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IR, AINSWORTH $ DM FIRST LESSONS 
Physiology i-Hygiene 
WITH 
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUCTION CONCERNING THE PHYSIO- 
LOGICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC STIMULANTS 
AND NARCOTICS ON THE HUMAN BODY. 
A TEXT BOOK FOR THE COMMON SCHOOLS. 
By THOMAS H. DINSMORE, Jr., Ph. D. 
Processor of Physics and Chemistry in the State Norm^^^omol, 
Emporia, Kansas. 
PUBLISHED BY 
FT7TTER, AINSWORTH & CO,. 
New York, Boston, Chicago. Copyrighted 1885, 
BY 
Thomas H. Dinsmore, Jr. 
PRESS OF 
Liberty Printing Company, 
107 LIBERTY ST., N. Y. INTRODUCTION. 
It has been the hope of the writer in preparing this 
little volume to make it so clear and simple that the 
pupils, even in the primary schools, may be able to 
understand both the language used and the thoughts 
expressed. Educators have found that young children 
become confused and discouraged when they are expected 
to study several pages of solid matter and discern the 
important parts, but that the pupils remember well what 
is told them on the same subject. 
This work has, therefore, been written as a series of 
questions and answers. 
It is thought that the questions chosen are such as 
would naturally arise in the minds of parents, teachers 
and others when inquiring for information on this 
important subject. The effects of alcoholic stimulants 
and narcotics upon the human body have been described 
as directly and impartially as possible. The simple truth 
concerning the terrible effects which follow the use of 
alcoholic stimulants is enough to cause the student to turn 
away from alcohol with a shudder. iv 
INTRODUCTION. 
Review questions are frequently given, with additional 
inquiries, in order that the truth may be more forcibly 
impressed upon the mind. 
The portions of the manuscript relating to the 
physiological effects of alcoholic stimulants upon the 
human body have been read and discussed at the meeting 
of York County Medical Society; and the writer would 
hereby express his grateful acknowledgment to the 
members of the society for the lengthy discussion of the 
papers, also for valuable suggestions offered and the kind 
endorsement of the work given for publication. 
York, Pa., June, 1885. 
T. H. D, Jr. 
NOTE. 
For the temporary use of the cuts in this work the author is 
indebted to the courtesy of A. S. Barnes & Co., publishers of Steele’s 
Hygienic Physiology. AUTHORITIES USED FOR REFERENCE. 
(1) BARTHOLOW, Dr. ROBERTS. Materia Medica and Ther- 
apeutics. 
(2) CARPENTER, Dr. W. B., F.R.S. Alcoholic Liquors. 
(3) GREENFIELD, Dr. W. S. Alcohol: Its use and abuse. 
(4) JOHNSON, Prof. J. F. W., F.R.C.S. The Chemistry of Com- 
mon Life. 
(5) MARTIN, Dr. H. N. The Human Body. 
(6) RICHARDSON, Dr. B. W., F.R.S. Alcohol on the Body and 
Mind. 
(7) RINGER, Dr. SYDNEY. Hand-book of Therapeutics. 
(8) TAYLOR, Dr. A. S., F.R.S. A Treatise on Poisons. 
(9) THE- PHILADELPHIA MEDICAL TIMES. 
(10) THE YORK (PA.) COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. 
(ix) YEO, Dr. GERALD F., F.R.C.S. Manual of Physiology. 
(12) CARPENTER, Dr. W. B. Mental Physiology. At a stated meeting of the “York County Medical 
Society,” held in the Hospital and Dispensary building 
at York, Pa., on May 7th, 1885, the following resolution 
was unanimously adopted : 
Resolved, That the members of this Society, having 
this day heard and discussed the papers by Prof. 
T. H. Dinsmore, Jr., relating to the Physiological effects 
of alcoholic stimulants upon the stomach, liver, heart, 
circulation, kidneys, brain and other parts of the human 
body, do endorse the same as being clearly expressed, 
medically correct, and in entire accord with our experience 
as practitioners. 
Samuel J. Rouse, Secretary. 
W. T. BACON, President. 
I have reviewed the manuscript of the “ First Lessons 
in Physiology and Hygiene,” by Prof. Thomas H. Dins- 
more, Jr., and pronounce it the best I have seen on the 
subject. The plan of the work is such as to lead the 
pupils gradually onward. The thoughts are couched in 
the plain and easy language that pupils can remember, and 
the information concerning the effects of alcohol upon the 
human system is valuable. 
E. W. SOUTH, M.D. 
Plainfield, N. J., August i, 1885. CONTENTS. 
PAGE. 
I. Kinds of Life 13 
II. Divisions of the Body, 14 
III. The Skeleton, 16 
IV. The Number of Bones, 17 
V. The Bones of the Trunk and Arms, ... 20 
VI. The Bones of the Legs, 22 
VII. Different Kinds of Bones, 24 
VIII. The Flesh—The Skin, . . . . .25 
IX. The Hair and Nails, 27 
X. The Muscles and Tendons, 29 
XI. The Joints .31 
PART FIRST. 
PART SECOND. 
XII. Hygiene, 37 
XIII. Kinds of Food, 39 
XIV. Food and Drink—Continued 41 
XV. Bathing. .42 
XVI. Clothing, 44 
XVIl. Exercise, 45 
XVIII. Work, Rest, 49 
XIX. Ventilation, 50 VIII 
CONTENTS. 
PART THIRD. 
PAGE. 
XX. Alcoholic Stimulants, 59 
XXI. Alcohol 60 
XXII. Wines 62 
XXIII. Fermented Liquors—Continued, .... 64 
XXIV. Strong Drinks 66 
XXV. Physiological Effects of Alcoholic Stimulants, 68 
XXVI. The Stomach 70 
XXVII. The Liver 74 
XXVIII. The Kidneys 75 
XXIX. The Blood—The Circulation, .... 77 
XXX. The Circulation—Continued, 81 
XXXI. The Lungs, . . 85 
XXXII. Effects of Stimulants upon the Action of the 
Lungs, 87 
PART FOURTH. 
XXXIII. The Nervous Organization, 93 
XXXIV. The Effects of Stimulants upon the Mind, . 95 
XXXV. The Eye, 101 
XXXVI. The Ear, 104 
XXXVII. Crime—A Visit to the Jail 106 
XXXVIII. Exposure to Cold and Heat, .... 109 
XXXIX. Narcotics, 116 
XL. Opium, 121 CONTENTS. 
ix 
PART FIFTH. 
PAGE. 
XLI. General Effects, 131 
XLII. Diseases Caused by the use of Alcoholic Stimu- 
lants, . . . . 132 
XLIII. Alcoholic Liquors—as discussed by the Philadelphia 
County Medical Society, . . . . .134 
XLIV. Study and Stimulants 139 
XLV. Adulterated Liquors, 143 
XLVI. The Children of Drunkards 146 
XLVII. Wine for the Stomach’s Sake, 149 Suggestions to Teachers. 
The law of Pennsylvania states that the subject of 
Physiology and Hygiene shall be introduced and studied 
as a regular branch by all pupils in all departtnents of 
the Public Schools of the Commonwealth, and in all 
educational institutions supported wholly or in part by 
money from the Commonwealth.* It is suggested that 
in giving instructions from this work the pupils be 
arranged in two grades. Let those who are in the 
primary grade, after reaching Part Fourth, be excused 
from further study, except in the chapters on “ Narcotics” 
and “ Opium.” 
All pupils who have reached the age of ten or 
twelve years will be able to complete the full work each 
winter. Permit the writer, as a teacher, to suggest that 
it is better, especially in a new subject, to assign short 
and easy lessons than to risk discouraging your pupils 
by giving them more work to perform than they can 
master with pleasure, or accept with profit to themselves. 
The Author. 
* It will be seen from the above, that this work was prepared while the writer 
was occupying the chair of Natural Sciences in the York Collegiate Institute, more 
especially for use in the schools of Pennsylvania, but as the desire for instruction on 
this subject is becoming quite general, it is hoped that the (ruths herein expressed 
may find favor with educators in other States. PART FIRST. 
The Structure of the Body. FIRST LESSONS 
IN 
PHYSIOLOGY and HYGIENE. 
I.—KINDS OF LIFE. 
1. Of what does Physiology treat? 
Of the action of the various parts of living bodies. 
2. What are the living bodies ? 
Those which pass through a course of life and 
growth. 
3. How are the living bodies divided ? 
Into plants and animals. 
4. What are plants ? 
The kinds of life which spring up from the ground. 
They remain fastened to the earth and can neither see nor 
hear. 
5. Give some examples of plants. 
Grass, flowers, wheat, corn and trees. 
6. What are the main parts of a plant? 
The top, or branches, the stem and the root. 
7. Do plants live only on the land ? 
They live both on the land and in the water. 
8. What must plants have in order to live ? 
Earth, air, sunshine and water. 14 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
9. What are animals ? 
The kinds of life which, as a rule, move about on 
the earth and in the water, and the larger animals both see 
and hear, while man, who is also an animal, can speak. 
10. Give some examples of animal life. 
Birds, dogs, sheep, horses and men. 
11. What are the principal parts of such animals as 
those named ? 
The head, heart, stomach and feet. 
12. Of what does the physiology, which is used in our 
schools, tell us ? 
Of the action of the parts of the human body. 
13. What is the name of the book which describes the 
plant life ? 
It is called Botany. 
II.—DIVISIONS OF THE BODY. 
1. What is a division of a body ? 
One of its parts. 
2. What is a great division ? 
A large portion made up of smaller parts. 
3. How many great divisions are there in the human 
body ? 
Three. 
4. What are they ? 
The head, trunk and extremities. 
5. What are the names of the principal parts of the 
head which may be seen ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
15 
(1)Thecrown, '8)forehead, (3)backof the head, (4)tem- 
ples, (5) eyes (6) nose, (1) mouth, (8) chin, (9) cheeks, and 
(10) ears. 
6. What is the trunk ? 
The part from the head to the hips, not counting 
the arms. 
7. What are the names of its parts ? 
The upper part is called the chest, and the lower 
part the abdomen (ab-do-men). 
8. Has the chest within it one or more than one 
organ ? * 
It has two principal organs. 
9. What are they ? 
The heart and lungs. 
10. How many principal parts are there in the abdo- 
men ? 
Five. 
xi. What are they ? 
The stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys and intestines? 
12. What are the extremities? 
The arms and legs, with the hands and feet. 
13. Of what kinds of material is the body composed ? 
Of solid, partly solid, and liquid substances. 
14. What are the solid substances ? 
The bones and teeth. 
15. What are the partly solid substances ? 
The flesh and internal parts of the body. 
16. What are the liquid substances? 
Water, blood, and other fluids. 
* An organ is a separate part. 16 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Questions. 
1. Of what does Physiology treat? 
2. What are living bodies? 
3. What are the two great divisions of life ? 
4. What is a plant ? 
5. Can you name four kinds of plants not given in the 
book ? 
6. What is an animal ? 
7. Can each one in the class name a different kind of 
animal ? 
8. Is man a plant or an animal ? Why ? 
9. What are the three great divisions of the body ? 
10. Can you tell the names of the different parts of the 
head ? 
11. Is the heart in the chest or abdomen ? 
12. Where is the stomach? 
13. What are the extremities? 
III.—THE SKELETON. 
1. How many bones are there in the human body ? 
Two hundred and six, not counting the teeth. 
2. What name is given to all of the bones taken 
together ? 
The skeleton. 
3. What is the purpose of the skeleton ? 
It serves as a frame-work for the support of the 
body ? 
4. Of what are the bones composed ? The Skeleton. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
17 
They are made up of about one-third part of animal 
and two-thirds mineral substances. 
5. What is the name of the mineral which forms the 
principal part of the bone? 
Lime. 
6. Are the bones hard or soft ? 
In childhood they are soft, but in old age they 
become hard and brittle. 
7. What is a brittle substance ? 
One which breaks easily, as a tumbler, or a dish. 
8. When bones are broken how do they grow together ? 
A thick fluid, like mucilage, forms all around the 
broken parts and gradually changes to new bone. 
9. If the bones of a child and those of an aged person 
were to be broken at the same time which would grow to- 
gether first ? 
Those of the child. 
10. Why ? 
Because the bones of a child, being softer, unite 
sooner than those of an aged person, which, as has been 
said, are hard, dry, and brittle. 
11. When the bone is broken how long does it require 
for the parts to unite and become strong again ? 
From six to twelve weeks. 
IV.—NUMBER OF BONES—THE TEETH. 
i. How many bones are there in the head? 
Twenty-eight. 18 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
2. How many in the trunk ? 
Fifty-four. 
3. How many in the extremities ? 
One hundred and twenty-four. 
4. How many teeth are there ? 
Children under eight years of age have only twenty, 
known as the milk-teeth, while grown persons have thirty- 
two. 
5. Are the teeth counted as bones ? 
They are not. 
6. Of what are the teeth composed ? 
Of almost the same material as bone, except that 
the parts which we see are covered with a layer of a white 
substance, called enamel. 
7. Is a tooth harder or softer than bone ? 
It is much harder, and where the enamel is, it is 
almost like flint, which is one of the hardest kinds of 
stone. 
8. What are the teeth shaped like ? 
Those in the front part of the mouth are shaped 
like wedges, and are called the cutters, while the back- 
teeth arc large and flat, and are called the grinders. 
9. How may the bones of the head be divided ? 
Into those of the skull, face and ears. 
10. How many are there in the skull ? 
Eight. 
11. How many in the face? 
Fourteen. 
12. How many in the ears ? 
Three in each. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
19 
13. Which of the bones of the head are easy to re- 
member ? * 
The frontal (or forehead), the nasal bone (in the 
nose), the cheek and jaw bones. 
Questions. 
1. How many bones are there in the body ? f 
2. What is the skeleton ? 
3. Of what are the bones composed ? 
4. Which are more brittle, the bones of children or 
those of old people ? 
5. How long does it require for bones to grow together 
after being broken ? 
6. How many bones are there in the head ? 
7. How many in the trunk ? 
8. How many in the extremities ? 
9. Are the teeth counted as bones? 
10. How many teeth should a person have who is five 
years of age ? 
11. How many should a grown person have? 
12. Is the skull in the upper or lower part of the head ? 
13. How many bones are there in the skull ? 
14. How many bones are there in the ear? 
15. Are the jaw bones in the face or skull ? 
* The teacher will find it of great interest and advantage to have the pupils 
place their hands upon each bone as it is named. 
+ Some writers think there are 208 distinct bones. 20 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
V. —THE BONES OF THE TRUNK 
AND ARMS. 
1. What are the principal bones of 
the trunk ? 
The backbone, breast-bone, ribs, 
and hip bones. 
2. What is the backbone like ? 
It is called one bone, but it is 
made of small parts. 
3. How many parts are there ? 
Twenty-six. 
4. What are the parts called ? 
The vertebrae. 
5. By what other name is the back- 
bone known ? 
The spinal column. 
6. Describe the breast bone. 
It is a flat bone in the centre of 
the breast ? 
7. What are the ribs ? 
Twenty-four curved bones, twelve 
on each side,which extend from the back- 
bone around to the front of the chest. 
8. How are they held in front ? 
Seven on each side are fastened 
to the breast-bone, and are called true 
ribs ; while the others, which are called 
floating and false ribs, are held together by a tough sub- 
stance, called gristle. 
The spine: 
the seven ver- 
iebree of the 
neck, cervical; 
the twelve of 
the back, dor- 
sal; the five of 
the loins, lumbar. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
21 
9. How many bones are there in the arm ? 
Thirty-two in each one. 
io. How is the arm named ? 
From the neck to the elbow is called the upper arm, 
from the elbow to the wrist, the fore-arm, and from the 
wrist it is called the hand. 
ix. What are the parts of the upper arm ? 
The collar-bone, which may be felt below the neck, 
the shoulder-blade, which is between the collar-bone 
and the shoulder, and the humerus, which is the long 
bone between the shoulder and elbow. 
12. How many parts are there in the fore-arm ? 
Two, the radius and ulna. 
13. How can you tell the radius from the ulna? 
When the arm is extended at full length, the upper 
bone is the radius. 
14. Is it possible to feel both bones ? 
Yes, by pressing the arm above the wrist. 
15. How many bones are there in the hand ? 
Twenty-seven. 
16. How are they divided ? 
There are eight in the wrist, five in the palm of the 
hand, and fourteen in the fingers. 
17. What are the bones in the wrist called ? 
The carpal bones. 
18. What name is given to those in the palm of the 
hand ? 
The metacarpal bones. 
19. What are the finger bones called? 
The phalanges 22 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
2o. How many bones are there in the fingers ? 
There are three bones in each finger, but the thumbs 
have only two instead of three. 
VI.—THE BONES OF THE LEGS. 
1. How many bones are there in each leg? 
Thirty. 
2. How many large parts are there in 
the leg ? 
Three, the thigh, lower leg and foot. 
3. Where is the thigh ? 
The part between the trunk and 
knee. 
4. What is the lower leg ? 
The part from the knee to the ankle. 
5. What is the foot ? 
The part below the ankle. 
6. How many bones are there in the 
thigh ? 
One, the femur or thigh bone. 
7. How many bones are there in the 
lower leg ? 
Three, one in the front of the knee, 
called the patella or knee-pan, and two 
below it. 
8. What are the names of the two 
below the knee-pan ? 
The tibia or shin bone, and the fibula or small bone. 
The thigh-bone 
(femur) sawed 
lengthwise. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
23 
9. How many bones are there in the ankle 
Seven. 
10. How many between the ankle and toes 
Five. 
11. How many in the toes? 
Fourteen. 
12. What are the bones in the ankle called ? 
The tarsal bones. 
13. What name is given to the five bones between the 
ankle and toes ? 
The metatarsal bones. 
14. What are the bones in the toes called ? 
The phalanges. 
Questions. 
1. What are the principal bones of the trunk ? 
2. What are the parts of the backbone called ? 
3. Can you describe the ribs ? 
4. Are the floating ribs above or below the other ribs ? 
5. How many bones are there in the arm ? 
6. Can you name the parts of the arm ? 
7. Is the radius above or below the elbow ? 
8. How can you find the ulna? 
9. How many bones are there in the hand ? 
10. What are the phalanges ? 
ix. Do you know whether there are more bones in the 
arms or legs ? How many? 
12. Which part of the leg is called the thigh ? 
13. What is the knee-pan? 24 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
14. Are there the same number of bones in each toe ? 
No, the big toes have only two bones, while the 
others have three. 
VII.—DIFFERENT KINDS OF BONES. 
x. How are the bones arranged as to their shape ? 
In four groups. 
2. What are the names of the four groups ? 
Long, small, flat and irregular bones. 
3. Which are the long bones ? 
The ribs and the longest of the bones in the arms 
and legs. 
4. Are the bones of the arms and legs solid or hollow ? 
They are hollow, but have inside of them an oily 
wax-like substance called marrow. 
5. Why should not the bones be solid instead of 
hollow ? 
It is thought that if the bones were solid they 
would be entirely too heavy for the body. 
6. Where are the small bones ? 
The principal ones are the bones which form the 
spinal column, the knee-pans, and the small bones in the 
wrists and ankles. 
7. Are the bones of the spinal column solid or hollow ?* 
They are hollow, and contain a line of marrow 
called the spinal cord, which extends through the bones of 
the neck to the brain. 
* Each part of the backbone is almost solid, the part through which the spinal 
column passes is simply an opening through the bone. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
25 
8. Give some examples of the flat bones ? 
Several of them unite to form the upper part of the 
skull, while the shoulder-blades and the breast-bone belong 
to the same class. 
9. What are the irregular bones ? 
Those which are of different shapes. 
10. Where are they found ? 
Almost all are in the head. 
VIII.—THE FLESH—THE SKIN. 
1. Of what are the partly solid portions of the body 
composed ? 
Of flesh and other soft substances. 
2. What are the divisions of the flesh and other sub- 
stances ? 
The skin upon the surface of the body, the muscles, 
tendons and internal organs. 
3. What is the color of the skin ? 
It varies from white to yellow, brown, red and 
black. 
4. Why is this ? 
We do not know, but it is thought that, probably, 
the climate in the different parts of the world affects the 
color of the skin. 
5. Do men have the same kind of bones, flesh and 
blood, all over the world ? 
Yes, the inner parts of man are almost the same 
throughout the world. 
6. What is the skin like ? 26 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
It is formed of two layers, and is full of small 
blood vessels and tiny openings. 
7. How do we know that the skin is formed of two 
layers ? 
We know it from the fact that when it is burned 
slightly the outer layer rises, and a liquid gathers between 
it and the inner one, forming a blister. 
8. What name is given to the outer layer? 
The cuticle or scarf skin. 
9. What is the name of the inner layer ? 
The cutis or true skin. 
10. How is it known that the skin contains small blood 
vessels ? 
When it is cut deep enough to reach the true skin 
it bleeds. 
11. How is it known that the skin is full of tiny pores ? 
When a man works until he becomes heated, a 
liquid escapes through the pores, and the surface of the 
body becomes moist. 
12. What is the name of the liquid which passes out in 
this way? 
It is called sweat or perspiration. 
13. When a man sweats what is the effect upon him ? 
He becomes cooler. 
14. If a poison were to be rubbed on a man’s arm what 
would be the effect ? 
It would enter the body through the tiny pores and 
injure the man. IN physiology and hygiene. 
27 
Questions. 
1. How many groups of bones are there ? 
2. Give the name of each. 
3. Can you find three long bones in your arm ? 
4. What do the bones have inside of them ? 
5. What is the brain ? 
6. What is the spinal column ? 
7. What shape is the knee-pan ? 
8. How do we know that the skin has openings in it ? 
9. How do we know that there are two layers ? 
10. Which is the true skin, the outer or the inner layer? 
11. When a boy sweats does it make him hotter or cooler ? 
IX.—THE HAIR AND NAILS. 
1. What is found upon the surface of the body? 
A growth of fine hair. 
2. Are all parts of the body equally covered with hair? 
No, the head has more upon it than any other part. 
3. What is the color of the hair? 
It is of different colors, from a very light to a coal 
black. 
4. What is it that gives color to the hair ? 
A kind of coloring matter, a portion of which is 
around the root of each hair. 
5. Why is it that the hair becomes gray as people 
advance in life ? 
After middle life, and sometimes earlier, the col- 
oring matter gradually dies and the hair becomes colorless, 
or white. 28 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
6. Do any classes of the human race have hair of the 
same color? 
Yes, the Indians have long, straight, black hair, 
while that of the Africans, which is also black, is short 
and curly. 
7. What is the nature of the hair? 
Each hair seems to be solid, 
but it is hollow, like a tube, and 
has a tiny opening in the centre 
of it, all the way from one end to 
the other. 
8. How does the hair grow ? 
It grows from the cuticle. 
At the root of each hair there is a 
tiny sac or vessel, from which the 
hair draws nourishment, like a 
plant growing from the ground. 
9. Does the body furnish any 
oil to the hair? 
Yes, enough to keep it soft 
and in good condition. 
10. Is it wise to allow hair- 
dressers to put oil on the head ? 
It is not.' A great deal of 
the oil which they use is not only 
useless, but injures the scalp, so 
that the hair either falls out or the person becomes 
troubled with dandruff. 
11. Why do persons sometimes lose their hair after 
being sick ? 
A, a perspiratory tube with its 
gland; B, a hair with a muscle 
and two oil-glands; C, cuticle: 
D, papilla ; and E,.fat-cells. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
29 
This usually occurs in the case of those who suffer 
severely from brain fever. The head becomes so heated 
that the moisture in the small sac at the root of each 
hair is burned out, and the hair dies and falls off, some- 
what like the plants droop and perish during the hot, dry 
season. 
12. What do we find upon the ends of the fingers and 
toes ? 
Nails, which look like bones. 
13. Do the nails remain the same all the time, like the 
teeth and bones ? 
No, they are constantly growing and should be 
trimmed at least once a week. 
14. When may pupils be said to be in mourning? 
When their finger nails are black. 
15. What do black finger nails show ? 
They show that the owners of them are careless, 
untidy persons. 
X.—THE MUSCLES AND TENDONS. 
1. What are muscles ? 
The parts of the body which form the lean meat. 
2. When the muscle is divided what are the parts like? 
It may be easily separated into strings, or fibres, and 
each fibre is formed of still smaller threads, called tissues. 
3. What are the tendons like? 
They are formed of hard, gristly matter, and con- 
nect the ends of the muscles with the bones. 30 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
4. What useful purposes do the muscles and tendons 
serve ? 
They give form to the figure, and by their use we 
are able to move the different parts of our bodies. 
5. Are the muscles stiff and hard to work ? 
No, they are elastic, like rubber, and move easily. 
6. How many muscles are there ? 
More than five hundred. 
7. Are they all bound together? 
They are not, there are special muscles for the 
head, breast-bone, stomach, arms, feet, and many other 
parts of the body. 
8. Where are some of the muscles which may easily be 
felt ? 
On the arm between the shoulders and elbow, and 
on the legs between the knee and ankle. 
9. Where may the tendons be found ? 
They may be felt within the elbows, at the wrists, 
under the knees, and back of the ankles. 
10. What are the internal organs which are composed 
of partly solid material ? 
The brain, in the head ; the heart and lungs, in the 
chest; and the stomach and other parts in the abdomen 
(ab-do-men). 
11. Are they at all like the muscles and tendons which 
form the outer part of the body? 
They are softer and of different shapes, but in even- 
case are made of flesh, which is composed of muscle and 
tissues. 
12. What are the liquids in the body? The Muscular System. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
31 
Water, blood and juices. 
13. How much water is there in the system ? 
Almost three-fourths of the body is water. 
14. Of what is the blood made ? 
Of water, coloring matter and fibrin. 
15. What is fibrin ? 
It is the fibre part which is left when the blood 
dries. 
16. What are the juices like? 
Some contain sugar, and are sweet, others contain 
salts, and are sour. 
XI.—THE JOINTS. 
1. What are the names of the places where the bones 
meet ? 
They are called joints. 
2. How many principal kinds are there ? 
Two, fixed and movable. 
3. What are the fixed joints ? 
Those in which the bones are not free to move. 
4. What examples may be given ? 
The flat bones of the skull are united so as to make 
one solid body. 
5. What other example may be given ? 
There are five bones in the lower part of the spine, 
which, in childhood, are separated, but afterwards grow 
together, so as to form one bone. 
6. What are movable joints ? 
Those in which the bones are free to move. 32 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
7. How many kinds are there ? 
There are two principal kinds, the hinge, and ball 
and socket joints. 
8. What example may be given of the hinge joints ? 
At the elbows and knees the arms and legs move 
back and forth like hinges. 
9. What is a ball and socket joint like ? 
One bone, which is round on the end, fits into 
another, which is hollow, like a tea-cup. 
10. What example may be given of such joints? 
The upper bones in the arms and legs are round on 
the ends and fit into sockets in the shoulder and thigh 
bones. 
11. Does a ball and socket joint give the arm more or 
less chance to swing, than it has at the hinge joints ? 
It gives it a much better chance, for the arms may 
be whirled around in a circle. 
12. How are the bones held in place at the joints, and 
why do they not scrape against one another when the 
body moves ? 
They are held in place by strong gristle or cartilage, 
which grows all over the ends, and they are supplied with 
a thick fluid, like the white of an egg, which keeps them 
smooth and oily. 
General Review. 
1. Of what does Physiology treat ? 
2. How can we tell the difference between a plant 
and an animal ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
33 
3. Is man a plant or an animal ? 
4. Is the stomach above or below the heart ? 
5. What is the name of the mineral which forms the 
greater part of the bone ? 
6. How many bones are there in the human body? 
7. Are the bones of an aged person hard or soft? 
8. Which will grow together first, the bones of a child 
or those of an older person ? Why ? 
9. Are the teeth counted as bones ? 
10. What are the principal bones of the trunk? 
11. What are the floating ribs? 
12. How many bones are there on each side of the 
body ? 
13. Where is the shin-bone? 
14. How many groups of bones are there ? 
15. What is marrow? 
16. What are the parts of the backbone called? 
17. Is the breast-bone flat or round ? 
18. What is the color of the skin ? 
19. If the skin were covered with poison would it injure 
the person ? How? 
20. What is fibre ? 
21. What is the difference between a muscle and a 
tendon ? 
22. Do the muscles form the fat or lean meat ? 
23. Of what are the internal parts of the body com- 
posed, hard or soft substances ? 
24. What are the liquids in the body ? 
25. Are the juices in the body sweet or sour ? 
26. What are the joints ? 34 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
27. What is a hinge joint ? 
0 
28. Can you find four hinge joints in your body? 
29. What is the ball and socket joint like? 
30. How are the bones held together at the joints ? PART SECOND. 
HYGIENE. PART SECOND. 
XII.—HYGIENE. 
1. Of what does Hygiene treat ? 
Of the laws which govern the health and growth of 
the human body. 
2. What good rules may be laid down in order that 
the body may be kept strong and vigorous ? 
(a) It should be supplied with good food. 
(b) It should be kept clean and properly clothed. 
(r) There should be regular exercise. 
(d) A person should take a season for rest after 
engaging in hard work. 
(<?) A man should have a great deal of fresh air., 
3. What is good food ? 
That which when taken into the body will be easily 
changed into flesh and blood. 
4. What should be known in order that we may select 
proper food ? 
We should know of what our bodies are made. 
5. Of what are they composed ?. 
Chemists have found that there are about sixteen 
different materials in the body. 
6. What are the names of some of the most common 
among them ? 38 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, iron, sodium, 
calcium, potassium and phosphorus. 
7. How will this list help us to select proper food ? 
The first two of the substances, oxygen and 
hydrogen, unite to form water, which forms nearly three- 
fourths of the body ; therefore we need good water. 
8. What do the others form ? 
The first three, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon, are 
found in bread, sugar, potatoes and like food. 
9. Of what is lean meat composed ? 
Of the first four materials, oxygen, hydrogen, 
carbon and nitrogen. 
10. Where are the other materials found ? 
The calcium, carbon and oxygen make lime, which 
is found in the bones ; the iron is in the blood ; the 
sodium in the liver and stomach, and the phosphorus in 
the bones and brain. 
11. How much water is there in the body of a man 
weighing 150 pounds ? 
About 107 pounds. 
12. How may the food and drink which we use be 
divided ? 
Into two great classes. 
(a) Necessary food. 
(I?) Luxurious food. 
13. What is necessary food ? 
That which is required in order to sustain life. 
14. What is luxurious food ? 
That which is not needed, but is taken simply to 
please the taste. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
39 
XIII.—KINDS OF FOOD. 
1. How many kinds of food are needed to supply the 
wants of the body ? 
There should be three principal classes : (a) the 
albumens, (b) the sugar, or starch, (c) the fats, or oils. 
2. What are the albumens like, and why are they used? 
They are like the white of an egg (it is albumen) 
and they are needed to form flesh. 
3. What are three kinds of such food which form flesh ? 
Eggs, lean meat and bread. 
4. What are the sugar and starch bodies for ? 
They furnish heat to the body. 
5. What four kinds of such food may be named ! 
All kinds of sugar, bread, milk and potatoes. 
6. What is the purpose in eating oily or fat food ? 
It also supplies heat and furnishes fat for the system. 
7. Name four kinds of oily food which we may easily 
procure. 
Butter, cream, fat meat and corn meal. 
8. What other kinds of food should be used ? 
Salt, pepper and spices, to give tone to the system. 
9. What mistake do persons make in using salt, pepper, 
vinegar, pickles and like food ? 
They frequently use too much without knowing it. 
10. If a person were to stop using salt would he have 
good health ? 
He would not; he would certainly die. 
11. Should a person live on animal or vegetable food ? 
He should use both. 40 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
12. Why is it that during the summer people use so 
much vegetable food ? Is it simply because vegetables 
grow then ? 
No ; it is because flesh and fats make too much 
heat for the body. 
13. Do men in the far north use more fat than we 
consume ? 
Yes ; it is known that one Esquimaux will eat from 
three to five pounds of tallow at one meal. 
14. Why does he do this ? 
Because, owing to the cold, the body needs an extra 
supply of oily food. 
Questions. 
1. Define Hygiene. 
2. Can you give the five rules for the care of the 
body ? 
3. What is good food ? 
4. How many materials unite to form the body ? 
5. Give the names of six substances found in the 
body. 
6. How much of the body is water ? 
7. Of which two substances is water composed ? 
8. Name the four elements in lean meat. 
9. Where is the lime in the body? 
10. Where is the phosphorus? 
11. Name the three classes of food for the body. 
12. Where do people use the most oily food ? Why ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
41 
XIV.—FOOD AND DRINK. (Continued.) 
1. What are the most common liquids which man uses 
for food ? 
Water, milk, tea, coffee and cocoa. 
2. Which are the most desirable ? 
Water and milk. 
3. What mistake do men make in using water? 
They frequently drink too much while eating. 
4. What danger is there in using too much water 
while eating ? 
It causes pain in the stomach and prevents the 
digestion of the food. 
5. In what other way do men injure themselves by 
drinking water. 
By drinking too much when overheated. 
6. How are they affected by this action ? 
In some cases a chill follows, in others death 
results. 
7. Why is milk good for man ? 
Because it contains all that the system requires. 
8. What advantage is there in using tea? 
It acts as a gentle stimulant to refresh the body and 
soothe the nerves, while, at the same time, it lessens the 
desire for food. 
9. What is the effect when coffee is used ? 
It excites the mind to a slight extent, but if too 
much be taken, it destroys sleep and renders a person 
nervous and fretful. 
10. What is cocoa like ? 42 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
It is a pleasant and wholesome drink which affords 
more nourishment than either tea or coffee. 
11. Which articles of food are the best for the system ? 
In the following table, those in the first column are 
the most easily changed into flesh and blood ; those in the 
second come next, and those in the third should not be 
used by the sick or persons in delicate health. 
1. 
Chicken. 
Beef-tea. 
Milk. 
Fish. 
Oranges. 
Grapes. 
Strawberries. 
Oatmeal. 
2. 
Soup. 
Eggs. 
Oysters. 
Potatoes. 
Apples. 
Bread. 
Cabbage. 
Puddings. 
3- 
Sausages. 
Hard Eggs. 
Cakes. 
Custards. 
Cucumbers. 
Carrots. 
Pickles. 
Cheese. 
12. What is the best food for a sick person ? 
Toast, with milk or eggs. 
13. Why is toast better than bread ? 
When bread is toasted, a part of it, called dextrine, 
is changed so that it is digested more easily than before. 
14. Should alcohol, tobacco or opium be used as food ! 
They should not, for they tend to destroy the body. 
XV.—BATHING. 
1. How should the oody be kept clean? 
By frequent baths. 
2. How often should a bath be taken ? 
In cold weather, twice, and in warm weather, at 
least three times a week. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
43 
3. Why is it necessary to bathe so often ? 
Because the pores of the skin become covered with 
dried sweat and an oily liquid, and as the sweat cannot 
then escape, the man becomes feverish and sickly. 
4. Which is better to bathe in, hot or cold water? 
It is well to change, using hot water at one time 
and cold at another, or to use hot water first, and then 
follow with cooler water, in order to prevent a chill after 
♦ 
the bath. 
5. How does salt water affect the system ? 
It is better to bathe in salt than fresh water, because 
the salt in the water opens the pores more quickly and 
freshens the skin. 
6. How long should persons remain in the water? 
Only a few minutes at a time. 
7. What risk is there in remaining a long time in the 
water ? 
A person in deep water, is liable to be seized with 
the cramp and be drowned before being rescued, while 
one near the shore may become so chilled as to be taken 
sick. 
8. How may a person overcome, to some extent, the 
danger of being chilled while bathing? 
By diving into the water as soon as he enters it, in 
order that all parts of the body may be covered at the 
same time. 
9. What mistake do young swimmers make? 
They try to swim too far and sink exhausted while 
in deep water. Many persons have lost their lives in this 
way. 44 
dinsmore's first lessons 
Questions. 
1. Name the liquids which are unwholesome for man. 
2. Why should we not drink a great deal of water 
while eating ? 
3. What is the effect of drinking too much water when 
overheated ? 
4. Can you name four articles used for food or drink 
which are luxuries ? „ 
5. Name four articles of food which are easy to digest. 
6. Name four kinds which are hard to digest. 
7. Is tobacco a food ? 
8. How often should persons bathe in summer? 
9. Why is it necessary to bathe so frequently? 
10. Which is better, to bathe in cold or hot water? 
11. Why are boys sometimes taken sick after swimming ? 
12. Can you think of any mistake which young swim- 
mers make ? 
XVI.—CLOTHING. 
1. How should the body be clothed ? 
In cold weather with good warm clothing, which 
should be changed gradually as the summer approaches. 
2. What frequent mistakes do people make in respect 
to their clothing ? 
They lay aside their warm wraps and flannels at 
the first approach of spring simply because the sun shines. 
3. What results follow ? 
Some suffer with severe colds while others are 
prostrated upon beds of sickness. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
45 
4. Is it wise to wrap the neck very closely in winter ? 
Dr. Carl Sieler, of the University of Pennsylvania, 
says that except when exposed to severe storms, the use 
of scarfs and warm comforters results in more harm than 
good. 
5. Why is this ? 
It is thought that the neck, like the face, is able to 
bear more cold than other parts of the body, and that 
when kept warmly wrapped, it becomes weak and tender. 
6. Can anything be done to prevent taking cold? 
Yes; by washing the neck every morning with cold 
water, it becomes hardened and will bear exposure to 
severe storms without either cold or injury. 
7. Is there any risk in remaining in school or church 
when the feet are wet ? 
Yes; wet clothing of every kind should be removed 
as soon as possible. It is better for a child to spend part 
of a day out of school than by remaining, to take the 
chance of an attack of fever. 
XVII.—EXERCISE. 
1. How should bodily exercise be taken ? 
Upon the principle that every part of the body 
should be in active use in order that it may become strong 
and useful. 
2. If one arm were in daily.use and the other were not, 
how would they differ in power? 
The one would be strong, the other weak. 46 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
3- How is this known to be true ? 
It is known to be true from the fact that many 
of the heathen people of the old world have been 
found with weak and deformed limbs, because they 
were bound and left in one position for several 
months; 
4. Why do they injure themselves in this manner? 
They think that it pleases the idols which they 
worship. 
5. Do the women also injure themselves ? 
Yes, in China the women bind the feet of the little 
girls, until they become too weak and feeble to walk. 
6. How does the merchant, who takes but little 
exercise, compare with the farmer who is busy all the 
time ? 
The muscles of the merchant are soft and his arms 
are weak, while those of the farmer are hard and strong. 
7. Who pays more money for medical care, the mer- 
chant or the farmer? 
% 
The merchant. 
8. How should exercise be taken in order that it may 
prove of advantage to the body ? 
At the right time and in the right way. 
9. What is the best time for exercise? 
About two or three hours after a meal. 
10. Why is this ? 
Because it requires some time after each meal for 
the food to digest, and while the change is taking place 
the body should be at rest. 
11, What is the best kind of exercise to t"ke ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
47 
That depends upon the state of each person; one 
with weak legs or feet should walk daily; another with 
weak arms should work in the garden, saw wood or row a 
boat; a third, with a weak back, should ride either on 
horseback or in a carriage, while anyone seriously troubled 
should consult a physician. 
12. What should persons do who do not feel sick ? 
If possible, engage in good active work, which will 
both keep them strong and pay them for their labor. 
13. What should persons who are going to school, or 
working in the house, do for exercise ? 
Walk as much as possible, go riding, play ball, 
work in the garden, or do anything which will give exercise 
in the open air. 
14. If a person cannot exercise in the open air what 
should he do in the house? 
Practice in a gymnasium. 
15. What is a gymnasium? 
A place where pupils take exercise under the care of 
a teacher, who shows them how to use every part of the 
body. 
16. How long should a person exercise at one time ? 
If the exercise be violent, about half an hour is 
long enough, if mild, an hour will answer, although a 
student may continue for a longer time with advantage to 
himself. 
17. How may a person know when to stop exercising? 
He should stop as soon as he begins to feel just a 
little weary. 
18. Are there any kinds of exercise which are injurious ? 48 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Yes. Rope jumping, dancing and roller-skating 
19. Why are the last three especially injurious? 
Because persons become so interested in them that 
they do not stop at the proper time for health, but take 
part until hardly able to walk, and hence fall sick as the 
result of thoughtlessness. 
Questions. 
1. How should the body be clothed? 
2. What mistakes do persons make in regard to their 
clothing ? 
3. Why do so many persons catch cold in the spring 
season ? 
4. What does Dr. Carl Sieler say concerning the use 
of a comforter, or heavy scarf for the neck ? 
5. How may persons prevent the taking of a cold ? 
6. Is it safe to remain in school or church when the 
feet are wet ? Why not ? 
7. How should exercise be taken? 
8. What would be the effect upon an arm if it were 
tied to the side and left in that position for several months ? 
9. How do the Chinese women injure the feet of their 
little girls ? 
10. Who sends for physicians the more frequently, the 
farmer or the merchant ? 
11. Why should not a man take violent exercise just 
after a meal ? 
12. Can you name four kinds of healthful exercise? 
13. Can you name four kinds of exercise which tend to 
result in injury ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
49 
14. TVhat is a gymnasium ? 
15. Do you know of any children who have been 
injured by rope jumping? 
XVIII.—WORK—REST. 
x. How much time out of the twenty-four hours in each 
day, should a person devote to work. 
About eight hours. 
2. How long should he rest ? 
Eight hours should be used for eating, resting and 
very light work. 
3. What should be done with the remaining eight 
hours. 
They should be passed in sleep. 
4. Do not some men work now from ten to fifteen 
hours a day ? 
Yes, but it is not wise to do so, a man will live 
longer and do better work by not doing too much at one 
time. 
5. What is the advantage of taking eight hours for 
sleep ? 
During sleep our bodies are rebuilt and strengthened 
for future labor, therefore, by allowing full time for sleep, 
we remain stronger than we would be if we were to shorten 
the time of complete rest. 
6. What is the best plan for students and others en- 
gaged in literary work ? 50 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
To follow the plan now pursued at the agricultural 
institutions and some of our colleges. 
7. What is this plan ? 
To spend a portion of the day in study and the re- 
mainder in some exercise which may be of lasting benefit. 
8. How much of the time do they devote to study? 
About six hours daily and from three to four hours 
in outdoor exercise. 
9. Why is the exercise, taken at such an institution 
of more benefit than walking,' riding, rowing and other 
sports usually followed while at school? 
Because the average scholar when he leaves school 
has nothing except health to show for his years of out- 
door sport, while the young men from the industrial 
institutions have education, health and a knowledge of 
how to raise berries, make lawns, manufacture tools, 
cultivate fruits and do many other things which will be 
of great value to them in after life. 
XIX.—VENTILATION. 
1. Do the houses in which we live and the public halls 
in which we meet with others contain pure air? 
They do not. 
2. Why is this ? 
Because we are all the time throwing off impure air 
and gases from our lungs, which, with the heat and other 
gases from stoves and furnaces, render the rooms close and 
unhealthful. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
51 
3- What are the names of the gases which render the 
air so unhealthful ? 
There are two principal kinds called carbonic acid 
and carbonic oxide. 
4. How are they produced ? 
The first is thrown off from the lungs and both are 
formed when anything like wood or coal is burned with fire. 
5. How does the air in a room which contains either 
of these gases affect persons ? 
It makes them cough and causes the headache. 
6. What common mistake do people make in their 
houses ? 
They sleep in small rooms with both the doors and 
windows closed. 
7. Why is this a mistake ? 
Because each person renders ten cubic feet of air im- 
pure in a minute, and as, usually, there are two persons in 
one room, the bad air soon affects the sleepers, so that they 
do not rest well, but toss about and have troubled dreams. 
8. What is the size of an ordinary bedroom ? 
About twelve feet long, ten feet wide and ten feet 
high. 
9. How long should it be before so much impure air 
would be thrown off from the lungs of two sleepers, in such 
a sized room, as to render the air unfit to breathe ? 
Not more than one hour. 
10. How may a supply of pure air be obtained ? 
By raising the windows a little at the bottom and 
lowering them about the same space from the top. 
11. Why is this a good plan of ventilation ? 52 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Because in such a case the warm and foul air would 
escape at the top of the window, while fresh air would 
enter at the bottom. 
12. Should the windows be open on both sides of the 
room at the same time ? 
They should not; as, in that case, a current of air 
would pass through the room and might cause the sleepers 
to take cold. 
13. In what other way may a room be ventilated ? 
If it contains a fire-place, the best plan is to leave, 
the fire-board partly open. 
14. How should teachers ventilate school rooms? 
By having some of the windows thrown wide open 
for a few minutes at each recess. 
15. How should churches and public halls be supplied 
with fresh air ? 
About an hour before the time for meeting the 
windows should be raised for fifteen minutes, then closed 
entirely on one side and almost so on the other, leaving 
only a small space open at the top of each one. 
16. Why should the windows in a public building be 
opened an hour before the time of meeting? 
In order that the fresh air maybe somewhat warmed 
before the people arrive. 
17. At what rate would an audience of two hundred 
persons render the air of a church or hall impure ? 
Two hundred would render the air impure at the 
rate of two thousand cubic feet per minute. 
18. What effect does this change in the air have upon 
the people ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
53 
It always follows, unless the hall is well ventilated, 
that when the audience is large a number of the ladies feel 
weak and faint until they return to the open air. 
19. Are our school buildings and public halls properly 
ventilated ? 
They are not; as a general rule they are sadly 
neglected. 
General Review. 
1. What is Hygiene ? 
2. Give three good rules for the care of the human 
body. 
3. How many materials are there in the body ? 
Sixteen. 
4. Name eight of them. 
5. How much of the body is water? 
6. Can you name the three classes of necessary food. 
7. Could persons live upon milk alone? 
8. Why do we need sugar ? 
9. Name four kinds of food which contain starch. 
10. Is fat meat used chiefly in the North or South? 
Why? 
11. Could a man live without salt? 
12. Name three liquors which are used as food. 
13. When will ice water injure a person ? 
14. If a person were to drink two or three cups of 
strong coffee at night, would it keep him awake or cause 
him to feel drowsy? 54 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
15. Can you name six kinds of food which are used as 
luxuries. 
16. Name four kinds of food which are easy to digest. 
17. Name four kinds which are hard to digest. 
18. Is alcohol a food? 
19. Why should persons bathe from two to three times 
per week ? 
20. How long should persons remain in the water? 
21. What advantage is there in diving into the water 
as soon as you enter it ? 
22. What mistake do people make about changing 
their clothing ? 
23. What does Dr. Sieler say about wrapping the 
neck ? 
24. What caution has been given about wet feet ? 
25. How do the people in India injure their arms ? 
26. Who is stronger, a merchant or farmer ? Why ? 
27. What is the best kind of exercise for a person with 
weak arms ? 
28. What is taught in a gymnasium ? 
29. Which are the most injurious kinds of exercise? 
y? 
30. How long should a person sleep ? 
31. Do our houses contain pure air ? 
32. What are the names of two gases which render the 
air impure ? 
33. Which one of the gases is thrown off from the 
lungs ? 
34. Do people usually have enough fresh air in their 
bedrooms ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
55 
35- How should a bedroom be ventilated ? 
36. Why should not the windows of a bedroom be 
opened on both sides of the room at the same time ? 
37. How should school houses be ventilated ? 
38. How should a church or public hall be supplied 
with fresh air ? 
39. Why do ladies often feel faint and sick in public 
halls ? 
40. How much air would two hundred persons render 
impure in one minute. 
41. Are our lecture-rooms and churches, as a rule, well 
ventilated ? PART THIRD. 
Alcoholic Stimulants and their Effects 
ON THE 
INTERNAL ORGANS. PART THIRD. 
XX.—ALCOHOLIC STIMULANTS. 
1. What are stimulants ? 
Substances which when taken into the system pro- 
duce unusual action and excitement in one or more of its 
parts. 
2. What are narcotics ? 
Substances which when taken in small doses soothe 
the body and cause sleep, but in large doses produce 
stupor or death. 
3. What do we mean by alcoholic stimulants ? 
All kinds of fermented drinks. 
4. What are the names of such drinks ? 
Wines, beers, ales and the stronger liquors. 
5. What are the stronger liquors ? 
Rum, gin, brandy and whiskey. 
6. What is there in these liquors which produces the 
excitement in the system ? 
A chemical agent called alcohol which is found in 
every one. 
7. What is the origin of the name alcohol5 
It comes from alkohl, a fine powder, used long ago 
by young girls in Asia ; they painted their eyebrows with 
it in order to appear more beautiful.* 
8. By what other name is alcohol known ? 
* The name alcohol was probably given to the liquid because it causes the face 
to flush and change color. 60 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
As spirit of wine. 
9. Why is it called the spirit of wine ? 
Because it is formed during the fermentation of 
liquids which contain sugar. 
10. What is meant by the fermentation of liquids? 
When they are left in any warm place the sugar in 
them is changed into carbonic acid and alcohol. 
11. What examples of fermentation may be given ? 
The making of cider. When it is first made it is 
mild and sweet, but in a short time it becomes too strong 
to use. 
12. Why is it too strong for use ? 
Because it is like vinegar, and even one glass of it 
will either excite or sicken a child. 
13. May not cider be kept sweet ? 
It may, for a short time. 
14. Is it injurious while sweet? 
It is not; it may be taken as freely as milk or water. 
XXI.—ALCOHOL. 
1. What is alcohol like? 
When pure it is a liquid which looks like water, but 
is somewhat lighter. 
2. How does it differ from water? 
Water is harmless, while pure alcohol is a poison 
which, if taken into the system in large quantities, will 
cause death. 
3. How much pure alcohol would it take to cause death? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
61 
“ It is probable that from two to six ounces would 
destroy life.” (Talyor.) 
4. In what other respects may alcohol be described ? 
It burns well, producing a great deal of heat with 
but little light. 
5. Are alcohol lamps in general use? 
They are used chiefly by chemists and jewelers. 
6. Are there any other uses for alcohol ? 
Yes; it is used largely for dissolving resin and other 
gums. Varnish is made in this way. 
7. What is known of alcohol as a medicine? 
It was used formerly more than at present, but is 
still considered to be a valuable medicine. It should 
never be used except by the advice of a physician. 
Questions. 
1. What are stimulants? 
2. What are narcotics ? 
3. Can you name four kinds of alcoholic stimulants ? 
4. Can you name four strong liquors ? 
5. What is the origin of the name alcohol ? 
6. What is meant by the fermentation of liquids? 
7. What is hard cider? 
8. Why is it not right to use such cider? 
9. Is sweet cider injurious ? 
10. Can you describe alcohol and tell some of its uses? 
11. How much pure alcohol would it take to cause 
death ? 
12. When should alcohol be used as a medicine ? 62 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
1. What is wine ? 
A drink made by the natural fermentation of the 
juice of fruits. 
2. What are the names of the wines in general use ? 
Cider, perry, grape, port, sherry and champagne. 
3. From what are they made? 
Cider from apples, perry from pears, and the others 
from grapes. 
4. How do they vary in color? 
From the light brown of the cider to the almost 
black of the port. 
5. How do they differ in taste ? 
Some are mild, while others are strong and bitter. 
6. How do they differ in strength ? 
The strength of each depends upon the amount of 
alcohol it contains. 
7. How much alcohol do cider and perry contain ? 
They each contain about eight per cent. 
8. How strong are the grape wines ? 
They contain from ten to twenty per cent, of pure 
alcohol. 
9. What does it mean when we say that the grape 
wines contain from ten to twenty per cent, of pure alcohol ? 
It means that in one hundred glassfuls of wine there 
are from ten to twenty glassfuls of pure alcohol. 
10. Upon what does the taste of wine depend ? 
Upon the fruit from which it is made and the 
amount of sugar it contains. 
XXII.—WINES. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
63 
xi. Is the taste of wine agreeable ? 
It is not ; children do not like it. 
12. How does wine affect the system ? 
When taken for the first time even a small quantity 
will cause the face to become flushed, the hands to tremble, 
the heart to beat faster, and excite the mind. 
13. Is the body made stronger or weaker by the use of 
wine ? 
In a few cases the body may become stronger by 
its use, but in general it produces far more harm than 
good. 
14. What danger is there in its use ? 
By the gradual use of it a taste is acquired which 
it is almost impossible to control. 
15. What is the effect of this acquired taste ? 
It requires a greater amount of wine to satisfy the 
unnatural appetite which the taste develops. 
16. What is the effect of taking the increased quantity 
of wine ? 
It excites the mind of the person to such an extent 
that he becomes intoxicated, disgraces himself, and fre- 
quently inflicts injuries on others. 
17. Why then do men use wine? 
They commence its use thoughtlessly and find, when 
too late, that “Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging : 
and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise.” 
1. What is wine ? 
2. Can you name four kinds of wine ? 
Questions. 64 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
3. Upon what does the strength of wine depend ? 
4. How much alcohol is there in cider? 
5. What do we mean when we say that grape wine 
contains from ten to twenty per cent, of alcohol? 
6. Do children like wine ? 
7. What danger is there in the use of wine ? 
8. How does wine affect a person ? 
9. Why do men use it ? 
XXIII.—FERMENTED LIQUORS. (Continued.) 
1. What is beer ? 
A malted liquor made chiefly from grain. 
2. What is meant by a malted liquor ? 
A drink made from the malt of grain. 
3. How is the malt made ? 
The grain is soaked in water, then gently warmed, 
which causes it to sprout. After growing for the space of 
from ten days to two weeks it is heated so much that its 
growth is checked, when it is called malt. 
4. What is then done with the malt in order to change 
it into beer ? 
It is first sifted, in order to separate the roots, then 
the grain is crushed and warm water is added, which dis- 
solves out all the sugar, starch, and real strength of the 
young plant. 
5. What is next done ? 
To the solution, containing sugar, starch and other 
substances from the grain, is then added some yeast made IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
65 
from hops, which causes the liquid to ferment, when it is 
called beer. 
6. How does the liquid change when it ferments? 
Instead of remaining mild and sweet it becomes 
strong and bitter : this is caused by the starch and sugar 
being changed into carbonic acid and alcohol. 
7. How much alcohol does the beer contain ? 
From five to eight per cent. 
8. When beer is poured out of a bottle why does it 
foam, so as to flow over the top of the glass ? 
The foam is the carbonic acid which is formed 
when the sugar part is changed to alcohol. 
9. What is ale ? 
It is a kind of beer. 
10. To what extent is beer used ? 
It is in general use throughout the United States 
and Europe. 
11. Is it a mild or strong drink? 
It is a mild drink. 
12. Is the use of beer, as a beverage, harmless or inju- 
rious ? 
It is injurious. 
13. Why is this ? 
It is injurious first, because the use of it leads to 
strong drink ; second, because men use it to excess, and 
third, on account of the alcohol it contains. 
14. How does the use of beer lead to that of strong drink? 
Almost all of the persons who now use whiskey and 
brandy commenced when young by learning to drink wine 
and beer. 66 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
15. What pi oof is there that beer is used to excess? 
There are men in every town who boast that they 
can drink from ten to twenty glassfuls of it in one day. 
16. Are they able to do this ? 
In some cases they are, but in so doing they both 
injure and disgrace themselves. 
17. What is there in beer to injure a man ? 
The alcohol which it contains. 
18. If a man were to drink from ten to twenty glasses 
of beer in one day how much alcohol would be consumed ? 
From one to two glassfuls of the pure alcohol, or 
more than he would get in taking two or three drinks of 
brandy. 
19. Do men become drunk from the use of beer? 
Yes ; every day of the year. 
20. Is beer necessary for the human body ? 
It is not. 
XXIV.—STRONG DRINKS. 
1. What are strong drinks ? 
Liquors which contain a great deal of alcohol. 
2. How do they differ in action from the mild drinks ? 
They produce excitement and intoxication in a 
much shorter time. 
3. What does the word intoxication mean? 
In scientific and medical language it means, in a 
poisoned state. 
4. What are the most common kinds of strong drink ? 
Rum, gin, whiskey and brandy. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 
67 
5. By what general term are they known? 
As distilled liquors. 
6. How is liquor distilled ? 
Any fermented liquid, such as wine, is heated until 
it is converted into vapor, then the vapor is cooled until it 
changes back into the liquid state, when it is found that 
the new liquor contains more alcohol in proportion to the 
water than at first. 
7. How much alcohol do the strong liquors contain ? 
From fifty to sixty per cent., or more than one-half. 
8. From what is brandy made ? 
From the fermented wines of apples, peaches, cur- 
rants, blackberries, and other fruits. 
9. From what is whiskey made ? 
From grain ; especially corn, rye and barley. 
10. From what is gin made ? 
From grain, with the addition of juniper berries 
and hops. 
11. From what is rum made? 
From sour molasses. 
12. Have the strong drinks an agreeable taste ? 
They have not, for quite young persons cannot 
bear to drink them. 
13. How then have they come into such general use ? 
The men who now use strong drink began when 
young to use the milder liquors, and continued until an 
unnatural appetite compelled them to use rum, whiskey 
and brandy. dinsmore’s first lessons 
68 
1. Can you tell how beer is made ? 
2. What is the malt ? 
3. What is yeast ? 
4. Is beer sweet or bitter ? 
5. How much alcohol does it contain ? 
6. Why does the beer foam when it is poured into a 
glass ? 
7. What proof is there that beer is used to excess ? 
8. Will beer make a man drunk ? 
9. What are strong drinks ? 
10. What does intoxication mean ? 
11. Can you name three strong drinks ? 
12. How is liquor distilled ? 
13. How much alcohol do the strong liquors contain ? 
14. From what is whiskey made ? 
15. From what is rum made ? 
16. Do young persons like the strong liquors ? 
17. Why do men use such strong drinks ? 
Questions. 
XXV.—PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ALCO- 
HOLIC STIMULANTS. 
1. What are we to understand by the physiological 
effects of alcohol? 
The effects produced upon the human body by its 
use. 
2. What are some of the effects which are visible to 
the eye ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
69 
The person who is under the influence of alcohol 
appears to be confused and giddy, is scarcely able to stand, 
walks with a tottering gait, and finally drops down uncon- 
scious, which state, when consciousness is restored, is 
followed by sickness of the stomach, which causes vom- 
iting. 
3. Are there any other indications of the use of 
alcohol which may be readily detected ? 
The face is flushed, the pupils of the eyes dilated, 
the hands tremble, and the person is unable to speak 
calmly, but talks in an excited and broken manner. 
4. Is a man, while under the influence of alcohol, 
stronger or weaker than without it? 
When first taken it imparts an artificial strength, 
which is soon followed by a period of unusual weakness. 
5. Are the internal organs of man affected by the use 
of alcohol ? 
They are. 
6. What parts are affected the most ? 
The stomach, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs and brain. 
7. Are they improved or injured by the use of liquor ? 
In special cases they may be improved, but in 
general they are greatly injured. 
8. Are they injured by the constant or special use of 
alcohol ? 
By the constant use. 
9. When may alcohol be used to advantage ? 
When a person, from weakness or injury, loses 
consciousness or the blood becomes congested. 
10. How will alcohol help a man in such a case ? dinsmore’s first lessons 
It increases the circulation of the blood, which 
tends to restore the body to its natural state. 
n. How should alcohol be taken in such cases ? 
Always by the advice of the physician, and only 
according to his directions. 
XXVI.—THE STOMACH. 
1. Describe the stomach. 
It is a sack-like body, in 
the upper part of the abdomen, 
which receives the food from 
the mouth. 
2. Through which body 
does the food pass from the 
mouth to the stomach ? 
Through the gullet or 
esophagus. 
3. What are the walls of 
the stomach like 
They are porous and 
filled with minute blood vessels. 
The inner surface is covered 
with a formation called the mu- 
cous membrane. 
4. What is the size of the 
stomach ? 
It is large enough to hold from three to four pints 
of liquid food. 
5. What is the duty of the stomach ? 
To digest the food. 
The stomach and intestines. 1, 
stomach; 3, small intestine ; 7,8, 9, 
10, large intestine. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
6. How does the digestion take place ? 
The food while in the mouth is somewhat softened 
and changed by the saliva which there acts upon it, and as 
soon as it enters the stomach, a fluid called the gastric 
juice, flows in upon it from the mucous membrane. The 
gastric juice contains a sour substance called pepsin, 
which acts upon the food very rapidly. This pepsin, with 
the saliva from the mouth and the heat of the stomach 
* 
acts upon the food until it is changed into a semi-fluid 
gruel-like mass. 
7. What is it then called ? 
Chyme (kirn). 
8. What further action then takes place ? 
As soon as the food begin? to dissolve, a very 
considerable portion passes into the walls of the stomach, 
and is there absorbed by the blood vessels with which it 
comes into contact, and through them it enters into the 
circulation of the blood. 
9. What becomes of the portion of the food which does 
not enter the blood by absorption through the walls of the 
stomach ? 
It leaves the stomach by an opening called the 
pylorus, or gate-keeper, and enters the intestines, where it 
is acted upon by the pancreatic juice, intestinal juice, and 
other liquids, that it may be further digested. 
10. How does alcohol affect digestion ? 
When the stomach is weak, as from fever, and 
unable to fully perform its duties, the use of a small 
quantity of alcohol stimulates it, causing an increased flow 
of gastric juice, and thus is an important help to digestion. 72 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
11. In what state is alcohol thus given to aid digestion? 
As a mild wine. 
12. How does the continued use of wine affect the 
digestion ? 
It is very injurious. 
13. In what way ? 
It produces such an abundant supply of gastric 
juice as to weaken the system, causes the blood vessels to 
become inflamed and swollen, and produces partial paralysis 
of the tissues of the stomach. 
14. What is the opinion of medical men concerning 
alcohol as a food ! 
They agree that even though it be a food, it is an 
exceedingly dangerous one. 
15. Could not wholesome food be given in place of 
wine, when the stomach is weak and feeble? 
Yes; with better results in many cases. 
16. What danger is there in prescribing the use of wine ? 
The great danger is that the person will acquire an 
appetite for it which will tend to its constant use, with 
injury to himself, as we have just seen, and end in the use 
of strong drink. 
17. What are the effects of the use of strong drinks, 
such as rum, whiskey and brandy upon the stomach. 
When taken by persons unaccustomed to their use, 
they in some cases produce violent sickness accompanied 
by spasms; in others the partial or total paralysis of the 
stomach. 
18. How is the stomach affected by the regular use of 
the strong liquors ? EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE STOMACH. 
Healthful. 
Moderate Drinking. 
Drunkards. 
U Icerous. 
After a long Debauch 
Death b/DeliriumTremens. 
The Cancerous Stomach. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
73 
By the continued use of strong drinks the secretion 
of the gastric juice is impaired, and the food, from the 
want of sufficient gastric juice, does not digest, but turns 
sour, which causes vomiting, and often results in dyspepsia. 
19. Do any other changes take place? 
Yes ; the blood vessels with which the walls of the 
stomach are filled become enlarged and finally burst, 
producing sores with general inflammation of the stomach. 
20. IIow are the sores affected by the still further use 
of strong liquors ? 
They grow worse and form ulcers which feed upon 
the system until death results. 
21. Why then do men use such a self-destroying 
substance as alcohol ? 
They commence its use thoughtlessly, and find, 
when too late, that they are unable to resist its poisonous 
effects. 
Questions. 
1. What do we understand by the physiological effects 
of alcohol ? 
2. Describe the appearance of a man under the influence 
of alcohol ? 
3. Does liquor make a man stronger or weaker? 
4. Can you name the internal organs which are most 
affected by the use of alcoholic stimulants? 
5. When may alcohol be used to advantage ? 
6. How should it be taken ? 
7. What is the stomach like? 
8. What is meant by the digestion of food ? dinsmore’s first lessons 
9. How does digestion take place? 
10. Why is mild wine sometimes given to persons? 
11. How does the constant use of wine injure the 
digestion ? 
12. What is the opinion of medical men concerning 
wine as a food ? 
13. What are the dangers which attend the use of wine ? 
14. What are the effects produced by strong drink? 
15. What is the difference between the effects of mild 
and strong drink upon the stomach ? 
16. Explain how the ulcers are formed. 
XXVII.—THE LIVER—CHANGES PRODUCED 
ALCOHOL. 
1. Where is the liver and what is its office ? 
It is in the abdomen, next to the stomach and 
receives the blood which passes from that body. 
2. What happens to the blood when it reaches the 
liver ? 
It is changed into two substances, called bile and 
glycogen. 
3. What is the bile like? 
It is a liquid composed chiefly of water and salts 
with a little fat. When the partly digested food passes 
from the stomach into the first of the smaller intestines 
the bile flows in upon it from a small sack in the liver 
and helps to complete the digestion. 
4. What is glycogen ? 
A substance much like starch. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
75 
5. How does it help the body ? 
It is not fully known, but it is thought that it is 
changed into sugar and helps to nourish the tissues. 
6. How is the liver affected by the use of alcohol? 
It is stimulated to such a degree that it becomes 
overworked and inflamed. 
7. Does it change in either size or appearance ? 
It does. Moderate drinking causes it to become 
softer, to increase in size and to be marked with patches 
of fat. 
8. Is not fat a sign of health ? 
It is not. It is due to oily substances which 
should be thrown off from the liver. 
9. How is the liver injured by the excessive use of 
alcoholic liquors ? 
In some cases it wastes away and becomes very 
small ; in others it increases greatly in size, becomes hard 
in spots, and is covered with fat. 
10. What do medical men call such a liver with hard 
spots in it ? 
The hob-nailed or drunkard’s liver. 
11. How is the health of a man affected by this con- 
dition of his liver ? 
He looses strength and becomes a constant sufferer. 
XXVIII—THE KIDNEYS. 
1. Where are the kidneys situated ? 
In the lower part of the abdomen, next to the back. 
2. What are they like ? 76 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
They are composed of flesh and are from four to 
six inches long and from one to two inches thick. 
3. What special work do they perform ? 
The blood which passes into them from the heart is 
filled with impurities which they separate as it passes 
through. 
4. Has the use of alcohol any effect upon them ? 
Yes ; like the liver they become inflamed and 
diseased from the overwork which the alcohol causes. 
5. What is the nature of their disease? 
They are gradually marked with fat, waste away and 
become granular, producing what is known as Bright’s 
disease. 
6. Why is it thought that Bright’s disease of the 
kidneys is caused by the use of liquor? 
It is asserted by Dr. Christison, of Edinburgh, that 
of all the cases of this disease met with in his practice, 
from three-fourths to four-fifths of the sufferers used 
alcohol regularly. 
7. Have other physicians found that men who use 
alcoholic stimulants are subject to Bright’s disease? 
Yes, in countless cases. 
8. May any other troubles be traced to diseases of the 
kidneys ? 
Yes ; it is the opinion of medical writers that as the 
blood is not entirely purified in passing through the 
kidneys it becomes poisoned and produces gout and 
rheumatism. 77 
IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
1. Is the liver in the chest or abdomen? 
2. Into what does it change the blood ? 
3. What is the bile? 
4. Is the fat upon the liver a sign of health ? Why not? 
5. What is the hob-nailed liver? 
6. Does a man with such a liver have good health ? 
7. Describe the kidneys. 
8. What duty have they in connection with the blood ? 
9. How are they impaired by the use of alcohol? 
10. What is Bright's disease ? 
11. What proof is there that the use of liquors has 
anything to do with the cause of it ? 
12. What is thought to be the cause of gout and 
rheumatism ? 
Questions. 
XXIX.—THE BLOOD—THE CIRCULATION. 
1. What is the blood like? 
It is a liquid which varies in color from a deep red 
to purple. 
2. Of what is it composed ? 
Of water, fibrin, iron and coloring matter. 
3. What is the fibrin like ? 
It is a kind of fibre which becomes visible when a 
drop of blood dries. 
4. What is the coloring matter called ? 
It is known as haemeglobin, but sometimes there 
are impurities in the blood which change its appear- 
ance. dinsmore’s first lessons 
5. Is there unusual in the structure of the 
blood ? 
Yes ; it is formed of tiny bodies called corpuscles,* 
which are so small that it requires the aid of a microscope 
to see them. 
A, blood-disks of human blood, highly magnified; B, blood-disks in the blood of an 
animal. 
6. Are they red in color? 
There are two kinds, the red and white. 
7. How much blood is there in the human system? 
About one-thirteenth of its weight. 
8. How much should there be in a person weighing 
one hundred and sixty pounds ? 
About six quarts. 
9. Is the blood in a state of rest or motion ? 
It is in constant motion throughout every part of 
the body. 
10. What is this motion called ? 
The circulation of the blood. 
11. What are the names of the principal parts of the 
body through which the blood passes. 
* Corpuscle means a small body, IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 
79 
The lungs, heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. 
12. Describe the heart. 
It is pear shaped and hollow, and that of any person 
is said to be about the size of his fist. 
13. What is the inner part of the heart like? 
It has two divisions, called the right and left sides, 
and the right side has two openings in it called the right 
auricle and right ventricle, while the left has two of the 
same kind called 
the left auricle and 
left ventricle. 
14. Describe the 
circulation of the 
blood. 
The blood 
starts from the lungs 
and flows first into 
the left side of the 
heart; then it is 
forced * out of the 
heart into the arter- 
ies and passes to all 
parts of the system. 
15. What are the 
arteries like ? 
Near the 
heart they are like 
tubes with strong walls, but they soon divide, and finally 
become so small as to be scarcely visible. 
The heart. A, the right ventricle ; B, the left ventri- 
cle ; C, the right auricle ; D, the left auricle. 
* The heart contracts and forces the blood from it. 80 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
16. When the blood reaches the ends of the arteries 
where does it go ? 
It passes through the capillaries, which are tiny 
pores not larger than hairs. 
17. How does it pass through the capillaries? 
Somewhat like milk passing through a thick cloth, 
except that the cloth has very much larger openings in it. 
18. What then becomes of the blood? 
It returns to the right side of the heart through 
vessels called veins, which unite and become larger as 
they approach the heart. 
19. From the right side of the heart where does the 
blood then pass ? 
Into the lungs, from which it returns to the left 
side of the heart a second time. 
20. How often does the heart beat per minute ? 
About seventy times. 
21. Hov may the beats of the heart be counted ? 
Either by placing the hand upon the breast, over 
the heart, or feeling the pulse in the wrist. 
22. How much blood is forced through it at each beat? 
Six ounces, or almost half a pint. 
23. How long does it require for the six quarts, or all 
the blood in the body to pass through the heart ? 
It passes through in less than half a minute. 
24. What is the name of the part of the heart through 
which the blood flows into the arteries ? 
It is called the aorta. 
25. Does the blood remain the same in color from the 
time it leaves the lungs until it returns to them again ? The Circulation. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
81 
It does not; when it leaves the lungs it is rich and 
red and remains so until it reaches the ends of the arteries 
after which it becomes impure, and when it returns to the 
lungs through the right side of the heart it is of a dark 
purple color. 
26. Is it possible to see any of the veins which are 
filled with the purple blood ? 
Yes, in the hands, wrists, arms and forehead. 
XXX.—THE CIRCULATION. (Continued^ 
1. What is the blood sometimes called ? 
The life of the body. 
2. Why is this ? 
Because when an artery is cut the blood spurts out 
at each beat of the heart, and the man soon dies. 
3. How may the escape of the blood be stopped when 
an artery is cut ? 
When an artery, in either an arm or leg, is cut a 
handkerchief should be twisted and tied loosely around the 
limb, above the cut; then a stick should be passed through 
the handkerchief and twisted until the blood stops 
flowing. 
4. How does the use of alcoholic stimulants affect the 
action of the heart and the circulation of the blood ? 
In two cases the stimulants may be of advantage, 
in others, they produce great injury. 
5. What are the two cases in which the stimulants 
may be of advantage ? 82 
dinsmore's first lessons 
(1) When the blood is clotted from the action of 
other poisons and will not flow, and (2) in cases of unusual 
weakness, as during a fainting spell. 
6. How do the stimulants help in such cases ? 
By keepingthe blood in circulation until thestrength 
returns. 
7. What mistake do men make about the use of stim- 
ulants ? 
They think that because they sometimes feel weak 
it will help them to use stimulants all the time. 
8. When alcoholic stimulants are used regularly, how 
do they injure the he.'jrt and blood ? 
In four principal ways, (1) by increasing the cir- 
culation ; (2) by overworking the heart; (3) by changing 
the character of the blood ; (4) by causing other diseases. 
9. How may it be shown that the use of stimulants 
increases the circulation ? 
We have seen that the heart beats at an average 
rate of seventy times per minute, but when wine is taken 
info the system, the pulse soon increases to seventy-five 
and when brandy is used it causes the pulse to beat more 
than eighty times per minute, instead of seventy. 
10. How is the heart overworked ? 
At each beat six ounces of blood are driven through 
it, and if, on account of liquor, it is made to beat five more 
times per minute, thirty extra ounces of blood would be 
forced through, and in one hour more than one hundred 
extra pounds of blood would be pumped into the ar- 
teries. 
11. At this rate, if a man were under the influence of IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
83 
liquor for only ten hours, how much extra work would the 
heart have to perform ? 
Enough to pump out more than a thousand pounds 
of blood. 
12. How is the heart affected by this extra action ? 
It wears out before its time, and many habitual 
drunkards die suddenly on account of the heart giving 
way under the burden. 
13. How does alcohol change the character of the 
blood ? 
In its pure state it absorbs water most greedily, 
and when taken into the system in the shape of unusually 
strong whiskey, or brandy, it absorbs water so rapidly that 
the blood becomes clotted and tends to produce death by 
congestion. 
14. Is the blood changed in any other way than by be- 
coming clotted through the use of strong alcohol ? 
Yes ; it is known that the constant use of wine so 
impairs the digestion that the very shape of the red 
corpuscles changes, and the entire blood instead of being 
rich and red, becomes poor, thin and watery. 
15. How are diseases produced through alcohol in the 
blood ? 
“ It injures and degenerates the tissues iu all parts of 
the body, and produces pre?nature old age.” (Ringer.) 
1. Of what is the blood composed ? 
2. How may the fibrin in it be seen ? 
3. What are the corpuscles ? 
Questions. dinsmore’s first lessons 
84 
4- How much blood is there in the human system . 
5. How much blood should there be in the body of a 
man weighing two hundred and twenty-one pounds? 
6. What is meant by the circulation of the blood? 
7. Describe the inner part of the heart. 
8. What is the color of the blood when it is flowing 
through the arteries ? * 
9. What is the name of the part of the heart where 
the blood flows into the arteries ? 
10. What are capillaries ? 
11. How many times does the heart beat per minute ? 
12. How much blood is there forced through it at each 
beat ? 
13. What is the pulse? 
14. Why is the blood of a purple color while in the 
veins ? 
15. How should the flow of blood from an artery be 
checked ? 
16. Name four ways in which the actions of the heart 
and blood are injured by the use of alcoholic stimu- 
lants ? 
17. How is the heart overworked ? 
18. How does strong alcohol clot the blood? 
19. How does the regular use of stimulants change 
the blood ? 
20. Why do drunkards die suddenly? 
* In the pulmonary artery, which extends from the heart to the lungs, the blood 
Is of a deep purple color. This is because the impure blood from the veins passes to the 
lungs through it. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
85 
XXXI.—THE LUNGS. 
1. What are the lungs like ? 
They are two large bodies connected with the wind- 
pipe ; they are situated in the chest and almost envelop 
the heart. 
Vhe lungs, showing the larynx. A, the windpipe ; B, the bronchial tubes. 
2. Of what are they composed ? 
Of an elastic flesh-like substance, filled with small 
blood vessels and air cells. 
3. Are there many or few of the air cells ? 
They number more than 600 millions. 86 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Df what special use are the lungs ? 
By means of them air is inhaled, the blood is 
purified, heat is produced, and impure air is exhaled. 
5. What common term is given to inhaling and 
exhaling air ? 
It is called breathing. 
6. How often do we thus breathe per minute ? 
About eighteen times. 
7. How much air is taken into the lungs each time we 
breathe ? 
About one pint, although the lungs may be made to 
hold more than six pints of air. 
8. Of what is the air composed when it enters the lungs? 
Of oxygen and nitrogen with a small quantity of 
carbonic acid ? 
9. In what proportions are these elements ? 
Twenty-one parts of oxygen and seventy-nine of 
nitrogen in 100, with only four parts of the carbonic acid 
in 10,000 parts of air. 
10. What is the air like when it is thrown off from the 
lungs ? 
It contains less oxygen, some watery vapor with 
ammonia, and more than 100 times as much carbonic acid 
as when inhaled ? 
11. How are such changes produced ? 
When all the tiny air cells of the lungs are filled 
with air and the blood is passing freely around them, the 
oxygen of the air unites with the blood, thus making it 
richer, while at the same time it frees from it the carbonic 
acid and other impurities. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
87 
12. How do the lungs aid in producing heat for the 
body ? 
The heat is the result of the chemical action which 
takes place when the oxygen of the air unites with the 
blood. 
13. How is this heat carried to all parts of the body? 
By the circulation of the blood. 
XXXII.—EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS UPON THE 
ACTION OF THE LUNGS. 
1. How does the use of stimulants affect the action of 
the lungs ? 
It injures the tissues, weakens the blood, changes 
the character of the breath, and induces consumption. 
2. How is the tissue matter injured ? 
The alcohol of the liquor produces congestion of 
the walls of the 600 millions of air cells. 
3. What is meant by the congestion of any body? 
It shrivels and becomes smaller, like a partly 
withered leaf. 
4. How is the blood weakened ? 
Owing to the congestion of the cell walls, the blood 
in the tiny vessels cannot draw oxygen from the air, and 
hence becomes thin and watery, like that mentioned in the 
previous chapter, which was caused by indigestion. 
5. How is the breath affected ? 
Instead of being natural, it becomes strong and 
disagreeable. 88 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
6. Flow may this change be explained ? 
A part of the alcohol which is taken into the 
system soon enters the blood, and, with other impurities, is 
forced from the heart into the lungs, where, by means of 
heat, it is converted into poisonous vapor which is thrown 
off at every breath. 
7. How does the use of alcohol induce consumption ? 
On account of the congestion of the tissues, they 
shrivel up and become partly inactive; the lungs then 
become feeble and gradually waste away. The result is, 
that when the regular drinker is attacked by a hard cold, 
his lungs, not being able to bear the strain, give way and 
consumption follows. 
8. What direct medical testimony may be given against 
the use of alcohol ? 
That of Dr. H. N. Martin, of the John Hopkins 
University, Baltimore, who says : “ Alcohol is a whip to 
the body, and should no more be used by persons in health 
than the lash should be laid upon the back of a willing 
horse.” 
General Review. 
1. What are stimulants ? 
2. What are narcotics ? 
3. What is fermented liquor? 
4. Can you name four fermented liquors ? 
5. Describe alcohol. 
6. Why is it not safe to use hard cider? 
7. How is wine made ? 
8. Name four kinds of wine. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
89 
g. How much alcohol do the grape wines contain ? 
10. What is the effect of using wine for a number of 
months? Does the taste for it increase or decrease ? 
11. How is beer made ? 
12. Why is it called malt liquor? 
13. Do persons ever become drunk by using beer? 
14. What is strong drink ? 
15. Name four kinds. 
16. How is brandy distilled from wine. 
17. Describe the appearance of a man when intoxicated 
18. Name the internal organs which are injured by the 
use of alcohol. 
19. Describe the stomach? 
20. How much will it hold ? 
21. What is the mucous membrane? 
22. What is the gastric juice? 
23. What is the chyme ? 
24. Is all of the food fully digested while in the 
stomach ? 
25. What do medical men think of alcohol as food ? 
Do they say that it is harmless or dangerous ? 
26. How does the continued use of whiskey affect the 
action of the stomach ? 
27. Can you state two ways in which the liver is injured 
by the use of alcohol ? 
28. Describe the kidneys ? 
29. How are they injured through the use of liquor? 
30. Do you remember what Dr. Christison, of Edin- 
burgh said about Bright’s disease ? 
31. How much blood is there in the human body? 90 
dinsmore’s first lessons. 
32. Is the blood at rest or in motion ? 
33. Can you describe the heart ? 
34. Can you describe the circulation of the blood ? 
35. Do you know whether the blood which passes from 
the heart to the lungs is of a red or purple color ? 
36. How many times does the heart beat per minute ? 
37. How is the action of the heart affected by the use 
of stimulants ? 
38. How does the use of liquors change the blood ? 
39. Describe the lungs ? 
40. Describe the changes which take place when we 
breathe. 
41. Do you know how the blood is purified by means 
of the lungs ? 
42. How does the use of alcohol induce consumption ? PART FOURTH. 
The Nervous Organization and the Effects 
OF 
ALCOHOLIC STIMULANTS 
AND 
NARCOTICS. PART FOURTH. 
XXXIII.—THE NERVOUS ORGANIZATION. 
1. What are the principal organs in the nervous 
system ? 
The brain and spinal cord. 
2. Where is the brain found ? 
In the upper part of the head. 
3. What is it like ? 
It is composed of soft grayish white tissue matter, 
almost like that which is found in the spinal cord. 
4. How much of this tissue matter is there in the brain ? 
Over three pounds. 
5. How is the brain protected ? 
By a delicate membrane next to it and a thick solid 
covering outside, called the cranium or skull. 
6. Has the brain any special arrangement in the skull ? 
Yes; there are two divisions called the cerebrum, or 
large brain, and the cerebellum, or small brain. 
7. Which is the large brain, and what is it like ? 
It comprises nearly all of the brain matter and 
extends in two even parts somewhat like rolls, from the 
front to the back part of the head. 
8. Are the rolls smooth on the surface ? 
They are not, they are covered with small furrows 
and ridges. 94 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
9. Are the rolls entirely separated from each other? 
They are free at the top and front, but united at the 
lower part next to the small brain. 
io. What is the small brain like ? 
Its surface is smooth, and is more like a bundle of 
fine strings. It con- 
nects the principal 
brain with the spinal 
cord. 
11. Has the brain 
any other formation 
in it than that of the 
tissue matter ? 
Yes, it is filled 
with tiny veins and 
blood vessels, and has 
countless nerves at- 
tached to it. 
12. Describe the 
nerves. 
They are like 
bright silken cords, 
and make connection between the brain and the eyes, ears, 
heart, and every other part of the body. 
13. What is the mind? 
It is the power which directs and controls the 
voluntary movements of the body. 
14. What are the voluntary movements of the body ? 
Those of the head, hands, arms, feet and other parts 
which move at the will of man. 
Surface of the cer'ebrum. 95 
IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
15. Are there any movements of the body over which 
the will has no control ? 
Yes; the beating of the heart, the circulation of the 
blood, the digestion of food, the act of breathing, and other 
motions, which continue while we are asleep the same as 
when we are awake. 
16. Where is the mind thought to reside ? 
In the brain. 
17. How is the mind able to understand the wants of 
the body, so as to protect it from injury ? 
By means of the senses of sight, taste, touch, 
hearing and smelling. 
18. Through which organs are the five senses used ? 
The eyes for seeing, the tongue for tasting, all parts 
of the body for touching, the ears for hearing and the nose 
for smelling. 
XXXIV.—EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC STIMULANTS 
UPON THE MIND. 
1. When a person uses liquor, how does it affect his 
mind ? 
It depends somewhat upon the strength of the 
liquor, as the effects vary according to the amount of 
alcohol taken into the system and the time of the day at 
which it is used.* 
2. How is the mind affected by mild drinks, such as 
wine and beer ? 
When a mild drink is used the mind, even though 
weary, becomes more active. Thoughts pass readily 
* The same quantity of alcohol taken upon an empty stomach produces a greater 
effect than when taken after a full meal. 96 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
through the brain, the person shows a lively playful spirit, 
with a tendency to speak more rapidly than usual. 
3. What change takes place when a man takes several 
glassfuls of wine ? 
The mind is stimulated to such an extent that it 
seems to tremble and quiver like an engine carrying too 
much steam. It begins to lose its control over the body, 
the man becomes noisy and boisterous, and reels to and fro 
as he walks. 
4. If, while in this condition, the man drinks still more 
wine, what is the effect upon him ? 
The excess of alcohol attacks his brain so rapidly 
that it produces inflammation, with such pain in the head 
that the temper of the man changes immediately. Instead 
of being friendly and playful, he becomes sullen and dan- 
gerous. His eyes grow bloodshot and lose their power ; 
his tongue swells so that he only mutters in trying to speak; 
while the mind loses its power to such an extent that the 
man cannot tell friend from stranger, and frequently, like 
a savage beast, makes deadly attacks upon all who are 
around him. 
5. How does this sad state end ? 
The mind gives way under the attack of the alcohol, 
and the man sinks down into a state which is usually called 
sleep, but it is not sleep, it is insensibility produced by the 
poisonous alcohol. 
6. How does the man feel when he regains his 
consciousness ? 
He is weak and sore, and his head aches so badly that 
he remembers but little of his experiences when intoxicated IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
97 
7. Does a man even remember so as to give a full and 
clear account of what he does while intoxicated ? 
As a rule, he does not, the past is like a dream. 
8. How is the mind of man affected by the use of 
strong drink.? 
In the same way as from the use of mild drinks, 
except that the action is more rapid, the mind gives way 
sooner, and is greatly injured by the use of the strong 
liquors. 
9. How is the mind injured ? 
By the man acquiring such an appetite for liquor 
that he is unable to control it, and drinks too much, which 
produces, as we have before seen, such severe inflammation 
and congestion of the brain that the mental power is 
weakened, and sometimes delirium tremens results from 
such excessive use of alcohol. 
10. What is meant by congestion of the brain ? 
It shrivels up and becomes smaller, changing as a 
piece of meat does when placed in alcohol. 
11. How is this known to be true? 
Physicians have found from the examination of the 
brains of those who have died from the excessive use of 
liquor that they were shriveled, and also that in some 
cases pure alcohol had collected around the brain itself. 
12. What is the nature of the disease called delirium 
tremens ? 
It is a disease of the mind produced by the exces- 
sive use of liquor for several days at a time. At such times 
the man loses the use of his mind, and imagines that his 
friends are trying to injure him, or that he is chased by 98 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
demons, and he fills the air with the most heartrending 
cries and shrieks of agony. 
13. What is insanity? 
Loss of the mind. It is somewhat like delirium 
tremens, except, that in some cases, insane persons are 
quiet and harmless ; but, as a general rule, those who 
lose their minds from the use of liquor are violent and 
dangerous. 
14. Why then is it that men who see others suffering so 
terribly from the use of alcohol will consent to use it 
themselves ? 
A great many take liquor for the sake of the pleas- 
ant effects at first produced, and expect to stop drinking 
after that, so as not to become intoxicated. 
15. Are they able to do this ? 
Yes, some take liquor for years without becoming 
intoxicated, but countless thousands cannot regulate its 
use, and are constantly falling into disgrace, drunkenness 
and ruin. 
16. Do those who use liquor for years without being 
intoxicated, suffer in any way from its use ? 
Yes, in the stomach, liver, kidneys, and other in- 
ternal organs. 
17. If some persons use alcohol for the pleasant effects 
which it produces, why do others use it? 
For the stimulus which the mind receives from it. 
18. Who are the persons that use it for this reason ? 
Public speakers and others who are engaged in 
mental labor. They claim that the mind becomes wearied 
and requires a tonic. 99 
19. Is it wise to use liquor of any kind in such cases ? 
It is not, for the help is only temporary, and it re- 
quires an increased amount of liquor the longer it is used, 
until, as a general rule, inflammation of the brain follows, 
resulting in great injury to the mind. 
20. Do men feel satisfied with themselves after having 
used liquor for a long time ? 
They do not. They resolve again and again that 
they will give up its use. 
21. Do they keep the good resolution ? 
They do not. After going without for a few days, 
the temptation becomes too strong, and they drink again. 
22. How is the moral nature of man affected by the use of 
alcohol ? 
It always suffers. The drinking man changes 
gradually from truth, manliness and generosity to selfish- 
ness, and depravity. He is not only miserable himself, but 
destroys the happiness of others. 
23. Are the men who use alcohol weak in mind ? 
The majority probably are, yet there are men in 
every town in our land of whom it is said: “They have 
brilliant minds, but are slaves to drink.” 
24. What lesson should we learn from these things ? 
That alcohol, while pretending to be a friend, is our 
most dangerous enemy. He is the tyrannical ruler of an 
empire filled with vice and wretchedness. 
25. What safe rule may be given in order that we may 
escape the dangers of alcohol ? 
“ Touch not; taste not; handle not.” 
IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 100 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Questions. 
1. Can you name the principal organs of the nervous 
system ? 
2. What is the weight of the brain ? 
3. What is the cranium ? 
4. Is the cerebrum the large or small brain ? 
5. What is the appearance of the large brain ? 
6. What are the nerves like ? 
7. What is the mind ? 
8. Can you name four movements of the body over 
which the mind has no control ? 
9. What are such movements called ? 
10. Can you name the five senses? 
11. How does the use of a small amount of wine affect 
the mind ? 
12. How does a man change in temper and appearance 
after drinking several glasses of wine? 
13. What is the appearance of a man when intoxi- 
cated ? 
14. How does a man feel when he regains consciousness 
after being drunk ? 
15. How is the brain injured by the use of liquor? 
16. What is delirium tremens? 
17. Why do men use alcohol ? 
18. Do they often try to give up its use ? 
19. Do men having bright minds become slaves to 
drink ? 
20. What is the only safe rule in regard to alcohol ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
101 
XXXV.—THE EYE. 
1. What kind of an organ is the eye ? 
One of the most delicate of all the parts of the 
body. 
2. How is it shaped ? 
It is almost round, and is about an inch in diameter 
or thickness. 
3. Has it one or more than one part ? 
It is composed of a number of parts. 
4. How are they arranged ? 
There are three layers or coats upon the outer part 
of the eye, and four other 
parts through which the 
light passes into the eye 
towards the brain. 
5. How are the en- 
veloping coats named, 
and what are they like ? 
The one upon the 
outer part is called the 
sclerotic (skle-rot-ic) or 
white of the eye. 
6. Describe the second coat. 
It is called the choroid (ko-roid) and is next to the 
white of the eye. It is a deep black color, and is to shut 
out all the light except that which passes into the eye from 
the front. 
7. Describe the third coat. 
It is called the retina, and is next to the choroid. 
The eye. 102 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
It is composed of a layer of fine flesh, filled with delicate 
nerves which lead to the brain. 
8. What are the names of the other parts of the eve ? 
The cornea, aqueous humor, crystalline lens and 
vitreous humor. 
9. Describe the cornea. 
It is a thin film in the front of the eye. When one 
person looks straight before him and another stands at his 
side and looks at his eye, he will see the cornea in the 
front of the eye, like the crystal of a watch. 
10. What is the aqueous humor like ? 
It is a thin liquid, like water, which is found just 
under the cornea. 
11. Describe the iris. 
It is the colored part of the eye. It is of different 
colors, from blue to gray, brown, and black. 
12. Describe the pupil of the eye. 
It is an opening in the iristfor the light to pass 
through, so as to reach the inner part of the eye. It is the 
small black spot in the centre of the eye. 
13. Describe the crystalline lens ? 
It is a small, bright, round body just back of the 
pupil. It is not round like a ball, but is flattened and is 
curved a little more on the side next to the brain than it 
is in front. 
14. Describe the vitreous humor ? 
It is a thick liquid, like mucilage, which fills all of 
the interior of the eye. The rays of light after passing 
through it fall upon the retina, and make an impression 
on the brain. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
103 
15. How is the eye protected ? 
By lids which cover it at the approach of anything, 
such as strong light, an insect, or the hand, which might 
injure it. 
16. Have the lids any other use ? 
Yes, they keep the eyes moist and free from dust. 
17. What useful purpose do the eye-brows and eye- 
lashes serve ? 
They also protect the eyes from dust, and prevent 
water and other liquids from flowing into them. 
18. What are some of the troubles which persons ex- 
perience with their eyes ? 
Some are near-sighted, some are far-sighted, while 
others have eyes which are not alike and hence cause 
pain and distress. 
19. When is a person near-sighted ? 
When he can see clearly for only a short distance. 
Some near-sighted persons cannot tell the faces of their 
$ 
friends who walk at a distance of but a few steps from them. 
20. When is a person far-sighted ? 
When he can see farther than others, but cannot see 
to read without holding a book or paper at a distance of 
two or three feet from him. 
21. Are persons born with imperfect eyes, or do they 
injure them in any way ? 
Some are born so, but the greater portion of the 
people have brought the injury upon themselves. 
22. How have they done so ? 
In many ways. Some study too much and overwork 
their eyes; others read in the twilight and strain their eyes; 104 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
pupils study in dark school-rooms ; persons study or sew 
by the weak light of a candle, or the flickering flame of 
the gas jet, and thus almost ruin their eyesight. 
23. What do such persons do when their eyes ache 
and they cannot see to work or study ? 
They use spectacles to assist the eyes, which relieves 
them from pain. 
24. What good rules may be laid down for the care of 
the eyes ? 
The following : 
(1) Study and work only in a good light. 
(2) Do not overwork the eyes. 
(3) When engaged in work or study take a position 
with the side or back to the light, as the bright light in- 
jures the eyes. 
25. How do the eyes change when alcohol is used? 
They become inflamed and blood-shot and lose their 
power. 
26. How do they change when tobacco and opium are 
used ? 
They become dull and heavy, and cause constant 
pain. 
XXXVI.—THE EAR. 
1. How many principal parts are there in the ear? 
Three. 
2. What are they ? 
The outer, middle, and inner ear. 
3. Describe the outer ear? 
It is the part which may be seen and felt. It is IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
105 
formed of gristle, or cartilage, and is curved so as to re- 
ceive as much sound as possible. 
4. What is the name of the part next to the outer ear ? 
The auditory canal. It is about an inch in length 
and extends to the middle ear. 
5. Describe the middle ear ? 
It is a small opening, having within it three tiny 
bones, called the hammer, the anvil, and stirrup. 
6. Is the mouth connected with the ears ? 
Yes, by tubes leading from the middle ears. 
7. Is it possible to hear through the mouth ? 
It is. 
8. How may this be shown ? 
By taking a watch and holding it between the teeth, 
while the hands are held against the ears. The ticking of 
the watch may then be heard as plainly as with the ears. 
9. What is the inner ear like? 
It is nearest the brain and is formed of many parts. 
It contains delicate hairs and fibres, and by means of the 
nerves within it sounds are carried to the brain. 
10. What is the name of the principal nerve which 
carries the sound to the brain ? 
The auditory nerve. 
11. When is a person deaf and dumb ? 
He is deaf when he cannot hear, and dumb when 
he cannot speak. 
12. What is the cause of deafness? 
In some cases persons are born so, when it is called 
a natural defect, in others they lose their hearing through 
mistakes and accidents. DINSMORE’s FIRST LESSOR’S 
13. What are some of the mistakes which are commonly 
made ? 
Boxing the ears of children is a frequent mistake of 
parents; a switch for correction is far better than the open 
hand. 
14. How do children often injure their hearing ? 
By thrusting sharp pointed instruments into their 
ears. When the part of the ear, called the drum, is pierced 
it loses its power and deafness follows. 
15. How do the ears often become injured ? 
By wax, which forms within them and hardens, so 
as to shut out the sound. 
16. How may it be removed ? 
By gently rubbing the ear with a soft brush and 
warm water. 
17. When insects crawl into the ears how may they be 
removed ? 
By dropping into the ear a little sweet oil, as hot 
as can be borne. The insect will soon die and slip out. 
18. When the ears are partly frozen what is the effect 
upon them ? 
They become tender, and when exposed to cold a 
second time suffer more than at first. 
XXXVII.—CRIME—A VISIT TO THE JAIL. 
i. It has been stated that one of the effects produced 
upon the mind of man by the use of alcohol is that he is 
led into vice and wretchedness. How may this statement 
be confirmed ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
107 
By seeking to find the cause of sickness, poverty 
and crime. 
2. How is alcohol responsible for the sickness of people? 
In this way. Men, while crazed with drink, strike 
their wives, cruelly beat their children, and cause accidents 
to others which result in long continued suffering. 
3. How is alcohol responsible for poverty ? 
Men, while under the influence of liquor do not like 
to work, and consequently neglect their families and leave 
them either to starve or depend upon others for support. 
4. What has liquor to do with crime ? 
It is asserted most positively that it is the one great 
agent in America and Europe which causes more than 
seventy-five per cent, of all the crimes common to man. 
5. Are there any facts by which the truth of this 
statement may be established ? 
Yes. In every jail and penitentiary, a book is kept 
in which are recorded the principal facts concerning every 
prisoner; as, his nationality, age, offense, term of con- 
finement, and whether he abstained from the use of liquor, 
or used it moderately. 
6. Are these books open for inspection ? 
They are. 
7. What information do they furnish concerning the 
use of alcohol by those who have violated the law? 
In York, Pennsylvania, the home of the author,* the 
record states that from January 1st, 1884, to January 1st, 
1885, there were 256 persons imprisoned in the jail. 
* See foot-note, page io. 108 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
8. Of that number how many were men ? 
There were two hundred and forty-nine men and 
only seven women. 
9. Of the 256 prisoners, how many are recorded as 
being moderate drinkers ? 
Two hundred and thirty-six ! or all but twenty. 
10. What proportion does this make of the entire 
number? 
Over ninety-two (92.19) per cent. 
11. What does this mean ? 
It means that ninety-two out of every hundred 
prisoners in the York jail during the year 1884 were 
accustomed to use liquor. 
12. Were they chiefly young or old men ? 
By far the greater part were young men ; sixty- 
three being under twenty-one years of age, while over 200 
were under thirty-five years of age. 
13. What testimony did they give concerning the use of 
liquor as connected with their crime? 
The majority stated with shame that the love of 
strong drink led them into bad company, that with evil 
companions they became intoxicated, and while under the 
influence of liquor they committed the crimes for which 
they were imprisoned. 
14. What have we found, in the first part of this volume, 
to be the meaning, in medicine, of the term intoxication ? 
We have found it to mean, in a poisoned state. 
15. Had the men who were in prison not used liquor 
would they have committed the crimes for which they 
suffered ? 109 
Many of them said, again and again, that had they 
been sober, they would not have broken the law ; but that, 
at the time, they scarcely knew what they were doing. 
16. What is the name of the poison which thus de- 
prived them of their reason and left them in disgrace 
behind the prison bars? 
It is alcohol, the essence of all fermented and dis- 
tilled liquors. 
17. What hope is there of saving men from this 
dangerous enemy of both their bodies and souls? 
They must be educated to see the danger that they 
may escape from it. 
18. Why will education help them ? 
The record in the York jail shows that of the 256 
prisoners in it, during the year 1885, only three had received a 
good education. 
IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
XXXVIII.—EXPOSURE TO COLD AND HEAT. 
x. What reasons have we found which men give for 
the use of alcohol as a drink ? 
(1) For the pleasurable effects which it produces ; 
(2) to stimulate the mind ; (3) to aid the digestion; (4) to 
overcome the effects of other poisons. 
2. What answers have been given to these reasons ? 
We have endeavored to show (1) that the pleasure is 
but temporary, ending in pain and misery ; <3) that the 
mind is stimulated until inflammation of the brain fol- 
lows ; (3) that although a small amount of alcohol may aid 
the digestive organs, yet men rarely take it according to 110 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
the advice of a physician, but drink as they please, until 
all the internal organs suffer from disease. 
3. Are there any other reasons which are given in 
support of the use of liquor ? 
Yes, there is one which is always given. 
4. What is it ? 
When out in the rain or exposed to the storms of 
winter men use a great deal of liquor, saying that it 
is really necessary in order to keep them warm. 
5. Is it then ever used in warm weather ? 
Yes. Men then say that they feel weak and need 
something to strengthen them. 
6. What is the truth concerning the use of alcohol in 
warming the body ? 
Scientific and medical men assert most positively 
that alcohol does not furnish heat to the body, but in 
reality makes it cooler. 
7. How do scientists prove the truth of this positive 
assertion ? 
By taking a man in good health and determining 
the temperature of his body, which may be done by means 
of a thermometer, and then giving him alcohol ; when 
after a time the temperature is again taken, it is always 
lower, showing a loss of heat. 
8. Has it not been stated that soon after liquor is 
taken the body becomes slightly warmer? 
Yes, it is thought (Richardson) that the cause of 
this is that heat is really passing from the body, some- 
what like heat escaping from a pan of warm water. 
9. When a person is intoxicated to such a degree as IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
to be insensible, how does the temperature of his body 
differ from that before the alcohol was taken ? 
It is much lower, showing a loss of heat. 
10. How do medical men prove the truth of their 
assertions that alcoholic drinks make the body cooler 
instead of warmer? 
They have tried it hundreds of times in cases of 
disease, and finding that it makes the body cooler, they 
now recommend that it should be used in special cases to 
keep down high fever. 
11. What medical authority may be cited in support of 
the view that it lowers the temperature of the human 
body ? 
That of Dr. Bartholow, who says : “ Considerable 
doses of alcohol cause a decline in the temperature of the 
body, which is even more marked in ‘fever’ than in the 
normal state.” * 
12. What other authority may be cited ? 
That of Dr. B. W. Richardson (see Alcohol on the 
Body and Mind, page 21), one of the most eminent phy- 
sicians of England, who says : “I was ignorant, and that 
is why I sought for certain knowledge. To the research 
I devoted three years, from 1863 to 1866, modifying 
experiments in every conceivable way. * * * * 
“ The results, I confess, were as surprising to me as 
to any one else. They were surprising from their definitive- 
ness and their uniformity. They were most surprising 
from the complete contradiction they gave to the popular 
* See Bartholow, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, page 331. 112 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
idea that alcohol is a supporter and sustainer to the 
animal temperature.” 
13. What further authority may be cited ? 
That of Dr. W. S. Greenfield, who, in writing upon 
alcohol (see Health Primer, page 73), states that “although* 
it may be useful in overcoming a chill, yet when we have 
to do with exposure to a cold climate or a very hot one, 
the question is very different. The habitual use of alcohol 
lowers the powers of resistance to cold or heat ; that is, it 
interferes with the central controlling authority and so 
works mischief.” 
14. Do many of the prominent medical writers assert 
that alcohol injures instead of helps the body when 
exposed to very cold weather ? 
Yes ; almost without exception the medical writers 
strongly advise against the regular use of liquor by those 
who are exposed to severe cold. 
15. What do we know about men who have used 
alcoholic stimulants while in the frozen regions of the 
North ? 
We know that there have been several expeditions 
by men who have tried to reach the North Pole, and that 
those who used liquor suffered more than others who did not. 
16. Can any special cases of injurious results be given ? 
Yes. “In 1619, the crew of a Danish ship of sixty 
men, well supplied with provisions and ardent spirits, 
attempted to pass the winter at Hudson’s Bay, but fifty- 
eight of them died before the spring ; while in the case of 
an English crew of twenty-two men, in the same circum- 
stances, but destitute of distilled spirits, only two died. In IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
113 
another instance, of eight Englishmen, also without spirit- 
uous liquors, who wintered in the same bay, the whole party 
survived and returned to England ; and four Russians left 
without ardent spirits or provisions, in Spitzbergen, lived 
for a period of six years, and were at length restored to 
their own country. In the winter of 1796 a vessel was 
wrecked on an island off the coast of Massachusetts ; there 
were seven persons on board ; it was night ; five of them 
resolved to quit the wreck and seek shelter on shore. To 
\ 
prepare for the attempt, four of them drank freely of 
spirits ; the fifth would drink none. They all leaped into 
the water ; one was drowned before he reached the shore ; 
the other four came to land, and in a deep snow and 
piercing cold, directed their course to a distant light. All 
that drank spirits failed, and stopped, and froze, one after 
another; the man that drank none reached the house, and 
about two years ago was still alive.”* 
17. What is known of the effects of its use in hot 
climates ? 
When soldiers have been sent to Mexico, Egypt, or 
India, it has been found, in every case, that those who used 
liquor have been the first to fall sick and die while upon 
the march. 
18. Have the officers ever advised their men against the 
use of alcoholic stimulants ? 
Yes. Sir Charles Napier in addressing the soldiers 
of the Ninety-sixth regiment, at Calcutta, in 1849, spoke 
as follows: “Let me give you a bit of advice—that is, 
* See Carpenter on Alcoholic Liquors, page 108. 114 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
don’t drink. I know young men do not think much about 
advice from old men. They put their tongue in their 
cheek, and think they know a good deal better than the 
old cove who is giving them advice. But let me tell you 
that you are come to a country where, if you drink, you 
are dead men. If you be sober and steady, you’ll get on 
well ; but if you drink, you’re done for. You will be 
either invalided or die. I knew two regiments in this 
country, one drank, the other didn’t drink. The one that 
did drink has been all but destroyed. The one that didn’t 
drink is one of the finest regiments, and has got on as well 
as any regiment in existence. For any regiment for which 
I have a respect (and there is not one of the British regi- 
ments that I don’t respect), I should always try and 
persuade them to keep from drinking. I know that there 
are some men who will drink in spite of their officers ; but 
such men will soon be in the hospital, and very few that 
go in, in this country, ever come out again.”* 
Questions. 
1. How is alcohol responsible for the sickness of people? 
2. How is poverty caused through alcohol ? 
3. What is recorded in every jail concerning prisoners? 
4. How many persons were imprisoned in the York 
(Pa.), jail during the year 1884? 
5. How many out of every hundred are recorded as 
being moderate drinkers? 
6. Were the prisoners chiefly young or old men? 
* See Carpenter on Alcoholic Liquors, page 118. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
115 
7. Do you remember how many of them were under 
thirty-five years of age 
8. Did any of them state whether they were intoxi- 
cated when they committed the crimes for which they were 
punished ? 
9. Of the 256 prisoners, how many had received a good 
education ? 
10. Do men, as a rule, take wine and strong drink 
according to the advice of a physician, or just as they 
please ? 
11. Why do men who are out in the cold a great deal 
use liquor ? 
12. Do men in hot climates give any reasons for taking 
liquor? 
13. When a man is out in a storm, for a long time, does 
alcohol really warm his body ? 
14. How do we know that alcohol does not'warm the 
body ? 
15. Can you name two prominent physicians who state 
that alcohol makes the body cooler instead of warmer? 
16. Do you remember how the sixty men who went to 
Hudson’s Bay, when, well supplied with food and liquor, 
succeeded in passing the winter? 
17. How many of the five men who left the ship took 
liquor before they started ? Do you remember what be- 
came of the men ? 
18. What advice did Sir Charles Napier give to the 
Ninety-sixth regiment, at Calcutta, in 1849? 116 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
XXXIX.—NARCOTICS. 
1. What are narcotics ? 
Substances which, when taken into the system, tend 
to cause sleep, stupor, or death. 
2. What are the names of some of the narcotics now 
in use ? 
Tobacco, cocoa, hops, chloral, morphine, laudanum 
and opium. 
3. Which are mild narcotics? 
Cocoa and hops. 
4. What is cocoa like? 
It is a good drink, made from the crushed kernels 
of the cocoa tree, and is a help to the system, as it both 
soothes the mind and gives food to the body. 
5. What is the hop like? 
The hop leaves grow upon a tender vine which 
looks like the climbing bean. When tea is made from the 
hop it makes a person sleepy. Hops are used in making 
beer, and that is one reason why persons who drink beer 
soon become drowsy. 
6. What is chloral ? 
A liquid* made from alcohol, which causes a person 
to sleep. 
7. Is it good for the person who takes it ? 
No; if used for a long time it destroys the mind. 
8. Is it used very much ? 
Yes; a great deal. There are hundreds and thou- 
sands of persons who are using it all the time. They 
in use ? 
* Chloral when purchased is in the crystalline state. The liquid is made by 
dissolving the salt in water. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
117 
take it secretly, because they suffer and wish to sleep, 
but do not know that they are destroying their minds. 
9. What is tobacco ? 
It is a plant which grows in many parts of our 
country. 
10. How is it used ? 
It is smoked, chewed and snuffed. 
11. How is it used for smoking? 
As cigarettes, cigars, and almost like powder for 
pipes. 
12. How is it used for chewing? 
As ‘‘fine cut” and in cakes. 
1,3. How is it used as snuff? 
It is used as a fine powder. 
14. How does the use of tobacco affect the system ? 
When taken for the first time it makes a boy very 
sick. His head swims, his hands tremble, his knees feel 
weak, and his stomach becomes so sick that he vomits in 
spite of himself. He feels weak for several hours, and is 
ashamed of himself to think he touched the stuff. 
15. How are persons affected by the constant use of 
tobacco ? 
Those who use it a great deal lose their flesh and 
grow thin and nervous. 
16. Does its use produce any other change ? 
Yes ; the breath becomes strong and sickening, the 
teeth look yellow, and very often the body and clothes 
emit so strong an odor of the tobacco as to trouble others. 
17. Who use the greatest quantity of tobacco, young, 
middle-aged or old men? 118 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Young men from the age of eighteen to thirty years. 
18. Hhve they usually much money? 
They have not. Most of them are clerks at low 
salaries, 
19. Does the use of tobacco cost them very much ? 
It does, for the most of them think it no harm to use 
beer also, and they spend nearly all their money for beer 
and cigars. 
20. Are they able to use enough to consume nearly 
all of their spare mopey ? 
Each clerk spends perhaps a dollar a week for the 
beer and tobacco which he uses ; and, besides, he thinks 
he must be “a good fellow with the boys,” and so should 
treat the others. 
21. How much does the treating cost? 
About twice as much as the clerk pays for his own 
supplies, which takes from him, in all, two or three dollars 
a week, making from $100 to $150 a year. 
22. What injuries are inflicted by “treating?” 
Many persons who would not otherwise drink or 
smoke, do not like to refuse when asked to do so with 
others. As a result, they injure themselves for fear of 
offending their friends. 
23. Are there any laws against treating? 
In some cases there are, as to the use of liquor. 
Away out in Nevada there is a law that any one who shall 
treat another to a glass of liquor shall either be fined $50 
or put in jail for three months. 
24. Is there any other reason for preventing treating ? 
Yes, men do not drink so much when alone, hence IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
119 
do not become drunk, and, as a result, do not commit so 
many crimes. 
25. When men smoke does it make them thirsty? 
Yes, and if they cannot get water they will use 
liquor. 
26. Does liquor satisfy thirst? 
It does not. The more you drink the hotter your 
throat and stomach become. 
27. Do all men who smoke use liquor? 
No, but almost all who use liquor do smoke. 
28. What is there in the tobacco that makes it so strong 
and injurious ? 
It is nicotine, a kind of oil which is found in every 
kind of tobacco. 
29. How strong is this nicotine? 
So strong that a single drop placed on the tongue of 
a dog or cat will kill the animal within a few minutes. 
30. Will tobacco alone kill anything? 
Yes. It is used to kill the moths which destroy furs 
31. If it kills the moths will it not injure persons ? 
It certainly will. 
32. What do the medical works say of tobacco ? 
They call it a poison. 
33. What are the people like who work in tobacco 
factories, where the air is filled with the vapor from the 
plant. 
They are pale, yellow, sallow looking, and are sickly, 
being troubled a great deal with headache. 
34. How many people are there in the world ? 
Nearly fifteen hundred millions. 120 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
35. How many of them use tobacco ? 
Eight hundred millions, or more than half. 
36. Do medical men condemn the use of tobacco ? 
Yes ; Dr. Drysdale, of England, says that it causes 
blindness, palpitation of the heart, paralysis, diarrhoea, 
and diseases of the teeth and tongue. 
37. Have we any striking examples of injury to people 
in our own country from the use of the poisonous plant? 
Yes ; Hon. W. D. Kelly, Member of Congress from 
Pennsylvania, suffered for years from a cancer on the 
tongue. Senator Hill, of Georgia, died only two years ago 
from the same disease; and Gen. U. S. Grant is now 
thought to be slowly dying from a cancer on the back part 
of his tongue—all caused by smoking.* 
38. How does the use of it by small boys affect them ? 
It keeps them from growing. 
39. Do careful business men like to see their clerks 
using tobacco ? 
They do not. Many business men will not employ 
a young man who uses it in any way. 
40. Are fathers who use tobacco anxious that their sons 
should either chew or smoke ? 
They are not. No o?ie ever seriously advised his 
child to learn to use tobacco. 
Questions. 
i What are narcotics ? 
2. Can you name four kinds ? 
* General Grant died July 23, 1885, from the above-named trouble. 121 
3. Can you describe the effects of chloral ? 
4. How is tobacco used ? 
5. How does it affect persons when they use it for the 
first time ? 
6 Do the persons who use tobacco, constantly, gain or 
lose in flesh ? 
7. How does the use of it affect the breath of a man ? 
8. Why is smoking an expensive habit for a young 
man ? 
9. Why is it unwise to offer cigars and liquor to young 
men ? 
10. Why do a great many persons who smoke, drink 
wine and beer ? 
11. What is the oil of tobacco called? 
12. What are the diseases which Dr. Drysdale says are 
caused by the use of tobacco ? 
13. What caused the suffering and death of General 
Grant ? 
14. Are parents anxious that their children should learn 
to use tobacco ? 
IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
XL.—OPIUM. 
1. What is opium ? 
It is a kind of gum obtained in India from a plant 
called the poppy. 
2. How is it used ? 
Men chew it, smoke it, and also make a drink from it. 
3. What is its nature ? 
It is so strong that we can use but a small amount 
before feeling its effects. 122 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
4. What are the effects ? 
A short time after it is taken the person begins to 
feel bright and joyous, his eyes sparkle, and he forgets all 
his cares. 
5. What next takes place ? 
After a time his eyes lose their brightness and he 
becomes drowsy, but does not exactly sleep; he dreams 
and sees strange visions, nods his head and laughs as a 
child, but is scarcely conscious of anything which is taking 
place about him. 
6. What then follows the dreamy state ? 
The man falls into a state of stupor and knows 
nothing for several hours. 
7. How does he feel when he awakens from the stupor ? 
He is weakened and pale ; is scarcely able to walk ; 
has the headache, his mouth and throat become dry; he 
has no appetite, and, for hours, feels dull and stupid. 
8. What does the opium eater then do for relief ? 
He turns back to his pipe and soon feels his entire 
frame quivering wdth joy; he again forgets care and 
trouble and sees visions of bliss before him. 
9. How does the continued use of this narcotic affect 
the health and strength of a man ? 
He grows weaker day by day, until he becomes 
almost like a skeleton ; his body becomes bent, as with old 
age ; his fingers turn and cut into his hands ; he forgets 
everything except the mad craving for opium, to obtain 
which he will risk his life. 
10. How long does this state last? 
Generally until death ends the sufferings of the man. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
123 
11. Is it not possible to persuade a man to give up the 
use of the poison ? 
Men rarely ever escape from the vice ; they try to 
stop, but the pain is so great that they go back to the 
opium, and thus continue its use until they become so weak 
that they lose heart and refuse to give it up. 
12. When a man takes opium, does he find that the 
same amount will satisfy him each time? 
No; he finds that the dose must be increased, 
although he knows that the more he takes the sooner he 
must die. 
13. How long do people live who use the drug 
constantly ? 
Dr. Madden, who went to Constantinople to see the 
opium eaters, says, that as a rule, if they commence to use 
the poison before they are grown, they die before reaching 
the age of thirty years. 
14. Is the use of opium increasing or decreasing ? 
It is increasing ; the Chinese are bringing it to this 
country, and they keep what are known as opium dens, or 
opium hells, in all the large cities. 
15. Why should they be called by such terrible names ? 
Because they seem to destroy both body and soul. 
16. By what names do we commonly meet with opium ? 
As laudanum, morphine, Dovers powders, soothing 
syrup and paregoric. 
17. How and for what purpose are these medicines given? 
They are given as liquids, except Dovers powders, 
and are for the purpose of producing sleep and freedom 
from pain. 124 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
18. What great danger is there in the use of the opium 
compounds ? 
The danger is, that in trying to cure children of a 
slight pain they may be killed by opium poison which is in 
the soothing syrup, paregoric and other medicines. 
19. Have any children been killed by the use of opium 
compounds ? 
Yes ; Dr. Taylor says (see Taylor on Poisons, page 
528), that there is no form of poison so frequent as that by 
opium and its compounds. He says again, that three- 
fourths of all the deaths from opium take place among 
children who are less than five years of age. 
20. Does he cite any special instances of death to 
children from opium poisons ? 
Yes; he states that in 540 deaths from opium and 
its compounds, over 400 were among infants and children. 
21. How were the children affected after taking the 
opium mixtures? 
They all suffered somewhat in the same way ; one 
person says of them : “The sleeping stuff made them that 
they were almost always dozing and never cared for food, 
They pined away, their heads got big, and they died.” 
22. What is the safe rule in using soothing syrup, 
paregoric, and all such medicines? 
Always ask the family physician for advice on the 
subject. 
23. Why not follow the directions given on the bottles 
which are sold at the drug stores ? 
Because some of the medicines change and becom< 
stronger the longer they stand. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
125 
24. What conclusions did Dr. Johnson, of England, 
reach after making a careful study of the effects of opium 
on the human body ? 
He wrote as follows : “ It is certain that opium, like 
spirituous liquors, produces most melancholy body and 
soul destroying effects upon those who give themselves up 
to its use as a narcotic indulgence. If day brings them 
the bliss of heaven, night brings them the torments of 
hell.” 
25. How does the craving for opium compare with that 
for liquor or tobacco ? 
The same writer says, that “opium, of all substances 
is the most wonderfully seductive, and is therefore a 
most dangerous substance to use. The infatuation some- 
times reaches such a point that the certainty of death, and 
of all the fearful infirmities which in this case precede 
death, have no influence on the victim.” 
26. What great lesson should we learn from the study 
of this wonderful narcotic ? 
That it is better to suffer pain for a season than to 
attempt, except at the hands of a physician, the use of a 
drug which destroys manhood, wrecks the body, and 
endangers the soul. 
General Review. 
1. Can you name the principal centres of the nervous 
system ? 
2. Describe the brain ? 
3. How is it protected from injury ? 
4. Describe the appearance of the nerves in the brain ? 126 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
5. Can you explain the difference between a voluntary 
and involuntary movement of the body? 
6. Can you name the five senses ? 
8. How is the brain affected by the use of wine? 
8. What is meant by congestion of the brain? 
9. Do you know the difference between delirium 
tremens and insanity ? 
10. Why do public speakers use wine ? 
11. Can you state three ways in which the use of wine 
injures the action of the mind ? 
12. How may we escape the danger which attends the 
use of alcohol ? 
13. Describe the eye? 
14. Can you name eight parts which belong to the 
eye ? 
15. Which one of the three enveloping coats is of a deep 
black color ? 
16. Which one of the parts of the eye looks like a tiny 
watch crystal ? 
17. How is the eye protected from injury? 
18. What is the difference between one who is near 
sighted and another who is far sighted ? 
19. How do persons injure their eyes? 
20. Describe the eyes of the hard drinker? 
21. What is a jail ? 
22. How many prisoners were kept in the York 
(Pa.) jail during the year 1884 ? 
23. How many of them are recorded as being moderate 
drinkers ? 
24. What is a moderate drinker? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
127 
25. How many of them were under thirty-five years of 
age? 
26. Do medical men advise the use of liquor by those 
who are exposed to cold, stormy weather? 
27. Can you give the names of three physicians who 
state that the excessive use of liquor does not furnish heat 
to the body ? 
28. How did the sixty men, who took a good supply of 
provisions and liquors, succeed in getting through the 
winter at Hudson Bay ? 
29. How did the twenty-two men fare without liquor ? 
30. When soldiers have been sent into hot countries how 
have those succeeded who used liquor? 
31. What did Sir Charles Napier say, in 1849, of the 
soldiers who were sent to the hospital at Calcutta ? 
32. Can you name four narcoties now in use? 
33. How does the use of chloral affect the mind? 
34. How is tobacco used ? 
35. How does its use affect the system ? 
36. Do clerks often use tobacco ? 
37. Can they afford to do so ? 
38. Why should young men not treat others to tobacco 
and liquor ? 
39. Does smoking make a man thirsty ? 
40. Do many of the smokers use beer ? 
41. Do young girls who work in tobacco factories look 
strong and well ? 
42. Do you know of any diseases that medical men 
say are caused by smoking ? 
43. What killed Senator Hill of Georgia ? 128 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
44- What is opium ? 
45. How does the use of opium affect a man ? 
76. Does a man feel refreshed and satisfied after the 
use of opium ? 
47. Does a man after using opium for a time feel like 
giving up the use of it ? 
48. What is an opium hell, and why is the name applied 
to such a place ? 
49. Are many children killed by opium compounds? 
50. Why is paregoric given to children ? 
51. Is it safe to give such medicines to the little ones? PART FIFTH. 
THE GENERAL EFFECTS 
OF 
♦ 
STIMULANTS. PART FIFTH. 
XLI.—GENERAL EFFECTS. 
1. What have we found to be the appearance of the 
face when the brain is under the influence of alcohol? 
The eyes are restless and the pupils dilated, while 
the color of the skin varies from a gentle flush to that as 
red as though it had been burned with fire. 
2. Are there any signs which indicate disease? 
Yes, the face, instead of being smooth, is, in the case 
of the regular drinkers, marked with pimples and blotches 
which indicate that the blood is poisoned. 
3. Is the body changed in any other visible way as a 
result of the use of liquor? 
Yes; in the case of those who regularly use malt 
liquors, as ale or beer, the entire body becomes covered 
with fat, in the same way that we have found it to grow 
upon the liver, heart and kidneys. 
4. Is the formation of fat an advantage ? 
It is not, it weakens the system and prevents a man 
from using his full bodily powers. 
5. If the malt liquors produce fat, what are the effects 
which follow the use of whiskey, brandy and other strong 
drinks ? 
As a rule, the men who use them become thinner. 
6. Why is it that the malt liquors produce fat while 
the strong drinks have an opposite effect ? 132 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Because the malt liquors hold in solution, sugar, 
starch, gluten and oil, which are food elements, while the 
strong drinks are composed of almost pure alcohol and 
water. 
7. Does pure alcohol contain food material ? 
It does not. 
8. Do medical writers name special diseases which are 
caused by the use of alcohol ? 
They do assert in the most positive language that 
a great many diseases are caused by the use of alcoholic 
stimulants. 
XLII.—DISEASES CAUSED BY THE USE OF 
ALCOHOLIC STIMULANTS. 
1. What are the diseases which are said by medical 
men to result from the use of liquors ? 
Acidity, heart-burn, pyrosis, irritation of the stomach 
and intestines, nausea, frequent vomitings, purging, 
jaundice, cerebral congestion, scirrhus of the stomach, 
gout, rheumatism, dropsy, diabetes, epilepsy, paralysis, 
delirium tremens and insanity. (See Taylor on Poison, 
pp. 607.) 
2. Which of these diseases have we thus far considered? 
Acidity, irritation of the stomach and intestines, 
nausea (sick stomach), frequent vomiting, cerebral con- 
gestion, gout, rheumatism, delirium tremens, and insanity. 
3. What is heart-burn? 
It is a burning sensation in the stomach. 
4. What is pyrosis ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
133 
Inflammation of the stomach, commonly called 
water-brash. 
5. What is purging? 
A disease of the bowels. 
6. What is jaundice? 
A disease in which the eyes and surface of the body 
become yellow. 
7. What is meant by scirrhus of the stomach ? 
The growth of cancers upon it. 
8. What is dropsy? 
An unnatural collection of watery liquids in the 
body. 
9. What is diabetes? 
A disease of the kidneys, which in many cases ends 
in death. 
10. What is paralysis ? 
The loss of power. A man when totally paralyzed 
is unable to move either his hands or feet. 
11. Will good insurance companies insure the lives of 
men who use liquors regularly? 
They will not. They have found by experience that 
the men who drink alcoholic stimulants die much earlier 
than those who are temperate. 
Questions. 
1. Describe the face of the regular drinker. 
2. Does the constant use of beer result in the gain or 
loss of flesh ? Why ? 
3. Is the fat an advantage ? 134 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
4. Will a man by drinking whiskey become thin or 
fleshy ? 
5. Does pure alcohol contain food material ? 
6. Can you name six diseases which medical writers 
state are caused by the use of liquor? 
7. What is nausea? 
8. What is gout ? 
9. What is heart-burn ? 
10. What is jaundice ? 
11. What is dropsy? 
12. What is diabetes? 
13. What is paralysis ? 
14. Why will not good insurance companies grant 
policies to men who use liquor regularly ? 
XLIII.—ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS. 
Discussed by the Philadelphia County Medical Society. 
1. Do medical gentlemen often discuss the subject of 
alcoholic stimulants ? 
They do. It is considered to be one of the most 
vital questions of both the present and the future. 
2. Do the physicians agree as to the extent to which 
alcoholic stimulants should be used ? 
They very naturally differ as to the extent to which 
they should be used in cases'of sickness, but all thoughtful 
physicians are most firmly united in the view that, for 
persons in good health, alcoholic stimulants are not 
necessary, and hence should not be used. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
135 
3. What proof may be given in support of the above 
statement ? 
The question was discussed at the meeting of the 
Philadelphia County Medical Society, September 26, 1883, 
when the following gentlemen stated their views : Drs. 
Eskridge, Mills, Wood, O’Hara, Tyson, Hamilton, Wilson 
and Leffman. 
4. What did Dr. Eskridge say on the subject? 
He said, in addition to many other things : “I am 
satisfied that persons in health, under ordinary circum- 
stances, do not need an alcoholic stimulant, and, that if its 
administration is attended by no good results, evil only 
follows the use of alcohol at such times.” 
5. What view was presented by Dr. Mills ? 
He said : “ I would not wish to be regarded as an 
advocate of anything else but temperance in the best use of 
the word. About the evils of the abuse of alcohol no 
doubt can exist.” 
6. What view was presented by Dr. Wood ? 
He said: “ I am fully convinced that we do not 
need alcohol in health, but the indulgence in it moderately 
on occasions, is probably no more hurtful than over-eat- 
ing.” 
7. What did Dr. O’Hara say on the subject? 
He said : “ I have learned by experience the evils of 
too much confidence in alcohol, when I thought it was 
food, and now watch it closely as a medicine. I recall an 
instance in which brandy was used for dyspepsia ; the 
patient, it is true, got rid of the dyspepsia, but he com- 
plained frequently until the day of his death, which was 136 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
caused by liquor, that he had made a bad swap, and would 
rather have held on to his dyspepsia.” 
8. What view did Dr. Tyson present ? 
He cited a case as follows : “ I recall a case in which 
a gentleman was advised by a non-medical friend to use 
whiskey for dyspepsia. It was tried, and, finding good 
results from it, he continued using it in small amounts 
daily ; the use was kept up until one day the patient 
found the bottle empty. He missed his usual dose so 
greatly that he was forced to realize that he had been 
drinking, and never used the liquor again. It may be laid 
down as a rule that it is never safe for physicians to 
advise the regular use of alcohol for dyspepsia ; it may 
lead to a habitual use of stimulants.” 
9. What did Dr. Hamilton say ? 
He spoke both of moderate drinking and of the 
adulteration of liquors, saying: “Moderate drinking, it 
must be remembered, is very often the road to immoderate 
drinking 
The allusion to the adulteration of wines and strong 
liquors was deservedly made, but it occurs, doubtless, 
much more frequently in regard to the finer and more 
costly than to the cheaper liquors, and the perfection 
to which this adulteration has attained is simply noto- 
rious.” 
10. What was said by Dr. Wilson ? 
He said : “ Respectable medical men are not lax 
in their attitude on this question, but are accustomed to 
caution their patients in regard to the dangers of the use 
of alcohol.” IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
137 
11. What quotation may be made from the views of 
Dr. Frank Woodbury? 
The following: “In large doses everyone admits 
that it is capable of destroying life by its own properties 
when taken into the system, and it is therefore a poison. 
Its use in much smaller doses may not prevent the enjoy- 
ment of long life; but in many cases its constant use 
directly induces disease and tends to shorten life.” 
12. What did Dr. Leffman say in closing the discus- 
sion ? * 
“It is the habit of moderate drinking in health 
that makes drunkards. ********** * 
The whole question, it seems to me, is a most important 
one. The terrible effects of alcohol are seen in all 
directions, and if the restriction of it is needed—and I 
don’t see how any one can doubt the fact—such restriction 
must only come by active assistance of those who know 
the facts best. It will never do to temporize with vice.” 
13. What may be said to be the result of the dis- 
cussion ? 
That the gentlemen, without exception, condemn 
the regular use of alcoholic stimulants by those who are 
in health. 
14. What are the four conclusions concerning alcohol, 
which were adopted by the International Medical Congress 
in 1876 ? f 
* For the full report of the discussion of alcohol by the above-named mem- 
bers of the Philadelphia County Medical Association see The Philadelphia Medical 
Tunes. Vol. XIV, No. 416. 
t The International Medical Congress is composed of the most learned and 
distinguished physicians of the world. dinsmore’s first lessons 
138 
They are : 
1. Alcohol is not shown to have a definite food valtie by 
any of the methods of chemical analysis or physiological 
investigation. 
2. Its use as a medicine is chiefly that of a cardiac 
stimulant, and often admits of substitution. 
3. As a medicine, it is not well fitted for self- 
prescription by the laity, and the medical profession is not 
accountable for such administrations, or for the enor- 
mous evils arising therefrom. 
4. The purity of alcoholic liquors is, in general, not as 
well assured as that of articles used for medicines should be. 
Questions. 
1. When and by whom was the subject of alcoholic 
stimulants discussed in Philadelphia? 
2. Can you name four of the physicians who took part 
in the discussion ? 
3. Can you give the view of Dr. Eskridge ? 
4. What did Dr. O’Hara say about the man who took 
brandy for dyspepsia? 
5. Do you remember what Dr. Tyson stated about 
another man who took whiskey to cure dyspepsia? 
6. What did Dr. Hamilton say about adulterated 
liquors ? 
7. Did Dr. Frank Woodbury state that the use of 
alcohol tends to lengthen or shorten life? 
8. What did Dr. Lehman say about vice ? 
9. Did any of the gentlemen advise young men to 
commence the use of wine, beer or liquor of any kind ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
139 
io Can you give the four conclusions concerning 
alcohol adopted by the International Medical Congress in 
1876? 
11. Of whom is the International Medical Congress 
composed ? 
XLIV.—STUDY AND STIMULANTS. 
1. Have we any testimony from prominent literary 
men concerning the effects of alcoholic stimulants and 
narcotics upon the mind ? 
Yes; a valuable work called “ Study and Stimulants,” 
has recently been published by Lippincott & Co. of Phila- 
delphia, giving the personal experience upon this subject 
of more than one hundred of the most celebrated writers 
throughout the world. 
2. Who are some of the writers ? 
Mr. W. D. Howells, Dr. Louder Brunton, Prof. J. S. 
Blakie, Rev. Cannon Farrar, Sir. William Thompson, Dr. B. 
W. Richardson, Dr. Dio Lewis, Mr. George Augustus Sala, 
Mr. O. W. Holmes and Mr. W. C. Bryant. 
State the views of the above named gentlemen ? 
“When I take wine I think that it weakens my work, 
and my working force the next morning.” (W. D. Howells.) 
“ As far as my experience goes, wine is a clog to the 
pen, not an inspiration. I have never seen the time when 
I could write to my satisfaction after drinking even one 
glass of wine.” (Mark Twain.) 
“My idea is that work done under any kind of stim- 
ulants is unhealthy work, and tends to no good. As to 140 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
smoking, generally it is a vile and odious practice ; but I 
do not know that when not carried to excess, it is in any way 
unhealthy.” (J. S. Blakie.) 
“The evidence is all perfect that alcohol gives no 
potential power to brain or muscle. During the first stage 
of its action it may enable a wearied or a feeble organism 
to do brisk work for a short time ; it may make the mind 
briefly brilliant ; it may excite muscle to quick action, but 
it does nothing substantially, and fills up nothing it has de- 
stroyed, as it leads to destruction. A fire makes a brilliant 
sight, but leaves a desolution. It is the same with 
alcohol.” (B. W. Richardson.) 
“ I prefer an entirely undisturbed and unclouded 
brain for mental work, unstimulated by anything stronger 
than tea or coffee, unaffected by tobacco or other drugs.” 
(Oliver Wendell Holmes.) 
“ My drink is water, yet I sometimes, though rarely, 
take a glass of wine. I am a natural temperance man, 
finding myself rather confused than exhilarated by wine. 
I never meddle with tobacco, except to quarrel with its 
use.” (W. C. Bryant.) 
“ I will tell you who can’t take alcohol, and that is 
very important in the present day. Of all the people I 
know who cannot stand alcohol, it is the brain-workers.” 
(Henry Thompson.) 
3. Who writes that wine is a clog to the pen ? 
4. Who says that wine weakens his working force? 
5. What does Dr. Blakie say regarding unhealthy work? 
6. What does Dr. Richardson say about fire and 
alcohol ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
141 
7- What does Oliver Wendell Holmes say about an 
unclouded brain? 
8. What conclusion is reached by the aid of this work? 
Out of 124 prominent men mentioned in “Study 
and Stimulants,” not one advises the use alcoholic stimu- 
lants, while very many condemn the use of them as being 
exceedingly injurious to both mind and body. 
9. What is the conclusion concerning the use of tobacco? 
The majority of the gentlemen condemn the 
practice, although some defend it, but no one advises 
young persons to commence it. 
10. How many scientific men sent their views on the 
subject of the use of tobacco ? 
Twenty. 
11. How many of them smoke ? 
Only two. 
12. What does the editor of “ Study and Stimulants,” 
say of the use of tobacco by young men ? 
“To young men tobacco is bad in any form. It 
poisons their blood, stunts their growth, weakens the mind, 
and makes them lazy.” 
13. What has been the experience at the government 
schools ? 
The military officers at Annapolis and West Point 
have found the above named effects to be true upon the 
young men who are in training at those places, and there- 
fore the Government has forbidden the use of tobacco at 
both institutions. 
14. What has been the history of tobacco at Harvard 
University ? 142 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Dr. Dio Lewis of Harvard says that no tobacco user 
has ever taken the first honor at that University. 
15. What has been the experience in the Old World ? 
It has been found that in the colleges there, those 
who have used tobacco have not ranked as high in scholar- 
ship as those who abstained from its use. 
16. Why should not those who use tobacco rank as high 
in scholarship as the others ? 
It is thought that when tobacco is used by young 
men, who have not attained their growth, that it dulls the 
mind, and thus prevents them from succeeding as well as 
their companions who do not use the poisonous weed. 
17. What does Mr. George Augustus Sala say of tobacco, 
after using it for forty years ? 
“As to smoking stupefying a man’s faculties or 
blunting his energy, that allegation I take to be mainly 
nonsense. The greatest workers and thinkers of modern 
times have been inveterate smokers. At the same time, it 
is idle to deny that smoking to excess weakens the eyesight, 
impairs the digestion, plays havoc with the nerves, and interferes 
with the action of the heart * I have been a constant smoker 
for nearly forty years; but had I my life to live over again 
I would never touch tobacco in any shape or form. 
Questions. 
1. What is the nature of the work called “Study and 
Stimulants ? ” 
2. Can you name four of the gentlemen mentioned in it ? 
* It is very difficult to conceive of a man doing good brain work while suffering 
as Mr. Sala describes. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
143 
3. Does Mr. Howells state that wine strengthened or 
weakened his work ? 
4. What does Mark Twain* state about even one glass 
of wine ? 
5. What does Prof. Blakie state about work done 
under any kind of stimulus ? 
6. Can you state what Dr. Richardson says about the 
action of alcohol on the mind ? 
7. What kind of brain does O.W. Holmes say he prefers? 
8. What does Mr. W. C. Bryant say about his plan 
with tobacco ? 
9. Who does Mr. Henry Thompson say cannot stand 
alcohol ? 
10. Do any of the writers advise young men to either 
smoke or drink ? 
11. What does Mr. A. E. Reade say of the use of tobacco 
by young men ? 
12. What action has been taken by the Government 
concerning the use of tobacco by cadets at Annapolis and 
West Point ? 
13. How many smokers at Harvard have taken the first 
honors at that university ? 
14. How does Mr. George Augustus Sala say the use of 
tobacco affects the eye-sight, digestion, nerves, and heart ? 
XLV.—ADULTERATED LIQUORS. 
i. In our study thus far of the effects of alcoholic 
drinks upon the human system, have we taken for granted 
that the liquors were pure or impure ? 
* Mr. S. L. Clemens. 144 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
No reference has been made to any kind except 
pure alcoholic liquors. 
2. What results have we found to follow the use of 
such drinks ? 
They produce the greatest injury*to both mind and 
body. 
3. What is meant by adulterated liquor ? 
That which contains impurities. 
4. Are the alcoholic liquors adulterated ? 
They are. It is almost impossible to find pure 
liquors. 
5. What are the substances used for adulterating 
liquor ? 
Roots, seeds, onions, juniper berries and snuff, be- 
sides copperas, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and other chem- 
icals. 
6. Do these substances, when added to alcoholic 
drinks, make them better or worse ? 
They make them worse. 
7. Why then aie they added to liquors ? 
Roots, seeds, pepper, cocculus indicus, and other 
materials are added to beer to make it bitter, while 
some acids are added to wines to change their color, 
and others are used with strong drink to cheapen the cost 
of it. 
8. What effect does the adulterated beer have upon 
the system ? 
It sickens the stomach, and when taken in excess, 
drugs a person so that he becomes drowsy and finally loses 
consciousness. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
145 
9- Why should acid be added to wine to change the 
color ? 
In order to make it look older and better. 
io. How does the addition of acid cheapen the cost of 
liquor? " 
A quart of strong sulphuric acid, worth twenty-five 
cents, with a little coloring matter, added to a keg of wine 
or brandy will make a barrel of what is called liquor, which 
may then be sold at a profit of more than a hundred dollars. 
ix. Do chemists often find such acids in alcholic drinks ? 
They do, and especially in the liquors used in the 
saloons where laboring men resort.* 
12. What is the nature of the sulphuric acid, which is 
said to be used so commonly to adulterate liquors? 
It is a deadly poison, which is so strong that it is 
often used to dissolve bones, in order to make bone-phos- 
phate, a material used to enrich the soil. 
13. How does it affect the body ? 
Owing to its strength, it tends to produce inflamma- 
tion of the stomach, and thus helps alcohol to carry a man 
down to an early grave. 
14. What great lesson should be learned from this per- 
centage of the poisons found in wines and strong liquors ? 
That very many of the alcoholic stimulants now in 
use and given to invalids, even by the advice of physicians, 
are so poisonous that instead of helping the sufferers they 
either keep them sick longer, or cause death where other- 
wise lives might be saved. 
* The writer has since April i, 1885, examined ten samples of sherry wine, and 
found sulphuric acid in nine of them. 146 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
XLVI.—THE CHILDREN OF DRUNKARDS. 
1. Are the children of those who use alcoholic liquors, 
to excess, different in any respects from their companions 
whose parents abstain from the use of stimulants? 
Yes. We have found that by the use of liquor the 
parents lose their strength, and it is known that the 
children inherit their weakness. 
2. Name three respects in which the children of con- 
stant liquor drinkers differ from those of earnest, hard- 
working and temperate people? 
In the first place, their minds are duller ; In the 
second, they are wreaker in body ; and in the third, they 
are cast down by the disgrace which attends the vice of 
their parents. 
3. Why is it thought that the minds of such children 
are weaker than those of others ? 
Because the children of hard drinkers very rarely 
take a high grade in the classes of either the common 
schools or institutions of a higher order. 
4. Is there any other reason for stating that the chil- 
dren of drunkards are weak in mind ? 
Yes. It is quite common for children to be found 
in such families with minds so feeble that they are called 
idiots. 
5. Why is it that the children of drunkards are not so 
strong as those of temperate parents ? 
Because children are like their parents. They look 
like them, act like them, and live like them ; therefore by 
such fathers and mothers, who have poisoned and almost IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
147 
destroyed their bodies with liquor and narcotics, poor, 
sickly, wretched children are raised to add to the sadness 
and crime of the world. 
6. Why should it be said that such sickly persons add 
to the crime of the world ? 
Because it is a sad, but well-known fact, that the 
children of drinking parents inherit a natural taste for 
liquor, and having but little strength with which to resist, 
they yield to temptation, commence drinking, and soon 
commit worse crimes than their fathers did before them. 
7. Is it possible to cite any direct medical testimony in 
support of the statement that it is common for drunkards 
to raise idiot children? 
Yes; Dr. W. B. Carpenter says in his Mental 
Physiology * that Dr. Howe, in his Report on the Statis- 
tics of Idiocy in Massachusetts, states that the habits of 
the parents of three hundred idiots, having been learned, 
one hundred and forty-five, or nearly one-half were found 
to be habitual drunkards. In one instance in which both 
parents were drunkards seven idiot children were born to 
them. 
8. What did Dr. W. A. F. Browne, of Scotland, write 
when he had charge of a large asylum ? 
“ The drunkard not only injures and enfeebles his own 
nervous system, but entails mental disease upon his family. 
His daughters are nervous and hysterical ; his sons are 
weak, wayward, eccentric, and sink under the pressure of 
excitement of some unforeseen exigency, or the ordinary 
calls of duty.” 
* See page 370. 148 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
9. What did Dr. Howe also write concerning taste and 
desire for stimulants ? 
“ The children of drunkards are deficient in bodily and 
vital energy, and are predisposed by their very organiza- 
tion to have cravings for alcoholic stimulants. If they 
pursue the course of their fathers, which they have more 
temptation to follow, and less power to avoid, than the 
children of the temperate, they add to their hereditary 
weakness, and increase the tendency to idiocy or insanity in 
their constitution, and this they leave to their children 
after them.” 
10. Are the drunken parents then responsible for the 
misery and crime of their children ? 
They are, indeed, in a great measure; and at the 
judgment bar of God will be called to render an account 
for the vice which they fostered in themselves, and the 
suffering and distress which they heaped upon others. 
11. Did the persons, who are now confirmed drunkards, 
ever suppose when they began to drink, that they would 
end their lives in this way ? 
They did not. They expected to be only moderate 
drinkers. 
12. What did Dr. Leffman of Philadelphia say at the 
Medical Society concerning moderate drinking ? 
He said that “it is the habit of moderate drinking 
in health that makes drunkards.” 
Questions. 
i. Have we found that pure alcoholic stimulants help 
or injure the body? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
149 
2. What are adulterated liquors ? 
3. Is it now easy to obtain pure liquors? 
4. Name six substances in use for the adulteration 
of liquors ? 
5. Why do meji adulterate liquor ? 
6. Does beer which is adulterated make a person feel 
brighter or duller? 
7. What was found in the sherry wine in York ? 
8. Can you describe sulphuric acid or tell any purpose 
for which it is used ? 
9. How would the use of such wine affect an invalid ! 
10. How do the children of drunkards differ from 
others ? 
11. Have such children clear minds ? 
12. Are children usually like or unlike their parents ? 
13. Are the drunkards’children more or less liable than 
others to fall when tempted to commit a crime ? 
14. What does Dr. Howe write concerning the taste 
and desire on the part of such persons for stimulants ? 
15. What did Dr. Leffman state to be the cause of 
drunkenness ? 
XLVII.—WINE FOR THE STOMACH’S SAKE. 
1. What excuse do a great many persons give for 
their constant use of wine? 
They say that the Apostle Paul wrote to Timothy to 
take wine for his stomach’s sake. 
2. Did the Apostle so advise Timothy ? 
He did. 150 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
3. Do the persons who make this excuse usually quote 
the entire verse which contains the advice ! 
They do not. Very few know the remainder of the 
sentence. 
4. What are the exact words of the verse ? 
Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy 
stomach’s sake and thine often infirmities. I Tim. v; xxiii. 
5. What then do we find concerning the statement 
which men thus quote so frequently? 
They omit both the first and last part of what Paul 
says, and obtain their excuse by taking only a part of one 
sentence. 
6. Was Paul well acquainted with Timothy when he 
wrote this advice to him ? 
Yes ; he had known him for years, and at that time 
looked upon him as a son. 
7. What do we find by looking carefully at the mes- 
sage which he sent to Timothy ? 
We find that he told Timothy both how to take the 
wine and explained why he advised its use. 
8. What is the meaning of the clause “drink no 
longer water ?” 
It is stated by learned writers on the Scriptures to 
mean: Drink not water only, but add a little wine to it. 
(See Barnes.) 
9. Why did Paul advise this ? 
It is said that Timothy was a young man who 
would not touch wine on any account, but that Paul 
knowing his bodily condition, suggested that it would be 
wise to use it. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
151 
10. How much wine did he say to take, and why was it 
to be used ? 
He said, “Use a little wine for thy stomach’s sake 
and thine often infirmities.” 
11. What is the meaning of the clause “For thy 
stomach’s sake and thine often infirmities?” 
It shows that the stomach of Timothy was out of 
order, and that he was subject to frequent attacks of pain 
or weakness. 
12. Did Paul then write to Timothy to use wine for 
pleasure ? 
No. It was to be taken solely as a medicine. 
13. If Paul and Timothy were alive at this time would 
the former probably advise the use of wine ? 
He would not. 
If they were alive, and Paul were to try and use 
some of the vile poison which is now selling as wine, 
he would write another epistle to Timothy and charge 
him never again to touch wine, especially for his stomach's 
sake. 
14. Who was the wisest man the world has ever known ? 
King Solomon. 
15. What did he write concerning the use of wine? 
Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath con- 
tentions? who hath babbling? who hath wounds without 
cause ? who hath redness of eyes ? They that tarry long 
at the wine ; they that go to seek mixed wine. Look not 
thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his color 
in the cup, when it moveth itself aright. At last it biteth 
like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. Prov. xxiii; 29-32. 152 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
16. What are the rewards of an active temperate life? 
Health, home, friends, peace, respect, honor and 
countless joys. 
17. What are the results of a careless, intemperate life ? 
The loss of health, home, friends, peace, respect, 
and honor ; and further, the intemperate man, instead of 
having countless joys, drags through a life of shame, 
disgrace, drunkenness and ruin. 
18. What should a thoughtful youth do to succeed in life? 
He should seek the guidance of our Heavenly 
Father and strive earnestly to obtain the rewards of a 
temperate and virtuous life. 
Final Review.* 
Part First. 
1. Of what does physiology treat ? 
2. Can you state four ways in which an animal differs 
from a plant ? 
3. Do you know four ways in which man differs from 
the other animals, such as horses and cattle ? 
4. What are the names of the three great divisions of 
the human body? 
5. Are the heart and lungs in the chest or abdomen ? 
6. Do you know whether the greater part of the body 
is composed of solid or liquid substances? 
7. How many bones are there in the human body ? 
8. Do you know whether the bones are formed chiefty 
of lime, iron or salt ? 
* To Teachers.—The final review should be as thorough as possible. IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
153 
9. When the bone of a child is broken, how long does 
it require for the parts to grow together again ? 
10. How many teeth should five-year-old children have ? 
11. What are the vertebrae? 
12. Are the true ribs above or below the false ones ? 
13. Are the bones in the wrist called the carpal or 
tarsal bones ? 
14. Which part of the leg is called the lower leg ? 
15. Are the long bones of the arms and legs solid or 
hollow ? 
16. What is the difference between the spinal cord and 
the spinal column ? 
17. Is the skin composed of one or two layers of 
matter ? 
18. Can you explain the difference between a muscle 
and a tendon ? 
19. Where are some of the principal muscles located? 
20. What is a joint? 
21. Can you describe the ball and socket joint? 
22. Do you know whether there are any bqnes which 
grow together as a person advances in years ? 
23. How are the bones held together at the joints ? 
24. Where the ends of the bones meet are they sup- 
plied with any kind of oil or liquid to keep them moist? 
Part Second. 
25. Of what does Hygiene treat? 
26. Can you write three good rules which should 
be followed in order to develop and strengthen the 
body ? 154 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
27. What is the difference between necessary and lux- 
urious food ? 
28. Can you name six substances which help to form 
the human body? 
29. Is the iron found in the blood, flesh or bones ? 
30. Is water composed of oxygen and hydrogen, or 
oxygen and carbon ? 
31. Do you know how much water there is in the human 
body ? 
32. Do you know whether the egg is composed of 
albumen, starch or fat ? 
33. Can you tell why we require starch and sugar as 
food ? 
34. What would be the effect upon a person if he were 
to stop using salt ? 
35. Should a person live on animal or vegetable food ? 
36. Do the people in Russia use more or less fat food 
than in Italy? Give a reason for your answer. 
37. What is the best liquid, for strength, to drink? Why? 
38. How do persons injure themselves with ice water? 
39. Can you name six kinds of food which are good 
for sick persons ? 
40. Do thoughtful persons use alcohol as food ? 
41. Why should persons bathe? 
42. If a person should not take a bath for a month 
would the pores of his skin be open or closed ? 
43. Why should boys not remain in the water for two 
hours at a time ? 
44. What is sometimes a cause of the cramp which 
troubles swimmers ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
155 
45- Do persons usually lay aside their winter clothing 
too early or late in the spring ? 
46. What does Dr. Carl Seiler say about wrapping the 
neck in winter ? 
47. What risk is there in remaining in school or church 
when the feet are wet ? 
48. When a man does not use his arms do they become 
stronger or weaker ? 
49. Why is a farmer stronger than a merchant ? 
50. Why should a man wait an hour or two after a meal 
before engaging in hard work ? 
51. Which would be better for a person with weak 
arms, to chop wood or spend the same time in walking ? 
52. Which is better, to exercise in the house or in the 
open air ? Why ? 
53. What is taught in a gymnasium ? 
54. Why is roller skating a dangerous exercise ? 
55. Why is it wise to spend at least eight hours of the 
day in sleep ? 
56. Why do our houses not contain pure air? 
57. What is the name of the gas which is thrown from 
the lungs ? 
58. Why is it that when a church is full of people, a 
great deal of coughing is heard? 
59. How should bed-rooms be ventilated ? 
60. Can you think of a good plan for supplying a 
school-room with fresh air? 
61. Are public buildings usually well ventilated ? 156 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
Part Third. 
62. What are stimulants ? 
63. Can you name four kinds of mild liquor? 
64. Do you know the difference between a stimulant 
and a narcotic ? 
65. Do you know the difference between wine and 
whiskey ? 
66. Can you explain the chemical change which takes 
place when cider ferments ? What is formed besides alco- 
hol ? 
67. Can you describe alcohol ? 
68. Upon what does the strength of any wine depend ? 
69. What does it mean when we say that brandy con- 
tains about 50 per cent, of alcohol ? 
70. What is malt liquor? 
71. What great risk is there in using wine in cases of 
sickness ? 
72. Can you name four kinds of strong drink? 
73. From what is rum made? 
74. Did the men who now use whiskey commence by 
using mild or strong liquor ? 
75. Can you name four internal organs which are 
injured by the use of alcoholic stimulants ? 
76. Describe the stomach. 
77. Through which organ does the food pass from the 
mouth to the stomach ? 
78. Can you explain how the food is digested? 
79. What is chyme ? 
80. What is the pylorus or gate-keeper? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 
157 
81. State three ways in which alcohol injures the 
stomach ? 
82. How is an inflamed stomach affected by the use of 
alcohol ? 
83. How is the liver changed by the use of liquor? 
84. What is the hob-nailed liver? 
85. What is known to be one of the principal causes of 
Bright’s disease ? 
86. What is the cause of gout ? 
87. Can you name any of the substances which help to 
form the blood ? 
88. Can you describe the circulation of the blood ? 
89. Is the blood of a purple color when it passes through 
the arteries ? 
90. How many quarts are there in the human system? 
91. Do you know how many times the heart beats per 
minute ? 
92. How much blood passes through the heart at each 
beat ? 
93. Do you know whether it passes through the heart 
quietly or by spurts ? 
94. When an artery is cut how should the flow of blood 
be stopped ? 
95. Why may the blood be called the life of the body? 
96. How does the use of alcoholic stimulants injure the 
heart and blood ? 
97. How may it be shown that alcohol overworks the 
heart ? 
98. Why do many drunkards die suddenly? 
99. Can you describe the lungs? 158 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
100. How many air cells do they contain ? 
101. Explain the changes which take place when we 
breathe. 
102. How many times do we breathe per minute? 
103. Does a boy breathe faster when running or walking ? 
104. Can you explain how the lungs aid in producing 
heat ? 
105. How is the heat carried from the lungs to the other 
parts of the body ? 
106. How is the breath of a man affected by the use of 
strong drink ? 
107. What does Dr. H. N. Martin of the Johns Hopkins 
University say of alcohol as a whip ? 
Part Fourth. 
108. What are the principal parts of the nervous organi- 
zation ? 
109. Describe the brain ? 
no. How much does the brain weigh? 
in. Is the cerebrum the name for the large or small 
brain ? 
112. What do the nerves of the brain look like? 
113. What is the mind? 
114. What are the voluntary movements of the body ? 
115. Can you name four involuntary movements of the 
body ? 
116. What is the effect of alcohol on the mind? 
117. Describe the appearance and actions of a man when 
intoxicated ? 
118. What is the cause of delirium tremens? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
159 
119. Are persons who become insane from the use of 
liquor quiet and gentle or violent and dangerous? 
120. Are men always able to stop drinking when they 
wish to do so ? 
121. What excuse do public writers and speakers give 
for using stimulants. 
122. How does the drinking man change in his disposi- 
tion ? 
123. Describe the eye. 
124. What are the colors of the iris ? 
125. When is a man near-sighted ? 
126. What is the difference between the appearance of 
the eyes of a man who uses opium and one who does not ? 
127. How is alcohol responsible for the sickness of 
people ? 
128. What has the use of liquor to do with crime ? 
129. What record concerning the prisoners is kept in 
jails ? 
130. How many prisoners were recorded in the York 
(Pa.) jail in 1884? 
131. How many were recorded as being moderate drink- 
ers ? 
132. Of the two hundred and fifty-six prisoners how many 
were under twenty-one years of age? 
133. How many of them had received a good education? 
134. Is the use of alcohol an advantage or disadvantage 
to those who are exposed to continued cold ? 
135. What proof is there for the assertion that it is a dis- 
advantage ? 
136. How long did Dr. Richardson study and experiment 100 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
in order to determine whether the use of it increased or 
decreased the temperature of the body ? 
137. Give the experience of the men who tried the use of 
alcohol in the polar regions ? 
138. What advice did Sir Charles Napier give to the 
soldiers of the 96th Regiment at Calcutta, concerning the 
use of alcohol in that hot climate ? 
139. What are narcotics ? For what arc hops used ? 
140. How is the mind of a person affected by the con- 
tinued use of chloral ? 
141. How is tobacco used ? 
142. How are persons affected when they use tobacco for 
the first time ? 
143. Name three injurious effects which the use of tobacco 
produces upon young persons ? 
144. What is there in tobacco which makes it poison- 
ous ? 
145. What does Dr. Drysdale, of England, say of tobacco ? 
146. What caused the cancer upon the tongue of Gen. 
Grant ? 
147. Are parents desirous that their children should learn 
to use tobacco ? 
148. What is opium ? 
149. Name the three principal ways in which it is used ? 
150. How are men injured by its use ? 
151. When persons commence to use opium before they 
are grown how long do they live ? 
152. Can you name four medicines which contain opium ? 
153. What does Dr. Taylor say of the deaths among 
children from opium compounds ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
161 
154. Why is it necessary to ask the family physician how 
to use such medicines? 
155. Why is the use of opium more dangerous than that 
of other narcotics 
156. How do those who use malt liquors change in form 
after so doing ? 
157. Is the fat which the malt liquors produce a sign of 
health ? 
158. Can you name eight diseases which are caused by 
the use of alcohol ? 
159. Do you understand the nature of the following 
diseases : heart-burn, jaundice, dropsy, paralysis, and 
cancer of the stomach ? 
160. When did the gentlemen of the “Philadelphia 
County Medical Society ” discuss the use of alcoholic 
stimulants ? 
161. Who were some of the gentlemen who took part in 
the discussion ? 
162. Did any of them advise the use of alcohol by 
persons in good health? 
163. What was the experience of the man who tf'ok 
whiskey to cure the dyspepsia ? 
164. What did Dr. Leffman say concerning moderate 
drinking ? 
165. Can you give the four conclusions concerning alco- 
hol which were adopted by the International Medical 
Congress in 1876 ? 
166. Of whom is the International Medical Congress 
composed ? 
Part Fifth. 162 
dinsmore’s first lessons 
167. Can you name six of the most prominent writers of 
the world who have expressed their views concerning 
stimulants and narcotics ? 
168. Flow did Dr. Richardson compare alcohol to a fire ? 
169. Who said that the brain-workers cannot stand 
alcohol ? 
170. How does Mr. A. E. Reade say the use of tobacco 
affects young men,? 
171. What did Dr. Dio Lewis say concerning tobacco 
and the first honor at Harvard University ? 
172. What did Mr. George Augustus Sala say of tobacco 
after using it for forty years. 
173. What is adulterated liquor? 
174. Name four materials which are used to adulterate 
liquor ? 
175. What was found in sherry wine in York, Pa.? 
176. Is sulphuric acid harmless or poisonous ? 
177. How do the children of drunkards differ from others? 
178. Why is it thought that their minds are weak? 
179. Why are the children of drunkards not so strong as 
others ? 
180. How do they add to the crime of the world ? 
181. Are the children of drinking parents more or less 
inclined to drink than others? 
182. How many drunkards did Dr. Carpenter say there 
were among the parents of 300 idiots in Massachusetts? 
183. What did Dr. Browne, of Scotland, say concerning 
the drunkard and his children ? 
184. Should the men who now use liquor be held re- 
sponsible for the pain they cause to others ? IN PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
163 
185. What do men state that the Apostle Paul wrote to 
Timothy ? 
186. What did he really write? 
187. How much wine did Paul say to use ? 
188. Why was it needed ? 
189. Does this lock as though Paul advised Timothy to 
take wine for pleasure, or on account of necessity? 
190. If Paul and Timothy were alive now, and the 
former should try to use the wine which is selling, what 
would he write to Timothy? 
191. Who was King Solomon ? 
192. Can you repeat what he wrote about the wine 
drinkers ? 
193. What are the rewards of a virtuous and temperate 
life ? 
194. How may true success in life be attained ? TO STUDENTS. 
You will derive both pleasure and benefit from the 
exercise if you will try to dissect the eyes, ears, heart and 
lungs of rabbits, squirrels, and other small animals. 
It will be an excellent plan for you to keep notes of 
what you try to do with each organ. 
Take an eye and find each part of it. Remove as many 
parts as possible, and place them on a paper, side by 
side. 
Make in addition a little extra study of the eye, and 
find the meaning of the terms myopia, hyper-myopia, and 
astigmatism. 
By studying other organs systematically in like manner, 
you will obtain a great deal of valuable information.