Outlines of 
Histology 
Bv M. D. Hoge, Jr., M. D.. 
RICHMOND, VA., 
Professor of Histology, Pathology and Urinology, University 
College of Medicine, Richmond, Va.; Pathologist, Vir- 
ginia Hospital; Visiting Physician, Foundling 
Hospital, etc., etc. 
J. W. FERGUSSON & SON, PRINTERS. 
RICHMOND ; 
1897. Outlines of Histology. 
Killing. 
To produce sudden death of the histological 
elements. 
Heat 90° C. 
Narcotism. 
Nicotin. 
Chloral hydrate. 
Cocaine, morphia, curare, strychnin. 
Asphyxiation. 
Examination of Fresh Tissue. 
Chloroform. 
Indifferent media. 
Normal saline solution, .6 per cent, salt 
solution. 
lodised serum. 
Aqueous humor. 
Sugar syrup. 
Chloral hydrate, 5 per cent, solution. 
Dissociation. 
Teasing, 
Maceration. 
Ranvier’s alcohol; alcohol 1 part, water 
2 parts. 
Sodium chloride, 30 per cent, solution. 
Caustic potash, 35 per cent, solution. 
Nitric acid, 20 per cent, solution. 
Glycerin. 4 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Digestion. 
Pepsin 1 part, water 200 parts. 
Pancreatin. 
Methods. 
General methods. 
Special methods. 
Fixing. 
Preserving. 
Hardening. 
Embedding. 
Cutting. 
Affixing. 
Staining. 
Mounting. 
Fixing. 
Rapid killing of the cells, so that they 
hold the same forms in death they 
had in life. 
The cells resist further action of reagents. 
The action of fixatives is the coagulation 
of the constituents of the tissues. 
Tissues must be fresh. 
The penetration must be rapid. 
The quantity must be large, 50 to 100 
times larger than the object. 
The object must be small, not exceeding 
2 c. c. 
Fixation is accelerated by heat 
Osmic acid. 
By vapor. 
By solution, J-to'2 per cent. 
Chromic acid, 1 per cent, solution in water 
or alcohol. 
Flemming’s chromo-aceto osmic acid solu- 
tion. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
5 
A. 
1 per cent, chromic acid, 11 parts. 
Distilled water, 4 parts 
Glacial acetic acid, 1 part. 
B. 
2 per cent, osmic acid in 1 per cent, 
chromic acid solution. 
Mix 4 parts of A. to 1 of B. 
Or, 
A, 
Chromic acid, 41 decigrammes 
Glacial acetic acid, 37.5 c. c. 
Aq. distil., 600 c. c. 
Osmic acid, 3 grammes. 
Chromic acid, 1 5 grammes. 
Aq. distil , 150 c. c. 
To 4 parts of A. add 1 of B. 
Bleaching the blackened tissues. 
Peroxide of hydrogen. 
Turpentine. 
Bichloride of mercury. 
Saturated 4 per cent, of salt solution 
with the bichloride. 
B. 
Carnoy’s fluid. 
Glacial acetic acid, 1 part. 
Chloroform, 3 parts. 
Absolute alcohol, 6 parts. 
Absolute alcohol. 
Prepared by, 
Adding quick-lime. 
Adding calcined cupric sulphate. 
Suspending strips of gelatin. 
Hermann’s platino-aceto-osmic acid solu- 
tion. 6 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
1 per ct. sol. chloride of platinum, 60 c. c. 
2 per cent sol. osmic acid, 8 c. c. 
Glacial acetic acid, 4 c. c. 
Formol or formalin, 1 per cent, to 10 per 
cent. 
Preserving. 
Alcohol 70 per cent. 
Formol or formalin, 1 per cent, to 10 per 
cent. 
Hardening. 
Chromic acid, 4 per cent, to \ per cent. 
Muller’s fluid. 
Bichromate of potash, 2 parts. 
Sulphate of soda, 1 part. 
Water, 100 parts. 
Erlicki’s fluid. 
Bichromate of potash, 2.5 parts. 
Sulphate of copper, 1 part. 
Water, 100 parts. 
Ascending alcohols. 
Embedding. 
Paraffin. 
Soft, melting point of 35° C. 
Hard, melting point of 55° C. 
Mixed. 
Water-bath. 
Gas regulator, Reichert’s. 
Method. 
Absolute alcohol 2 hours. 
Xylol 2 hours. 
Soft paraffin 2 hours. 
Mixed paraffin 2 hours. 
Moulds. 
Celloidin. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
7 
Method. 
Absolute alcohol 24 hours. 
Absolute alcohol and ether, equal parts, 
24 hours. 
Thin celloidin 24 hours. 
Thick celloidin 24 hours. 
Harden in 80 per cent, alcohol. 
Preserve in 70 per cent, alcohol. 
Cut with 70 per cent, alcohol on knife. 
Freezing method. 
Syrup and gum. 
Cutting. 
Free head with razor. 
Microtome. 
Affixing. 
Mayer’s albumin affixative. 
White of egg, 1 5J60 c c 
Glycerin, j 
Salicylate of soda, 1 gramme. 
Shake well and filter. 
Method. 
Staining. 
General stains. 
Selective. 
Nuclear. 
Protoplasmic. 
Specific. 
Methods. 
Direct. 
Staining living tissues, methylen blue 
Carmine stains. 
Indirect. 8 
OUTLINES OP HISTOLOGY. 
Alum carmine, 
Alum, 5 grams. 
Carmine, 1 gram. 
Water, 100 c. c 
Carbolic acid, 1 gtt. 
Boil and filter. 
Picro-carmine. 
Carmine, 1 gram. 
Liquor ammonia, 5 c. c. 
Water, 50 c. c. 
Sat. sol. picric acid, 50 c. c. 
Let stand three days uncorked, and 
filter. 
Hsematoxylin (Delafield’s). 
A. Hiematoxylin, 1 gram. 
Abs. alcohol, 6 c. c. 
B. Alum, 15 grams. 
Water, 100 c. c. 
Add A. and B. slowly; leave un- 
corked three days. Filter. Add 
25 c. c. each of pure glycerin and 
methylic alcohol. Let stand three 
days and filter. 
Aniline stains. 
Aqueous solutions. 
Alcoholic solutions. 
Methyl violet. 
2 grams dissolved in 100 c. c. of water. 
Methylene blue. 
1 gram dissolved in 100 c. c. of water. 
Saffranin. 
1 gram in 50 c. c. of 50 per cent, 
alcohol. 
Bismark Brown. 
Concentrated solution of 40 per cent, 
alcohol. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
9 
Eosin. 
Aqueous. 
Alcoholic. Both saturated solutions. 
Metallic stains. 
Nitrate of silver 1 per cent, solution. 
Method. 
Chloride of gold. 
Method. 
Fresh tissue. 
Put in lemon juice 15 minutes. 
Wash in water. 
Put in 2 per cent, chloride of gold sol. 
one-half hour. 
Wash in water. 
Put in 20 per cent, formic acid 24 hours. 
Wash in water. 
Glycerin and alcohol 
Mount in balsam. 
Staining in hulk. 
Alum carmine. 
Borax carmine. 
Borax 4 grams. 
Water 100 c. c. 
Carmine 3 grams. 
70 per cent, alcohol 100 c. c. 
After 24 hours, filter. 
After treatment, acidulated 70 per cent, 
alcohol. 
Decalcifying. 
Lee’s fluid. 
Hydrochloric acid 3c. c. 
Sodium chloride 10 grams. 
Methyl spirits 30 c. c. 
Water 70 c. c. 10 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Clarkson’s fluid 
Chromic acid 1 gram. 
Water 200 c. c. 
Nitric acid 2 c. c. 
Mounting. 
Cement rings. 
Turn-table. 
Canada balsam. 
Xylol balsam. 
Complete scheme of work. 
Perfectly fresh tissue. 
Fix. 
Harden. 
(Stain in bulk.) 
Preserve. 
Dehydrate, abs. alcohol. 
Go between, xylol. 
Soft paraffin. 
Mixed paraffin. 
Embed in paraffin. 
Cut sections with microtome. 
Affix to slide, albumin affixative, 
Heat gently. 
Benzin. 
Alcohol. 
(Water.) 
Stain. 
(Water.) 
Alcohol. 
Clove oil. 
Xylol balsam. 
Label. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
11 
Injecting blood vessels. 
Carmine solution. 
Carmine 3 grams. 
Glycerin 100 c. c. 
A. Glacial acetic acid, sc. c. 
Glycerin 100 c. c, 
Alcohol 50 c. c, 
To 4 parts of B. add 1 part of A 
Prussian blue solution. 
B. Water 50 c. c, 
Prussian blue sc. c. 
Water 60 c. c. 
A. Acetic acid 5 gtt. 
To 4 parts of B. (as above) add 1 
part of A. 
Method. 
The Microscope. 
Purpose. 
Kinds. 
Simple. 
Compound. 
Focus. 
Magnifying power. 
Parts of a microscope. 
Base or foot. 
Pillar, 
Arm. 
Body. 
Nose-piece. 
Objectives. 
Eye-piece or ocular. 
Draw-tube. 
Coarse adjustment. 
Fine adjustment. 12 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Stage. 
Clips. 
Mirror. 
Mirror- bar. 
Sub-stage. 
Diaphragm. 
Abbe condenser 
Objectives. 
Dry. 
Immersion. 
Angle of aperture. 
Resolving power. 
Flatness of field. 
Working distance. 
Magnifying power increased by, 
Higher objectives; 
Higher eye-pieces; 
Pulling out the draw-tube. 
Eye piece. 
Magnifies the image of the objective only. 
Aberration. 
Chromatic. 
Spherical. 
Achromatic. 
Aplanatic. 
Hints For Working. 
Light. 
Which eye? 
Order. 
Materials. 
Power to use. 
Slides. 
Cover glasses. 
Drawing objects. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
13 
Histology. 
Is the science of tissues. 
Normal histology. 
Pathological histology. 
Elementary tissues. 
Epithelial. 
Connective. 
Muscular. 
Nervous. 
Cell 
The parts of a cell are:— 
Cell-wall, or periplast. 
Protoplasm. 
Plastin. 
Spongioplasm or cyto-mitoma. 
Hyaloplasm or enchylema. 
Microsomes or paraplasm. 
Nucleus. 
Nuclear wall. 
Nucleolus. 
Nuclear fibrils. 
Nuclear matrix. 
Chromatin. 
Achromatin. 
Paranucleus. 
Centrosome or pole corpuscle. 
Characteristics of living cells. 
Metabolism. 
Growth. 
Reproduction. 
Irritability. 
Motion. 
Direct division, or amitotic division. 
Karyokinesis, or indirect division or mitosis. 
“Omnis Cellulse Cellula.” 14 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
The nucleus enlarges. 
Close skein. 
Loose skein. 
Mother star or monaster. 
Daughter star or diaster. 
Division. 
Intercellular substance. 
Cell secretion. 
Cement substance. 
Matrix of ground substance. 
Primary blastodermic layes. 
Ectoderm or epiblast. 
Mesoderm or mesoblast. 
Entoderm or hypoblast. 
From the ectoderm are derived:— 
Epithelium of the skin, hair, nails, seba- 
ceous and sweat glands. Epithelium 
of the mouth, salivary and other 
glands opening in the mouth. The 
enamel of the teeth, gastatory organs. 
Epithelium of the nasal passages, with 
their cavities and glands. Crystalline 
lens, retina. Lining of membranous 
labyrinth of the ear. Central canal 
of spinal cord, brain ventricles. Tis- 
sues of the nervous system. Pituary 
and pineal bodies. 
From the mesoderm are derived:— 
Connective tissues. Blood and lymph cor- 
puscles. Lining of the heart, blood 
vessels, lymphatics and serous mem- 
branes, Epithelium of the kidneys 
and uriniferous tubules, generative 
organs and products of both sexes. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
15 
Muscular tissues. Spleen and lym- 
phatic glands and vascular glands. 
From the entoderm are derived:— 
Lining of alimentary canal and glands 
opening into it; the liver and pan- 
creas. Respiratory tract. Bladder 
and urethra. Thyroid body and 
thymus gland. 
The Blood. 
Plasma, or liquor sanguinis. 
Blood corpuscles or cells. 
Colored or red blood cells. 
White or colorless cells or leucocytes. 
Red blood cells. 
Vertebrates having nucleated oval red cells. 
Fish, amphibious reptiles and birds. 
Non-nucleated round red cells. 
Man and other mammals, except the 
the camelidse which have oval non- 
nucleated red cells. 
Human red blood cells. 
Diameter 7.5 \i. iw), thickness 1.5 ft. 
Round, biconcave, non nucleated (?) 
Stroma (protoplasm) containing haemo- 
globin. 
Vacuoles. 
No cell membrane. 
Rouleaux. 
Average diameter of R. B. C. 
Elephant .0092 Guinea-pig .0071 Pig .0060 
Whale .0080 Dog .0071 Horse .0059 
Man .0079 Rabbit .0070 Cat .0058 
Beaver .0076 Mouse .0067 Sheep .0048 
Monkey .0074 Ox .0048 Goat .0040 
Frog .0016 Amphuma .046 16 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
5,000,000 R B. C’s in 1 cubic millimetre. 
500 R. B. C’s to 1 W. B. C. 
Effects of reagents on R. B. C’s. 
Dilute acetic acid, colorless nucleus. 
Tinct. of iodine, distinct looking nucleus. 
Dilute hydrochloric acid, breaking up. 
Water, haemoglobin is dissolved. 
Brownian movement. 
Tannic acid 1 per cent., haemoglobin es- 
capes from the cell. 
Boracic acid 2 per cent., threads, zooid, 
colorless. 
Crenations. 
Spaces, oikoid. 
Blood-placques or platelets of Bizzozero. 
One-third the size of R. B. C. 
Supposed function, help in the coagula- 
tion of blood. 
Fibrin filaments. 
Microcytes or hsematoblats of Hayem. 
Particles of Ziraraermann. 
Granules of Max Schultze. 
W. C. B. or leucocytes 
Are found in, 
The blood, lymphatic vessels, (lymph 
corpuscles) bone narrow, adenoid 
tissues, fibrous and connective tis- 
sues, and between the epithelial and 
gland cells (wandering cells). They 
have protoplasm and nucleus but 
no cell membrane. 
Possess amoeboid movement. 
The small white granular cell 4 to 7.5 p. 
The large finely granular cell 7.8 to 10 p. 
The large coarsely granular cel l 8 to 14 p. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
17 
Protoplasm, pole corpuscle and attrac- 
tion sphere. 
W. B. C. have a double function. 
A reserve protoplasm for repair. 
To attack foreign substances. 
Phagocytes of Metschnikoff. 
Method of fixing and staining blood. 
Cover glass preparations dried in the air. 
Equal parts of alcohol and ether 2 hours. 
Dry in air. 
Stain in eosin 3 minutes. 
Wash in water. 
Stain in methyl blue 2 minutes. 
Wash in water, dry, flame. 
Mount in balsam. No clove oil. 
Blood, crystals. 
Coloring matter of blood is haemoglobin. 
Haematoidin crystals found in old extra- 
vasated blood in the body. 
Haemin or Teichmann’s crystals. 
Method. 
Dry a drop of blood on a slide. 
Add a few grains of common salt. 
Add a few drops of glacial acetic acid. 
Heat rapidly over a flame. 
The crystals are rhombic prisms or 
needles of dark mahogony color. 
Haemin crystals are positive evidence'of 
blood. 
The Epithelial Tissues 
They are protective; skin. 
They diminish friction; folds. 
They may be secretory; liver. 
They may be absorptive; intestines. 
They may move fluids; trachea. 18 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
They may be nervous; nose. 
Squamous cells. 
Columnar cells. 
As to varieties: 
Squamous, 
Simple, 
Stratified, 
Columnar. 
Simple. 
Stratified. 
Modified. 
Ciliated, Goblet, Pigmented. 
Specialized. 
Glandular, Neuro-epithelium. 
They have no direct blood supply. 
Nerve terminations scanty. 
Membrana propria or basement 
membrane. 
Simple squamous occurs:— 
Partially lining the tympanic cavity, parts 
of the membranous labyrinth ; infun- 
bula and alveoli of the lungs; pos- 
terior surface of anterior capsule of 
crystalline lens; outer layer of retina; 
parts of the ducts of the glands; cap- 
sule of Malphigiari body and descend- 
ing limb of Henle’s loop in the kid- 
ney; choroid plexuses and parts of 
brain ventricles; rete vasculosum 
Halleri; peritoneum articular cavi- 
ties; tendon sheaths; bursse; the 
blood and lymph vessels. 
Stratified squamous occurs:— 
The skin; external auditory canal; con- 
junctival sac, the cornea; mouth; 
lower part of pharynx and oesophagus; 
epiglottis and upper part of larynx; 
false and, true vocal cords; pelvis of OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
19 
the kidney,ureter, bladder; beginning 
and end of male and entire female 
urethra; vagina. 
Simple columnar, non-ciliated occurs:— 
Digestive tract from cardiac opening of the 
stomach to anus, and in larger gland- 
ducts communicating with it; ducts 
of mammary glands; seminal vesi- 
cles and ejaculatory ducts; membran- 
ous and penile portions of the urethra. 
Simple columnar, ciliated occurs.— 
• Oviduct; uterus; part of cervical canal; 
brain ventricles; canal of spinal cord. 
Stratified columnar, non-ciliated occurs:— 
Part of the vas deferens; olfactory portion 
of nasal fossse. 
Stratified columnar, ciliated occurs;— 
Eustachian tube and parts of tympanic 
cavity; lachrymal passages; respira- 
tory part of nasal fossse; ventricle of 
larynx; trachea; bronchiae; epididy- 
mis; part of vas deferens. 
Simple squamous or pavement epithelium. 
Flattened, polyhedral, nucleated plates. 
Large size, granular protoplasm, excentric 
nucleus, nucleolus, cement substance. 
Stratified squamous epithelium. 
Lowest layer, columnar; oval nucleus. 
Middle layer, irregularly polyhedral in 
shape. 
Prickle cells, intercellular bridges. 
Transitional cells, confined to genito- 
urinary organs. 
Outer layer, flattened plates nonmucleated. 
Keratose or horny. 20 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Simple columnar epithelium. 
Basement membrane. 
Marginal zone or refractile disc. 
Stratified columnar epithelium. 
Oval nucleus near centre of cell. 
Protoplasm. 
Modified epithelium. 
Ciliated cells. 
Cilia on columnar cells only. 
12 to 24 cilia on each cell. 
Ten vibrations per second. 
Longest cilia in the epididymis, shortest 
in trachea. 
Goblet cells. 
Found in mucous membranes. 
Goblet or chalice cells. 
Found with columnar cells. 
Contain mucigen. 
Pigmented cells. 
Found in choroid, iris and skin. 
Refracting granules of eleidin. 
Dark particles of melanin. 
Glandular epithelium. 
Secreting cells. 
Excreting cells. 
Forms: 
Columnar, pancreas. 
Spherical, parotid. 
Polyhedral, liver. 
Rod epithelium. 
Found in ducts of the salivary glands. 
Uriniferous tubules of the kidney. 
Nero-epithelium. 
Nerve terminations of the special senses. 
Rods and cones of the retina; hair cells of OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
21 
Corti’s organ; olfactory cells of nasal 
fossae; taste cells of taste-buds. 
Neucleus and protoplasm. 
Highly specialized nerve termination. 
Endothelium. 
Cells covering surfaces not directly com- 
municating with the atmosphere. 
Found lining the pleura, peritoneum, peri- 
cardium, joints, heart, blood vessels 
and lymphatics. 
Single layers. 
Oval or kidney shaped nucleus. 
Joined by cement substance. 
Stigmata. 
Stomata. 
Connective Tissues. 
Guard-cells. 
Mucous T. as Wharton’s jelly in umbilical 
cord. 
Growing T. in young animals. 
Areolar T. under the skin. 
Dense mixed fibrous and elastic T. in 
fascise. 
Dense white fibrous T. in tendon. 
Dense elastic T. in ligamenta subflava. 
Cartilage; hyaline, elastic and fibrous. 
Bone. 
Dentine. 
Supporting T. of the nervous system. 
Supporting frame-work of the organs. 
Adipose or fatty T. 
Cellular elements. 
Reticulum of adenoid T. 
Fixed cells. 
Migratory or wandering cells. 22 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Plasma cells. 
Granule cells or mastzellen. 
Leucocytes. 
Pigment cells. 
Guanin cells. 
Melanin. 
Arrangement of cells. 
Stellate form. 
Parallel rows. 
Lacunpe. 
Canaliculi. 
White fibrous tissue. 
Fine white fibrils, 6 p. 
Parallel and interlacing net-work. 
On boiling, yields gelatin. 
Yellow elastic tissue. 
Fine wavy yellow curled fibres, 10 ft. 
Boiling, yield elastin. 
Ligamentum subflava in man. 
Fenestrated membrane of Henle. 
Bowman’s anterior elastic membrane. 
Descemet’s posterior elastic membrane of 
the cornea. 
Heart valves and vascular system. 
Mucous tissue. 
Umbilical cord. 
Stellate cells. 
Gellatinous intercellular substance. 
Areolar tissue. 
Found especially in subcutaneous tissue. 
White fibrous strands. 
Yellow elastic fibres. 
Homogeneous ground substances. 
Fixed cells. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
23 
Wandering cells. 
Density of connective tissue. 
Tendon. 
White parallel fibres. 
Fibrillse. 
Primary bundles. 
Secondary bundles. 
Flat, stellate and polygonal cells. 
Tendon sheath. 
Septa. 
Interfascicular spaces. 
Square thin cells. 
Oval nuclei. 
Adipose or fatty T. 
Membrane. 
Fat globule. 
Position of nucleus. 
Size, 40 p to 80 g 
Boll’s line. 
Lobules. 
Lobes. 
Afferent artery. 
Efferent vein. 
Capillary net-work. 
Margarine crystals. 
Cartilage. 
Ground substances or matrix. 
Lacunae. 
Canaliculi. 
Capsule. 
Hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilage. 
Hyaline cartilage. 
Pale bluish transparent color. 
Homogeneous amorphous matrix. 
Boiling, yields chondrin. 24 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Cartilage cells. 
Indirect division 2, 4, 6, or 8 cells. 
Fat and calcareous salts. 
Perichondrium. 
Outer, fibrous tissue. 
Inner, connective tissue. 
Chondrogenetic layer. 
Hyaline cartilage occurs:— 
Articular ends of bones; costal; 
tracheal; bronchial; laryngeal 
(except epiglottis); nasal; exter- 
nal auditory meatus; temporary 
cartilage of the foetus. 
Elastic cartilage. 
Faint yellow color. 
Net-work of elastic fibres. 
Cells lie in hyaline areas. 
Perichondrium. 
Elastic cartilage occurs:— 
Cartilage of external ear, epiglottis, 
Wrisberg, Santorini, anterior angle 
or arytenoid, part of Eustachian 
tube. 
Fibro- cartilage. 
Bundles of fibrous tissue. 
Cells embedded in narrow hyaline 
matrix. 
Fibro-cartilage occurs:— 
Intervertebral discs; pubic symphasis; 
inferior maxillary and sterno-cla- 
vicular articulations; margins of 
hip and shoulder bones; sesamoid 
bones, sacro-iliac synchondrosis. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
25 
Bone. 
Calcified matrix. 
Bone corpuscles. 
Longitudinal section of fresh bone. 
Periosteum. 
Compact, dense bone, (substantia dura). 
Cancellated, spongy bone, (substantia 
spongiosa). 
Medullary cavity. 
Dry compact bone. 
Peripheric or circumferential lamellae. 
Haversian or concentric lamellae. 
Interstitial or ground lamellae. 
Perimedullary lamellae. 
Sharpey’s perforating fibres. 
White. 
Yellow. 
Haversian system contains:— 
Dry hone. Fresh hone. 
(Blood vessels, con- 
Haversian canal. < nective tissue, lym- 
( phatics, osteoblasts. 
“ lamellae, Branched bone cor- 
puscles. 
T _ f Processes of bone cor- 
Lacunse. < ■, , , , 
[ puscles and lymph. 
Canalicula, Lymph. 
Periosteum. 
Outer layer, fibrous, large blood vessels. 
Inner layer, osteogenetic, finer blood ves- 
sels; elastic fibres; osteoblasts; osteo- 
clasts. 
Myeloplaxes or giant cells. 26 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Bone marrow. 
Found in the axial cavity of long bones; 
in the large spaces in spongy bone, 
and the Haversian canals. 
Red marrow. 
Yellow marrow. 
Red marrow found in the vertebrae, skull- 
bones, sternum and ribs, and all 
young bones. 
Yellow marrow found in the short and 
long bones. 
Red marrow contains:— 
Delicate reticulum, capillaries, marrow 
cells, osteoblasts. 
Giant cells, myeloplaxes, or osteoclasts. 
Yellow marrow contains much fat. 
Articulations of bone. 
Synarthrosis, or immovable joints. 
Diarthrosis, or movable joints. 
In synarthrosis, bones joined by ligaments; 
syndesmosis. 
In synarthrosis, bones joined by cartilage; 
synchondrosis. 
In diarthrosis, the parts forming the joint 
are: Articular end of bones, capsular 
ligaments, tibro-cartilage, and the in- 
ter-articular cartilages. 
Bone Development. 
Endochondral. 
Periosteal—intermembranous. 
Endochondral hone development. 
Primary (hyaline) cartilage. 
Primary periosteum. 
Centre of calcification. 
Cartilage cells enlarged. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
27 
Arranged in vertical rows. 
Primary areolae. 
From osteogenetic layer go out: 
Blood vessels and young cells. 
Primary marrow cavities. 
Vascularization of the cartilage. 
Primary marrow. 
Lined by zone of calcified cartilage. 
Secondary areolae. 
Trabeculae of calcified cartilage. 
Chondroclasts. 
Osteoblasts. 
Primary spongy bone. 
Conversion of spongy into compact 
bone by: 
Absorption of Haversian spaces. 
Deposition of concentric lamellae. 
Periosteal hone development. 
Osteoblasts from osteogenetic layer. 
Centre of calcification. 
Absorption. 
Chondroclasts. 
Osteoblasts. 
Bone corpuscles. 
Intermembranous bone development. 
Not in cartilage, but connective tissue. 
As in parietal bones. 
Formed from periosteum. 
Howships lacunae. 
Giant cells and osteoclasts. 
Muscular Tissue. 
Smooth, non-striated or involuntary muscle. 
Striated, striped or voluntary muscle. 
Heart muscle, striated, but involuntary. 
Spindle-shaped, cylindrical long cells. 28 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
45 [x to 225 [x long, 4 // to 7 /x wide. 
Rod-shaded nucleus. 
Semi fluid contractile protoplasm. 
Sheath. 
Fibres or cells form fasciculi. 
Fasciculi may form bundles or membranes. 
Shortest cells in the arteries. 
Longest cells in the gravid uterus. 
Cement substance. 
Smooth Muscle occurs:— 
Digestive tract. 
Muscularis mucosse from oesophagus to 
anus, and in the villi; muscular tunic 
from lower half of oesophagus to anus. 
Accessory digestive glands. 
Large excretory ducts of the liver, pan- 
• creas and salivary glands; gall-blad- 
der. 
Urinary tract. 
Capsule and pelvis of the kidney, ureter, 
bladder and urethra. 
Male generative organs. 
Epididymis, vas deferens, vesiculse semi- 
nales, prostate, and Cowper’s glands, 
cavernous and spongy bodies of the 
penis 
Female generative organs. 
Oviducts, uterus, vagina, erectile tissue of 
external genitals, broad and round 
ligaments, nipple. 
Respiratory tract. 
Posterior part of trachea, in bronchial 
tubes, pleura. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
29 
Vascular system. 
Coats of arteries, veins and larger lym- 
phatics. 
Lymphatic nodules. 
Capsule and trabeculre of spleen, trabe- 
culae of lymphatic nodules. 
Eye.' 
Iris, ciliary body, eye-lids. 
Skin. 
Arrectores pilorum, sweat and sebaceous 
glands; tunica dartos of scrotum and 
skin covering external genitals. 
Striated or Voluntary Muscle. 
Cylindrical in shape. 
Round or pointed ends. 
5 cm. to 12 cm. in length. 
10 [x to 100 [i in width. 
Sarcolemma. 
Sarcous substance, or sarcoplasm. 
Sarcolemma. 
Nucleus. 
Clear homogeneous elastic sheath. 
Muscle-nucleus. 
Oval and granular at the ends. 
Placed parallel to long axis of the fibre. 
In mammals, the nucleus lies upon the 
surface of the sarcous substance, be- 
neath the sarcolemma; in most other 
vertebrates, the nuclei are found 
irregularly disposed. 
Muscle fibres or cells. 
Dark bands, anisotropic; double refractive. 
Light bands, isotropic; single refractive. 
Dark band, transverse disk. 
Light band, lateral disk. 30 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Intermediate disk of Englemann, or mem- 
brane of Krause or line of Dobie or 
line of Amici. 
Fidget's granules. 
Secondary disk or median disk of Hensen. 
Fields of Cohnheim. 
Muscle-fibres. 
Endomysium. 
Primary bundles. 
Perimysium. 
Fasciculi. 
Epimysium. 
Contraction wave. 
Tongue, ocular muscles, heart. 
Cardiac muscle. 
Branched fibres occur, 
Short striated cylindrical fibres. 
They have no sarcolemma. 
Oval corpuscles situated in the centre. 
Richly branched. 
Faintly striated. 
Pigment and fat granules. 
Blood supply rich in all striated muscles. 
Ampullae or dilitations. 
The Heart. 
Endocardium, 
Muscular layer. 
Pericardium. 
Endocardium. 
Endothelial cells. 
Sub-pericardial tissue. 
Fibrous and elastic tissue. 
Heart Valves. 
Formed of the endocardium, fibrous and 
elastic tissue. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
31 
Roots attached to the annuli fibrosi 
Fibres of Purkinje. 
Muscular tissue. 
Short nucleated branched fibres. 
The fibres run in oblique or spiral direc- 
tions. 
Lymphatics numerous. 
Nerve supply derived from ; 
Pneumogastric and sympathetic. 
Blood supply, very rich. 
Capillaries derived from arteries direct. 
Ampullae. 
Blood Vessels. 
Arteries. 
Veins. 
Capillaries. 
Arteries. 
Intima or inner coat. 
Media or middle coat. 
Adventitia or outer coat. 
Small arteries, before forming capillaries. 
Medium sized arteries, those named. 
Largest arteries, aorta and pulmonary. 
Ihe Intima. 
Endothelial cells. 
Sub-endothelial tissue. 
Internal elastic membrane. 
Henle’s fenestrated elastic membrane. 
Vie media. 
Thickest and strongest coat. 
Circular bundles of non-striated muscles. 
Subclavian A. has longitudinal fibres 
also. 
Larger vessels, fibro-elastic tissue. 32 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Ihe adventitia. 
Fibrous and elastic tissue. 
Larger vessels, external elastic mem 
branes. 
End-arteries—Found in: erectile tissue of 
the genital organs, spleen, tips of 
/ fingers, toes, and nose. 
Variations. 
Small amount of subendothelial tissue 
in;— 
External iliac, renal, mesenteric and 
coelic arteries. 
Longitudinal cells in the intima of the 
aorta. 
Longitudinal muscular tissue in the 
adventitia of;— 
Superior mesenteric, splenic, renal and 
iliac arteries. 
Veins. 
Intima. 
Media. 
Adventitia. 
Ihe intima. 
Large broad endothelial cells. 
Subendothelial layer composed of con- 
nective tissue cells which form 
lamellae in the femoral, popliteal 
and superior cava veins. 
Internal elastic membrane generally 
present. 
Oblique and longitudinal muscle fibres 
found in the intima of the iliac, 
femoral, saphenous and mesenteric 
veins. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
33 
Ihe media. 
Circular bundles of non-striped muscle. 
Fibro-elastic tissue. 
Muscular tissue scanty or wanting in 
the media of thoracic part of the 
vena cava, internal and external 
jugular, veins of the pia and dura 
mater, of the retina, bones and cor- 
pora cavernosa. 
Longitudinal muscular bundles in the 
media of mesenteric, umbilical, 
iliac, and femoral veins. 
Ihe adventitia. 
Generally the thickest and strongest coat. 
Fibro-elastic tissue. 
Bundles of uon-striped muscle. 
Longitudinal muscular tissue in the ad- 
ventitia occur:— 
Abdominal vena cava, azygos, hepatic, 
portal, splenic, axillary, superior 
mesenteric, renal, spermatic, and 
external iliac veins. 
Veins of the gravid uterus contain 
non-striated muscle in all the 
coats. 
Striated muscle is found near the heart 
in the vena cava superior and in- 
ferior and the pulmonary veins. 
Valves. 
Folds of the interna. 
Capillaries. 
Covered with endothelial cells. 
Establish communication between arter- 
ies and veins. 
Exception,—end-arteries. 34 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Capillaries are wanting in the epithe- 
lium, hairs, nails, teeth, cartilage, 
cornea, crystalline lense, and parts 
of the nervous system. 
Average diameter 7 p to 10 p. 
The smallest occur in the brain, retina 
and muscle. 
The largest occur in bone-marrow, tooth- 
pulp and liver. 
Closest meshes occur in air-eacks of the 
lungs, the choroid, liver and glands. 
Widest meshes occur in serous mem- 
branes, muscles, and special sense 
organs. 
Single layer of endothelial cells. 
Intercellular cement substance. 
Stigmata. 
Vasa vasorum in the 
Adventitia principally. 
Nerve supply. 
Sympathetic system. 
Glandula coccygea or Luschka’s gland. 
Carotid gland. 
■Both identical in structure. 
Dense arterial net-works. 
Granular polyhedral cells. 
Connective tissue envelope. 
Septa. 
Non-medullated nerve-fibres. 
Lymphatics found in the adventitia. 
Perivascular lymph space. 
Nervous Tissue. 
Nerve-cells. 
Nerve-fibres. 
Neuroglia or frame-work. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY, 
35 
Embryonic nervous elements are called 
neuroblasts. 
Nerve-cells 
Differ in size 4 fi to 135 //. 
Differ in shape. 
Spherical, (Gasserian and spinal). 
Ellipsoidal (spinal). 
Pyriform (cerebellum). 
Pyramidal (cerebrum). 
Stellate (spinal cord). 
Protoplasm, granular and striated. 
Nudes, and nucleolus. 
Pigment-granules. 
Processes, 
Uni- and bi-polar cells occur:— 
On posterior roots of spinal nerves. 
Multipolar cells of the sympathetic chain 
of ganglia. 
Multipolar cells of the gray matter of 
the spinal cord. 
Pyramidal multipolar cells of the cortex 
of cerebrum. 
Antler multipolar cells of cortex of cere- 
bellum. 
Processes of nerve cells. 
Axis cylinder process. 
Protoplasmic process or dendrites. 
Collateral fibrils from axis-cylinder. 
Nerve cell and axis cylinder process form 
Neuron, dendrites and collateral fibrils 
form the neurodendron. 
a neuron. 
Axis-cylinder (Deiter’s). 
Nerve-cells of first type. 36 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Axis cylinder continuous with the axis- 
cylinder of the nerve-fibre. 
Nerve-cells of the second type. 
Axis-cylinder never leaves the gray matter. 
Undergoes repeated division. 
Basket net-work, cells of Purkinje. 
Peri-cellular lymph spaces. 
Nerve-fibres. 
Medullated or white. 
Non-medullated or gray. 
Medullated nerve fibre. 
Axis-cylinder. 
Axilemma (Kiihne). 
Medullary substance, or white substance of 
Schwann. 
Neurilemma, or sheath of Schwann. 
Axis-cylinder. 
Faint longitudinal striations. 
Fibrillar structure or primitive fibrillae. 
The ultimate fibrillse cemented by the 
neuroplasm. 
Axilemma. 
A delicate elastic sheath composed of 
neurokeratin. 
Component fibrillse 
Varicosities. 
Medullary substance. 
Reticulated frame-work. 
Myelin. 
Nodes of Ranvier. 
Internodes, 
Nerve-corpuscle. 
Crosses. 
Constricting band or annular disk. 
Frommanu’s lines. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
37 
Schmidt-Lautermann segments. 
Non-medullated nerves or Remak’s fibres. 
Principally the olfactory and sympathetic 
3 fx to 7 [J. wide, 2 fi thick. 
Axis-cylinder. 
Neurilemma. 
nerves. 
Fibrillae. 
V aricosities. 
Nerve-nuclei. 
Plexuses. 
Nerve-Trunks. 
Funiculi. 
Nerve-trunks. 
Trunks surrounded by epineurium. 
Funicli surrounded by perineurium. 
Fibres surrounded by endoneurium. 
Sheath of Henle. 
Supporting Tissue. 
Neuroglia. 
Glia-cells. 
Ground reticulum 
Connective tissue trabeculae. 
Ganglia. 
Fibrous capsule. 
T and Y branches. 
Cellulipetal branch to the periphery of the 
body (sensory). 
Cellulifugal branch enters the spinal cord as 
a part of a posterior nerve root and ends 
in the gray substance. 
Spinal cord ganglia are large, round, often 
pigmented. 
Nucleus and nucleolus. 38 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Peripheral Nerve-Endings. 
Terminations of sensory nerves. 
Naked axis-cylinder. 
Ground-plexus. 
Primitive fibrillse. 
Terminal plexuses. 
Free endings in stratified epithelium. 
Cells of Langerhans. 
Special endings. 
Tactile cells, epidermis and corium. 
Simple 6 fi to 12 //. 
Tactile meniscus. 
Compound, Grandry’s or Merkel’s. 
Corpuscles of Meissner or Wagner, 
40 [jl to 100 /l long, 30 to 60 // broad 
Terminal disks. 
End-bulbs. 
Cylindrical. 
Capsule. 
Inner bulb. 
Axis-cylinder. 
Corpuscles of Vater or Pacinian bodies. 
Simple tactile cells, epidermis. 
Compound tactile cells, epidermis. 
» Tactile corpuscles (spherical). 
Spherical end-bulbs, conjunctiva and mucous 
membrane in man. 
Tactile end-bulbs, skin and bill of birds. 
Leydig’s corpuscles, skin of amphibians and 
reptiles. 
Genital corpuscles, clitoris and penis in man. 
Articular corpuscles, phalangeal joints in 
Meissner’s corpuscles, skin of fingers and 
toes in man. 
man. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
39 
End-bulbs (cylindrical). 
Cylindrical end-bulbs, conjunctiva and mu- 
cous membranes in man. 
End corpuscles, buccal glands of hedge-hog, 
tongue of elephant. 
Herbst’ corpuscles, skin and nervous mem- 
branes of birds. 
Key-Retzius corpuscles, skin and bill of birds. 
Vater’s corpuscles, cutis in man. 
Nerve-endings. 
In non-striated muscle. 
Sympathetic nerves. 
Ground-plexus. 
Intermediate plexus. 
Intramuscular fibrillee. 
Free ends. 
In striated muscle. 
Intramuscular plexus. 
Telolemma. 
Ultimate fi brill Be. 
Sole-plate. 
End plate. 
In tendon. 
Tendon spindles. 
In blood vessels. 
Sympathetic system. 
Plexuses. 
End in media and adventitia. 
Neuro-epithelium in nerves of special sense. 
Lymphatic System. 
Lymph channels. 
Lymph. 
Lymphatic channels. 
Lymphatic spaces. 
Interfascicular clefts. 40 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Lymph-canaliculi. 
Lymphatic capillaries. 
Serous cavities. 
Stomata. 
Lymphatic vessels .8 to .2 mm. 
Intima, endothelial cells. 
Media, circularly arranged non-striated 
muscle. 
Adventitia, connective tissue 
Valves. 
Peri-cellular lymph-spaces. 
Peri-neural lymph channels. 
Peri-vascular lymph-sheaths. 
Lymph. 
Plasma, or liquor lymphse. 
Lymph-corpuscles. 
Fatty granules. 
Chyle. 
Lacteals. 
Lymphatic tissue. 
Lymphatic, lymphoid or adenoid tissue. 
Lymph-nodes, or nodules or glands. 
Diffuse lymphatic tissue, as in the larynx, 
trachea, pharynx, false vocal cord, 
epiglottis, soft palate, tonsils, root of 
tongue, vagina, stomach and intes- 
tines. 
Simple lymphatic node. 
Compound lymphatic follicles. 
Afferent and efferent lymph-vessels. 
Capsule of fibrous connective tissue and 
non-striated muscle. 
Hilum. 
Cortex. 
Medulla. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
41 
Trabeculae. 
Reticulum. 
Corticle-follicles. 
Germinal-centre. 
Medullary cords. 
Lymph sinus. 
The Spleen. 
Capsule. 
Serous coat. 
Trabeculae. 
Framework. 
Pulp or loose adenoid tissue. 
Malpighian corpuscles. 
Pigment-granules. 
Blood supply. 
Spaces in the pulp. 
Venous spaces. 
Lymphatics. 
Superficial layer. 
Nerves. 
Medullated. 
Non-medullated. 
Ganglia. 
The Thymus Gland. 
Two lateral lobes. 
Lobules 5 to 10 mm. in diameter. 
Capsule. 
Follicles. 
Delicate trabeculae. 
Reticulum. 
Cortex. 
Medulla. 
Corpuscles of Hassall 15 // to 180 /1. 
Best developed in the second year. 
Disappears by the twenty-first year. 42 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Serous Membranes. 
Serous membranes proper. 
Synovial membranes. 
Endothelial lining of the'vascular system. 
Developed spaces in connective tissue. 
Serous membranes proper, as the perito- 
neum, pericardium, pleura,and tunica 
vaginalis. 
Parietal layer. 
Visceral layer. 
Endothelium. 
Connective tissue stroma. 
Subserous tissue. 
Stomata. 
Blood vessels (wide meshes). 
Lymphatics. 
Nerves. 
Sympathetic system. 
Synovial membranes include capsules of joints, 
synovial sheaths of tendons and bursae. 
Synovia. 
Marginal zone. 
Haversian fringes. 
Villi or synovial fringes. 
Endothelial lining of the vascular system. 
Comprises that of the heart, blood vessels, 
and lymphatics. 
Developed spaces in connective tissue 
are generally very small; they 
may be of considerable size, as the 
perilymphatic spaces of the internal 
ear. 
Mucous Membranes and Glands. 
Mucous membranes. 
Epithelial covering. OUTLINES OP HISTOLOGY. 
43 
Basement membrane or membrana propria. 
Muscularis mucosse. 
Stroma or tunica propria. 
Papillae. 
Glands. 
Simple unbranched tubular glands as the 
peptic, sweat,and Lieberkiihn’sglands. 
Simple branched tubular glands, as the pylo- 
ric, Brunner’s, of the mouth, tongue 
and uterus. 
Compound tubular glands, as the mammary, 
salivary, lachrymal, kidneys, Cowper’s, 
prostatic, thyroid, testicle, and liver. 
Simple unbranched saccular glands as the 
smallest, sebaceous glands, and folli- 
cles of the ovary. 
Simple branched saccular glands, as the 
largest sebaceous glands, and Meibo- 
mian glands. 
Compound saccular or racemose glands as the 
lungs. 
Fundus. 
Duct. 
Racemose glands. 
Alveoli or acini. 
Intermediate tubules. 
Intralobular tubes. 
Interlobular ducts. 
Excretory ducts. 
Common duct. 
Serous glands. 
Mucous glands. 
Glands at rest. 
Glands after secretion. 44 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Crescents of Gianuzzi or demi-lunes of 
Vascular supply. 
Nerve supply. 
Digestive Tract. 
Heidenhain. 
Mouth. 
Mucous membrane. 
Epithelium, stratified squamous. 
Tunica propria. 
Papillae. 
Simple tubular glands. 
Blood vessels. 
Lymphatics. 
Nerve supply. 
Teeth. 
Alveolus or socket. 
Fang. 
Neck. 
Crown. 
Dentine. 
Enamel. 
Cementum. 
Dentine or ivory. 
Matrix or ground substance. 
Dentinal tubules 2.5 [x in diameter. 
Dentinal fibres. 
Dentinal sheaths. 
Interglobular spaces. 
Granule stratum. 
Schreger’s lines. 
Incremental lines of Salter. 
Enamel. 
Enamel prisms. 
4-6 sided. 3[xto 6 fx thick. 
Stripes of Retzius. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
45 
Membrane of Nasmyth. 
Ameloblasts. 
Cementum or crusta petrosa. 
Sharpey’s fibres. 
Bone-corpuscles. 
Haversian canals. 
Lacunae. 
Pulp. 
Soft connective tissue. 
Spindle and stellate cells, 
Odontoblasts. 
Dentinal fibres. 
Blood-vessels and nerves limited to the 
pulp. 
No lymphatics. 
Development of the teeth. 
Linear thickening. 
Dental ridge. 
Dental groove. 
Dental bulbs. 
Enamel organ. 
Dental papilla. 
Outer enamel cells. 
Enamel pulp. 
Inner enamel cells. 
Papilla, future pulp. 
Odontoblasts. 
Dentinal fibres. 
Cementum produced from alveolar peri- 
osteum. 
The Tongue. 
Striated muscle. 
Vertical and radial layer: genio-hyoglossus, 
lingualis, and hyoglossus. 
transverse layer: lingualis. 46 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Longitudinal layer: lingualis superior and 
inferior, stylo-glossus. 
Septum linguae. 
Lingual glands. 
Mucous membrane. 
Papillae. 
Filiform. 
Fungiform. 
Circumvallate. 
laste-buds. 
Tegmental cells. 
Taste-pore. 
Gustatory cells. 
Mucous glands. 
Nuhris glands. 
Serous glands. 
Adenoid tissue. 
Blood supply. 
Lymphatics. 
Nerves. 
Glosso-pharyngeal. 
Tri facial, lingual branch. 
The Tonsils. 
10 to 18 lymph follicles. 
Diffuse adenoid tissue. 
Capsule of fibrous tissue. 
Epithelial covering. 
The Pharynx. 
Mucous coat. 
Fibrous coat. 
Muscular coat. 
Respiratory portion contains: 
Stratified ciliated columnar cells. 
Tunica propria of fibrous and elastic 
fibres. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
47 
Papillae. 
Pharyngeal glands. 
Adenoid tissue. 
Pharyngeal tonsil. 
Digestive portion. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Submucosa. 
Fibrous coat. 
Pharyngeal aponeurosis. 
Raphe. 
Muscular coat. 
Constrictor and other muscles. 
The (Esophagus. 
Mucous coat. 
Stratified squamous epithelium. 
Tunica propria. 
Papillae. 
Muscularis mucosae. 
Submucous coat. 
Loose connective tissue. 
Mucous glands. 
Muscular coat. 
Circular and longitudinal layers. 
Upper half striated, lower half non-stri- 
ated muscle. 
Fibrous coat. 
Fibrous and some elastic tissue. 
The Stomach. 
Mucous coat. 
Simple columnar epithelium. 
Goblet-cells. 
Tunica propria. 
Gastric glands (tubular). 
Peptic or fundus glands. 
Pyloric glands. 48 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Peptic glands. 
Duck, neck, fundus. 
Chief or central or adelomorphous cells. 
Parietal, or outer or delomorphous, or 
acid or oxyntic cells. 
Secretory capillaries. 
Intercellular clefts. 
Pyloric glands. 
Columnar epithelium. 
Secrete an albuminous fluid. 
Lymph-cells. 
Diffuse adenoid tissue. 
Lenticular glands. 
Muscularis mucosse. 
Circular and longitudinal layers. 
Submucosa. 
Fibro-elastic tissue. 
Muscular coat. 
Inner circular and outer longitudinal 
layers. 
Gastro-duodenal valve. 
Serous coat. 
Peritoneum. 
Blood supply. 
Lymphatics. 
Nerves, 
Plexus of Auerbach. 
Plexus of Meissner. 
The Intestines. 
Mucous membrane. 
Yalvulse conniventes. 
Villi only in small intestines. 
Simple columnar epithelium. 
Basilar border, oval nucleus. 
Goblet cells. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
49 
Migratory leucocytes. 
Tunica propria. 
Chyle vessels or lacteals. 
Intestinal true glands. 
Glands of Lieberkiihn. 
Glands of Brunner, 
Intestinal lymph follicles. 
Solitary nodules. 
Agminated nodules. 
Follicles or crypts or glands of Lieberkiihn. 
In large and small intestines. 
Spherical secreting cells. 
Secrete mucous. 
Glands of Brunner. 
Only found in the duodenum. 
They lie in the submucosa. 
Long slender ducts. 
Secrete a serous fluid. 
Solitary nodules. 
Widely distributed in the intestines. 
Oval in form. 
Lie in the tunica propria, under the epi- 
thelium. 
Composed of adenoid tissue. 
Agminated nodules or Beyer’s patches. 
Large oval groups of lymph-follicles. 
20 to 60 nodules, 9 to 11 c. m. in length. 
Confined to the lower two-thirds of small 
intestines. 
Appear first in the mucosa. 
Later encroach on the submucosa. 
Muscularis mucosae. 
Inner circular, and outer longitudinal 
layer of smooth muscle fibres. 50 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Submucosa. 
Blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve- 
plexuses. 
Muscular coat. 
Loose fibrous connective tissue. 
Inner circular, outer longitudinal layers 
of non-striped muscle. 
Separated by a layer of connective tissue. 
Ocecum and colon, the longitudinal mus- 
cular coat is collected into three bands 
10 to 15 mm. wide. 
In the rectum the circular bundles form 
the internal anal sphincter. 
Blood supply. 
Lymphatics. 
Nerves. 
Liver. 
Compound tubular gland. 
Lobes. 
Lobules. 
Capsule of Glisson or interlobular con- 
nective tissue. 
Interlobular vessels. 
Portal vein, hepatic artery and bile-duct. 
Portal vein or interlobular vein. 
Intralobular capillary net work. 
Central or intralobular vein. 
Liver or hepatic cells. 
Irregular polyhedral cells. 
17 to 26 p in size. 
One or more nuclei, granular protoplasm 
of pigment and fat globules. 
They have no cell membrane. 
Cords of cells. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
51 
Each cell is bounded on one side by a 
capillary; on all others by a bile 
canaliculi. 
Bile capillaries. 
Begin as narrow clefts between liver cells. 
Intercellular channels. 
Low epithelial cells. 
Interlobular bile ducts. 
Simple columnar epithelium. 
Interlobular bile vessels. 
Inner mucous membrane. 
Outer fibrous adventitia. 
Elastic fibres and non-striped muscle. 
Hepatic artery. 
Follows the course of the portal vein. 
Nourishes, capsule of Glisson, blood ves- 
sels and bile ducts. 
Lymphatics. 
Superficial and deep layer. 
Nerves. 
Mostly non-medullated. 
Minute ganglia. 
Gall Bladder. 
Mucous membrane. 
Columnar epithelium. 
Rugse. 
Tunica propria. 
Outer fibrous coat. 
Peritoneum. 
Fibrous connective tissue. 
Elastic net-work. 
Single layer of flat endothelial cells. 
Visceral layer is thinner than the parietal 
layer. 
Subserous layer. 52 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Loose connective tissue, elastic fibres and fat. 
Digestive Glands. 
Serous salivary glands. 
Parotid and pancreas. 
Mucous salivary glands. 
Sublingual. 
Muco serous salivary glands. 
Submaxillary. 
Parotid Gland, 
Compound saccular gland. 
Capsule, septa. 
Lobes, lobules, acini. 
Excretory or Stenson’s duct. 
Tunica propria, low columnar cells. 
Salivary tubes. 
Cylindrical cells with outer striated zone. 
Acini, lined with cuboidal glandular cells. 
Sublingual Gland. 
Excretory or Bartholin’s duct. 
Cylindrical cells in two layers. 
Fibro-elastic tunica propria. 
Mucous tubules end in the acini. 
Demilunes of Heidenhain. 
Submaxillary Gland. 
Excretory or Wharton’s duct. 
Columnar cells. 
Connective tissue layer. 
Longitudinal non-striped muscle {fibres. 
Smaller tubes lined with rod-epithelium. 
Mucous and serous acini. 
Blood supply. 
Nerve supply. 
Pancreas. 
Excretory duct of Wirsung and Santorini. 
Simple columnar cells. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
53 
Fibrous connective tissue wall. 
Short cylindrical or conical secreting cells. 
Zymogen granules. 
Bodies of Langerhans. 
Lobes and lobules. 
Blood vessels. 
Nerve supply. 
The Kidney. 
Cortex. 
Medulla. 
8 to 18, Malpighian pyramids. 
Strife. 
Columns of Bertini. 
Medullary rays or pyramids of Ferrein. 
Interstitial connective tissue. 
Malpighian body. 
Glomerulus or Malpighian tuft. 
Capsule of Bowman. 
Afferent and efferent vessels. 
.13 to .22 mm. in size. 
Uri7iiferous tubule. 
Capsule, flattened epithelium. 
Constricted neck, cuboidal cells. 
Proximal convoluted tubule 40 to 60 g 
thick, rod epithelium. 
Spiral tubule, low columnar cells. 
Descending limb of Henle’s loop, 9 to 15 g 
thick. 
Squamous cells with large nuclei. 
Ascending limb of Henle’s loop, 23 to 28 g 
thick. 
Low cuboidal cells. 
Irregular tubule, striated cells. 
Distal convoluted tubule, 39 to 46 g thick, 
granular striated cells. 54 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Arched collecting tubule, low cuboidal 
cells. 
Collecting tubules, 45 to 300 p. thick, col- 
umnar cells. 
Excretory ducts or tubes of Bellini, simple 
columnar cell. 
Blood supply. 
Renal artery. 
Horizontal arches. 
Interlobular cortical arteries. 
Arterise rectse. 
Afferent and efferent vessels. 
Capillary net-work. 
Interlobular veins. 
Venae stellatae. 
Lymphatics. 
Superficial layer. 
Deeper channels. 
Nerves. 
SUPRARENAL BODY. 
Fibrous capsule. 
Connective tissue septa. 
Cortex. 
Medulla. 
Zona glomerulosa. 
Zona fasciculata. 
Zona reticularis. 
Anastomosing cords of cells. 
Pigment cells. 
Fat cells. 
Ganglion cells. 
Non-medullated nerves. 
Capillary net-works. 
Large veins. 
Non-striped muscle fibres. OUTLINES OP HISTOLOGY. 
55 
Kidney—Pelvis. 
Mucous coat. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Tunica propria. 
Fibro-elastic tissue. 
Racemose glands. 
Muscular coat. 
Inner longitudinal layer. 
Outer circular layer. 
Fibrous coat. 
The Ureters. 
Mucous coat. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Transitional cells. 
Muscular coat. 
Inner longitudinal layer. 
Middle circular layer. 
Outer longitudinal layer (lower portion). 
Fibrous coat. 
The Bladder. 
Mucous coat. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Transitional celK 
Racemose glands. 
Lymph-nodules. 
Muscular coot. 
Inner and outer longitudinal layers. 
Middle circular layer. 
Internal vesical sphincter. 
Blood supply. 
Nerve supply. 
Sympathetic fibres. 
Minute ganglia. 56 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
The Urethra. 
Female urethra. 
Mucous coat. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Papillae, numerous near the meatus. 
Periurethral glands. 
Muscular coat. 
Inner longitudinal layer. 
Outer circular layer. 
Intermuscular connective layer, contain- 
ing many elastic fibres. 
Large veins. 
Male urethra. 
Mucous coat. 
Prostatic part. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Membranous p.art. 
Stratified columnar cells. 
Spongy part. 
Simple columnar cells. 
Fossa navicularis. 
Stratified squamous cells 
Glands of Littr6. 
Muscular coat. 
Inner longitudinal layer. 
Outer circular layer. 
Fibrous coat. 
Blood supply. 
The Testicles. 
Compound tubular glands. 
Tunica albuginea of dense fibrous elastic 
tissue. 
Tunica vasculosa. 
Tunica vaginalis. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
57 
Corpus Highmori (mediastinum testis). 
Septa of fibrous tissue. 
Pyramidal lobules. 
Seminiferous tubules. 
Convoluted tubules. 
Straight tubules. 
Pete testis. 
Convoluted tubules, 140 // in diameter 
lined with flattened endothelial cells; 
a membrana propria; low cuboidal 
parietal cells. 
Spermatogenesis. 
Sustentacular cells or Sartoli’s columns. 
Spermatogenic cells. 
Mother cells; daughter cells. 
Spermatoblasts or spermatids. 
Straight tubules, 30 /u in diameter. 
Single layer low columnar cells. 
Pete testis, single layer of flat epithelial 
cells. 
Vasa efferentia. 
10-15 in number. 
Coni vasculosi. 
Ciliated, non-ciliated, and 1owt colum- 
nar cells. 
Globus major (epididymis). 
Vas epididymis. 
Stratified ciliated cells and a thin layer 
of non-striated muscles. 
Globus minor. 
Vas deferens. 
Stratified non-ciliated columnar cells. 
Muscular tunic. 
Ampulla. 58 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Seminal vesicles. 
Tubular glands. 
Pigment granules. 
Ejaculatory duct. 
Single layer columnar cells. 
Muscular tunic. 
Appendages. 
Paradidymis, or organ of Girald^s. 
Vas aberrans Halleri. 
Sessile hydatid, or hydatid of Morgagni. 
Stalked or pedunculated hydatid. 
Semen. 
Secretions of the testicle, seminal vesicles 
prostate, Cowper’s and mucous glands, 
Spermatozoa. 
Head 3-5 p long; 2-3 p broad. 
Middle piece 6 p long, 
Tail or caudal filament, 50 p long. 
Axial fibre. 
Penis. 
Corpora cavernosa. 
Tunica albuginea 1 mm. thick. 
White fibrous and elastic tissue. 
Trabeculae. 
Fibrous tissue and non-striated muscle. 
Cavernous channels, single layer of epi 
thelial cells. 
Corpus spongiosum. 
Fibrous envelope. 
Trabeculae. 
Erectile tissue. 
Capillaries. 
Superficial and deep plexuses. 
Helicine arteries. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
59 
Lymphatics. 
Nerves. 
Sympathetic fibres to the erectile tissues. 
Sensory and motor fibres from the pudic 
Genital corpuscles. 
Corpuscles of Vater. 
Skin of the penis. 
Dark, thin, free from fat and hair. 
Glands of Tyson or glandulse odoriferie. 
Smegma. 
Papillae containing looped capillaries. 
Prostate Gland. 
nerve. 
Compound tubular gland. 
Thirty to fifty branched serous tubules. 
Fibrous capsule. 
Muscular coat. 
Muscular septa, non-striated. 
Alveoli; lined with short columnar cells. 
Prostatic fluid. 
Charcot’s crystals; 
Prostatic concretions .7 mm, in size. 
Cowper’s Glands. 
Two compound tubular glands 10-13 mm 
in size. 
Lobes and lobules. 
Acini, lined with single layer of low colura 
nar cells. 
Ovary. 
Germinal epithelium of low columnar cells. 
Cortex, outer third, containing Graafian fol- 
licles and ova. 
Medulla, embracing the central portions and 
blood vessels. 
Ovarian stroma, spindle cells. 60 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Tunica albuginea of dense stroma. 
Graafian follicle 4 /a 
Theca folliculi. 
Tunica fibrosa. 
Tunica propria. 
Membrana granulosa. 
Discus proligerus or cumulus ovigerus. 
Corona radiata. 
Liquor folliculi. 
Zona pellucida. 
Vitelline membrane. 
Perivitelline space 1.3 // wide/ 
Vitellus (deutoplasm). 
Germinal vesicle. 
Germinal spot. 
Medulla. 
Fibrous connective tissue, non-striated 
muscle, large veins, interstitial cells, 
the remains of the Wolffian body. 
Corpus luteum. 
False yellow body. 
True yellow body. 
The Oviduct or Fallopian Tube. 
Mucous, muscular and serous coats. 
Mucous coat. 
Longitudinal folds. 
Fibro-elastic tunica propria. 
Single layer ciliated columnar cells. 
Bundles of non-striated muscle. 
Muscular coat, (non-striated). 
Inner thicker circular layer. 
Outer thin longitudinal layer. 
Serous coat. 
Peritoneum. OUTLINES OP HISTOLOGY. 
61 
Uterus. 
Mucous, muscular and serous coats. 
Mucous coat 1-2 mm. thick. 
Tunica propria. 
Single layer ciliated columnar cells. 
Uterine glands. 
Cervix mucosa. 
Papillae. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Single layer ciliated columnar cells. 
Mucous crypts. 
Ovula Nabothi. 
Mucosa during menstruation. 
Decidua menstrualis (thickening of the 
mucosa). 
Menstruation. 
Regeneration. 
Mucosa during pregnancy. 
Decidua serotina, attachment of the ovum 
to mucosa. 
Decidua vera, remains of uterine attach- 
ment of mucosa. 
Decidua reflexa, reflection of mucosa on 
the ovum. 
Muscular coat, (nou-striated muscle). 
40-60 g long and 300-600 g long. 
Inner, middle and outer layers. 
Blood supply. 
Vagina. 
Mucous, muscular and fibrous coats. 
Mucous membrane. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Papillae; rugae. 
Tunica propria (elastic tissue). 
Lymph nodules. 62 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Submucosa elastic connective tissue. 
Muscular coat. 
Inner circular and outer longitudinal non- 
striated muscle. 
Fibrous coat. 
Dense fibrous and elastic tissue. 
Blood supply. 
Nerve supply. 
End bulbs and genital corpuscles. 
Hymen. 
Folds of mucous membrane. 
Fibrous tissue. 
Labia Majora. 
Folds of skin. 
Adipose tissue, non striated muscle, blood 
vessels, nerves, and glands. 
Sebaceous follicles and sweat glands; pig- 
ment. 
Labia Minora. 
Folds of mucous membrane, 
Vascular papillae; sebaceous follicles. 
Erectile tissue. 
Clitoris. 
Papillae; sebaceous follicles; erectile tissue. 
Nerve supply. 
Mucous membrane. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Glands of Bartholin. 
Racemose glands. 
Cuboidal and mucous cells 
Mammary Glands. 
Tubular glands of lobes. 
Fat and connective tissue. 
Excretory or gelactiferous ducts. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
63 
Columnar cells. 
Areola. 
Ampulla or sinus lactiferous. 
Nipple. 
Papillae, pigmentation, non-striated muscle. 
Glands of Montgomery, sweat and seba- 
ceous glands. 
Before pregnancy. 
During lactation 
Milk. 
After lactation. 
Atrophy. 
Respiratory Organs. 
Air passages. 
Nasal fossae, pharynx, larynx, trachea, 
bronchial tubes. 
Special organs. 
The lungs. 
Larynx. 
Cartilage, mucous membrane, fibrous and 
muscular tissue. 
Stratified squamous cells cover the epiglottis, 
cavity of larynx and the true vocal 
cords. 
Stratified ciliated columnar cells cover the 
ventricle of the larynx, trachea, and 
bronchi. 
Taste-huds on the posterior surface of the 
epiglottis. 
Tunica propria (fibrous connective tissue). 
True vocal cords (longitudinal bundles of 
elastic tissue). 
Leucocytes and diffuse adenoid tissue. 
Papillae, mucous follicles. 64 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Hyaline cartilage composes the thyroid, 
cricoid and parts of the arytenoid 
cartilages. 
Yellow elastic cartilage composes the epi- 
glottis, apex of arytenoid, Wrisberg 
and Santorini cartilages. 
White fibrous cartilage composes (sometimes) 
the cartilagines triticese. 
Ossification of cartilages. 
Perichondrium. 
Muscular attachments. 
Trachea. 
Mucous membrane. 
Stratified ciliated columnar cells, goblet 
cells. 
Large mucous glands (2 mm.). 
Tunica propria. 
Inner fibrous layer. 
Outer elastic layer. 
Submucosa. 
Tracheal glands (racemose). 
Excretory ducts (low columnar cells). 
Acini (cuboidal cells). 
Fibrous coat (or tube). 
Cartilaginous rings. 
C-shaped; hyaline cartilage. 
Fibrous tissue and non-striated muscle 
(trachealis muscle). 
Solitary follicles. 
Ihe bronchial tubes. 
Smaller bronchi, (single layer ciliated 
columnar cells). 
Muscularis mucosae. 
Irregular cartilaginous plates. 
Terminal bronchi (1 ram.) OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY, 
65 
Alveola ducts. 
Infundibula (terminal vesicles). 
Air sacs. 
Walls of terminal bronchioli consist of:— 
Single layer stratified ciliated columnar 
cells. 
Longitudinal elastic fibres. 
Annular bundles of non-striated muscle. 
Walls of alveola duct consist of:— 
Thin fibrous coat; delicate tunica propria 
of fibro-elastic tissue and non-striated 
Epithelium changes from low cuboidal to 
large flat polygonal plates (respiratory 
epithelium). 
muscle. 
Ike lungs. 
Plan of racemose glands. 
Lobes; lobules. 
Air sacs. 
Epithelium. 
Single layer large cells. 
Small polyhedral cells. 
Stomata; lymphoid cells; pigmentary 
matter. 
Frame-iuorh. 
Elastic fibres, annular and net-work 
arrangement. 
Fibrous tissue and connective tissue. 
Capillary net-work. 
Close dense vascular arrangement. 
Larger arteries run in the interlobular 
connective tissue. 
Smaller arterioles form rings and net-works 
over and around the air-sacs. 66 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Pulmonary artery (respiratory function). 
Bronchial artery (nutrition). 
Lymphatics. 
Superficial plexus under the pleura. 
Deep plexus, in the interlobular tissue. 
Nerves. 
Sympathetic; vagus; ganglia groups. 
Pleura. 
Visceral layer (thin). 
Parietal layer (thick). 
Endothelium; stomata. 
Fibrous, elastic, and non-striated muscular 
tissue. 
Thyroid Gland. 
Compound tubular gland. 
Fibrous envelope. 
Lobes, lobules, acini. 
Thyro-glossal duct. 
Foramen csecum. 
Acini, lined with a single layer of cuboidal 
cells. 
Colloid substance. 
The Skin, 
Epidermis or cuticle. 
Corium, derma, or cutis vera. 
Epidermis 1. to .1 mm. thick. 
Stratified squamous cells. 
Stratum corneum. 
Keratin. 
Stratum lucidum. 
Stratum granulosum. 
Prickle-cells. 
Eleidin or keratohyaline granules. 
Columnar cells. 
Stratum Malpighii or rete mucosum. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
67 
Epithrichial layer. 
Pigment granules in the epidermis only. 
Coriuw. 
Fibro-elastic and non-striated muscle 
tissue. 
Papillae. 
Vascular loops and nerve endings, 
Stratum papillare. 
Stratum reticulare. 
Arrectores pilorum. 
Non-striated muscle in scrotum, penis, peri- 
neum, and nipple. 
Striated muscle in skin of face. 
Subcutaneous tissue. 
Interfascicular spaces (fibro-elastic tissue). 
Panniculus adiposus. 
Spindle and plate like cells. 
Leucocytes and fat cells. 
The Nails. 
Body. 
Nail-bed, (corium and stratum Malpighii). 
Nail-walls. 
Nail-groove. 
Nail-root. 
Free edge. 
Lunula. 
Matrix. 
Longitudinal ridges. 
Nail composed of nucleated horny scales. 
The Hair. 
Shaft. 
Boot. 
Hair-bulb. 
Hair-papilla. 
Cuticle. 68 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Single layer of horny non-nucleated im- 
bricated epithelial cells. 
Corticle substance. 
Elongated horny nucleated epithelial cells. 
Medulla or pith. 
Finely granular, cuboidal nucleated epi- 
thelial cells. 
Color of hair depends on, 
Pigment granules. 
Diffuse pigment. 
Minute air vesicles. 
Hair follicle. 
Fibrous coat. 
Outer longitudinal bundles of fibrous 
tissue. 
Middle circular layer of fibrous tissue. 
Inner coat or glassy or hyaline mem- 
brane. 
Outer root sheath 40-60 g thick. 
Outer cells, columnar. 
Inner cells, 5-10 rows deep, polygonal. 
Inner root sheath. 
Henle’s layer, single or double rows of non- 
nucleated cells. 
Huxley’s layer single row of nucleated 
cells. 
Cuticle of root-sheath. 
Hair-papilla .1 to .3 mm. long. 
Pigment cells and vascular loop. 
Arrectores pilorum. 
Cutis anserina. 
Lanugo. 
Sebaceous Glands. 
Simple or compound saccular glands. 
Duct, stratified squamous cells. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
69 
Acini, cnboidal or polyhedral cells. 
Sebum. 
Largest glands found on the rnons veneris, 
labia majora, and scrotum. 
Smallest glands, connected with the head hairs. 
Sweat Glands, or Sudoriparous Glands. 
Modified simple tubular glands. 
Widely distributed all over the human body, 
except deeper part of external auditory 
canal, tympanic membrane, glans and 
inner surface of prepuce. 
Largest glands found in the axilla, root of 
the penis, labia majora and around the 
anus .3 to .7 mm. 
Duct, several layers cuboidai cells. 
Coil, single layer columnar cells. 
Secretion, turbid or oily fluid. 
Blood supply. 
Lymphatics. 
Nerve supply. 
Membranes of the Central Nervous System. 
Dura mater. 
Fibro elastic and connective tissue. 
Single layer of endothelial cells. 
Arachnoid. 
Delicate connective tissue. 
Subarachoidal spaces 
Endothelial cells. 
Arachnoidal cells. 
Pacchionian bodies. 
Calcareous concretions (“brain sand ”). 
Pia mater 
Elastic connective tissue. 
Endothelial cells. 
Rich in blood vessels. 70 
OUTLINES OP HISTOLOGY. 
Follows all brain and cord depressions. 
Spinal Cord or Medulla Spinalis. 
White substance (substantia alba). 
Grey substance (substantia grisea). 
White substance. 
Anterior median fissure (fissura anterior). 
Fibrous septum (fissura posterior). 
Anterior column. 
Lateral column. 
Posterior column. 
In lower cervical and upper thoracic regions 
the posterior column is further divided 
into: 
Column of Goll (funiculus gracilis). 
Column of Burdach (funiculus cuneatus). 
The lateral column contains;— 
Crossed pyramidal tract. 
Direct cerebellar tract. 
The anterior column contains:— 
Direct pyramidal tract (Tiirck’s column). 
Anterior ground bundle. 
White commissure. 
Grey substance. 
Anterior gray commissure. 
Posterior gray commissure. 
Central canal .5 to 1 mm. 
Substantia gelatinosa centralis. 
Columnar cells (ciliated). 
Forms of the central canal. 
Upper cervical region, quadrilateral. 
Lower cervical portion, slit like. 
Dorsal region, circular. 
Sacral portion and conus medullaris 
_L form. 
Anterior horns (conua) OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
71 
Lateral horns. 
Posterior horns. 
Anterior roots. 
Posterior roots. 
Processus reticularis. 
Column of Clarke 
Substantia gelatinosa Rolandi. 
Substantia spongiosa. 
Ganglion cells of, 
Anterior horns 65 to 135 g (motor cells). 
Posterior horns 16 to 20 g. 
Nerve-fibres. * 
Motor-fibres (anterior horns). 
Sensory fibres (posterior horns). 
White matter. 
Medullated nerve-fibres (no neurilemma). 
Blood supply. 
Anterior spinal artery. 
Capillary net-work. 
Supporting frame work. 
Fibrous connective tissue (from the'pia). 
Neuroglia. 
Glia cells. 
Ependymal cells. 
Deiter’s cells. 
The Brain. 
White substance. 
Gray substance. 
Braiif covering. 
Dura mater, arachoidia and pia mater. 
Gray substance occurs as : 
Cerebral cortex. 
Corpora striata, optic thalami and corpora 
quadrigemina. 
Lining of the ventricles. 72 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Cerebellar cortex. 
The cerebellum. 
White medullary substance. 
Medullated nerve-fibres without neuri- 
lemma. 
Granule layer. 
Large and small ganglion cells. 
Branched protoplasmic and axis-cylin- 
der processes. 
Cells of Purkinje 60-70 /1. 
Single layer. 
Molecular layer. 
Small multipoler cells. 
Neuroglia. 
The cerebrum. 
First or outer layer .25 mm. 
Neuroglia. 
Dendrites. 
Tangential fibres. 
Second or layer of small pyramidal cells 
.26 mm. 
Branched processes. 
Axis cylinders. 
Third or layer of large pyramidal cells 
.1 mm. 
Ganglion cells 10-12 [x. 
Stripes of Baillarger or Gennari. 
Axis cylinder to white matter. 
Fourth or layer of polymorphous cells 
.3-4 mm. 
Small irregular, oval and angular cells. 
Pituitary body (hypophysis cerebri). 
Larger oval lobe. 
Connective tissue, blood-vessels, a few nerve 
fibres. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
73 
Tubular acini; polyhedral cells. 
Colloid substance. 
Small posterior lobe. 
Connective tissue, blood-vessels, pigment 
cells. 
Immature nerve fibres. 
Pineal body (epiphysis, conarium). 
Alveoli; polyhedral cells. 
Brain sand (aceroulus cerebri). 
Corpora amylacea. 
Concentric striations. 
Brain ventricles. 
White and gray matter. 
Olfactory tract. 
Telx choroidex and plexus choroidex. 
Connective tissue and blood-vessels. 
Simple layer of cuboidal cells. 
Eyeball (bulbus oculi). 
lunica externa (fibrous). 
Cornea. 
Sclera. 
Tunica media (vascular). 
Choroid. 
Ciliary body. 
Iris. 
Tunica interna (nervous). 
Retina. 
Optic nerve. 
Lens. 
Vitrious body. 
The Cornea. 
Anterior epithelium 45 p. 
Stratified squamous cells. 74 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Deepest cells, columnar. 
Anterior basal or Bowman’s membrane, or 
lamina elastica anterior 20 fx. 
Minute serrations. 
Connective tissue fibrillse. 
Ground substance (substantia propria). 
Parallel fibrillse. 
Cement substance. 
Parallel lamellae. 
White fibrous tissue. 
Fibrae acuatae. 
Chondrin. 
Flat corneal corpuscles. 
Protoplasmic processes. 
Lacunae; canaliculi. 
Inter-communicating lymphatic spaces. 
Wandering cells. 
Posterior basal or Descemet’s membrane 
or lamina elastica posterior. 
Single layer flat endothelial cells 10 fx. 
Oval nuclei slightly projecting. 
Blood vessels absent. 
Lymphatic spaces and canalculi. 
Nerves, numerous. 
Ground plexuses. 
Deeper layer. 
The sclera, 1 m. 
Fibro-elastic tissue. 
Bundles arranged meridionally and equa- 
torially. 
Connective tissue and wandering cells. 
Lamina suprachoroidea. 
Loose connective tissue, lymph spaces 
and pigment. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
75 
Lamina fusca. 
Pigment, endothelial cells and connec- 
tive tissue. 
Tunica media. 
The choroid. 
Choroid-strom a. 
Connective tissue lamellae, elastic fibres, 
pigment cells. 
Venae vorticosae. 
Perivascular lymph spaces. 
Larger arteries. 
2 he chorico-capillaris or capillary layer, 10 fx. 
Homogeneous matrix. 
Close capillary net-work. 
Boundary zone or vitreous lamina, 2 jx. 
Fine elastic fibres (lattice work). 
Tapetum fibrosum. 
Tapetum cellulosum. 
Blood supply. 
Arteriae ciliares brevae and recurrentes. 
The ciliary body. 
The ciliary process. 
The ciliary muscle. 
The ciliary process. 
70-80 vascular folds. 
Connective tissue stroma. 
Vitreous lamina (inner surface). 
Pigment layer (pars ciliaris retinae). 
Tapetum nigrum. 
Row of columnar cells. 
Blood supply. 
Circulus arteriosus iridis major. 
The ciliary muscle. 
Non-striated muscle. 
Meridional fibres (tensor choroideae). 76 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Circular fibres or ring-muscle of Muller. 
Small ganglion cells. 
The iris. 
Radial fibres. 
Anterior endothelium. 
Anterior boundary layer. 
Vascular layer. 
Posterior boundary layer. 
Pigment layer. 
Anterior endothelium. 
Single layer flattened nucleated polygonal 
cells. 
Finely granular protoplasm but no pig- 
ment. 
Anterior boundary layer (reticular layer); 
Connective tissue reticulum. 
Lymphoid cells. 
Vascular layer. 
Connective tissue stroma, blood vessels 
and nerves. 
Annular bundles of non-striated muscle, 
sphincter of the pupil. 
Radially arranged bundles, dilator of the 
pupil (?) 
Pigment cells. 
Posterior boundary layer or vitreous lamella. 
Glassy structureless membrane of elastic 
tissue. 
Pigment layer (pars iridica retime). 
Anterior spindle cells. 
Posterior polygonal cells. 
Membrana limitans iridis. 
Color of iris. 
Dark eyes. 
Blue eyes. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
77 
Albinos. 
Ihe irido-corneal angle, formed by the 
Cornea, sclera, iris and ciliary muscle 
Ligamentum pectinatum iridis. 
Reticulum or annular mass. 
Spaces of Fontana; endothelium. 
Canal of Schlemm (venous canal). 
Tunica interna. 
The retina. 
Pars optica retinae. 
Pars ciliaris retinae. 
Pars iridica retinae. 
Pars optica retinae. 
Outer lamina. 
Pigment 
Inner lamina. 
Neuro-epithelial layer. 
Cerebral layer. 
Pigment layer. 
Layer of rods and cones. 
Membrana limitans externa. 
Outer granule layer. 
Fibre layer of Henle. 
Outer reticular layer. 
Inner granule layer. 
Inner reticular layer. 
Ganglion cell layer. 
Nerve-fibre layer. 
Supporting tissues. 
Radial fibres of Muller. 
Membrana limitans interna. 
Nucleated enlargements. 
External limiting membrane. 
Fibre-crates. 
Neurolgia cells. 78 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Nerve-fibre layer. 
Naked axis-cylinders. 
Termination in free endings. 
Ganglion cell layer. 
Single layer of large multipolar nerve- 
cells 15-30 g. 
Inner reticular layer. 
Neurolgia net-work. 
Branched nerve-cells processes. 
Inner granule layer. 
Multipolar nerve cells. _ 
Bipolar nerve cells (ganglia retinas). 
Outer reticular layer. 
Sustentacular fibrillae. 
Subepithelial ganglion cells. 
Outer granule layer is the inner nucleated 
portion of the visual cells. 
Outer limiting membrane. 
Layer of rods and cones. 
Visual cells. 
Rod visual cells. 
Cone visual cells. 
Bod Visual cells 60 g. 
Outer segments. 
Transverse disks. 
Visual purple (rhodospin). 
Inner segments. 
Rod-fibres. 
Rod-granules (nuclei). 
Light and dark bands. 
Cone visual cells 32 g. 
Outer segments. 
Cones. 
Inner segments. 
Cone fibres. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
79 
Cone-granules. 
Fibre-layer of Henle. 
Basement membrane of the visual cells. 
Pigment layer (tapetum nigrum). 
Hexagonal epithelial cells. 
Protoplasmic processes. 
Pars ciliaris retinae. 
Single layer of columnar cells. 
Membrana limitans interna. 
Pars iridica retinae. 
Described under iris. 
Optic Nerve. 
Uiree sheaths. 
Dura mater, arachoid and pia mater. 
Trunk of optic nerve 3 mm. 
800 medullated nerve-fibres. 
No neurilemma. 
Fibrous septa. 
Lamina cribrosa. 
Naked axis-cylinders. 
Blood vessels. 
Central vein and artery. 
Crystalline Lens. 
Substantia propria. 
Epithelium. 
Lens-fibres. 
Epithelium (anterior surface). 
Single layer nucleated cuboidal cells .20 p. 
Lens fibres. 
Elongated epithelial cells. 
Six-sided prisms. 
Smooth and serrated edges. 
Cement substance. 
Concentric lamelhe. 
Lens-stars. 80 
OUTLINES OP HISTOLOGY, 
Lens capsule. 
Glassy elastic membrane. 
Anterior capsule, 11-15 p. 
Posterior capsule, 5-7 p. 
Suspensory ligament or Zonula ciliaris or zone 
of Zinn, 
Homogeneous fibres. 
Extends from a continuation of the hya- 
loid membrane of the vitreous body, 
from the ciliary process to the lens 
capsule. 
Canal of Petit. 
Ihe vitreous body. 
Hyaloid membrane. 
Vitreous substance, 98.6 per cent., H2 0. 
Patellar fossa. 
Fibrous elements. 
Leucocytes ; fixed connective tissue cells. 
Hyaloid canal. 
Eye-Lids. 
Skin. 
Fine hairs, sweat-glands, jiapillse and pig- 
ment cells. 
Subcutaneous tissue. 
Elastic fibres, no fat. 
Cilia. 
Moll’s glands. 
Muscular tissue. 
Orbicularis palpebrarum. 
Ciliary or marginal muscle. 
Lid-muscle of Muller (non-striated). 
Tarsus. 
Dense fibrous tissue. 
Meibomian or tarsal glands. 
About 30 tubulo-acinous glands. OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
81 
Sebaceous in character. 
Accessory lachrymal glands. 
Conjunctiva. 
Epithelium. 
Stratified columnar cells. 
Lymphoid cells. 
Circumscribed lymph follicles. 
Tunica propria. 
Fibrous tissue. 
Lymphoid cells. 
Plica semilunaris. 
Membrana nictans. 
Lachrymal caruncle. 
Adipose tissue. 
Fine hairs. 
Sweat glands. 
Non-striated muscle. 
Blood-vessels. 
Lachrymal glands. 
About 12 racemose glands. 
Ducts; simple columnar cells. 
Acini; low epithelial cells. 
Lachrymal cauaiiculi. 
Stratified epithelial cells. 
Tunica propria, fibro-elastic tissue. 
Longitudinal layer striated muscle. 
Lachrymal sac and naso-lachryrnal duct. 
Stratified columnar cells. 
Tunica propria; adenoid reticulum. 
Capsule of Tenon. 
Fibrous membrane. 
Endothelial cells. 
Space of Tenon. 
Between the eye-ball and the capsule of 
Tenon. 82 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Organ of Hearing. 
External ear. 
Middle e,ar. 
Internal eFr. 
External ear. 
Yellow elastic cartilage. 
Skin thick; fine hairs; ceruminous’glands 
Tympanum. 
Lamina propria. 
Fibrous connective tissue. 
Cutaneous layer. 
Mucous layer. 
Single layer low cuboidal cells. 
Middle ear. 
Tympanic cavity. 
Mastoid cells. 
Eustachian tube. 
Ear-ossicles. 
Tympanic cavity. 
Tunica propria; connective tissue. 
Low cuboidal cells, and columnar ciliated 
cells. 
Small tubular glands. 
Mastoid cells. 
Lined with low polyhedral cells. 
Eustachian tube. 
Tunica propria; fibrous tissue. 
Reticular adenoid tissue. 
Mucous glands. 
Stratified ciliated columnar cells. 
Ear-ossicles. 
Compact bone. 
Hyaline cartilage. 
Internal ear. 
Bony labyrinth. 
Membranous labyrinth. OUTLINES OP HISTOLOGY. 
Bony labyrinth. 
Sacculus. 
Utriculus. 
Ductus endolymphaticus. 
Sacculus, utriculus and semicircular canals. 
Outer layer connective tissue and elastic 
fibres. 
Basement membrane. 
Simple squamous cells. 
Fibre cells. 
Hair cells. 
Otoliths, 1-15 jx. 
Calcium carbonate. 
Six-sided prisms. 
Cochlea. 
Scala vestibuli. 
Scala media or ductus cochlearis. 
Scala tympani. 
Scala vestibuli. 
Reissner’s membrane. 
Flattened epithelial cells. 
Connective tissue. 
Endothelial cells. 
Scala media or ductus cochlearis. 
Stria vascularis. 
Prominentia spiralis. 
Spiral ligament. 
Cells of Claudius. 
Low columnar. 
Basilar membrane. 
Corti’s organ. 
Membrana tectoria. 
Limbus. 
Scala tympani. 
Spiral ligament. 
Spiral lamina. 84 
OUTLINES OF HISTOLOGY. 
Organ of Corti. 
Corti’s pillars. 
Body, head, foot, and head-plates. 
Protoplasmic envelope of pillars. 
Tunnel of Corti. 
Hair-cells. 
Membrana reticularis. 
Cells of Deiters. 
Cells of Hensen. 
Cells of Claudius. 
Nasal Mucous Membrane. 
Respiratory portion. 
Olfactory portion. 
Respiratory portion. 
Stratified ciliated columnar cells. 
Tunica propria; fibro-connective tissue 
Leucocytes and lymphoid nodules. 
Small racemose glands. 
Mucous and serous glands. 
Olfactory portion. 
Sustentacular cells. 
Goblet cells. 
Nucleated and pigmented. 
Zone of oval cells. 
Olfactory cells. 
Spherical nuclei. 
Ganglion cells. 
Zone of round cells. 
Basilar cells. 
Tunica propria. 
Fibro-connective tissue and elastic fibres. 
Basement membrane. 
Branched tubular or Bowman’s glands 
(mucous). 
THE END.