W&TSON 
■J C ' . 
ccl 
———— 
CHAPMAN; . . 
' O N 
PYROPHOSPHATE OF IR0N ON THE 
AND JJsES 
OF 
Cod-Liver Oil 
IN 
PULMONARY CONSUMPTION, 
AND OTHER DISEASES. 
BY 
jiRGYLE }VATSON, J 
WITH OPINIONS THEREON FROM THE MOST EMINENT 
PHYSICIANS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA 
ALSO, 
NOTES ON THE VALUE 
PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON 
OF 
ANEMIA, CHLOROSIS, DEBILITY, ETC. ETC. 
IN 
BY 
p. JT. Phapman, 
PROFESSOR OF THERAPEUTICS AND MATERIA MEDICA, PROFESSOR OF CLINICAL 
OBSTETRICS, AND PHYSICIAN IN THE LONG ISLAND COLLEGE FfpSPITAX.' 
New-York : 
CASWELL, HAZARD & CO. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by 
CASWELL, HAZARD & CO., 
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the District 
of New-York. 
S. W. GREEN, 
Printer andStkreotyper, 
16 and 13 Jacob Street, New-York. ON 
p IL. 
BY 
WILLIAM ARGYLE WATSON, M.D. 
ft'AF the concurrent testimony of the most emi- 
pS M nent medical writers, and the verdict of 
aPniikal popular usage, can be relied on, no remedy, 
nor any combination of remedies, has heretofore done 
so much toward restoring health and strength to the 
victims of tubercular consumption, and other forms of 
scrofulous disease, as the oil obtained from the liver of 
cod-fish, (Gadus Morrhua.) 
JTS fi ISTORT. 
Cod-liver oil seems to have been used in Germany 
from a remote period as a domestic remedy in various 
forms of disease, but was first introduced into the Ma- 
teria Medica by Dr. Percival, of London, in 1771, as a 
remedy for chronic rheumatism. After enjoying a short- 
lived season of favor in the hospitals, it fell into disuse, 
until 1841, when Dr. J. H. Bennett, of London, pub- 
lished a treatise on Oleum Jecoris Aselli, in which he 4 
On the History and Uses of 
set forth its great value as a remedy in tubercular dis- 
ease. Since that date it has been steadily gaining pro- 
fessional and popular favor, until it has come to be re- 
garded as the remedy par excellence in all forms of scrofu- 
lous disease. 
Jts Constituents. 
Dr. Garrod’s chemical analysis of cod-liver oil shows 
it to contain oleine, margarine, various biliary principles, 
as the organic acids and coloring matter of bile; also 
phosphoric and sulphuric acid, with salts of lime, mag- 
nesia, and iron ; a peculiar substance—gaduin—very 
insoluble in ordinary menstrua, but soluble in sulphuric 
acid, and giving a blood-red color to the solution; also 
iodine and bromine. 
Priterion for the of JLiver-Pils. 
There is, unfortunately, no test for the purity of cod- 
liver oil. The nearest approach to it is a test for liver- 
oils in general, which are found to yield a beautiful lake 
or* crimson color when brought in contact with sulphuric 
acid. This is supposed to be due to the action of the 
acid on the biliary matters contained in the oil. The 
only value of this test is to distinguish liver-oil from 
that procured from other parts of the animal, as it reacts 
equally on good and bad cod-liver oil, and on the oil ob- 
tained from the livers of other fish. The only fish-liver 
oil likely to be mistaken for cod-liver oil, is that procured 
from the livers of the pollock, hake, and haddock. Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
5 
These fish are caught in large quantities on the New- 
England coast, from spring to autumn, when cod-fish 
are scarce, the season for the latter being from Novem- 
ber to June. It is estimated that three haddock to one 
cod are taken the year through in Massachusetts Bay, 
and the oil obtained from their livers, as well as from all 
the hake and pollock caught, is sold under the name of 
cod-liver oil, though greatly inferior in medicinal and 
other qualities. 
It becomes, therefore, a matter of importance to be 
able to distinguish pure cod-liver oil from these inferior 
liver-oils; but as there is no chemical test to guide us, 
it can only be done by a careful study of their sensible 
properties, which reveal slight differences in taste and 
smell, and more marked differences in density, cod-liver 
oil being much more dense than any of the other oils 
under consideration. Another marked difference in the 
oils, is in their affinity for oxygen—the inferior varieties 
of liver-oil being much more prone to absorb oxygen 
and turn sour or rancid. 
It might be supposed, a priori, that fish belonging to 
the same family, and caught in the same waters, would be 
found to yield liver-oil of similar properties, but that 
this is not the case is evident from the fact that curriers, 
who use large quantities of cod-liver oil in dressing 
leather, can not utilize the lighter and thinner liver-oils 
for the same purposes, as they will not “stuff” the 
leather, and render it permanently soft and pliable. 6 
On the History and Uses of 
When, however, it is known that cod-fish are caught in 
cold weather and on rocky bottom, and hake, haddock, 
and pollock in warm weather, on muddy bottom, and 
that they have preferences for different kinds of food, it 
does not seem unaccountable that their livers should 
yield oil of dissimilar properties. Shark-liver oil closely 
resembles cod-liver oil, and is said to be of equal efficacy 
as a therapeutic agent. 
yARIETIES. 
There are three varieties of cod-liver oil met with in 
the market, namely, the pale, light brown, and dark 
brown. The different sensible properties of the oil de- 
pend upon the manner in which it is obtained from the 
livers, their state of freshness or otherwise, and the de- 
gree of exposure to the air in its preparation. The 
pale oil is prepared from fresh livers by the simplest 
possible process by which it can be separated from the 
cells of the livers; it is nearly devoid of color, odor, and 
flavor, having only a bland, fish-like, and, to most per- 
sons, not unpleasant taste. The darker oils are pre- 
pared from livers in a state of putrefaction, or with suf- 
ficient heat and pressure to decompose and extract the 
biliary matters ; they have a “very ancient and fish- 
like smell,” and an intensely disagreeable taste. Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
7 
Of the different varieties of the oil, there can be no 
question as to which is the most valuable as a thera- 
peutic agent, as the whole experience of the medical 
profession declares in favor of the pale oil. The dark 
oil is apt to turn the stomach, irritate the bowels, and, if 
long continued, destroy the appetite and seriously im- 
pair the digestive powers. On commencing the use of 
the pale oil, it not unfrequently disagrees with a deli- 
cate stomach, when after a few doses it is tolerated 
and even relished. The longer it is taken, the better it 
is liked, “ as if increase of appetite had grown by what 
it fed on.” Dr. De Jongh, however, advocates the use 
of the dark varieties, on the ground that they contain 
more volatile acids (butyric and acetic acids) and bi- 
liary matters, though he makes no mention of these acids 
in his analysis of the light-brown oil, which he recom- 
mends; and it is sufficiently obvious that any additional 
medicinal virtues which the biliary matters may impart 
to the oil, are more than counterbalanced by the dis- 
turbance which they create in the digestive organs; for 
in all exhausting forms of disease which feed on the 
very pith of life, it should be remembered that only 
“ good digestion waits on appetite, and health on both.” 
of Administration. 
Where the pale oil is objected to on account of its 
taste, it may be disguised by either of the following 
JhE fALE jDm IS 8 
On the History and Uses of 
methods: i, by giving it on orange or lemon juice; 2, 
by taking it floating on ale or porter, or with a small 
quantity of whisky or brandy; 3, by adding to each dose 
a few drops of dilute nitric acid, with an equal amount 
of tinct. cardam. comp.; 4, in emulsion with confection 
of almonds ; 5, by chewing a small piece of smoked her- 
ring, or some aromatic substance like lemon-peel, just 
before swallowing each dose. 
It has been recommended to administer it in the form 
of pills and in capsules, but both these methods are ob- 
viously impracticable on account of the large doses in 
which it ought to be taken. 
The oil not unfrequently disagrees in consequence of 
an enfeebled and deranged state of the stomach, liver, 
and bowels; and where this is found to be the case, a 
little preparatory tonic and alterative treatment should 
precede its administration. Thus, if the patient is suf- 
fering from anaemia, constipation of the bowels, loss of 
appetite, and experiences great disgust at swallowing 
the oil, and either rejects it or complains of subsequent 
eructations, it had better be discontinued, and some 
such tonic as the following substituted for a few days : 
I£. Ferri pyrophos., 3 ijss. 
Strychnice, gr., (one.) 
Acid. phos. dil., § j. 
Aquae distil., § iij. 
Ft. sol. S. A. Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
9 
A teaspoonful of this combination before each meal, 
aided by an aloetic pill at night, will, after a few days, 
not unfrequently so far invigorate the digestive organs 
as to enable them to receive and assimilate the oil which 
they had before been unable to manage. 
In some cases, however, the system seems to have 
lost the power of digesting fatty matter ; for in spite of 
all our efforts to prevent it, the oil will be either rejected 
by the stomach, or run through the bowels in an un- 
altered state. It is an interesting fact, that in fatal 
cases of this kind, post-mortem examinations have re- 
vealed extensive disease of the pancreas, an organ which, 
it is well-known, plays an important part in the digestion 
of fat. Dr. Dobell, of London, has suggested that the 
defective power of assimilating fat is owing to want of 
pancreatic fluid, and may be remedied by the adminis- 
tration of an emulsion of fat or oil with the pancreatic 
fluid of the pig. After much experience in the use of this 
emulsiop, Dr. Dobell asserts that persons who can not 
digest fatty matter in any other form, can take this pre- 
paration with perfect ease, and that under its use the 
strength and weight of the patient improve to such an 
extent as to render it certain that the digestive organs 
have been able to appropriate the necessary amount of 
fat. If Dr. Dobell’s preparation should prove equally 
successful in other hands, upon more enlarged trials, it 
will prove to be a most valuable contribution to that 
class of cases in which the plain oil disagrees or can not On the History and Uses of 
be taken. Messrs. Savory & Moore, London chemists, 
manufacture the emulsion as prescribed by Dr. Dobell. 
We are not aware of its having been prepared in this 
country, but Messrs. Caswell, Hazard & Co., of this 
city, have imported the London article. As the cost of 
importation is so great, we trust some enterprising and 
reliable American chemist will furnish the profession 
with “ pancreatic emulsion ” of his own production. In 
the swine-killing regions of the West, pancreatic fluid 
might be obtained in great abundance at little cost. 
piRECTIONS FOR 'J' AKING pOD-jLlYER jOlL. 
The dose of cod-liver oil, when it agrees, should be a 
tablespoonful three times a day. The best time to take 
it is before going to bed at night, and, during the day, 
an hour after each meal, in order that it may be digest- 
ed with the food. If given before meals, it is apt to 
blunt the appetite. Where the stomach is delicate, it is 
best to commence with a teaspoonful, and gradually in- 
crease the dose as the stomach gets accustomed to it. 
When patients become fond of it, they often thrive on 
much larger doses, though it is not advisable to give 
more than an ounce three times a day, as that is as 
much as the digestive and assimilative powers are com- 
petent to utilize. Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
JDndermic JJse of piu 
Dr. Simpson, of Edinburgh, recommends the ender- 
mic method of introducing the oil into the system. Se- 
veral cases have been published in which inunction has 
proved of great service, either as a supplementary mea- 
sure, or where the oil signally disagreed with the sto- 
mach. Dr. W. H. Fuller, of London, mentions a case 
in which “ the patient gained a stone and a half in 
weight in less than three months under the persevering 
use of inunction, and the physical signs subsided great- 
ly at the same time.” 
It has been urged in favor of inunction, that persons 
engaged in wool factories, tallow chandlers, butchers, 
and others whose pursuits keep their skin constantly 
more or less smeared with fatty matter, are remarkably 
well supplied with adipose tissue, and seldom fall vic- 
tims to tubercular consumption. It may well be pre- 
sumed, however, that persons engaging in these greasy 
and repulsive vocations have naturally good stomachs, 
and get their fat rather through the digestive organs 
than the skin. Indeed, it will be found that most very 
fat persons, like the greasy knight, Sir John Falstafif, 
are thirsty souls, with unbounded stomachs, and much 
accustomed to “ unbuttoning after supper.” When the 
digestive organs can not be made to assimilate the oil, 
inunction should be resorted to as a means of introduc- 
ing it into the system ; and in other cases it may be em- 12 
On the History and Uses of 
ployed for the benefit of the process itself, which, by ex- 
citing the functional activity of the skin and determin- 
ing the fluids to the surface, tends greatly to the relief 
and cure of disease in the internal organs. In order to 
derive full benefit from inunction, the patient should be 
well rubbed, for half an hour, morning and evening, with 
warm oil and a warm hand, before a fire. This may 
seem a disgusting process, but as it was resorted to by 
the ancient Romans as a hygienic luxury, it may not be 
found past endurance when required for the cure of 
disease. 
Introduction per JIectum. 
Another device for introducing the oil is per rectum ; 
but as this is so objectionable a method to most per- 
sons, it will not probably be often submitted to, except 
as a temporary expedient to sustain the patient when 
the stomach can not retain the oil, and too great feeble- 
ness forbids the fatiguing process of inunction. These 
supplementary methods of introducing the oil ought not 
to be despised, for we should not forget that sometimes 
“ most poor means point to rich ends,” and that to the 
sick, what is homely becomes savory, when regarded as 
a means of restoring health. 
■JVhEN IT SHOULD BE pIVEN. 
In order to derive the highest possible degree of be- 
nefit from the use of copl-liver oil in pulmonary con- Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
sumption, it should be given at the very earliest mani- 
festation of the disease, and continued long after the 
apparent restoration of health. When thus resorted to, 
in the “very riping of the time,” before the reparative 
power of the system has been impaired, and faithfully 
continued for months, or even years, it will in many 
cases completely subvert the constitutional vice, upon 
which the deposit of tubercular matter depends, and 
thus establish permanent curative results. When given 
in the more advanced stages of the disease, after the 
tubercles have softened and been removed by expecto- 
ration, it often seems to arrest the further deposit of 
tubercular matter, and in a wonderful degree to renew 
the flesh and strength of the patient and prolong life. 
These beneficial results, however, must not be expected 
from a few doses of the oil: they can only be obtained 
from its systematic and faithful administration for 
months or years (with an occasional short respite) as an 
article of daily food. 
JTS yALUE IN 
This assertion of its great power in arresting the de- 
structive march of phthisis, is borne out by the general 
experience of the profession, in this and foreign coun- 
tries. Dr. C. B. Williams, of London, closes a valuable 
report which he made of 234 cases of pulmonary con- 
sumption treated with cod-liver oil, by observing that On the History and Uses of 
“ pure, fresh oil from the liver of the cod is more benefi- 
cial in the treatment of pulmonary consumption than 
any agent—medicinal, dietetic, or regiminal—that has 
yet been employed.” Most practitioners who have had 
large opportunities of observing its effects, are equally 
enthusiastic in commending its virtues. Among those 
speaking with most authority upon this subject, may be 
mentioned the names of Dr. John Hughes Bennett, of 
Edinburgh; Sir Thomas Watson, Dr. William Henry 
Fuller, Dr. Thomas King Chambers, of London, and 
Dr. George B. Wood, of Philadelphia, who are united 
in ascribing to the oil invaluable properties as a thera- 
peutic agent in the class of diseases under considera- 
tion. These eminent writers have commented fully 
upon all points of interest in relation to the adminis- 
tration of the oil and its modus operandi. Those who 
would inquire more curiously into the subject, will find 
it fully discussed in their respective works, under the 
head of “ Phthisis Pulmonalis.” 
JTS yALUE IN JjCROFULA. 
The oil will be found equally effectual in scrofulous 
affections of the skin and bones, as caries, lumbar ab- 
scess, rachitis, morbus coxarius, in scrofulous ophthal- 
mia, tabes mesenterica, and, in short, in all affections 
dependent upon a scrofulous constitutional taint, or at- 
tended with emaciation and malassimilation of food. Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
In all cases, however, to be effectual, it must be given 
in full doses and long persevered in. 
15 
Jts JJse IN jiYPHILIS. 
In secondary syphilis, occurring in weak and anaemic 
subjects, cod-liver oil is a valuable adjuvant to the mer- 
curial treatment, as it tends in some measure to obviate 
the destructive action of mercury on the already too 
much impoverished blood. It may be given in these 
cases in combination with the bichloride of mercury, 
after the following formula: 
TJ. Hydr. bichloridi, gr. ij. 
sulphurici, 3j. 
Ft. sol. et adde, 
Olei morrhuae, § vj. 
A dessert-spoonful, containing one twelfth of a grain 
of the bichloride, may be given three times a day. The 
bottle should be kept tightly corked, for, if exposed to 
the air, the mercury will be precipitated in consequence 
of the evaporation of the aether. P P I N I O N S 
DF SOME OF THE MOST EMINENT MEDICAL WRITERS 
ON THE VALUE OF COD-LIVER OIL IN PULMONARY 
CONSUMPTION. 
pR. JSENNETT'S JeSTIMONY AS TO ITS pSE IN pUL- 
pONSUMPTION. 
Dr. John Hughes Bennett, Professor of the Institutes 
of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh, who first 
introduced cod-liver oil to the notice of the profession 
in England as a remedy in pulmonary consumption, in 
1841, thus writes of it in the last edition of his work on 
the Practice of Medicine, published in 1865, after more 
than twenty-five years’ extensive observation of its ef- 
fects in that disease: 
“ Since I first introduced cod-liver oil to the notice of 
the profession in this country as a remedy for phthisis, 
in 1841, I have continually prescribed it in hospital, dis- 
pensary, and private practice. I need not, perhaps, say 
that I have given it in a very large number of cases, and 
have observed its effects in all the stages of the disease, 
and under almost every circumstance of age, sex, and 
condition. I have had the most extensive opportunities Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
of examining the bodies of those who have died after 
taking it in considerable quantities, and am still observ- 
ing the cases of many persons who may be said to have 
owed their lives to its employment. Further, I have 
carefully watched the progress it has made in the good 
opinion of the professional public, and perused all that 
has been published regarding it in the literature of this 
and other countries. It were certainly easy for me, 
therefore, to write at great length on this subject; but I 
do not see that any thing of utility could be added to 
what I have already published. The following is a sum- 
mary of my views regarding cod-liver oil as a remedy in 
phthisis: 
“ i. Cod-liver oil is, as pointed out by M. Taufflied, 
an analeptic, and is indicated in all cases of abnormal 
nutrition, dependent on want of assimilation of fatty 
matter. 
“2. It is readily digestible under circumstances where 
no other kind of animal food can be taken in sufficient 
quantity to furnish the tissues with a proper amount of 
fatty material. 
“3. It operates by combining with the excess of albu- 
minous constituents of the chyme, and forming in the 
villi and terminal lacteals those elementary molecules of 
which the chyle is originally composed. 
“4. Its effects in phthisis are to nourish the body, 
which increases in bulk and vigor; to check fresh exu- 18 
On the History and Uses of 
dations of tubercular matter, and to diminish the cough, 
expectoration, and perspiration. 
“ 5. The common dose for an adult is a table-spoon- 
ful three times a day, which may often be increased to 
four, or even six, with advantage. When the stomach is 
irritable, however, the dose to commence with should be 
a tea or dessert-spoonful. ” 
"JeSTIMONY OF pR. pEORGE j3. }VoOD. 
Dr. George B. Wood, Emeritus Professor of the Prac- 
tice of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, in a 
late edition of his work on the Practice of Medicine; 
thus speaks of cod-liver oil as a remedy in pulmonary 
consumption : 
“ Of the medicines used in phthisis no one, nor any 
combination of them, has hitherto proved so efficient as 
cod-liver oil. When the second edition of this work was 
published, the experience of the author had not been 
favorable to that remedy; but this was simply because 
lie had not persevered with it a sufficient length of time 
in the several cases in which it was employed. The oil 
seldom produces any very observable effects under a 
period of from three to six weeks ; and despairing of any 
good result, he had in every instance omitted it too 
soon. Subsequent experience has convinced him of its 
inestimable value. For the last five years he has used 
it in nearly every case of phthisis which has come under Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
19 
his notice, either in private or hospital practice, and al- 
most always, when it could be retained on the stomach, 
with either temporary or lasting benefit. His experience 
coincides generally with that of the writers who have 
testified favorably of its effects. In the worst cases and 
most advanced stages, it usually improves the condition 
of the patient, renders him more comfortable, and post- 
pones the fatal issue. Under less desperate circumstan- 
ces, it often arrests for a time the march of the disease, 
giving hopes even of ultimate recovery; and in some 
few instances these hopes are justified by the result, so 
far as time has hitherto enabled us to judge. Given at 
the first appearance of the symptoms, I have frequently 
found it to set them aside altogether, and believe that, 
with the aid of other suitable remedies, it is capable of 
effecting permanent cures in many instances. Its ob- 
servable effects are usually to improve the digestion, to 
render the patient fatter and stronger, to diminish the 
frequency of the pulse and check the sweats at night, to 
relieve the cough, and, in fine, greatly to ameliorate all 
the general symptoms. The patient often becomes 
fleshy, exchanges his paleness for a ruddy or healthy 
color, and feels himself nearly if not quite well. Un- 
happily, the physical signs do not generally undergo the 
same rapid improvement. If there was evidence of con- 
siderable solid deposit, this goes on to softening and the 
formation of a cavity; if there was a cavity at the com- 
mencement of the treatment, this not unfrequently en- 20 
On the History and Uses of 
larges while others form; and after a period of very 
flattering amendment, perhaps for months, perhaps for a 
year or more, the symptoms return, and the patient too 
often sinks at last. Yet it is not always so. Sometimes 
suspicious physical signs in the early stages entirely dis- 
appear, and cavities either remain stationary or heal. 
The following, so far as I am capable of judging from 
my own observation and the recorded experience of 
others, appears to be the real value of the remedy:' It 
does not act as a specific, and is wholly incapable of 
producing, by any direct influence of its own, the remo- 
val of the deposited tuberculous matter. But it invigo- 
rates the digestion, improves the character of the blood, 
and by a peculiar power modifies the nutritive processes, 
so as to obviate, in a greater or less degree, the tendency 
to the deposition of tuberculous matter. When this 
tendency is not very strong, and other suitable measures 
are made to cooperate with the oil, it appears capable 
of arresting the further formation of tubercles alto- 
gether. But the matter deposited must pass through its 
own destined changes. If small in quantity, as in the 
earliest stage of the disease, it may undergo the calcare- 
ous metamorphosis, and thus cease to do harm. If 
larger, it must soften and be discharged, leaving a cavi- 
ty, which may heal if not increased by further acces- 
sions of tubercle. If abundant, it must undergo the 
same change, and then must necessarily prove fatal, 
should so much of the lung be destroyed in the process Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
21 
as to render the remainder insufficient to fulfill the pur- 
poses of respiration, or should the strength be inade- 
quate to support the exhausting effects of the necessary- 
irritation and suppuration. 
“ It is seen, therefore, that cod-liver oil, though a very 
valuable agent, perhaps the most valuable, should be 
looked on only as one of the means of confirming the 
general health, and thus affording the best possible pro- 
tection against the further progress of the malady, and 
enabling the system to withstand the depressing and ex- 
hausting influences necessarily exerted upon it in the 
elimination of the tuberculous matter. These views are 
certainly encouraging, and they would seem to be sup- 
ported by the fact of the recent diminution of the gene- 
ral mortality from phthisis, as evinced by the statistical 
reports in the city of Philadelphia, which can be ascrib- 
ed to no other known cause than the general use of cod- 
liver oil. 
“ But great care must be taken to guard against the 
error of relying on this alone, to the neglect of exercise, 
exposure to pure air, and the various other methods of 
invigorating the system already referred to. A table- 
spoonful of the oil should be given three times a day, 
and the remedy persevered in for many months, nay, 
uninterruptedly, even for years, should it continue to 
agree with the patient and the disease not appear to be 
sooner eradicated.” On the History and Uses of 
22 
JSir Jhomas Jestimony. 
Sir Thomas Watson, of London, in the last edition 
of his work on the Practice of Medicine, thus speaks of 
cod-liver oil in phthisis : 
“ The oil obtained from the liver of the cod-fish, a sub- 
stance formerly thought curative of chronic rheumatism, 
has of late been extensively administered with unques- 
tionable benefit in strumous disorders, and especially in 
phthisis. It is not directed against any particular symp- 
tom, but appears, in a much greater degree than any 
other drug that I know of, to be antagonistic of the con- 
suming power of the disease. Unlike many of the oils, 
it does not generally purge. One of its most obvious 
and frequent effects is that of hindering the waste of the 
fatty tissues of the body, and even of promoting, by the 
excessive supply of that nutriment, a new deposit of adi- 
pous matter. The patient recovers flesh and weight, re- 
sumes a healthier aspect, and acknowledges sensations 
of returning strength and comfort. Meanwhile, his 
cough is mitigated, he expectorates less, his pulse is 
reduced in frequency, hectic symptoms disappear, and 
the auscultatory signs declare a corresponding change 
for the better in the diseased lung. . . . The whole 
range of morbid changes, denominated tubercular, be- 
longs to the class in which there is an excess of the al- 
buminous and a deficiency of the oleaginous principle. 
Do we not here obtain some glimpse of the way in Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
2 3 
which cod-liver oil may tend to keep in check the stru- 
mous disposition ? Whatever may be its modus operand,i, 
I have often been surprised as well as gratified by the 
improvement that has followed the use of this remedy in 
consumptive patients. I believe that the earlier it is re- 
sorted to the better; but in every stage of the disease, 
its healing power has been fully ascertained. In many 
advanced cases, it does no good at all; in some, its re- 
storative effect is really wonderful. The proper dose is 
from two drachms to half an ounce, three times daily. 
To avoid the risk of blunting the natural appetite, I am 
in the habit of directing that the oil be taken at bed- 
time and soon after each of the two principal meals of 
the day; in other words, as long as possible before the 
meal next ensuing. Of the various kinds of oil in use, 
that which is the purest, that which is obtained by the 
simplest methods from the fresh liver of the healthy cod- 
fish, is not only the least nauseous, but, in my opinion, 
the most remediate also. It is not so nauseous, patients 
tell me, as might be supposed.” 
Remarks op J)r. Jhomas J£ing £hambers. 
The following interesting remarks upon the value of 
fatty food are taken from Dr. Thomas King Chambers’s 
last work on The Indigestions : 
“ The effects of cod-liver oil become less and less a 
marvel the more we know of physiology. The instinc- 24 
On the History cmd Uses of 
tive desire shown by all nations for an oleaginous diet, 
and their association of substances of this nature with 
proverbial ideas of happiness in all ages, show the value 
of a certain amount of it to man’s comfort. 
“ The ‘ butter and honey ’ of the Prophet, used as a 
phrase for royal food, and the constant reference in the 
Bible to oil as a luxury, (though it could have been no 
rarity in ‘a land of olive-oil,’) these are sufficient to 
prove its estimation among the Hebrews. The Hindoo 
laborer, when he devours his gallon of rice for a meal, 
will spend all the pice he can get on the clarified butter 
of the country, and ‘ as good as ghee!’ is his expression 
of unqualified admiration. It was a mistake in Baron 
Liebig to state that oily foods are disgustful to natives 
of hot climates. All races of men require and seek 
after them, and the taste of the Esquimaux, so often 
quoted, depends mainly on the abundant supply of the 
article which the sea places at his disposal, coupled 
with a scantiness of other provisions. 
“ Throughout mankind there is an instinctive appreci- 
ation of the importance of this aliment, independent of 
accidental differences of nation or locality. It seems 
felt to be, as science shows that it really is, a necessary 
material for the renewal of the tissues, and the desire 
for it becomes synonymous with a desire for augmented 
life. 
“An easily assimilated oil comes, in fact, into the 
short list of directly life-giving articles in the pharmaco- Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
25 
pceia; for it is itself the material by which life is mani- 
fested. Hence, under its use, beneficial influences are 
exerted throughout the whole body; old wounds and 
sores heal up ; harsh, wrinkled skin regains the beauty 
of youth ; debilitating discharges cease, at the same 
time that the normal secretions are more copious; the 
mucous membranes become clear and moist, and are no 
longer loaded with sticky epithelium; the pulse, too, 
becomes firmer and slower, that is to say, more power- 
ful, for abnormal quickness here is always a proof of 
deficient vitality. Such are the effects, perfectly consis- 
tent with physiology, of supplying a deficiency of mole- 
cular base for interstitial growth. 
“ But that supply is useless unless the absorbents are 
fit to take it up—unless they are prepared by proper to- 
nics for its reception. 
“To find the easiest assimilated oil, and to prepare the 
digestion fior the absorption of oil, are the main proble?ns in 
the cure of consumption.” 
Statement op pR. ff. jt. puLLER, of J3t. Peorge’s 
pOSFITAL. 
Dr. William Henry Fuller, Physician to St. George’s 
Hospital, London, in his work on Diseases of the Lungs, 
makes the following remarks on the value of cod-liver 
oil in pulmonary consumption : 
“Cod-liver oil may be regarded partly as an article of 26 
On the History and Uses of 
food, and partly as a medicinal agent. To whichever of 
its constituents its efficacy may be due, there can not be 
a doubt that it is beyond all others the remedy on which 
most reliance can be placed. Chemistry has hitherto fail- 
ed to explain its action, but clinical experience leaves 
not the slightest doubt of its beneficial influence. Of 
course, its virtues are most strikingly displayed in the 
earlier stages of the disorder, and in cases where there 
is not a strong inherited predisposition to tubercular 
disease; but this fact amounts to nothing more than 
that where there is little mischief to be overcome, the 
oil has less difficulty in subduing it than it has when the 
mischief is deeper seated and more advanced; and, 
speaking generally, it may be stated that the oil proves 
serviceable in all ages and at all stages of the disorder. 
The symptoms and physical signs ameliorate under its 
administration with a rapidity which is sometimes quite 
surprising; and in favorable cases the weight of the 
body increases, the cough and expectoration decrease, 
the appetite improves, and the night sweats and other 
unfavorable symptoms gradually disappear. 
“ Three facts, which have been elicited by careful ob- 
servation, appear to afford some clue to its mode of 
action. The first is, that unless the patient gains weight 
whilst using it, the oil seldom or never proves remedial; 
the second, that weight and flesh may be gained during 
its administration, although the pulmonary disease may 
be steadily progressing; the third, that when it does act Cod-Liver Oil in Consumption, Etc. 
27 
remedially, the weight gained is far beyond what would 
result from the oil as a mere aliment. Hence it would 
appear that its operation consists in aiding digestion, by 
supplying some principle which is essential to the assi- 
milation of food and the establishment of healthy nutri- 
tion. 
“ This view has been uniformly maintained by Dr- 
Hughes Bennett, who has stated, further, that its effi- 
cacy depends on its supplying the fatty matter which is 
essential to the formation of healthy chyle, and which 
the digestive organs have become unequal to manufac- 
ture or separate from the food. My own impression is, 
that its influence is not so simple as is here suggested 
by Dr. Bennett; for, if his views were correct, it ought 
to act beneficially whenever the stomach is capable of 
retaining and digesting it, whereas, cases not unfre- 
quently occur in which, though the oil does not dis- 
agree, it fails to exercise any influence over the disease, 
which, nevertheless, may yield to other remedies. Fur- 
ther, the improvement which results from cod-liver oil is 
not found to follow the use of neat’s-foot oil and other 
oils which equally supply an oily matter; and as in ad- 
ministering cod-liver oil we are conveying into the sys- 
tem iodine, bromine, phosphorus, and other matters 
which are known to exercise a powerful influence on 
the animal economy, I am inclined to believe that the 
peculiar efficacy of the cod-liver oil depends partly on 
the supply of oil which it affords, but partly also on its 28 
History and Uses of Cod-Liver Oil. 
containing elements which are wanting in most cases of 
consumption, and which in such cases it satisfactorily 
supplies; and when it fails to operate remedially, it 
does so in most instances because it is not tolerated by 
the stomach, and in others because it does not contain, 
and therefore does not supply, the elements which in 
those particular instances are required to promote 
healthy assimilation. Be this as it may, its extraordi- 
nary virtues can not be doubted, and it ought to be ad- 
ministered in all cases of consumption in which it does 
not derange the stomach. It rarely purges or otherwise 
disturbs the bowels, and it does not induce congestion 
of the lungs, or fatty enlargement of the liver or kid- 
neys; on the contrary, it improves nutrition generally 
throughout the body. Not only does it produce in- 
crease of weight, but the patient, whilst taking it, gains 
strength and color. As a mere aliment it is extremely 
useful, and as a remedial agent in appropriate cases, its 
value is inestimable.” THE 
Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
BY 
JS. Jf. p H APMAN, yVL p. 
HE following notes on the therapeutic uses 
e^ec^s °f Pyrophosphate of Iron, (which 
is the salt used in the manufacture of Cas- 
well, Hazard & Co.’s Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir 
of Calisaya,) were communicated by Dr. E. N. Chap- 
man, Professor of Therapeutics and Materia Medica, 
of Clinical Obstetrics, and Physician in the Long Island 
College Hospital, and published in the Bostoti Medical 
and Surgical Journal : 
The Pyrophosphate of Iron affords certain marked ad- 
vantages over the preparations of iron hitherto in use. 
Its tastelessness, in solution with sugar, and elegant ap- 
pearance, in our day, when the nauseous doses of the 
older practitioners will not be tolerated, is an important 
item in the case of children, or adults, even, when the 
employment of a remedy is demanded for a period of 
time. There is every reason for presenting our medi- 
cines in as palatable and pleasant a form as possible. The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
In addition, there are many persons of a nervous, deli- 
cate organization, particularly females, who can not take 
the ordinary preparations of iron. They disorder the 
stomach—in their language, are too heating—and thus 
not only fail to be assimilated, but, by perverting the 
gastric and intestinal secretions, seriously interfere with 
the digestion. Hence, instead of enriching the blood 
by new materials, we are merely cutting off the original 
supply, imperfect as it is, and making the gastric sur- 
faces a centre of morbid irritation. We observe a similar, 
but more complete abeyance of the nutritive functions 
in most patients much reduced by an exhausting disease. 
However much iron may be indicated, it can not be 
borne, much less appropriated, by the absorbents, until 
the digestion is restored by bitters and stimulants. 
of J’yrophosphate of Jron to 
pTHER pORMS OF JrON. 
A marked peculiarity in the pyrophosphate of iron is 
the fact that it will scarcely ever, in any of these cases, 
disagree ; and very frequently patients who can not tole- 
rate the ordinary forms of iron, will bear this well, and 
receive great benefit from its use. The new salt will 
supply the iron to the blood-globules promptly. 
It has, however, another and more important property, 
which has entirely escaped attention, that adds new vir- 
tues to the iron, and bestows on this special compound The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
advantages possessed by none other in the Materia 
Medica. These arise from the pyrophosphoric acid. 
This acid, or the element, phosphorus—which has not 
been definitely determined by chemists—exists alone in 
a free state in the great ganglionic nervous centres. Ac- 
cording to Fremy, the phosphorus is combined with the 
brain-fat, forming what he calls the oleo-phosphoric acid. 
AS A JJ.EMEDY. 
Phosphorus is regarded by therapeutical writers as a 
cerebral stimulant, exalting nerve-power directly, but the 
action of the heart indirectly, and only in a moderate 
degree beyond the normal tension. Of all the organs, 
the reproductive are most sensibly affected—a fact satis- 
factorily accounted for in the male by our knowing that 
the semen contains, according to Kolliker, over two per 
cent of a phosphorated fat. As throughout nature 
nothing is without a use, and every element has an im- 
portance, though we may fail to discover it; so we may 
safely conclude that phosphorus must exist in the ner- 
vous centres and the spermatic fluid as an integral con- 
stituent of their chemical composition. Probably it 
plays an important part in the normal excitability, and 
is intimately connected with the manifestation of mind 
and the generation of the nervous influence. 32 
The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
of Phosphoric on the 
I think phosphoric acid may not be separated from its 
compounds, and thus the ganglionic nervous centres be 
wanting in their normal stimulus. Hence \vould arise 
many nervous and neuralgic diseases, and nervous com- 
plications in many forms of debility. It is necessary for 
us to pass the phosphoric acid into the blood. This we 
can only do by giving it in a saline state, with a base that 
would be assimilated, and thus set it free. This is ac- 
complished by the iron, which we know, in ordinary 
medicinal doses, is used up in the blood ; in other words, 
is appropriated by the haematin, and can not be detect- 
ed by any tests. It is a natural constituent in the red 
globules, and, consequently, not being foreign to the 
body, behaves precisely as any other elementary princi- 
ples that form its structure. Strictly speaking, it is a 
food, and must be supplied as much as starch, sugar, 
oils, and flesh. 
Jnstances requiring its JJse. 
Whenever the blood becomes thin and watery, there 
are, almost invariably, troublesome attendant symptoms, 
seriously retarding the restoration of the patient to health. 
In all, there will be a lack of nerve-power, from the hy- 
draemic state of the circulation. Hence, could we, tem- 
porarily, augment the stimulating properties of the blood The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
33 
whilst we are administering the iron, we should prepare 
the way and present the conditions required for its assi- 
milation, which otherwise might be impossible. Experi- 
ence has taught most physicians this practical fact, and 
the indications have usually been fulfilled by the simulta- 
neous use of wine and iron. We have found the pyro- 
phosphate singularly appropriate under these circum- 
stances, and as superior as a natural excitant must ever 
be over any substitute we may devise. Persons who 
have been overworked by mental application and pros- 
trated by disquietude and care, or persons who have a 
shattered nerve-power from some constant source of 
bodily suffering, have a thousand anomalous symptoms 
dependent on an imperfectly generated and distributed 
nerve-power, such as wakefulness, trembling, spasmodic 
movements, palpitations, etc. For this class of symp- 
toms, the pyrophosphate of iron often affords relief in 
two or three days, and thus prepares the way for the ul- 
timate cure that maybe expected from the martial salts. 
Many times patients have expressed wonder at the calm- 
ing and tranquilizing effects of the medicine, not only in 
mere functional aberrations and irregularities, but also 
in cases where actual disease existed in the nerve-cen- 
tres. In both instances, the stimulation is immediate 
and transient, and can be of no avail, excepting by re- 
moving irregular nervous distribution ; whilst the iron is 
appropriated more readily by the organic forces, now 
freed from a great source of disorder. 34 
The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
Successful J3ases. 
A lady in Brooklyn, with spinal meningitis in the cer- 
vical region, had great feebleness and trembling, but es- 
pecially paroxysms of an asthmatic shortness of breath, 
that greatly interfered with the aeration of the blood. 
The first trial with this remedy removed in a few days 
the severity of the symptoms, so much so that the pa- 
tient was enabled to leave her bed. Her breathing was 
hurried only on exertion. The remedy becoming less 
potent in subsequent attacks, and then eventually quite 
useless, was abandoned, and other means were resorted 
to with the same ill success. The patient, after being 
under my care without benefit for three months, moved 
into the country, and nothing has been heard of her 
since. In other instances of anaemia, where time showed 
an organic basis for the nervousness, a temporary advan- 
tage has been gained by this form of iron, showing the 
stimulation afforded by it to the brain and spinal mar- 
row. This stimulation, although only temporary, is of 
permanent value in all functional disorders of the nerve- 
power, where, in the mean time, we can rectify the states 
on which they are dependent. This is shown markedly 
in anaemia and chorea united. 
A young girl, aged 16, presented herself at the Hospi- 
tal Clinique with the symptoms of anaemia, amenorrhcea, 
and chorea. She had been unwell at two periods four 
months ago ; but since then her turns had failed, and The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
35 
she had become affected by these involuntary motions, 
which were now so great and uncontrollable as nearly 
to forbid her standing or walking. She was ordered 
laxatives for the constipation, which was obstinate, and 
the pyrophosphate of iron in five-grain doses after each 
meal. This was the only treatment, from first to last. 
Her appetite, which had been capricious and uncertain, 
returned ; the torpor of the bowels became less obstinate, 
and the involuntary jerkings of the muscles subsided to 
such a degree that the girl in two weeks walked to the 
hospital unattended. In six weeks the menses returned ; 
when the choreic movements, which had become mode- 
rate, were greatly increased during their continuance. 
In the interval, there was a continuous improvement, as 
the color of the face returned ; but only a slight exacer- 
bation during the next period. In three months, the 
restoration to health was perfect. Perhaps the common 
forms of iron, as I have seen in two or three instances, 
might have been efficacious and attended with success ; 
but I am confident the first stage of cure would have 
been more tedious, from the constant muscular action 
which exhausts the patient. By the tranquilizing power 
of the phosphoric acid, the movements were moderated ; 
the patient was enabled to fall asleep readily, which she 
could not do before, and the assimilation was strength- 
ened, so that food and iron rapidly improved the blood. 
In one other case of chorea and anaemia, the same 
happy result followed this course of treatment. 36 
The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
OF THE IN y^N^EMIA 
In palpitation of the heart in anaemic subjects, I have 
seen many instances of the power of this remedy in re- 
moving this symptom long before the blood was restored 
to its normal condition. But palpitation, when not due 
to impoverished blood entirely, may be, oftentimes, 
equally amenable to this remedy. 
A lady of Brooklyn, 45 years of age, feeble, emaci- 
ated, and the subject of paralysis agitans for many 
years, was tormented by an aggravated form of palpita- 
tion of the heart. This, at times, was very severe and 
persistent, and never benefited by a variety of medi- 
cines prescribed by different physicians. The cause of 
this irregular and tumultuous action was evidently due 
to a defect in the nervous influence. The pyrophos- 
phate of iron gave her the most prompt and perfect re- 
lief, so much so that she sent a person affected with this 
disease to my office to obtain the same prescription. 
In this case, also, the result was equally satisfactory. 
In even more grave disorders of the heart, the value 
of this remedy has been signally shown. 
A young gentleman, 23 years of age, came to my 
office suffering fearfully from angina pectoris. He was 
first attacked five years previously, while in the country, 
and was obliged to give up his employment and travel 
Rectoris. The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
37 
for his health. After six months’ respite, he obtained 
some relief; but from that time he had been followed 
by returns of the paroxysms at frequent intervals, 
though these were less severe, until of late, when they 
had become more grave than ever before. There was a 
sense of agony; a fear of impending death ; and he was 
conscious of an irregular, tumultuous, labored throb- 
bing of his heart, even in sleep, which was fitful, unre- 
freshing, and disturbed by frightful dreams. His coun- 
tenance was haggard, and bespoke the utmost dejection; 
and he felt as though his chest was tightly bound by a 
cord, and as if each pulsation of his heart would be the 
last. 
On examination, no organic disease could be discov- 
ered. The heart contracted tumultuously—by fits and 
starts—with a rolling, tumbling, uncertain action, but 
spasmodically, and with a sharp, metallic ring. The 
pulse was irregular and intermittent, and the volume of 
blood in the artery was uncertain and unequal. 
pASTRALGIA AND* j^EPATITIS. 
Latterly the young man had been employed in a 
wholesale dry-goods store, in New-York, and had 
passed most of the day on an underground floor. As 
he appeared to suffer from considerable gastric and 
hepatic disorder, two cathartic doses of blue mass were 
given, and followed by vegetable bitters and antacids. 38 
The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
These failing, he was ordered assafoetida, valerian, cam- 
phor, etc., with the like unsuccessful result. At this 
time, two weeks from his first visit, he was so much 
worse that he fell on the floor insensible one afternoon 
after returning home from his business. He was now 
directed to take the pyrophosphate of iron, in five grain 
doses, three times daily, and to omit all other medicines 
whatsoever. The patient remained under the same cir- 
cumstances as to air, diet, exercise, etc., and still per- 
sisted, from a fear of losing his situation, in going to the 
store every day. There was a sensible amelioration in 
the severity of his symptoms almost immediately, and 
this became very apparent in four or five days. Insen- 
sibly he began to sleep with tolerable comfort, and to 
experience a more regular and equable action of the 
heart. At times, he would lose a sense of his condi- 
tion, which ever had followed him like a malignant 
spirit. The change in his countenance, in the state of 
his pulse, and rhythm of his heart, as discovered by 
auscultation, was remarkable. The improvement was 
steady, but rapid, until the restoration to health was 
complete, which took place in four weeks without any 
change in, or addition to, the prescription. Now, after 
an interval of more than two years, he remains in per- 
fect health, and was enabled to rush to arms, with thou- 
sands of other compatriots, for the defense of the old 
flag and the Constitution of our fathers. He endured 
three months’ service as readily as the others. Since The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
39 
his return, I found, on examination, that his heart acts 
perfectly and normally. 
A young married woman, never pregnant, 34 years of 
age, was admitted into the hospital a year since. She 
was thought by her physicians to have an aggravated 
organic heart disease, that had nearly run its course. 
Her present illness dated back some eight months, and 
apparently commenced with gastric and hepatic disor- 
der, which gradually induced despondency, nervousness, 
and palpitation of the heart. She had a sallow com- 
plexion, loaded tongue, vomiting, which was frequent, 
of a bitter matter; a strong, tumultuous, and irregular 
action of the heart, with a metallic ring; a sense of 
great suffering, and a fear of impending death. She 
was gloomy, hopeless, hysterical, with many shifting 
neuralgic pains. Shortly before her admission she lost 
the use of her lower extremities—could not stand, though 
when in bed she could draw up her feet, but with great 
effort and difficulty. I could discover in her case no 
evidences of organic disease, and was inclined to think 
that when the functional disorders of the liver and 
digestive organs were corrected, it would be possible to 
mitigate, at least, the irregular action of the nervous 
system, which was supposed to be mostly of a hysteri- 
cal character. A variety of means, such as blue mass, 
bismuth, creosote, quinine, and bitters, was employed, 
for two weeks or more, to correct the state of the 
stomach, check the vomiting, and restore' the digestion The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
—which objects were partially attained; but the nerve- 
aberrations continued the same as at first. The pyro- 
phosphate was now given conjointly with vegetable bit- 
ters and good diet. The same happy result followed as 
in the last case. Gradually the use of her limbs, and 
the regular, natural action of her heart were regained, 
though, from the hysterical element in her case, the re- 
storation to health was not as perfect or permanent as 
that of the young man just mentioned. She dwelt con- 
stantly on her troubles ; and being much alone and ne- 
glectful of exercise, she relapsed, six months after dis- 
missal, and was again treated in the same way, and in 
three weeks regained her usual health. During the 
following month I was called to her house, and found her 
with the old symptoms, which she said had been coming 
on ever since the absence of her husband in the army. 
She requested the same medicine which had, on other 
occasions, been followed by such marked relief to her 
symptoms. Its power was equally apparent as be- 
fore. 
For all the varied and anomalous symptoms of hyste- 
rical patients, which are usually some phase of irregular 
distribution of the nervous influence, the pyrophosphate 
acts with singular efficiency, diffusing and equalizing 
nerve-power, and thus secondarily restoring a more 
active capillary circulation and a more healthful play 
of all the functions. Cases illustrative of this point are 
unnecessary in the milder forms of nervous disease, The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
since the claims of our remedy are sufficiently vindi- 
cated in the severer ones hitherto mentioned. 
Adaptability to the 
The pyrophosphate of iron has another property 
scarcely to be anticipated, and one we should never dis- 
cover except by actual observation. All of the common 
preparations of iron are apt to oppress the stomach, 
coat the tongue, and destroy the appetite, especially 
when the patient is much debilitated.- Many, from a de- 
licate, sensitive organization, can not under any circum- 
stances take iron with profit—it being, in their language, 
too heating. The pyrophosphate is friendly to the 
stomach, will never cause any irritation of the gastric 
surfaces, and, to our knowledge, has never disagreed 
with any patient, however incompatible the other forms 
may have been. Besides, it appears to possess a tonic 
power, and will restore the appetite and digestion after 
the failure of bitters, quinine, wine, etc., often in extreme 
cases of anaemia, amenorrhoea, and chlorosis, as we have 
witnessed in many instances in our obstetric clinique. 
It seemed to afford just the grade of stimulus required 
by the stomach; and the improvement, thus initiated, 
continued without interruption, under this single remedy, 
to the complete cure of the patients. This accepta- 
bility, friendliness, corrigent, and roborant action of this 
form of iron on the digestive organs, is a valuable pecu- 42 
The Pyrophosphate of Iron. 
liarity, which renders it, in many persons and in many 
states of disease, superior to all others, and perhaps to 
any drug whatsoever. Besides, its tastelessness, when 
dissolved in syrup, is a great recommendation in this 
age of sugar, when patients desire to die sweetly, and 
will not endure any thing nauseous or unpleasant, though 
Death be knocking at the door. This we might expect 
in children who bring up their parents to a tolerably 
high state of discipline, and issue their orders of com- 
mand from the cabinet councils of the nursery. We 
medical men, taking the world as we find it, are obliged 
to render our doses as palatable as possible for babies, 
both great and small. This object, without detriment in 
the choice of our means, is singularly and notably at- 
tained by the use of the pyrophosphate of iron. pASWELL, Co.'S 
FERRO-PHOSPHORATED ELIXIR 
OF 
CALISAYA BARK. 
HE Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir of Cali- 
ffh saya Bark of Caswell, Hazard & Co. 
contains one grain of the Pyrophosphate of 
Iron to one tea-spoonful of the Elixir. 
It is entirely free from the nauseous, inky taste of 
iron. Combined with aromatics, the Salt and the 
Calisaya are blended in a beautiful transparent amber- 
colored cordial, very pleasant to the taste. It is readily 
administered to infants and children, and is quite ac- 
ceptable to the most fastidious taste and delicate 
stomach. 
The Elixir is furnished in bottles containing one pint; 
or it can be furnished in bulk in large bottles contain- 
ing five pints, or by the gallon in demijohns, and sent by 
express to any part of the country. 44 
Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir of Calisaya Bark. 
Caswell, Hazard & Co. ship large quantities of the 
Elixir to San Francisco, New-Orleans, Montreal, Boston, 
Newbern, Port Royal, and dispense it in New-York 
from their counter. In all these places the medical 
professional indorse it as the most elegant and efficient 
of all tonics. 
As a remedy for Nervous and Mental Prostration, 
Dyspepsia, Anaemia, Amenorrhcea, Dysmenorrhoea, Cho- 
rea, Angina Pectoris, Neuralgia, Chlorosis, Leucorrhoea, 
Wakefulness, Disquietude of Mind, Palpitation of the 
Heart, it has been found eminently serviceable and suc- 
cessful. 
CASWELL, HAZARD & CO., 
LATE 
CASWELL, MACK & CO., 
FAMILY CHEMISTS, 
Fifth Avenue, Broadway and Twenty-fourth St., 
(Fifth Avenue Hotel,) New-York City, 
and 
No. 132 THAMES STREET, NEWPORT, R. I. HAZARD & CASWELL’S 
Pure Cod-Liver Oil. 
The universal demand for an article of Cod-Liver Oil that could be depended 
upon as strictly pure, and scientifically prepared, having been long felt by the 
Medical Profession, we were induced to undertake its manufacture at the Fishing 
Stations, where the fish are brought to land every few hours, and the livers, conse- 
quently, are in great perfection. Its manufacture is personally superintended by our 
Mr. Caswell, and every gallon made is closely scrutinized. 
Especial attention is directed to the purity of our Cod-Liver Oil. Manufactured 
as it is by us on the sea-shore of New-England from fresh, healthy livers of the Gadus 
Morrhua, it is characterized by peculiar sweetness, purity, and transparency, which 
have long made it a favorite with the profession of New-York and New-England, 
where it is known as Hazard & Caswell’s Cod-Liver Oil. When other oils 
can not be held upon the stomach, or by their rancid nauseousness so offend the 
delicate palate as to render it impossible for the patient to swallow them, our Oil is 
found by its sweetness capable of being readily taken and kindly received by the 
stomach. 
This Oil is confidently recommended to the Trade and Medical Profession as the 
Sweetest and Purest in market. 
Professor Parker, of New-York, says: “ I have tried almost every other manu- 
facturer’s oil, and give yours the decided preference.” 
Professor Hays, State Assayer of Massachusetts, says of it, after subjecting a 
sample to chemical analysis: “It is the best for foreign or domestic use.” 
MANUFACTURED BY 
CASWELL, HAZARD & CO., 
SUCCESSORS TO 
CASWELL, MACK & CO., New-York. COD-LIYER OIL 
WITH 
IODINE, PHOSPHORUS, AND BROMINE. 
This preparation represents Phosphokus, Bromine, Iodine, and Cod-Liver 
Oil in a state of permanent combination. 
Its advantage over simple Cod-Liver Oil lies in the fact that a much smaller 
dose of the Oil is necessary, while at the same time it is charged with four or five 
times the amount of Phosphorus and Iodine found in the natural oil. 
Bound indissolubly with Hazard & Caswell’s pure straw-colored Cod-Liver Oil 
- -an oil manufactured on the sea-shore from fresh, healthy livers of the Gadus 
Morrhua—an oil now recognized by the Profession as unexcelled, if it is equaled, in 
beauty of color, in transparency and freedom from precipitate, in purity, sweetness, 
and palatableness by any oil in the market—the Phosphorus and Iodine are carried 
directly with the Oil into the blood and there decomposed. 
The following table gives the proportions and constituents of one pint of our Cod- 
Livta® Oil with Iodine, Phosphorus, and Bromine: 
Iodine, Eight Grains. 
Bromine, One Grain. 
Phosphorus, One Grain. 
Cod-Liver Oil, One Pint. 
No remedy is better adapted to the treatment of all disordered conditions of the 
nervous system, attended by pulmonary complaints or enfeebled digestive power. 
The Cod-Liver Oil with Iodine, Phosphorus, and Bromine supplies a 
desideratum in cases where the presence of Iron in our Iodo-Ferrated Cod-Liver 
Oil may be contraindicated. 
The dose is from a dessert to a table-spoonful for adults, and from one to one quar- 
ter of a tea-spoonful for children. 
It should be given either immediately or three or four hours after each meal. 
Orange or lemon juice, ale, sherry wine, constitute good vehicles for its admin- 
istration, if these are deemed necessary. 
MANUFACTURERS, 
CASWELL, HAZARD & CO., 
FAMILY AND DISPENSING CHEMISTS, 
New-York City. Iodo-Ferrated Cod-Liver Oil. 
An elegant combination of Iron, Iodine, and Cod-Liver Oil has long been a 
desideratum with the profession. 
After a prolonged series of experiments, we are happy to announce to the Profession 
our success in the production of a compound holding these remedies in a state of 
permanent and thorough combination. 
Our Iodo-Ferrated Cod-Liver Oil is a perfectly transparent golden-colored 
preparation, and possessing no more taste than is usual with perfectly sweet and 
fresh Cod-Liver Oil. 
Each tea-spoonful contains one half grain of Iodide of Iron. 
It has been ascertained by eminent European physiologists, such as Tiedemann, 
Landras, Corvisart, and Bouchardat, that Cod-Liver Oil requires only to be emul- 
sioned by the pancreatic juice to be received directly and undecomposed into the 
blood. 
Bearing this important fact in view, the physician will readily understand how in- 
valuable a permanent combination like ours of such remedies as Iron and Iodine, 
bound closely wtth Cod-Liver Oil as they are, will prove, since thereby the Iodine 
and Iron are borne, unchanged, into the blood and there decomposed. 
For all Scrofulous and Tubercular Affections, Anaemia, Debility, Consumption, 
Rheumatism, Spinal Disease, Rickets, Marasmus, Ulcers, Hip Complaints, Erup- 
tions, Amenorrhoea, Leucorrhcea, Chlorosis, Palpitation of the Heart, the medical 
practitioner will find this Iodo-Ferrated Cod-Liver Oil of invaluable service. 
The dose of the Iodo-Ferrated Cod-Liver Oil ranges from a dessert to a 
table-spoonful for adults, and from one to one quarter of a tea-spoonful for children. 
It should be given after each meal, or if it then be found to disagree with the 
digestion, three or four hours afterward. Orange or lemon juice, sherry wine, ale, 
porter, are good vehicles in which to administer if if such are necessary. A little 
salt placed upon the tongue immediately before taking is advised by Bouchardat. 
A striking advantage of the Iodo-Ferrated over simple Cod-Liver Oil is that a 
much less quantity of it suffices for a dose than the latter, since the Iodo-Ferrat- 
ed Cod-Liver Oil contains four or five times the amount of Iodine found in the 
natural oil. 
In cases where the presence of iron may be considered an objectionable feature 
in our Iodo-Ferrated Cod-Liver Oil, we respectfully direct the attention of the 
Profession to our preparation known as Cod-Liver Oil with Iodine, Phosphorus, 
and Bromine, a description of which is to be found on the preceding page. 
MANUFACTURED ONLY BY 
CASWELL, HAZARD & CO. DESCRIPTIVE LIST 
OF 
PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS, 
MANUFACTURED BY 
CASWELL, HAZARD & CO., 
FAMILY AND DISPENSING CHEMISTS, 
UNDER FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL, NEW-YORK CITY, 
AND 
No. 132 Thames Street, Newport, R. I. 
FERRO-PHOSPHORATED 
jlLIXIFV OF j3ARK. 
Made directly from the Bark, not front its Alkaloids or their Salts. 
This preparation, embracing the three best tonics of the Pharmacopoeia—Iron, 
Phosphorus, and Calisaya—we were the first to introduce to the medical pro- 
fession in the year i860. 
Supplying a great want, there being at that time no combination of these reme- 
dies, our preparation was cordially welcomed and adopted by the first practitioners, 
and it is now recognized by the profession generally as a standard tonic. 
Encouraged by this success, other houses have imitated it, but no imitations 
have equaled the original in elegance of combination, gratefulness of taste, or 
efficiency of action. 
The following formula represents the composition of one pint of the Elixir. 
Fluid Extract of Cinchona-Calisaya, (full strength,) . 5 i. 
“ “ True Cinnamon, 3 ii. 
“ *• Caraway Seeds, 3 i 
“ “ Sweet Orange, 3 i. 
Pyrophosphate of Iron, 128 grains. 
Simple Syrup, 5 iii. 
Best Brandy 5 ii. 
Whisky, J ii. 
Pure Spirits and Water, 5 vii. Descriptive List. 
It will be seen that each table-spoonful contains the following equivalents as 
existing naturally in the Bark ; 
Quinia, About three quarters of a grain. 
Cinchona, 4 “ quarter of a grain. 
* The other alkaloids, ....““ “ 
Dose.—Adult, from a tea to a desert-spoonful, before or after each meal. 
The Pyrophosphate of Iron was first brought to notice in 1856, by Robiquet, of 
Paris, where it received the approbation of the French Academy. 
The advantages of this form of Iron are, that it causes none of those irritations 
to the stomach and alimentary canal common to other preparations of Iron ; it is 
readily assimilated, friendly to the stomach, and tonic to the digestive and cerebral 
organs. 
In our Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir of Calisaya, the profession have a transparent, 
amber-colored cordial, attractive to the eye, pleasant to the taste, and acceptable 
to the stomach. 
Administered to the pale, the nervous, the debilitated, the practitioner will find 
the Elixir of invaluable service. Its Iron enriches the blood ; its Phosphorus 
renews wasted nerve-tissue ; and its Calisaya gives tone to the digestive organs. 
OF j3lSMUTH. 
The subject of a soluble preparation of Bismuth was first suggested by Mr. C. 
R. C. Tickborne, (London Phar?n. Journal, 1864,) and soon after a formula was 
published in the same journal by Mr. N. Gray Bartlett. 
This solution is not incompatible with carbonated alkalies, mineral acids, or 
tonic infusions and tinctures. 
It is a valuable remedy for Gastro-Intestinal Affections, Diarrhoea, and Nausea. 
Each tea-spoonful contains two grains of Bismuth. 
jSlMPLE jibLIXIR OF j3ARK. 
Unlike many preparations bearing this name, which are only pleasant cordials, 
containing not a grain of Peruvian Bark, this article has the strength ot one ounce 
01 true Calisaya Bark to one pint, so combined with aromatics as to lose its in- 
tense bitterness, while its efficiency is thereby the more completely developed. 
For Fever and Ague it is a valuable preventive, and not open to the objections 
brought against Quinine; and for General Debility. Nervous Prostration, and 
Dyspepsia, it is an effectual remedy. 
In cases where our Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir or Calisaya Bark may be objec- 
tionable, on account of its ferruginous qualities, this preparation will be found a 
satisfactory substitute. Descriptive List 
FERRO-PHOSPHORATED 
pLIXII\_ OF JDaEIS AY A WITH j3lSMUTH. 
In order to adapt our Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir of Calisaya specially to 
gastric difficulties, we manufacture a combination of the Elixir with Ammonia- 
Citrate of Bismuth. 
It will be found serviceable in the treatment of gastralgia following the phlegma- 
sias of the digestive organs, attended with a red tongue, laborious digestion, acid 
eructations, nausea, and for acidity, debility, anaemia, and nervous derangements. 
Each dessert-spoonful contains four grains of Bismuth ; Pyrophosphate of Iron, 
four grains : and two grains of extractive matter of Calisaya Bark 
FERRO-PHOSPHORATED 
pLIXIR OF pALISAYA J3aRK WITH pTRYCHNIA. 
This preparation contains one grain of Sulphate of Strychnia added to each pint 
of our Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir of Calisaya Bark, greatly intensifying 
its tonic effects. 
dragEes of 
Pyrophosphate of |ron and J^alisaya. 
For the convenience of those living at a distance, or for persons traveling, where 
the bulkiness of the Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir of Calisava would be in- 
convenient, we manufacture a pill of Pyrophosphate of Iron and Extract of Cali- 
saya. This pill contains three grains of the two remedies, is coated with gelatine 
and sugar, is unaffected by climate, and perfectly palatable. 
Each pill contains : Extract of Cinchona-Calisaya, two grains ; Pyrophosphate 
of Iron, one grain. 
pRAGEES OF p'YRO PHOSPHATE OF JrON. 
We manufacture a sugar-coated pill of Pyrophosphate of Iron, which offers a 
very convenient form for the administration of this admirable tonic. 
These pills are eminently serviceable in cases of Nervous Prostration, Dyspep- 
sia, Anaemia, Amenorrhoea, Dysmenorrhoea, Chorea, Angina Pectoris, Neuralgia, 
Chlorosis, Leucorrhoea, Wakefulness, Disquietude of Mind, and Palpitation of 
the Heart. 
Each pill contains two grains of Pyrophosphate of Iron. Descriptive List. 
OF yALERIANATE OF y^MMONIA. 
In our Elixir of Valerianate of Ammonia the intense odor a ad disagree- 
able taste of Valerianic Acid are overcome without injury to its therapeutic quali- 
ties. This Elixir presents the virtues of Valerian in a palatable form. 
One tea-spoonful contains one and one half grains of the Salt. 
jSLIXU\ OF J_UPUEINE. 
The Elixir of Lupuline contains the virtues of Lupuline in pleasant combina- 
tion with aromatics. 
It has the same properties as the Elixir of Valerianate of Ammonia, and can be 
administered in cases where the former may not be desired. 
One tea-spoonful contains the virtue of eight grains of Lupuline. 
OF j^EPSIN. 
We prepare a Wins of Pepsin, by macerating carefully selected and cleansed 
Calves’ Rennets with Sherry Wine. 
This preparation is held in high esteem by some of the first practitioners for en- 
feebled and difficult digestion. A few drops of Muriatic Acid are frequently added 
when it is desired to increase the digestive power of the Wine. 
Juniper Tar Soap. 
This article, manufactured by ourselves, is used by the first practitioners in 
New-York with excellent success in cutaneous affections. 
The Juniper Tar is an effective stimulant, acting upon the absorbents like mer- 
cury, without the deleterious influences of that remedy. 
The Juniper Tar is combined with pure bland Soap, in which form it is conve- 
niently applied to the skin, which under its use becomes soft and clear and free 
from irritability. 
B3F* Complaints frequently reach us from Physicians that their 
prescriptions calling for our preparations prove inert. We would 
therefore suggest that our preparations be particularly specified, 
&s many Druggists are in the habit of substituting their own. 
Samples of any of the above Preparations 'will be furnished without charge to 
Physicians.