white, bleached, or virgin wax. Qualities well known. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 158 and 159. A green wax is produced by the Myrica Cerifera, or wax- bearing myrtle, which see—Cab. spec. No. 160. No. 159.—Cerasin : formerly confounded with gum. The product of Astragalus Tragacanlha. With nitric acid, yields saclactic, malic, and oxalic acids. Officinal. Tragacanth. Variety a.. Cherry Gum, from the cherry tree, and others of the Pruni. Only partially soluble in water. Treated with nitric acid, yields malic and oxalic acids. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 161. Var. 0. Congo Gum. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 162. Var. y. Dominica Gum. In large masses like stalactites, brittle, light yellowish brown, translucent; contains three parts cerasin, one part gum. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 163. No. 160.—Cerata. Cerates of the different Colleges. Pharmaceutical compositions, characterized by a degree of consistence intermediate between that of plasters and that of ointments. 1. Ceratum calaminx-As Turner's Cerate, being medicated by the lupis caluminaris, or impure carbonate, of zinc. 2. Ceratum cetacei—is medicated by spermaceti. 3. Ceratum cantharidis, called also Ceratum lyttx— medicat- ed by Spanish or potato flies. 4. Ceratum plumbi superaid to resemble the urine of the cat—and that's disagreeable enough. This smell, however, is a bad criterion; for some persons like an odour excessively disagreeable to others. Botanical acumen is infallible, and indispensable in the natural fami- ly to which this plant belongs. Qualities. The odour of dried hemlock leaves, is heavy, strong, narcotic, not so disagreeable as that of the fresh leaves; taste slightly bitter and nauseous; easily pulve- rized—the powder should retain the beautiful green colour of the leaves. When properly dried, the leaves only lose their acrimony, retaining their narcotic virtues. The virtues of Conium are extracted by alcohol and sulphuric ether. To the ether it communicates a deep green hue; and when the tincture is evaporated on the surface of the water, a dark green resin remains, containing the narcotic principle of the plant, possessing both the peculiar odour and taste. Half a grain of it produces headache, and slight vertigo. This is the discovery of Mr. A. T. Thompson. Dr. Paris calls it Conein. Orfila has proved by experiment, that the aqueous extract of this plant possesses little power. No part of the plant is desti- tute of efficacy; but the leaves are most active. The ener- gy of the plant is greatly diminished by vegetable acids. Vinegar is therefore its antidote. Medical Phoperties and Uses. Powerfully sedative; allays morbid irritability. Dr. Paris observes, "according to my own experience, it is, in well-directed doses, by far the most efficacious of all palliatives, for quieting pulmonary irritation." Used in scirrhus and cancer. Externally, af- fords relief to ulcers of an irritating kind—for this purpose, used in fomentations or cataplasms. The dried leaves may be made into pills. Dose, grs. iij, gradually increased, until some effect is produced. Cicuta macubta and Cicuta virosa, (or water-hemlock,) JEthusa cynapium, (or fool's parsley,) Caucalis anthris- cus, and some species of Chxrophyllum, have all been mistaken and used for hemlock. CON—CON 113 Offic Prf.p. Extractum Conii. L. E. D. & U. S. Formulae— No. 1. R Conii foliorum exsiccat. §j, boiled in Oijss to Oij. Fanni lanci pocce decocto calido madefacti, de inde expressi parti affectae imponantur, et sxpi- us renoventur. Collin. In carcinomatous, venereal, and sordid ulcers. No. 2. R Conii foliorum exsiccat. |[ij ~) Medullae panis, gvj £. Aquae, Oiss j Boiled together, for a cataplasm. No. 3. R Extract. Conii, ------Hyoscyam. aa grs. v Mucilag. Acacix, fgj Rubbed together until well ! mixed—then add T Liquor, ammon. acetat. Aquae purae, aa f ?ss Syrup. Rtucados, f3j_. A draught to be taken every fourth hour, in pul- monary irritation. Paris. Xo. 184.—Convolvulus. Bind-weed. Cl. 5. Ord. 1. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Campana- cex, Linn. Convolvuli, Juss. Species— 1. Convolvulus scammanjum. 2. jabppa. 3. ---------panduratus, (indigenous.) See W. P. C. Bar ton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Col. No. 206—figure of the plant, No. 207. 4. Convolvulus turpethum. Turbitk—Turbeth—Turpethum. Root has qualities similar to jalap, but harsher in its operation. 5. Convolvulus cneorum. Rock rose. Cneorum album. Doryc- niurn. Root purgative, 6. Convolvulus minimus—convolvulus cantabriga—cantabri- ga. Lavender bind-weed. Herb vermifuge. 7. Convolvulus mechoxcanna—mechocacanna alba. Mechoa- chan. Root less active than jalap, and not so fatiguing— called sometimes white jalap, and mixed with real jalap, 8. Convolvulus soldanelb—soldanelb—brassica marina. Sea colewort. Scotch scurvy-grass. Root a strong hydragogutH, used in Germany. 9. Convolvulus fioridus. Root errhine. 114 CON—CON 10. Convolvulus sepium, ? The .^ of these tivcs. 12. ———— brasiliensis. Sea-side potato-slip. Root, in decoction, purgative; yields a kind of Scammony. 13. Cvnvolvulus scoparius. African lignum Rhodium. Wood hard, white, radiately streaked; raspings have the scent of roses; distilled for its oil, called the Oil of Rhodium ; also as an errhine. 14. Convolvulus Papirin. Root a drastic purgative. 15. -----------tuberosus. Root cathartic. 16. -----------macrorhizos. Roots used as purgative. 17. -----------macrocarpus. Roots used as purgative. 18. ■ maritimus. Roots purgative. No. 185.—Convolvulus Sc ammonia. Scammony bind-weed. The concrete juice of the root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 208—figure of the plant, No. 209—of concretes, Nos. 210 and 211. Officinal. Scammonix gummi resina. Lond. Edin. Scam- monium,- gummi resina. Dub. Scammony. Synonyms—Convolvulus Syriacus. (Morris's Hist.) Scammonium Syriacum. (Gerard.) Supposed to be the liutju/mavta. of Diosorides, and the Aeugwfroy of Trallian, and other Greek authors. Specific character. Convolvulus foliis sagittatis posticx trun- catis, pedunculis teretibus sub-trifioris. Grows plentifully about Maraasb, Antioch, Edlib ; and to. wards Tripoli, in Syria. Root fusiform, from 3 to 4 feet long, and from 9 to 12 inches in circumference, covered with bark of a light grey colour, and is perennial; it is branched towards the bottom, and every part of it contains a milky juice. Stems numerous, slender, twining, and spread themselves on the ground, or climb on neighbouring shrubs or trees, to the extent of 15 or 20 feet. Leaves arrow-shaped, smooth, of a bright green colour, and supported by long petioles. Flowers funnel-shaped, yellowish, plicated, supported in pairs on pedicels. Calyx double, consisting of 4 emargin- ated leaflets in each row. Capsules 3, and often 4-locular, containing pyramidical- shaped seeds. A native, besides the places mentioned, of many parts of Asiatic Turkey; flowering in early summer. CON—CON 115 Medical Properties and Uses. The whole plant, either dried or fresh, is inert, except the root. It is the milky juice of this, which produces the pure Scammony of the shops. Mode of obtaining it.—Having cleared away the earth from about the root, in the beginning of June, the pea- sants cut off the top in an oblique direction, just below the corona, or about two inches from the point whence the stems arise, and below it. Under the most depending part of the slope, they fix a shell, or some such utensil or receptacle, into which the juice flows spontaneously. It is left there about 12 hours, which suffices for draining off the whole juice : this is in small quantity, each root afford- ing but a few drachms. The juice from the several roots is added together, often in an old shoe, or leg of a boot, for want of something better, where, in a little time, it grows hard, and is the genuine Scammony. This concrete is a gummy resin, of a light, shining grey colour, and friable texture. It is brought from Aleppo and Smyrna—that from the latter place is less valued than the Aleppo kind; is generally said to be heavier, and of a darker colour. This is owing to the craft and cupidity of the Jews, who make it their business to go where the Scammony is prepared, and buy it, while yet soft, of the peasantry; mix with it, wheat flour, sand, ashes, soot, and various other articles, with which Dr. Russel found it adul- terated : they have not the same opportunities at Aleppo. That from Smyrna is commonly mixed with the expressed juice of Cynanchum monspelianum—oftener sophisticated with flour, sand, or ashes. Good scammony should be fri- able, and when wetted with the finger, should bctify, or become milky; and the powder should give out the cha- racteristic odour, which has been compared to that of old ewe-milk cheese. The purest Scammony is that which is most active and soluble. The colour is not a sufficient criterion of its goodness or purity—the fine and pure appearance of the concrete, alone, is the proper test. The smell of Scam- mony is unpleasant, and the taste bitterish and slightly acrid. Proof-spirit is its best menstruum. The Arabian physicians used it, both externally and in- ternally—the first, as a remedy for tumours, scabies, tinea, deep-seated pains, &c; internally, as a purgative. It was then, and is now, seldom used alone, but compounded with other drugs, in medicines of great repute. Hoffman deemed it dangerous, and says he rarely ventured to use it. Boerhaave restored its use, as a safe and stimulating cathartic, and says he frequently used it uncombined, without producing tormina or hyper-catharsis. 116 CON—CON Like all resinous cathartics, its dose is somewhat vary- ing, owing to its uncertainty of operation. Dose, from 3 to 12 grains. Compound powder of Scammony contains the hard Scammony, hard extract of jalap, each 2 oz. and root of ginger, \ oz. rubbed separately into fine powder, and mixed. Offic. Prep. Confectio Scammonix. L. D. Pulvis Scammo- nix comp. L. E. Extractum Colocynthidis comp. L. Pul- vis Sennx comp. L. Vormulx— No. 1. R Aloes spicat. ^j "j Scammonise, gr. xij Extract. Rhei, ^ij p- Bac. Capsici, pulv. gr. vj j Olei Caryophyll. It^v J Made into 16 pills, of which 2 may be taken going to bed, pro re nata. No. 2. R Scammonise, gr. v "p Pulv. Rhei, gr. xv >- Ammonise sub-carb.gr. v j Made into a powder, to be taken in any con- venient vehicle. ^ No. 186.—Convolvulus Jalappa. Officixal. Jalapx Radix. L. E. D. & U. S. Jalap. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. No. 212 and No. 213—figure of the plant, No. 214. Native of South America, taking its name from the city of Xalapa, in Mexico—first introduced into Europe in 1609. Qualities. Good Jalap has a sweetish, heavy, peculiar odour, when broken; a sweetish, somewhat pungent taste; is heavy, compact, hard, dark black-brown exteriorly— breaks with a shining resinous fracture, showing the in- ternal part of a yellowish-grey colour, interspersed with deep-brown concentric circles; is pulverulent, furnishing a powder, of a pale brownish-yellow colour; root contains resin, gum, extractive, fecula, lignin, and some salts. The combination of the three first principles seems requisite for the production of its full cathartic effect. This forbids the idea of some, who have supposed the active principle to be a simple principle, and have called it Jalapine. The resin of Jalap, in the Cabinet, is much used in Europe. Medic vt Properties and Uses. A safe, active, searching cathrnic—said, most absurdly, to act chiefly on the colon. Could any one have taken Jalap, who said this ? I wonder CON—COP 11? on what it does not act principally—it scours, scrapes, and sweeps all before it, from the stomach outward. United with crem. tart, it is a hydragogue cathartic. Given usually with calomel, as is well known. Dose, grs. x to Jss. Adulterated with mcchoacana and briony-root—not often. Offic. Prep. Pulv. Jalap, comp. E. Extract. Jabpx. L. E. D. Tinct. Jabpx. L. E. D. Tinct. Sennx comp. E. No. 187.—Confectiones, of the Colleges. Confec- tions. The following are the principal employed in modern prac* tice. In the United States, we seldom use confections— No. 8, however, ought to be more frequently used for children. 1. Confectio Amygdabrum. 5. Confectio Rosx caninse. 2. ——.— Aromatiea. 6. ■ Rosx Gallicx. 3. - Cassix. 7. ---'•--- Scammonix. 4.-------Opii. 8. • — Sennx. No. 188.—Contrajerv,£ Radix. L. E. The root of Dortensia contrajerva. Rarely used, except by the Spaniards, who consider it an antidote to poisons. Dose, grs. v to gss. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 215—figure of the plant, No. 216. No. 189.—Copaifera officinalis. Copaiva tree. Cl. 10. Ord. 1. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Dumosx, Linn. Leguminosx, Juss. Native of South America and the Spanish West Indies. Officinal. Balsamum Copaibx. Copaiba Balsam of the Colleges. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 217—figure of the tree, No. 218. Qualities. Pale golden yellow; somewhat of the consistence of oil; of an odour peculiar and fragrant; taste aromatic, bitter, sharp; consists of resin and essential oil, and no benzoic acid; is not a balsam; insoluble in water—soluble in 10 parts of alcohol and in essential oil. Medical Properties and Uses. Diuretic, laxative; acts on the urinary passages, imparting a bitter taste to the urine; used in gleets, fluoralbus, and gonorrhoea; sickens and deranges the stomach excessively. Mr. James Thorn, of the Royal Coll. of Surg. Lond. has obtained an extract, which he represents as very efficacious in gonorrhoea, by VOL. II. L 118 COF—COR distilling Copaiba—more than a moiety of a very acrid of fensive volatile oil is expelled, leaving a brown resinous extract, becoming hard and brittle when coki. In this, according to Mr. Thorn, all the virtues of the balsam re- side. He gave grs. x, in pills, three times a day. Dose of the balsam, Jss to ^j, three times a day. Often adulterated, and frequently entirely factitious. Ac- cording to Bucholz, is adulterated if a mixture of 4 parts of pure alcohol, and one of rectified ether, does not dis- solve it. No. 190.—Coptis Trifolia. Gold-thread—mouths weed. The root. Synonym—Helleborus trifolius. Indigenous—very bitter—used in aphthae. Dose, of the tincture, fgj—of the decoction, f^j. See W. P. C. Bar- ton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. for a detailed account. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 219—figure of the plant, No. 220. No. 191.—Coriaria myrtifolia. A deadly, nar- cotic, poisonous plant. No. 192.—Cornua of the Colleges. Cervus Elapus, Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 221. Stags' or harts'horns were formerly used for the preparation of Ammonia—hence that alkali was called spirit of harts- horn. No. 193.—Cornus. Dogwood. Indigenous. Three species medicinal—introduced into the Phar. U. S. 1. Cornus fionda. Dogwood tree—New-England boxwood. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 222—figure of the tree No. 223. " ' 2. Cornus Sericea. Swamp dogwood—Red willow. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 224—figure of the tree, 3. Cornus circinata. Mountain willow—Round-leaved dog- wood. 6 CNoM22S7eCimen* JCff" C°1L N°' 226-fi^re of the tree, For a detailed account of Nos. 1 and 2, see W PC Bar ton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. For No 3 Ives' eS" tion of Paris's Pharm. Vol. II. p. 118 COR—CRO 119 No. 194.—Cornia. Cornine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 228-and duplicate, No. The proximate alkaline febrifuge principle of Cornus fiorida bark. Analogous to Quina; unites with acids, like it. torming neutral salts. The sulphate of Cornia, in the Cabinet, was presented by Mr. I-redenck Brown, as a sample of that manufactured by Fair & Kunsi, of this city. Mr. Carpenter has prepared considerable quantities of this article; and he has under- stood from those physicians who have used it, that in the same doses as sulphate of quinine, it has cured intermit- tents. Dr. Morton has published an account of this pre- paration in the Philad. Journ. of Med. & Phys. Sciences. Mr. Carpenter claims the discovery of this principle in dogwood. He has obtained an extract of this bark, which resembles that of Cinchona, but less bitter and more astrin- gent The duplicate specimen is Mr. C.'s Cornia. No. 195.--CORIANDRUM SATIVUM. An umbelliferous plant, yielding the aromatic Coriander seeds. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 229—figure of the olant No. 230. 5 ' ' No. 196.—Creta preparata. Prepared chalk. See No. 127. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 231. No. 197.—Creyat root. The root of Justicia pa- niculata, which see. No. 198.—Crocus sativus. Common saffron. Cl. 3. Ord. 1. Triandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Ensatx, Linn. Irides, Juss. Officinal. Croci stigmata. Lond. Croci sativi stigmata. Edin. Crocus. Dub. Crocus sativus stigmata. U. S. The stigmas. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 232—figure of the plant, .lNQ. *jjt Qualities. Odour sweet, penetrating, diffusive; taste warm bitterish: 100 parts consist of 62 extractive, called by Bouillon Lagrange, and Vogel, polychroite—the remaining parts are chiefly ligneous fibre, with some essential oil and resin; soluble in water, alcohol, proof-spirit, wine, vine- gar, and less so in ether. Medical Properties and Uses. Exhilarating, anti-hysteric, chiefly used in pharmacy—enters into numerous prepara- tions. 120 CRO—CRO No. 199.—Croton. Cl. 21. Ord. 8. Monoecia Monodelphia. Nat. ord. Trieuscv, Linn. Euphorbix, Juss. Four species— 1. Croton Eleuteria, ? Eleutheria Synonym—Clutia Eleuteria, Linn. 5 2. Croton Tiglium. Purging Croton. 3.------Liniare. 4. ■ Humile. CROTON ELEUTERIA— Officinal. Cascarillx cortex. Lond. Dub. Croton Eleuthc- rix cortex. Edin. & U. S. Cascarilla Bark. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 234—figure of the tree, No. 235. V small tree, native of the Bahama Islands and Jamaica. The bark is chiefly imported from Eleutheria, one of the islands above—hence it was long called Eleutheria Bark. Qualities. In small curled pieces, rolled up in short quills; fracture smooth and close; dark-brown colour; pleasant spicy odour; warm, bitter, aromatic taste; inflammable, emitting, when burnt, the fragrance of musk—by which it can be distinguished from all other barks. Its activity is entirely taken up by proof-spirit; ether takes up one and a half in 10 parts; and when evaporated on the surface of water, leaves a thick pellicle of bitter resin—and, dissolved in water, a small portion of nearly colourless, pungent ex- tractive. TromsdorPs analysis proved that 4696 parts yielded—mucilage and bitter principle, 864; resin, 688; volatile oil, 72; water, 48; woody fibre, 3024. Medical Properties and Uses. An aromatic tonic. Dose, grs. iij to gss of the powder, three or four t'mes a day. Offic. Prep. Infus. Cascarillx. L. Tinct. Cascarillx. L. D Extract. Cascarilbe. D. No. 200.—Croton Tiglium. Purging Croton. Synonym—Pinus Indica, Lignum Moluccense. This plant is a native of the Molucca Islands, and of the pe- ninsula of India. Every part active; root drastic, purgative; its shavings used in dropsy, in Amboyna and Batavia: leaves purgative; dried and powdered, are externally used as an antidote for the poison of the cobra del capelb. The seeds are chiefly used for medicinal purposes—were for- merly taken to Europe, under the name of Molucca grains. The expressed oil of the seeds has, within a few years past, been introduced into the Materia Medica,, under the. CRO—CRO 121 name of Oil of Croton. In India, the torrified seeds are ^ used as a drastic hydragogue purgative. The kernels contain, according to the analysis of W. T. Iliff, (Lond. Med. Repos. Jan. 1822,) in 100 parts of the kernels, 27 acrid principle, 33 fixed oil, 40 farinaceous matter. The oil itself is composed of 45 acrid principle, 45 of fixed oil. Dr. Nimmo ascertained that alcohol, in solution, is the best vehicle for administering the active principle of Croton oil—he gives this formula:— R Alcohol. Crot. |ss~) Syrup, simpl. I Muc. Gum. Arab, aagij ( Aqua: distillatse, SSSJ M. According to Mr. Robert Dayly, of the Medical Store Depart- ment, Madras, Croton Tiglium proved an emenagogue, in the hands of Mr. Underwood, at the Medical Asylum, in fifteen cases of obstructed catamenia, which it repro- duced. Croton Oil, called in India Nervalum unnay, was introduced into the shops of this city, a few years ago; and, among others, I have prescribed it. It is a drastic hypercathartic. In some cases, according to authors, merely touching the tongue with a drop of it, has produced many loose watery stools; in others, doses of one or two minims have excited the most terrible hypercatharsis. It is said, however, that lOtn^ have been given, in Europe, to some persons, with- out any very sensible effect. Mr. Ingledon gave the newly-expressed oil, in doses of 5TTL, in 1815—but soon laid it aside, as too violent in its operation. In India, it is regarded as a valuable external application, in rheumatic affections. The regular dose is one drop—rarely two—given in form of pill, made up with crumb of bread. It may be given mixed with mucilage and sugar. When it produces alarm- ing effects, the native practitioners of India give, internal- ly, butter with orange or rice water, or cold buttermilk, and apply externally cold affusions of water. No. 201.—Croton Liniare. Native of Jamaica. The powder of the dry leaves used in colic, according to Barham. No. 202.—Croton Humile. Native of Jamaica. Hot, pungent; used in baths and fomentations, for nervous weakness, according to Brown. There are fourteen species of Croton, native of Jamaica, of which the three enumerated are all, according to Lunan, which are medicinal. L2 122 CUC—CUC No. 203.—Cucumis colocynthis. Bitter cucum- ber—bitter apple. Coloquintida. Colocynth. The pulp of the fruit. Synonym—Cobcynthis fructu rotundo major. (Bauhin.) kiiXokvv&k ; xoxcKfvS-at ttryos of the Greek authors. Cl. Monoecia. Ord. Syngenesia. Nat. ord. Cucurbitacex. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 236—figure of the plant, No. 237. Fruit a round pomum, the size of an orange, divided into 3 cells, abounding with a pulpy matter, separated every where by membranous texture, including many ovate, compressed, white seeds. The colour of the fruit is at first green, afterward yellowish, in proportion as it ripens, or streaked with yellow and green, and very smooth, co- vered with a fine, light, and hard bark. It is said, that when the fruit is larger than a St. Michael's orange, and the seeds pointed, long, and narrow, and tipped with black, it is not good—see Paris (Pharm.) and others.— This is incorrect. Native, it is believed, originally of the Levant and the Islands of Greece. It is imported into Europe and this country, for medical purposes, from Turkey, and was cultivated in England in the time of Turner. Medical Properties and Uses. After having separated the pulp of Colocynth, the Indians send it to Aleppo, from whence we receive it dry, spongy, light, of a faint disa- greeable odour, of an acrid, disagreeable, and excessively bitter taste. According to Carthusa, this pulp contains near one-half of its weight of mucilage, and a resinous matter, which possesses, in a high degree, the irritating and purgative qualities of the Colocynth. The mucilage is so tenacious as to resist the filter, and pass with difficulty through a strainer; and is readily formed, by the addition to the pulp, of boiling water. Even a tr. made of proof- spirit, is so slimy as to resist the filter. The watery decoc- tion, inspissated, yields an extract which purges strongly, but with less irritation than the pulp in its dried state, and with greater safety. It is a drastic, irritating, and rather dangerous cathartic. The violence of its action is well attested, having produced poisoning in many cases: violent colic, bloody evacuations, pains and sweats, convulsions, erosions and ulcerations of the intestines, are phenomena which have not uncommon- ly followed its exhibition. Hence Carthusa proposed to banish it from the Materia Medica. \ Hoffman only employed it in the most intractable and desperate cases of disease. Used in serous, apoplexy, CUM—CUP 123 dropsies, coma, chronic diseases of the skin, mania, me lancholy, paralysis, painter's colic, hydrothorax, for worms, and suppression of urine—in gout, rheumatism, and arti- cular diseases, and in pains occasioned by obstructed vis- cera. Schroeder and Faber say, its use in syphilis is at- tended with great success. Geoffroy says, the pulp, ap- plied to the umbilicus, acts as a purgative and anthelmin- tic ; and it has been remarked, that it purges if retained long in the hands of druggists, who make it into pills. Faber used it in syphilis, by digesting the pulp in wine, with different aromatics. Sennert says, the dose is not to exceed 6 grains. It is always necessary to mitigate its action, by triturat- ing it with gum tragacanth, or some oily or mucilaginous substance. The proportion of the infusion is 1 scruple of the pulp to 2 pounds of liquid. Its great bitterness makes it rarely admissible. The dose of 2 to 4 grains of the resinous extract, is one of the most violent purgatives known. The sacred wine, mentioned by French writers, is no- thing but a vinous maceration of Colocynth, which often vomited in a dose of from 1 to 4 spoonfuls. » The pulp of Colocynth enters as a material component of numerous empiric pills and preparations, and in many pharmaceutical preparations of the Lond. Edin. and Ame- rican Dispensatories. The compound extract of Colocynth, is the preparation now chiefly used in England and in this country. Offic Prep. Extractum Cobcynthidis. L. Extract. Cob- cynthidis comp. L. D. PiUulx Aloes cum Cobcynthide. D. No. 204.—Cuminum cyminum. Cumin. Officinal. Cumini semina. Lond. Cumin seed. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 238—figure of the plant, No. 239. An umbelliferous pentandrous plant, native of Egypt, yield- ing seeds of a strong, peculiar, heavy odour, and a warm, bitterish, disagreeable taste; used chiefly as an external stimulant for indolent ulcers. So. 205.—Cuprum. Copper. In its metallic state not used, and innoxious if by accident swallowed. It readily forms salts with acids—of which three are medicinal, viz. No. 206.__Cupri sub-acetas. Edin. Sub-acetate of copper. Verdigris. JErugo. Lond. Dub. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 240. 124 CUP—CUP Qualities. When good, is inodorous; first taste insipic, after taste styptic, leaving a strong metallic taste in the mouth. The mass is dry, not deliquescent, of a hard, pulverulent foliaceous texture, and a beautiful apple-green hue. Medical Properties and Uses. Tonic and emetic—used in epilepsy for the first effect, and for the other in cases requiring a speedy evacuation of the stomach. Its internal administration is dangerous; as an escharotic, is useful. Has been used as a collyrium, in chronic ophthalmia. Dose, as tonic, under half a grain—as an emetic, from gr. i to grs. ij. In over-doses, a poison, quickly producing death. Duval and others assert, from experiments, that sugar is an antidote. Offic. Prep. JErugo prxparata. D. Ung. sub-acetatis Cupri. E. Linimenlum AZruginis. L. D. Cupri sub-acetas prx- paratum. U. S. No. 207.—Cupri sulphas. L. E. D. & U. S. Sul- phate of copper—blue vitriol. Qualities. Found in the shops in ultra-marine blue, semi- transparent, rhomboidal prisms; inodorous, of a harsh, acrid, styptic taste, and liable to slight efflorescence. Treated with sulphuric acid, no effervescence takes place, by which it can readily be distinguished from No. 206. Specific gravity, 2.1943; and according to Chenevix, it consists of 42.6 parts of hydrate of copper, 33.0 of acid, and 25.4 of water of crystallization. Soluble in 4 parts of water at 60°, and less than 2 at 212°; insoluble in al- cohol. Medical Properties and Uses. Emetic, astringent, and tonic, internally—externally, an escharotic; has been used for the first property, in incipient phthisis, in croup, and when laudanum has been taken in an over-dose; for its astringency, in alvine haemorrhages, intermittent fever and epilepsy, and other spasmodic affections; pledgets of lint dipped in a solution of it, as a styptic m epistaxis, stuffed up the nostrils. A weak solution in water is an excellent coliyrium, in ophthalmia. Forms the base of Bates's Aqua Camphorata, recommended by Mr. Ware for purulent infantile ophthalmia. Equal parts of this salt and tart. emet. make the the dry vomit of Maryatt. Dose, as an emetic, grs. ij to grs. xv—as tonic, gr. i— for a collyrium, } to 1 or 2 grains to the ounce of distilled water. Offic. Prep. Solut. Cupri Sulphat. comp. E. Cuprum Am- monialum. L. E. D. Cupri Sulphatis liquor. U. S, CUP—CUR 125 Formulae— No. 1. R Cupri sulphatis, grs. x—pjj ? Aquae distillatae, f,3ij 5 An emetic drauglit. No. 2. R Cupri sulphatis, oss^ Aquae rosar. f^ viij 5 A lotion, in phagedenic ulcers of the face, and for allaying itching, when attended with erysipelatous inflammation about the anus and labia pudcndi. No. 3. R Cupri sulphatis, Srs-"J? Mix by Acidi sulphurici, ^r shaking- Aquae distillatae, f^ij j °' A solution, designated in the last mentioned officinal preparation preceding. No. 208.—Cuprum ammoniatum. L. D. Ammonia- return Cupri. E. Ammoniated copper. Cu- pri Ammoniaretum. U. S. Ammoniaret of copper. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 241. V triple salt, being a sub-sulphate of oxide of copper and ammonia. Qualities. A violet-coloured mass, which, on exposure to air, becomes green; taste styptic, metalline; odour am- moniacal. f^j of water dissolves ^j. Medical Properties and Uses. Tonic, antispasmodic— preferred by Cullen, who introduced it, to No. 207. May be made into pills with bread—sugar must not be added, as it lessens its activity. Used in various convulsive dis- eases, attended with gastric derangement. Michaelis, Gregory, Tissot, Odier, Duncan, and Bland, have com- mended it. More recently, Dr. Batt has recommended it in epilepsy, in combination with valerian. Brera thinks it equal to arsenic, in intermittents. B. Bell gave it, with success, in spasmodic cough; and Walker, in chorea. Thcussink commends it, in chronic hysteric affections. Dose, £ gr. cautiously increased to grs. v, twice a day. Offic. Prep. Liquor Cupri Ammoniati. L. Cupri Ammo- niaret i Liquor. U. S. No. 209.—Curcuma Zedoaria. Zedoary. Synonym—Amomum Zedoaria. (Willd.) Officinal. Zedoaria Rad,ix. Dub, Zedoary root. 126 CUS—CYN Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 242—figure of the plant, No. 243. Native of East Indies—named Acua by the Brahmins. Fra- grant like camphor, biting, aromatic, bitterish, with some acrimony; an aromatic tonic. Dose, of powdered root, grs. viij to ^ss, two or three times a day. No. 210.—Cubebs. The berries of Piper Cubeba, which see. No. 211.—CusPARiiE Cortex. See No. 116. No. 212.—Curare. Poison found in a plant called Vejuco de mavacure. The genus yet unknown—used to poison arrows, like the Oronooca ticunas. No. 213.—Cycas— Three species in Materia Medica— 1. Cycas Circinalis. Sago Palm. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. of the fruit, No. 244—figure of the palm, No. 245. 2. Cycas Revoluta. 3. -----Caffrxa. Meal Bark Tree. These three palms yield the restorative dietetic of the shops, called Sago—it is made from the pith. Portland island Sago is obtained from No. 88. Parmentier entertained the idea, that all feculae were identical—he proposed to make Sago out of sweet potatoes. The couscous of the African negroes is a sort of Sago, prepared from kolcus spicalus. Sago resembles Tapioca in qualities, but is more nutriti- ous. That of commerce is chiefly obtained from No. 1, which is called Landan, growing in the Moluccas. It is a universal article of food, among the inhabitants of Amboy- na, Ceram, Celebes, and Borneo, No. 214.—Cydonle semina. Quince seeds. The fruit of Pyrus Cydonia, the Quince tree. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 246—figure of the tree, No. 247. No. 215.—Cynanchum OlejEfolium. Argel or Ar- guel, a plant native of Egypt, constituting a part of the three plants which yield Senna, which §ee. CYT—CHI 127 Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 248—figure of the plant, No. 249. Some native species of Cynanchum are, I think, medicinal They would be good subjects for an inaugural dissertation No. 216.—Cytisina. Cytisine. The proximate principle discovered by MM. Chevallier and Lassaigne, in the seeds of Cytisus Laburnum, on which the emetic and purgative property of those seeds depends. It is analogous to Emeta. The seeds yield—1, a greenish fatty matter, soluble in water and alcohol—2, a green colouring matter—3, Cytisina— 4, woody fibre—5, albumen—6, malic and phosphatic acids—7, malates of potass and lime. Qualities. Cytisina is incrystallizable, of a brownish-yellow colour, and bitter nauseous tastey slightly deliquescent; very soluble in water and diluted alcohol; insoluble in ether. The acetate of lead does not render its aqueous solution turbid ; the sub-acetate slightly precipitates it. Infusion of galls occasions a yellowish-white, flocculent precipitate, and the alkalies communicate a greenish-yellow tint to it; solution of gelatine does not precipitate it. In doses of 1 grain, Cytisina operates as an emetic and cathartic—a stronger dose produces serious accidents, analogous some- what to those of Emeta. It has not been employed in medicine—is an excellent subject for an experimental in- augural dissertation. A bitter nauseous substance, resembling Cytisina, was disco- vered by the above-named chemists, in the flowers of arnica montana—to which principle that plant is supposed to owe its emetic powers. No. 217.—Chimaphila umbellata. Pippstssewa. Winter green. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 250—figure of the plant, No. 251. No. 218.—Chimaphila maculata. Poison Pipp- sissewa. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 252—figure of the plant, No. 253. For detailed account of each, here noticed out of their lite- ral place, by omission, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. and Fl. N. Amer. Vol. I. 128 DAP—DAP D. No. 219.—Daphne Mezereum. Common Meze- reum. Cl. 8. Ord. 1. Octandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Vepreculx, Linn. Tkymelxx, Juss. Officinal. Mezerei cortex. Lond. Daphnes Mezerei cortex Edin. Radicis cortex. Dub. The bark of the root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 254—figure of the plant, No. 255. A small shrub, native of Britain and the north of Europe— cultivated in our gardens, where it stands the winter— flowers in March and April, before the leaves appear. Qualities. The fresh liber, or inner bark of every part of the plant, acrid, inflammatory, and vesicating, applied to the skin; chewed, produces heat of the mouth and fau- ces, which continues for hours. The fruit (red berries) acrid, and a corrosive poison if eaten. Yields its virtues to water and vinegar. Contains Daphnia. Medical Properties and Uses. Stimulating and powerful diaphoretic, increasing arterial action; apt to disorder the primae viae, and occasion vomiting and purging. Used in combination with sarsaparilla, and otber articles, in stimu- lating diet drinks, and all anti-syphilitic syrups and robs. Has been used by the French surgeons, to make and keep open issues. Chewing frequently pieces of the root, has cured difficult deglutition depending on paralysis. The woody fibre is nearly inert. Internally, a decoction has been used for" chronic rheumatism, scrofulous swellings, lepra, and generally all obstinate cutaneous diseases. Dose, in substance, gr. i to grs. x. The Daphne bureob is very generally sold for Mezereum. Offic. Prep. Decoctum Daphnes Mezerei. Edin. Decoctum Sarsaparillx comp. L. & U. S. No. 220.—Daphnia. Daphnine. This is a principle sui generis, obtained by Vauquelin from No. 219. He digested the bark in alcohol; then evaporat- ed the liquid, to separate the resin ; diluted the residual fluid with water; filtered, and added acetate of lead, bv which he obtained a copious red precipitate: he separated the lead from this, by sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and ob- tained Daphnia.—(See Annates de Chem. txxxiv. p. 174.) The medical application, and effects on the animal econo- my, of Daphnia, would be a novel and good subject for an inaugural thesis. DAT—DAI 129 No. 221.—Datura stramonium. Thorn apple- Jamestown weed: vulgarly Jempson, a cor- ruption of Jamestown. Var. a.—Tatub. Cl. 5. Ord. 1. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Sobnacex, Linn, bolanex, Juss. Officinal. Datura Stramonii, herba. Edin. Stramonium, herba. Dub. The herbaceous part of the Thorn apple plant. Datura Stramonium, folia et semina. U. S. The leaves and seeds of Thorn apple, or Stramonium. An annual weed, introduced, but every where naturalized, growing abundantly on commons, wastes, road-sides, and about rubbish. There are two varieties—the white, with green caulis and branches; and the purple-flowered, with purple caulis and branches. Qualities. Has a narcotic fetid odour, bitter nauseous taste. Wedenburg found it to contain gum, (or mucus) resin, a volatile matter, which Mr. A. T. Thompson says is carb. of ammonia, and a narcotic alkaline principle, called Da- turia. Medicinal properties extracted by aqueous and spirituous menstrua. Medical Properties and Uses. Narcotic and antispasmo- dic ; used in extract, tincture, and by smoking the roots for asthma. The tincture of the seeds is now preferred to any other preparation. Dose, of the extract, grs. i to ij, twice a day, increased until grs. xv. in 24 hours—of the tincture of the seeds, from f^ss to f^ij. Offic. Prep. Tinct. Stramonii. U. S. Extractum Stramonii. U. S. No. 222.—Daturia. Daturine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 256. The alkaline principle obtained by Brandes from the seeds of No. 221, similar to Atropia and Hyoscyama. Daturia contains the poisonous principle of Stramonium, and should therefore be cautiously prescribed. Brandes has furnished an imperfect account of this substance; and it yet remains to be ascertained, in how far it may be an ac- cession to the list of medicines. An inaugural dissertation on this subject, if carefully executed, after experiments, would give its author much credit. I subjoin Brandes' analysis of the seeds of Stramonium:— Fixed oil, 13.85. Thick fatty oil, 0.8. Fatty buttyraceous body, with resinous chlorophylle, 1,4> VOL. II. M U6 DAU—DEC Wax, 1.4. Resin, insoluble in ether, 9.9. Yellowish-red extractive matter, 0.6. Malate of Daturia, 1. Incrystallizable sugar, with a salt having a base of Da- turia, 0.8. Gummy extractive matter, 6. Gum, with different salts, 7.9. Bassorine, with alumina and phosphate of lime, 3-4. Woody fibre, 22. Phyteumacolle, 4.55. Albumen, 1.9. A matter analogous to Ulmia, called by M. Brandes glutenoine, 5.5. Malate of Daturia, malate and acetate of potass, and malate of lime, 0.6. A membranaceous secretion containing—Silica, 1.35— water 15.1—loss 1.95. No. 223.—Daucus Carota. Common carrot. Officinal. Dauci (Hortensis) Radix—(Agrestis) Semina. Lond. Dauci Carotx Radix. Edin. Daucis Sylvestris; Semina. Dub. The root of the cultivated Carrot, and the seeds of the wild Carrot. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll.—of the seeds, No. 257—figure of the plant, No. 258. A pentandrous umbelliferous plant, yielding the well-known vegetable under culture, and seeds, which, taken from the wild plant growing by way-sides, are medicinal. The root is used as a poultice. The seeds are diuretic and aroma- tic. Dose of bruised seeds, J)j to 3J, or more. No. 224.—Decocta. Decoctions. These are the impregnated solutions of medicines, in which their activity is obtained by coction. They are only to be made of medicines, the virtues of which are soluble in water, not vaporizable, nor existing in extractive matter: the latter would become inert by long boiling. The drugs should be bruised or sliced, completely covered with water, and the vessel closely fitted with a cover; the coc- tion should be slowly, regularly, and uninterruptedly con- tinued for some time. In compound decoctions, those substances should be first put in, which are the hardest and require the longest coction—and so on, successively, with those the virtues of which are most speedily extract- ed. If volatile substances are to form a part, the decoction, when prepared, should last of all be poured over them, and covered until cold. The proportions must be regulat- ed by the known nature of the ingredients. As a general DEL—DEL 131 rule—of roots, barks, or dried woods, ^ij to Jvj, to every pint of water—of herbs, leaves, or flowers, gj to giij, to every pint of water. The decoctions should be filtered through linen, (not too fine,) while hot—should be pre- pared in small quantities at a time. In summer, they soon spoil, and should not be used after 48 hours have expired, unless kept in a very cold place. The simple officinal decoctions of the pharmacopeias, are— Decoctum Cinchonx. D. Athxx officinalis. D. Cydonix, D. Digitalis. D. Dulcamarx. D. Lickensis. D. Papave- ris. D. Quercus. D. Sarsaparillx. D. Veratri. D. Aralix nudicaulis. D. Guiaci. D. Hordei. D. Mezerei. D. Scillae. D. Senegas. D. Geffrocex inermis. The compound decoctions are—D. SarsapariUx comp. D. Columbx comp. D. Abes comp. D. Guiacei comp. D. Hor- dei comp. DECOCTUM LUSITANICUM—Lisbon diet drink. Formula— R Sarsap. concis. Rad. Chinse, aa gj. Nucum Juglandis, cortice siccatarum, No. xx, Antimonii sulphureti, ^ij. Lapidis pumicis pulverisat. Aquae distillat. ibx. The powdered antimony and pumice-stone are to be tied in separate pieces of rag, and boiled along with the other ingredients. The use of the pumice-stone is merely mechanical—to divide the antimony. No. 225.—Delphinum. Larkspur. Three species—1. Delphinum Stavisagria. 2. ---------Consolida. 3.--------Ebtum. 1. DELPHINUM STAVISAGRIA—Stavesacre. Officinal. Stavisagrix semina. Lond. Dub. Delphinii Sta- visagrix semina. Edin. Stavesacre seeds. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 259—figure of the plant, No. 260. Native of the south of Europe. A violent emetic and ca- thartic—hence rarely used. A salivant masticatory—hence used to cure tooth-ache, by chewing a few seeds Chiefly employed in powder, mixed with hair-powder, for destroy- ing pediculi of the head. 2. DELPHINUM CONSOLIDA—U. S. Common garden Larkspur. The root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 261. 132 DEL—DEL 3. DELPHINUM ELATUM—resembles it—is Harcotic. 4. And another species, indigenous, called in Tennessee., Staggerweed—is narcotic. 2j 3, 4, would be good subjects for an inaugural thesis—se- parately considered, or all together as a monograph of this active and deleterious genus. No. 226.—Delphia. Delphina or Delphinina, I prefer the first name. Delphine, or Delpkinine. An alkali, being the proximate principle of the seeds of No 225. (1.) Discovered, in 1819, by MM. Fenuelle and Las- saigne. Their analysis of stavesacre seeds was as follows:— 1. Volatile oil, a trace. 2. A yellowish fixed oil. 3. A brown bitter principle, not precipitable by the acetate of lead. 4. A yellow bitter principle, not precipitable by the acetate of lead. 5. Malate of Delphia. 6. Incrystallizable sugar. 7. Gum. 8. Woody fibre. 9. Animal matter, insoluble in spirit of wine, precipila- ble by acetate of lead, and infusion of galls. 10. Albumen. 11. Salts, with a base of potass and lime. Mr. Brandes' analysis of the same seeds, is as follows:— 1. Fixed oil, very soluble in spirit of wine, 14.4. 2. Fixed oil, sparingly soluble in spirit of wine, 4.7. 3. Fatty matter, analogous to cetine, 1.4. 4. Delphia, 8.1. 5. Gum, with traces of phosphate of lime, and of a vegetable salt with a base of lime, 3.15. 6. Fecula, 2.4. 7. Woody fibre, 17.2. 8. Phyteumacolle, with malate, acetate, sulphate, and hydrochlorate of potass, and a salt with a base of lime, 30.67. 9. Vegetable albumen, 0.5. 10. Concrete albumen, 3.2. 11. Sulphate of lime, with phosphate of magnesia, 3.62. 12. Water, 10.0. 13. Excess, 1.49. Qualities of Delphia. A white powder, crystalline when moist, opaque on exposure to air; inodorous; first taste bitter—after, acrid. Nearly insoluble in water; alcohol and ether dissolve it. The alcoholic solution turns syrup DIA—DIG 133 of violets green, and restores the blue of turnsole paper reddened by acids. Forms neutral salts, of an acrid and bitter taste, with sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric, oxalic, acetic, and other acids. Alkalies precipitate it,vin form of a white jelly. Orfila found 6 grains to kill a small dog— more speedily fatal, when Delphia is dissolved in acetic acid, in which case it kills the animal in 40 or 50 minutes. Actg on the nervous system. Has not been used in medi- cine : the salts of the base should be tried. A good sub- ject, with the genus, for an inaugural dissertation. The same alkali doubtless exists in 2 and 3, of No. 225, and perhaps in other genera of the family Ranunculacex, to which the genus Delphinium belongs. No. 227.—Diagrydium. Diacrydium. A mixture of Aleppo Scammony (which is also called by this name) with a mucilage, and then evaporated. It is intend- ed to sheathe the acridity of the Scammony, by this kind of comminglement in the evaporated extract, with a bland substance. Formula. R Scammony, life, infused for 12 hours in juice of quinces, or mucilage of quince-seeds, and evaporated to dryness. No. 228.—Dianthus Caryophyllus. Clove pink —Gillyflower—Clove carnation pink. Officinal. Dianthi Caryophylli,- fiores. Edin. Caryophyl- lum rubrum,- fiores. Dub. Flowers of Clove pink. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 262—figure of the plant, No. 263. The petals of this beautiful, fragrant, and favourite flower, are aromatic, like clove-spice, somewhat bitter, and sub- astringent ; formerly used in nervous hysteria; may be as good as saffron ; now only used to flavour and colour sy- rups containing active medicines. Pharm. Prep. Syrupus Dianthi Caryophylli. E. D. No. 229.—Digitalis purpurea. Foxglove—pur- ple Foxglove. Cl. 14. Ord 2. Didynamia Angiospermia. Nat. ord. Luri- dx, Linn. Scrophubrix, Juss. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. bell-shaped, 5-cleft, ventricose. Capsule ovate, 2-celled. Officinal. Digitalis folia et semina. Lond. Folia. Dub. Digitalis purpurex. Edin. Foxglove leaves. Digitalis purpurea, folia. V. S. M 2 134 DIG—DIG Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 264 and 265—figure DIO—DOL 13* Dose, in substance, gr. i, increasing—in tincture, x to xx drops, increasing. Offic Prep. Decoctum Digitalis. D. Infusum Digitalis, L. E. & U. S. Tinctura Digitalis. L. E. D. & U. S. Tinctura fiHtherea Digitalis purpurex, of the new French Code. Formulae— No. 1. R Scillae rad. exsiccat. grs. iv"l Digitalis foliorum, grs. x Hydrargyri sub-muriat. grs. vj Myrrh x pulv. 9j Triturated together—then add— Assafoetidae, gss Extract. Gentianx, q. s. Made into a mass, and divided into xv pillsj one to be taken morning and evening. No. 2. R Tinct. Digitalis, |t\x—xv} Mist. Camphorae, fgx C Tinct. Calumbae, (gj J A draught to be taken twice a day, in palpita- tion of the heart, accompanied with great nervous irritability. \o. 3. R Pulv. foliorum Digitalis, Pulv. Scillae, aa gr. i Hydrargyri sub-mur. gr. ss—gr. i Potassae supertartratis, 9j—gss Syrupi Zingiberis, q. i To form a bolus—one night and morning. No. 230.—Diospyros Virginiana. The Persimon tree. Officinal. Cortex. The bark. U. S. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 267 and 268—figure of the tree, No. 269. See Barton's Collections, &c. A good subject for an inau- gural thesis. No. 231.—Dolichos Pruriens. Cowhage. Officinal. Pubes leguminis. U. S. The bristles of the pods. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 270. Native of India, &c. Is the Cacara pruritus of Rumphius. 4,A strong infusion of the root, sweetened with honey, is given by the Tamool doctors, in cases of cholera morbus. Not used for worms; but is eaten like other beans." Ainslie, 136 DOR—DRY A reputed anthelmintic; for taenia; operating, it is alleged. mechanically. Is it worth a thought ? No. 232.—Dortensia Contrayerva. Officinal. Contrajervx radix. Lond. Dortensix Contrayer- vx radix. Edin. Contrajerva root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 271—figure of the plant. No. 272. A sudorific tonic. Dose of powdered root, grs. v—gj—sel- dom used alone. Offic. Prep. Pulv. Contrajervx comp. L. No. 233.—Dracontium foztidum. One of the sy- nonyms of Skunk-cabbage, Symplocarpus fattida, which see. No. 234.—Drogue Amere. A French bitter tincture, made of mastic, thus, common resin, myrrh, aloes, and creyat root, (Justicia paniculata, which see.) For this last, calumba root is sometimes sub- stituted. Proper proportions of them being taken, the whole are steeped in brandy for a month together, in the sun in dry weather, and then carefully strained and drawn off. No. 235.—Dryobalanops Camphora. Colebrooke, Asiatic Researches, Vol. XII. p. 539. Cl. 13. Ord. 1. Polyandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Guttiferx, Juss. Genus nova. Cal. 1-leafed, permanent; enlarged into a gibbous cup, with 5 ligulate, long, scarious wings. Corol. 5-petal- ed. Caps, superior, l-celled,3-valved; seed solitary. Em- bryo inverse, without perisperm. Officinal. Camphora. Lond. Edin. & U. S. Camphora; resina. Dub. Camphor. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 273—figure of the tree, No. 274. This tree grows to a great height, in forests on the north-east coast of Sumatra, and especially in the vicinity of Tampa- nooly. The greater part of the camphor, as well as cam- phor oil, found in the Indian bazaars, is not the produce of Laurus Camphora, which grows in Japan and China— but is taken to India from Sumatra and Borneo: that of Sumatra is good—but of Borneo, the best in the world. They are both produced by the Dryobalanops Camphora, (Colebrooke.) In the eastern countries, the oil is more DRY—DRY 137 esteemed than the concrete : it is obtained by puncturing the tree, when it exudes. To obtain the concrete, the tree is felled, and it is found in flakes near the centre of the tree. Japan Camphire, China Camphire, or Camphor, is obtained from the shoots of the Laurus Camphora and Lauras Cin- namomum, as also the Capura Curunder, by distillation with water; and distinguished, in trade, by the place from which it is imported, into East India and China Camphor. The Sumatra Camphor, or Borneo Camphire (that from Dry- obalanops Camphora of Foster and Colebrooke) is obtain- ed by splitting the tree, the heart of which contains it mixed with essential oil, in lumps the thickness of a man's arm, 12 or 14 inches apart. A middling tree contains 111b, a large one double that quantity. South American Camphire, or Brazil Camphire, in tears from the Carette. Liquid Camphor—Okum Camphorx—is obtained from the same tree as the Sumatra Camphor. Camphor may be procured from the essential oil of sage, thyme, lavender, rosemary, peppermint, marjoram, Ben- galese sage, by distillation. The Cyngalese prepare a kind of it from roots of the Cinnamon tree. According to Correa, the Shorea robusta (of Roxb.) yields a superior camphor to that of Japan or China. Camphor is contained in the roots of the Laurus Cassia—Laurus Sassafras—in those of galangale, zedoary, and ginger; in cardamom seeds, and long pepper; in the roots of Caiycanthus fio- ridus, and other species of that indigenous genus—called sweet-scented shrub: the monandapunctata, or horse-mint, yields it; and doubtless most of the natural family of Ver- ticillatx, which yield essential oils. A factitious Camphor may be prepared, by driving a stream of muriatic acid gas through oil of turpentine. This artifi- cial Camphor may be distinguished from the native pro- duct, in not being soluble in weak nitric acid, and also in not being precipitated by water from its solution in strong nitric acid. Qualities. A white brittle substance, unctuous to the touch, but possessing a degree of ductility which makes it re- fractory under the pestle, unless a few drops of spirit be added. It is capable of becoming crystalline. Odour peculiarly fragrant, penetrating, and almost universally agreeable. Taste bitter, pungent, aromatic. Specific gra- vity, .9887—it swims, consequently, on water. Very vola- tile, a warm and moist day carrying off a considerable por- tion. Readily ignited, burning with a brilliant flame and rnuch smoke. Melts at 288° F* and boils at 400°. It is a 138 DRY—DRY proximate vegetable principle, resembling in many re spects the essential oils; only differing in composition from them, in containing more carbon. By distilling it repeat- edly with nitric acid, it is converted into camphoric acid, which has peculiar properties, and with alkalies and earths forms camphorates, which are destitute of medicinal vir- tue, f^j of water is supposed to hold in a kind of solution about half a grain of camphor, agitated with it—hence camphor tea, as it is called, is moderately endued with the medicinal power of the drug itself. It is soluble in an equal weight of alcohol—it is rendered more soluble by tritura- tion with a little magnesia. Alkalies have no effect on Camphor. Medical Properties and Uses. Anodyne, in certain con- ditions of the system ; in moderate doses, is exhilarating, without raising the pulse; it produces tranquil sleep, and assuages after pains succeeding parturition. The effects are transient, and it must be repeated at short intervals. It is said to correct the bad effects of opium, cantharides, the drastic purgatives, and powerful diuretics. In exces- sive doses, occasions anxiety, vomiting, syncope, and de- lirium : these effects are best counteracted by opium. Camphor may be given in substance, (powdered) in mix- ture, and in tincture. It may be suspended by sugar, yolk of egg, or mucilage of acacia. Dose, grs. iij to ^j or gss—of the tincture, gj to ^ij. Offic. Prep. Mistura Camphorx- L. D. & U. S. Emul- sia Camphorata. E. Spiritus Camphorx. L. E. D. Tinc- tura Camphorx comp. L. E. D. Tinctura Camphorx. U. S. Acidum acetosum Camphoratum. E. D. Linimentum Camp/wrx. L. E. D. Linimentum Camphorx comp. \, Linimentum Saponis. L. E. D. & U. S. Formula— No. 1. R Extract, hyoscyami, 7)j> Pulv. Camphorx, grs. viij $ Made into 12 pills—3 every night. No. 2. R Opii puri et Camphors, aa ^ss Emplast. Lithargyri, 31J Sit scuto pectora. Bree. No. 3. R Misturae Camphorae, fjj Spir. iEther. comp. fgss Tinct. Opii, rj^x 1 Syrup Pupaveris. fg] J Make a draught, to be taken going to bed \ DUL—EME 139 No. 4. R Moschi, gr. xv'] Camphorx, gr. v I Spir. rectificat. mjj f Confect Rosae gall. q. s. J First triturate the camphor with the spirit- then make a bolus—antispasmodic. No. 5. R Camphorx, "^ et Pulvis Antimon. aa gr. iij ! Opii puri, gr. j > Confect. Aromat. q. s. J Make a bolus, to be taken at bed-time— diaphoretic. No. 6. R Camphorx (alcoholx solutx) zi } 01. Olivx, ir|ji Mix for an enema—to be injected at bed-time, every night, for three nights; then, every other night—for ascarides. No. 236.—Dulcamara caules. L. D. The twigs of woody nightshade—Solanum Dulcamara, which see. E. No. 237.—Elaterii poma. L. E. D. Squirting Cucumber—the fruit of Momordica Elate- rium, which see. No. 238.—Elaterium. The extract of the same- see as preceding. No. 239.—Elatin. Clutterbuck's preparation of the same. See as No. 237. No. 240.—Elettaria Cardamomum. One of the synonyms of the plant which produces Cardamom seeds—Mattonia Cardamomum, which see. No. 241.—Elemi. The resin of No. 46, which see, No. 242.—Emeta. Emetine. The proximate emetic principle of Ipecacuanha, which see. 140 EMP—EUG No. 243.—Emplastra, of the Colleges. Plasters- The chief are— Empbstrum Ammoniaei. E. Ammoniaci aim Hydrargyra. E. Assofmtidx. E. Cerx. E. Cumini. E. Galbani compo- situm. E. Hydrargyri- E. Lyttx or E. Cantharidis vesi- catorix. E. Opii. E. Picis compositum. E. Plumbi (or E. Oxydi Plumbi semi-vitrici, or E. Lytkargyri, or E. Commune, or Diachylon simplex.) E. Resinx. E. Saponis. No. 244.-*-Ergot, or Secale Cornutum, which see. No. 245.—-I.Erigeron Philadelphicum,? Scab- 2.---------H^TEROPHYLLUM, $ ioUS. 3.-------Canadense', Phar. U. S. Indigenous diuretic plants. For a full account of 1 and 2, see W. Pf C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II.—of 3, see Dr. De Puy, Physico-Med. Trans. New-York, Vol. I. No. 246.—Eryngium aojtaticum. Radix. U. S. Button snake-root. A good subject for an inaugural dissertation. No. 247.—Esculia. Esculine. The alkaline proximate principle of No. 31. Discovered by M. Carzeroni, and obtained by him by a process similar to that for obtaining Cinchonia. It is supposed to contain the febrifuge virtues of the horse-chesnut. Has not been used as a medicine—therefore is a fit subject for an inau- gural dissertation. No. 248.—Eugenia caryophyllata. (Willd.) The Clove tree. Synonym—Caryophyllus Aromatica. Officinal. Caryophylli. Caryophylli oleum. Lond. Caryo- phyllus Aromaticus, Floris germen et ejus oleum volatile. Edin. Caryophyllus Aromatica,- calyx, okum essentiale. Dub. Eugenia Caryophyllata, gemmx floris et okum vola- tik. U. S. The flower-buds and volatile oil. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. No. 275 and No. 276—figure of the tree, No. 277. A native of the Moluccas—cultivated in Amboyna, Honimoa, Oma, Noussalant, Isle of France, and Dominica. Qualities of Cloves well known. Water extracts their odour, but little of their taste—alcohol and ether take up both. Yield, by distillation in water, one-sixth of their weight of a heavy, nearly colourless oil, which becomes yellow by age—it contains the flavour of cloves, but is milder. The EUP—EUP 141 Dutch oil is of a reddish colour, and very pungent and fiery, owing, it is supposed, to the presence of some of the resin of cloves extracted by alcohol. Vauquelin ob- tained an oil, resembling clove oil, from the leaves ofAga- thophyllum ravensara. The best cloves are frequently mixed, by the Dutch, with those from which they have extracted the oil. Medical Properties and Uses. Aromatic, stimulant; given in dyspepsia, attended with sensation of coldness in the sto- mach ; in atonic gout; combined with tonics, in autumnal fevers. The oil is used as a corrigent to griping purgative extracts—as a local application for tooth-ache. Pharm. Prep. Infusum Caryophylbrum. L. »S*pM\ Lavend. comp. D. No. 249.—Eupatorium. Hempweed. Cl. Syngenesia. Ord. Polygamia xqualis. Corymbiferx, Juss Four indigenous species medicinal— Eupatorium perfoliatum. --------- macubtum. ---------purpureum. --------- teucrifolium. No. 250.—Eupatorium perfoliatum. Boneset. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Col. No. 278—figure of the plant, No. 279. For a full account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. and Ives' edition of Paris's Pharm. No.251.—Eupatorium maculatum. Spotted-stem- med Eupatorium. See W. P. C. Barton's Flora of North America, Vol. III. plate 103. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 280—figure of the plant, No. 281. No. 252.—Eupatorium purpureum. Radix. Phar. U. S. Gravel root. No. 253.—Eupatorium Teucrifolium. Wild hore* hound--Germander-leaved Eupatorium. Herba. See Ives' edition of Paris's Pharm. and W. P. C Barton's Comp. Fl. Ph. Vol. II. under that name. The whole of this extensive genus is, I think, well worth investigation. There are 14 species growing within a few VOL. II. N / 142 EUP—EUP miles of Philadelphia, and nearly 70 species in the United States. Any two or three of them together, would form a good subject for an experimental inaugural dissertation. A species of Eupatorium (Satureiafolium, Lamark) is said by Mutis and Humboldt, to be considered as a powerful counterpoison to the bite of serpents in the United States. Virey's Hist. Nat. of Medicine. No. 254.—Euphorbia officinarum. Officinal Eu- phorbium plant. Officinal. Euphorbix gummi-resina. L. Eupborbium. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 282—figure of the plant, No. 283. Most violently cathartic and emetic, also errhine and rubifa- cient—on account of the violence of its action, not now used. It is rare in the shops—the Cabinet specimen I ob- tained with difficulty. Though this is the plant which yields the chief part of the Euphorbium of Materia Medi- ca, others also yield some portion—viz. Euphorbia Anti- quorum and Euphorbia Canariensis (of Willd.) The whole genus contains an acrid succus proprius, of a white colour, which, concreted, is the Euphorbium. The juice of Eu- phorbia heptagona is used to poison arrows. The Euphor- bia triucalli is cathartic, emetic; the exhalations affect the eyes. This, and the Euphorbia pilulifera, are supposed to be anti-syphilitic. The indigenous species of the genus, which are medicinal, are the following Nos. 255—256. Formula— R Emplast. Picis coinp. ^iv} , Euphorbix gum-resinx, gss C Terebinth, vulgar. q. s.j A stimulating application, celebrated by Che- selden and others, to relieve diseases of the hip joint, and to keep up inflammation of the skin, in chronic states of visceral inflam- mation. Caution—In pulverizing the Euphorbia, the dispenser should previously moisten it with vinegar, to prevent its rising and ex- coriating his face. No. 255.—Euphorbia Ipecacuanha. American Ipecacuanha. Officinal. Radix, Ipecacuanha Spurge. U. S. Emetic. For a detailed account, see YV. P. C. Barton's Veg Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II.—Bigelow's Med. Bot.—Ives' ed. Paris's Pharm. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 284 and 285—figure of the plant, No. 286. EUP—EXT 143 No. 256.—Euphorbia Corollata. Large flower- ing spurge. Radix. Phar. U. S. The root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 287—figure of the plant, No. 288. See Bigelow's Med. Bot.—Ives' ed. Paris's Pharm.—W. P. C. Barton's Comp. Fl. Phil, under that name. No. 257.—Extracta. Extracts, of the different Colleges. Preparations obtained by evaporating watery or spirituous solutions of vegetables, and the native juices obtained from fresh plants by expression, to masses of tenacious consistence. The London College at least, includes the last mentioned, called also inspissated juices, under the generic title above. The Dublin College has preserved the distinction of watery or simple extracts, spirituous or resinous extracts, and inspissated juices. I prefer the generalizing term of the London College, for the whole j bat perhaps, for the tyro, it may be more convenient and useful to preserve the subdivisions. Therefore, I shall enumerate these preparations thus— I. WATERY or SIMPLE EXTRACTS—Mucilaginous ex- tracts of Rouelle. Extractum Abes purificatum—dose, grs. x to xv. Formulx— No. 1. R Opii puri, gr. ij ~> Extract. Aloes spicat. grs. x 5 Made into 3 pills—one at bed-time. Narcotic purgative. No. 2. R Opii puri, gr. i ~) Extract Aloes spicat. gr. iij > Extract Gentianx, gr. v j Made into 2 pills—to be taken as a dose. Nar- cotic purgative. No. 3. R Ferri Ammoniati, gj Extract. Gentianx et Extract. Aloes, aa gss Divide into 30 pills, of which 1 or 2 may be taken twice a day. Tonic and purgative. Extractum Anthemidis. E. Cinchonx—dose, grs. x to gss. E. Cobcynthidis—dose, grs. v to grs. x—soon becomes hard and mouldy. E. Gentianx. Formulx— No. 1. (See No. 3, above.) 1U EXT—EXT No. 2. R Aluminis contriti,. grs. \~] Myristicx nucl. contrit grs. v i* Extract. Gentianx, q. s. J Make into 2 pills—one or both a dose. Astrin- gent. It also enters into many formulx, as a vehicle for me- tallic preparations. Extractum Hxmatoxyli—dose, grs. x to gss. --------Humuli—dose, grs. v to J)j—(not very useful.) --------Opii—dose, gr. i to grs. v. --------Papaveris—a weak opium—dose, grs. ij to 9j. --------Sarsaparillx—good for nothing. --------Stramonii—dose, gr. \ to grs. ij, daily; and in- creased. --------Taraxaci—-dose, grs. v to gj, in combination with sulphate of potass. II. SPIRITUOUS or RESINOUS EXTRACTS. "*** Extractum Cinchonx Resinosum—dose, grs. x to xxx. --------Cobcynthidis compositum—dose, grs. vi to gss. Formulx— No. 1. R Extract. Colocynth. comp. g) Opii puri, Olei nucis moschat. Make into 12 pills, of which 2 may be taken every hour, until they purge freely. No. 2. R Extract. Colocynth. comp. grs. xxiv""! Pil. Aloes cum Myrrha, g} > Hydrarg. sub-muriat. grs. xv J Make into 2Q pills, of which 1 or 2 may be taken pro re nata. Cathartic. No. 3. R Hydrarg. sub-muriat. grs. x "^ Pil. Cambogix comp. et I Extract. Colocynth. comp. aa grs. xv f Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s. J Make into 12 pills, of which 2 may be taken going to bed, or early in the morning. Cathartic. Extractum Jabpx—liable to gripe, unless made with sugar almonds or mucilage into an emulsion—dose, grs. x to gj. Extractum Rhei—not very useful alone—dose, grs. x to 3ss Formula— R Aloes spicat. Scammonix, Extract. Rhei, Bacc. Capsici pulv. Olei Caryophyll. Make into 16 pills, of which 2 may be taken going to bed, pro re nata. Cathartic, grs. iij y EXT—EXT 145 HI. INSPISSATED JUICES. Obtained by expressing the juices of fresh culled plants, and evaporating them in a water-bath. Succus Spissatus (extractum) Aconiti. Dose, beginning with gr. A, increased. Not much used in U. S. *" Formula— R Extract. Aconiti, "1 Antimonii sulphureti, 1 Prxcipitati, aa gr. i f Magnesix Carbonatis, §ss J Make a powder by trituration. Diaphoretic. Succus Spissatus (extractum) Belbdonnx. Dose, gr. i, gra- dually increased to grs. v, in form of pill. Succus Spissatus (extractum) Conii. Dose, grs. v to 9j, or more, twice or thrice a day. Formula No. 1—see No. 183, formula 3. No. 2. R Extract. Conii, Folior. Conii exsiccatorum et in pulverem tritorum, Make into pills, each containing 2 grains; Sto< erck's narcotic—1 pill a dose. No. 3. R Opii puri, Extract. Hyoscyam. ——- Conii, Make into 6 pills—1 a dose at night. Narcotic. No. 4. R Extract. Conii, et < —---— Hyoscyam. (in vacuo, pp.) aa gr. iij * Make into a pill, to be taken once or twice a day. No. 5. R Plumbi super-acetatis, gr. iij" Opii puri, gr. Extract. Conii, grs. Make into 3 pills, of which 1 or 2 daily may be taken. Astringent. Succus Spissatus (extractum) Ebterii. Extract of Elaterium, of the Colleges, has now properly given way, in this coun- try, to Clutterbuck's Elatin—see Momordica Elaterium. Succus Spissatus (extractum) Hyoscyami. Dose, grs. v to £j, in pills. Formulx— No. 1. R Extract. Hyoscyami, Camphorx (alcoholis opi in pulv. redact.) gr. Make into 12 pills, of which three may be taken every night. Narcotic. w2 9J1 rum V- i, q. s.J ining 2 g se. grs-iv") i. et > aa gr. xv J r.i V "S. x J 9j 1 5ii - r •r. vnjj 146 FER—FER No. 2. R Tinct. Scillx, T^x ~\ Acid. Nitric, dilut. "LYJ.. L Extract. Hyoscyami, grs. iij | Aquae purx, f^iss J Make a draught, to be taken every tliird hour, Expectorant. See also formulx Nos. 3 and 4, under Succus Spissatus Conii, above—formula No. 3, of No. 183. Succus Spissatus (extractum) Lactucx Sativx—this is Lactu- carium, which see. No. 258.—Ferrum. Iron. The filings and oxydated scales of the smith's shop were formerly used ; but the salts only are now employed in medicine. The filings are called, officinally, Ferri ramenta et fib. Lond. Filia et Limatura. Edin. Ferri scrobs. Dub. Iron filings and wire. Ferrum, squamx oxidi. Dub. The scales of the oxide of iron. Among the few wise things done by the framers of the Phar. U. S. is their omission of these absurd preparations, in their list of me- dicines—the very idea of taking which would be shocking to most patients. Let them remain in the Dispensatories, for their proper pharmaceutical preparations; and for this purpose, they are mentioned in their proper place, in the Phar. U. S. I call your attention to the salts, which are important medicines. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 289, 290, and 291. Offic. Pbep. Ferri Limatura purificata. E. Oxidurn Ferri nigrum purificatum. E. D. Ferri acetas. D. & U. S. Sub- carbonas Ferri prxpuratus. E. D. Ferri carbonas prxpa- ratus. U. S. Carbonas Ferri prxcipitatus. E. D. & U. S. Ferri sulphas. L. E. D. & U. S. Ferrum tartarizatum. L. E. Ferri tartras. U. S. Tinctura acetatis Ferri. D. & U. S. Liquor Ferri alkalini. L. & U. S. Vinum Ferri. L. D. & U. S. Murias Ammonix et Ferri. E. &. U. S. Sulphu- retum Ferri. E. Rubrum Ferri Oxidum. E. Ferri prus- sias. U. S. Ferri Phosphas. U. S. Sulphas Ferri exsiccatus. Edin. Tinctura Ferri Ammoniati. Lond. Tinct. Ferri Muriatis. Lond. Tinctura Ferri cum Oxido rubro. Dub. No.259.—Ferri sub-carbonas. L. Carbonas Ferri prxcipitatus. E. Ferri Carbonas prxcipita- tus. U. S. Carbonas Ferri. D. Carbonate of iron—precipitated carbonate of iron. Cabinet specimen, Jeff Coll. No. 292. Qualities. A chocolate-brown, or, occasionally, a Scotch> snuff-brown powder, without odour, of a slightly styptic taste—according to Mr. philips, varies according to the FER—FER 147 temperature at which it is prepared, as well as from dif- ferences in manipulation—consists of mixtures of peroxide, protoxide, and sub-carbonate of protoxide of iron, in vari- ous proportions. Insoluble in water; soluble in acids, with effervescence. Medical Properties and Uses. Tonic—may be given in powder, or pills, with an aromatic, dose, grs. v. to grs. xxx. Mr. Hutchinson, of Southwell, has found it effica- cious in tic dobreux. Formulx— No. 1. R Ferri carbonatis prxcip. grs. v—x P. Valerianx, gss Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s. Make a bolus—tonic. No. 2. R Ferri carbonatis prxcip. Extract Conii, aa gj $ Made into 24 pills—2 to be taken twice a day, in fluor albus, and scrofula. 260.—Ferri sub-carbonas pr^eparatus. E. Ferri Carbonaspraeparatus. U.S. Prepared rust of iron—formerly Rubigo Ferri of Dub. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 293. This preparation differs but little from No. 259, except that it is less easily borne by the stomach. I think it a sub-car- bonate, and not a carbonate; for which reason, I adopt the Edinburgh nomenclature, in preference to that of the U. S. Qualities. Inodorous, of a reddish brown colour, and styptic taste—soluble in acids, with effervescence, and is, like No. 259, decomposed by heat. Tonic; has been used in tic dobreux,- as an internal and exter- nal application to cancer. Said to be emmenagogue—so it is, but by its simple tonic effect—used in fluor albus, where there is no febrile action—should be combined with aro- matics, of which ginger is the best. Dose, as in No. 259, and increased to gss—gj and gss doses; may be given as largely as the stomach will bear—to correct its purging effect, which sometimes oc- curs, opium should be added. With the preceding, is one of the best tonics for the neuroses. Formula— R Rubigo ferri, (sub-carb. F. p.) g\) P. Zingiberis, ic,- on account of the blue or violet colour of its vapour. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 310. Medical Properties and Uses. Is solid at the ordinary temperature, in the form of small greyish crystals, which resemble plumbago; has little tenacity. It fuses at 338° F. volatilizes at 347° F.; forming a beautiful violet-coloured vapour, called violaceous gas. Inclosed in a receiver, this gas becomes re-condensed into crystalline scales, or into iodine again; is soluble with alcohol and ether; the tr. for medical use is made with alcohol; water dissolves only the seven thousandth part. It forms acids with hydrogen (Hydriodic acid) and oxygene, (iodic acid). Has great affinity for hydrogen, uniting with it in a gaseous state, when the temperature is elevated, and takes it from other bodies greedily. This hydriodic acid, is rapidly absorbed by water, and largely dissolved in it; gives out white fumes on throwing it in the air, uniting with its aqueous vapour; forms neutral salts, with many bases—as hydriodate of potash, with that salt, (much used in medicine)—Hydrio. date of soda, with that salt; this also has been medicinally used. Iodine corrodes metals quickly, and hydriodic acid, which is a colourless gas, reddens tr. of turnsole, and ex- tinguishes flame. Mode of preparing Iodine.—It exists in the mother waters, formed in the preparation of soda, from Fuci, reduced to kelp, by burning, in the state of hydriodate of potash; Sifter the Fuci, which grow abundantly on the sea shore of Normandy, are incinerated, the ashes are lixiviated, and the i quor concentrated. To procure the iodine, an excess of s.dphuric acid is added to these waters, and the liquor gradually boiled in a glass retort to which a receiver is attached. The decomposition which results, by the union 02 158 FUC—FUC of the sulph. acid with the potash of the hydriodate, and with the hydrogen of the hydriodic acid, produces vitrio- lated tartar, water, sulphureous acid, and iodine. The iodine enters the receiver in a violet gas, along with a little acid, and is there condensed. It is subjected to pur fication, by re-distillation with water containing some potash. The preparations are : 1. lodate of potash; 2. Hydriodate of potash ; 3, Hydriodate of soda ; 4. Solution of hydriodate of potash; 5. Tincture of iodine; 6. Ointment of hydrio- date of potash; 7. In substance, seldom so used. Coindet of Geneva, first introduced this article into the materia medica. He recommends it as a powerful emmenagogue, for the cure of Bronchocele and Scrophula,- Gimele has employed it in chronic leucorrhoea; Coster, of Paris, has used it successfully, in goitre; for the restoration of suppressed catamenia; to produce this flux, when retained beyond the proper age; and to destroy a predisposition to scrofulous phthisis, to remove glandular congestions, of a scrofulous, cancerous or syphilitic character, for scrofulous ophthalmia and venereal ulcers, (in 1823) Rickwood cured 4 cases of goitre with it; Mr. Callaway, surgeon, London, has cured several cases of scrofulous enlargements of glands of mesentery, with the tr. of iodine ; dose of tr. 10 drops 3 times a day, increased to 20; ten drops contain one grain of iodine. Iodine is also contained in the following sea-plants, viz : Ord. 1. Algx. Cl. Cryptogamia. 1. Corallina officinalis. Corallina. Coralline. Sea-moss. It is vermifuge, gss to gj in coarse powder. 2. Conferva rupestris-, called also Muscus marinus. Sea- moss. Refrigerant; used by the ancients, externally, in gout. 3. Conferva AHeagropifa. Moor-balls, found at the bottom of salt water Takes; used to wipe pens. 4. Tremelb Nostoch. Nostoch. N. commune. Star-shoot; a greenish jelly, found in the sea; eatable. Infused in brandy, to produce disgust of that liquor, in those who drink it. 5. Mousse de Corse. Mousse de mer. Sea-wrack; Helminthocor- ton. Under these names, are embraced several sea-plants, and all found in commerce, or the drug stores of Europe, mixed in one mass, generally called Helminthocorton. It is used as a vermifuge, and has great celebrity in Germany and France. The plants of which Helmintluocorton consists are: 1. Fucus Helminthocorton,- 2. Conferva dtchotoma; 3. Confervu f.sc culuta,- 4. Conferva aloida,- 5. Conferva intcrtextai 6. Corallina officinalis; 7. Fucus purpureas,- FUL—GAL 159 8. Fucus plumosus; (these two last, less vermifuge than the others;) 9. Ulva clavata,- 10. Ulvaprolifera,- 11. Dif- ferent species of Ceramiu, and other foreign substances, which the fishermen raise with it, and which are difficultly separated. All these plants are geniculated thread-like Algx, and being mixed with the Fucus Helminthocorton, account for its different effects. Helminthocorton has been used from time immemorial, by the inhabitants of Corsica, as an anthelmintic. When that island was re- united to France in 1775, the medical officers of the military hospital of Ajaccio, communicated the knowledge of the virtues of this plant to France, whence it spread gradually throughout Europe; the Germans rely on it Dose, in powder, 18 grains, to infants under 7 years; ^ss to gjss to those past that age—in decoction £oz. to 6oz. water—also in syrup. No. 276.—Fuligo ligni. Wood-Soot. A tea made of this substance, is an old remedy. " Soot-tea," Dr. Chapman says, "is used with advantage in flatulent colics of new born infants, and sometimes not less so in spasmodic affections of the stomach, in adults." I really re- gret, that Dr. C. should have introduced this disgusting tea into his book—Can any thing be more repugnant to our ideas of the delicacy of a new bom babe's digestive func- tions, than to subject it, among its first subjects for action, to such trash ? Besides this, it contains sulphate of ammo- nia, and is bitter—therefore totally unfit for such a pur- pose. I have noticed the subject, purely to drive it from your practice. Equally repulsive to my ideas of a proper medtcne, is the mixture of soot and hickory ashes, of which he recommends a hot infusion for dyspepsia at- tended with acidity and spasms. Surely our materia medica is not so meagre as to oblige us to resort to such substances, by quarts and gallons, (as mentioned in the formula, of Dr. C.) And to assert, as he does, that this mixture is more useful than other alkaline mixtures, is really what the profession cannot bear him out in asserting. I trust cobwebs, soot, and ashes, at least in their crude states, will be left out of the next edition of Dr. Chap- man's work—though I have no doubt these substances, chemically refined, might be found worthy of notice. It is the coarse and empirical aspect of the article in Dr. C.'s book, which I object to. G. No. 277.—Galang^e Radix. See Kxmpferia and Maranta. 160 GAL—GEN No. 278.—Galbanum, and Galbani Gummi Re- sina. See No. 121. No. 279.—Gall^. Galls—gall-nuts. See Quercus. No. 280.—Ltambogia. See Staligmitis. No. 281.—Gaultheria procumbens. Phar. U. S. Partridge-berry—mountain tea. See W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 311—figure of the plant, No. 312. No. 282.—Gentiana. Gentian. Cl. 5. Ord. 2. Pentandria Digynia. Nat. ord. Rotacex, Linn. Gentianex, Juss. Corolfa 1-petalled. Capsuk 2-valved, 1-celled; with 2 longi- tudinal receptacles. 14 Species medicinal— 1. Gentiana Lutea. Yellow Gentian. 2. Gentiana Saponaria. Indigenous. See W. P. C. Barton's Flora of North America, Vol. HI. plate 79. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 313—figure of the plant, No. 314. 3. Gentiana Catesbxi. Phar. U. S. Indigenous. 4. Gentiana Ochrokuca. Indigenous. See W. P. C. Barton's Comp. Fl. Phil. Vol. I. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 315—figure of the plant, No. 316. 5. Gentiana Crinita. Indigenous. See W. P. C. Barton's Flora of North America, Vol III. plate 80. 6. Gentiana Verna—Gentianelb Verna. Herb very bitter. 7. Gentiana Autumnalis---Gentiana Amarella. Fellwort— also bitter. 8. Gentiana Cruciata. Antiseptic, bitter. 9. Gentiana Rubra. A bitter tonic, used in Germany. 10. Gentiana Purpurea A bitter tonic, used in Norway. 11. Gentiana Ca/npestris. Root bitter, tonic. 12. Gentiana Peruviana—Cachen. Root bitter. 13. Gentiana Pneumonanthe. Calathian violet. Marsh Gen- tian. Less actut- than most of the others, but bitter. 14. Gentiuna Grandifiora—Gentiana Acaulis. Very bitter. The *iioi. kui 's is characterized by bitterness, and in dif- ferent parts ot the world used as tonics. The indigenous GEN—GEN 16V species would form excellent subjects for an inaugural dissertation. They doubtless will be found to contain the active principle discovered in Gentiana Lutea—viz. Genua. No. 283.—Gentiana lutea. Yellow Gentian. Officinal. Gentianx, rudix. Lond. Gentianx Lutex, radix. Edin. Gentiana, radix. Dub. Gentian root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 317—figure of the plant, No. 318. This genus takes its name from Gentius, king of Illyria, its discoverer, who was vanquished by Anicius, the Roman praetor, A. U. 585, i. e. A. C. 167. Native of Switzerland and Austria, the Appenines, the Py- renees, but of no part of the United States—I doubt if of any part of North America, as stated by Mr. A. T. Thomp- son. Qualities. Wrinkled pieces, of various lengths and thick- ness ; taste intensely bitter, without being nauseous; cut transversely, the roots are yellowish and maculated, with a thick brown bark. The sensible qualities are extracted by alcohol, ether, and water—the two first extract a resin and bitter extractive matter—the water, some part ot these, and a good deal of mucilage, which causes the infusion to be ropy. Diluted alcohol is the proper menstruum. IB the bitter extractive, the virtues reside. Yields Gentia. Medical Properties and Uses. Tonic and stomachic—its use of very ancient date. Used in dyspepsia, hysteria, and in all cases where a vegetable tonic bitter may be indicat- ed. Dose, in substance, grs. x to gj. Offic Prep. Extractum Gentianx. L. E. D. &U. S. Infu- sum Gentianx comp. L. E. D. & U. S. Tinct. Gentianx comp. L. E. D. Vinum Gentianx comp. E. Brodum's Nervous Cordial consists of the tinctures of Gen- tian, Calumba, Cardamom, and Bark, with comp. spirit ot Lavender, and wine of iron. Stoughlon's Elixir is a tinc- ture of Gentian, with the addition of serpentaria, orange- peel, Cardamom, and some other aromatics. j^0# 284.__Gentia. (Has been called Gentianina.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 319. A sub-alkaline proximate principle of the preceding—disco- vered in it simultaneously, though without previous con- cert, by M. Henry and M. Caventou. Their analysis ot the root shows it to contain— 1. A very fugacious odorous principle. 2. A yellow crystalline bitter principle, (Gentia-) 3. A matter identical with bird-lime. 162 GEO—GEO 4. A fixed oil. 5. A greenish substance. 6. A free organic acid. 7. Incrystallizable sugar. 8. Gum. 9. A yellow colouring matter. 10. Woody fibre. Schrceder discovered a resinous and narcotic principle in it, and Mr. Planche found the latter. Qualities. Inodorous; possesses strongly the aromatic bit- terness of the root—more developed when it is dissolved in acid. Very soluble in ether and alcohol, from which it may be separated by spontaneous evaporation, in small yellow needle-like crystals—less soluble in cold water, which it renders very bitter—boiling water has more action on it. Its colour is deepened by the diluted alkalies, which dissolve rather more of it than water does. Alkalies impair its yellow colour—the solutions of it in sulphuric and phosphoric acids are nearly colourless—in the acetic, it is yellow; concentrated sulphuric acid carbonizes it, and destroys its bitterness. Exposed in a glass tube to the heat of boiling mercury, is partly decomposed, and partly sub- limed in yellow crystalline needles. Gentia does not sen- sibly change the colour of turnsole, either when blue or when reddened by acids. Appears to be neutral. Not poisonous. Medical Properties and Uses. A concentrated bitter to- nic. A tincture of 5 grains to the ounce has been proposed as the best form of exhibition." A syrup of 15 grains to the lb of syrup, is said to be a good bitter, in scrofulous cases. Deserves further trial; and I trust some intelligent candi- date will write an inaugural dissertation on it. No. 285.—Geoffroya inermis. The Cabbage tree. Officinal. Geoffroya inermis, cortex. Edin. Geoffroyx, cor- tex. Dub. Cabbage tree bark. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 320—figure of the tree, No. 321. A lofty tree, native of Jamaica, growing in savannahs. Qualities. Disagreeable, sweetish, mucilaginous taste. The pieces in commerce externally grey, internally black, fur- rowed, pulverulent, yielding a powder resembling that of jalap. Its soluble components are chiefly mucus, resin, extractive, saccharine matter, and a narcotic principle. Medical Properties and Uses. Cathartic and narcotic— reputed pow crfully anthelmintic, for lumbrici, according to Dr. Wright. It is said to have been first noticed for GER—GIL 163 this property by Mr. Peter Duguid. May be given in pow- der, decoction, extract, and syrup—the decoction most used. Must be given at first in small doses, gradually in- creased till nausea be excited; in over-doses, occasions sickness, vomiting, fever, and delirium. Owing to its de- leterious effects, it has not been much employed. Dose, of the powder, Qj to gss—of the extract, (which is made by evaporating the decoction,) grs. iij. Dose of the syrup, (which is the decoction, with a double portion of sugar added,) from 2 to 4 spoonfuls. Offic Prep. Decoctum Geoffroyx inermis. E. No. 286.—Geranium maculatum. Spotted crane's- bill. Crowfoot Geranium. Officinal. Radix. U. S. The root. Astringent. Dose, gss of the powder—fg\j of the tincture— f§j to f^'j of the decoction and infusion—grs. x of the extract. For a detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. and Ives' ed. Paris's Pharm. Vol. II. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 322—figure of the plant, No. 323. * No. 287.—Geum. Avens. Cl. 12. Ord. 8. Icosandria Polygynia. Nat. ord. Senticosx Linn. Rosacex, Juss. Two species medicinal— 1. Geum Urbanum. Common Avens, or Herb Bennet. Officinal. Radix. The root. Dub. Astringent, tonic, antiseptic. Dose, of the powder, gss to gj, four times a day—of the decoction, f^j, every hour— of the tincture, f^ss, properly diluted, 3 or 4 times a day. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 324—figure of the plant, No. 325. 2. Geum Rivak. Water Avens. Radix. Phar. U. S. No. 288.—Gillenia trifoliata,? Indian physic. -------stipulacea, ) Bowman's root Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 326 and 327—figu, s of the plants, Nos. 328 and 329. Emetic. For detailed account of both, see W. P. C. Bar- ton^ Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. and Ives' ed. Paris'f Pharm. 164 GLY—GUA No. 289.—Glycyrrhiza glabra. Common Li- quorice. Officinal. Glycyrrhizx, radix. Lond. Dub. Glycyrrhizx, radix et extractum. Edin. & U. S. Liquorice-root, and die extract. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 330—figure of the plant, No. 331. Qualities and uses well known—they depend on a peculiar modification of saccharine matter (Glycion,) allied to sar- cocoll, and mucus. Offic. Prep. Extractum Glycyrrhizx. L. E. D. & U. S. Decoctum Sarsaparillx comp. L. D. Infusum lini. L. Con- fectio Sennx. L. E. No. 290.—Granati Cortex. Punica granatum Pomorum Cortex. Pomegranate bark. See Punica. No. 291.—Gratiola officinalis. Hedge hyssop. Herba, of the European Colleges. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 332—figure of the plant, No. 333. Cathartic, diuretic, and emetic—used on the continent of Europe, but not in U. S. Dose, in powder, grs. xv to gss— of the infusion, made with g\j of the dried herb, and Oss of warm water, from fg'w to f^j—3 times a day. No. 292.—Guaiacum officinale. Officinal Guai- acum. Officinal. Guaiaci resina et lignum. Lond. Guaiaci officina- lis Lignumresina. Edin. Guaiacum,- Lignum, gummi- resina. Dub. The wood and resin of guaiacum. Guaiaci Lignum et Guaiaci resina. Guaiacum wood, called Lignum vita; and resin of Guaiacum. U. S. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 334, 335, and 336__ figure of the plant, No. 337. A tree forty feet high—native of Jamaica, and South Ame- rica. Qualities. Wood inodorous; but when heated, emits an aromatic odour—taste bittterish, sub-acrid, biting—veiy hard, heavier than water— appearance well known, in boy's tops and other toys. The turner's chips, are used in medicine. The resin called guaioc, has the aspect of a gum-resin—colour greenish-brown—easily pulverized—the powder is at first grey, becoming green on exposure to light and air, probably by absorbing oxygene—becomes HED—HiEM 165 V.ard and condcnsatcd, if left in the bottle long undis- turbed. Melts by heat, sp. gr. 1.2289. Water dissolves out of it, 9 per cent, of extractive matter—alcohol 95, and ether 40 parts in a hundred. The alkaline solutions, and their carbonates, readily dissolve.it. Sulphuric acid dissolves it, with but little effervescence---the solution being of a rich claret colour. Nitric acid dissolves it, with a copious extrication of nitrous fumes. Muriatic acid dis- solves but little of it; in all these cases, the guaiac is de- composed. Mr. Hatchett has proved by experiments, that it is not a gum nor a gum-resin, but a substance sui generis. Medical Properties and Uses. Stimulating, diaphoretic, diuretic; in large doses, purgative. May be given in a bolus, or diffused in water, by means of £ its own weight of gum Arabic. Dose, grs. x to gss. The ammoniated tinct. is Dewees's em.menagogue. Is sometimes adulterated with common resin, which may be detected by the turpentine emitted, when the guaiac is thrown on hot coals—sometimes with manchinal gum, which may be discovered by adding to the tincture a few drops of sweet spirit of nitre, and diluting with water— the guaiac is thus precipitated, and the sophisticating article flows in white striae. Offic. Prep. Mistura Guaiac. L. Tinct. Guaiac. L. E. D. & U. S. Tinct. Guaiac. Ammomat. L. E. D. & U. S. Pulv. Abes Comp. L. D. H. No. 293.—Hedeoma Pulegioides. American Pen- nyroyal. See W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 338—figure of the plant, No. 339. No. 294.—H^matoxylon Campechianum. The logwood tree. Offickval. Jlxmatoxyli lignum. L. E. D. & U. S. Logwood. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 340.—figure of the tree, No. 341. This tree is a native of South America, attaining to great perfection at Campeachy, in the Bay of Honduras. Intro- duced into Jamaica, in 1715 ; and, from its rapid growth, now grows abundantly there, so us to incommode the land- holders, in the neighbourhood of Savannah la Mar. Qualities Appearance well known—taste sweet and as- tringent, colour dep red—yields Hematina. Medical Properties and Uses. An astringent—not very VOL. II. p 166 HEM—HEL powerful—used in protracted dysentery, and diarrhoea— used in extract and decoction—of the latter, 2 or 3 fluid ounces may be taken frequently. Docs not appear to be a useful medicine ; and in U. S. seldom employed. No. 295.—Hematina. Hematine. Small brilliant crystals, of a reddish-white colour, and a slightly astringent, bitter and acrid taste, discovered in the analysis of the preceding, by Chevreul; he called it hema- tin, to which, for uniformity of termination, I have added the terminal letter. Besides this principle, Chevreul's ana- lysis proved that logwood contains a volatile oil, tannin, and two kinds of colouring matter, one of which is soluble both in water and alcohol—the other in alcohol only. Hematina has never been applied to medicine—an experi- mental thesis on it, would entitle the candidate for & de- gree, to credit. To obtain hematina, digest logwood rasp- ed, in water, at 125° F. filter, and evaporate to dryness. Digest the residue for a whole day in alcohol of sp. gr. 0.837, filter and concentrate by evaporation; then add a small portion of water, evaporate a little farther, and leave it to itself—crystals of hematina are formed in abundance. No. 296.—Helleborus albus. White Hellebore, the root of Veratrum album, which see. No. 297.—Helleborus. Cl. 13, Ord. 6. Polygamia Polygynia. Nat. ord. Multisili- qux, Linn. Rummcufacex, Juss. Two species medicinal— 1. Helkborus Niger. Black Hellebore. 2. Helleborus Fxtidus. Stinking or fetid Hellebore. No. 298.—Helleborus fietidus. The leaves__ Bears-foot—Stinking Hellebore, Setter- wort. Synonym—HeUeborasier, Pharm. Lond. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 342—figure of the plant No. 343. * Root small, beset with numerous dark slender fibres—peren- nial. Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high; towards the bottom, round, strong, firm, naked, and marked with alternate cicatrices, the vestiges of former leaves—branched and sub-divided at top, and garnished with scaly leaves or bracteas. Leaves numerous, on long footstalks, which surround the stem at base—palmate; folioles lanceolate, senate; bracteal leaves, lanceolate-trifid—often purplish. HEL—HEL 167 Flowers numerous, terminal, pendant, globose,, on long peduncles, forming a kind of umbel. Petals 5, oval, con- cave, persistent, pale-green, margins tinged with purple; Stamens the length of the petals; anthers white; germens 3, haiiy, resembling those of Helleborus niger. A native of England. Flowers about March. Medical Properties astd Uses. Smell of the recent plant, extremely fetid, taste bitter, acrid, excoriates the mouth and fauces; commonly operates as a cathartic, sometimes as an emetic; in large doses, very deleterious. As an anthelmintic—affecting the round worms; Bissett considers it the best medicine for this purpose ; a decoction of a dram of the green leaves, or 15 grains of dried, in powder, to children between 4 and 7 years; proves some- what emetic, and purges. Repeated 2 or 3 successive mornings—Used also in form of syrup with coarse sugar, and bruised green leaves, moistened with vinegar; a tea spoonful the dose to children between 2 and 6 years—tr. of Rhub. used after it, if it does not purge. HELLEBORUS TRIFOLIUS, (of Dyckman's ed. of Edin. Disp.) is not properly referred to the genus Helleborus. It is the Coptis trifolia, (which see)—or Gold-thread, of the Pharm. of the U. S.—of Bigelow and Barton's Med. Botany, and of some of the dispensatories. It is an anti- septic bitter, possessing some astringency; native of the white mountains of New-Hampshire and other parts of New-England, where it is much used, in aphthous affec- tions, particularly of children. No. 299.—Helleborus niger, or Melampodium. Black Hellebore---Christmas Rose, or Christmas flower—true Black Hellebore. Synonyms—Helkborus niger kgitimus. (Clusius.) Helkborus niger fiore roseo. (Bauhin.) Helleborus niger verus. (Gerard.) Cfficiwal. Helkbori nigri, radix. Lond. Hellebori nigri, radix—(Melampodium) radix. Dub. The root of Black Hellebore. Helleborus niger, radix. U. S. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 344—figure of the planj, No. 345. Root perennial, rough, knotted or gibbous, externally black- ish, internally yellow, sending off many strong, round, long fibres. Flower-stalks erect, round, tapering, and towards the bottom reddish—calix bracteiform, consisting of oval, concave, 168 HEL—HEL emarginated segments. Petals 5, large, sub-rotund, spread- ing, at first white, afterwards reddish, and finally becom- ing greenish. Nectaries about 8, tubulated, slightly coin- pressed, bilabiated, greenish yellow Filaments white, anthers yellow; germens from 4 to 8; seeds shining, blackish, numerous. Leaves compound, or rather pedate simple; all radical, on long petioles. Folioles elliptical, smooth, thick, and ser- rated towards apex. Often vary to the lanceolate form. Native of Austria and Italy ; first cultivated in England, by Gerard, in 1596; flowers, in mild seasons, in January. In the U. States, not before May or April. Whether this be the Exxt/SegK /uixx; and MsAa^Wwv, of the Gu-eks, and the helkborus,- Elleboras,- vernirum, of the Latins, cannot now be certainly determined. Melampo- dium, is supposed to be derived from Melumpus, an an- cient physician, who used it in mania, as an alterative purge. The following plants have been ignorantly sub- stituted for this, in Europe, viz : helkborus viridis. Adonis autumnalis; Trollius Europxus,- Actxa spicata,- Astrantia major; and Aconitum Napellus—in the United States, the Cimicifuga serpentaria,- all these possess different proper- ties from the true black Hellebore. The internal part of the fibres of Cimicifuga serpentaria are white, not yellow, by which it may be distinguished from the Hellebore, which is also generally found in commerce, twisted or plaited by its fibres. (Qualities. Taste of fresh root bitterish, somewhat acrid; and according to Grew, retained in the mouth some time after chewing, affects the tongue with paralysis—giving the sensation as if the mouth and tongue were scalded. It emits a nauseous acrid smell; its sensible properties and medicinal activity, are diminished by keeping. Bergius says, recent it is poisonous, rubifacient, vesicating; re- cently dried, emmenagogue, purgative, sternutatory; long kept, slightly purgative, alterative, diuretic. Medical Properties and Uses. Employed in Europe, chiefly as an alterative, and there, as well as in the U. States, the tincture of the root (tr. Mebmpodii) is much used as an efficacious emmenagogue. It is, for this pur- pose, powerful and effective. Dose, from IT^xv to ^j or gjss. The root has been used in dropsies; in lepra Grxcorum. The watery extract is the best formula—contains both the purgative and diuretic properties. Dose grs. 10 to §j. This species is not considered by Willdenow, the Helle- bore of the ancients—which he thinks is the Helleberus ©rientalis, or Anticyran Hellebore. HEL—HER 169 Offic Prep. Tinctura Hellebori nigri. L. E. D. and U. S. Extractum Hellebori nigri. E. D. No. 300.—Helminthocorton—See Fucus. No. 301.—Heracleum gummiferum. Gum-bear- ing Heracleum. Cl. 5. Ord. 2. Pentandria Digynia. Nat. Ord. Umbelbtx. Officinal. Heracleum Gummferum—Gummi resina. U. S. Ammoniacum. Ammoniacum. L. E. D. Ammoniac. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Col. No. 346—figure of the plant, No. 347. Native of Africa and East Indies; 10 feet high ; resembles the fennel plant. The j-i.ee exudes from punctures made in the plant, by the horned beetle—and from incisions made into it, from which it is allowed to drop on the ground, and harden in the sun and air. This is ammoniac; the best comes from the E. Indies, in large masses, com- posed of fragments, or tears united together ; or in dry tears separated from each other, which is generally con- sidered a sign of its goodness. These tears are yellow without—white within. Qualities. Has a peculiar, faint, but not unpleasant smell; a bitter nauseous sweet taste. Specific gravity, 1.207— is adhesive in the hand; softens by heat, but does not melt; partially soluble in water, ether, alcohol, vinegar, and solutions of alcohol; tritutated with water, a milky fluid is formed, which is a solution of gum, holding the resin in solution; it is called Lac ammoniac. Ammoniacum consists of gum-resin, gluten, and some volatile matter. Water appears its proper solvent, particularly if yolk of egg be added. Medical Properties axo Uses. Antispasmodic, and by this and its stimulating and some diaphoretic effect, is ex- pectorant. In large doses, purgative ; may be given in so- lution, in pills with bitter extracts, myrrh, and other gum- resins ; rubbed with camphor, a ma'ss is quickly produced, suitable for pills; may be combined with tart, emetic, squills, assafoetida, and ipecacuanha; vinegar softens it so that it can be used as a plaster. Dose, grs. x to gss. Offic Phep. Mistura Arnmoniaci. L. D. & U. S. Emplas- trum Ammoniaci. L. & U. S. Emplastrum Amman/aci cum Hydrargvro. L. Emplastrum Gummosum. E. Filulae scillx comp. LPE. No. 302.—Heracleum lanatum. Cow-parsnip— masterwort. p 2 170 HIR—HUM Officinal. Radix. The root. U. S. The largest umbelliferous plant indigenous to the United States. The umbels, the seeds, and dried leaves, exhale a most delicious fragrance. I recommend this plant as a subject for an inaugural dissertation—believing it will re- ward the investigator for any analysis he may bestow on it. It doubtless yields a gum-rt sin, similar to ammoniacum— See W. P. C. Barton's Comp. Fl. Phil. Vol. I. p. 139. No. 303.—Hirudo medicinalis. The Leech. Each leech draws about f^ss of blood. This may be consi- dered the fair average—some few drawing more, and some few less. It is requisite to remember this, that the blood to be evacuated may be gauged. These remarks have re- ference to the European leech—the American leech is a very distinct variety, if not a different species; and neither makes so large an orifice in the skin, nor abstracts so large a portion of blood. No. 304.—Hordeum distichon. Common Barley. Officinal. Hordei semina. Lond. Hordeum distichum,- se- mina. Dub. Hordei distichi, semina. Edin. Barley. Hor- deum distichon, semina decorticata. U. S. Barley, the seeds decorticated. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 348. The U. S. pharm. appellation is the only correct one, of those enumerated above—pearled barley seeds, and not the seeds of barley in their natural state, implied by the names of the foreign Colleges, being the preparation re- cognised in the Materia Medica. \ restorative dietetic, of great value. Offic. Phep. Decoctum Hordei. L. E. D. & U. S. Decoctum Hordei comp. L. D. &. U. S. No. 305.—Humulus Lupulus. The hop. Cl. 22. Ord. 5. Diceicia Pentandria. Nat. ord. Scabridx, Linn. Urticx, Juss. Officinal. Humuli Strobili. Lond. Dub. & U. S. The strobiles of the hop (strobili siccati, Paris's Pharm.)—for which I would propose to substitute Off. Humulus Lupulus,- iAipula Strobili siccati. The resin- ous product of the cones of hop. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 349—rierure of the plant. No. 350. • l _ Hop is indigenous to Europe and the United States. Qualities. Odour fragrant, sub-narcotic; taste bitter, as- trmgent, aromatic; yield Lupula. Boiling water, alcohol. HUM—HUM in .ind ether, extract their virtues—coction dissipates their aroma. Cold infusion more grateful than the warm. Its colour is deepened by alkalies, and rendered turbid by the mineral acids; metallic salts decompose it. Medical Properties and Uses. Tonic, narcotic—I would not suv, diuretic. Hop tea is a weak, tranquillizing anodyne, uniting some degree of tonic effect in its operation. The character of hops, as a medicine, has been driven back- wards and forwards like a shuttlecock between battle- dores. It has not fallen to the ground, but has been at length suffered to lay on the table, where I found it, ele- vated to about that he'glit from the ground, which I have designated above. I cannot, with Mr. A. T. Thompson, express any surprise, "that the Edinburgh College has adopted it in their list of Materia Medica." May be used as a fomentation, in infusion, tincture, and extract—(ab- surd in form of powder.) Dose of infusion, made with gss of hops, and Oj of boiling water, fgiss, with fgss cinna- mon water, twice or thrice a day—of the tincture, fgss to fgj, twice or thrice a day—in mania apotu. Offic. Prep. Extractum Humuli. L. Tinctura Humuli. L. E. &. U. S. LUPULA. Lupulin. The resinous natural product found between the squamae of the hop-cones, chiefly at their base, where it appears to be the secretion of the nectaries of the flowers—known as long as hops have been used in the preparation of malt liquor—(since the time of Henry VIII.)—and called hop dust, hop powder, yellow hop dust, &c. by the brewers. To Dr. Ansel W. Ives, of New-York, the Materia Medica is indebted for a discovery of the fact, that this powder contains all the virtues of the hop-cones. He called it Lupulin, a term analogous to the first received names of the proximate principles of vegetables, obtained by che- mical analysis. Tliis being the proximate principle, natu- rally produced, of the hop-cones, I have modified this name for "uniformity with the penult syllables of the proximate principles, which are now made to end in a ami ia. Dr. Smith had observed, that the fragrance and essential pro- perties of the hop resided in this resinous secretion—after his observations were published, Dr. Ives pursued the idea, and proved, by a series of interesting experiments, that Dr. Smith's notion was correct. He found, in these ex- periments, that the powder consisted of tannin, extractive matter, a bitter principle, wax, resin, and a woody fibrous principle, which he was unable to separate, in the form of a volatile essential oil. The pure powder, obtained with- out any of the chaff of the strobiles, hardly contains tan- nin. The scales and the leaves of the plant strike a black colour with the sulphate pf iron. 172 HUM—HUM MM. Payen and Chevallier found the cones of the French hop to consist of the following substances:— 1. Water. 2. Essential oil. 3. Super-acetate of ammonia. 4. Carbonic acid. 5. A white vegetable matter, soluble in boiling water, (which, when precipitated on cooling, does not re-dissolve in that fluid.) 6. Malate of lime. 7. Albumen. 8. Gum. 9. Malic acid. 10. Resin. 11. A peculiar green matter, the bitter principle of tie hop. 12. A fatty matter. 13. Chlorophylle. 14. Acetates of lime and ammonia. 15. Nitrate, muriate, and sulphate of potass. 16. Sub-carbonate of potass. 17. Carbonate and phosphate of lime. 18. Traces of phosphate of magnesia. 19. Sulphur. 20. Oxide of Iron. 21. Silica. The Belgic and English hop, subjected to similar trials, yielded the same principles, but in different proportions. The French contained more essential oil than the Belgic, and less than the English. Hops, soon after being collect- ed, yield, under similar circumstances, more essential oil, and less resin, than the old; which induced MM. Payen and Chevallier to think, that the oil is susceptible of being resinified. They described the Lupula, under the name Matierejaune du houbbn. M. Planche speaks of it under the same name. The essential oil, obtained by the chemists above mentioned, is similar in odour to the hop, but much more penetrat- ing, narcotic, and very acrid in the throat. It is soluble to a great extent in water, and very volatile. Dr. Desroches, published an essay on the hop, in 1803. He referred the narcotic virtue, to this oil. Dr. Ives imagines, it res.dis in the resinous extract. About 150 pounds of hops yield, by threshing and sifting, about 20 pounds of Lupula. I am able to corroborate Dr. Ives's experience of the fact, that keeping in close-stopped vessels does not deterio- rate its properties. The cabinet specimen is five years old; and is the residue of a la; ge" portion I obtained from newly-dried hops; and part of which 1 extensively pre- scribed in the Aims-House Infirmary, several years ago- HUM—HYD 173 I think it decidedly preferable to any of the officinal or common preparations of hop. The dose, however, spe- cified by Dr. Ives, I found much too small. I gave it in 6 and 10 grains at a time, several times a day; and have ad- ministered in mania a potu scruple doses, often repeated. I did not use any preparation, of the native product-; neither can I perceive any better form of internal exhibi- tion, than that of pure Lupula. There are few physici- ans in this city, who have used this product—none so ex- tensively as myself, both in public, private, and charity practice; and I am of opinion, that its peculiar effect of giving tone to the system, inducing tranquillity in diseases of great irritation of the nervous system, and producing sometimes, but not often, a renovating sleep, without even affecting the head—should entitle it to more notice, and more frequent exhibition. Of its powers, externally ap- plied, I know nothing' from experience. Dr. Freacfc, (Pharmacopeia Ruthenica,) recommends an omtment pre- pared with the powdered hops, and lard, as a remedy for cancer—to be used in the last stage of the disease, to assuage agony which otht r remedies could not moderate. Dr. Ives very justly proposes to substitute an ointment of 1 part of Lupula, and 3 of fresh laid, for that of Freack. Offic. Prep, proposed—(for the mode of preparing which, see Paris's Pnarm. byivc-.) Tinctura LupuUa. Extractum Lupulx. Syrupus Lupulx. Lmguentum liu-pulx. No. 306.—Hydrargyrum and Hydrargyrus, of the Colleges—Mercury, or Quicksilver. Not applied, in its metallic state, to medical purposes— though it has occasionally been given internally, to over- come ileus by its mechanical weight. The salts formed with it are numerous, and among the most important ot Materia Medica. Officinal Preparations. I. By distillation to purify the metal. 1. Hydrargyrum pur'ficatum, L. E. D. & U. S. II. By trituration; (suboxidized.) a. With animal fat. . , 2. Unguentum hydrargyri fortius. L. Ung. hydrargyri, I/. 3.---------hydrargyri, E. St U. S. 4# _______--------mitius, L. D. 5. Linimentum hydrargyri, L. 6. Emplastrum ammoniac- cum hydrargyro, L. D. __________hydrugyri, L. E. & U. S. b. With saccharine substances. 7. Piluke hydrargyri, L. E. D. & U. S. 174 HYD—HYD c. With carbonate of lime. 8. Hydrargyrum cum creta, L. D. d. With carbonate of magnesia. 9. Hydrargyrum cum magnesia, D. III. By the action of heat andair; (oxidized.) 10. Hydrargyri oxydum rubrum, L. Oxydum hydrargyri, D. IV. By the action of acids. a. With sulphuric acid; (sub-oxidized.) 11. Subsulphas hydrargyri fiavus, E. & U. S. Oxydum hydrargyri sulphuricum, D. b. With nitric acid; (suboxidized.) 12. Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis, L. E. Uhguentum supemitratis hydrurgyri, D. 13. Unguentum nitratis hydrargyri mitius, E. & U. S. ----------------(oxidized.) 14. Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum, L. & U. S. Oxydum hy- drargyri rubrum per acidum nitricum, E. 09ydum hy- drargyri nitricum, D. 15. Unguentum hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi, L. & U. S. Un- guentum oxidi hydrargyri rubri, E. Unguentum sub- nitratis hydrargyri, D. c. With muriatic acid. •j- sublimated; (oxidized.) 16. Hydrargyri submurias, L. & U. S. Submurias hydrar- gyri mil's, E. Submurias hydrargyri sublimalum, D. 17. Pilube hydrargyri submunalis, L. (oxidized and acidified.) 18. Oxymwria* hydrargyri, L. & U. S. Murias hydrargyri corrosivus, E. Murias hydrargyri corrosivum, D. 19. Liquor hydrargyri oxymuriatis, L. & U. S. Precipitated; (oxidized.) 20. Submurias hydrargyri prxcipitatus, E. D. d. With acetous acid; (suboxidized.) 21. Acelis hydrargyri, E. Acetas hydrargyri, D. V. By precipitation with earths and alkalies from acid solutions. a. By lime-water from the nitric solution; (suboxidized.) 22. Hydrargyri oxydum cinereum, L. & U. S. I. By ammonia from the nitric solution ; (suboxidized.) 23. Oxydum hydrargyri cinereum, E. Pulvis hydrargyri cinereus, D. c. By ammonia from the muriatic solution; (oxidized.) 24. Submurias hydrargyri ammoniatum, D. &. U. S. Hy- drargyrus prxcipitatus albus, L. 25. Unguentum submuriatis hydrargyri ammoniati, I), & U. S. Ung. hydrargyri prxcipitati albi, L. VI. Combined with sulphur. a. By trituration. 26. Sulphuretum hydrargyri nigrum, E. D. & U. S. b. Sublimated. 27. Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum, L. D. & U. S. HYD—HYD 175 No. 307.—Hydrargyri sub-murias ammoniatus. U. S. Ammoniated sub-muriate of mercu- ry. Hydrargyrum prsecipitatum album. L. Sub-murias Hydrargyri ammoniatum. D. Formerly, white precipitate. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 351. An impalpable snow-white powder, without taste. It is a triple compound, of the oxide of mercury 81, muriatic acid 16, ammonia 3 parts. Insoluble in water and alcohol; does not become black, when commingled with lime-water; only used to make an ointment with lard. Offic Prep. Ung. hydrargyri prxcipitati albi. L. D. No.308.—Hydrargyrum cum Creta. L.D. Mer- cury with chalk. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 352. It is quicksilver, slightly oxydized by rubbing it in a mortar with chalk : 3 grains contain one of mercury. Is a mild antacid, and good preparation of mercury; has been used in cases of intractable syphilis. Dose, grs. v to gss. No. 309.—Hydrargyri Nitrico-Oxydum. L. & U. S. Oxydum Hydrargyri rubrum per aci- dum Nitricum. D. Nitric oxyd of mercury, called Red Precipitate. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 353. An acrid corrosive substance, in small bright-red scales— taste acrid and corrosive—is a sub-nitrate of mercury— slightly soluble in water; very soluble in nitric acid, with- out effervescence. Used externally. Offic. Prep. Unguentum, hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum. L. E. D. & U. S. Sophisticated with nimium, which may be detected by di- gesting it in acetic acid, and adding sulphuret of ammonia, which will throw down a dark-coloured precipitate. To be pure, it ought to be entirely volatilized by heat. No.310.—-Hydrargyri Oxydum Cinereum. L.E. & U. S. Pulvis Hydrargyri Cinereus. D. Grey oxide of mercury. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 354. An impalpable grey powder, without taste, fading, on expo- sure to air and light. As found in the shops, is a mixture of the triple salt, consisting of the oxide of mercury, am- 176 HYD—HYD monia, and nitric acid; properly prepared, is a protoxide of mercury. Preferred by Mr. Aberncthy to the red sul- phuret, for purposes of fumigation, because it does not yield any oppressive vapour. Saunders proposed it, in lieu of Plenck's remedy. Dose, gr. i to grs. iij, in pill, twice a Mellis q. s. J Make a mass, to be divided into 30 pills— dose, 1 or 2, three times a day. No. 311.—Hydrargyri Oxydum rubrum. L. Ox- ydum Hydrargyri. D. Red oxyd of mer- cury. (The precipitate per se of the old chemists.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 355. Minute, crystalline, deep-red, acrid, caustic scales, soluble in several of the acids without decomposition—imperfectly soluble in water, from which ammonia readily precipitates it—should be volatilized by heat. An active medicine, apt to affect the stomach and bowels, on which account it is but little used—was the favourite mercurial of John Hun- ter, and other eminent practitioners of his time. Dose, gr. i, combined with gr. ss of opium. Formula— R Hydrargyri oxyd. rubri, gr. i Opii tertiam grani partem, Caryophylli olei, rqj Fiat pilula, h. s., per hebdomadam sumenda. John Hunter. Prescribed in venereal cases. When this pill did not affect the mouth in a week's lapse, he repeated it morning'and evening. If experience proved that the patient's mouth was not affected by the use of it, he increased it to two grains in the evening, and one in the morning. No. 312.—Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum. L. & U.S. Sulphuretum Hydrargyri rubrum. D. (Formerly Hydrargyrus sulphuretus ru- ber. P. L. 1817. Cinnabaris factitia, 1745.) Red sulphuret of mercury, (formerly Cin- nabar.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 356. HYD—HYD 177 A red crystalline cake, inodorous, insipid, insoluble in wa- ter, alcohol, acids, and alkalies; the last decompose when melted with it. Nitro-muriatic acid decomposes it; it unites with the metal and liberates the sulphur. Is a bi- sulphuret of mercury, consisting of two proportions of sulphur and one of mercury; used for mercurial fumiga- tion, gss. is thrown on red-hot iron, and the fumes inhaled —this generally produces violent salivation. Used in cases where the venereal disease has invaded the mouth, nose, and throat, and where it is desirable speedily to arrest its progress. Pearson says, this inhalation doe3 not preclude the necessity of simultaneous frictions with mer. oint. It is supposed peculiarly beneficial for ulcers, and excres- cences about the anus and pudendum of women. It was formerly much used in doses of grs. x. to 3ss, made into an electuary or bolus, in cutaneous diseases, gout, rheuma- tism, worms, syphilis ; now only used for its vapour, for which purpose it is supposed not so good, as the grey oxide. This salt is known in commerce by the name of vermilion, and is used as a pigment; giving a fiery, or in- tense orange-red hue, to whatever is painted with it—it is seldom sold unadulterated; red-lead, dragons-bloodj and chalk, being commonly mixed with it; it is also some- times called cinnabar in commerce, the chief of which is manufactured in Holland. According to Paris, " Cham- berlain's restorative pills," consist of "cinnabar, sulphur, sulphate of lime, and a little vegetable matter, perhaps gum." No. 313.—Hydrargyri sub-sulphas flavus. U.S. Sub-sulphas Hydrargyri fiavus. Edin. Yellow sub-sulphate of Mercury. Oxydum Hydrargyri sulphuricum. Dub. Sulphuric oxide of mercury. {Hydrargyrus vitriola- tus. P.L. 1787.) (Formerly, Turpeth min- eral.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 357. A bright gamboge-yellow powder, inodorous, acrid to the taste. By trituration with mercury, is changed into the black oxide, and is decomposed at a red heat, the oxygen being driven off, and the metal reduced; is emetic and errhine; violent in its operation; hence seldom pre- scribed as an internal remedy. As an errhine, is useful in such affections as call for the action of that class of exter- nal remedies. Its violence renders it requisite to sheathe it with starch or liquorice powder, in proportion of grs v. to gr. i. of the sub-sulphate. Pukes powerfully, in dose ot grs. v. VOL. II. 0- 178 HYD—HYD No, 314.—Hydrargyri sulphuretum nigrum, L. E.& U. S. Black sulphuret of mercury. {Hydrargyrus cum sulphure.V. L. 1787.)— formerly Ethiops mineral. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 358. A black, impalpable, insipid, inodorous powder, consisting of one proportion of mercury and one of sulphur; it is therefore a true sulphuret, but is changed into a bi-sul- phuret by being heated with access of air. Soluble en- tirely in a solution of pure potass, from which the acids precipitate it unchanged ; insoluble in nitric acid. Sophis- ticated with ivory-black, which may be known by the residue, after throwing the suspected preparation on red- hot iron ; is sometimes mixed with equal parts of crude antimony. Is often imperfect, the globules of mercury being visible under a lens—equally imperfect, when it whitens gold, on which it is rubbed. Is supposed to be alterative in doses of grs. v. to 3ss; nearly obsolete. No. 315.—Hydrargyrum cum magnesia. Dub. Mercury with magnesia. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 359. An absurd preparation—good for nothing. No. 316.—Acetas Hydrargyri. Edin. Dub. Ace- tate of mercury. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 360. Properly prepared, is in small flat crystals of argentine whiteness; acrid, soluble in hot water—hardly in cold. Insoluble in alcohol; alkalies and heat decompose it; light blackens it. Anti-syphilitic, alterative; dose gr. i. night and morning; is the active ingredient, in Keyser's Pills ; grs. ii. in f jij of rose-water; used in cutaneous affections. No. 317.—Hydrargyri oxy-murias. L. & U. S. Murias Hydrargyri corrosivus.E. D. Oxy- muriate of mercury. Corrosive muriate of mercury—called, corrosive sublimate. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 361. A crystalline mass, of small prismatic crystals, easily pul- verized, undergoing slight change when exposed to the air, becoming opaque and powdery on the suiface; has no odour, but a very acrid taste, with metallic astrin- gency; is considered a bi-chloride of mercury, consisting of one proportion of mercury, and two of chlorine. Solu- ble in 11 parts cold, 3 of boiling water, and in 4 parts of HYD—HYD 179 alcohol; is very soluble in ether, which attracts it from its solution in water, if agitated with it. Its solubility in wa- ter is much increased by adding a few drops of rectified spirit, or muriatic acid—is 17 times more soluble in a solution of ammonia, than in water; but no decompo- sition ensues, forming probably a triple salt. Is soluble in sulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids, from which it is re- claimed unaltered, by evaporating the solutions. Accord- ing to Dr. Davy, it forms definite compounds with muri- atic acid, common salt, and other muriates. Paris says, the supposed change of vegetable blues to green, by its watery solution, is an optical illusion ; the seeming change being owing to the union of the yellow of the sublimate, with the violet blue of the syrup of violets. Decompo- sition of this salt takes place under circumstances of com- plicated affinities, as in the instance of the Liquor Hy- drargyri oxy-muriatis, and in the aqueous solution, in which cases calomel and muriatic acid appear to be formed, and oxygene evolved. For incompatible substances, see tables at end of Vol. I. Lime-water forms with it a lotion, called Aqua Phagedenica. f^ij of liquor C. to grs. ii of the salt, will produce the necessary decomposition; the pre- cipitate is yellow. Medical Properties axd Uses. One of the"most active and acrid of the metallic preparations; is an energetic stimulant and alterative, and in large quantities, a dead- ly corrosive poison. It may be used in cases of syphilis, in which other mercurial salts would be inadmissible. It is supposed generally to arrest the poison of this disease, more effectually than any other mercurial, while it affects less than any other, the salivary system. Hence it is the basis of all empirical remedies for venereal affections j particularly those which are promised to cure without mercury.* Vegetable gluten and albumen, are considered! * Of these it may be proper to enumerate a few of the more conspicuous, into which this article enters, as an antisyphi.itic,on account of its producing so much less action of the salivary glands, and tht reby most t fK dually eluding the sus- picion of mercury. Gowiand's Lotion is a solution of sublimate imbedded in an emulsion of bitter almonds, in the proportion of about half a grain to the fluid ounce. The prussic acid present in the bitter almond, adds doubtless to the ac- tivity of this lotion. Norton's Drops, is a disguised solution of sublimate. Ward's White Drops, once tsteemed as an anti-ventreal and anti-scorbutic, was made in two ways, first by uniting a solution of cor. sub. with carbonate of ammonia—and secondly by dissolving mercury in nitric acid, and adding a solution of carbonate of ammonia. Spilsbury's Anti-scorbutic Drops, consisted of oz. ij of sublimate ; dr. i of prepared sulphuret of antimony, dr. i of orange-pee), dr. i of gentian root, and dr. l of red-sanders shavings; to thi se ingredituts, one pint of proof spirit was added and digested into a tincture. Scheele analysed the Amsterdam Anti-vene- real drops, of great celebrity, and found them to consist of muriate of iron, and s small portion of sublimate. Marsden's Antiscorbutic Drops, was a solution of sub- limate in an infusion of gentian. The basis of Green's Drops is the same salt, and Solomon's Anti-impetigmes, is a solution of the same. The celebrated French •' Rob antisyphjlitic, or Laffecteur," contains the corrosive sublimate as a chief in- 180 HYD—HYD antidotes to the poisonous effects of this salt. Dose from one-eighth to one-half gr. Offic Prep. Pil-Hydrargyri oxymuriatis. U. S. Formulae— No. 1. R Hydrargyri oxy-muriati.*, ~j Ammonix muriatis, aa grs. v. I Aquae distillatae, f^ss > Glycrrhizae rad. contrit. ^iv. Mellis, 3SS- J Make into 40 pills, of which one may be taken 3 times a dav, in venereal cases. Each pill contains the 8th part of a grain of cor- rosive sublimate. No. 2. R Hydrargyri oxy-muriatis, grs. ii. ~> Spiritus tenuioris, f^iv- 5 irredienf a strong decoction of Amndo Phraginitis (the bull-rush,) is made, with thelAddition of sirsaparilla and anise seeds towards the end, which is evaporated into ,T roo° or syiup!Pto which the mercurial salt is added. Siropde Cinsin.ere, consists of decoctions of sarsaparilla, burrage flowers, (borago officinalis) whrte roses s^nna, ana aniseed, to which sublimate is then added, and the whole made In o a rob or i\rup\ by means of honey and sugar, Terre feuilletee mercunelle, of Presavin'iVtamriLd mercury, made by boiling the oxide of mercury, which had been previously obtained by precipitating it from a nitric solution, along whh cream of tai-tar. Velno's Vegetable Syrup, is another of these secret prepara- tions, the actual composition of which has not, as ytt, been divulged; but it seems hiehiy probable, by Brodie's experiments, to consist simply of sublimate rubbed ud with honey and mucilage. This gentleman communicated to Dr. Pans, the followine formula of a medicine perfectly analogous to Velno's preparation, in its sensible characters and medicinal effects, and it is stated, that wherever it has been tried, its effects are in every respect similar to those produced by the genu- ine nostrum. Young and fresh sliced burdock-root, (Arctium-lappa) oz. ij. Dandelion (Leon-tarax,) root oz. i, fnsh spear-mint, (m. viridis) oz. i, senna leaves, bruised coriander seeds, fresh liquonce root, of each dr. iss ; water one pint and an half, to be gently boiled till reduced to one pint; to be strained, and when cold, add lib. of lump sugar, and boil it to the consistence of a syrup, and then add a small proportion of the solution of corrosive sublimate. In the opinion ofSwediaur, volatile alkali enters into this nostrum as an ingredient, an article which Dr. Peyrile has proposed as a substitute for mercury. This alkali consti- tutes the active ingredient in the Tinctura Antisyphilitica of Mr. Bresnard, the king of Bavaria's physician. These preparations, which have all, in their turn, obtained great notoriety and commendation, are sufficient to show the antisyphilitie powers of the sublimate, to which may be added the panacea of a noted man in our own city, whose preparation, occasionally, is varied, to suit either syphilitic taint or scorbutic disease; and my own opinion of this article, grounded on close observation of its effects, is, that its active ingredient is corrosive sublimate, im- bedded and disguised in a mass of mucilage and syrup, with perhaps some warm stimulating vegetable decoction, which acts upon the skin. I believe it to be no better, than any of the preceding, but that it is bolstered up by the all powerful influence of fashion and empirical vaunting, acting on the credulity and preju- dices of the vulgar; and I wish I could, for the honour of the profession, stop here; but, I must add, sustained in the estimation of intelligent classes, by the most flagrant violation of the dignity of a physician's duty to himself, the public, and his profession, which ever disgraced the annals of our science. I need not say, I allude to the public testimonials of medical men, high in office, and previously to those acts, much higher in the view of their medical brethren, which have forced an unknown and empirical nostrum, in possession of a man not bred to phy- sic, on the whole community, as a panacea—a name, in itself; implying a cure fov every disease and disorder. It has done an infinite deal of mischief, and is knowu to have salivated, proving that it contains a mercurial salt. HYD—HYD 181 Make a solution—half an ounce to be taken morning and evening, in decoction of sar- saparilla, for venereal cases. No. 3. R Hydrargyri oxy-muriatis, grs. iij. 7 Sp. Vini rectificat. fgj. 5 Make a solution. This is Mr. Addington's prescription for gonorrhoea; one half of the solution is to be taken at bed time; it produces, he says, an immediate salivation, which continues an hour or more—salts are given the succeeding day, and the residue of the solution at night, followed on the morning by an- other saline cathartic, which, according to his plan, com- pletes the cure. No. 318.—Hydrargyri sub-murias. L. Sub-murias Hydrargyri-sublimatum. D. Sub-murias Hydrargyri mitis. E. Called Calomel. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 362 and 363. This preparation of mercury, has been known in pharmacy for more than two centuries, under various names, expres- sive of some real or fancied virtue of the medicine, such as, Dracomitigatus; Aquibalba,- Aquihmitigata,- Manna metalbrum,- Panchymagogum minerak „• Panchymagogus quercetanus,- Sublimatum duke,- Mercurius dukis sublima- tus,- Cabmebs. It has been said by Dr. Paris, with rea- son, that of these various names, there is not one so inap- propriate or inconsistent with any of the prevaling opin- ions of chemistry, in relation to its components, as that a6 present adopted by the colleges; whether muriatic acid be considered as a simple body, or the views of chbrine now generally adopted, be assumed. If we regard calomel as a compound of muriatic acid, and oxyd of mercury, it is not a sub-muriate, but equally as much a muriate as cor- rosive sublimate ; the only difference depending on the degree of oxidizement of the mercury, which is at its minimum in calomel and at its maximum in corrosive sub-? limate. Consistent with the new views of chlorine, calo- mel must consist of one proportional of chlorine, with one proportional of metal, and is therefore a chloride of mer- cury. According to the Codex Med. Paris, " Proto* chruretum Hydrargyri." It is sometimes impure, containing No. 317. This may tie detected, by a precipitation induced by carbonate of potass, from a solution made by boiling the suspected sample, with a little muriate of ammonia, in distilled water; calo- mel ought, when rubbed with pure ammonia, to becoms intensely black, and exhibit no trace of orange colour. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 364. # 182 HYD—HYD Howard's or Jewel's Hydro-subhmate, (culled Howard^ Patent Cabmel,) is prepared by causing the salt, in the act of sublimation, to be exposed to aqueous vapour, and be received in water. It is in a state of very minute division; is lighter than common calomel in the proportion ot 3 to 5, and cannot contain any of No. 317. The preparation in the French code according to the following title, is simi- lar to the Hydro-sublimate, viz. « Murias Mercum dulcis mediante aqua subtilissime divisus, juxta methodum Josix Jewel."—This calomel is preferable to the common. The calomel of Riverms, was a compound of Hydrarg. sub- mur. 9i. and scammony, grs. vii.* For incompatible substances, see tables at end of Vol. I. Medical Properties and Uses. The most extensively use- ful, and most generally employed mercurial of the whole list, and one of the most important remedies of the Materia Medica—is a universal stimulant—sialagogue, cathartic, alterative, diuretic, diaphoretic; and produces a multifari- ous series of beneficial operations on the system. It is consequently capable of doing infinite mischief, in careless hands; and should no more be prescribed in domestic practice, without medical advice, as is very commonly done, than arsenic. From the nursery, it should be driven by every mother who regards the health, the constitution, nay, the life of her offspring—like fire and water, it is a good servant, but a bad master. I am one of those of the profession, who believe it too much prescribed for chil- dren, and especially infants—it is irritating to the bowels, in many cases—in the lectures, I shall enlarge on this point. Calomel is adequate to cure syphilis, in any form, under a judicious management. It gives force to mild, and moderates the drastic hypercatharsis of the resinous pur- gatives—it may be managed, so as to prove febrifuge—in croup, little safety can be expected without it---in all diseases depending on hepatic obstruction and derange- * Calomel is the active ingredient in numerous nostrums, in which it is chiefly combined with scammony, gamboge, jalap, and other drastic purgatives. The worm-lozenges, or worm cakes, contain them, and are pernicious from the ine- quality of distribution of the mercurial in the different cakes ; some containing an under and some an excessive dose. Paris thinks the sugar and gum of which they are composed, add, by generating an acid, and by being kept in damp places, to the acrimony of the mercurial. The white pi-.nacca of mercury, is calo- mel washed in spirit of wine. Chmg's worm lozenges, which are yellow, to be taken in the evening, and brown to be taken the succeeding morning, contain, the yellow, iz. ss saffron, boiled in Oj water and strained—to which lib. white panacea of mercury, 28lbs..white sugar, and as much mucilage of tragacanth as may be sufficient to make a mass; these are rolled, and cut so that each lozenge may contain 1 grain of the panacea. The brown contain, panacea oz. vij, resin of jalap !b. iijss, white sugar lbs. x ; mucilage of tragacanth, q. s.; each lozenge should contain half a grain panacea. Story s worm cakes, are calomel and jalap, made into cakes, and coloured with cinnabar. # HYD—HYD 183 ment, it is highly beneficial. In diseases of the aliment- ary Canal, it requires more caution, 1 think, than it gene- rally commands. Many of these are better assailed by the blue pill. In large doses, calomel is one of the most effi- cient purgatives we possess; it is a scavenger—gathering up all refuse and offending matters from the main cour- ses and the by-ways of the system—scraping them into a heap, and expurgating them from the bowels. The subject is too copious, to permit more than these out- lines; but will be considered in the lectures, with the time and attention it merits and requires. Dose, as an alterative, from gr. ss to gr. i night and morning—as a purgative, grs. iij to grs. x, grs. xv—or, according to the practice of the East, £)j—should only be given in pill—and to children, mixed with brown sugar, or spread on a small piece of bread and butter. Offic Prep. Pil. Hydrargyri sub-muriatis. L. & U. S. Formulae— No. 1. R Extract. Colocynth. comp. grs. xxiv"^ Pil. Aloes cum Myrrha, gj> Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, grs. xvj Made into 20 pills—one or two pro re nata.— Cathartic. No. 2. R Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, gr. x~l Pil. Cambogia comp. et V Extract. Colocynth.. comp. aa grs. xv [ Syrup. Zingiberis, q. s. J Make 12 pills, of which two may be taken going to bed, or early in the morning, to excite the bowels to a regular healthy function. No. 3. R Pulveris Antimon. gss~) Opii Pulv. §ss I Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, grs. v { Confectionis Opii, q. s. J Make 10 pills—one is a dose, going to bed, which may be repeated pro re nata. No. 4. R Cambogise, grs. viij^ Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, grs. v £. Mucilag. Acaciae. q. s. j Make a bolus—to be taken in the morning, against Txnia. No. 5. R Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, grs. iij"! Pulveris Jalapx, grs. x £. Mucilaginis Acaciae, q. s. j Make 3 pills—to empty the bowels, in bilious complaints. 184 HYD—HYO No. 6. R Pulveris digitalis, grs. xip. Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, grs. iv I Opii, * grs. iv f Confectionis rosx, q. s. J Make 12 pills, one every eighth hour—diuretic. in hydrothorax and ascites, depending on vis- ceral obstruction. No. 7. R Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, 3sO Pulveris Scillae, grs. xv \- Confectionis rosge, q. s. j Make 15 pills—one every eighth hour, in ascites and hydrothorax—diuretic—alterative. If too aperient, add opium, 4 grains, to the formula. No. 8. R Cerati simplicis, Jj \ Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, gss—gj 5 Make an ointment for erysipelas, and slight cuta neous affections. Lime-water and calomel, make the black wash, for venereal phagedenic ulcerations—it requires to be shaken when used, unless suspended by a little mucilage. No. 319.—Hyoscyamus niger. Common Henbane. Cl. 5. Ord. 1. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Luridx, Linn. Sobnex, Juss. Officinal. Hyoscyami folia et semina. L. Hyoscyami nigri, herba,- semina. E. Hyoscyamus.- Herba. Dub. The leaves and seeds of Henbane. Hyoscyamus niger,- plant a. U. S. Henbane, the plant. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 365 and 366—figure of the plant, No. 367. Native of Europe—whole plant covered with soft white pu- bescence—feels clammy, and slightly adhesive—is poison- ous, if eaten. Qualities. Odour strong, fetid, repulsive, and narcotic__ taste mucilaginous, slightly acrid; when dried, desti- tute of odour, or taste. Watery infusion pale-yellow, in- sipid—but possessing the narcotic odour of the plant; it is not altered by acids—alkalies change the colour, which acids .restore. Virtues entirely taken up by diluted alco- hol. Henbane contains resin, mucus, extractive, gallic acid, and hyoscyamu—on the latter, the peculiar virtues and poisonous property of the herb depend. Medical Properties and Uses. Narcotic—similar in ope- ration to opium. In over-doses, occasions sickness stu- por, dimness of sight, hard pulse, delirium, coma, dilata- tion of the pupils—the pulse gradually becoming weak and tremulous—petechia supervene, and finally death HYO—HYO 185 occurs. Dissections have shown the stomach, bowels, and cerebral membranes, to have been inflamed. Its anodyne effects were known to the ancients—restored to Materia Medica, by Stoerck—may be used, where opium is indi- cated; and assuages pain and morbid irritability, where opium will not. It is smoked, like tobacco, for tooth- ache. Dropped into the eye, dilates the pupil, like Belladonna—used only in extract and tincture; and exter- nally, by inhalation, and in cataplasm. Dose, of leaves and seeds, and of extract, grs. v to 9j—of tincture, tt^ x to f3J- Offic. Prep. Extractum hyoscyami, and Tinct. hyoscyami. L. E. D. & U. S. Formula— R Pulveris digitalis, grs. iv_ "1 Camphorae, grs. xij ^ > Extract. Hyoscyami, grs. xviij j Make into 12 pills—3 every night, in maniacal and spasmodic affections. hyoscyamus albus, -\ Are all poison- PHYS^LIOIDES, \ °US P!a"tS-Sef _________ SCOPOLIA, J OrhlasToxicol. No. 320.—Hyoscyama. Hyoscyamine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 368. An alkaline salt, being the proximate deleterious principle of No. 319—discovered in the seeds, by M. Brande. His analysis of them yielded— 1. Fixed oil, readily soluble in spirit of wine, 19.6. 2. Fixed oil, difficultly soluble in spirit of wine, 4.6. 3. Fatty substance, analogous to cetine, 1.4. 4. Malate of hyoscyama, with nialates of lime and mag- nesia, and an ammoniacal salt, 6.3. 5. Incrystallizable sugar, a trace. 6. Gum, 1.2. 7. Bassorine, 2.4. 8. Fecula, 1.5. 9. Woody fibre, 26. 10. Phyteumacolle, 3.4. 11. Soluble albumen, 0.8. 12. Hard albumen, 3.7. 13. Malate, sulphate, (?) and phosphate of potass, 0.4. 14. Malate of lime, 0.4. J5. Malate of magnesia, 0.2. 16. Phosphates of lime and magnesia, 2.4. 17. Water, 24.1. 18, Excess, 1.4. 186 HYS—JAT The ashes contained carbonate, phosphate, sulphate (?) and hydrochlorate of potass; carbonate, and much phosphate of lime; much silica, manganese and iron, and a very little copper! Can all these products arise from the component materials of the seeds }» Do the chemical analyzing agents and cuppels afford any of them'' Let Professor Green and Professor Hare answer. Hyoscyama has not been applied to medicine—it is strongly recommended us the subject of an inaugural thesis. No. 321.—Hyssopus ofticinalis. Officinal. Hyssopi officinalis herba. Edin. Hyssopus, folia. D. The herbaceous part of \he leaves of Hyssop. Cabinet specimen, Jeff Coll. No 369—figure of the plant, No. 370. An aromatic stimulating tonic, containing a volatile oil—not used any where but in Germany, by physicians—but much employed in domestic practice. I&J. No. 322.—Jalaps Radix. Jalap root. See No. 186. JALAPIA—Jalapine. See the same. No. 323.—Jatropha. Cl. 22. Ord. 1. Mimxcia Monodelphia. Nat. ord. Tricoccse. Two species—1. Jatropha manihot. 2.---;----curcas. The first yields Tapioca, a restorative dietetic—called also Cassava—Manioc—Manihot. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 371 and 372—called Pearl Tapioca. Tapioca is nutritious. It is originally a virulent poison; but by heat, and frequent washing of its grated portions, it becomes a bland, harmless, and mild article. It is a native of South America, and of some of the West India islands. The roots are peeled and pressed, and the juice poured out is a deadly poison, used by the Indians for poisoning their arrows. It deposites, however, a white substance, which, when subjected to heat and ablutions, as mentioned above, produces a white starch—when this is dried, it is used in the preparation of bread. No. 324.—Jatropha Curcas. (Linn.) Angular- leaved physic-nut. Leaves rubifacient—seeds purgative, uncertain in operation, ICH—INU 187 sometimes exciting vomiting. Divested of the pellicle, 2 or 3 seeds make a dose. According to Pelletier, consist of a fix. d oil and an acid principle which is poisonous, called Acide Jatrophique. The expressed oil of seeds used in herpetic affections and itch, in India—diluted, in chro- nic rheumatism—also used for burning in lamps; and the varnish used by the Chinese for covering boxes, &c. is made by boiling this oil with oxide of iron. Orfila places the seeds among his poisons. Mr. Lunan says, an ointment prepared with the milk of physic-nut, and half the quantity of melted hog's lard, is an excellent application in cases of indurated and inflamed piles. No. 325.—Ichthyocolla. Isinglass. Fish-glue.— See No. 26. No. 326.—Infusa. Infusions, of the Colleges. These are watery solutions of vegetables, obtained by mace- ration in either cold or hot water, without coction. They should be preferred to decoctions, where the medicinal virtues reside in a volatile oil, or in principles easily solu- ble. The temperature must be varied according to cir- cumstances—infusions made in cold water are more grate- ful, but for the most part less active. The duration of the infusion depends on the nature of the substance subjected to it. They are all liable to decomposition, when kept. Unless the dose should be otherwise stated, it is about fjj to f^ij. The pharmacopeias direct simple and com- pound infusions. The chief simple are—Infusum Anthe- midis. 1. Calumjbx. I. CaryophyUorum. I. Cascarillx. I. Cinchonx. I. Ciisparix. I Digitalis. I. Lini. 1. Quassix. I. Rhei. 1. Simaroubx. 1. Tabaci. The compound are— Infusum Armoracix comp. I. Aurantii comp. I. Catechu comp. I. Gentianx comp. I. Rosx comp. I. Sennx comp. No. 327.—Inula Helenium. Elecampane. Officinal.' Helenium. Lond. Enula Campana,- radix. Dub. Elecampane root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 373—figure of the plant, No. 374. Slightly aromatic tonic—supposed an expectorant. Dose, 9j to gj. Not used in U. States, except in domestic practice. Said to destroy the propensity to spirituous drinking, by rendering the taste of liquor disgusting—if* it does this, it is worth its weight in gold, and should be prescribed eve- ry hour. 188 INU—IPE No. 328.—Inulia. Inuline. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 375. Obtained from the preceding—is a white powder, which" does not dissolve in cold water or alcohol—soluble in boil- ing water, forming a mucilaginous solution, but precipi- tates as the solution cools. Treated with nitric aoid, it yields malic and oxalic acids. Is found in the list of pro- ducts given to the analysis of the chemist, in some of the plants noticed in these Outlines. No. 329.—Iodina. Iodine. See No. 275. No. 330.—Ipecacuanha. Called also Ipecac. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 376 and 377. The following plants, or their roots, are called Ipecacuan, in South America. The term, indeed, generally implies., vomiting-root. 1. Viob parvifiora. 2. ---- ipecacuanha. 3. ---- cakeobria. 4. Cynanchum ipecacuanha. 5. ----------- tomentosum. 6. Asclepias currasuvaca. 7. Euphorbia ipecacuanha. 8. Dortensia Braziliensis. 9.---------arifolia. 10. Viola Ibonbou. 11. Callicocca ipecacuanha. ~) Cephaelis emelica i- --------ipecacuanha, j 12. Psychotria emetica. In St. Domingo, several species of Ruellia, which produce vomiting, are named False Ipecacuan. In the U. States, several plants are called American Ipecacuanha—among which are Gilknia trifoliata, or Indian physic; and Eu- phorbia Ipecacuanha, or Ipecacuanha Spurge. This last is an active emetic, and doubtless contains Enietin,'in com- bination with other proximate principles. Indian substitutes for Ipecacuanha—Asclepias Vomitoria—Co- rinja Gardami dumestrum—Purplica Sylvestris. According to Deslongchamps, thirteen plants have emetic powers resembling those of ipecac: the roots of 6 Eu- phorbias, those of 4 species Narcissus, '_iie leaves of Asarum Europem, the roots of Plumbago Europxus, and those of Betonica officinalis—the leaves of the Asarum he found the most decidedly emetic. IPE—IP£ 189 Phe roots of various species of Cynanchum have been used as emetics, in different eastern countries—such as, C. Vo- mitorium, (Lamarck:) the C. Ipecacuanha, (Vahl,) on the Coromandel coast; the C. Mauritianum, (CJammerson,) at the Isle of France; and the C. Tomentosum, (Vahl,) of Ceylon. What is called the White Ipecacuanha of BengaJ, is referred to the C. Caryatum, of Vahl. Physcotria Emetica yields what is called Brown Ipecacuan- ha. Viob Ipecacuanha yields what is called White Ipeca- cuanha : it is milder than the false kinds, but mostly adul- terated with them—it is called Pombodia, and Inodium. The species of Viola which are emetic, besides this, are— 1. Viola Ibonbou. 2. Viola parvifiora. 3. Viob odorata. The two first are used to adulterate what is incorrectly called White Ipecacuanha; and an alkaline emetic con- crete is obtained from the third, allied to Emetine, and called Violine. ('allicocca Ipecacuanha, called also Cephaelis Ipecacuanha and Cephaelis Emetica, yields the variety called Grey Ipecacu- anha. Brotero, however, says, that Peruvian Grey Ipe- cac is produced by the roots of Physcotria Emetica. An- other species of Physcotria, viz. P. herbacea, is also an emetic root. 1. PSYCHOTRIA EMETICA,} 2. cephaelis emetica, V.Ipecacuanha. 3. VIOLA IPECACUANHA, 3 r The three varieties. The South American natives used Ipecacuanha before their connexion with Europeans: consequeptly, we do not know when they first ascertained its virtues. PisO described its uses, in his History of Brazil, as early as 1618, and first brought the roots into Europe. It was not used much by Europeans, till 1700. Le Gras, a French physician, took it to Europe in 1672. It did not attract general notice, till it was a third time introduced by a French merchant, Grenier, who brought 150 lb from Spain, in 1686; and from this quantity, trials of it. were made in tiie Hotel Dieu, by Helvetius. He first made known its efficacy in dysentery, and received from Louis XIV. jGIOOO sterling for the discovery—under the patronage of Louis, it quick- ■ ly found its way all over Europe. Upalities. Koots inodorous, powder lias a faint disagree- able odour; taste bitter, sub-acrid, and very nauseous— water at 212° F. takes up more than 8 parts in 21); but decoction destroys the emetic power of the root; alcohol takes up 4 parts, proof-spirit 6^—the alcoholic solution is more emetic than the watery. Used in substance, (pow- der,) Qj is the full dose; but a smaller quantity may be VOL. II. R 190 1PE—IPE given with emetic effect to an adult, and a larger does no harm; produces prompt, full, and energetic emesis—dis- gorging the entire contents of the stomach. Best emetic for mechanical extraneous bodies swallowed accidentally, as pieces of money, &c. When given to produce diaphoresis, in dysentery, it is com- bined with opium and vitriolated tartar in form of powder, called Dover's Powder—dose, 10 grains. Is used in vinous tincture, to vomit children, and added to pectoral mix- tures^—constitutes, in this form, part of Barton's Cough mixture, now improperly made, and called Brown or Pa- regoric mixture. Dose, of Wine of Ipecacuanha—for an adult, Jj—for children, gj to gij—is a good and easy vomit, in catarrhal oppression. In very small doses, Ipecacuanha in substance is a stimulat- ing stomachic, increasing the energy of the digestive or- gans—and hence has been much used in dyspepsia. In nauseating doses, has been used in uterine and pulmonic haemorrhages. As a sudorific, used in inflammatory rheu- matism. Some persons, from idiosyncrasy, are affected with a sense of suffocation on inhaling the odour of the powder: cats are said to be affected in the same way, on smelling it. The infusion of nut-galls, given after or with Ipecacuanha, renders it inert. The emetic properties of this root are owing to an active principle, obtained by chemical processes, called, from the Greek word iy.i&, vomo, to puke—Emelina. CEPHAELIS EMETICA. Synonyms—Cephaelis Ipecacuanha. Callicocca Ipecacuanha. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 378—figure of the plant, No. 379. Cl. Pentandria. Ord. Monogynia. Nat. fam. of Juss. Rubi- acex. Root perennial, simple, somewhat branched, with few radi- cles; from 3 to 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines thick, somewhat cylindrical, contorted, annulated with prominent and un- equal rough ridges; externally brown, (burnt umber.) Stem at base procumbent, afterwards assurgent; about 6 or 9 inches high, terete,, the size of a quill; smooth, Sienna brown, leafless, and knotted at the lower part—leafy at the upper. Inferior leaves caducous, those of the summit about eight in number, sub-sessile, opposite, spreading, ovate, acute, base attenuated, 3 or 4 inches long, 1^ broad; deep-green above; apple-green, pubescent, and veined, beneath. IPE—IPE 191 Stipules short, sessile, fimbriated, amplexicaule, perishable. Flowers in a terminal solitary capitulum, supported on a pubescent peduncle, and garnished with a four-leaved involucre. Florets 15 to 24 in number, sessile, garnislied with small bracteas. Calyx small, 5-toothed, superior, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, border shorter than the tube, divided into 5 ovate, acute, re-curved segments. Filaments short, capillary, inserted into the tube of the co- rolla at the upper part Anthers long, erect Germen in- ferior. Style filiform. Stigmas 2, obtuse, as long as the anthers. The germen, when mature, becomes a soft, 1-celled berry, of a reddish purple colour, changing to black, containing 2 small oval seeds. Native of shadowy moist situations, in the forests of the provinces of Pernambuco, Balna, Rio Janeiro, Paulensia, Mariannia, and other parts of Brazil. Flowers in December, January, and March—berries ripe in May. PSYCHOTRIA EMETICA. Pentandria Monogynia. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 380—figure of the plant, No. 381. Roots grey rather than brown, scarcely branched, covered with a thick bark. They send forth a woody stem, about 2 feet high, divded into simple branches, which are erect, cover- ed with small, very dense, brown pubescence. Leaves opposite, petiolated, acuminate, surrounded with very minute slender teeth, which give them the appear- ance of being ciliated; they are glabrous when old, co- vered beneath, when young, with minute brown pubes- cence ; petioles pubescent, also the stipules. Flowers small, whitish, growing in small axillary clusters, the length of the petioles. They produce little smooth oval berries, of a dark-bluish colour, containing each two oblong seeds, convex above, flat beneath. Grows in different parts of South America—it is imported from New Grenada, under the name of Raicilla. ^Hum- boldt and fionpland.) Offic.Prep. Pulvis Jpecacuanhx comp. L. E. D. & U. S. Vinum Ipecacuanhx. L. E. D. & U. S. ipecacuanha Lozenges—each one contains $ gr. of ipecac. 192 IPE—IPE Formulae— No. 1. R Pulveris Ipecacuanha:, Antimoniae Tartarizatis, Tinctura Scillae, Aquae distillatae, Make a mixture, which may be given in table spoonfuls, at divided doses, near or remote, as the practitioner shall desire, until vomiting takes place. No. 2. R Scillae exsiccatae, grs. viij Pulveris Ipecacuanhae, gr. v Camphorae, £)j Pulv. Antimon. grs. vj Sacchari purificat. gj Triturate into powder, and divide into four equal parts—one part to be taken twice a day, in a draught of barley wate?—effect, expectorant. No. 3. R Pulverjs Myrrhae, grs. xij} Pulv. Ipecacuanhae, grs. vi V- Pulv. Potassae Nitratis, gss. j Mix, and divide into 4 equal doses, of which one is to be taken every 4th hour—effect, as R No. 2. No. 4. R Pulveris Ipecacuanhae, grs. ij Pulv. Opii, gr. i Potassae Nitratis, grs. xvj_ Make a powder, to be taken at bed-time. Diapho- retic. No. 5. R Tinctura Opii, IT^vj Vini Ipecacuanhae, f gj Aquae purae, fgj Syrup, simplicis, f^iij Sodae sub-carbonatis, grs. xxiy. Let the child take a sixth part every 4th or 6th hour. Antispasmodic—R. Pearson—for whoop- ing cough. No. 6. R Pulveris Ipecacuanhae, gr. i ""J Pulv. Opii, , gr. i y Sodae sub-carbonatis, gr. xijj Make a powder, to be taken every 6th or 8th hour —for spasmodic asthma, or adults with whooping cough. } For incompatible substances with the subject of this No. see Tables at end of Vol. I. IPE—IPE 193 EMETA. Emetihe. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 382. The proximate emetic principle, discovered by Pelletier ar. Magendie in ipecacuanha roots—of course existing in th roots of the different kinds, and I conjecture will befoul in numerous indigenous emetics. A formula for its pr paration is introduced into the Paris codex, as the q used by Pelletier, viz : let £j of the powder of ipeca* anha be macerated in g'xj of ether, with a gentle heat, some hours, in a distilling apparatus; let the portioi maining be triturated, and boiled, with f^iv of alcoho having been previously macerated in it; filter, and let remainder be treated with fresh portions of alcohol, long as any thing is taken up from the root—mix these. coholic solutions, evaporate to dryness. Let this alcoh extract, be macerated in cold distilled water, in order t every thing soluble in that menstruum may be dissolvt filter, and evaporate to dryness: this extract is Emeta. this state, however, it contains a small quantity of ga acid, but so inconsiderable as not to affect its medici qualities. Qualities. Transparent scales of a reddish-brown colou nearly inodorous, of a slightly bitter, acrid, but not nau ous taste. Decomposed by a heat higher than that boiling water; insoluble in water in any proportion, dergoing, in it, not the slightest change; deliquesce incrystallizable; soluble in alcohol, insoluble in etjn nitric acid dissolves while it decomposes it; insensible dilute sulphuric acid; dissolved without change, by mi atic and phosphoric acids; very soluble in acetic acic corrosive sublimate precipitates it from its solutions; tar emetic has no effect on it; it is precipitated by gallic ac the infusion of galls, and acetate of lead. Medical Pbopebties and Uses. Emetic in a dose of o grain, or eveh less ; taken in over-dose, decoction ot gi arrests the mischief; like other emetics, occasionally op rates on the bowels, and induces sleep; seems to preferable to ipecacuanha as an emetic for children, t cause its taste is less offensive, and it can be more eas. given. Emeta exists in ipecacuanha, combined thus: Emeta oils 2, wax 6, gum 10, starch 40, woody fibre 20. 1 preceding account relates to impure emeta, (, combine L mentioned, with gallic acid.) By another proce* Pelletier obtained Emeta punficata.-(CabmeX spec men, Jeff. Coll. No. 383.) _ This, compared t„ the pre ceding, is what brown sugar is to refined white; Pelletiei says, it is a vegetable alkali, being the isolated principle of ipecacuanha. It is white, pulverulent, and unalterable 194 IPO—JUG by the atmosphere; scarcely soluble in water, but readily in ether and alcohol. Taste, slightly bitter; restores the blue of turnsole, which has been rubified by acids; is dis- solved by all the acids, the acidity of which it lessens; resembles Veratria, in forming crystallizable saline com- binations with acids; may be precipitated from these, by galls, like the alkalies of the different species of cinchona; action similar to coloured emeta,. but more energetic. No, 331.—IPO TOXICANA. The milky juice of the Antiaris toxicana. Upas, antiar—used to poison arrows, and barbs. No. 332.—Iris. Iris or flag—Fleur de luce. Cl. 3. Ord. 1. Triandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Ensaix, Linn. Iridx, Juss. Six species— 1. Iris Fbrentina, Radix—of the Colleges—Orris root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 384—figure of the plant, No. 385. An errhine—a masticatory for dentition, and a fragrant aro- matic, used in dentifrices. 2. Iris pseudacorus. Yellow water-flag. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 386—figure of the plant,, No. 387. Root a drastic purgative—the seeds, roasted, are a succedane- um for coffee. 3. Iris Germanica. Common fleur de luce. Fresh root, hydragogue. 4. Iris versicobr. Phar. U. S. Radix. Root, hydragogue. 5. Iris tuberosa. Root purgative—has been considered the hermadactyk. 6. Iris Virginica—and several other indigenous species de- serve an inaugural dissertation. No. 333.—Juglans cinerea. Butter-nut. Officinal. Liber Radicis. The inner bark of the root Pharm. U. S. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 388 and 389—figure, No. 390. b An indigenous tree, well known. The bark above, should be gathered in May or June. ftc alitiis. Boiling water extracts its virtues—and by evapo- ration yields the extract designated in the Pharm. U. S. and in Ives's edition of Paris's Pharm. It is this extract which is used in medicine. JUN-JUN 195 \Iedical Properties and Uses. An excellent cathartic, if well prepared. Dr. A. W. Ives observes, that " much of that sold in the shops, is manufactured in the interior of the country," (the Eastern states,) " by boiling not only the bark of the limbs and branches of the tree, in- stead of the bark of the roots, but the limbs and branches also, without regard to the season of the year in which they are gathered; that it is also sometimes boiled too rapidly, and burnt in the process of evaporation, and thus rendered excessively bitter, and nearly, or quite inert." The cabinet specimen, No. 391, I received from the late Dr. Barton;—it is still good. I have used this cathartic often, and deem it a mild, agreeable and effectual one ; not griping like rhubarb. Dose, Qi to gss. No. 334.—Juniperus. Cl. 22. Ord. 13. Diacia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. Coniferx. Three species— 1. Juniperus Sabina. Common savin. 2. ■ Communis. Common juniper. 3.--------Virginiana. Red-cedar. No. 335.—Juniperus Sabina. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. No. 392 and No, 393—figure of the plant, No 394. Officinal. Sabinx folia. Lond. Juniperi sabinx folia. Edin, Sabina, folia. Dub. Savin leaves. A small shrub, about 3, or 3£ feet high ; native of Europe and the Levant, cultivated in the gardens of the U. States. Qualities. The leaves and tops have a strong, heavy, pecu- liar odour; a bitter, hot, acrimonious taste; yield an essen- tial oil, considered as an abortive, as well as the leaves. Medical Properties and Uses. Internally, I know nothing it is good for; externally, is an escharotic; united with some mineral salt, is very efficacious in removing venereal warts; combined with ointments, to keep up a continued blister after flies. Offic. Phep. Oleum voblik, Juniperx Sabinx. E. D. & U. S. Extractum Sabinx. D. (what can this be for ?) Ceratum Sabinx. L. & U. S. Vo. 336.—Juniperus communis. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 395 and 396—figure of the plant, No. 397. Officinal. Juniperi Baccx et cacuminx. Lond. Juniperi communis baccx. Edin. Juniperus, baccx. Dub. Juniper berries—Juniperus communis, Baccx. U.S. 196 J UN—KIN A tree indigenous as well as foreign; berries diuretic; sel- dom used; they fall into the waters of the dismal swamp, of N. Carolina, which they impregnate with some of their virtue; and colour it like strong brandy and water; is said to be tonic and stomachic. The spirit distilled from the 1 berries is called Hollands; is a well known diuretic, and the worst sort is swilled by the common people, in this and other countries, till they are perpetually dribbling away their urine, their constitutions, their senses, and their lives. Offic. Prep. Okum Juniperi. L. E. D. & U. S. Spiritus Juniperi composifus. L. E. D. & U. S. No. 337.—Juniperus Virginiana. Red cedar tree. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. No. 398 and 399—figure of the tree, No. 400. Officinal. Folia. The leaves. Pharm. U. S. Externally used like savin; for which it is almost universally substituted in this city, in the shops, and called and sold for, savin; the latter being scarce, and dear. For a detail- ed account, see Bigelow's Med. Botany. The subject is far from exhausted, and would be a good one for an. in- augural thesis; comparative experiments of its power, with savin, should be made. Offic. Prep. Ceratum Juniperi Virginiuni. Pharm. U. S. No. 338.—Justicia Paniculata. (Vahl.) Creyat root. Cl. Diandria. Ord. Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Personalx, Linn. First taken to the southern part of the Indian peninsula, from the Isle of France, where it is prized as a stomachic and tonic, and forms the basis of the famous French bitter tincture, called Drogue Amere. It is, according to Dr. Flemming, a native of Bengal also. The whole plant is used in Materia Medica—is intensely bitter, yielding this quality to aqueous, vinous, and spirituous menstrua; it is the cara caniram of Rheed. Stem 18 inches high, stiff' } and 4-cornered; capsules flat, compressed, the same breadth from end to end; by which peculiarity, according to Vahl, it may be distinguished from all the other species of the genus. K. No. 339.—Kina. Quina—Quinine. See No. 169 K1NC—The product of Pterocarpus erinacsa. Which see KJEM—KRA 19? No. 340.—K/EMpferia rotunda. Yields the camphoraceous aromatic root, called Zedoary— Zerumbet of the East Indies; it is called in India, Risa- gon-cassamuner, and was supposed by Bergius, to be the root of amomum zerumbet. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 401—figure of the plant, No. 402. K^MPFERIA GALANGA- (2d species.) Root called great galangale; small galangale being the roots of Maranta galanga, (Grey.) No. 341.—Krameria triandra. Cl. 4. Ord. 1. Tetrandria monogynia. Nat. Ord. Rosacex. Officinal. Kramerix radix. Lond. Krameria or Rathany • root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 403 and No. 404—figure, of the plant, No. 405. A small plant, with a large branched red-brown root; native of Peru, growing on the argillaceous, sandy, arid acclivi- ties of mountains, in the provinces of Huanuco, Tarma, Canta, Xauxa, Caxtumbo, and Huamalies; very abun- dantly, near the city of Huanuco; and was found by Hum- boldt, in the province cf Guancabunda—flowers through- out the year, but is in perfection in October and Novem? ber. My friend, General Cortes, from whom 1 have re- ceived much information, respecting the plants of Peru, of which he is a distinguished native and warrior, has in- formed me, it often attains perfection on the arid hills, when only a foot or 14 inches high, Qu§lities. The bark of the root is bitter, astringent, at first • nauseous; but finally leaving the impression of sweetness and great astringency. The woody centre, is in great proportion, and is nearly insipid, and medicinally inert. Yields its properties to boiling water, which it renders very astringent and bitter, and tinges of a dark-claret co- lour. The mineral acids precipitate it from its infusion; but the vegetable acids do not. Pure alkalies only bright- en the colour to a bright-claret hue ; lime water- precipi- tates a pink deposition, soluble in muriatic acid. Solu- tion of sulphate of iron, strikes a black colour with the in- fusion. Solution of acetate throws down a pale-brown precipitate, leaving the fluid nearly limpid and colourless; solution of iodine, throws down a fawn-coloured precipi- tate; alcohol produces no effect; solution of isinglass, separates tannin; (Thompson.) Vogel found in 100 parts of the root, 40.00 of a peculiar principle, 1 50 mucilage^ 0 50 starch, 48.00 fibrin, and 10.00 of water and loss 198 LAC—LAC Medical Properties and Uses. Intensely astringent—long used on this account in Peru, and is employed to cure diarrhoeas, which General Cortes informed mt, it effectu- ally does. It is there used to check bloody stools in dysen- tery ; and as a general styptic, for manj purposes, even haemorrhages; also to heal spongy guins. According to Alibert, it has cured leucorrhoea in Fiance. It is used in England in the manufacture of port-wine. May be ex- hibited in substance, in extract, which is a beautiful pre- paration, in decoction, and infusion. Dose, iii substance grs. x to gss-, of the infusion, made with ^ss of the bruised root, and f Jvj of boiling water, from tgx to f Jij ;. of the decoction, made with ^ij bruised root and Oj dis- tilled water, from fjj to f^ij. Mr. A. T. Thompson says, on the continent of Europe, a tincture is made by digesting for 12 days ^iij of the powdered root, §ij orange-peel, §ss serpentaria, gj saffron, and Oij of rectified sp;nt of wine. I have used Rathany, in extract and in powder, very extensively in the profluviae, in one case of passive haemorrhage—and with success. I prefer these forms of exhibition, and can confidently recommend them. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure, No. 406, is a second species—viz. Krameria ixina. L. No. 342—Lactuca. Cl. 19. Ord. 1. Syngenesia xqualis. Nat. ord. Composite semifioscubsx, Linn. Cichoracex, Juss. Three species— 1. Lactuca sativa. Common garden lettuce, well known as a sallad. Yields Lactucarium, or lettuce opium. 2. Lactuca virosa. Strong scented lettuce; a nara^tic and diuretic; only existing in the Pharm. of the Edinburgh College, from which they direct succus spissatus Lactucx virosx. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 407—figure of the plant, No. 408. 3. Lactuca ebngata. Wild lettuce. Officinal. Pbnta. The plant. Pharm. U. S. deserves investigation, by a candidate for a degree. No. 343.—Lactucarium. The active principle of Lettuce. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 409. Procured by inspissating the succus proprius of 1. No. 342. Has the colour (though somewhat a paler brown) of opium -it has also in some degree the odour and taste of it. Dis LAU—LAU 199 tilled water dissolves the greatest portion of it—and if the solution, which is of a ckep-brown colour, be treated in the same manner as opium, Morphia is developed—on this its narcotic virtue depends. It contains besides this prin- ciple, extractive, resin and mucilage; and according to Dr. John, caoutchouc; Dr. Duncan, Sen., conceived it peculiarly well suited to allay the cough of phthisis pulmo- nale. Dose, grs. i to vj, m pill—of the tincture, made with gj lactucarium and Oj diluted alcohol, from nix to p\ix. (See. Coxe, Trans. Am. Ph. Soc.) No. 344.—Laurus.' Cl. 9. Ord. 1. Enneandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Oleracext Linn. Lauri, Juss. No. 345.---Laurus Cinnamomum. "(Species 1st.) The Cinnamon tree. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 410 and 411—figure of the tree, No. 412. A well known aromatic astririgent. Offic. Prep. Aqua Cinnamomi,- Spiritus Cinnamomi,- Tinctura Cinnamomi; Tinctura Cinnamomi, comp. of Colleges. Pulvis Cinnamomi, comp. L. E. No, 346.—Laurus Cassia. (Species 2d.)wThe Cas- sia tree. Officixal. Lauri cassix cortex,- fibs nondum explicatus. Edin. Dub. The bark, and flower-buds, of the cassia tree. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 413. Called cassia—in commerce, resembles cinnamon, is thicker coarser; qualities similar to those of cinnamon, but fainter. Offic Prep. Aqua Lauri Cassix distillata. E. No. 347.—Laurus Camphora. (Species 3d.) One of the camphoraceous vegetables. See No. 235. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 414—figure of the tree, No. 415. No. 348.—Laurus Nobilis. (Species 4th.) Com- mon sweet-bay. Officinal.' Lauri baccx et folix. Lond. Lauri nobilis foHaj baccx,- oleum fixurn. Edin. Laurel berries and leaves, and the fixed oil of the berries. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 416 and 417—figure of the tree, No. 418. ^m 200 LAU—LEO Both leaves and berries have a sweet fragrant odour, and an aromatic astringent taste—the oil has similar but stronger sensible properties. The distilled water from the leaves, called bay-water, contains hydrocyanic acid. All are nar- cotic and anti-hysteric. Mr. A. T. Thompson has employ- ed bay-leaves with advantage, in impetigo. Seldom used in the United States. No. 349.—Laurus Sassafras. (Species 5th.) The Sassafras tree. Officinal. Sassafras,- lignum et radix. Lond. Lauri Sassa- fras lignum, radix. Edin. Sassafras, lignum, cortex, radix. Dub. The wood, root, and bark of Sassafras. Laurus Sassafras, cortex radicis. U. S. The bark of th 2 root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Col. No. 419—figure of the tree, No. 420. Tree well known ; properties stimulating, diaphoretic; the flowers are used as a tea, in their fresh state. The Phar. U. S. rejects the wood, very properly, but the Medulla Sassafras, or pith, should have been added—it is found in all our shops—is stimulating, astringent, mucilaginous in infusion, and used as a collyrium in certain cases of oph- thalmia—(Cab. spec. Jeff. Coll. No. 421.) Offic. Prep. Oleum Sassafras. L. E. D. & U. S. Decoctum SqBsaparillx comp. L. D. Decoctum Guaiaci. L. E. D. Aqua calcis comp. D. No. 350.—Laurus Benzoin. (Species 6th.) Spice- bush. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 422—figure of the plant, No. 423. . Indigenous. For a detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. No. 351.—Lavandula Spica. Lavender. Officinal. The flowers. Plant and properties well known. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 424—figure of the plant, No. 425. Offic. Prep. Oleum Lavandubs. L. E. D. & U. S. Spiritus Lavandulx. L. E. D. & U. S. Spiritus Lavandulx comp. L. E. D. & U. S. No. 352.—Leontodon Taraxacum. Dandelion. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 426—figure of the plant, No. 427. A well-known diuretic weed, the leaves and root being de- LlC—LIQ 201 signated as officinal by the Colleges. The fresh leaves, in the spring, with the mid-rib cut out, are eaten as salad. Offic. Prep. Extractum Taraxaci. L. D. Much used on the Continent of Europe, but not at all in the U. S. No. 353.—Lichen Islandicus. (Species No. 1.) Iceland moss, or liverwort. Officinal. Decoctum Lichenis. L. D. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 428—figure of the plant, JL7N 0« **>^y. A cryptogamous plant—-is a nutritive tonic—is supposed de- mulcent—as I believe in no such medicines, I can only refer its affirmed efficacy in consumption, to its mucilagi- nous nutritive qualities. No. 354.—Lichen Orcella. (Species No. 2.) Dy- er's lichen, or Orchall. Officinal. Litmus,- bemus tinctorius. Dub. Litmus. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 430. The Argol, or Archil, of commerce, is prepared from it—its only use is by the chemist, in testing alkalies and acids— for which the tincture is used. No. 355.—Linium usitatissimum. Common Flax. The seeds used as a cataplasm, and a diluent mucilage, in catarrh, strangury, gonorrhoea, &c. Offic Prep. Infusum Lini—Oleum Lini, of the Colleges. LINUM CATHARTICUM is the purging flax. No. 356.—Linimenta. Liniments of the Colleges. External applications, of the consistence of oil or balsam. With the exception of Linimentum Mruginis, all the of- ficinal liniments are decomposed by the substances which are incompatible with soaps. The chief are, besides the • one mentioned—L. Ammonite fortius. L. Ammoniae sub- carbonatis. L. Calcis. L. Camp/wrx. L. Camphorx comp. L. Hydrargyri. L. Saponis comp. L. Terebinthinx, (Kent- ish ointment.) No. 357.—Liquores. Pharmaceutical solutions or liquids. The chief are— Liquor Aluminis comp. A compound of alum and sulphate of zinc. Liquor Ammoniac, or Aqua Ammonix. Dose, IT^x to 1tl%xx. VOL. II. S 202 LIQ—LIQ Liquor Ammonix Acetatis—formerly, Spirit of Mendererus Formulae-^ No. 1. R Misturae Camphorae, f|IS0 Liquor. Ammon. Acet. f^ss \ ------ Antimonii tart, n^xx j Tinct. Opii, "li J Make a draught. Diaphoretic. No. 2. R Liquor. Ammoniae Acetat f^in Decoct. Cinchonae, fgx 1 Tinct. Cinchonae, f^ij J Confect. Aromat. gss J Make a draught, to be taken every 3d or 4th hourv Diaphoretic. No. 3. R Liquoris Ammoniae Acetat. f|j ~> Potassae Acetatis, gj 5 Make a draught, to be taken three times a day.— Diuretic. Liquor Ammonix sub-carbonatis. Dose, fgss to f^j. Liquor Antimonii Tartarizati---called Antimonial wine.— Dose; ttl^x to fgj. Liquor Arsenicalis—Fowler's Solution. Dose, TTi/iv, increased to Tt^xxx, twice a day. See No. 79. Liquor Calcis. See No. 128. Liquor Ferri Alkalina—good for nothing. Liquor Hydrargyri oxy-muriatis. Dose, f^ss, in a bland drink. Liquor plumbi sub-acetas—only used externally, in superfi- ■ cial phlegmonic inflammation of the skin, and in herpetic affections. Liquor Plumbi sub-acetatis dilutus—used as the preceding, being weaker. . Liquor Potassx. Dose, TT^x to fgss, in veal broth. Formula— R Liquoris Potassae, f zij ~J ------- Calcis, f3vj $ A table-spoonful, or two, to be taken a little^efore meals. Antacid and absorbent. Offic. Prep, from this liquor, are Potassa fusa. Potassa cum Cake. Liquor Sulphureti Kali. An- timonii Sulphuretum prxcipitatum, of the Col- leges. Liquor Potassx sub-carbonatis. Dose, v^x to f^j. Formulae— No. 1. R Infusi Gentianae comp. fJj "\ Liquor. Potassa: sub-carb. f^ss )> Tinct. Cascarillae, f 7,j J Make a draught. Tonic. LIR—LYC 203 No 2. R Decoct. Cinchonae, Infus. Gentianae, comp. Tinct. Cascarillae, Liquor Potassae sub-carb Make a mixture, of which 2 table-spoonfuls twice a day. Tonic No. 358.—Liriodendron Tulipifera. The Tulip tree. American Poplar. Officinal. The bark. Phar. U. S. and Ives' ed. of Paris's Pharm. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 431—figure of the tree, No. 432. . Aromatic tonic. For a detailed account, see W. P. C. Bar- ton's Veg. Mat Med. U. S. Vol. I. No. 359.—Lobelia Inflata. Indian tobacco- Emetic weed. Officinal. The plant Phar. U. S. and Ives' edition Paris's Pharm. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 433—figure of the plant No. 434. A very important medicine—active, deleterious, useful.— For a full account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. n. No. 360.—Lupula. Lupuline—the active part of the hop. See No. 305. No. 361.—Lythrum salicaria. Loose-strife, or purple willow herb. Officinal. Herba. Dub. An Irish remedy for dysentery, and strongly recommended by De Haen—is astringent and tonic. Dose, from gss to ^iv of the dried herb, in powder—of the decoction of the recent root, made by boding 3j in Oj water, f^ j every 3d hour. I have followed Mr. A. T. Thompson, in introducing this* plant to notice, because I think the genus an active and medicinal one. I would be glad to see our indigeribus Lythrum Verticilbtum investigated in an inaugural thesis. No. 362.—Ltcopus Virginicus, ? Bugle-weed— -------Europ.*us, 5 Waterhorehound Officinal. The plant. Ives' ed. Paris's Pharm, which see, and W. P. C. Barton's Comp. Fl. Phil. Vol. I. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 435 and 436. 204 LYT—MAG No. 363.—LyttjE Vesicatoria. Spanish flies. See No. 133. Lyttx vittatx. Potatoe flies. See No. 134. M. No. 364.---Magnolia Glauca. Glaucous-leaved Magnolia. Officinal. Cortex. Phar. U. S. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. ColL No. 437—figure of the tree, No. 438. An aromatic tonic. For detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. The barks of the Magnolia tripelata and M. acuminata, are also aromatic tonic. Cab. spec. J. C Nos. 439 and 440— figures, Nos. 441 and 442. This magnificent genus, of which the United States boasts so many elegant species, is a medicinal family. Several species remain yet uninvestigated, and would form fit subjects for inquiry, in a thesis of any candidate for a degree. No. 365.—Magnesia. L. Magnesia Usta. D. Cal- cined Magnesia. Well known—requires 2000 times its weight of water to hold it in solution—yet assists the solubility of resins, camphor, and opium, in the same fluid; soluble in solutions of alka- line carbonates, but insoluble in those of caustic alkalies. Sir H. Davy has ascertained, that, like other alkaline earths, it is a compound of a peculiar metal, which he has . called magnesium, and oxygen. It is therefore an oxyd. Antacid, and purgative. Dose, grs. x t© gss, and upwards, according to the existing state of the system—usually taken in milk or water. Formula— R Magnesiae, gss "1 Aquae Menthae pip. fgijss Sp. Lavendulse comp. t^ss > Sp. Carui. fg'w I # Syrup. Zingiberis, f'g\j J Mix—dose, a table-spoonful pro re nata. Antacid, * carminative. No. 366.—Magnesia Carbonas. L. & U. S. Car- bonate of Magnesia, vulgo, Common Mag- nesia—formerly, Magnesia alba. This is in solid, square, very light pieces. Medical uses, the same as the preceding. Antacid, purgative. Dose, ^j tc^ 3j, or more MAG—MAL 205 Offic. Prep. Hydrargyri cum Magnesia. D. Magnesia. L. E. D. No. 367.—Magnesia Sulphas. L. & U. S. Sul- phas Magnesias. E.D. (Magnesia vitriolata —Sal catharticum amarum.) Bitter purging salt—Epsom salt. One of the best saline cathartics—fgj water dissolves gj— insoluble in alcohol. Dose, gss to gij, taken either at once, or in two or three doses. Offic Prep. Enema catharticum-—Enema fxtid. D. Formulae— No. 1. R Magnesiae sulphatis, et *^ Sodae sulphatis, aa g\\j \ Aquae Mentha: viridis, fgvss f Liquor. Antimonii tart, fgj J Make a mixture—2 table-spoonfuls the dose, twice a day. Cathartic. No. 2. R Magnesiae sulphatis, et *\ Sodae sulphatis, aa gss I Ferri sulphatis, gr. v f Misturse C amphorae, fgvijss J Make a mixture—2 table-spoonfuls the dose, twice a day, or oftener, pro re nata. Cathartic. No. 3. R Magnesiae sulphatis, gyj Infusi Sennae, f§iss Tincturae Jalapse, fgj --------Opii, T^x --------Castorei, fgj Make a draught, to be taken every 3d or 4th hour, for colica pictonum. No. 368.—Malva. Mallow. Cl. 16. Ord. 6. Monadelphia Polyandria. Nat ord. Columni- ferx, Linn. Malvacex, Juss. Species 1—MALVA SYLVESTRIS. Common Mallow. Officinal. Malva. Lond. Malvx Sylvestris herbx,- fiores. Edin. Mallow. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 443—figure of the plant, No. 444. Species 2—MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA. Round-leaved Mallow: (a common weed.) Species 3—MALVA CRfSPA. Curled-leaved Mallow: (leaves brought around butter.) s 2 206 MAN—MAR Species 4—MALVA ALCEA (?) Alcea. Species 5—MALVA MOSCHATA. Musk Mallow. All mucilaginous plants—of which the only officinal is the first, though all are used as ptisans, or, as they are erro- neously denominated, demulcents. No. 369.—Manna* See No. 274. No. 37a—Mastiche. The resinous product of Pistachia lentiscus, which see. No. 371.—Maranta arundinacea. Cl. 1. Ord. 1. Monandria monogy. Nat. Fam. Cannx, Juss. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 445—figure of the plant, No. 446. Yields most of the well known fecula, called arrow-root— one of the best restorative dietetics, particularly for chil- dren. I think, however, it is scarcely fit to nourish in- fants, if their only diet. The maranta arundinacea, has lately been taken to Ceylon, from the West Indies; and it thrives well—they make ex- cellent arrow-root of it there—where a new species of it, the M. Paniculata, has lately been discovered, the root of which is a medicine of the natives, and termed by the Cyngalese, git aula. Ainslie. An excellent kind of arrow-root is prepared in Travancore, (India,) from the root of curcuma angustifolia. (Roxb.) which belongs to monandria monogynia, and Nat. Ord. Scitaminex, Linn. Is much prized in England—where much of it is taken from the Malabar coast Arrow-root is also obtained from pota- toes, from Nus. 88 and 89, and other roots. MARANTA ^LLINGA yields the roots called lesser gal- langale; occasionally met with in commerce; they are said to stop vomiting effectuallyy but are no more than warm aromatics. No. 372.—Marrubium vulgare. Horehound. Officinal. Marrubium. Lond. Marrubii vulgaris herba. Edin. Marrubium album,- folia. Dub. Horehound leaves Marrubium vulgare herba. U. S. Horehound, the herb. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 447—figure of the plant No. 448. l y A didynamous verticillate plant, well known as a common domestic remedy for catarrh; and entering into the bitter sugar, caUed horehound-candy. Used ad libitum in infu MAT—MEL 207 No. 373.—Matonia cardamomum. (Smith and Roscoe.) Synonyms—Amomum Repens. (Willd.) Elktaria cardamomum. (Maton, in Tr. L. Soc.) Dr. Maton had called the genus, furnishing the cardamom seeds, Elletaria, from Elletari, the Malabar name of the plant—Dr. J. Ed. Smith, suggested to name the genus in honour of Dr. Maton, which has been done by the classic poet, and excellent botanist, Mr. Roscoe of Liverpool, in his account of the Scitaminex, to which the plant belongs. I have followed Paris in adopting the name, believing that Botany and Mat. Med. are indebted to the researches of Dr. Maton. UpSlities. Cardamom seeds are aromatic, grateful, warm, pungent, not heating the stomach like pepper. They con- sist of fecula, mucilage, and essential oil; water, alcohol, and ether, exU'act their virtues. .Medical Properties and Uses. Carminative and stomachic; this is the common language of Materia Medica—I would call them aromatic. Dose, grs. vi to ►) j. They are chiefly used to give aroma and warmth to bitters, and other pre- parations—entering as an ingredient for this purpose in the following: Offic Prep. Extract. Cobcynthydis comp. L. D. & U. S. Tinct. Cardamomi. L. E. D. & U. S.' Tinct. Cardamomi comp. L. D. Tinct. Cinnamomi comp. L. E. Tinct. Gentianx comp. L. Tinct. Rhei. L. E. D. & U. S. Tinct. Rhei cum Aloe. E. & U. S. Tinct. Sennx. L. D. Tinct. Sennx comp. U. S. Spt. AEtheris Aromat. L. Vinum Aloes soccotrin. E. & U. S. Confect. Aromat. L. & U. S. Pulv. Cinnamomi comp. L. E. D. Pulvis aromaticus. U. S. Pil. Scilliticx. E. Infusum sennx. Dub. No. 374.—Medula Sassafras. Pith of Sassafras twigs. See No. 349. No. 375.—Medula Sambuci. Pith of Elder. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 449. XTq. 376.—Mel, of the colleges—Honey. Besides the general properties of saccharine bodies, possesses others peculiar to itself, depending on the presence of art acid. For internal use, sugar is to be preferred; as honey, irt some constitutions, produces gripes and colic pains; forms an excellent gargle, and facilitates the expectoration of viscid phlegm. Sometimes employed as an emollient ap- plication to abscesses, and as a detergent to ulcers. It is 208 MEL—MEL preferable to sugar in forming electuaries—and is not so ap' to crystallize. The best honey, is that freest from colour, and contains the largest grains when it concretes. For medical use, it should also be as free from flavour as pos- sible. That obtained from young bees is the purest, and is called virgin honey. When separated from the wax, by- expression, it is less pure—and there is another sort, still inferior, obtained by heating the combs, before they are put in press. Honey consists principally of sugar, but also contains mucilage, wax, and acid—and is often impreg- nated with the essential oil of the flowers, from which the bees have gathered it, as in the perfumed honey of the Crimea. Asia and America yield poisonous honey. New- man exsiccated honey in the water bath ; the vapour took fire from a candle, and exhaled its odour wMely. The liquor was also impregnated with it. Dissolved in water, it undergoes vinous fermentation—forming mead. Clarified honey (Mel despumutum. U. S. & L. D.) has not the agreeable smell of crude honey; it does not ferment readily, nor does it gripe. Offic. Prep. (Called Mellita.) Mel Boracis. L. Mel Rosx. L. D. Oxymel. L. D. Oxymel Cokhici. E. Oxymel Scillx. L. D. Mel scillx comp. U. S. Mel scillx acetatum. U. S. No. 377.—Melaleuca Cajuputi. Synonyms—^Melaleuca leucodendron. (Wood.) a Cajuputi Melaleuca. ( Rumphius.) Officinal. Cajuputi oleum. Lond. Mebkucx Leucadendri, oleum volatile. Edin. Oleum Cajuput. Dub. Cajuputi oil. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 450—figure of the plant, No. 451. A small tree, native of Amboyna, and the south part of Borneo. It is called Cajuputa in the Malay language; and by the natives Daun Kitsjil, and Caju-kibn. The oil is prepared from the leaves, by distillation—it is said to be limpid and pellucid when first drawn, and that the green colour is derived from copper flasks in which it is kept. Qualities. Taste pungent and camphoraceous; very vola- tile, burns rapidly without residuum. Soluble in alcohol and partially in water. Dropped on pure water, it gradu- ally spreads itself over the surface, and soon entirely evaporates; this is a test of its purity. Medical Properties and Uses. Diffusible, stimulant, an- tispasmodic, and diaphoretic. Given in dropsy, chronic rheumatism, palsy, hysteria, flatulent colic, and all ner- vous affections. Dropped into a carious tooth, it assuages pain—internally taken, does the same. Mr. A. T. Thomp- son says, he has seen much benefit from rubbing it on the MEL—MEN 209 temples, in defective vision from weak eyes. I have had much experience with this fluid, as an antispasmodic, particularly for hysteria; and for eructation, and hiccough, in prostrated hard-drinkers—and think it an invaluable medicine. Dose, Tt\,iij to v, on a lump of loaf sugar. No. 378.—Melissa officinalis. Common balm. Official. Melissa: officinalis folia. Edin. Balm leaves. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 452-figure of the plant, No. 453. \ didynamous verticillate plant, used in making the well known ptisan—given generally warm to induce diapho- resis. No. 379.—Mentha viridis. L. & U. S. Synonym—Mentha satvoa. Dub. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 454 and 455-figure of the plant, No. 456. Otficinal. Herba. Spear-mint—the herb; well known; yields the following: Offic Prep. Aqua Menthx virid. L. D. Infusum Menthx comp. D. 01 Menthx virid. L- D. & U. S. Sp. Menth. virid. L. No. 380.—Mentha piperita. L. E. D. & U. S. Mentha piperitis. D. Pepermint. Officinal. Herba. The herb. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 457 and 458-figure of the plant, No. 459. Also well known, yielding the following: Offic Prep. Aqua menthx Piperit. L. E. D. & U. S. Ajwr. menthx pip. L. D. & U. S. Oleum menthx pip. L. D. & U. S. The eenus is didynamous and verticillate—doubtless some of the other species will yield an essential oil. These p ante are important adjuvants to practice in infusion, or by the, essential oils. The colic of babies will seldom resist mint-water. No. 381.—Menispermum. Moonseed. Synonym—Cocculus. (Decandolle.) Cl. 22. Ord. 10. DiaciaLodecandria. Nat. Ord. Menispermx 2 Species— 1, Menispermum Calumba. (Roxburgh.) 210 MEN—MEN Synonyms—Menispermumpalmatum. (Willd.) Cocculus paimatus. (Decandolle.) 2. M. Cocculus. Synonyms—Cocculus indicus. (Decandolle.) Menispermum Calumba. Species 1.—MENISPERMUM CALUMBA. Officinal. Calumba. Lond. Columbx Radij-^ Edin. Co- lumbo Radix. Dub. Calumba root. w This plant, is not a native of Columbo in Ceylon, as was long supposed—the proper Mosambique name, Kalumb, hav- ing been mistaken for Columbo, in Ceylon, led to the mistake. It comes from the coast of Malabar; grows abundantly wild in the thick forests, about Obis and Mo- sambique, on the Zanguebar coast of Africa. This dis1 covery we owe to Mr. J. F. Fortin, a French gentleman, "settled at Madras. The root of Bryonia epigea of Rinter, resembles it very much in natural qualities. Qualities. Slight aromatic odour, intensely bitter taste— breaks with a starchy fracture, easily pulverized; water at 212°, taken up J of its weight; the infusion has all the sensible properties of the root. Is supposed to contain Cinchonia; M. Planche found in it a large proportion of a peculiar animalsubstance, a yellow bitter resinous matter, and $ its weight of starch; by repeated distillation, a vola- tile oil, and from the residue, malate of lime, and sulphate of lime. Medical Properties and Uses. Pure bitter—tonic, without astringency; maybe combined with aromatics, opiates, and alkaline or neutral salts. Dose, of the powdered root, grs. xv to gss, 3 or 4 times a day; of the infusion (which soon spoils,) f^iss to f^ij. Offic. Prep. Infusum Columbx. L. E. &. U. S. Tinct, Columbx. L. E. D. &. U. S. Formulae— No. 1. See Formula 1, of No. 263, No. 2. R Magnesiae sub-carbonate, 9j Infus. Calumbae, et Tinct. Calumbae, aa f^j Make a draught—Antilithic. No. 3. R Infusi Calumbae, f,?vss} Tinct. Cinnamomi comp. fg\j C Syrup Aurantii, fg\j j Make a mixture, of which a table-spoonful or two may be takenpro re nata, to check the vomiting of pregnancy, and to keep the bowels in tone. Species 2.—MENISPERMUM COCCULUS. The berries called Coccuhts Indicus. Indian cockle—Indian berries. MEN—MEZ 211 Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 460. Used to intoxicate fish; in powder, to destroy vermin ; by the brewers and publicans to render their beer intoxicat • ing. 1 and 2 yield PICROTOXA, (called also Picrotoxina and Picrotoxia,)— Picrotoxine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 461. The bitter deleterious proximate principle of the above, discovered by Boullay: he found the fruit to yield— 1. Fixed oil. 4. Picrotoxine. 2. Adipocire. 5. Woody fibre. 3. Yellow extractive co- 6. Albumen. louring matter. 7. Menispermic acid. The ashes contain sulphate and hydrochlorate of po- tass, phosphate of lime, silica, and iron. Qualities. Inodorous; very bitter; restores blue turnsole rubified by acids; scarcely soluble in water, very soluble in ether and alcohol; combines with most acids, forming bitter salts, sparingly soluble in water. Orfila says, it acts on the animal economy like camphor. Has not been used in medicine—therefore presents an untouched theme for the ingenuity of some candidate for graduation. No. 382.—Menyanthes trifoliata. Buck-bean —Marsh Trefoil. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 462—figure of the plant, No. 463. Officinal. Menyanthes. L. Menianthis trifoliatx folia. E, Trifolium puludosum. D. The leaves of Buck-bean. Me- nyanthes trifoliata radix. U.S. The root of Buck-bean. ^ Indigenous; grows in bogs, in Jersey, near this city. Leaves nauseous, intensely bitter; are used in England as a sub- , stitute for hops, in brewing beer. Medical Properties and Uses. Tonic, diuretic, and pur- gative. Used in intermittents, rheumatism, gouty affec- tions, 8cc. Dose of dried leaves, in powder, J)j to gj—of the infusion, made with ^ss of the dried leaves and Oss boil'mg,water, f 5j to fgiss, three or four times a day. I know nothing of the virtues of the root, which is made officinal in the Phar. U. S. No. 383.—Mezerei Cortex. Officinal Mezereum. See No. 219. Under which it should have been stated, that the root of Daphne Gnidium (Cab. spec. Jeff. Coll. No. 464.) called Thymelxa and Spurge flax, is vesicatory like Mezereum, 212 MIS—MOM and has been chewed with advantage in palsy of the tongue; and that in a few grains, internally taken, it is a drastic cathartic. \To. 384.—Mistura, of the Colleges. Mixtures. The officinal are—1. Mistura Ammoniaci. 2. M. Amygdala- rum. 3. M. Assafxtidx. 4. M. Camphorx. 5. M. Cornu usti. 6. M. Cretx. 7. M. Ferri comp. 8. M. Moschu— The dose of all, f|j to fgij, twice or thrice a day. No. 385.---Momordica Elaterium. Squirting Cucumber—Wild Cucumber, (fructus) the concrete juice of the fruit. Cl. Monoecia. Ord. Monodelphia. Nat. fam. Cucurbitacex, Juss. Synonyms—Cucumis Agrestis, ? Gray>s Supplement -------Acimnus, 3 Supposed the 'Ekatmov of Dioscorides. Native of the south of Europe, flowering in June and July. Introduced into England by Gerard, in 1596, and there cultivated for medical use. The fruit, for medical use, should be gathered in Septem- ber, just before it is ripe. The clear juice which runs from it, and that which is obtained by expression, form, the first the white, and the latter the black Elaterium of the shops. Qualities. The juice is almost inodorous, and possesses a a slight bitter taste. It deposits, after rest, a considerable portion of a peculiar feculent matter, combined with some very active principle, to which Paris has affixed the name Ebtine. It is contained in the juice which surrounds the seeds alone, and subsides from this juice, without pressure having been used to obtain it. Clutterbuck only obtained 6 grains from 40 cucumbers. Paris found that 10 grains of the best Elaterium of the shops, contain only one grain of Elatine. On this peculiar principle, therefore, the ac- tivity of the medicine depends; and it has been incorrect- ly called an extract, which it is not. Medical Properties and Uses. Elaterium is a powerful hydragogue, exciting sickness, severe vomiting, and hy- per-catharsis, if incautiously administered; seldom used as a mere cathartic; has often produced'entire evacuation of the water in ascites, when gamboge, crystals of tartar, powdered digitalis, &.c. have failed. Should be given in divided doses, of one-eighth of a grain each, every fourth hour, until it begins to operate. Simon Pauli, Sydenham, and Lister, recommend it in dropsies. MON—MOX 213 f he directions of the Dublin and London Pharmacopeias, for preparing it, are substantially the same—as follow: " Slice ripe wild cucumbers, express the juice, (strain the juice very slightly, Dub. Pharm.) and pass it through a fine hair sieve into a glass vessel; then set it aside for some hours, until the thicker part has subsided. Reject the su- pernatant thinner part, and dry the thicker part ^with a gentle heat." Elaterium is often adulterated with starch, so that two sam- ples are seldom alike in strength. To be good, it should be of a greenish-grey colour, a bitter taste, light, and pulverulent. The Edinburgh College has strangely rejected this article from the last edition. No. 386.—Monarda punctata. Horsemint. Officinal. Herba. Phar. U. S. Also the essential oil. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 465 and 466. An indigenous plant, yielding a camphoraceous essential oil. • See W. P. C. Barton's Comp. Fl. Ph. Vol. I. No. 387.—Morphia. Morphine. An alkaline prin- ciple, procured from opium. See Papaver. No. 388.—Morus nigra. Common Mulberry tree. Officinal. Mori baccx. Lond. Mulberries. The London College recognises these berries for the Offic. Prep. Sy- rupus Mori. L. Fruit and syrup laxative. No. 389.—Moscus. Musk. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 467. An animal secretion, obtained from a bag or sack situated between the navel and prepuce of the Moschus Moschife- rus, an animal inhabiting the Alpine mountains of Eastern Asia, particularly of the Himala mountains, which divide Thibet from India, where it is known by the name of Cus- teru. Qualities well known; is stimulant and antispasmodic, but so very dear, that it is seldom to be met with pure. Given in low fevers, in form of mixture or bolus. Dose, grs. vj to gj, repeated every 6 or 8 hours. Offic Prep. Mistura Moschi. L. & U. S. Tinctura Moschi, D. & U. S. No. 390.—Moxa. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 468. VOL. II. 214 MYR—MYR An actual cautery, used in surgery. Made in China, from plants mentioned in No. 87. The pith of the common large annual sun-flower has been found by Mr. Wallace, of London, to answer the same purpose. I should sup- pose the Chinese jaustic, sold by tobacconists for lighting segars, would answer the end. No. 391.--Myristica Moschata. The nutmeg tree. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 469 and 470—figure of the tree, No. 471. The Nutmeg, and its arillus called Mace, are aromatic spices, recognised by all the Colleges. The tree is a native of the Molucca Islands, from which it has nearly been extir- pated by the narrow policy and cupidity of the Dutch. It is now cultivated only at Banda—(the nutmeg islands embraced by this name, are, Neyra, Lenteira, Paulo-Aya) where a sufficiency for supplying the whole of Europe and America with nutmegs and mace, is reared. Offic Prep. Spiritus Myristicw. L. E. D. No. 392.—Myroxylon Peruiferum. Sweet-smell- ing Balsam tree. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 472—figure of the tree, No. 473. Officinal. Myroxyli Peruiferi Balsamum. Edin. Peruvian Balsam; commonly, Balsam of Peru. This tree is a native of Peru, where it is called Quinquina, and the bark is used by the natives as a perfume. Possesses the properties of all balsams. Dose, f^j. Is used externally, to stimulate indolent ulcers. Mr. A. T. Thomp- son speaks of the beneficial effect of a mixture of gj of the balsam, and giij of ox-gall, dropped every day into the ear, after syringing with a solution of soap, to correct fetid discharges from that organ. No. 393.—Myrrha. Myrrh. The gum-resin, so called. The vegetable secretion of some unknown plant, native of the eastern coast of Arabia Felix, and of Abyssinia; grow- ing, according to Bruce, behind Azab, along the coast, towards the Straits of Babelmandel. Qualities well known ; and its peculiar fragrant odour, and bitter aromatic taste, are agreeable to most persons; con- tains resin, gum, extractive, and essential oil; is tonic, and reputed expectorant. P«est given in substance—dose, MYR^MYR 21S grs. x to gj. The alkalies, in their crystalline state, tritu- rated with it, reduce it to a tenacious mass. Myrrh is often fraudulently adulterated with other gums. Offic Prep. Tinct. Myrrhx. L. E. D. & U. S. Tinct. Abes et Myrrhx. E. Tinct. Abes Mtherea. E. Mistura Ferri comp. L. Pil. Abes cum Myrrha. L. E. D. Pil. Ferri cum Myrrha. L. Pil. Galbani comp. L. D. Pil. Assafxtid. comp. E. Pil. Rhei comp. i Formulae— No. 1. R Myrrhae, gss} Sacchari purificati, gss5 Triturate well together into a powder, and divide into two parts, one to be taken at a dose, in any convenient vehicle. No. 2. R Myrrhae, giss"} Scillae exsiccat zss I Extract Hyoscyami, ^'j f Aquae, q. s.J Make 30 pills—2 the dose, at bed-time, said to act in promoting expectoration. No. 3- R Pulveris Myrrhae, grs. xij} ——- Ipecacuan. grs. vj C ———■ Potassae Nitrat gbsj^ Mix, and divide into 4 equal doses, of which one may be taken every fourth hour, to act as an expectorant No. 394.—Myrica cerifera, Wax Myrtle. ------ Pennsylvania, ------ Caroliniana, — gale, Are all indigenous aromatic astringents and tonics, well worthy of an experimental inaugural essay. (See Barton's Collections, &c.) No. 395.—Myrtus Pimenta. Offici val. Baccx. The berries. Pimento, of the Colleges. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 4*4 and 475—figure of the tree, No. 476. The well-known alspice of commerce. The Colleges admit these berries, and direct an essential oil from them, Oleum Pimento, which however is not much used in medicine, in the United States. 216 NAR—NIC N. No. 396.—Narcotina. Narcotine—(called also Opiane; and Matter, or salt of Derosnes) the narcotic principle of opium, and other narcotic plants. See Papaver. No. 397.—Nicotiana Tabacum. Tobacco. Cl. 5. Ord. 1. Pentandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Luridx, Linn. Solanex, Juss. Officinal. Tabaci folia. Lond. Nicotianx Tabaci folia. Edin. Nicotianx folia. Hub. Nicotiana Tabacum, folia,- Tabacum. U. S. Tobacco—the leaves. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure of plant, No. 477. A well known annual plant, first discovered by the Spaniards, in Yucatan, in 1520. Yields a green essential oil, when dis- tilled, on which the medicinal properties have been sup- posed to depend. Its poisonous effects are very power- ful; according to Mr. Barrow, the Hottentots use it to de- stroy snakes. He says, " a Hottentot applied some of it, from the short end of his wooden tobacco-pipe, to the mouth of a snake, while darting out its tongue. The effect was instantaneous as an electric shock; with a convulsive . motion that was momentary, the snake half untwisted itself, and never stirred more; and the muscles were so contracted, that the whole animal felt hard, and rigid, as if dried in the sun." (Travels in Africa.) It is supposed to be the "juice of Cursed Hebenon," by which, according to Shakspeare, the King of Denmark was poisoned, rhe oil is dissipated by long* coction of tobacco, in water; in distillation with ether, water, or alcohol, no oil comes over. Infusion by either of these fluids, takes up the active principles; contains nitre, which causes the deflagration in burning. Bouillon la Grange discovered muriate of potash, in its inspissated juice; Orfila concludes from ex- periments, that the active property of tobacco, exists in that portion soluble in water, and that it is absorbed and carried into the circulation. He believes the deleterious effects depend on a specific action on the nervous system; and remarks, that they produce a general trembling, not induced, or but rarely, by other poisons; that tobacco is still more virulent, introduced in solution, by the anus, than when applied to the cellular texture, and " for a still stronger reason, than when introduced into the stomach." That the empyreumatic oil, does not act directly on the brain, nor on the body of the nerves, but that it directs its action to the nervous system, in an inscrutable inexplU cable manner. r NIC—NIC 217 Medical Properties and Uses. Errhine, Narcotic, sedative, emetic, diuretic, cathartic, either when externally applied or internally taken—used in enemata, for purposes men- tioned in the therapeutic outlines. The native doctors of India, according to Ainslie, apply the leaves to the orifice of the anus, for the purpose which the enema is intended to answer. The suppository proposed, by Mr. Earle, is an imitation of this practice. A cataplasm of the leaves on the stomach produces puking ; clysters of the infusion have been used in ileus and strangulated hernia. Cata- plasms are used in obstinate herpetic, and other cutane- ous diseases. The juice of the green leaves, instantly cures the stinging of nettles—I have found it to do the same in the bites of mosquitoes and gallinippers. The pernicious effects of tobacco, as a luxury, will be discussed in the lectures. Fowler employed an infusion made with § j dried leaves, and Oj boiling water, in the dose of Tt^lx to Tt^lxxx, twice a day, as a diuretic ; similar to digitalis, but a more dangerous medicine. Tobacco is adulterated with the leaves of cynoglossum, or hounds-tongue—and those of dock. Offic Prep. Infusum Tabaci. L. & U. S. Vinum Nico- tianx Tabaci. Edin. & U. S. Formulae— No. 1. R Tabaci foliorum, §j ~> Aquae fontis, q. s. 5 For external application to the epigastrium. No. 2. R Tabaci foliorum, £H ~> Aquae ferventis, fjviij $ Macerate for an hour, in a vessel lightly covered, for an enema. No. 3. R Olei Tabaci, "lxx?Mix Adep. Suillae, ^j 5 An ointment, used with advantage in removing in- dolent swellings of the lymphatic glands. Thomas T. Hewson. No. 398.—Nicotina. Nicotine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 478. There are two active and deleterious principles in tobacco, the essential oil, and nicotina, either of which is capable of inducing death; the first by its effects on the bram, and the latter, according to the experiments of Brodie, by its action on the heart, occasioning first syncope, through the medium of the nervous influence, and consecutive effects, more or less disastrous, even to deatii, in pro- portion to the quantity of the drug introduced into the T 2 218 NUX—OLE system. Tobacco contains, albumen, mucilage, gluten,. extractive, a bitter principle, an essential oil, (already noticed,) nitrate of potass, muriate of potass, and a pecu- liar proximate principle, on which the properties of the plant are supposed chiefly to depend, viz. the subject of this number. Vauquelin considers nicotina, as approaching the volatile oils in its properties. It is volatile, poisonous, colourless, taste acrid, smell that of tobacco, sternutatory, soluble in alcohol and water, producing colourless solu- tions, from which it is precipitated by infusion of galls. Has not been applied to medical purposes, though it might, if its dose and peculiar effects were ascertained, be found a useful medicine. Is therefore a subject for an experimental inaugural essay. Nicotina will certainly be obtained from nicotiana rusfica—(See W. P. C. Barton's Fl. N- Am. Vol. I. plate 25)—for Orfila has found that its extract acts like tobacco, but with less intensity. No.399.—Nux vomica. The vomic nut—the dead- ly poisonous fruit of Strychnos nux vomica, which see. O. No. 400.—Olea Europ^a. The Olive tree. Officinal. Olivx oleum, of the Colleges—Olive-oil. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure of the tree, No. 479. A small tree, from 10 to 20 feet high, native of the South of Europe, and North of Africa, where it is named Zituna—it is cultivated in France, Spain, and Italy. Qualities of the oil well known—it purges in dose of f^j. No. 401.—Olea Distillata. L. & U. S. Olea Volatilia. E. Olea Essentialia. D. Distilled Volatile or Essential oils. The British and U. S. Pharm. direct them to be obtained by distillation only. The French Codex orders several of them to be prepared by expression. Qualities. Liquid, sometimes viscid; of various sp. gr. the oil of turpentine, which is the lightest, being 0.792, j while that of cloves, cinnamon, alspice, exceed 1.030; that of sassafras, which is the heaviest, is 1.094—these lat- ter, hold resin in solution, and sink in water. They are all penetrating and fragrant, of an acrid taste, volatilizable at a temperature a little below 212° F. inflammable ; solu- ble in alcohol, thus forming essences; somewhat soluble in water; these solutions are called, in Pharmacy, distilled OLE—OLE 21S waters—soluble in ether and the fixed oils—alkalies impair the odour of some, and enhance it in others. Rapidly de- composed by nitric and sulphuric acids, sometimes with instantaneous inflammation. The chief are, Olea Anisi, Anthemidis, Carui, Chenopodii, Cunilx, Fxniculi, Gaul- therix Juniperi, Lavendulx, Menthx pip. and Menthx virid. blonardx, Origani, Pimentx, Pukgii, Hedeomx, Rosma- rinx, Rutx, Sassafras. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498,499. (The Huiles Antiques---used for anointing the hair, are made of different oils. The base of these, when good, is the oil from the nuts of the Guibngia Moringa, called Oil of Ben, or Benne Oil. The oil of hazel, is a good substi- tute, being inodorous, and without colour, and not liable to rancidity. It can be made to receive the odorous es- sences with which these oils are charged.) No. 402.—Olea Expressa. L. D. Oleafixa, sive expressa. E. Expressed or fixed oils, obtained from animal matter, by fusion, and from vegetable, by expression. They are in- soluble in water, and, except castor oil, nearly so in alco- hol and ether; form soaps, with caustic alkalies—aided by heat, readily unite with oxide of lead, forming a mass of a solid and peculiar consistence, well known by the term pbster -, unite with each other and with volatile oils; dissolve sulphur, forming a kind of balsamic compound. Extract and dissolve the narcotic and acrid principles of many vegetable and animal products. The French Codex recognises solutions of this kind, unknown in our Phar- macopeias, under the name Oka Medicata, such as Olea Cicutx, Hyoscyami, Sobni, Stramonii, Nicotianx—these are made by digesting, by gentle heat, one part of the nar- cotic, with two parts olive oil. Examples of expressed vegetable oils, are Oil of Benne, or Gingilly oil, from the seeds of an African plant, the Sesa- mum orientak. 01. lini, from flaxseed, called linseed oil. 01. ricini, from the beans of Ricinus communis. 01. Tiglii, from beans of Croton tiglium. 01. palmx, palm oil or Mackaw fat, from No. 1*7. 01. Amygdallx, Oil of Al- monds, (of the same properties, wliether from sweet or bitter almonds.) 01. Oliox, Oil of olives, &c. &c. Of the animal expressed oils, are neatsfoot oil, train oil, and many more coarse and well known oils, some of which are re- fined and purified, for medical purposes, as for embroca- tions, &c. 220 ONI—ORI No. 403.—Oniscus ascellus. Slaters. The Off. Millepedae, of the Dublin College. Place them with soot, ashes, cobwebs, and the like—equal- ly disgusting with the powder of the human cranium, particularly of its os triquetrum, which was used in doses, of gj, in epilepsy!!!—with the vomit, (I think so indeed) of rasura unguis, nail pairings; powder of Egyptian mum- my, used in epilepsy; live puppies, split open, as a poul- tice, (this I have seen done myself, in Lancaster, for white swelling.) Wolf's liver, for liver diseases! Fox's lungs, dried and powdered as a pectoral/ &c. &c.—Let all these remain together, the evidence ef credulity, weakness, and vulgarity. No. 404.—Opium. See Papaver. OPIANA one of its active principles. See the same. No. 405.—Opoponax. A gum-resin, the product of Pastinaca opoponax—or rough Parsnip, which see. No. 406.—Origanum vulgare. Common or wild Marjoram. Officinal. Origanum. Lond. Common marjoram leaves. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. No. 500—figure of the plant, No. 501. A didynamous verticillate indigenous plant, yielding the officinal preparation, Okum Origani. L. & U. S. The medical use of the leaves is obsolete—the oil is applied only externally. Species 2.---ORIGANUM MARJORANA—called sweet marjoram. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure of the plant, No. 502. Is used as a potherb, and renders every thing into which it enters in culinary processes, indigestible and oppressive. It is still recognised by the Edinburgh College, for its tonic and errhine properties—might well be left out. I have seen much miscljef, by the exhibition of sweet mar- joram tea, and saffron tea, given by nurses, to bring out the measles. Species 3.—ORIGANUM DICTAMUS. > Synonym--------- CRET1CUM. > Is the Dittany of Crete. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure of the plant, No. 503. OST—OXY 221 No. 407.—Ostrea edulis. Officinal the Testae, the shells of the common Oyster. Antacid; less so in their unburned state than chalk; cal- cined, do not differ from lime, and might be left out of the Materia Medica. No. 408.—Orchis mascula. Male Orchis. ■' morio. Fools' stones. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 504—figure of the plants, Nos. 505 and 506. Two gynandrous plants, yielding (chiefly the first) the Sa- lep or Salop of the shops; a restorative dietetic; grs. viij render an ounce of water so thick, that it will scarcely pass through a cloth. I have no doubt that other Orchi- dean plants, of which we have numerous indigenous spe- cies, will be found to yield Satep. They are worth inves- tigation, as a subject for a thesis. No. 409.—Ovis Aries. The Sheep. Omcuii. Adeps ovillus. Edin. Sevum. Lond. Sevum ovil- lu-n. Dub. Mutton suet—used in the Offic Prep. Sevum prxparatum. L. to give consistence to ointments and plasters. No, 410.—Ovum Phasianthi Galli. The egg of the common fowl. Made officinal by the London College; and the vitellus, yolk or yelk, is used in extemporaneous pharmacy, as a reconciling ingredient in mixtures containing substances difficult of suspension. It is noticed here, that you may be able to write prescriptions correctly. No. 411.—Oxalis Acetocella. Wood sorrel. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 507—figure of the plant, No. 508. Officinal. Acetocella. Lond. Wood sorrel. Its active principle is a super-oxalate of potass, which is ob- tained from the expressed juice, and when crystallized, is sold under the name of Essential Salt of Lemons, used to take ink-spots out of linen and other white fabrics— diluted, has been medically used as citric acid is. The re- cent plant is eaten as a salad, and said to be anti-scorbutic, as it doubtless is. No. 412.-—Oxymel simplex. L. D. (Mel acetatum., P. L. 1787.) Simple Oxymel. 222 PAP—PAP A composition of honey and acetic acid, much used as the basis of gargles for sore tliroat. It is common to combine an infusion of sage with it, in domestic practice—tins is a pernicious custom, the sage being powerfully astringent; often does harm, where high inflammation exists, as it frequently does, without being known to the patient, who merely complains of a sore throat. I have seen great mischief from strong sage-tea and honey, as a gargle : it should always be prescribed by a physician, who can di- rect the proper strength of the astnngency. No. 413.—Papaver. Cl. 13. Ord. 1. Polyandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Rhxdex, Linn. Papaverucex, Juss. Two species medicinal— 1. Papaver Rhxas. Corn or Red Poppy. 2.------Somniferum. White Poppy—Opium Poppy. I. PAPAVER RHtEAS. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Col. No. 509—figure of the plant, No. 510. Officinal. Rhxades petab. Lond. Papaver erraticum,-pe- tab. Dub. Petals of Red Poppy. Grows in corn-fields in Europe, but not in this country to my knowledge: it is often, however, cultivated in gardens. The capsules of every species of this narcotic genus, yield Opium. Boulduc and Alston have obtained it from this, but in small quantities. The petals have a faint narcotic odour, and a slight bitter taste—they are used in the Off. Prep. Syrupus Rhceades. L. D. H. PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM. White or Opium Poppy. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 511—figure of the plant, No. 512. Officinal. Papaver Somniferum,- succus concretus. U. S. The concrete juice, Opium. Papaveris Capsulx. Opium. Lond. Papaveris Somniferi Capsulx. Opium. Edin. Pa- paver album,- capsulx,- opium,- succus concretus. Dub. Pop- py capsules, or heads; and opium. An annual glaucous plant, native of Asia, and introduced and naturalized in the southern parts of Europe, and even, according to Mr. A. T. Thompson, in England. Professor Green, of Jefferson College, states, in his Address on the Botany of the United States, delivered in Albany, 1814, to the Society of Useful Arts, that " iri Niskeuna and Lebanon, the Soeiety of Shakers raise the Papaver Somniferum ,• and they have supplied this city [Albany! PAP—PAP 223 for a short time, with opium, some of which was little in- ferior in quality to that imported from the Levant or the East Indies. Dr. Rickertson, of Dutchess county (N. Y.) also cultivated the poppy to advantage: from one plant he procured 7 grains of opium. As far north as New-Hamp- shire, Dr. Spalding prepared this gum from the true opium poppy (Papaver Album) and also from the common poppy of the garden." The whole plant contains the succus proprius, which most abundantly exudes from the capsules. It is a milky, snow- white, opaque, narcotic juice, differing in no apparent circumstance from the proper juice of numerous less nar- cotic lactiferous plants. It is obtained immemorially in the same manner, by making longitudinal scarifications of the cortex of the capsules— the dews favour the exudation, and the concrete is collect- ed in the morning, deposited in earthen vessels, rubbed about with wooden spatulas in the sunshine, until it ac- quires spissitude; formed into cakes or rolls, covered with poppy or tobacco-leaves, (in India,) and with the leaves and red capsules of a species of Rumex. The Turks call Opium affioni; and in the theriaki kikana, or opium-shops of Con- stantinople, they take it in graduated doses, from 10 to 100 grains, in syrups and inspissate fruits, or in lozenges marked Mash Allah—literally, "the work of God." The Tartar couriers, who travel great distances with astonish- ing rapidity, take nothing else to support them during their journeys. (Dallaway's Constantinople.) There is some reason for supposing that the Mash Attah, or Malash, of the Turks, contains other narcotics beside opium, as hemp and lolium. \ccording to Kempfer, the product of the first incisions is of a pale yellow, and called Gobaar in Persia, and is es- teemed much superior in strength and goodness to any other collection. In England, a Mr. Ball, in 1796, received a premium from the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, for a specimen of British opium, little inferior to the oriental. Mr. Young. (Edin. Med. & Phys. Journ. No. 11. p. 262.) Qualities. Dried capsides* slightly bitter by chewing, with- out odour; infused in water, the mild anodyne quality is imparted, and when the fluid is evaporated, a mild opium is obtained, in form of extract. There are two kinds of opium—Turkey and East India. Turkey opium has a heavy narcotic odour, taste bitter, warm, sub-acrid; kept • The London market is supplied with three annual collections of poppy cap- sules, from Mitcham, in Surrey. The bag* contain 3000 capsules ; each bag sell-, according to Stevenson, at 41. 10s. 224 PAP—PAP long in the mouth, by those unaccustomed to it, blister* When compact, and of a reddish-brown hue, is good Specific gravity, 1.336-; is inflammable ; partially soluble in water, acetic, acetous and citric acids, alcoholic liquors, and ether; is changed by long keeping and gradual ex- siccation, so as to b'-eak with a shining fracture, and easily pulverizable, the powder being yellow-brown. One of the cabinet specimens, presented by Thomas Astley, Esq. is 25 years old, perhaps more, having been that length of time in his keeping and mine.* East India Opium has a strong empyreumatic smell, and is destitute of the strong narcotic odour of the Turkey— it is as nauseous, more bitter, but less acrid; is blacker, equally tenacious, but less plastic; more friable; more completely soluble in water, 8 parts in 12 being dissolved, the residual 4 parts being suspended. The sensible pro- perties of both, with the exceptions mentioned, are simi- lar. The aqueous infusions of both are transparent by filtration; both rubify litmus paper; neither is decomposed by alcohol; both are precipitated by carbonates of potass and of soda, and by pure ammonia. For all the incompa- tible substances, see Tables at end of Vol. I. t Opium is one of the royal family of the tiierapeutic empire; and all its offspring, now so various, are ennobled by the prerogative of power and influence over the human con- stitution, so conspicuous in the original stock. The lucid investigations of chemistry have found fruitful subjects for their keen-eyed penetration; and the proximate principles which they have brought to light, are not less interesting than useful. We are indebted for these results, which will directly be stated, to the successive labours of Derosnes, Seguin, Sertuerner, Robiquet, and Magendie—enlighten- ed, persevering chemists. It has been ascertained, that Opium consists of resin, gum, bitter extractive, sulphate of lime, gluten narcotina, and a peculiar alkaline body, containing the soporific virtues of the drug—this is called Morphia,- it exists in natural combination with a peculiar, and, till these investigations, unknown acid, now called meconic acid. This alkaline principle of opium is a meco- niate or super-meconiate of morphia. Derosnes first obtain- ed a crystalline substance from opium, in 1803 : he found it soluble in acids, but no further ascertained its properties. Seguin, in 1804, discovered another crystalline substance * Philada. Friday, Ocfr. 26, 1827. Dear Sir— The specimen of Opium, which I gave to you a year or two ago, came into my possession in the winter of 1802-3. I have no knowledge of the age it had at that time. Yours, very truly, 9r. ASTLEY. W. P. C. Barton, M. D. PAP—PAP 225 in the drug, without knowing its alkaline nature, though he described many of its properties. Simultaneously with these discoveries, Sertuerner, at Embeck, in Hanover, obtained both these crystalline bodies. In 1817, he first announced unequivocally the existence of a vegetable alkali in opium, attributing to it the narcotic powers of the chug—naming it Morphia. This is identical with the prox- imate essential salt obtained by Seguin. That of Derosnes is now called Narcotina—the difference between which and the salts of Morphia, one of which it was supposed to be, was first noticed by Robiquet. He identified its dis- crepant and distinguishing properties.* MORPHIA. Morphine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 513. When pure, is in fine, transparent, truncated, pyramidal crystals, with square or rectangular bases, at which they are occasionally united, forming octohedral crystals; very soluble in hot alcohol, the solution being very bitter1— sparingly in boiling water; much less soluble in ether than alcohol. Changes turmeric, and violet stained paper, as alkalies do; forms neutral salts with acids, and decom- poses the compounds of acids with metallic oxides; its combination with sulphur, by assistance of heat, is near- ly simultaneously decomposed •, does not form soap with an oxidized oil; fuses at a moderate temperature, in a mass resembling melted sulphur, and like it, crystallizes on cool- ing. It is decomposed by distillation, the products being oil, carb. ammonia, and a black residual resin of peculiar odour; heated in contact with air, inflames quickly; ap- pears to commingle with mercury, and change its consist- ence ; is unaffected by the Voltaic pile. Its ultimate com- ponent principles, like those of many other proximate vegetable products, are (analyzed by the deutoxide of copper,) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygene—and nitrogen; if ammonia have been employed as a precipitant in prepar- ing it, as is the case with nearly all the modes but that of Robiquet. Paris states the crystalline formation of the salts of Morphia; for which, Mr. G. W. Carpenter has erroneously given credit to Dr. Coxe, by remarking, in his paper on the constituent principles of opium, in the * For a detail of the pwicesses, used by these chemists, to obtain these princi- ples, I refer you to the Annales de Chiniie. vols. 45, 92; and to Annales de Chiniie 11 Phys. torn. 5; to Thompson's paper on Morphia in the annals of Philosophy, for June 1820—to Magendie's Formulary, translated by Dr. Duuglison, Professor, &c. in the University of Virginia; to the New Parisian " Codex;" and generally to the periodical publications, of the last few yc-ars, on medicine and ch-nnstry; to the research! s of our eminent countryman, Professor Hare, in the Phil. .lour. Med. and Phy. Sc ; and to the personal information of my colleague, Professor Green, whose intimate knowledge of the subject of his chair, will enable him to aflord you any information on this subject you may desire. VOL. II. U 226 PAP—PAP Phil. Jour, of the Med. and Phys. Sciences, for August, 1827. "I am indebted to Dr. Coxe, for the following in- teresting history of the crystalline forms of its (Morphia) saline compounds"—then quoting, as from Dr. Coxe, verbatim, what is from Paris, the following:— Carbonas Morphix crystallizes in short prisms. Acetas Morphix, in soft prisms, very soluble, and extremely active. Sulphas Morphix, in arborescent crystals, very soluble. Murias Morphix, in plumose crystals, much less soluble; when evaporated, it concretes into a shining white plu- mous mass on cooling. Nitrates Morphix, in prisms grouped together. Meconias Morphix, in oblique prisms, sparingly soluble. Tartras Morphix, in prisms. I have only changed Paris's statement, by Latinizing the salts, for officinal uniformity. Magendie says, the oleaginous compound of olive oil and morphia, acts with great intensity. The Acetas Morphix, is the most active salt, and is officinal in the Paris Phamacopeia, with directions for its prepara- tion. May be given in pills, electuary, draughts, or mix- tures. Dose, i of a grain to gr. i, in 24 hours. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 513* and 513**. Formulae— Liquor Morphix acetatis—solution of acetate of Morphine. No. 1. R Acetas Morphiae, grs. : Aquae Distillatae, g\j Acid. Acetici dilut. (P. L.) ^ij Syrupus Morphix acetatis—syrup of acetate of Morphine. No. 2.. R Syrupi Purificati, 1ft ? Morphiae Acetatis, grs. iv. 5 Dose, one or two tea-spoonfuls, in a little water, every 3 hours. Guttx Anodynx—Anodyne Drops. No. 3. R Morphiae Acetatis, grs. xvi"^ Aquae Distillatae, f^j. I Acidi Acetici, n^iij [ Alcoholis, q. s. J To keep the salt in solution—said to be a good substitute for laudanum. Dose, gtts. vi to xxiv. No. 4. R Morphiae Sub-acetatis, grs. xii^ Alcoholis cum acid, acetic, fort. ~> ■ I Gutt. xii, $33 > Aquae Distillatae, gj J PAP—PAP 227 This formula makes a preparation, which Mr. Car- penter, who has furnished it to me, informs me, will keep well. The morphia is to be dissolved, in the acidulated alcohol, the water gradually added, and the solution filtered. Dose, xv to xx drops. Phe sulphate of Morphia is less active. Syrupus Morphix sulphatis—syrup of sulphate of Morphine Formula— R Syrupi Purificati, 1ft > Morphiae Sulphatis, grs. iv 5 Dose, same as the syrup of theiacetate. Robiquet had observed, that the process for obtaining mor- phia, did not entirely deprive the opium of the alkaline salt. The residuum, still containing some, exerted a nar- cotic property, on animals, subjected to its exhibition, by Magendie, as well as on man; he observed that this was less energetic than the effect of common aqueous extracts, but sufficiently decided to lead him to the opinion that it ought to be kept by apothecaries, who prepare their own morphine. Dose, may be regulated by his statement, that 4 grains are scarcely equivalent to one grain of the ordi- nary watery extract, or to £ of a grain of morphine. NARCOTBXA. Narcotine, (called also Opiane—Matter, or salt of Derosnes.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 514. Duplicate 514, by Staples's process. Obtained by Sertuerner, by a detailed process thus generali- zed: repeatedly exhausting opium in two parts of boiling ether, mixing the solutions, filtration, evaporization of the ether; this yields a twofold product, viz.; 1. a saline crust, being a union of narcotine, with an acid; 2. a brown bitter acid liquor, containing resin, narcotine, and an acid, from which narcotine may be obtained by evaporization, and treating the residuum with water, which, not dissolving the resin, allows the narcotine to be precipitated from the filter- ed liquor, by ammonia. Narcotina is obtained afterwards from the saline crust, by depriving it of the resin and caoutchouc, by means of rectified oil of turpentine, wash- ing the residuum in cold alcohol, then dissolving it in hot, and precipitating the narcotine, by ammonia, as before. The two precipitates are again dissolved in a minute por- tion of hydrochloric acid, and re-precipitated by the same agent as before. Mr. Carpenter has obtained narcotine, in this city, by a similar process; and he informs me, in a late letter, that he has " discovered that the feculencies of opium, from which laudanum had been made, contain a consid- erable portion of narcotine, resin, caoutchouc, &c. which proves that laudanum is far from containing the whole 228 PAP—PAP amount of narcotine, which is in the opium." One of ui/ assiduous Botanical pupils, Mr. Edward Staples, of this city, has made beautiful morphia, by a process of his own, which I trust he will publish—(See last page of this work.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 515, is a sample. Qualities. Crystallizes from its alcoholic ethereal solution, in fine needles, or in rhomboidal prisms; has no action on vegetable colours, no smell, no taste. Cold alcohol dis- solves one-hundredth part; boiling, one-twenty-fourth part of its weight. Hot ether dissolves a considerable quantity, from which, on cooling, it is deposited in a crystalline form. An oleaginous solution of one grain, Magendie found to kill dogs, in 24 hours after precurse narcotic symptoms; with acetic acid, animals supported a dose of 24grains with- out perishing, though convulsed as by camphor. He found, by giving Morphine and Narcotine together, the peculiar effects of each were developed simultaneously. He ob- serves, a person who takes morphine only, does not ex- perience that excitement which follows the use of the aqueous extraet of the shops, in which that salt is combined with narcotine. This latter salt, is contained in other nar- cotic plants, besides opium. EXTRACTUM OPII NARCOTINA PRIVATUM. Extract of Opium deprived of Narcotine. This, and its tincture, which has now become so fashionable in Philadelphia, under the name of denarcotized lauda- num, were first prepared by Robiquet, by macerating coarsely divided opium in cold water, filtrating and evapo- rating to the consistence of a thick syrup, digesting in rectified ether, and after frequent agitation, decanting the ethereal tincture, and evaporating the ether. He repeat- ed this process as long as crystals of narcotine were resi- dual to distillation. When ether produced no further effect, he evaporated the solution of opium, to a pilnlar consistence, and thus obtained an extract, wholly desti- tute of narcotine. From this, a tincture, if required, would have to be made, thus protracting the already complex process. For a simpler and equally effectual mode of ob- taining denarcotized laudanum, the profession is indebted to Professor Hare, which I here quote in his own words, (from the Phil. Jour. &c. No. IX. new series.) " Some opium, shaved by rubbing it on the face of a jack- plane, was subjected four times successively to as much ether of the specific gravity of .735 as would cover it, al- lowing each portion to act upon it for about twenty-four hours. The opium was afterwards subjected to as much duly diluted alcohol as would have been adequate to con- vert it into laudanum, of the common kind, had it not been PAP-PAP 229 subjected to the ether. In the ether which had been di- gested on the opium, a deposition of crystalline matter soon commenced. The stopple being removed, and the mouth of the containing vessel, (in this case, a common French tincture bottle,) being covered with blotting pa- per m a few days nearly the whole of the liquid evapo- rated spontaneously, leaving much crystalline matter mix- ed with colouring matter. The former is, no doubt, thr principle distinguished by Robiquet, since called narco- tine. The digestion of the opium with the ether, is con- veniently performed in the papins digesters, which are sold at some of the hardware stores in this city. The ether should be kept near the temperature of ebullition." Mr. Carpenter has handed me the following account of his experiments with opium, and their products :— " Denarcotized acidubus extract of Opium.—The extract of opium, as it is generally made, is very objectionable, not being more active than crude opium, and consequently is seldom or never employed by our physicians. From vari- ous modes and different menstrua, which I have tried, I find the following to possess most advantages, both in the activity and persistency of the extract, as well as having the decided superiority over crude opium, by affording in an undiminished degree all its desirable effects, without any of its inconveniences. Digest § j of coarsely powdered opium, in 1ft of sulphuric ether, of the specific gravity .735 for ten days, occasion- ally submitting to a moderate heat, in a water bath ; distil off the ether, and add fresh portions until it ceases to take up narcotine, or act at all upon the opium, which may be readily known, by dropping a little on a clean pane of glass, which will leave no trace when the opium is com- pletely exhausted; the second or third distillation will prove sufficient. Most of the ether may be saved, if pre- pared with care, and in proper apparatus. Submit the opium thus treated, to the action of Spt. Vin. Rect. ^viij; ncid acetic fort. 5jj, aquae ^vij, and digest for seven days; filter and evaporate in a water bath, to the consist- ence of an extract. This, in fact, will be an impure acetate of morphia, possessing most of the advantages of that valuable medicine. One ounce cf the best Turkey Opium, yielded, by this process, six drachms of extract. Laudanum, and other preparations, may be made of the usual standard, calculating six drachms of the extract equivalent to § j of opium. Denarcotized acidubus tincture of Opium.—Digest ^j of coarsely powdered opium, in one pint of sulph. ether, s. g. 735 for ten days, occasionally submitting it to a moderate beat, until it ceases to act upon the opium; separate the U 2 PAP—PAP opium and dry it, then digest in Spt. \.n. Rect. o Sacetic fort. 5j, aqua, §vij, for seven days, and filter T^ht Reparation will be found to possess great advantages over la^anum, and the black drop of the shops towhiA it will be much preferable, inasmuch as it will be destrtu e of the stimulating principle, (narcotine,) which exists in Ae WackXp, and to which is atUubuted the disU-ess.ng effect which frequently forbids the use o^op.um where it otherwise might be extremely useful. The addition of acetic acid, contributes much to increase the calmingoi sedative principle. By its union with morphia, it forms in solution the active sedative salt of opium, (acetate ot morphia,) and differs only from the solution of the acetate of morphia of the shops, in its state of purity; and as the extraneous matter, with which it is associated, has no et- fect on the animal system, it may be considered as good an article, and should be preferred for general use, in con- sequence of being much less expensive." Professor Hare has contrived a method, by which he informs us, "a quantity of opium, not exceeding that contained in 10 drops of laudanum, may be detected in half a gallon of water;" this is a discoveiy which may be applied to useful purposes. I subjoin his own account of it, from the Journal already quoted :— "My process is founded on the property which meconic acid has of precipitating with lead. Hence, by adding a few drops of acetate of lead to any infusion, containing any quantity of the drug in question, not more minute than the proportion above mentioned, an observable quantity of the meconate of lead falls down. The precipitation, where the quantity is small, may require from six to twelve hours, and may be facilitated by a very gentle stirring with a glass rod to detach the flocks from the sides of the recipient, which should be conical, so as to concentrate them during their descent. The meconate being thus collected at the bottom of the vessel, let about thirty drops of sulphuric acid be poured down on it by means of a glass tube. Let this be followed by as much of the red sulphate of iron. The sulphuric acid liberates the meconic acid, and thus, enables it to produce, with the iron, the appro- priate colour which demonstrates the presence of that acid, and consequently of opium." The medical uses of Opium, and its preparations, are well known. The testimony of Dr. Dewees, in favour of the use of denar- cotized laudanum, is published in the Journal, quoted above;. the medicine is now manufactured in tliis city, by several druggists and chemists, and is much used by phy- sicians. Among others, I have prescribed it sufficiently to PAS—PHO 231 know its effects—I confess myself to have been disap- pointed somewhat in these, but as I do not wish to retard, by a discouraging word, the laudable ^advances we are making, in the United States, to imitate the zeal of Euro- pean chemists, which has so much improved and enriched our code of medicines, I forbear to do more than express an earnest desire that no carelessness in its preparation may lead physicians to discard it. Xo. 414.—Pastinaca Opoponax. Opoponax, or Rough Parsnip. Officinal. Opoponacis gummi resina. Lond. Opoponax. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 516—figure of the plant, No. 517. \ pentandrous, umbelliferous, perennial plant, native of the Levant and south of Europe, with a yellow root as thick as a man's arm, invested with a corky bark. In the Le- vant, incisions are made in them, the lactiferous juice exudes, and, dried in the sun, is Opoponax. It comes from Turkey, in tears or drops, or in irregular lumps. Qualities. Strong disagreeable smell, bitter acrid taste— according to Pelletier, is a compound of gum, resin, starch, extractive, wax, malic acid, a trace of caoutchouc, and essential oil. Medical Properties and Uses. Antispasmodic, and used as an emmenagogue—given in chlorosis and hysteria, like other fetid gums—dose, grs. x to gss. No. 415.—Petroleum. Barbadoes Tar. Naphtha. See No. 114. Xo. 416.—Phosphorus. Phosphorus. Officinal. As above. U. S. \ substance sui generis, obtained from bones and urine, and existing also in the Antirrhinum Linaria, or toad-flax—the Oenothera Biennis, or evening primrose, and other plants. It is an energetic universal stimulant, of treacherous cha- racter, and often developing dangerous effects, even when narrowly watched and cautiously prescribed with know- ledge of its capricious tricks on the system. It is conse- quently a dangerous remedy, and should never be pre- scribed by a young practitioner. It rouses the circulation; raises the temperature of the body; augments the secre- tions, particularly of the kidneys; invigorates the muscular, nervous, and intellectual energies. It is said to incite de- voirs to Venus—and hence has been used to rouse the torpid, to renovate the faded, or restore the lost, procre- 232 PHY—PHY ative function !— all which must be preposterous, t l.r stomach has been found inflamed to a great degree, when death has ensued from its effects. It produces gastritis, excessive diuresis, and much intensity of the general phy- siological functions. Has been used in low typhus, gan- grene, the neuroses, dropsy, gout, rheumatism, suppressed menses, and other uterine affections. May be used in emulsion or solution, so prepared that i gr. may be given at a dose, and not more than 1 or 2 grains in 24 hours. Dr. Lobstein, of this city, has written a small ingenious work on Phosphorus, to which I refer you for further in- formation. It has been in fashion of old—was revived— slumbered—revived again, and was in fashion but a short time since—is used again, in this city, at this day. In the words of the song, we may say, when next we meet it in fashion again, " this day may be^an auld lang syne." Formula— R Phosphorus, grs. iy ? JEtheris Sulphuricis, fgj 5 Dose, 5 or 6 drops, in a table-spoonful of water- in cases of great debility. Conradi. No. 417.---Phyllanthus Rhamnoides. (Retz.) called, in India, Pavala Poola. The Tamool doctors use the leaves, by moistening them with a little Castor oil, and frequently in conjunction with the tender shoots of the Nux Vomica, and leaves of the Rici- nus communis—applying the whole, warm, as a poultice, in Anthrax, a disease common among the wealthy Hin- doos, who eat much ghee, (clarified butter,) and get fat. No. 418.—Phytolacca Decandra.* Poke. Officinal. Radix. The root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 518—figure of the plant, No. 519. For a detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Bigelow's Med. Bot. and Ives' ed. Paris's Ph. * I wonder where Mr. Gray (Supplement, &c.) pot the name Jucato Calleloe for this plant, and discovered that it is "a very common domeitic purge in Ame- rica!'"—and I still move wouder, that the " American physician," ^ho has so freely used Mr. A. T. Thompson's London Dispensatory, by reprinting- not less than 500 pages of it, besides copying all his pharmaceutical plates, with all the accuracy of the engraver, without, I think, sufficient acknowledgment, should have copied Gray's incorrect statement of an American plant, when the American writers could have furnished him with better information, if he had been at the trouble, as was a duty pledged to the public in the title-page, to consult their works. Already a few words had found their »av between Thompson's text, on the Poke—why then this afterclap in the Appendix, No. II. ? Much of this Appendix, by the way, is taken, verbatim, from Gray's Supplement, and the Thesaurus Medicaminum—from Gray so injudiciously, by shreds, as to make some of his remarks ridiculously unmeaning, or, worse, txceeding'y erroneous When PHY—PIL 233 Xo. 419.—Physeter Macrocephalus. The Sper- maceti Whale, yielding the officinal con- crete No. 161. No. 420.—Picrotoxa. Picrotoxine. The proxi- mate bitter poisonous principle of No. 381, which see. No. 421.—Pilule. Pills. The chief officinal will be found noticed in Nos. 39. 121. 217, 218. 261.266. 300; and under the numbers embracing Tar, Gamboge, Myrrh, Opium, Rhubarb, Soap, Squill, as well as some peculiar to different Colleges, under the officinal preparations, at the end of numbers throughout these Outlines. The Pharm. U. S. directs, in addition to these—Pilube Jalapx compositx,- Pilulx Myrrlix et Ferri; Pilulx Hydrargyri oxy-muriatis,- Pilulx Arsenici,- Pilulx Antimoniaks compositx ; Pilubs auri muriatis,- Pilulx As- safxtidx compositx,- Pilulx Abes cum Myrrha et Guaiaco. shall \te cease to render ourselves obnoxious to the just censure of foreign writers —who may say, we use their labours, by several hundred pages at a sweep, with- out their authors' names appearing, as they ought, in the title-pages of such works ? Nearly all of the one alluded to, amounting to upwards of 600 pages, besides the plates, is a reprint of Thompson's book, somewhat abridged, to make way for a few leaves from Paris's Pharm., a little from Dyckman's Edin. Disp. and about 16 pages of Appendix No. II. from sources already mentioned. This is the true amount of the " collation from the best authorities." It is possible, and I think very probable, that the editor has not been sensible of the construction w hich the medical public may put on the withholding of Mr. Thompson's name— 'hat the cause of my disapprobation, and it will also be, assuredly, the cause ot complaint by Mr. Thompson, has arisen from an oversight or misjudgment. Still, it renders American editorship liable to foreign censure—to just censure. It is not unlikely, too, that the "American physician" deemed this passage, in his Preface, sufficient acknowledgment to Mr. Thompson: " All the materials from foreign sources, which could add to its usefulness, have been freely used in compiling the work." But, were that editor the author of a work of so much labour, merit, and wriginal matter, as the London Dispensatory, I do not believe he would see it so reprinted, and admit the amplitude of such acknowledgment. I cannot find Thompson's name in the book. Perhaps he deemed that part of his title-page which says, « comprehending the formulae of the London, Dublin, and Edinburgh Pharmacopeias," enough for Mr. Thompson. If so, surely no one else could think so—since, besides these formula!, Thompson's Dispensatory consists of 550 pages of Materia Medica, 72 pages of Tables, Appendix, Index, ike. besides seven cop- perplates—the greater part of which, including the plates, is reprinted. In a « ord—I object not to the book ; it contains an infinite deal of excellent matter— and the publishers deserve to be rewarded for their enterprise. Let the editor print a new title-page, designating it uAn American edition of the London Dis- pensatory by Anthony Todd Thompson, F. L. S. Surgeon, ire. &c. with altera- tions and additions from Paris's Pharm. and other standard marks, and none would complain, but of what might be deemed injudicious additions—and such, in mv judgment, are to be found in it. A suit at law was instituted against an editor of a Dispeusatory in this city, for taking a few pages from a New-England Dispcnsatorv into his own—this is well known to the proftssion. I write severely on this point—I always will; for I think severely on it, having much at heart that we should earn the character abroad, of being fair w"ters, and just—American literature will be despised else, and our medical authorship undervalued, unesteemed, disregarded. I am willing to be canvassed and adjudged by the same rule—reprobated, if any one can delict my de«ert of it, as a writer, by the same kind of animadversion. 234 PIM—PIN No. 422.—Pimpinella Anisum. Anise. Official. Anisi semina. Lond. Pimpinellx Anisi semina Edin. Anisum; semina. Dub. Anise-seeds. Pimpinella Anisum semina. U. S. Anisum—Anise. Cabinet specimen, Jeff Coll. No. 520—figure of the plant, No. 521. An annual, pentandrous, umbelliferous plant, native of Egypt, cultivated in Malta and Spain, and in gardens elsewhere : the seeds from Spain are smaller than the others, yield more oil, and are preferable. An aromatic—called carminative—supposed, absurdly, to possess the power of promoting the secretion of milk— given in substance, bruised—dose, grs. x to g\j. Offic. Phep. Okum Anisi. L. E. D. & U. S. Spiritus Anisi. L. No. 423.—Pimento BaccvE. Common Allspice, or Jamaica Pepper-:—the fruit of Myrtus Pi- menta, which see. No. 424.—Pinus. Cl. 21. Ord. 8. Monoecia Monodelphia. Nat. ord. Conifers- Eight species, yielding the Terebinthinate products of Mate- ria Medica:— 1. PINUS ABIES, (Abies rubra.) Yellow-leaved Fir—Nor- way Spruce Fir. Yields common Frankincense, by spon- taneous exudation and incision—tops used to make spruce- beer. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 522—figure of the tree, No. 523. 2. PINUS BALSAMUM. Balm of Gilead Fir. Yields Ca- nada Balsam, highly fragrant. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 524—figure of the tree, No. 525. 3. PINUS LARIX. Larch. Exudes Orenburgh Gum, and Briancon Manna—also, by boring, common Venice Tur- pentine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 526—figure of the tree, No. 527. 4. PINUS SYLVESTRIS. The wild Pine, or Scotch Fir. Yields common Turpentine. Inner bark esculent, raw or baked into cakes. Tar distilled from it; lampblack ob- tained by burning it. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 528—figure of the tree, No. 529. PIN—PIN 235 5. PINUS CEMBRA. Yields the fine-scented Briancon Tur- pentine—its shoots, by distillation, the genuine Riga Bal- sam. 6. PINUS PICEA. Yields Strasburg Turpentine, by punc turing the small vesicles of bark which contain it—and common Turpentine, by larger incisions. 7. PINUS CANADENSIS. Hemlock Spruce. Yields Hem- lock Turpentine, called Hemlock Gum. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 530—figure of the tree, No. 531. 8. PINUS PALUSTRIS, and some other species producing the Terebinthina empyreumatica, or impure turpentine, procured by burning, called Pix liquida, or common Tar. The whole of the extensive natural family Coniferx, yield turpentines of different qualities and effects; some being purely balsamic, while others are stimulating, and highly rubifacient. The true Terebinthus of the ancients, is not obtained from the genus Pinus, or Abies, but from the Pistachio Terebinthinus,- its concrete is called Chio or Cypress Turpentine. All the terebinthinate products how- ever, called Terebinthina, by the Colleges, are character- ized by a certain similitude of generic quality, if I may speak thus; but as we use for medical purposes, certain preparations of them, I shall here briefly enumerate them, referring you to the Cabinet specimens, for better infor- mation, on the peculiarities of each, than description can give; and to the details of the lectures, for an exposition of the peculiar medical virtues, effects, and uses, of the whole. 1. Terebinthina Canadensis. From species No. 2; called Canada Balsam; Resina liquida. Canada Turpentine. 2. Terebinthina Chia. Cypress Turpentine, from Pistachio, which see. 3. Terebinthina vulgaris. Common Turpentine; Horse Tur- pentine—from species No. 4. 4. Terebinthina Veneta. Venice Turpentine—from species No. 3. 5. Terebinthina Argenloratensis. Strasburg turpentine, from species, No. 6. 6. Hembck Turpentine. A dark terebinthinate exudation, from the tree which produces hemlock scantling; and which is extensively used, in the United States, instead of Burgundy pitch, as a rubificient. The cabinet specimen, is from Silver Lake, where a good deal of it is collected, as well as in the Eastern States. 236 PIN—PIN 7. Pix abietis. The resina prxparata, of species No. 1, call- ed Burgundy pitch. The turpentines may be either made into pills, with powder- ed liquorice-root, or suspended in water by yoik of egg, or mucilage of acacia; gj requires one yolk, or 51SS acacia gum. Dose of all, grs. x to gj. TEREBINTHINA OLEUM. L. E. D. & U. S. Oilof Tur- pentine—(called Spirit of Turpentine.) This is an essential oil, distilled from common turpentine ; is limpid, colourless; specific gravity .792, of strong, pene- trating, peculiar odour; the volatile vapour causing the eyes to smart, if exposed to it. Medical Properties and Uses. An invaluble medicine; diuretic in small doses, say, fgj or fgij ; purgative, and discharging tape worm dead, in doses of fg) or t^ij ; is safest in large doses; has been used in epilepsy, gout, sciatica, in diseases of the kidneys, originating from ul- ceration and obstruction; in puerperal fever, in yellow fever, to allay gastric irritability; by John Hunter, as a styptic in almond emulsion, for internal haemorrhages; ex- ternally as a vehement rubifacient in croup, rheumatism, 8cc.; as a stimulating liniment in legions of tendons, and contusions; in clyster, for tympanites and flatulent colic, and constipation; boiled with Spanish flies, as a quick, intense blister; mjxed with almond oil, and dropped on cotton, to be stuffed in the ears, for deafness, depending on a morbid state of the glands secreting the wax; and for various other purposes. It is best given in the man- ner of castor oil, floating on alcoholic fluids, or coffee ; as a diuretic electuary, may be given in doses of T\x to igj. It affects the head, when given freely, by a species of in toxxation, or hallucinative excitement, without hilarity. Offic. Piief. Linimentum Terebinthinx. L. Formula— No. 1. R Terebinthinae olei, fg\j "^ Melis Despumati, gj > Pulv. ltad. Glycyrrhizx, q. s. j Make alinctus—a tea-spoonful, night and morning; with a draught of some weak tepid fluid, after each dose. Aromatic stimulant—in sciatica. No. 2. R Terebinthinx olei, fi>'sO Olei Olivae, f5issC Acidi. Sulph. dilut. fgiij j This is the Guestonian embrocation for rheumatism. A mixture of oil of turpentine, tinct. guaiacum, spirit of nitric ether, and small portions of oilof amber, and cloves, is a nostrum, sold under the name of " Dutch Drops," and " Haerlem Drops"— PIP—PIP 237 No. 425.—Piper. Pepper. Cl. 2. Ord. 3. Diandria Trigynia. Nat. ord. Piperitx,lAxm. Urticx, Juss. Species— 1. PIPER NIGRUM. Common black pepper; a well known condiment. Cabinet specimen No. 532, is for comparison with cubebs, figure of the plant, No. 533. OIL OF BLACK PEPPER. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 534. Discovered by Pelletier, in his analysis. Is obtained in the preparation of Piperine, by adding water and muriatic acid to an alcoholic solution of pepper, concentrated by eva- poration. It possesses, in a very concentrated state, the heat and acrimony of the pepper; and from its sensible properties, will doubtless prove useful in practice. Is a good subject for an inaugural thesis. Mr. Carpenter has prepared it. 2. PIFER LONGUM. Long pepper. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 535—figure of the plant, No. 536. Properties, in every respect, similar to species 1. 3. PIPER CUBEBA. Cubeb. Officinal. Cubebx. Cubebs, of the Colleges. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 537—figure of the plant, No. 538. Diuretic and purgative—used in gonorrhoea and gleets, which is an ancient oriental practice. Dose, in powder, >)j to g\ss, 4 times a day; in tincture, made of giij bruised cubebs, in Oj rectified spirit of wine, fgj in water, 3 or 4 times a day. Cubebs have been used for the past two years, by Mr. Roux, in purulent ophthalmia, produced by gonorrhoeal poison, with advantage; his dose, gj powdered, 3 times a day. M. Velpeau, has administered Cubebs by the rec- tum, in gonorrhoea, with favourable results—he was led to this, by his success in using Balsam Copaiba in this man- ner. A combination of this latter medicine, witii oil of Cubebs, has been much used by the mouth, in the same disease. According to Vauquelin, Cubebs contain a vola- tile and almost concrete oil, resembling that of copaiva, a resin in small proportion, extractive, and some saline sub- stances. Mr. G. W: Carpenter says, in a note to ine : "I have obtained a resinous fixed oil, by the means of sul- phuric ether, which has been found much more active than that obtained by distillation." VOL. II. X 233 PIP—PIX No. 426.—Piperia. Piperine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 539. A proximate principle, discovered by M. Pelletier and Mr Oerstadt, in black pepper; it crystalhzes from he^green oil, in acicular crystals, in radiating groups ; it is; soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble >n cold, and sparing!}solu ble in hot water. Piperine, when perfectly free, fronoil and resin, is colourless, transparent, and insipid; it appears to be much more active, when united with the portion of oil and resin, with which it is combined in its first crys- tallization. It has been employed as a febrifuge tonic me- dicine, in intermittent and typhus fevers, and has been used also in periodical head-aches; its dose, from one to three erains. It is a very active medicine, and has been considered by M. Meli fully equal, if not superior, to the quinine, in the same doses. See Materia Indica, \ ol. I. page 622 ; also, Bulletin des Sciences Medicates, No. 4, Avril, 1826, page 364. The above article has been manufactured by Mr. George W. Carpenter, of Philadelphia, and is now in the hands of several physicians, who are about to administer it, for the purpose of more fully investigating its medical pro- perties. No. 427.—PlSTACHIA. Cl. 22. Ord. 5. Diaeia Pentandria. Nat. ord. Amenlacex Linn. Terebintacex, Juss. Species 1.—PISTACHIA TEREBINTHUS. Chian Turpentine (See No. 424.) Officinal. Terebinthina Chia. Lond. Chian Turpentine. This tree is a native of Barbary and the South of Europe. Species 2.—PISTACHIA LENTISCUS. Lentlsk or Mastick tree. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. No. 540—figure of the tree, No. 541. Officinal. Mastiche. Lond. Pistachix Lentisci resina. Edin Mastic. Only used in dentristry, to fill the cavities of carious teeth, too much decayed to hold metal—and in the arts, to make a beautiful transparent varnish, with which all the paint- ings in the Cabinet, not glazed, are covered; it requires previous covering of fish glue size, to protect the paper. No. 428.—Pix arida. L. Pix Burgundica. E. D. Burgundy pitch, the prepared concrete of species 1, No. 424, which see. PIX—PLU 239 No. 429.—Pix liojjida. L.E.D. & U.S. Tar—See species 4, No. 424, from which, with spe- cies 8, of same No., it is obtained. No. 430.—Plumbum. Lead. Its salts only used— Plumbi Sub-carbonas. L. Carbonas Plumbi, vulgo, Cerussa. E. Cerussa, sub-acetas Plumbi. D. Cerusse, or white lead. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 542. Only used externally, and injudiciously, if not dangerously, to sprinkle over excoriated surfaces of the skin—very im- proper practice, in the chafings of babies; which nurses will do if not watched. Offic Prep. Unguent. Cerussx. D. Plumbi super-acetas. L. E. D. A No. 431.—Plumbi oxydum semi-vitreum. L. E. Lithargyrum. D. Litharge. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 543. Only used in jihannac^y, in making Emphst. Plumbi, of the Colleges, and Ceratum Saponis. L. No. 432.—Plumbi super-acetas. L. (Cerussa ace- tata. P. L. 1787. Saccharum Saturni, 1745.) Acetas Plumbi. E. D. Vulgo, Sugar of Lead. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 544. Qualities. Irregular masses, resembling lumps of sugar, being aggregated acicular 4-sided prisms, terminated by dihedral summits, which are slightly efflorescent—taste sweet and astringent; called a super-acetate, but seems to be a neutral salt; soluble in 25 parts of hot or cold water; soluble in alcohol; for incompatible substances, see Tables at end of Vol. I. Medical Properties and Uses. Sedative; a highly valuable medicine, being capable of effecting various sanative purposes, according to its mode of exhibition—checks uterine haemorrhage, and hsemoptisis, internally given; externally, its effects well known, in the familiar applica- tion of lead water to inflammations of all kinds. From ex- tensive and bold use in this article, for many purposes, which will be detailed in the lectures, I set at nought the overweening caution of M. Gaspard, who thinks the salt can never be given in any dose, without risk, unless so 240 POD—POL combined as to be decomposed; occasionally, requires to be combined or administered with a little opium. Dose, in pill, gr. ss, togr j, abstaining from drink, except water, or water acidulated with vinegar, for an hour after taking it. Offic. Prep. Ceratum Plumbi, super-acetatis. L. According to Paris, the pretended prophylactic, against venereal virus, called " Royal Preservative," is a solution of super-acetate of lead. Formula— R Plumbi Super-acetatis, grs. iij ~) Opii Puri, gr. i > Extracti Conii, gr. x > Make into 3 pills—one may be taken twice a day, drinking after each, vinegar and water. Astrin- gent. No. 433.—Podophyllum peltatum. May Apple. Officinal. Radix.' The root. Phar. U. S. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 545—figure of the plant, No. 546. A cathartic called often, American Jalap—for a full account, «>. w. P. C, Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I, platCT 25: No. 434.—Polygonum Bistorta. Radix—the root called Bistort. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 547—figure of the plant, No. 548. Officinal, by the London, Dublin, and Edinburgh Colleges, for its astringent tonic quality. Dose of the powdered root, grs. xv to gj, twice or thrice a day—not used in the United States. No. 435.—Polygala Senega. Officinal. Radix. Senega snake root. Phar. U. S. and the Colleges. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 549—figure of the plant, No. 550. \n indigenous plant, of various properties, all evidencing its stimulant power—it pukes, nauseates, and is therefore expectorant; it purges, and is therefore emmenagogue ; is diaphoretic, and therefore helps its expectorant and emmenagogue effects. Dr. Hartshorne, and Dr. Chap- man, have found it emmenagogue. I have often given it with this view, and when it purged actively, was success- ful ; it is an improper medicine in inflammatory diseases— and what kind of croup Dr. Archer found it effectual in, I am at a loss to divine—trust it not. I most earnestly POP—POT 241 s^Sed^rj'/ t0 tI,1"l-nk °f H in that disease, properly in Oj of wa e"' E^?v y of"** & of th* contused roots Offic p. n 5 7 2d °r 3d hour' /»"> « ««*«• Fn f, ' DCC°CtUm SmeS*> of th* Colleges. U.asflVoiaCLpe36: W" R C< ^^ V^ Mat' M^- bef for an SguralThesis^t'CT/ ^ ^enuSWOU,d very numerous,^ ht? not bet Tnvfs^a^^8 "" No.436_Populus Balsamifera. Carolina Poplar. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll Nn «f « r- , No. 552 551—figure of the tree, make a balsamic oleaginous application to cuts and wound? No.437.--PoTAssA Fusa. L. Potassa. E. j&fl Causticum. D. (Zapi*Infemails, P. L. 1720 ^> Common Caustic. v Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 553. Called the Vegetable Caustic, and Caustic Potash. Used as Caus^ eSCharotic-"-er internally, as the W No. 438.—Potass* Acetas, of the Colleges. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 554. Qualities. In masses of a foliated, laminar texture, very deliquescent, odour slight and peculiar, and hav, 11J a\l»™ pungent taste-fgj distilled wlter. at "f SmS grams or 100 pans are soluble in 'l05 of water-die So,u tion undergoes spontaneous decomposition; soluble in 4 times its weight of alcohol; consists of one proportional of each of its components, i. e. 45 potass, 48P2S3 Medical Properties astd Uses. In doses of Si to z\ din ret.c ; ,n doses of 3ij to 3i,j, laxative. di 3h dm' Formulae— No. 1. R Potassae Acetatis, ?j Oxymel. Colchici, r'zjj Rubbed together with Aquae purae, f-z: Spir. Juniperi comp. ffss., Make a draught-to be taken twice a day. Diur-t;< x2 POT—POT No. 2. R Infus. Digitalis, f|ivl Potassae Acetat. gi > Tinct. Opii, Kv J Make a mixture—dose, a table-spoonful, twice o: thrice a day. Diuretic. For No. 3, see Formula R 3, No. 357. No.439.—Potass* sub-carbonas impurus. U.S. Impure sub-carbonate of Potass, called Pearl Ash. Potassae sub-carbonas. L. E. Sub- carbonas kali. D. (Kali prseparatum, P. L. 1787. Sal Absinthii—Sal Tartari, 1745.) This salt has also been called salt of wormwood, salt of tartar, &c. according to its mode of preparation. Qualities. In white coarse grains, so exceedingly deliques- cent, that when exposed to air, it liquefies into a thick solution ; consists of one proportional of acid, one of po- tass, with variable quantities of sulphate of potass, muriate of potass, siliceous earth, alumina, together with the ox- ides of iron and manganese; soluble in twice its weight of water, any residuum being impurity; insoluble in alco- hol ; makes soaps with oils. Medical Properties and Uses. Antacid, diuretic; chiefly used for pharmaceutical purposes, and in making draughts; is less pleasant than No. 440. Dose, grs. x to gss. Offic. Prep. Potassx Acetas. L. E. D. &. U. S. Liquor Po- tassx. L. E. D. & U. S. Potassx Sulphuretum. L. E. D. Potassx Tart. L. E. D. & U. S. Liquor Arsenicalis. L. E. D. &. U. S. The Sub-carbonas Potassx purissimus, E. is the purest salt, obtained by incinerating cream of tartar; yet it generally contains lime. Formulae— No. 1. R Potassae sub-carbonatis, grs. x"t Infusi Gentianx comp. f^iss [ Spir. JEtheris comp. f3ss f Tinct. Cinnamomi, fgj J Make a draught. Diuretic. No. 2. R Potassae sub-carbonatis, 9j ~\ Succi Limonum, fgss vel q. s. j Aquae Cinnamomi, fgj \ Aceti Scillae, fg\ss f Tinct. Opii, Tl^v Syrupi Aurantii, f^ss J Make a draught, to be taken once or twice a day Diuretic. POT—POT 243 No. 3. R Pulv. Antimon. grs. iij} Potassse sub-carbonatis, grs. v > Anthemidis flor. exsiccat. J)j j Make a powder, to be taken pro re nata. Diaphoretic No. 440.—Potass* Carbonas. L. E. Carbonate of potass. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 555. In crystals, which are four-sided prisms, permanent in air, of a slightly alkaline taste, but without acrimony. It is a de- carbonate, consisting of two proportionals of carbonic acid and one proportional of potass; and in its crystalline form, contains water of crystallization, equal to one proportional: soluble in four parts cold, and five-sixths of its weight of boiling water, in which it is partially decomposed, during which it liberates carbonic acid; insoluble in alcohol. The Sal Mratus, so much lauded for dyspepsia, is no more than an impurebi-carbonate of potass, and differing from the above, being uncrystallized. It is made by ex- posing pearl-ash in a basket, over a brewer's vat, while brewing—by which the sub-carbonate of potass (pearl- ash) acquires an excess of carbonic acid. Both are medicinally identical. Used in disordered di- gestive functions, and in calculous affections, as antilithics. Dose, grs. x. to gss and gj, dissolved in a glass of water, and taken a short time before meals. An excellent medi- . cine, as I know from experience in my own person and in practice. Formulae— No. 1. R Potassae .Carbonatis, grs. x 7 Misturae C amphorae, f Jj $ Make a draught with lemon-juice—a table-spoonful to be taken during effervescence. Diaphoretic, antidyspeptic. No. 2. R Misturae Amygdal. f^j "1 Potassae Carbonatis, grs. x I Syrupi Rhceades, sive f ----- Sambuci, f^j J Make a draught with one table-spoonful of lemon- juice—to be taken during effervescence. Febri- fuge. No.441.—Potass*Nitras. L.E. & U.S. Nitrum, D. Nitre, or Saltpetre. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 556, 244 POT—POT Qualities. In crystals of six-sided prisms, terminated by dihedral summits, of a bitter sharp taste, imparting the sen- sation of coldness. Consists of one proportional of nitric acid, and one of potass; dissolves in 7 parts of water, at 60° F. and in its own weight at 212°; its solubility in- creased by adding common salt; solution attended with considerable reduction of temperature ; insoluble in al- cohol. Medical Properties asd Uses. Sedative, somewhat diu- retic; chiefly employed in combinations of medicines. Dose, grs. x to xv, to act on the kidneys; in grs. xxv to J)j aperient. In over doses, excites vomiting, urinous taste in the mouth, constriction of the fauces, bloody-stools, convulsions, and death. Its poisonous effects have fre- quently been evidenced in the mistakes which have arisen in taking it for glauber salts. I have had one case of this kind, in Mr. Hazelhurst's family, in this city, where an ounce had been taken in solution. I recovered the man, by giving him several galbns of water sweetened with more than a pound of brown sugar. Formulae— No. 1. See Formula 3, of No. 330. No. 2. R Scillae radicis exsiccat, grs. xij" Potassae nitratis, gj Sacchari purificati, et Cinnamomi cort. contrit, aa gj J Make a powder, and divide into 6 equal parts—one twice a day. Diuretic. No. 3. R Potassae nitratis, gj "\ Misturae Ammoniaci, fjvj I Spir. Juniperi comp. fjiss [ Aceti. Scillae, f 3vj J Make a mixture—a table-spoonful the dose, every 4th or 6th hour. Diuretic. No. 4. R Cetacei g\j Pulv. Traga. comp. gj Syrup, papaveris vel sambuci, Syrup. Tolu. aaf^ij = Confect. Ros. g\j Potassae Nitratis, gss J Make an electuary, of which, a portion, the size of a nutmeg, is the dose, for cartarrh and cough. No. 5. R Potassae Nitratis, gj ~\ Antimonii Tartarizat. gr. ss I Aquae Ferventis, f'5iij r Syrupi Limonum, fgj J xiJ^| POT—POT 245 Make a mixture, a table-spoonful the dose, every 2d hour, in fevers and pneumonia. Thomas T. Hewson. SAL PRUNELLJE. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 557. Called also Lapis Prunellx, and sore throat salt; is made by melting life of nitre, injecting gradually upon it, gij flowers of sidphur, and pouring it into moulds, either balls or cakes, as in the cabinet specimens. It is an old prepa- ration, and was much valued as an application either in substance or in gargle, to cynanche trachealis. No. 442.—Potass* sulphas. L. E. Sulphas Kali. D. (Kali vitriolatum. P. L. 1787. Tarta- rum vitriolatum, 1745 and 1720. Sal Duobus, &c.) The crystals in rectangular prisms, modified on the edgei and angles—or double 6-sided pyramids, with short in- tervening prisms, which are macles, or hemetrope crystals. Slightly efflorescent, and decripitate by heat; fgj of water, dissolves only 24 grains. Not useful as a purgative, be- ing so hard and insoluble; usually given, when admister- ed, which is not often, combined with rhubarb, or other purgative powder. Dose, grs. x to gss. Offic. Prep. Pulvis Ipecacuanhx comp. L. E. D. & U. S. Formula— R Sabinae foliorum exsiccat, 1 Zi ngib eris rad. contus, aa g ss £ Potassae sulphatis, 3ss J Make a powder, to be taken twice a day, for sup- pressed catamenia. The Edinburgh College still retains a salt, under the name of Sulphas Potassx cum sulphure, (formerly Sal Polychrest; salt of many virtues)—it is produced by deflagrating nitre with sulphur, in a red-hot crucible. The product contains, besides sulphate of potass, bi-sulphate and sulphuret of f potass. It is not in any way superior to the preceding, -• and has been very judiciously left out of the Phar. U. S. NTo. 443.—Potass* super-sulphas. L. {Sal Enix- um of commerce.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 558. In long hexangular prisms, of a sour slightly bitter taste; is a bi-sulphate, consisting of 2 proportionals of acid and one of the alkali—soluble in twice its weight of water, as well as in alcohol; more soluble, and more active than the sui- 246 POT—POT phate; generally combined with a purgative, as rhubarb, m a solid form. Dose grs. x to gij. Formula— R Pulvis Rhei, grs. xvT Potassae Super-sulphat, grs. x > Aquae Cinnamomi, fgj j Make a draught. Cathartic. No. 444.—Potass* sulphuretum. L. E. Sulphu- retum Kali. D. {Kali Sulphuretum. P. L. 1787. Hepar Sulphuris?) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 559. A hard brittle mass, of a liver-brown hue, whence the old name hepar—of an acrid bitter taste; inodorous when dry, but when wet, intolerably offensive, giving out the odour of bilge-water. It consists of sulphur, potass, and a pro- portion of carbonic acid—soluble in water, undergoing decomposition into hydroguretted sulphuret, and sulphate of potass. Medical Properties and Uses. It is of no further use, than to enable us to give sulphur in a form soluble in water; used in cutaneous affections, in gouty and rheumatic dis- eases ; in solution for the itch of infants. Formula— R Potassae sulphureti, grs. xv"* Saponis duri, gj r Balsam. Peruvianae, q. s. J Make 30 pills—3 the dose, with warm infusion of Juniper berries, in cutaneous affections. Dia- phoretic. No. 445.—Potass* super-tartras. L.E. &U. S. Tartarum Crystalli. E. Super-tartrate of Potass—Crystals of Tartar. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 560. In small irregular brittle crystals, which when pulverized are called cream of tartar; taste harsh, acid, peculiar, being generally recognised with ease by tasting. Is a bi-tartrate, consisting of 2 proportionals of acid, and one of potass. Requires 120 parts water, at 60° F. and 30 parts at boiling heat, to dissolve it—somewhat soluble in alcohol. Medical Properties and Uses. Well known—is a hydra- gogue cathartic, producing an influx of serous fluids into the bowels; hence, united with jalap, it is an important hydragogue in drop^es; in small doses, diuretic. The formula of the Codex Medicamentaiius of Paris, noticed among the pitpaiations below, is directed on account of the increased solubility of the salt, by its union with bora- PRI—PRU 247 cic acid. It directs that 30 parts boracic acid, and 20 dis- tilled water, be heated together, in a silver vessel; 120 parts super-tartrate of potass are then added, in divided portions, shaking the mixture continually; when the whole will soon liquefy; and by continuing the heat, a pulverulent mass will be formed." Dose of super-lartrate potass as diuretic gj, frequently repeated; as a cathartic, giv to gvj. The South American physicians use this salt perpetually in their practice. I have had many of them as patients for some years past, and they always asked to have it administered, attaching great importance to its effects; adulterated often with No. 443 ; may be known by the greater solubility of the sophisticated article. Offic. Prep. Pulvis Jabpx comp. L. E. D. & U. S. Pulv. Scammonix. E. Pulvis Sennx comp. L. Ferrum Tartari- zatum. L. Antimonium Tartarizatum. L. E. D. & U. S. Soda Tartarizata. L. E. D. &. U. S. Tartarus acidulus potassxsolubilis, admixlo acido boracico. Codex Med. Paris. Formula— R Potassae super-tartratis, gj ~\ Pulveris scillae exsiccat, gr. iij C. Pulveris Zingiberis, gr. v j Make a powder—to be taken once, twice, or thrice a day. Diuretic. No. 446.—Prinos verticillatus. Black Alder. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 561—figure of the root, No. 562. Officinal. Cortex. Phar. U. S. The root of Black Alder; antiseptic, astringent, tonic. For a full account, see W> P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. No. 447.—Prunus Domestica. Common Plumb tree. Officinal, by some Colleges, Pruna-, the fruit called Prunes .*■ laxative, when boiled or stewed—less so, uncooked. Offic Prep. Confectio Sennx. L. E. D. No. 448.—Prunus Virginiana, ? Wild Cherry ----- Serotina, 5 trees. Officinal. Cortex. The bark. Pharm. U. S. and Ives's ed Paris's Pharm.—The bark of the trees and the root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 563—figures of the trees, No. 564 and No. 564*. Sub-sedative or narcotic,'and tonic; used as a succedaneum for Cinchona, and, on account of its effect in lessening the force of the circulation, when managed with that view, 248 PTE—PTE has been used in hectic and other febrile wasting diseases; said to be useful in consumption; contains hydrocyanic acid. Dose, gj to gij of the powdered bark—of the infu- sion gij to giv. PRUNUS LAURO-CERASUS. Cherry laurel; yields hy- drocyanic acid and laurel water. No. 449.—Pterocarpus. Cl. 17. Ord. 4. Diadelphia Decandria. Nat. ord. Papilio- nacex. Species 1—PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS. Red Saunders tree. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 565. Produces the officinal red saunders, used in pharmacy, as a colouring ingredient. Species 2—PTEROCARPUS ERINACEA. Officinal, Kino, of the Colleges. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 566. The inspissated juice of Eucalyptus resinifera, is assumed by the Edinburgh College, as the tree which yields K'no,- the Dublin considers it the product of the Butea frondosa. There is little doubt, that it is the product of the Pierucar- pus erinacea. M. Virey, in a note read to the Royal Academy of Medicine at Prague, concerning the origin of Gum Kino, has shown that the first Gum Kino, which was known, and used by Fothergill &. Cullen, came from Gambia, or from Egypt, and that it was obtained in Senegal, and in Scnegambia, from the pterocarpus echinata. lie states also, that the name of this plant was found by Robert Brown, anions the dried specimens of Mungo Park, brought from Africa. This species of Gum Kino, which resembles dragon's-blood extracted from the pterocarpus draco, is not the variety which is usually found in commerce ; this being brought from both the Indies, as well as from New-Holland, though that which comes from the latter country is obtained from some rubiacex, nuclcx, and also from some species of acacia. (Estratto delle sedute dell' Accademia Reale di Medi- cina di Paragi, Aprik, 1827.) A sort of Kino is said to be made in Jamaica, being the ex- tract of the cocobba uvifera, or sea-side grape. This is the opinion of Dr. Duncan, junr : Dr. Murray, however, says, he has been informed that the Jamaica sort is the extract of the wood of mahogany. *' The Kino which comes from India, is the extract of the Nuucliod Gambi. It is imported in chests, containing from 1 to 2 cwt. and on the inside of PUN—PUL 249 the lid of each chest, is a paper, inscribed with the name of John Brown, the month and year of its exportation, and stating that it is the produce of Amboyna." Thompson. The other kinds are—1. African Kino, 2. Botany Bay Kino, 3. Jamaica Kino, (not now to be had, according to Thompson,) 4. East India, or Amboyna Kino. All pow- erfully astringent, like catechu. Dose, in substance grs. x to gss, of the infusion fgiss, of the tincture fgj. Offic Prep. Tinctura Kino. L. E. D. & U. S. No. 450.—Punica Granatum. Pomegranate. Cl. 12. Ord. 1. Icosandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Pomacex, Linn. Myrtx, Juss. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 567—figure of the plant, No. 568. Officinal. Granati Cortex. Lond. Granatum,-flores, pere carpii Cortex. Dub, Pomegranate bark and flower—Gra- natum, Cortex, fructus. U. S. The bark of the fruit of Pomegranate—native of the South of Europe, Barbary, Asia; naturalized in the West Indies; cultivated in the United States, in green-houses, but stands the winters in borders. Astringent—Dose, J)j to gj in powder; of a decoction made with giv of the bark, and fgvi of water—fgvi every 3d or 4th hour. PYRETHRI, Radix—see No. 56. No. 451.—Pulveres. Powders, of the Colleges. The chief important combinations, under this title, are— 1. Pulvis Aloes comp. L. P. Abes cum Guaiaco. D. Dose, grs. xto9J. Formula— R Pulv. Aloes comp. gj -| Pulv Antimon. gr. v I Saponis Duri, gr. x | Decoct. Aloes comp. q. s. J Make into 20 pills—2 a dose, to promote a healthy regularity of the bowels. 2. Pulvis Abes cum Canelb. Dose grs. x.—>)j; called Hiera picra. 3. Pulvis Antimonialis. A succedaneum of James's Powder. No. 1. See Formula 3, of No. 318. No. 2. R Pulv. Ipecacuanhae comp. grs. xv ? Pulv. Antimon. grs. ij > Make a powder, to be taken at bed-time, followed by a draught of warm tea. Diaphoretic. No. 3. See Formula 5, of No. 235. VOL. II. Y 250 QUA—QUA No. 4. See Formula 3, of No. 439. No. 5. See Formula 2, of No. 330. 4. Pulvis Cinnamomi compositus—used to give aromatic warmth to other preparations, as for example in Pulvis 1, above. 5. Pulvis Contrajervx comp. Dose, grs. x to lx. Stimulant; diaphoretic. 6. Pulvis cornu usti cum opio. Ten grains contain one grain of opium. 7. Pulvis Crelx comp. Dose, grs. v to Qj. 8. Pulvis Cretx comp. cum opio. Formula— R Pulv. Cretx cum opio, ^j > Pulv. Extract Catechu, grs. xv 5 Make a powder, to be taken after each evacuation. In Diarrhoea depending on acidity. 9. Pulvis Ipecacuanhx comp. Dover's Powder—Dose, grs. v. to 9j» in bolus or gruel. Formulae— No. 1. R Pulveris Ipecacuanhae comp. grs. xv ~> Pulv. Tragacanth. comp. J)ij 5 Divide into 4 equal parts—one every hour. Diapho- retic. No. 2. R Guaiaci gum-resinae, grs. x"^ Pulv. Ipecacuanhae comp. grs. v > Confect. Rosae, q. s. J Make a bolus, to be taken at bed time. Diapho- retic. 10. Pulvis Scammonix comp. 11. Pulvis Tragacanlhx comp. See Formula 1. Pulvis No. 9, above. Powders should be kept in opake green glass-stop- per bottles, being affected by light and air. Q. No. 452.—Quassia. The Quassia tree. Cl. 10. Ord. 1. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Gruinabs, Linn. Magnolix, Juss. Species 1---QUASSIA SIMAROUBA. Simarouba Quassia, Mountain Damson, (in Jamaica.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 569—figure of the tree No. 570. 6 Officinal. Slmaroubx Cortex. Lond. Quassix Simaroubx Cortex. Edin. Simarouba,- Cortex, lignum. Dub. Sima- QUA—QUA 251 rouba bark and wood—Quassia Simarouba, Cortex. U. S. Simarouba bark. Native of South America, and the West Indies. Qualities. Bark inodorous, bitter, not disagreeable taste— water and alcohol take up all its virtues, at 68° F. better than at boiling heat. Medical Properties and Uses. Tonic, perhaps a peculiar one—I have used it frequently, particularly at sea, in dysenteric diseases, with more advantage than any other tonic ; first introduced in Paris in 1713. as a remedy fo* that disease. Is used also in diarrhoea and dyspeptic af- fections. Dose, in substance, £j to gss; best given in in- fusion, which is the commonest form. Offic Prep. Infusum Shnaroubx. L. Si U. S. Species 2—QUASSIA EXCELSA. Lofty Quassia. Cabinet specimens, Jeff, Coll. Nos. 571 and 572—figure of tree, No. 573. Officinal. Quassia Lignum. E. D. L. & U. S. The wood of Quassia, (called Quassia.) Native of Jamaica, and the Caribbean Islands, where it is called Bitter Ash. Qualities. Inodorous and intensely bitter, wine-yellow. Alcohol and water extract its bitterness, and evaporated to dryness, leaves a brown-yellow sub-transparent brittle extract, called Quassin, being considered a peculiar proxi- mate principle of the wood, embodying its bitterness. Mr. A. T. Thompson is of opinion it contains resin. Mkdical Properties and Uses. A pure intense bitter tonie, used in every case where such a medicine might be pro- per—it is extensively prescribed every where, and is kept in the shops in shavings, raspings, or saw-dust. I do not think it ought ever to be given in substance—infusion, or decoction, is the best form. The tincture is admissible where the vinous or alcoholic menstruum may not be pre- judicial. Mr. A. T. Thompson s>uys, he found it servicea- ble combined with nitric acid, in typhus and in fluor albus. This union I have not used in those diseases, but have in numerous others; and to restore tone to the system in tedious convalescence from fevers, I have found nothing equal to this combination. With cretaceous powder, and ginger, it has been given for gout—g j or gij of the rasp- ings, will be sufficient for Oij water, in decoction, and for Ojss in infusion. A wine-glass full, the dose of either—very strong, it is apt to prove intolerable to the stoniach. Offic. Prep. Infusum Quassix. L. & U. S. Tinctura Quassix. E. D. & U. S. lnfusu.n Quassix cum sulph. Zinei. U. S. 252 QUE—QUE QUINA. Quinine. See No. 169. No. 453.—Quercus. Oak. Cl. 21. Ord. 6. Monoecia Polyandria. Nat. ord. Amentacem. Species 1—QUERCUS INFECTORIA OLIVIER, ? „ , , 1 t, r. ■ ' > Dyer's oak oynonym—Quercus cams. > J Officinal. Gallx. Galls of the Colleges*—Gall-nuts. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 574. This species grows throughout all Asia; is seldom more than six feet high ; the leaves are smooth, obtusely toothed, and of a bright green colour on both sides; it has an elongated acorn, two or three times longer than the cup, which is sessile, downy, and scaly; the gall comes out at the shoots of the young boughs; those that come out first, according to Virey, are best; they are called in commerce blue, black, or green—those afterwards gathered, are in- ferior, being pierced, and are called white galls. The insect which produces galls, is the Cynips quercus folii, Linn. (Dipblepsis gallx tinctorix, of Geoffrey,) a small hymenopterous fly, which punctures the tender shoot with its sting, and deposites its egg in the pnncture. This is soon hatched, and from the maggot feeding on the juice of the plant, a morbid perversion is induced, which causes the excrescence, called gall-nut. The first picked galls", termed Yerli by the natives, are called black, green, or blue galls—these are gathered before the larva; have be- come flies, and escaped; those subsequently gathered, when the flies have made their way out, and leave holes, are inferior and less astringent, and called white galls. The best galls are those of Aleppo, Smyrna, Magnesia, Karahisser, Diarbekir, and the interior of Natolia. Qualities. Inodorous, bitter, very astringent—the most in- tense of all vegetable astringents. Medical Properties and Uses. In the profluvia and haemor- rhages of a passive kind; in form of gargles and injections; in ointment for haemorrhoids. Dose, internally, grs. x to 9 j, twice or thrice a day. Offic. Prep. Tinctura Galbrum. E. D. Formulae— No. 1. R Infus. Sabbatiae angularis, fgiss Pulv. Gallarum, * grs. x Tinct. Catechu, fgss Tincti. Cardamom, comp. fgss Syrup. Cort. Aurantii, fgj Make a draught. Astringent. QUE—RAN 253 No. 2. R Gallarum pulverisat. gj~? Adeps praeparat. gj > Make an ointment, to be applied to the parts af- fected. In haemorrhoids. Cullen. Species 2—QUERCUS PEDUNCULATA. Common Oak, (in Europe.) This species yields the officinal oak-bark, of the European Colleges—superseded in the United States, by Species 3—QUERCUS ALBA. White Oak. Officinal. Cortex. The bark, Pharm. U. S. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 575—figure of the tree, No. 576. Indigenous—powerfully astringent—chiefly used externally in decoction, as a lotion to indolent and fungous ulcers. Has been used in substance, and in deeoction, and infu sion, in intermittents. Formula— R Quercus albi cort. contus. gss ? Aquae ferventis, fJzuJ 5 Macerate for an hour, and pour off. A convenient infusion. No. 454.—Quercus tinctoria. Black Oak—Quer- citron bark ? Officinal. Cortex. The bark, Pharm. U. S. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 577—figure of the tree, No. 578. Similar to the preceding—less astringent—used by dyers. R. No. 455.—Ranunculus bulbosus. Common but- ter-cup or Crowfoot. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 579—figure of the plant, No. 580. Indigenpus or naturalized, the root is rubifacient—applied long enough, blisters. Species 2—RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS. Celery-leaved, or marsh Ranunculus. Indigenous, very acrid—also rubifacient and epispastic. Cabinet Specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 581—figure of the plant, No. 582. Both species would constitute a good subject for an itaugu ral dissertation. t2 254 RHA—RHE No. 456.—Rhamnus catharticus. Purging Buck- thorn. Cabinet Specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 583—figure of the plant No. 584. Rhumnx baccx. Lond. Rhamni cathartici succus. Edin. Rhamnus catharticus,- Baccx. Dub. Rhamnus caikarlicus, baccx. The berries of Buckthorn. Cabinet Specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 585—figure of the plant, No. 586. Carthartic, very little used. Dose of the recent berries, 9j- of the expressed juice fgj, of the dried berries gj. Officinal. Syrupus Rhamni. L. E. & U. S. No. 457.—Rheum. The Rhubarb Plant. Cl. 9. Ord. 3. Enneandria Trigynia. Nat. ord. Hohracex, Juss. Two Species— RHEUM UNDULATUM. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure, No, 587. RHEUM PALMATUM. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure, No. 588. These yield the well known Rhubarb, of which there are 5 varieties, known in commerce. 1. Russian rhubarb. Cab. Sp. Jeff. Coll. No. 589. 2. Turkey rhubarb. Cab. Sp. Jeff. Coll. No. 590. 3. East India or China rhubarb. Cab. Sp. Jeff. Coll. No. 591. Rhubarb of American growth. Cab. Sp. Jeff. Coll. No, 592. It is difficult to distinguish the different kinds, except by familiarity with them, and close examination. Dr. Paris says, that a number of persons in London, known in the trade by the name of Russijiers; gain a regular livelihood by the art of dressing this article; by boring, rasping, and then colouring the inferior kinds; for which they charge at the rate of 18 pence per pound. The Russian or Tur- key has a peculiar, somewhat aromatic odour, a bitter sub- astringent taste, hardly sub-acrid, I think, as stated by Mr. A. T. Thompson; is gritty between the teeth, when masticated; tinges the saliva bright yellow. Breaks with a rough hackly fracture, easily pulverized; the powder being bright buff-yellow; when good, is compact and heavy. The East India or Chinese, has a stronger smell, and is more nauseous; breaks with a denser and smoother frac- ture; and by pulverization, is a reddish-yellow. Mr. A. T. Thompson's experiments, show that the varieties differ in several respects; they contain a large portion of extrac- RHE—RHE 255 tive, a small portion of resin, mucus, tannin, gallic acid, a colouring matter, much oxalate of lime, and minute por- tions of alumen and silex. The Russian contains most oxalate of lime, more tannin and resin; the Chinese most extractive and gallic acid. The purgative principle ap- pears to be Rheumia. According to the experiments of Mr. John Henderson j in the Annals of Phibsophy, Rhu- barb is supposed to contain a peculiar acid, which he calls Rheumic acid. M. De.Lassaignes, believes he has proved that this is the oxalic acid, a point in which his analysis is Confirmatory of that of Mr. A. T. Thompson. Mr. Brande, in an analysis of Rhubarb, published in the 10th vol. of the Quarterly Journal of Science, neither notices the oxalic acid, nor any oxalate, as items of his analysis; all other analyses had identified its existence. Rhubarb has been analyzed, besides by those chemists mentioned, by Scheele, Bayen, Deluval, Vauquelin, M. Clarion, M. Henry, all of whom notice the existence of the oxalate of lime in it. Medical Properties and Uses. Rhubarb combines a happy union of astringency with a cathartic property—on which union, all the peculiar important effects depend, as a me- dicine : for this reason, I am not of opinion that the con- centration of its purgative effects, in the sulphate mention- ed below, is likely to prove any acquisition to the medica! uses of rhubarb—it is however worth trial, for which rea- son I have inserted it. Dose of rhubarb, grs. vi to x, as a tonic—as a cathartic, 9j to gss. Neutral salts quicken its operation, but I doubt whether they add to its virtue—rather, I think, modify its peculiar and valuable effects. Cases however occur, in which these and other combinations of the medicine are useful and proper. Offic Prep. Syrupus Rhei and Syrupus Rhei aromaticus, U. S. Infusum Rhei, L. E. Vinum Rheipalmati, E. St U. S. Tinctura Rhei, L. E. D. & U. S. Tinctura Rhei comp. L. Tinctura Rhei cum Gentian. U. S. & E. Tinctura Rhei cum Abe, E. &.. U. S. Pil. Rhei comp. E. &U. S. Extrac- tum Rhei, (Cab. spec. Jeff. Coll. No. 592* V—for this last, the following is proposed as the best method:—Take of coarsely powdered Chinese rhubarb, ilb digest in six pints of acohol for seven days, and filler—distil off the alcohol, then evaporate to a proper consistence, in a water-bath saturated with muriate of soda. By this process, much less heat and time are required to evaporate the menstruum; and owing to the alcohol, much less oxygen is absorbed, and an extract of much more activity is thus obtained. SULPHATE OF RHEUMIA. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 593. 56 RHE—RHE Formula for the preparation of the sulphate of rhubarb. "Boil for half an hour six pounds of coarsely powdered Chinese rhubarb, in six gallons of water, acidulated with two and a half fluid ounces cf sulphuric acid; strain the decoction, and submit the residue to a second ebullition in a like quantity of acidulated water—strain as before, and submit it again to a third ebullition. Unite the three decoctions, and add by small portions, recently powdered, pure lime—constantly stirring it, to facilitate its action on the acid decoction. When the decoction has become slightly alkaline, it deposits a red flocculent precipitate, and the fluid is changed from a yellow to a crimson colour; the precipitate is then to be separated by passing it through a linen cloth and dried—after which, reduce it to powder, and digest in three gallons of alcohol, at thirty-six degrees, in a water-bath, for several hours, at a moderate heat. Separate this solution from the calcareous precipitate, and distil off three-fourths of the alcohol—there then remains a strong solution of Rheumia, to which add as much sulphuric acid, as will exactly neutralize it—evaporate this slowly to dryness, without having access to atmospheric air, the residuum will be of a brownish red colour, inter- mingled with brilliant specks, possessing a slightly pun- gent styptic taste, soluble in water, and its colour that of the native rhubarb. This preparation is a concentrated form of that valuable cathartic, separated from the ligne- ous and mucous portions, and bears a similar relation to the crude substance, that Quinine does to Peruvian Bark." G. W. Carpenter. Formulae— No. 1. See Formula 2, of No. 185. No. 2. See Formula of No. 443. No. 3. R Pulveris Ipecacuanhae ~) Pulveris Rhei, aa ^j 3 Make a powder, emetic. Stoerck. No. 4. R Pulveris Rhei, gss~l Magnesiae (ust.) grs x > Olei Anisi, gt. j J For acidity in the primae viae. Modified by Dun- can from Hartman, by substituting magnesia for crem. tart. No. 5. R Potassae Carbonatis, gij~l Pulveris Rhei, gj \. -------Zingiberis, g\j Make a powder—a tea-spoonful twice a day—a cathartic in gouty systems. I have found it eminently useful—it is a modification of the old puhis knitivus RHO—RHU 257 No. 6. R Pulveris Rhei, ■ Jalapae, r. iij J Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, aagr. „. For young persons. Hartman. Excellent—I have used it often. No. 7. R Pulveris Rhei, grs. xxv? Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, grs. v 5 With simple syrup—to be given in the morning, for dysentery. Pringk. No. 458.—Rhododendron Chrysanthum. Gold- en-flowered Rhododendron. Officinal by the Edinburgh College. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 594. No. 459.—Rhododendron Maximum. Great Moun- tain Laurel. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 595—figure of the tree, No. 596. Indigenous. An excellent subject for inaugural dissertation. See Bigelow's Med. Bot. No. 460.—Rhus. Cl. 5. Ord. 2. Pentandria Digynia. Nat. ord. Dumosx, Linn, Terebintacex, Juss. Three species— 1. RHUS TOXICODENDRON. Poison Oak. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 597—figure of the tree, No. 598. And Variety 0 Radieans. Poison vine. . Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 597*-figure of the vine, No. 598*. 2 RHUS VEENIX. „ . . t Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 599-figure of the tree, No. 600. 3. RHUS GLABRUM. Sumach. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 601-figure of the tree, No. 602. The leaves of No. 1, officinal by the London and Edinburgh Colleges, and Phar. U. S. under name of Toxicodendron. The variety is identical in medicinal virtue. Species J is officinal in Phar. U. S. Ml are indigenous. See Barton's Collections, Ives' ed. Pans, Bigelow's Med. Bot. Details in the Lectures. Species 3d, a good subject for an inaugural dissertation-is far from being well understood, or properly analyzed. 258 fclC—RUB No. 461.—Ricinus Communis. Palma Christi. CL 21. Ord. 8. Monoecia Monodelphia. Nat. ord. Tricoccx, Linn. Euphorbix, Juss. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 603 and 604—figure of the plant, No. 605. An annual plant, native of East and West Indies, and South America—now cultivated extensively, for the seeds, in New-Jersey, and other parts of the United States. The seeds yield the well-known Castor Oil, called RICINT OLEUM, and OLEUM R1C1NI. It is cold express- ed, and expressed by means of heat—the first is prefer- able, and now generally used. Dose, gj. No. 462.—Rosa. The Rose Tree. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 606—figure of the tree, Nos. 607 and 608. Several species yield the officinal petals, and distilled water, called Rose-Water, which is astringent. No. 463.---Rosmarinus officinalis. Common Rosemary. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos.'609 and 610—figure of the plant, No. 611. Yields the Oil of Rosemary. The tops and leaves are used as an emmenagogue—is a plant of the poets, and, by as- sociation with their song, its very name is soothing. No. 464.—Rubus. Species 1—VILLOSUS, and other species, called Blackberry. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 612 and 613—figure of the shrub, No. 614. Species 2—RUBUS TRIVIALIS, ? ~ „ , ^ . Synonym-R. Procumbens, $ Called Dewberry. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. No. 615 and 616—figure of the shrub, No. 617. Cortex Radicis, the bark of the root of both, officinal in Phar. U. S. For a detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg-. Mat Med. U. S. Vol. II. b No. 465.--Rubia Tinctorum. Madder—Dyer's Madder. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 618—figure of the plant, No. 619. r The root officinal, by L. E. D. &. U. S. RUM—SAB 259 Bitter; Used as an emmenagogue; when long used, its co- louring matter tinges the bones. Dose, grs. xv to J)ji three or four times a day. I cannot believe it is emmena- gogue, but by its tonic property. No. 466.—Rumex. Dock. Species 1—RUMEX BRITANICA, ?^ ,„ , _ . Synonym—Rumex Aquaticus, $ The Water Dock< Root officinal, by Dub. and U. S. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 620—figure of the plant. No. 621. Powerfully astringent. Species 2—RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS. Blunt-leaved Dock. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 621". Officinal, in Phar. U. S. Similar in virtues. Species 3---RUMEX ACETOSA. Common Sorrel. (Called Sheep's Sorrel.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 622—figure of the plant, No. 623. The leaves officinal, by the Lond. and Edin. Colleges. Acid, austere; contain super-oxalate of potass—considered antiscorbutic. No. 467.—Ruta Graveolens. Common Rue. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 624 and 625—figure of the plant, No. 626. An ancient medicine, to this day officinal, by L. E. and D. Yields an essential oil, and an extract, both officinal, as above, but left out of Phar. U. S. Only used now in do- mestic practice. A plant of the poet's song, and, with rosemary, have afforded some melancholy touches, in the strains which embrace them: Shakspeare's Ophelia afford? an example. s. No. 468.—Sabine folia. Savin leaves, 5ee No. 335. Dr. Chapman claims the original use of Savin in rheumatism. It had long been used in gout; and Dr. Rave, who wrote on Savin, in 1794, speaks in the highest terms of its use in chronic rheumatism ; yet Dr. Chapman says: "Baffled in my attempts to cure some of the forms of chronic rheu- matism with the ordinary remedies, I was early led, in consequence of my speculative notions as to the powers 260 SAC—SAC of this medicine, to try it in this disease."* What a van, effort to claim original practice ! How trifling, and how useless! As hi the case of the Flowers of Zinc,f the prac- tice was known thirty-three years ago!!! No. 469.—Saccharum officinale. Sugar-cane. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 627—figure of the plant, No. 628. Native of Africa and Lower Asia, as well as the East Indies and Arabia Felix; said to grow spontaneously in America —hardly true. Is cultivated in the West Indies and Lou- isiana, &c. Asclepias Syriaca, Zea Mays, yield it; and at Kamtschatka, Heracleum spondylium, and Fucus saccltara- tus, yield it. Margraff obtained from hVb root of white beet, £ oz. pure sugar—from same quantity skerret, l£oz. pure sugar— from same quantity red beet, H oz. sugar, equally pure. Carrot yields a sweet juice, but resembling honey rather than sugar, equally pure. Parsnip yields a small quan- tity, and so does American Aloe. The juice obtained from the Birch tree-by incision in water, yields a sort of manna.. Lastly, grapes, moistened and a little pressed, give out a syrup containing a little sugar. Tabaxir is sugar of bam- boo. Urine of diabetic patients yields sugar. Sugar, as an article of diet, is well known; is a neutral sa- line substance, the acid of which Bergman first taught us to separate by means of the nitrous acid; and it appears that several other substances, both vegetable and animal, contain an acid similar to that of sugar. The other consti- tuent parts of sugar seem to be an oily and a mucilaginous matter, and though it is not satisfactorily explained how a combination of these substances should produce on the organs of taste a sensation of sweetness, yet as it is known that the strong vitriolic acid becomes sweet by uniting it with alcohol, we may easily conceive that the sweetness of sugar is effected in a somewhat similar way. From the known properties of sugar, it has been supposed to unite the unctuous part of the food with the animal juices; and hence it has been thought to increase fatness or corpulency : others, however, have thought that a con- trary effect would be produced by this quality of sugar— viz. by preventing the separation of the oily matter from the blood, which forms fat. Professor Murray, who has treated this subject very elaborately, thinks, that by the fermentation which sugar undergoes in the stomach, and by its relaxing resolvent saponaceous qualities, as well as * Therapeutics. t See Dr. Chapman's claim on this point, under Zincur. SAG—SAL 261 by the acid which it contains, it rather tends to emaciate than to fatten the body; and in this opinion, he observes, that he has the authority of Boerhaave, who says, if this sweet be taken in large quantities, it produces emaciation by dissolving too much of the animal oil. He is therefore much surprised that Mr. John Hunter should recommend sugar and honey as the best restorative to those suffering from great debility, by a long course of mercury. It is certainly, however, nutritious in such cases, in its crude state, whatever it may do in its refined state. Those ani- mals which wholly feed upon it in the sugar islands, be- come remarkably corpulent; and negro children, whose diet happens for a season to be confined to molasses, are easily distinguished from others by their superior bulk— they are however said to be more disposed to suffer by worms, and are probably less active and healthy. Sugar, however, appears, by the experiments of several writers, to prove deleterious to several kinds of worms, either by immersing them in a solution of sugar, or sprin- kling it upon their bodies; and 20 grains of lump sugar, forced into the stomach of a frog, produced immediate tor- por, and death, which followed in the course of an hour: it also has proved fatal to pigeons, and to the gallinse kind, but not to sparrows; and with sheep and dogs, it had no other effect than that of a cathartic. Reed. Sugar may certainly be taken into the human stomach, in pretty large quantities, without producing any bad con- sequences, though proofs are not wanting of its mischiev- ous effects, in which, by its attenuating and dissolving the fluids, and relaxing the solids, debility and disease have been sail to be produced. Stark, for many days, took 4 ounces of* sugar, to 8,10,16, and even 20, with bread and water; by which nausea, but no other inconvenience, en- sued. No. 470.—Sago. A restorative dietetic. See No. 213. No. 471.—Sagapenum. The gum-resin. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 629. Officinal by the European Colleges. Is the product of an unknown Persian plant; is one of the aUiaceous fetid gums, and, like them, antispasmodic. Dose, grs. x to gss. No. 472.—Salix. Willow. Cl. 22. Ord. 2. Dioecia Diandria. Nat. ord. Amentacex. Species 1—SALIX FRAGILIS. Crack Willow. VOL. II. z 262 SAL—SAM Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 630-figure of the tree, No. 631. The bark officinal by Dub. College—must be dried in an oven—a bitter tonic. Species 2—SALIX ALBA. White Willow. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 632—figure of the tree, No. 633. The bark officinal, as above—very astringent and bitter—of course, tonic. Species 3—SALIX ERIOCEPHALA, and some other indige- nous species. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 634—figure of the tree, No. 635. Officinal in the Phar. U. S. Similar in virtues to the others. The whole genus is too much neglected: candidates would find plenty to do in examining them. No. 473.—Salep. Salop. See No. 408. This fine farinaceous powder (mucilage) is prepared from the roots of a gynandrous plant, and is usually brought into commerce from Turkey. Hence it is supposed to be made from the Orchis Morio. But from Mr. Meath's account, in the 59th vol. of Philosophical Transactions, it may be formed from several other species of Orchis. Cul- len says he has seen it prepared in Britain, from the Orchis bi-folio, as pure and perfect as that which comes from Turkey. It is an insipid substance, of which a small quantity, by proper management, converts a large portion of water into mucilage. No. 474.—Salsola. Several species of sea-side plants, of which this is the gene- ric name, yield soda by incineration. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 636, 637,638, 659, 640; the last one indigenous. No. 475.—Salvia officinalis. Common Sage. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 641. Officinal, in the European Colleges; used in gargles—is as tringent and aromatic. No. 476.—Sambucus. Elder. Species 1—SAMBUCUS NIGRA. European Elder. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 642. Species 2—SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS. Common indigenous Elder, 6 SAN—SCI 263 CaNo e64S5pecimens' Jeff- ColL Nos. 643 and 644-figure, The berries, Officinal in Pharm. U. S. The pith, and flow- ers, are also used; ointments are made of both species, and a rob of the 2d. No. 477.—Sanguinaria Canadensis. Blood-root Paccoon. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 646 and 647—firure. No. 648. 6 The root officinal in Phar. U. S. and in Ives's ed. of Paris's Pharm. An important native medicine. For a detailed ac- count, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. Dr. Dana obtained an alkaline vegetable principle from Sanguinaria, for an account of which, see No. 7, Medical and Physical Journal of 1827. No. 478.—Sapo Durus. The Hard or Spanish Soap, of the Colleges—used in Pharmacy and in Surgery. No. 479.—Sarcocoll. Usually in oblong, semi-transparent, yellow globules, which have a bitter-sweet taste, and an odour resembling anise- seed. Does not crystallize—soluble in water and alcohol. Treated with nitric acid, yields oxalic acid. Variety t— Liquorice ? dissolves in nitric acid, and yields tannin. Treated with sulphuric acid, yields about J its weight of charcoal. Is not susceptible of fermentation. No. 480.—SarsaparilL/E radix. See No. 496. No. 481.—Sassafras. The bark of root and tree— the pith of the young shoots, and the flow- ers, used in medicine, see No. 349. No. 482.—Scammonia. The gum-resin. See No. 185. No.483.—Scilla maritima. Squill. Cl. 6. Ord. 1. Hexandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Coronarix, Linn. Asphodeli, Juss. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. No. 649 and 650—figure, No. 651. The root officinal. L. E. D. & U. S. A native of Spain, Sicily, Syria, and Barba'y. Two varieties, 264 SCI—SCI the white bulb and the red bulb—as shown in the cabinet specimens. Qualities. Inodorous, bitter, nauseous, acrid. The ex- pressed juice slightly reddens litmus paper. The acri- mony on which the medicinal virtues depend, is partially dissipated by drying and long keeping; and is completely destroyed by heat of 212° F.; it is extracted by alcohol, water, and vinegar. Vogel found it, on analysis, to con- tain—bitter principle (scillia) 35, Tannin 24, Citrate of lime 5, Saccharine matter 6, Woody fibre 30; making one hundred parts of the dried bulb. Medicai. Properties and Uses. In small doses diuretic, and it is supposed expectorant; in larger doses, emetic, purgative—is very stimulating. Used in dropsies, whoop- ing cough, protracted catarrh, &c. &c. Dose, of dried bulb gr. i, in pill, night and morning, or every 6 hours— gradually increasing to grs. vi or upwards; till nausea is induced, and it promotes diuresis, and acts by relieving the chest. Offic. Prep. Acetum Scillx. L.E.D. Oxymel Scillx. L. D. Pilulx Scillx comp. L. E. D. Pulvis Scillx. E. D. Syru- pus Scillx maritimx. E. Tinctura Scillx. L. D. Mel Sciux compositus. U. S. An excellent preparation, when well prepared; for which, Dr. Coxe, its formulist, deserves great credit. It is often carelessly made, and is then dan- gerous ; also often uncertain in its operation. I have at- tended at least two cases, in the first families of this city, where death had like to have occurred from its domestic use—the mothers being unacquainted with the fact, that it contained tartar emetic, which I think should be print- ed on the labels. Formulae- No. 1. R Pulv. Digitalis fol. ----9cillae exsiccat. aa gr. i Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, gr. ss—gr. i Potassae super-tartratis, Qj to gss Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s. To form a bolus, one night and morning—Mackan. Diuretic. No. 2. R Pulv. Digitalis fol. ----Scillae exsiccat. aagrs. iv Hydrargyri sub-muriatis, grs. vi Pulv. Myrrhae, £ij Rubbed together, then add— Extracti gentian ae, q. s. Make 24 pills—2 or 3 to be taken night and morn- ing, washed down by a cupful of the following: SCI—SCR 265 R Potassae super-tartratis, gij Aquae ferventis, Oj Add— Rad. Zingiberis contrit. gss Sacchari purificati, gj Spir. Juniperi communis, gjss Sive, Vini Rhei, ^iij In the cure of Hydrothorax.—Mackan. No. 3. See Formula 2, No. 393. No. 4. See Formula 2, No. 330. No. 5. R Oxymel Scillae, 1 • Syrupi Althaeae, > Mucilaginis Acaciae, aa f Jss j Make an electuary—of which a little may be often taken. No. 6. R' Tincturae scillae, Acidi nitrici dilut. Extracti hyoscyami, Aquze purae, F,ljss - Make a draught, to be taken every 3d hour, for promoting expectoration.—Bree. No. 7. See Formulae 2, No. 441. No. 8. R Scillx Rad. exsiccat. grs. ii} Pilulae Hydrargyri, grs. v£ Opii, _ gr- ss 3 Make a pill, to be taken 4 nights successively, going to bed. Diuretic. No. 9. See Formula 2, No. 439. No. 10. See Formula of No. 445. No. 11. See Formula 3, No. 441. No. 12. See Formula 1, No. 330. No. 484.—Scillia. Scilline. Cabinet specimen Jeff. Coll. No. 652. The proximate bitter principle of the preceding. White, transparent; breaks with a resinous fracture; pulverulent; attracts moisture rapidly from the air, until it becomes fluid; intensely bitter taste, with a slight degree ot sweet- ness ; very soluble in water and alcohol. No. 485.—Scrophularia nodosa. Figwort herb. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure, No. 653. The herb officinal by Dublin College. Diuretic, sedative. Our indigenous species deserve an inaugural dissertation : we have several. z2 266 SEC—SEN No. 486.*—Secale cereale. The Rye. Nat. fam. Cerealix. Contains sugar, as is proved by the quantity of whiskey procured from it. It yields | of its weight in mucilage; is therefore very nourishing. Does not show any milkiness in water, triturated with it; hence Dr. Cullen says, its oil is under peculiar combination. Is more readily acescent than all other cerealia, therefore, it is likely, there is not a due proportion of oil. It is decidedly laxative as bread; rye mush or hasty-pudding is a good laxative, and is nou- rishing. Secak cornutum, or Ergot, is produced from it. SECALE CORNUTUM. Ergot—Spurred Rye. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 654, 655, 656. A parasitic fungus, infesting the glumes of some of the cerealix, particularly the preceding; slate-coloured exter- nally, yellow-white within; variable in size and form, but frequently resembling the cock's spur, whence one of its names. Taste at first, not decided; subsequently, disa- greeable, nauseating, and sub-acrid. Yields its active pro- perties to water and alcohol. Medical Phopeiities and Uses. Long known as an active substance; but first proposed by Dr. Stearns, as a remedy to overcome the difficulties of perverse parturition. It has been violently opposed, and as strenuously recommended; has been accused of killing the child. I have, I confess, great prejudices against the use of ergot in parturition, though 1 believe there are cases, which may be properly treated by it; 1 however have little reluctance to yield my opinion on this subject, to that of our two eminent, skil- ful, and experienced accoucheurs, Dr. James, and Dr. Dewees; they are both of opinion that it mav be admin- istered without hazard, where the parts are" sufficiently dilated, and where there is no natural impediment from mechanical causes. I believe that none but an experienced accoucheur should venture to use it. Further details in the Lectures. Dose, grs. x to 9j. No. 487.—Senega Radix. Senega snake-root. See No. 435. No. 488.—Senega Oleum. Senega Oil. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 657. A bituminous natural production, collected from the Seneca rneumtism eXternall>' as * stimula»t embrocation for SEN—SEN 267 No. 489.—Senna. Called East India, and Alexan- drian Senna. Consists of three plants, viz:— 1. CASSIA SENNA. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 658 and 659—figure. No. 660. 2. CASSIA LANCEOLATA. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 661 and 662—figure, No. 663. 3. CYNANCHUM OLEJEFOLIUM, called Arguel. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. No. 664 and 665—figure. No. 666. & For detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. under chapter on Cassia Marilandica. Qualities. Of a faint and sickly odour; consists of extrac- tive, resin, mucilage, a saline matter, and a purgative bitter principle, which MM. Lassaigne and Fenuelle, have ob- tained in an isolated state, and have called it Cathartine— Sennia would be a term more corresponding with the proximate active principles of other vegetables. Water and spirit extract the virtues of senna, the infusion in the first, being brownish, in the latter a fine green colour. Medical Properties and Uses. A well known searching and efficient cathartic; used in infusion, rarely in powder; in the latter way, however, it may be advantageously given to children, by mixing in a mortar, jfj of the finely pulverized leaves, with a pound of figs, so intimately that the taste of senna is merged in the saccharine and muci- laginous matter of the fruit. This preparation will keep in winter for a couple of months. A piece the size of a nutmeg, will purge a child actively, and will never be re- fused by them, being as agreeable as the fig itself. I have used it for many years past, with great advantage. Offic. Prf.p. Infusum Sennx. L. D. & U. S. Confectio Sennx. L. E. D. 8c U. S. Extract Cassix Sennx. E. In- fusum Tamarind, cum Senna. E. D. & U. S. Pulu. Sennx comp. L. Tinct. Sennze. L. D. Tinct. Sennx comp. E. & U. S. Syrupus Sennx. L. D. Infusum Sennx comp, U. S. Tinct. Sennx aromat. U. S. Formulae— No. 1. R Confectionis Sennae, 5rj ? Ferri Tartarizat. §ij 5 Make an electuary—a piece the size of a nutmeg, the dose. Cathartic. SEN—SIM No. 2. R Foliorum Sennx, Sodae Sulphatis, Aquae fervent. Infuse, and decant, for an enema. No. 3. R Confectionis Sennae, Sulphuris Pra:cipitat. Syrupi Ros. q. Make an electuary, of which a portion, the size of a nutmeg, may be taken 3 or 4 times a day, until the bowels are sufficiently open. In haemor- rhoids. No. 4. R Infusi Sennae, fjjij Sodae Tartarizatis, gvi Aquae Cinnamomi, f^ss Make a solution, to be taken in two or three doses. Cathartic. No. 5. R Infusi Sennae, fjj ^ Tinct. Sennae, et j Tinct. Jalapae, aa fgj > Potassae Tart. gj Syrupi Sennae, fgj J Make a draught, to be taken early in the morning Cathartic. No. 490.—Sennia. (Cathartine^) Sennine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 667. I propose this name, in lieu of Cathartine. The purgative bitter principle of the preceding, uncrystal- lizable, reddish-yellow, peculiar smell, nauseous bitter taste; soluble in water and alcohol, in all proportions. According to Bouillon Lagrange, the residue of the watery infusion, e^ aporated to dryness, and burnt, yields potass, sulphate of potass, carbonate of lime, magnesia, and silica. Dr. Paris asserts, that Sennia is se ipse inert. The subject affords an excellent opportunity for the ex- periments of some candidate for a degree, and much re- mains to be done with it. No. 491.—Serpentaria Radix. The root of Vir- ginia Snake-root, commonly called Serpen- taria. See No. 75. No. 492.—Sevum. Suet. See No. 409. No. 493.—Simarouba. The bark of a species of Quassia. See No. 452. SIN—SMI 269 No. 494.—Sinapis alba. Mustard. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 668, called black, and No. 669, called white—figure, No. 670. A tetradynamous cruciform plant, yielding the common well- known condiment, chiefly useful in medicine as a cata- plasm. See Vol. I. of these Outlines, p. 194. Officinal. Catapbsma. L. D. Empbstrum Meloes comp. E. Formula— R Farinae Sinapis, Pulv. Salviae officinalis, Pulv. Zingiberis, . aa^ss Make a powder, of which, 3 tea-spoonfuls are to be given every morning before breakfast. In Epi- lepsy and Chorea.—Otto. After being some days administered, Dr. Otto directs, that it be intermitted for a day or two. Dr. Hewson observes, (MS.) " The advantage of this practice is questionable. In the above doses, the medicine sometimes proves emetic. To prove efficacious, the remedy must be continued for some weeks, and even months." No. 495.--SlUM LATIFOLIUM. An umbelliferous, aquatic poisonous plant. See Orfila's Toxicology. We have several indigenous species, which are worth inves- tigation—they are chiefly sub-aquatic plants. This notice for candidates. SIUM NODIFLORUM. Procumbent water-parsnip—is of- ficinal, (the herb,) by the Dublin College. No. 496.—Smilax. Cl. 22. Ord. 6. Dixcia Ilexandria. Nat. ord. Sarmentacex, Linn. Asparagi, Juss. Species 1—SMILAX SARSAPARILLA. Sarsaparilla. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 671, and No. 672 is the American Smilax SarsapariUa, (from Jersey)—figure of the plant, No. 673. Offici n a l. Radix Sursaparilbs, of the Colleges. Native of South America, the West Indies—and indigenous. That of commerce, is chiefly imported from the Spanish West Indies. Humboldt states, that nearly 5000 quintals are annually exported from Vera Cruz. Qualities. Inodorous, slight mucilaginous bitter taste— imparts its virtues to alcohol and boiling water. The watery infusion has a brown colour, and reddens litmus paper. 270 SMI—SMI " What is commonly called by the English, in India, Country Sarsaparilb, is not the root of the Smilax Sarsaparilb, which is, however, occasionally brought to the Coroman- del Coast, from America—but that of Peripbca Indka, (a pentandrous plant,) a common Indian plant, described by Burman, as having narrow, acute, glabrous leaves. The two roots resemble each other very much in appearance and qualities; both being inodorous, mucilaginous, and, in a slight degree, bitter. The Smilax Perfoliata, (Linn.) is a native of Cochin-China, where it is called ti-giai, and is supposed to have similar virtues to sarsaparilla. The Peri- ploca Indica is recommended by the Tamool Doctors, in cases of gravel and strangury, given in powder, mixed with cow's milk; they also give it in decoction, in conjunction with cummin-seeds, to purify the blood, and correct the acrimony of the bile." The Peripbca Indica, " has a twining, round, ash-coloured stem; a pair of leaves from each joint, almost sessile, bright-green above, and pale underneath, with many flowers, which sit close." Ainslie's Mat. Indica. TAMUS SYPHILITICA is another root, much used for Sarsaparilla. Medical Properties and Uses. Very well known to be useful, and highly so in the treatment of syphilis, and all its consecutive affections; and greatly useful as an adjunct to mercury. Yet I do not know, I confess, what to call it; whether diaphoretic, diuretic, or what; to call it Sarsapa- rilla, seems to be all one can do—and it is to me a puzzle, to know by what property it is efficacious; and yet 1 know, by twenty year's practice, it is so. Dose, in substance, which is a stupid way of giving it, ^j togj—should always be ad- ministered in the officinal formulas, which are:— Decoctum Sarsaparillx. L. E. D. & U. S. Decoctum Sarsapa- rillx comp. U. & U. S. Extractum Sarsaparillx. L. This latter is an absurd preparation ; 1 should as soon expect to extract mental fire from a fool, as sanativeness from Sar- saparilla. Species2—SMILAX CHINA. China Root. (Tsinaw.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 674—(These are rare roots in commerce now.) Tamus Pseudo-China, or Bastard China root—root large— called also, Bastard Ipecacuanha and Wild Yam, is substi- tuted and sold for it. Roots yield a reddish sago. Root large, tuberous, knotty; dark reddish-brown colour outside, reddish-white within. The native Indians, like the Japa- nese, suppose it efficacious in old venereal cases ; and in cases where the limbs are stiffened. It grows abundantly in the province of Onansi, China; it is cultivated in Upp<* SOD—SOD 271 India. According to the Abbe Rochm, in his voyage to Madagascar, the Chinese often eat this substance instead of rice; and he says, that it contributes to make them lusty. Lately, much neglected by European practitioners; ac- cording to Aitkin, it contains about one-half the weight of the root, in bland nutritive matter. According to Dr. Flemming's experience in Bengal, either as an auxiliary to mercury, or for improving the general health, after its use, it is equal to Sarsaparilla. 2 drachms, given twice daily, in decoction of the same root, in cases requiring antiscor- butics and diaphoretics. The Smibx pseudo China, call- ed by the Hindoos, Muhaisa,- and by the Chinese, Cum- Kong-Cunn,- is used by the latter, in place of the true China root. There are 10 other species medicinal, but not much known or used. Brown, in his History of Jamaica, says, it grows in the cool inland parts of the island, having a crook- ed root, thick as the arm, and climbing to the top of the tallest trees—esteemed much there, and said not to be in- ferior to that of East India. It yields a gum in Jamaica, called tzitili, which the natives chew, to fasten the teeth. No. 497.—SoDjE murias. Common Salt. Much commended, in checking haemoptisis and for worms, by Rush—he recommended a table-spoonful, to be dis- solved in the mouth during an attack of bleeding, in the first affection—and for the other, Formula R Sodae Muriatis, 5ij > Coccinellae, B'j 5 Make a powder—half a dr. the dose.—Rush. No. 498.—SoDyE sub-boras. L. D. & U. S. Boras Sodx. E. Borax—or Sub-borate of Soda. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 675. Used only externally, in powder mixed with equal parts of loaf sugar; or by making a linctus with 8 or 10 parts of honey; for aphthae, very efficacious. Offic. Prep. Mel Boracis, L. No.499.—Sod^ sub-carbonas. L. E. D. & U. S. Sub-carbonate of Soda. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 676. In octohedral prisms, truncated at the summits of the pyra- mids; effloresces in the air; at 150° F. undergoes watery fusion, its crystals containing about 7 proportions of aque- ous fluid—taste mild, alkalescent; consists of soda 29.5, carb. acid 20.7; soluble in 2 parts water, at 60° F.; msolu- 272 SOD—SOL ble in alcohol. Dose, grs. x to^j, twice a day, or oftenei, pro re nata. Antacid, Diuretic, Antilithic. Formulae— No. 1. R Sodae Sub-carbonatis, grs; xT Infus. Quassix, f Jj > Tinct. Calumbae, f^j J Make a draught, to be taken twice a day. Anti- lithic. No. 2. R Sodae sub-carbonatis, Misturx Amygdal. Bal. Copaibae, (ope mucilag. mist.) Tinct Opii, Make a draught, to be taken when in pain. Anti- lithic. No. 500.—Sod* Sulphas. L. E. D. & U. S. {Na- tron Vitriolatum. P. L. 1787—Sal Cathar- ticus Glauberi. P. L. 1745.)—Sulphate of Soda, (called Glauber Salt.) Qualities. Appearance well known; very efflorescent, in which state it is twice as strong as before; consits of sul- phuric acid 24.64, soda 19.36, water 56; water fjj at 60° F. dissolves 3iijss; more soluble in boiling water—in- soluble in alcohol. Dose, §j, or less; a well-known com- mon nauseous but efficacious purgative. See Formulae 1, 2, of No. 367. No. 501.—Solanum Dulcamara. (1st species.) Woody Nightshade—or Bitter Sweet. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 677—figure, No. 678. A pentandrous plant, indigenous; the stipites, or small twigs, are officinal—bitter narcotic; contain solatia—used in cutaneous diseases. No. 502.—Solanum nigrum. Black Nightshade. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 679—figure, No. 680. The leaves and berries. Narcotic—contain solana. No. 503.—Solana. Solanine. The alkaline proximate principle of the two preceding Nos discovered by M. Desfosses, of Besancon; it exists in the leaves of No. 501, but not in those of No. 502; found most abundantly in the berries of No. 502. SOL—SPO 273 Qualities. Perfectly pure, is in a white, opaque, sometimes pearly powder—inodorous, nauseous, slightly bitter, the latter property more developed by its union with the acids, particularly the acetic. Its salts incrystalhzable, the solu- tions giving by evaporation, a gummy transparent mass, easily pulverized ; insoluble in cold water—hot water dis- solves only one eight-thousandth part; alcohol dissolves a small portion; affects substances stained by turmeric; restores the blue of turnsole paper rubified by acids; unites with acids in the cold, and yields perfectly neutral salts with care ; saturated by a small quantity of acid. Medical Properties am. Uses. Vomits, and induces sleep; less narcotic than opium; has not been employed in medi- cine ; is therefore a good subject for experiment and a dis- sertation. r No. 504.—Solidago Odora. Anise-scented Gold- en-rod. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 681. Is officinal in Pharm. U. S. The leaves should be investi- gated by some candidate. The Sohdago ^^ ngaurea of Europe, is officinal by the Dublin College. No. 505.__Spartium Scoparium. Common Span- ish-Broom. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 682—figure, No. 683. Officinal by L. E. D.—Not used in the U. S. No. 506.—Spir^a Tomentosa. Hardhach. Cabinet specimen, Jeff Coll. No. 684. The root is officinal by the Pharm. U. S.—should be select- ed as the subject of some candidate's thesis. No. 507.___Spigelia Marilandica. Carolina Pink. „ ^ „_ Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 685—figure, No. 686. The root officinal by L. K. D. & U. S. For a detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. No. 508.—Spongia officinalis. Sponge. Used in surgeiy by pharmaceutical preparation; and when burnt, has been used in scrofulous tumours, and goitre. See No. 275. Formula— R Spongi* Officinalis ustae, grs. x > Mix Pulveris Rhei, grs. iv S To be given night and, morning, with a draught of whey after it. In scrophulous cases.—Hulse. VOL. II. A a 274 STA—STA No. 509.—Staligmitis Gambogioides. (Willd.) Gambogia—Cambogia—Gamboge--The Gum-resin of the leaves, branches, and trunk. Synonyms—Garcinia. (Gaertner.) Gumma Gutta, (Linn.) Cl. Polygamia. Ord. Monxcia. Nat. ord. Tricoccx. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 687—figure, No. 688. A tall tree, the trunk 6 to 12 feet in circumference, moder- ately branching. The wood is white; the external bark is blackish, red beneath this, and yellowish-white inte- riorly. Fruit a smooth, globular-whitish, or rosaceous berry, crown- ed by the lobes and style, containing long triangular seeds, several in number. This tree is a native of the kingdom of Siam, and of Ceylon, where it is known by the names Gkokatu, Gohkala, or Gohlatha. The best kind is called Ceybn Gamboge; an inferior kind is obtained in those countries from the Carcapulli of Rheede, which is the Gambogia gutta of Linnaeus. The Siamese Gamboge, is yielded by the Garcinia morella—and is in tears. The Mexican Gamboge, or Gambooge, is yielded by the Vismia ■ Guttifera, and Vismia Sessilifbra- The drops or tears of Siam Gamboge, are obtained by breaking the leaves and young shoots. In Ceylon, the bark of the Stabgmitis Gambogioides, is wounded by a sharp stone, and the leaves and young branches cut, to obtain it. It is first collected in cocoa-nut shells, thence transferred into earthen jars, where it remains until nearly dried into a cake, when it is formed into rolls, and wrapped up in leaves. Brought into Europe and this country, first by the Dutch; always in cases or boxes. Besides the Gambogia Gutta of Linnaeus, several species of Hypericum, Chelidonium bciniatum* .and several other plants, yield a yellow juice, which concretes in tears and drops; but the tree which affords the true Gamboge, is the Stabgmitis, as was clearly established by Koenig, who resided many years at Tranquebar. There are other plants,- doubtless, of the family of Guttiferx, which yield a similar concrete. I have little doubt that several species of Cheli- donium, the Sanguinaria Canadensis, &c. would yield a similar substance. Qualities. Gamboge is inodorous, solid, heavy, opaque, friable, breaking with a vitreous fracture, of a deep brown- ish-yellow colour externally, or when exposed to the air; and a bright-yellow within, on its recent fracture, which gradually assumes a deeper orange-red hue, on exposure, and becoming a brilliant light-yellow dye on the addition STA—STA 275 of water: the powder is likewise golden-yellow. It is not insipid, as stated by Thompson, and others, but is rather of a nauseous, acrid, and slight bitter taste. This taste, however, is not observed, until retained a short time in the mouth, or on the tongue and lips—continued longer, it is very acrid. It sticks to the teeth, when chewed, and stains the saliva yellow. Specific gravity, 1.221, accord- ing to Brison. When heated, it burns with a white flame, if the heat be intense enough; moderate heat melts it. Ignition of it, leaves a light spongy charcoal. Neither wa- ter, nor proof spirit, dissolve the whole of gamboge; the latter, 9 parts in 10; and water, not more or less; but it communicates to both a deep yellow hue; sulphuric ether dissolves 6 parts of 10, and is similarly coloured. Po- tass, with the solutions of water and alcohol, cause a com- plete solution, and deepen the colour; water does not render this complete solution turbid, but acids precipi- tate from them a beautiful yellow substance, soluble in excess of acid. Gamboge is soluble in pure solutions of pure ammonia and potass, forming deep orange-red tinc- tures. The watery solution of Gamboge, reddens tincture of litmus—is not precipitated by alcohol, but rendered transparent by it. Oxy-sulphate of iron, strikes with it a pale olive-brown, but is not precipitated. Nor is it affect- ed by solutions of any other of the metallic salts. Gamboge, according to Braconnot, contains 1 part of gum, resem- bling cherry-gum; 4 of britde resin. Medical Properties ahd Uses. Is a powerful drastic cathar- tic, and often vomits powerfully. First introduced into the Materia Medica, by Clusius, in 1603. Many assert that it is a useful purgative, and may be safely adminstered. Others declare that it produces vomiting, flatulency, gripes, tormina, hypercatharsis; and regard it as a danger- ous drastic purge, which should be confined to veterinary practice. Daubenton observed, that in doses of 3 drachms, it killed sheep. Orfila, gave it in large doses to dogs'; it vomited, given at intervals, and produced inflammation of the stomach and intestines ; applied to their wounds, it neither vomited nor purged, but produced death in 24 hours; apparently, by sympathetic involvement of the ner- vous system, in both instances, or by acting like burns without an eschar, when put on wounds. Produces in man, as in animals, a specific action on the digestive powers; a large dose "producing vomiting, and perhaps inflammation and gangi-jne ; a small dose excites the ac- tion of the alimentary canal, and produces abundant liquid stools. But when administered in fractional parts, and with care, it neither produces the colic nor hypercathar- sis, of which it has been accused. It lias therefore been 276 STA—STR given successful/ in dropsies, in torpor from constitu- tional inactivity of the bowels, in melancholy and gouty systems, and in various chronic diseases ; also as a vermi- fuge. Hechsetter, Lister, Werloff, Spindler, and Wich- mann, &c. have used it with success, in ascites, anasarca, croup, spasmodic hiccough. By others it has been used in jaundice, intermittent fevers, and vbove all, recom- mended strenuously as a remedy for worms, lumbrici, and taenia. Harrere says, the external application removes pains; has also cuied ulcers of an ill conditioned character, topically used. Orfila's experiments, however, on dogs, show this should be cautiously done. Dose, from 2 to 5 oi 6 grans. Herenchwand, and Nuffer, used it as a specific for taenia; and it forms the anthelmintic elixir of Spielman. Is in all pills used for dropsies, and in many pharmaceutical compounds. Offic. Prep. Piluke Cambogix compositx. L. E. No. 510.—St annum. Tin. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 689. The powder and filings are officinal by the European Col- leges, and the U. S. I never met with any one who had ustd either. No. 511.—Stavisagrix Semina. Yield Delphia. See Nos. 225 and 226. No. 512.—Statice Carolimana. Marsh Rose- mary. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 690. Indigenous; the root officinal by Pharm. U. S. It should be further tried—I recommend it for experiment, to candi- dates. Xo. 513.—Strychnos nux-vomica. Vomic-nutor Poison-nut. Cl. Pentandria. Ord. Monogynia. Nat. ord. Sobnacex. Synonym.—Hux-vomica officinarum. (Bauh.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 691—figure No. 692. A large tree; fruit an oval-round, smooth, pulpy berry, con- taining round flattened seeds, about £ of an inch in diame- ter, three sixteenths of an inch thick, covered with pubes- cent radiated hairs—berry the size of an orange. Native of the East Indies. The roots and the wood of this tree are very bitter. Rheed first described, and figured this tree, in the Hortus Malaba- ricus, under the name of Cuniram. STR—STR 277 The seeds, known by the name of Nux-vomica, have been very long know in commerce, and in the Materia Medica, as a deleterious poison. Messrs Braconnot, Desportes, Clievreul, and others, have chemically analyzed them. The last found them to contain, 1. a gum, 2. a peculiar matter of an animal nature, 3. an intense bitter principle, 4. a fixed oil, and 5. a colouring yellow matter; and that the poisonous qualities of the seed are owing to its bitter principle. Qualities. The Arabs first introduced these seeds into the Materia Medica, and knew their violent action on the ani- mal system. Their accounts were proved, by the experi- ence of Mathiole, Fred. Hoffman, Wepfer, Conrad Gesner, Linnaeus, Brunner, Lossin, De Hyde, Seutter, Sorbais, and more recently by Desportes,, Magendie, Delisle, Orfila, and others. They have found these seeds noxious toman, to dogs, cats, wolves, foxes, rabbits, weazels, fowls, rooks, and frogs. In a shorter or longer time, often in 15 minutes, these animals were generally or partially convulsed ; and the members and trunk tetanically affected; sometimes a suspension of the action of the senses, extreme anxiety, and almost always death. The last effect took place equally, whether the nux-vomica was given directly in substance, decoction, infusion, or extract; or whether in- jected in the rectum, into the cellular texture, or other channels. Wepfer found in the stomachs of animals kill- ed with it, and in their intestines, gangrenous inflamma- tion. All others, who have observed its effects, have found no traces of inflammation or corrosion of the organ, to which the poison was applied; and consequently, it is certain, that it is immediately absorbed, and carried to the nervous system, and particularly the spinal marrow, and there inflicts its destruction. Vomits given immediate- ly, rejected the nux-vomica, and prevented the poison- ous effects. When the poison has been absorbed, there does not appear any cure, although acids and spirits have been recommended. Loureiro relates, that a horse died in 4 hours, after taking a drachm of tiie seed in a half roasted state. Hoffman says, 15 grains killed a child ten years old. A scruple kills a dog; a rabbit was killed by 5, and a cat by 4 grains. Loss however states, that he took 2 grains without injury, and that a friend of his swal- lowed a whole seed with impunity; the latter must have been deprived, by some process, of its power. Medical Properties and Uses. Notwithstanding its viru- lence, under cautious use, this poison has done much good in affections arising from, or accompanied by diseases of the nervous system. It has been used in Sweden, in dy- sentery; butBergius's accounts of its effects in this disease A a 2 278 STR—STR are not encouraging. Loureiro recommends it, in fluor albus, by torrifying it to such an extent, that it becomes ' black; which he says renders it safe, and does not de- stroy its medicinal virtues. Murray relates, that Ludovic, Widel, Buchner, and Hartman, have cured intermittents with it. Schulz used it in extract, for worms; and Jung- hans in alcoholic tincture, for the same purpose. It has been used in mania, hypochondria, hydrophobia, hysteria. It has done most good in paralysis, haemiplegia, chorea. Fouquier thus used it in doses of 2 grains, 2 or 3 times a day. No. 514.—Styrchna. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 693. Strychnine is obtained from— 1. Strychnos. Nux-vomica. 2. Strychnos Ignasit, or St. Ignatius's Bean. 3. Strychnos Colubrinium, or Snake wood. 4. Upas, or Java poison. Mode of preparation.—A solution of liquid sub-acetate of lead, is added to a solution of alcoholic extract of nux- vomica, in water, until no more precipitate is thrown down; the strychnine remains in solution, with a portion of colouring matter, and occasionally an excess of acetate of lead. This is separated by sulphuretted hydrogen, filtered, and boiled with magnesia. The latter unites with the acetic acid and throws down the strychnine, the precipitate is impure. It is now to be washed in cold water; re-dissolved in alcohol, to separate the remaining magnesia; evaporate the alcohol, and the pure strychnine is obtained. In the native state, the strychnine is supposed to be in union with a new acid, called by Caventou and Pelletier, Igasunc acid, from the Malay name of the St. Ignatius's Bean. It is scarcely soluble in cold water, re- quiring, at 50° F. 6667 parts to dissolve it; boiling water dissolves little more than double; soluble, therefore, in 2500 parts of boiling water; a solution in cold water, of strychnine, containing consequently one 6667th part of its weight, may be diluted by 100 parts or times its vo- lume of water, and still retain an evident bitter taste. The chief character of Strychnine, is its forming neutral salts, when united with acids. Pelletier thinks the nux- vomica contains 2 alkaline substances; one strychnine, the other Brucine, which had been previously obtained from the Angustura spuria, or Brucea antidysenterica. The presence of Brucine is not material, in the strychnine, since the effects of both are similar on the system, the Brucine being less active. Henry, Pharmacien of France, proposes STY—STY 279 another method of extracting strychnine, by boiling nux- vomica in water, and evaporating the decoction to a sy- rup; adding lime, which unites with the acid, and frees the strychnine; alcohol is then used to separate the strychnine from the lime; and when the alcoholic solution is evapo- rated, strychnine is obtained; it is rendered purer by a re- dissolution in alcohol, and crystallization. Qualities similar to nux-vomica, but more intense; one- eighth of a grain kills a large dog, and | of a grain pro- duces marked effects on the human system. Has been used in the same cases a9 nux-vomica. Formulae— Pills of one-twelfth, or one-eighth of a grain- Pure Strychnine, 2 grains ~> y^x Cons. Roses. £ drachm 5 l Divide into 24 equal pills. Tincture Strychnine— Alcohol. |j , ?Mix Strychnine. 3 grains > Dose, from 6 to 15, or 25 drops, in mixture or driik. Mixture of Strychnine— Distilled water, gij 1 Pure Strychnine, 1 grain V Mix. White Sugar, 2 drachms J A desert spoonful, to be taken morning and evening. No. 515.—Styrax. Cl. 10. Ord. 1. Decandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Bicornes, Linn. Guaiacinx, Juss. Species 1—STYRAX OFFICINALE. Officinal Styrax. Officinal. Styracis Bakamum. L. Styracis Benzoini Bal- samum. Edin. Styrax cabmiix; resina. Dub. Storax Balsam. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 654-figure, No. 695. Native of the Levant and South oi Europe. The Storax is fragrant, acidulous, slightly pungent, and aromatic to the taste—is a stimulant. Dose, grs. x to ^ss. Allingia excelsa, Rosa mala yields, it is supposed, the true Balsam, called liquid storax. Offic. Prep. Styrax purificatc D. Pilulx e Styrace. D. Species 2—STYRAX BENZOIN- Benjamin tree. Cabinet specimen Jeff. Coll. No. 696-figure, No. 697. 280 SUC—SWE Ofticinal. Benzoinum. Lond. Styracis officinalis,- Bal- samum. Edin. Benzoe,- Resina. Dub Benzoin-a Bal- sam. Styrax Benzoin,: Balsamum—the Balsam, u. s. A native of Sumatra, and the East Indies. Two sorts Ben- zoin in India; the finer and dearer of which the Tamools call Mabcca Sambranie,- it is the head benzoin of com- merce ; the other kind they call Sambranie, which is pool benzoin, sometimes called Caffre's beard. Finest kind very fragrant; little or no taste—white or yellowish, sometimes translucent and brittle; obtained by wounding the tree near the origin of lower branches—the other is an interior sort, a brownish colour, harder, and mixed with impurities. This balsam is brought to India from Sumatra; it is also produced in Siam, Loos, and Java. The inferior kind burnt by Malays and Arabs, to perfume temples and houses. The Hindoos, particularly the Tamools, use it in doses of from 4 to 15 grains, in consumpiion and asthma. Offic. Prep. Acidum Benzoinum. L. E. D. & U. S. - Tinc- tura Benzoini. L. E. D. No. 516.—Succinum. Amber. For fine Specimens, see Professor Green's Cabinet, Jeff. Coll. Officinal—Succinum of the Colleges. Offic. Phep. Acidum succinum. E. D. Oleum Succini. L. E. D. Never used in th« U. S. probably because it is so dear, and so rarely to be had pure—a factitious oil of amber is usually sold and prescribed. I never used either, and know nothing, from experience, on the subject No. 517.—Sulphur sublimatum, of the Colleges, Flowers of Sulphur. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 698. A well knov»u laxative diaphoretic, used in cutaneous affec- tions ; it renders the patient intolerably offensive. I once had a gun-boat full of men, at Norfolk, with itch, whom I had separate from the crew of the frigate United States, and for whom I directed the sulphur ointment—the stench of their bodies was horrible. Offic. Prep. Sulphur btum. L. E. D. Cabinet specimen, Jeff Coll. No. 639 • Sulphur prxcipitatum. L. Unguen- tum Sulphuris. L. E. D. & U. S. Unguentum Sulphuris comp. L. & U. S. No. 518.—Sweet Fern, or Sweet Ferry—the Comp- tonia Asplenifolia—an amentaceous tere- binthinate plant. SWI—TEU 281 Cabinet specimen, Jeff Coll. No. 700—figure, No. 701. Indigenous. For a detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. No. 519.—Swietenia febrifuga. Febrifuge Swie- tenia. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 702—figure, No. 703. The bark is officinal by the Dublin College. Tonic and febrifuge in dose ^ss. The Cabinet specimen was given me, by the late Professor Barton. No. 520,.—Symplocarpus fostida. Skunk Cab- bage. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 704 and 705—figure, No. 706. Indigenous—antispasmodic. For a detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. T. No. 521.—Tabaci folia. The leaves of Tobacco. See Nos. 397 and 398. No. 522.—Tamarindus Indica. The Tamarind tree. Cabinet Specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 707—figure, No. 703. No. 523.—Tanacetum vulgare. Tansey. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 709 and 710—figure, No. 711. One of the corymbiferae yields an essential oil; the leaves are very bitter, and said to be anthelmintic. No. 524.—Tapioca. See No. 323. No. 525.—Terebinthina and Terebinthina ole- um. See No. 424. No. 526.—Teucrium Cham,edrys. Wall German- der. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No 712—figure, No. T13. Officinal by the Dublin College—being tonic and diuretic. Species 2—TEUCRIUM MARUM. Commo.i Marum, (in Europe.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure, No. 714. Officinal by the Dublin College. 282 THU—VAL An aromatic errhine, without narcotic power, enters into the Pulvis Asari compositus of E. D. TIGLII OLEUM. Croton Oil. See No. 200. No. 527.—Thuja ojiadrivalvis > ------- ARTICULATA. > Yield gum Sandarach; though the Juniperus oxycedrus is usually supposed to produce it. No. 528.—Tolu. The Balsam of Toluif era Balsamum. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 715. No. 529.—Tormentilla erecta. Common Tor- mentil, (in Europe,) or Septfoil. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 716—figure of the root, No. 716*. The root officinal, by L. E. D. Colleges—astringent—not used in the United States. No. 530.—Triosteum perfoliatum. Fever Wort. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 717—figure of the plant, No. 718. Indigenous—for a detailed account, see W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. I. No. 531.—Tussilago farfara. Common Colts- foot, (in Europe.^ Cabinet specimen, Jeff, Coll. figure, No. 719. The leaves and flowers officinal, by the L. E. D. Colleges— not used in the United States. V. No. 532.—Valeriana officinalis. Officinal, or Great Wild Valerian. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll No. 720—figure of the root, No. 721. Cl. 3. Ord. 1. Triandria Monogynia. Nat. ord. Aggregatx Dipsacex, Juss. Radix. The root officinal, by the Colleges of Europe and United States. A native qf Europe. Qualities. Strong peculiar unpleasant odour—warm bit- tern h sub-acrid taste. By Trommsdoiff's analysis, con- tains a greenish white liquid volatile oil, on which its vir- tues depend; and which, from its odour and taste, con- tains camphor, sp. gr. at 77° F. 0.9340; exposed to light, becomes yellow—a small portion of nitric acid converts VER—VER 283 it into resin, and a larger one into oxalic acid. The ex- pressed juice of the root contains starch, extractive, and gum—while the roots, deprived of this juice, yield a por- tion of black-coloured resin, but consist chiefly of woody fibre. The active property of the root, is extracted by alcohol, boiling water, and solutions of the pure alkalies. Medical Properties ajjd Uses. Antispasmodic, and sup- posed emmenagogue—given in hysteria, epilepsy, hemi- crania, and other neuroses. In hypochondriasis, may be given in substance, combined with aromatics. Dose, of the powdered root, ^j to gj, 3 or 4 times a day. Offic Prep. Extractum Valerianx. D. (a bad prepara- tion.) Infusum Valerianx. D. & U. S. Tinctura Valeri- anx. L. D. & U. S. Tinctura Valerianx ammoniata. L. E. D. & U. S. No. 533.—Veratrum album. White Hellebore, or Veratrum. Synonyms—Helkborus albus. Pharm. Lond. & Edin. Cl. 23. Ord. 1. Polygamia Monoecia. Nat. ord. Coronarix, Linn. Junci, Juss. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 722—figure of the root, No. 723. Radix. The root officinal, by the Colleges. Supposed to be the Eaj^ojoc xt-j>&t of the Greek writers. Qualities. Roots and every part of the plant, very acrid and poisonous. According to Pallas, Kalm, and Gunner, leaves and seed deleterious to animals. The dried root has no peculiar smell; but a durable, nauseous, acrid bitterish taste, burning the mouth and fauces—applied to ulcers and wounds, or issues, produces griping and purgi ng—is a powerful sternutatory. According to Gesner, 2 drachms of an infusion, made of half an ounce of the root, to 2 ounces of water, produced great heat about the scapulae, and in the face and head, tongue and throat, followed by singultus; and finally, violent vomiting. Bergius experi- enced distressing symptoms, by only tasting the infusion. In large doses, produces bloody stools—acts powerfully on the nervous system, producing great anxiety, tremors, vertigo, aphonia, interrupted respiration, sinking of the pulse, convulsions, spasms, cold sweats, and death. Post mortem examinations, show inflammation of the stomach, with corrosions of the internal coat—lungs inflamed, and filled with dark blood. (See Albert, Jurisprudence Me- dical, vol. vi. p. 718.) Contains Veratrva. Medical Properties and Uses. The ancients used it in ob- stinate chronic diseases—in mania, melancholia, dropsy, 284 VER—VER elephantiasis, epilepsy, lepra, rabies canina, &c ; and con- sidered it safest, when it vomited—deemed it unsafe for weak constitutions, for women, children, old men, and pulmonary patients—observed it cure, even when it did not affect the prim* vis. Has been used in later times, advan- tageously, in mania, in doses of 2 or 3 grains of the ex- tract. Gesner used it as an alterative, with great success. Greeding tried it in 28 cases of mania and melancholy— cured 5—relieved many more, and on the others it had no effect. He used the bark of the root—1 grain; and in- creased, according to its effects—some required 8 grains, or even 9j. He also used Stoerck's extract. In almost every case, it acted on all tbe excretions. A florid redness was produced on the face, and cutaneous efflorescences on the body; in some, pleuritic symptoms were produced, with fever, which required bleeding—critical evacuations also, with profuse sweating, increase of saliva, and mucous secretions. Uterine obstructions, of long continuance, were removed by it. 'Has been found useful in epilepsy— most useful in scabies, herpes, lepra, &c.; used external- ly, as well as internally. Finally, it is a poison, in over- dose—a powerful and stimulating irritant, in a proper dose. Is not a native of this country, as stated in Coxe's Dispensa- tory. Veratrum is derived from verare, i. e. vera bqui, because it turns the mind to a sane from an insane state. Offic. Prep. Decoctum Veralri. L. &. U. S. Tinctura Ve- ralri albi. E. Unguentum Veralri. L. Unguentum Sulph. comp. L. No. 534.—Veratrum viride. Green Hellebore. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 724—figure of the root, No. 725. The root officinal, by the Pharm. U. S., which directs an ointment and a tincture of it. See Bigelow's Med. Bot. No. 535.—Veratria. Veratrine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 726. The alkaline proximate principle of Veratrum sabadilb, and Colchicum autumnale, obtained by the analysis of MM. Pel- letier and Caventou. Their analysis of sabadillafurnished—, 1. A fatty compound, composed of oil, adipocire, and ceva- dic acid; 2. Wax; 3. Yellow extractive colouring matter; 4. Veratrine, forming with gallic acid an acid salt; 5. Gum; 6. Woody fibre. The ashes, which were in small quan- tity, were almost wholly composed of the carbonate and phosphate of lime, with some traces of the hydrosulphate VER—VIO 285 and carbonate of potass, and silica. Meissncr, however, gives the most elaborate analysis of tins substance: lie found it to consist of-Fixed oil 24.2; adipocire 0.43; £h\ «!nrC8,n' !°"ble in ether' 1A5> ^sin, insoluble in S&J? i v™!nne0A8i bi"er extractive, with an ,.n- defined acid, 5.97; sweet extractive 0.65; gum 4 82 • oxv- nS' fibl;e 20-56i Pbyteumacolle with hy- ta« 9 of P°tass' f.nd a vegetable salt with a base of po- tass, 1.21; oxalate of lime with bassorine 1.06; water 6.4. The root of the veratrum album or commune yields- 1 A fSVSl^T'T11 °f 0i'' a(liP°cire> and an acid simi- lar to the cevadic, but incrystaljizable; 2. Yellow extrac- SSnC°i°Tg rT\J- *dd *alate of veratrinTZ. Gum; 5. Fecula; 6. Woody fibre. The ashes contain carbonates of potass and lime, sulphate of lime and sE Pelletier and Caventou. Qualities. Scarcely soluble in cold water-boiling- water dissolves one thousands of its weight, becoming feSlv aend-very so uble in ether-more so'in alcolioQub e >n all vegetab e aeds, which it saturates, and forms with ■hem incrystalhzable salts, which, on evaporation, resem- ble gurn-the sulphate alone affords rudiments of S when,ts acid is in excess-insoluble in alkalies-reWs eat oT &?* PaPK,r mbified ^ acids- L^l«enes by heat of 122° F. resembling wax, on cooling forms a translucent mass, resembling somewhat the appea™ ce of amber. A dose of i of a grain, produces cE Mne discharges. If the dose be increased, more or less vtolent vomiting ensues. Little is known of its powe, s ana effect gu^tne^ bGfurthertried- * -omLnd Ufo^fnS No. 536.—Veronica Beccabunga. Broad-leaved Brookhme. Cabinet specimen, figure, No. 727. Indigenous—out of use. No. 537.—Viola odorata. Sweet Violet CNo.e729PeCimen' ^^ C°,L N°' 728~i]S^ of the plant, Yields the flowers-officinal by the London and Dublin obtohfed' 3 W the SyrUpU* VioU*of E- D ^ No. 538.-—Violina. Violine. An alkaline bitter acrid principle, similar to emeta, obtained by M. Boullay, from the roots, leaves, flowers, and seeds VOL. II. B b 286 VIS—ULM of the preceding. It is probable, that the emetic viola, which forms a part of ipecacuanha, contains it. Orfila says it is highly poisonous. This is a good subject for a thesis. We have numerous indigenous species, which I have always thought, from their sensible properties, and from the family to which they belong, active plants. The viola pedata—one of these, is officinal in the Pharm. Ui S. No. 539.—Viscum. Misletoe. A poetic plant—interesting from its Druidical history—good for nothing in medicine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 730. No. 540.—Vinum vinifera. Common Vine. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. figure, No. 731. The raisins, called uvx passx, are officinal, and used in phar- macy, in making some preparations—every body knows what the fresh fruit produces. The officinal wine is the sherry, or Vinum album Hispanum. Edin. Used in mak- ing officinal wines. u. No. 541.—Ulmus fulva. Slippery elm. Cl. 5. Ord. 2. Pentandria Digynia. Nat. ord. Scabridx, Linn. Amentacex, Juss. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Col. No. 732, and No. 733—figure. No. 734. Officinal. Liber—the inner bark. Phar. U. S. The elm bark is made up of mucilage, r.nd in infusion, which is aromatic, constitutes a more agreeable lubricating pti- san, than any article I know. I have used it a great deal in dysentery—it is nutritious. The powder, moistened with water, is an excellent application to excoriated nip- ples ; and it never causes the babe to reject the breast. Yields Ulmia. Decoctum Ulmi comp. Formula. R Decocti ulmi, Oviij Ligui Sassafras, et -----Guaiaci, aa 5 j Corticis Mezerei, Jiij Radicis Glycyrrh. Jj Boil for half an hour, and decant. Dose, half a pint, or a pint, daily. Henry Jeffreys. Recom- mended in syphilitic eruptions, and rheumatic pains, connected with that taint. T. T.H. (MS.) No. 542.—Ulmia. Ulmin. A spontaneous exudation, from the preceding and other elra trees. Berzelius hints, that it probably is a component of UPA—XAN 287 eveiy bark. It is solid, black, hard, shining, insipid—so- luble in water, but does not form mucilage—insoluble in alcohol—precipitated by nitric and oxymuriatic acids, in the state of resin. No. 543.—Upas antiar. The celebrated Upas tree—the poison of the East Indies, about which so much fable existed, prior to the in- vestigations of our countryman, Dr. Horse- field, of Java. W. No. 544.—Wintera aromatica. Winter's Bark tree. Cl. 13. Ord. 4. Polyandria Tetragynia. Nat. ord. Magno- lix, Juss. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 735. Officijtal. Winterx aromaticx, Cortex. Edin. Wintera aro- matica, Cortex U. S. Winter's Bark. Native of the straits of Magellan—a large evergreen tree- discovered in 1577, by Captain Winter, whose name it bears; very rare—scarcely ever met with in the.shops. Qualities. Aromatic odour—pungent, hot, spicy taste, slowly imported, hut vovy permanent—contains a volatile oil, on which its properties depend; it may be obtained by distillation in water. Medical Phoperties and Uses. A warm aromatic, adapt- ed to every purpose in which such a medicine is proper— has been used in scurvy, and combined with simple bit- ters in dyspepsia—resembles canella alba, with which it is confounded. No. 545.—Wooara. A poisonous substance, produced, according to the opinion of Bancroft, by a species of Liane—-it differs little from the Ticunas. (See No. 212.) It is used by the Indians of Guyana, to poison their arrows. X. No. 546.—Xanthorrhiza apiifolia. Parsley-leav- ed Yellow-root. Cabinet specimen, Jeff Coll. No. 736—figure, No. 737. Officinal by Phar. U. S. The root. Indigenous. A pure bitter tonic. For a detailed account, see VV. P. C. Barton's Veg- Mat. Med. U. S, Vol. II. plate 46. 288 XAN—ZIN No. 547.—Xanthoxylum fraxineum. Prickley Ash. Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 738 and 739—figure, No. "40. The root officinal by the Phar. U. S. A good subject for an inaugural dissertation. z. No. 548.—Zincum oxydum. L. E. D. Oxide of Zinc—(flowers of Zinc.) Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 741. Used, besides internally, externally, as a mild astringent in the unguent, zinci. "" Dr. Roloff of M;.gdeburg, has dis- covered the presence of arsenic in this preparation; by boiling the substance in distilled water, and assaying the solution with the ammoniaco-nitrate of silver, its presence may be instantly recognised; chalk may be detected by sulphuric acid producing effervescence ; and white lead, by its forming an insoluble sulphate of lead. It ought to be volatile."—Paris. Medicai. Phopehties and Uses. A tonic—used in epilepsy, chorea, and other neuroses. Dr. Chapman desires to claim the original practice of giving large doses of this medicine. He observes, " it has, at least in my hands, been of little use, till the quantity was increased to 15 or 20 grains, several times in the day. 1 have more than once given a drachm of it, in 24 hours. The only disagreeable effect from such a quantity, is nausea, which, however, is not of a distressing nature. We may safely commence with a dose of 4 or 5 grains"—and in a note immediately following, he continues : »« exactly this course, I find to be recommended in a late English work of merit—Bed- ingfield's Medical Practice. As regards myself, it is, how- ever, known to be original, having publicly taught and pursued the practice, long before the appearance of that work."* The following is an extract from Cooke on nervous diseases, the American ed. of whose work was published in 1824.— " Dr. Hart, in his inaugural dissertation, speaks very highly of the use of the flores zinci, and adduces several instances in which it was found efficacious. Dr. Guthrie, in a letter to Dr. Duncan, mentions a most alarming case of epilepsy, in which the paroxysms returned four times in twenty- four hours, with wonderful violence, while each fit was accompanied by a most distressing tetanus. In this in- * Therapeutics, article Carb. Zinc. • ZIN—ZIN 289 stance, Dr. Guthrie formed the resolution of giving the flowers of zinc, with what he calls an empiric boldness, ordering eight grains of that medicine the first day, with conserve of roses, and augmenting the dose by four grains every fourth day, till the thirty-second from the attack, when it amounted to two scruples, which the patient took consecutively for a month, at the end of which time every vestige of the disease disappeared. Although Dr. Guthrie thought it prudent to continue this large dose of the medi- cine so long, no disagreeable consequences attended its exhibition, except a trifling nausea towards the beginning, which soon went off. A celebrated surgeon of Edinburgh prescribed with advantage this medicine in a confirmed epilepsy, which had existed for ten years; and also in ano- ther, in which the fits were preceded by an aura epileptica. This medicine has also been recommended by Dr. Haygarth of Chester, and Dr. White of York. Dr. Cullen, however, has not found zinc useful in these cases; nor can I, from my own experience, speak in its favour in epilepsy, al- though I have found it beneficial in chorea sancti Viti, and other nervous diseases." I now quote from the Thesaurus Medicaminum, published in London, inl794, ."by a member of the London College of Physicians," (Dr. Duncan,) the following: "In the employment of the calyx, or, as it is commonly called, the flowers, of zinc, the physicians on the continent have been more successful than those of our own country. Accord- ing to their reports, these calses are not only serviceable in epilepsy, but likewise in several other spasmodic disor- ders, such as hysteria, chorea, whooping-cough. Amongst our own practitioners, Dr. Percival recommends the use of them in consumptions, asthma, and other affections of the lungs. The ordinary dose, is from one to ten or twelve grains; though Dr. Donald Monro says that he has seen them often given to the quantity of twenty and even thirty grains." It appears plainly, therefore, that Dr. Chapman is not entitled to the award of the " originality," he so emphatically claims against Dr. Bedingfield. The edition of the Thesaurus Medicaminum, from which the above is quoted, beare the London imprint of March, 1794, near 34 years ago.* * I feel myself bound to notice these points, because I am bound to teach the truth, on all the Confectionis Ros. q. s. j Make 20 pills—2 the dose, twice a day. Astringent. No. 551.—Zinci carbonas impurus. Phar. U. S. Impure carbonate of Zinc—(called Cal- amine.) Used only in the preparation of Unguentum Zinci oxidi im- puri. U. S. (Turner's Cerate.) dical science—one on which, in order to write so as to be considered authority by the profession, requires greaV knowledge of the details, great observation, great truth iu handling it—for it has been so v. ell handled, that any one who attempts to claim to be original, will be sure to be caught and ensnared, ere he is aware of the mesh he has placed hi> foot upon. To my view, it is unworthy of an ele- vated post, to endeavour to sustain it by boastful unrealities, in unpublished dis- col: se ; ''mi when a man in such a high post, voluntarily comes before the pub.ie, to on ''.'.'ji on a subject with avowd claims to originality—it is still more unwor- th\ of that elevation, to descend to auy unfounded pretension. The work of any man who does this, on any subjec, ('>• cans, it always will betray injustice to others,) never can be received by the profession, as authority; however much it may be so received by student,, whose generous confidence in their teactnrs, in- eliut s them always to receive gratuitously, Whatever is offered as novel or peculiar. That confidence should not, 1 think, be- abused. I profess to have a keen sense of literary justice ; and if the author, whos ■ writings I have so freely canvassi d, can show by facts, (not issertions,) that I have in aught done him injustice, I will with pleasure and alacrity acknowledge that injustice, in the next edition of this work, in ROMAN CAPITALS, that all may see how wrong I have been. ZIN—ZIN 291 No. 552.—Zingiber officinale. (Roscoe and Jac- quin) Officinal Ginger. Synonym—Amomum Zingiber. (Willd.) Cabinet specimens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 745 and 746—figure, No. 747. Officinal. Zingiberis Radix. Lond. Amomi Zingiberis Radix. Edin. Zingiber, Radix condita. Dub. Ginger root, dried and preserved. Native of the East and West Indies—in the East it is par- ticularly plenty, in the mountainous district of Gingi, to the east of Pondicherry—whence its name. Qualities. Well known—is an aromatic, warm stimulant; the best perhaps we have used in flatulent colics, dys- pepsia, gouty affections of the stomach, &c. Is a salivant masticatory, and has been used for paralytic affections of the muscles of the tongue and fauces. Dose, in powder, grs. xto9j. Offic. Prep. Syrupus Zingiberis. L. E. D. & U. S. Tinc- tura Zingiberis. L. D. Syrupus Rhami. L. Tinctura Cinnamomi comp. L. Acid, sulphur, aromat. E. Confectio Opii. L. Confectio Scammonii. L. D. & U. S. Infusum Sennx. L. Pulvis Cinnamomi comp. L. E. D. Pulv. Scammonii comp. L. D. Pulv. Sertnx comp. L, Pilulx Scilke comp. L. Pilulx Abes. D. Vinum Abes. L. E. D. &. U. S. The following plants have been omitted in their proper literal places:— HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS. Yellow root. Indigenous. Cabi- net specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 748—figure of plant, No. 749. See W P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. If. plate 26. HEUCHERA AMERICANA. Alum root. Indigenous. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. No. 750—figure of plant, No. 751. Astrin- gent. See W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. II. plate 40, for full account. PANAX QUINQ.UEKOLIUM. Ginseng—Gensang. Cabinet speci- mens, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 752, 753, 754—figure of plant, No. 755. See W. P. C. Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. Vol. 11. plate 45, for a full account. PYNCKNEYA PUBENS. Georgia Bark—North American Cin- chona. Cabinet specimen, Jeff. Coll. Nos. 756 and No.'757— figure of tree, No. 758. See W. P. C Barton's Fl. N. Amer. Vol. I. plate 7, for a full account. THE END. APPENDIX. FORMULA FOR THE PREPARATION OF MORPHIA. Br E. Staples. (To which reference has been made, page 228 of this vol.) Four ounces of dried and coarsely powdered opium, to be sub- mitted to the action of two ounces of pure pyroligneous acid, dilut- ed with two or three ounces of pure water, for twenty-four hours, to be repeatedly stirred during the time; to this add twenty ounces of alcohol of 35 Beaume"; suffer this to digest another twenty-four hours, then immerse the vessel which contains it in water, and gradually raise the temperature to 160° Fahrenheit; pour the liquor thus heated upon a coarse linen or flannel strainer, and press it through while hot; after cooling, the liquor should be filter- ed through the paper used by apothecaries for the purpose. To this highly coloured acidulous tincture, add, at different times, cau- tiously, so that no apparent disturbance takes place in it, a solu- tion of ammonia in alcohol, prepared as follows: three ounces of the strongest ammoniated alcohol, diluted with six ounces of alco- hol of 35 Beaume"; about one ounce of this may be poured in at a time, in a gradual manner, and the rest added at regular intervals. In a short time, the Morphia will begin to precipitate in a crystalline form, and of a nankeen colour; by washing this precipitate in a small portion of water, and dissolving it in boiling alcohol of 35 Beaume, it may be obtained perfectly pure, and nearly white. By distilling the alcohol from the solvent, which should be done in a water bath, and suffering it to cool at different points of the distillation, further crystals of Morphia may be obtained. The residue may now be evaporated, and the Extractum Opii Mornhia privatum be formed. This process will yield upwards of five drachms to the pound of opium. Test.—Nitric acid, strong, changes Morphia to bright-red—Tinct galls as test. Sulphuric acid, when strong, and added in excess^ changes Morphia and salts to a permanent claret hue The above simple process, devised by Mr. Edward Staples he informs me, can be accomplished by a nurse's lamp. I have seen all his preparations of opium-they are veiy beautiful. He has i3 rrTh t-wT **° tl!isjrsubJect. *"d his results prove wUh now much skill, talent, and effect. I think 1 can safely promise, from Z knowledge of this gentleman, that the result of his presen inveSf SLThimser£ imP°rtam t0 the I^—' «* *SS crS: ^ I 'TO,** 'I '" tr