POCKET ANATOMY: 
A Concise Arrangement op 
Anatomical Facts, 
For the use of students. 
By THOS. 0. SUMMERS, M.A., M.D., 
Professor of Anatomy in the University of Nashville and 
the Yanderm . University, late of the 
Southern University. 
A. 11. BEDFORD, AGENT: 
Nashville, Tenn. 
1876. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, 
THOS. 0. SUMMERS, 
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. 
In offering this Manual to-the Student, 
it is hardly necessary to state that without 
a previous knowledge of Anatomy, acquired 
in the lecture and dissecting rooms, it will 
prove of little service. It is merely a 
compact arrangement of anatomical facts 
in such a manner as»±o- aid the memory 
and assist in a clearer comprehension of a 
subject which the intricacy of detail ren- 
ders difficult and obscure. 
I am largely indebted for my methods 
of simplification to the assistance of Pro- 
fessors Hyrtl of Vienna, Braun of Leip- 
zig, Virchow of Berlin, and Heath of 
London, whose beautiful preparations and 
dissections have done much to elucidate in 
my own mind many points, the description 
of which has perplexed some of our best 
anatomical authors. CONTENTS. 
Introduction 11 
PAGE 
The Osseous System 13 
Bones of the Cranium . IB 
The Occipital Bone 13 
The Frontal Bone 15 
The Temporal Bone ... 16 
The Sphenoid Bone 19 
The Ethmoid Bone 21 
Bones of the Face 21 
The Nasal Bones 21 
The Superior Maxillary Bones 22 
The Lachrymal Bones 23 
The Malar Bones 23 
The Palate Bones 23 
The Inferior Turbinated Bones 24 
The "Vomer 24 
The Inferior Maxillary Bone. 24 
The Sutures of the Skull 25 
The Base of the Skull 26 
The Lateral Region of the Skull 29 
The Orbits. 30 
The Nasal Fossae 30 
The Hyoid Bone 31 
The Spine.. 31 
The Cervical Vertebrae 32 
The Dorsal Vertebrae 83 6 
Contents. 
The Lumbar Yertebrse 84 
PAGE 
Vertebral Muscles 34 
The Sacrum 85 
The Coccyx 36 
The Thorax 36 
The Sternum 36 
The Eibs . 36 
The Costal Cartilages 38 
The Extremities 38 
The Clavicle - 39 
The Scapula 89 
The Humerus 40 
The Ulna 41 
The Eadius 41 
The Carpus 42 
The Metacarpus 43 
The Phalanges 44 
The Lower Extremity 45 
The Os Innominatum 45 
The Pelvis 47 
The Femur 48 
The Patella 49 
The Tibia 49 
The Eibula 50 
The Tarsus.. 51 
The Metatarsus 63 
The Phalanges 53 
The Ligamentous System 65 
Vertebral Articulations 56 
Articulations of Upper Extremity... 58 
Articulations of Lower Extremity... 60 Contents. 
The Muscular System 64 
Cranial Kegion 64 
Auricular Region 64 
Palpebral Region 64 
Orbital Region 65 
Nasal Region 65 
Superior Maxillary Region 66 
Inferior Maxillary Region 66 
Intermaxillary Region 67 
Temporo-maxillary Region 67 
Pterygo-maxillary Region «*..... 67 
Superficial Cervical Region 67 
Infra-hyoid Region 68 
Supra-hyoid Region 68 
Lingual Region 69 
Pharyngeal Region 69 
Palatal Region 69 
Anterior Vertebral Region.. 70 
Lateral Vertebral Region.... 71 
Back 71 
Abdomen - 75 
Thorax 75 
Anterior Thoracic Region 77 
Lateral Thoracic Region 78 
Acromial Region 78 
Anterior Scapular Region 78 
Posterior Scapular Region 78 
Anterior Humeral Region 79 
Posterior Humeral Region 79 
Pore-arm and Hand 79 
Iliac Region 84 
Anterior Femoral Region 84 
Internal Femoral Region 85 
PAGE 8 
Contents. 
Gluteal Eegion 85 
Posterior Eemoral Eegion 86 
Anterior Tibio-fibular Eegion 86 
Posterior Tibio-fibular Eegion 87 
Eihular Eegion 88 
Dorsum of Poot 88 
Plantar Eegion 89 
PAGE 
The Vascular System 92 
The Arteries 92 
The Veins 106 
The Lymphatics 112 
The Nervous System 116 
The Spinal Cord 117 
The Brain and Its Membranes 119 
The Nerves 137 
The Sympathetic Nervous System... 151 
The Organs oe Sense 156 
The Skin 156 
The Tongue 156 
The Nose 157 
The Eye 158 
The Ear 161 
The Organs oe Digestion 167 
The Mouth 167 
The Teeth 168 
The Palate 169 
The Salivary Glands 170 
The Pharynx 172 
The Esophagus 173 Abdominal Contents 173 
Contents. 
PAGE 
The Peritoneum, 175 
The Stomach 180 
The Small Intestines 181 
The Large Intestine 183 
The Liver 184 
The Pancreas 186 
Organs of Voice and Respiration.. 188 
The Spleen 186 
The Larynx 188 
The Trachea 190 
The Thyroid Body 191 
The Pleura 191 
The Mediastina 192 
The Lungs 192 
Organs op Circulation., 195 
The Heart 195 
The Foetal Circulation 201 
Organs oe Urination 208 
The Kidneys 203 
The Bladder 204 
The Urethra 206 
Organs op Generation 208 
The Male Organs 208 
The Penis 208 
The Prostate Gland 209 
Cowper’s Glands 209 
The Testicles 209 
The Vesiculse Seminales 211 Contents. 
10 
The Female Organs 211 
PAGE 
The Vagina . 213 
The Ovaries 218 
The Fallopian Tubes 214 
The Uterus 214 
The Mammae 215 
Eegional Anatomy 216 
The Triangles of the Neck 216 
The Axillary Space 220 
Scarpa’s Triangle 221 
The Popliteal Space 221 
The Perineum 221 
Hernia 222 POCKET ANATOMY. 
INTRODUCTION. 
ANATOMY is the science which treats 
of the structure and relations of the 
Tissues, Systems, and Organs, which, taken 
together, make up an Organism. 
A Tissue is the simplest material com- 
bination within the range of anatomical 
analysis. The molecular constitution of 
a tissue belongs to the sphere of chemistry, 
and can only be arrived at by chemical 
analysis. 
A System is a combination of Tissues 
for the performance of some general func- 
tion in the organism. 
An Organ is a definite structure, to the 
formation of which tissues and systems Con- 
tribute for the execution of some special and 
non-transferable function. 
An Organism is a combination of Tis- 
sues, Systems, and Organs, which, in their 
normal structure and relation, exhibit the 
phenomena of life. Pocket Anatomy. 
The structure of tissues belongs to His- 
tology; their relations ■will he discussed with 
the systems and organs to which they con- 
tribute. 
There are five systems entering into the 
composition of the human body; (1) Osse- 
ous, (2) Ligamentous, (3) Muscular, (4) Vas- 
cular, (5) Nervous. Pocket Anatomy. 
13 
The Osseods System. 
Including the teeth and ossicles of the 
ear, there are 238 hones entering into the 
formation of the human Skeleton, which, 
for the convenience of description, is di- 
vided into head, trunk, superior and infe- 
rior extremities. 
is divided into 2 parts—the Cranium and 
the Face. In the Cranium there are 8 
bones: 4 single—Occipital, Frontal, Sphe- 
noid, and Ethmoid; 2 pairs—Parietal and 
Temporal. In the Face there are 14 
bones; 2 single—Vomer and Inferior Max- 
illary; 6 pairs—Nasal, Superior Maxillary, 
Lachrymal, Malar, Palate, and Inferior 
Turbinated. 
The Head, or Skull* 
is situated at the base and back part of the 
Cranium; it has 2 surfaces, 4 borders, and 
4 angles. 
The external surface is convex, and 
marked by a prominent tubercle near the 
middle, called the external occipital pro- 
tuberance, for the attachment of the liga- 
mentum nuchas. Descending forward from 
this is a ridge, called the external occipital 
The Occipital Bone 14 
Pocket Anatomy. 
crest. Prom this, on each side, lead out 
2 parallel curved lines—superior and infe- 
rior—for the attachment of muscles. There 
are 5 foramina: the foramen magnum 
transmitting the spinal cord and its mem- 
branes, the spinal accessory nerves, and the 
vertebral arteries; the anterior condyloid 
foramen, one on each side, transmitting 
the hypoglossal (9th) nerve; the posterior 
transmitting a vein to the lateral sinus. 
On each side of the foramen magnum are 
the Condyles for articulation with the at- 
las, and farther out a process called the 
transverse, or angular, process. In front 
of the foramen is a square plate of hone 
called the basilar process, marked by a 
crest called the Pharyngeal Spine. 
The internal surface is concave, divided 
by a crucial ridge into 4 fossae for the 
lodgment of the posterior lobes of the cere- 
brum above and the cerebellum below. The 
ridges give attachment to the Palx Cerebri 
and Palx Cerebelli, and Tentorium Oere- 
helli. There are grooves for the sinuses of 
the Dura Mater, and eminences and depres- 
sions marking the convolutions of the brain. 
Where the grooves meet there is a depres- 
sion called the Torcular Herophili. 
This bone articulates with 6 others—2 
parietal, 2 temporal, sphenoid, and atlas. 
It gives attachment to 12 pairs of mus- 
cles: to the superior curved line—Occip. 
Pront., Trapcz., Stern. Mast.; to the space Pocket Anatomy. 
15 
between the curved lines—Complex., Splen. 
Cap., and Obliq. Sup.; to the inferior curved 
line and the space between it and the fora- 
men magnum—Eect. Cap. Post. Maj. and 
Min.; to the transverse process—Eect. Lat.; 
to the basilar process—Eect. Cap. Ant. Maj. 
and Min., and Sup. Const, of Phar. 
consists of 2 portions—a vertical or frontal, 
and a horizontal or orbiio-nasal. The ver- 
tical portion forms the forehead, and has 
two surfaces. The external surface pre- 
sents the remains of the frontal suture, and 
on each side of this an eminence called the 
frontal eminence. Below this is the super- 
ciliary ridge, continuous internally with 
the nasal eminence, and forming the supra 
orbital arch, at the inner third of which is 
seen the supra orbital notch, or foramen, for 
the transmission of the supra orbital vessels 
and nerve. The supra orbital arch termi- 
nates externally in the external, and inter- 
nally in the internal, angular process. The 
nasal notch is the point of articulation with 
the nasal bone, and is continuous below with 
a long, pointed spine, called the nasal spine, 
or glabella. 
The internal surface of the vertical por- 
tion"presents a vertical groove—the edges 
of which form the frontal crest. The 
groove lodges the superior longitudinal 
sinus, and the edges afford attachment to 
The Frontal Bone Pocket Anatomy. 
16 
the dura mater. It terminates below in a 
foramen—the foramen caecum, usually im- 
pervious. On each side of the groove the 
hone is deeply concave, lodging the anterior 
meningeal arteries and the anterior lobes 
of the cerebrum. Irregular fossae are also 
seen for the lodgment of the Pacchionian 
bodies. 
The horizontal portion consists %f 2 
plates, forming the roof of the orbits, and 
divided by a notch—the ethmoidal notch. 
It presents on each side of the nasal spine 
irregular cavities between the 2 tables 
called the frontal sinuses. They are lined 
with mucous membrane, and are continuous 
with the nose through the infundibulum. 
The Frontal Bone articulates with 12 
bones; 2 parietal; sphenoid, ethmoid; 2 
nasal, 2 superior maxillary, 2 lachrymal, 
and 2 malar. 
It affords attachment to 3 muscles on 
each side: Corrugator Supercilii, Orbicu- 
laris Palpebrarum, and Temporal. 
consists of 3 portions; Squamous, Mastoid, 
and Petrous. The Squamous portion forms 
part of the Temporal Fossa, and gives at- 
tachment to the Temporal muscle. The 
Zygomatic process comes off by 8 roots 
from the Squamous portion. It gives at- 
tachment to the Masseter muscle. The 
anterior root runs into the eminentia artic- 
The Temporal Bone Pocket Anatomy. 
17 
ularis. The middle root terminates in the 
Glaserian Fissure, which leads into the 
Tympanum, lodges the processus gracilis of 
the malleus, transmits the Laxator Tym- 
pani muscle, and Tympanic branch of the 
Internal Maxillary Artery. Through the 
canal of Huguier parallel to this fissure 
passes the chorda tympani nerve. At the 
junction of the anterior root with the Zy- 
goma there is a tubercle giving attachment 
to the external lateral ligament of the lower 
jaw. Between the anterior and middle roots 
is the glenoid fossa for the condyle of the 
lower jaw. This fossa is hounded in front 
by the erain. artic.; behind by the vaginal 
process; externally by the auditory process, 
and middle root of the Zygoma. Between 
the fossa and the and. proc. is the post- 
glenoid process. The post, part of the 
fossa lodges part of the parotid gland. 
The intern, surf, of the squara. port, pre- 
sents depressions and eminences to mark 
the convolutions of the brain, and grooves 
for the branches of the middle meningeal 
artery. 
The Mastoid Portion presents the mastoid 
for., transmitting a vein to the lateral sinus 
and a small artery. The mastoid process 
gives attachment to the sterno-mastoid, 
splen. cap., and trachelo-mastoid muscles; 
the fossa near by to the digastric muscle; 
and the groove internal and parallel lodges 
the occipital artery. The hollow spaces 18 
Pocket Anatomy. 
in the mastoid process are called mastoid 
cells. 
The Petrous Portion presents a base, 
apex, 3 surfaces, and 3 borders. 
The anterior surface presents 6 points; 
Eminence for sup. semicirc. canal. 
Depression for tympanum. 
Hiatus Pallopii for petros. hr. of vid. n. 
Opening for smaller petros. n. 
Carotid canal. 
Depression for Gasserian ganglion. 
The posterior surface presents 3 points; 
Meatus Aud. Intern, for fac. and and. n. 
and aud. art. 
Aqueductus Yestibuli for small art. and 
v. and proc. of dura mater. 
Depression for small vein and proc. of 
dura mater. 
The inferior surface presents 11 points: 
Hough Quad. Surf, for Lev. Pal. and 
Tens. Tymp. 
Opening of Carotid canal for int. car. 
art. and car. plex. 
Aqueduct. Cochleae for vein from coch- 
lea. 
Jugular Eossa. 
Canal for Jacobson’s Nerve = tymp. hr. 
gloss, phar. 
Canal for Arnold’s Nerve = Auric, hr. 
pneumogast. 
Smooth jugular surf. 
Yaginal process. 
Styloid process for Stylo-phar., Stylo- Pocket Anatomy. 
19 
gloss., and Stylo-hyoid muscles; and Stylo- 
hyoid and Stylo-max. ligaments. 
Stylo-mastoid foramen for stylo-mast, 
art. and fac. n. 
Auricular Fissure for exit of auric, hr, 
pneumog. 
The Sup. border is grooved for sup. pet. 
sinus. 
The Post, border is grooved for inf. pet. 
sinus. 
The Ant. border presents 2 canals sepa- 
rated hy the proc. cochleariformis, the up- 
per transmitting the tens, tymp., and the 
lower one the Eustachian tube. 
Articulates with 5 hones—Occip., Par., 
Sphen., Inf. Max., and Malar. 
Fourteen muscles are attached: to Squam. 
port. Temporal; to Zygoma Masseter; to 
mast. port. Occip.Front., Stern, mast., Splen. 
Cap., Trach. Mast., Digastricus and Eetra- 
hens Aurem; to Styloid proc. Stylo-phar., 
Stylo-gloss., and Stylo-hyoideus; to pe- 
trous port. Lev. Pal., Tens. Tymp., and 
Stapedius. 
The Sphenoid Bone 
presents a body, greater and lesser wings, 
and pterygoid processes. It assists in form- 
ing the outer wall of the orbit and the tem- 
poral fossa. 
On its superior surface it presents from 
before backward: 
Ethmoidal Spine. 20 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Groove for olfactory n. 
Optic Groove. 
Optic Foramina for opt. n. and opthal. 
art. 
Foramen Lacerum Anterius, or Sphenoid 
Fissure, for Bd, 4th, opthal. hr. of sth, and 
6th nerves, and opthal. v. 
For. Eotundum for sup. max. n. 
For. Vesalii for small v. 
For. Ovale for inf. max. and small pet. 
nerves and small mening. art. 
For. Spinosum for mid. mening. art. 
Olivary process. 
Ant., mid., and post, clinoid processes. 
Sella Turcica for pituitary body. 
Cavernous Groove for cav. Sin. and Int. 
Car. Art. 
On the ant. and inf. surfaces it presents: 
Vert, lamella of hone for Eth. 
Sphenoidal Sinuses. 
Vidian Canal for vid. art. and n, 
Rostrum for vomer. 
Vaginal process. 
Pterygo-palatine Canal for pterygo-pala- 
tine vessels and pharyngeal nerve. 
The Pterygoid processes form the post, 
wall of the spheno-max. fossa, and part of 
inner wall of Zygom. fossa. It supports 
Meckel's ganglion, and presents 2 fossae— 
scaphoid and pterygoid. 
The Sphenoid articulates with all the 
bones of the Cranium and 5 of the Face— 
-2 Malar, 2 Palate, and Vomer. Pocket Anatomy. 
21 
It gives attachment to 12 muscles; Temp., 
Ext. and Int. Pteryg., Sup. Cons., Tens. 
Pal., Lax. Tymp., Lev. Palp., Obliq. Sup., 
Sup., Int., Inf., and Ext. Eecti. 
The Ethmoid Bone 
presents a Horizontal or Cribriform plate, 
a Perpendicular plate, and Lateral Masses. 
The sup. surf, presents: 
Crista Galli for falx cerebri. 
The ext. surf, of lat. mass is called Os 
'planum; the inf. proc. unciform process. 
By its turbinated processes it assists in 
forming the inner wall of the nose. The 
canal leading through the bone to the mid- 
dle meatus is called the infundibulum. 
Slit for nasal nerve. 
Foramina for olfact. nerves. 
Art. with 15 bones: Sphen., 2 Sphen. 
turb., Front., 2 IST as., 2 Sup. Max., 2 Lach., 
2 Pal., 2 Inf. turb., and Yomer. 
No muscles attached. 
POKES OF THE FACE. 
The Nasal Bones 
form the bridge of the nose. The outer 
surface is covered by the Compress. Nans 
muscle. A foramen about the center trans- 
mits a small vein. The inner surface is 
marked by a groove for a branch of the 
nasal nerve. To the inferior border is at- 
tached the lateral cartilage of the nose. 22 
Pocket Anatomy. 
It articulates with the Front., Eth., opposite 
Nasal, and Sup. Max. 
No muscles attached. 
The Superior Maxillary Bones 
assist in forming 3 cavities: the roof of the 
mouth, the floor and outer wall of the nose, 
and floor of the orbit; 2 fossae, Zygomatic 
and spheno-maxillary; 2 fissures, spheno- 
maxillary and pterygo-maxillary. It has 
4 processes—malar, nasal, alveolar, and pal- 
atine. The body is hollowed out to form 
the Antrum of Highmore, into which pro- 
ject the roots of the Ist and 2nd molars. 
It is marked by 2 fossae, incisive and 
canine. The infraorbital foramen just above 
the latter transmits the infraorbital vessels 
and nerve which run along a groove on 
the orbital surface. The internal surface 
assists in forming the middle and inferior 
meatuses of the nose and the lachrymal 
can al. 
"When articulated, it presents on the palate 
surface the anterior and posterior palatine 
canals, the former for the passage of the 
anterior palatine vessels, the naso-palatine 
nerve passing through the intermaxillary 
suture; the latter for post. pal. ves. 
It articulates with 9 hones: Front., Eth., 
Nas., Mai., Each., Inf. turh., Pal., Yom., and 
fellow of the opposite side. 
It gives attachment to the Orbic. Palp., 
Obiiq. Inf., Lev. lah. sup. alseque nasi, Lev. Pocket Anatomy. 
23 
lab. sup. prop., Lev. ang. or., Comp. ISTar., 
Dep. Ai. Nas., Masseter, and Buccinator. 
The Lachrymal Bones (Ossa unguis) 
complete the lach. groove, and assist in 
forming the orbit. Each articulates with 4 
bones: Front., Eth., Sup. Max., and Inf. 
turb.; and gives attachment to the Tensor 
Tarsi. 
The Malar Bones 
Assist in forming the outer wall and floor 
of the orbit, and the Temporal and zygo- 
matic fossae. Each bone has 2 surfaces, 
ext. and int., and 4 processes, front., orb., 
max., and Zygom. It is perforated by foram- 
ina for small nerves and vessels. It gives 
attachment externally to the Lev. lab. sup. 
prop., Zyg. maj. and min.; internally to the 
Temporal and Masseter muscles. 
The Palate Bones 
assist in the formation of the floor and 
outer wall of the nose, the roof of the 
mouth, and the floor of the orbit; the zy- 
gom., spheno-max., and pteryg. fossae. 
Each bone consists of 2 portions, vertical 
and horizontal, and thus, when articulated, 
completes the sup., mid., and inf. meatuses 
of the nose. It presents a foramen, spheno- 
palatine, transmitting the spheno-palatine 
vessels and nerve, and opening into the sup. 
meat. 24 
Pocket Anatomy. 
It artic. with 7 hones: Sphen., Eth,, Sup. 
Max., Inf. turb., Yom., Sphen. turh., and op- 
posite Palate. 
It gives attachment to the Tens. Palat., 
Azyg. uv., Int. and Ext. Pteryg. 
The Interior Turbinated Bones 
present each 2 surfaces, 2 borders, and 2 
extremities. It assists in forming the nasal 
fossae and the lach. canal. 
It artic. with 4 bones: Eth., Sup. Max., 
Each., and Pal. 
No muscles attached. 
The Yomer 
forms part of the septum of the nose. It 
is marked by a groove for the naso-palatine 
nerve. 
It articulates with the Sphenoid, Eth., 
Sup. Max., 2 Palate, and cartilage of the 
septum. 
No muscles attached. 
The Interior Maxillary Bone 
presents a ramus vertical and a body hori- 
zontal. 
The Bami in the foetus are almost paral- 
lel with the body; in youth oblique, in 
manhood vertical, in old age oblique. The 
outer surface is covered by the Masseter 
muscle. The internal surface presents the 
inf. dent, canal for the inf. dent, vessels and 
nerve, and a spine for the intern, lat. lig. Pocket Anatomy. 
25 
of the lower jaw; a groove—the mylo- 
hyoid— for the mylo-hyoid vessels and 
nerve; 2 processes—Condyloid, for articula- 
tion with Temp, and attach, of Ext. Pteryg.; 
Coronoid, for attachment of Temporal and 
Masseter muscles. The sigmoid notch be- 
tween the two transmits the masseteric ar- 
tery and nerve. 
The body is marked by 4 tubercles in 
front of attach, of Genio hyo-glossi mus- 
cles above and Genio-hyoidei below. The 
alveolar process lodges the teeth. The 
mental foramen transmits the mental artery 
and nerve. 
This bone artic. on each side with the 
glenoid fossse of the temporal bone. 
It gives attachment externally to the Lev. 
Menti, Dep. lab. inf., Dep. ang. or., Platysm. 
Myoides, Buccin., and Masseter; internally 
to the Gen. hyo-gloss., Gen. hyoideus, Mylo- 
hyoid, Digastric, Sup. Constr., Temp., Int. 
Pteryg., Ext'. Pteryg. 
The Sxjttjkes of the Skull 
are as follows: 
At the vertex sagittal, 2 parietal; cor- 
onal, front., and par.; lambdoid, occip., and 
par. 
At the side spheno-par., squamo-par., mas- 
to-par. 
At the base basilar (occip. and sphen.), pet. 
occip., masto-occip., petro-sphen., squamo- 
sphen. 26 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The sutures of the face are not named. 
The transverse suture connects the hones 
of the face and head. 
presents upon its internal surface 3 fosste. 
The anterior is formed by the orbital 
plate of the frontal, the crib, plate of the 
ethmoid, the eth. proc. and less, wing of the 
sphen. 
It presents from before backward: 
Groove for sup. long, sinus. 
Grooves for ant. mening. art. 
Foramen Caecum. 
The Base oe the Skull 
Crista Galli. 
Slit for nasal nerve. 
Groove for nasal nerve. 
Ant. eth. for. for ant. etb. art. and nas. 
nerve. 
Orifices for olfactory nerves. 
Post. eth. for. for post. etb. art. and v. 
Ethmoidal spine. 
Olfactory grooves. 
The middle fossa is bounded in front by 
the post. marg. of the lesser wing of the 
sphen., the ant. din. proc. and ant. marg. 
of opt. groove; behind by the pet. port, of 
temp, and has. sut.; externally by squam. 
port, of temporal and ant. inf. ang. of par. 
bone, and is sep. from its fellow by the sella 
turcica. 
It presents from before backward: 
Optic groove for opt. commissure. Pocket Anatomy. 
27 
Optic foramen for opt. nerve and ophthal. 
art. 
Olivary process. 
Ant. din. proc. for attach, dura mater. 
Mid. din. proc. 
Sella turcica for pituit. body. 
Post. din. proc. 
Cavernous groove for int. carot. art., cav. 
sin., and orb. nerves. 
Grooves for mid. mening art. 
For. lac. ant., or sphen. fissure, for 8, 4, 
opht. br. of 5, 6, and opth. vein. 
For. rot. for sup. max. nerve. , 
For. vesalii for small vein. 
For. ovale for inf. max. nerve, small pe- 
trosal n., and small mening. art. 
For. spinosum for mid. mening. art. 
For. lac. rned., or carotid canal, for car. 
art. and plex. n. 
Hiatus fallopii for petros. br. vidian n. 
Groove for small petros. n. 
Depress, for casser. gang. 
Emin, of sup. semicirc. can. 
The posterior fossa is formed by the 
occip., pet. and mast. post, of temp, and 
post. inf. ang. of phar. bone. 
It presents from before backward. 
Basilar process. 
For. mag. for spin, cord and membranes, 
vert, art., and spin, access, n. 
Groove for inf. petros. sin. 
For. lac. post., or jug. for., for inf. jug. v. 
and Bth pr. nerves. 28 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Meat. aud. inf. for aud. and fac. n. and 
aud. art. 
Aqueduct, vestibuli for small art. and v. 
Ant. cond. for. for hypoglossal n. (9). 
Post. cond. for. for small vein to lat. sin. 
Mast. for. for v. to lat. sin. 
Post, mening. grooves. 
Grooves for lat. and long, and occip. si- 
nuses. 
Torcular Herophili. 
The external surface presents from be- 
fore backward: 
Two foramina in the intermaxillary sut- 
ure—one, the anterior, transmitting the left, 
and the posterior (the larger) the right, naso- 
palatine nerve. 
Two placed laterally to these, transmit- 
ting the anterior palatine vessels. 
Depressions for palatal glands. 
Posterior palat. for. and groove for pos- 
terior palat. vessels and descend, pal. nerve. 
Accessory palatine foramina. 
Ridge for tens. pal. 
Post. nas. spine for azyg. uv. 
Hamular process. 
Pteryg. pal. canals for pteryg. pal. ves. 
and pharyngeal nerve. 
Phar. spine for sup. cons. 
Por. for Eustach. tube and tens. tymp. 
Canal for Jacobson’s nerve.. 
Canal for Arnold’s nerve. 
Auricular fissure for exit of Arnold’s n. 
Aqueduct, coch. for vein to cochlea. Pocket Anatomy. 
29 
GHaserian fissure for proc. grac. lax. tymp., 
and tymp. branch of int. max. art. 
Canal of Huguier for chorda tympani. 
Stylo-mastoid for. for stylo-mastoid art. 
and exit of facial nerve, and other points 
mentioned on intern, surface. 
The Lateral Region of the Skull 
is divided into 3 fossae—the temporal, zy- 
gomatic, and spheno-maxillary. 
The temporal fossa is formed by 5 bones 
—frontal, malar, temporal, parietal, and 
sphenoid. It is filled by the Temporal 
muscle. 
The zygomatic is formed by the zygoma, 
the sup. max., and the portion of the great 
wing of the sphenoid below the crest. It 
contains the lower part of the Temp., the 
Ext. and Int. Pteryg. muscles, the int. max. 
art., the inf. max. nerve, and their branches. 
Two fissures open into it—the spheno-max- 
illary and the pterygo-maxillary. 
The spheno-maxillary is horizontal, and 
joins at right angles with the pterygo- 
maxillary. It opens into the orbit, and 
connects it with the temp, zyg, and spheno- 
max. fossae. It transmits the sup. max. 
nerve, infraorb. art., and ascending branches 
from Meckel’s ganglion. 
The pterygo-maxillary is vertical, and con- 
nects the spheno-max. fossa with the zygo- 
matic, and transmits branches of the intern, 
max. art. 30 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The sphenomaxillary fossa is formed by 
the sphenoid, sup. max., and palate. Three 
fissures terminate into it—sphen., spheno- 
max., and pterygo-max.; it communicates 
with 3 fossae—the orbital, nasal, and zygo- 
matic. Five foramina open into it—for. 
rot., vidian, pterygo-pal., spheno-pal., orif. 
of post. pal. canal. 
The Orbits 
are formed (both of 11) each of 7 hones— 
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, superior maxil- 
lary, malar, lachrymal, and palate. Nine 
openings communicate with each orbit— 
optic, for. lac. ant., spheno-max. fissure, 
supraorbital, infraorbital, ant. and post, 
ethmoid, malar, and lachrymal canal. 
The Nasal Foss^: 
are formed by the front., sphen., eth., and all 
the bones of the face except the malar and 
inf. max. 
Each communicates with 4 sinuses—front., 
eth., sphen., and max.; with 4 cavities; with 
the orbit by the lach. canal; with mouth 
by ant. pal. can.; with cran. by olfact. fo- 
ramina; with spheno-max. fossa by spheno- 
max. for,; sometimes, also, with each other 
by an opening in the septum. 
The outer wall presents the meatuses of 
the nose—superior, middle, and inferior. 
The sup. meat., the smallest, is between 
the sup. and mid. turb. bones of the eth., Pocket Anatomy. 
31 
and presents the opening of 2 for.—spheno- 
pal. and post. efh. cells. 
The mid. meat., bet. mid. and inf. turb. 
hones, presents 2 for.—orifice of infundibu- 
lum and orifice of antrum. 
The inf. meat., bet. inf. turb. and floor 
of nas. fossa, is the largest, and presents the 
or. of the lach. can. 
presents a body, 2 greater and lesser cornua. 
It gives attachment to 11 muscles: Stern, 
hy., Thyr. hy., Om. hy., Digast., Styl. hy., 
Myl, hy., Gen. hy.,- Gen. hy. gloss., Hy. 
gloss., Mid. Cons., Lingual.; to 4 ligaments 
—styl. hy., thyr. hy., hyo-epiglottic, and 
thyr. hy. membrane. 
The Hyoid Bone 
THE SPINE. 
There are 33 vertebrae in the spine—7 
cervical, 12 dorsal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 
coccygeal. 
Each vertebra consists of a body, or inte- 
rior solid segment, and an arch, or posterior 
segment. 
On the anterior surface the body is per- 
forated by a few small apertures for the 
passage of nutrient vessels, and on the pos- 
terior surface by a single large irregular 
aperture for the exit of the venae basis ver- 
tebrae. 
The pedicles are projections backward 32 
Pocket Anatomy. 
from the body, concave above and below, 
and forming, by articulation, the interver- 
tebral notches for the transmission of the 
spinal nerves. 
The laminae are 2 bony plates, completing 
the vertebral arch behind. They give at- 
tachment above and below to the ligamenta 
subflava. 
The articular processes are 4 in number 
—2 above and 2 below. 
The spinous process projects backward 
from the laminae, and gives attachment to 
muscles. 
The transverse processes are 2 in number, 
and also serve for attachment of muscles. 
The Cervical Vertebras 
are known by a foramen in the transverse 
processes for transmission of the vertebral 
artery, vein, and plexus of nerves, and also 
by their bifid spinous processes. 
.Peculiar Vertebra:. 
The Atlas supports the head. It has no 
body nor spinous process. Its anterior arch 
forms one-fifth of the bone, and presents 
anteriorly in its center a tubercle for the 
attachment of the Longus Colli muscle; 
posteriorly a facet for articulation with the 
odontoid process of the axis. The posterior 
arch forms two-fifths of the circumference 
of the bone. It terminates behind in a Pocket Anatomy. 
33 
rudimentary spinous process, which gives 
origin to the rectus capitis posticus minor. 
Behind each superior articular process is a 
groove, sometimes a foramen, which trans- 
mits the vertebral artery and the suboccip- 
ital nerves. The lateral masses are the 
largest parts of the atlas, presenting 2 oval 
articulating facets above, and 2 circular be- 
low. On the inner margin on each side is 
a tubercle for the attachment of the trans- 
verse ligament. The transverse processes 
are large, and give attachment to rotating 
muscles of the head. 
The Axis is the pivot for the head to ro- 
tate upon. It is distinguished by the odon- 
toid (tooth-like) process, which gives attach- 
ment on each side to the odontoid, or check, 
ligaments. The body gives attachment on 
each side of a central ridge to the Longus 
Colli muscle. 
The Seventh, or Yertebra Promixexs, 
is known by its long horizontal spinous proc- 
ess, to which the ligamentum nuchse is at- 
tached. The foramen in the transverse proc- 
ess is sometimes wanting in one or both 
sides. On the left side it transmits frequently 
the vertebral artery; sometimes the vein 
passes through on both sides, but generally 
the artery and vein pass through the fora- 
men in the sixth cervical. 
are known by the facets on the body, and 
The Dorsal Yertebras 34 
Pocket Anatomy, 
transverse processes for the head, and tu- 
bercle of the articulating rib. 
Ist. Dorsal. An entire facet above; a 
demi facet below. 
Peculiar Vertebra: 
9th. A demi facet above. 
10th. One entire facet. 
11th. An entire facet; no facet on trans- 
verse process, which is rudimentary. 
12th. An entire facet; no facet on trans- 
verse process; inferior articular process 
convex and turned outward. 
are known by their quadrilateral horizontal 
spinous processes, large bodies; the superior 
articular processes concave and looking in- 
ward, the inferior convex and looking out- 
ward and forward. 
The Lumbar Vertebra: 
The fifth lumbar is distinguished by hav- 
ing the body thicker in front than behind; 
by its small spinous process and large trans- 
verse. 
Attachment oe Muscles. 
Atlas—l0—Long. Col., Pect. Ant. Min., 
Pect. Lat,, Pect. Post. Min., Obliq. Sup. and 
Inf., Splen. Col., Lev. Ang. Scap., Interspin., 
and Intertrans. 
Axis—ll—Long. Col., Obliq. Inf., Pect. 
Post. Maj., Semi. Spin. Col., Multif. Spin., 
Lev. Ang. Scap., Splen. Col., Transvers. Pocket Anatomy. 
35 
Col., Scalen. Post., Intertrans., and Inter- 
spin. 
To the other vertebrae—B2—anteriorly: 
Kect. Ant. Maj., Long. Col., Seal. Ant. and 
Post., Pso. Mag. and Parv., Quad. Lumb., 
Diaphragm, Obliq. Int., and Transvers.; 
posteriorly; Trapez., Lat. Dors., Lev, Ang. 
Scap., Rhomb. Maj. and Min., Serrat. Post. 
Sup. and Inf., Splen., Sacro. Lnmb., Long. 
Dors., Spin. Dors., Cerv. Ascend., Trans. 
Col., Trach-mast. Complex, Semispin. Dors, 
and Col., Mult. Spin., Interspin., Supra- 
spin., Intertrans., Levat. Cost. 
THE SACRUM 
is a large triangular bone, wedged in be- 
tween the 2 ossa innominata. It forms 
with the last lumbar vertebra a very 
prominent angle called the promontory. 
It has an ant. and post, surface, 2 lateral 
surfaces, a base, an apex, and a central 
canal. At each end of the 4 transverse 
ridges indicating the original division of 
the bone are the anterior sacral foramina, 
transmitting the ant. branches of the sacral 
nerves. On the post. surf, are the post. sac. 
foram. The lat. surf, presents in front a 
broad, ear-shaped (auricular) surface for ar- 
tic. with the ilium. The sacrum articulates 
with 4 bones—last lumbar vert., coccyx, and 
2 ossa innominata. 
It gives attachment in front to the Pyri- 36 
Pocket Anatomy. 
formis and Coccygeus muscles, behind to 
the Gluteus Max. and Erect. Spinse, to the 
Oblique Sacro-iliac and great Sacro-sciatic 
ligaments. 
THE COCCYX 
is formed of 4 segments of bone, with no 
canal nor foramina. It articulates with the 
sacrum, and gives attachment to the Coc- 
cygeus on each side, behind to the Gluteus 
Maximus, at the apex to the Sphincter 
Ani, and in front to the Levator Ani. 
THE THORAX 
is formed by the sternum and costal carti- 
lages in front, the 12 ribs on each side, and 
the bodies of the dorsal vertebras behind. 
The Sternum 
consists of 3 portions—manubrium, gladi- 
olus, and ensiform or xiphoid, appendix. 
It articulates with the clavicles and 7 
costal cartilages on each side. 
It gives attachment to 10 muscles: Sterno- 
hyoid, Sterno-thyroid, Sterno-cleido mas- 
toid, Triangularis Sterni, Aproneurosis of 
Ext. and Int. Oblique, and Transversalis, 
Rectus, and Diaphragm. 
The Ribs 
are 12 in number on each side. The first 7 
are the true ribs, and are called vertebra- Pocket Anatomy. 
37 
sternal; the remaining 5 are false ribs. 
The first 3 are called vertebro-costal; the 
last 2 are connected only with the ver- 
tebrae, and are called vertebral, or floating, 
ribs. 
Each rib presents 2 extremities and a 
shaft. 
The vertebral extremity presents a head, 
neck, and tuberosity. The head is marked 
in the middle of the series by a kidney- 
shaped articular surface, divided by a ridge 
into 2 facets for artic. with the vertebrae. 
The neck is flattened, and gives attach- 
ment to the ant. eosto-transverse ligament, 
posteriorly to the mid. costo-trans. lig. 
The tuberosity consists of an articular 
and non-articular portion. The articular 
portion art. with the transverse proc. of 
the lower of the 2 vertebrae to which the 
head is attached. The non-art. port, gives 
attachment to the post, costo-transverse lig- 
aments. 
The shaft gives attachment to the Ext. 
and Int. Intercostal muscles. It is marked 
by an angle, the point where the rib makes 
its thoracic turn. To this angle is attached 
the Sacro-lumbalis. If the rib is laid upon 
its lower border on a plane surface, the an- 
gle and sternal extremity will touch the 
surface, while the vertebral extremity will 
he tilted upward. 
The shaft presents a groove for the inter- 
costal vessels and nerve. At the sternal 38 
Pocket Anatomy. 
extremity is an oval depression for the 
lodgment of costal cartilage. 
The peculiar ribs are the 
Ist. Shortest. Surfaces horizontal; single 
artic. fac.; tubercle for seal, ant.; grooves 
for suhclav. art. and v.; no angle; depres- 
sion for seal. med. 
2d. Angle slightly marked, and close to 
tuberosity; ridge for seal, post.; rough emin. 
for serrat. mag. 
10th. Single art. fac., tub. and ang. 
11th. Single art. fac. No tub.; angle. 
12th. No tub. and no angle. 
The ribs give attachment to 19 muscles 
on each side: Ext. and Int. Intercost., Seal. 
Ant., Med., and Post., Feet. Min., Serrat. 
Mag., Obliq. Ext., Transversal is, Quad. 
Lumb., Diaphragm, Latiss. Dorsi., Serrat. 
Post. Sup. and Inf., Sac. Lumb., Muse. Acc. 
ad. Sac. Lumb., Long. Dors., Cervic. As- 
cend., Levat. Cost. 
The Costal Cartilages give attachment 
to 10 muscles: Subclav., Sterno-thyr., Pect. 
Maj., Int. Oblique, Transversalis, Rectus, 
Diaphragm, Triang. Stern., Int. and Ext. 
Intercostals. 
THE EXTREMITIES 
are 4in number—2 upper and 2 lower. 
is connected to the trunk by the shoulder, 
The Upper Extremity Pocket Anatomy. 
39 
which consists of the clavicle and the scap- 
ula. 
The Clavicle 
articulates with the sternum, scapula, and 
cartilage of the first rib. It gives attach- 
ment to 6 muscles: ant. and internally to 
the Pect. Maj.; ant. and ext. to Deltoid; 
post, and int. to Sterno-cleido mast.; post, 
and ext. to Trapezius.; inf. to Subclavius 
and Sterno-byoicL 
It presents inf. and int. a rough impres- 
sion for rhomboid lig., and ext. a tuberosity 
for conoid lig. and oblique line for trapezoid 
lig- 
presents 2 surfaces, 3 borders, and 8 angles. 
The ant. surf., or venter, is filled by the 
Subscapularis muscle. The post. surf., or dor- 
sum, is filled by the infraspinatus below the 
spine, and supraspinatus above the spine, 
and near the axillary border are attached 
the Teres Minor, and Major, and Lat. Dorsi. 
Projecting from the dorsum is the spine 
which gives attachment to the Trapezius 
and Deltoid. The superior border gives at- 
tachment to the. Omo-hyoid; the vertebral 
border to the Serratus Magnus, Dev. Ang. 
Scap., Khomb. Min. and Maj.; axillary 
border, Triceps, Teres Min. and Maj.; 
glenoid cavity, long head of the Biceps; 
coracoid process to the short head of the 
Biceps, Coraco-brachial is and Pectoralis 
The Scapula 40 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Minor; to the inf. ang., Lat. Dorsi (occa- 
sionally)—in all J7 muscles. 
To the coracoid proc. is attached also the 
trapezoid ligament. 
The transverse ligament closes the supra- 
scapular notch into a foramen for the trans- 
mission of the suprascapular nerve. 
articulates with the scapula, ulna, and 
radius. It presents a shaft and 2 extrem- 
ities. 
The Hxjmepojs 
The shaft is marked hy a groove for 
muse. spir. n. and sup. prof, art., muscu- 
lar surfaces and nutrient foramen. 
The sup. extremity is marked by head, 
neck, and 2 tuberosities, greater and lesser. 
The inf. extremity is marked by trochlea 
for art. with ulna, ext. and int. condyles, 
olecranon depression behind, and coronoid 
and radial depressions in front. 
It gives attachment to 24 muscles; To the 
greater tuberosity—Supraspin., Infraspin., 
and Teres Minor; to the lesser tuberosity— 
Subscapularis; to the anter. bicipital ridge— 
Pector. Maj.; to the post, bicip. ridge and 
groove—the Latiss. Dorsi and Teres Maj.; 
to the shaft Deltoid, Coraco-brachialis, 
Brachialis Anticus, Ext. and Int. heads of 
the Triceps; to the intern, condyle—Pron. 
Ead. Ter., and Com. Tend, of Flex, Carp. 
Kad., Palm. Long., Flex. Sub. Dig., Flex. 
Carp. Din.; to the ext. cond. ridge—Sup. Pocket Anatomy. 
41 
Long., Ext. Cora. Pig., Ext. Min. Dig., Ext. 
Carp. Din., Anconeus, and Sup. Brevis. 
The Fore-arm is made up of the ulna 
and radius. 
The Ulna forms the elbow. The upper 
extremity presents the olecranon and coro- 
noid processes, and the greater and lesser 
sigmoid cavities. 
The shaft presents 3 borders and 3 sur- 
faces, marked by muscular attachments. 
The lower extremity presents the head 
for artic. with rad., and styloid process. 
It articulates with the humerus and 
radius. 
It gives attachment to 14 muscles: To 
the olecranon—Triceps, Anconeus, one head 
of the Flex. Carp. Uln.; to the coronoid 
process—Brach. Ant,, Pron. Bad. Ter., Flex. 
Sub. Dig., Flex. Prof. Dig., and Flex. Long. 
Pollicis; to the shaft—Flex. Prof. Dig., 
Pronat. Quad., Flex. Carp. Uln., Ext. Carp. 
Uln., Anconeus, Sup. Brev., Ext. Os. Met. 
Pol., Ext. Sec. Internod. Pol., and Ext. 
Indicis. 
The Eahitjs forms the chief part of the 
wrist. 
The upper extremity presents a head, 
neck, and tuberosity. The shaft presents 
3 surfaces and 3 borders, and an oblique 
line. 
The lower extremity presents an articu- 
lar surface for the ulna called the sigmoid 
cavity, and another for the carpus. 42 
Pocket Anatomy. 
It articulates with 4 hones—humerus, 
ulna, scaphoid, and semilunar. 
It gives attachment to 9 muscles: To the 
tuberosity—the Biceps; oblique line—Sup. 
Erev., Flex. Sub. Dig., Flex. Long. Poll.; 
to the shaft—anteriorly, Flex. Long. Poll., 
Peon. Quad.; posteriorly, Ext. Os. Met. 
Poll., Ext. Prim. Lit. Poll.; externally, to 
Pron. Ead. Ter.; to styloid process—Sup. 
Long. 
The Cakpus 
is made up of 8 hones, arranged in 2 rows. 
Those of the upper row from the radial to 
the ulna side are the scaphoid, semilunar, 
cuneiform, and pisiform; those of the lower 
row, in the same order, trapezium, trape- 
zoid, magnum, and unciform. 
The scaphoid gives attachment to liga- 
ments, and articulates with 5 hones: rad. 
above, trapezium and trapezoid below, 
magnum and semilunar internally. 
The semilunar gives attachment to liga- 
ments, and articulates with 5 hones; rad. 
above, mag. and unc. below, scaph. and 
cun. on either side. 
The cuneiform gives attachment to liga- 
ments, and articulates with 3 bones; semi- 
lunar externally, pisiform in front, the 
unciform below, and with the inter, art. 
fib. cart, separating it from the ulna. 
The pisiform bone gives attachment to 2 
muscles—the Flex. Carp. Uln. and Abduct. Pocket Anatomy. 
43 
Min. Dig.; and 1 lig.—ant. annular.; and 
art. with 1 bone—the cuneiform. 
The trapezium presents a groove for the 
tendon of flex. carp. rad. It art. with 4 
bones: scaph. above, trapezoid and 2d 
metacarp, internally, and the Ist metacarp, 
below'. It gives attachment to 3 muscles: 
Abduct. Poll., Flex. Os. Met. Poll., part of 
Flex. Brev. Poll., and 1 lig.—ant. annular. 
The trapezoid gives attachment to liga- 
ments, and part of the Flex. Brev. Poll, 
muscle. It art. with 4 bones; scaph. above, 
2d metacarp, below, trapezium externally, 
and magnum internally. 
The os magnum is the largest bone of the 
carpus; gives attachment to ligaments, and 
part of the Flex. Brev. Poll. It articulates 
with 7 bones: scaph. and semilun. above, 
2d, Bd, and 4th metacarpal bones below, 
the trapezoid on the radial side, and the 
unciform on the ulnar side. 
The unciform bone gives attachment to 2 
muscles: Flex. Brev. Min. Dig., Flex. Oss. 
Met. Min. Dig., and to the ant. annul, lig. 
It articulates with 5 bones: semilunar 
above, 4th and sth metacarpal below, the 
cun. internally, and the os mag. externally. 
The Metacarpal bones are 5 in num- 
ber. 
They articulate as follows: 
Ist with trapezium; 2d with trapezium, 
trapezoid, mag., and 3d metacarpal; 3d 
with mag. and 2d and 4th met.; 4th with 44 
Pocket Anatomy. 
mag. unc., 3d and sth met.; sth with 
unc. and 4th met. 
They give attachment to muscles as fol- 
lows: 
To met. hone of thumb, 3: Flex. Os. 
Met. Poll., Ext. Os. Met. Poll., and Ist 
Dors. Interosseous. 
To 2d met. bone, 5: Flex. Carp. Rad., 
Ext. Carp. Rad. Long., Ist and 2d Dors. 
Inteross., and Ist Palm. Inteross. 
To 3d met. bone, 6: Ext. Carp. Rad. 
Brev., Flex. Brev. Poll., Adduct. Poll., 2d 
and 3d Dors. Inteross. 
To 4th mot. bone, 3; 8d and 4th Dors. 
Inteross., and 2d Palm. 
To sth, 4: Ext. Carp. Uln., Flex. Carp. 
Uln., Flex. Os. Met. Min. Dig., and 4th 
Dors. Inteross. 
are 14 in number, 3 for each finger, and 2 
for the thumb. They articulate with the 
metacarpal bones posteriorly. 
The muscles are attached as follows: 
The Phalanges 
To base of Ist phal. of thumb, 4; Ext. 
Prim. Int. Poll., Flex. Brev. Poll., Abduct., 
and Adduct. Poll. 
To 2d phal. of thumb, 2: Flex. Long. 
Poll., and Ext. Sec. Int. Poll. 
To base of Ist pbal. of index finger: Ist 
Dors, and Ist Palm. Inteross. 
To base of Ist phal. middle finger: 2d 
and 3d Dors. Inteross. Pocket Anatomy. 
45 
To ring finger: 4th Dors, and 2d Palm. 
Inteross. 
To little finger: 3d Palm. Inteross., Plex. 
Brev. Min. Dig., and Abduct. Min. Dig. 
To 2d phalanges of fingers: Plex. Suh. 
Dig., Ext. Com. Dig., Ext. Indicis, Ext. 
Min. Dig. 
To 3d phalanges, 2; Plex. Prof. Dig., 
Ext. Com. Dig. 
consists of the thigh, leg, and foot, con- 
nected together by 
The Lower Extremity 
The Os Innominatum. 
This is made up of 3 bones—ilium, ischium, 
and pubes. 
The Ilium presents 2 surfaces, 2 borders, 
and a crest. 
The external surface, or dorsum, is marked 
by 3 curved lines, superior, middle, and in- 
ferior, for the attachment of muscles. 
The internal surface presents below the 
iliopectineal line, and anteriorly a large 
smooth concave surface—the venter. 
The crest is convex, and terminates at 
each end in the ant. and post. sup. spin. proc. 
It has 2 lips, and an intermediate space for 
the attachment of muscles. 
The ant. bord. is concave, and presents 2 
eminences, separated by a notch—ant. sup., 
and ant. inf. spin. proc. 
The post, bord., also, presents 2 projec- Pocket Anatomy. 
tions—post, sup., and post. inf. spin. proc. 
Below the inf. is the great sacro-sciatic 
notch. 
The ilium gives attachment to 14 mus- 
cles: To the outer lip of the crest—Tens. 
Vag. Pern., Ext. Ohliq., and Lat. Dors.; 
between the lips—lntern. Ohliq.; to the in- 
ternal lip—Transvers., Quad. Dumb., and 
Erect. Spinse; to the outer surface—Glut. 
Max., Med., and Min., reflected tend, of 
Beet., and part of Pyr.; to intern, surf.— 
Iliacus. The sacro-iliac ligaments are also 
attached to this bone. 
The Ischium forms the inf. and post, part 
of the os innom. It has a body and a ra- 
mus. It presents a spine separating 2 
notches greater and lesser sacro-sciatic 
notches, converted into foramina by sacro- 
sciatic ligaments. 
The greater transmits the pyriformis, 
gluteal vessels and nerve above this mus- 
cle, the sciatic and internal pudic vessels and 
nerve, and a nerve to the obturator inter- 
ims, below it. 
The lesser transmits the tendon of the 
obtur. int., the nerve supplying it and the 
pudic vessels and nerve as they pass back 
into the pelvis. 
At the junction of the post, and inf. 
borders is the tuberosity, presenting an ext. 
and int. lip, and an intermediate space. 
The ischium gives attachment to 13 mus- 
cles: To its outer surface—Obtur. Ext.; to Pocket Anatomy. 
47 
its inter, surf.—Obt. Int. and Lev. Ani; to 
spine—Gem. Sup., Lev. Ani, and Coccyg.; 
to tuberosity Biceps, Semitend., Semi- 
memb., Quad. Fern., Adduct. Mag., Gem. 
Inf., Transversus Perinaei, Erector Penis. 
The sacro-sciatic ligaments are also at- 
tached. 
The Tubes forms the art. part of os in- 
nom. It presents 2 rami—horizontal and 
perpendicular. 
Above is seen the ilio-pectineal line, mark- 
ing the junction with the ilium, terminating 
internally in a tubercle called the spine of 
the pubes. 
Bet. the spine and inner extrem. is the 
crest. The junction of the crest with the 
symphysis is called the angle of the pubes. 
It gives attachment to 15 muscles: Ext. 
and Int. Oblique, Beet., Transversalis, Pyr- 
amidalis, Psoas Parvus, Pect., Add. Long., 
Add. Brev., Grac., Obt. Ext. and Int., Lev. 
Ani, Comp. IJreth., and Accel. IJrinse. 
In tbe articulated bones of the pelvis are 
seen the acetabulum, or cotyloid cavity, for 
articulation with the femur; the obturator, 
or thyroid foramen, transmitting through 
the membrane which fills it the obturator 
vessels and nerve. 
The Pelvis 
is made up of 4 bones: 2 ossa innominata, 
sacrum, and coccyx, divided by the ilio-pec- 
tineal line into the false and true pelvis. 48 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The false pelvis is that portion above the 
ilio-pectineal line. 
The true pelvis is that below this line. 
The Measurements oe the Pelvis 
are: 
At the inlet: antero-posterior, or sacro- 
pubic, 4 inches; transverse, 5 inches; ob- 
lique, 5 inches. 
The cavity of the pelvis: at the symphy- 
sis pubes, 1J in. in depth; in the middle, 3| 
in.; and posteriorly, 4J in. 
At the outlet: antero-posterior (from tip 
of coccyx to symphysis pubes), 4 in., but 
very variable; transverse bet. the 2 isch. 
tub., 4 in. 
The axis of the inlet is directed down- 
ward and backward; of the outlet, down- 
ward and forward; of the cavity, curved 
like the sacrum. 
In the female, the hips are more promi- 
nent, and the inlet and outlet are larger; 
the sacrum is less curved. 
The Pemur 
presents a shaft and 2 extremities. 
The upper extremity has a head, neck, 
and greater and lesser trochanters, with an 
intertrochanteric line. 
The shaft presents 3 borders and 3 sur- 
faces. 
The post. bord. is called the linea aspera. Pocket Anatomy. 
49 
It bifurcates below to inclose the popliteal 
space. 
The lower extremity presents the inter- 
nal and external condyles, and intercon- 
dyloid notch. 
The femur artic. with 3 bones: os innom- 
inatum, tibia, and patella. 
It gives attachment to 23 muscles: To 
the great trochanter, B—Glut. Med., Glut. 
Min., Pyr., Obtur. Int., Obtur. Ext., Gem. 
Sup., Gem. Inf., and Quad. Eem.; to the 
lesser trochanter, 2—Psoas. Mag. and Ilia- 
cus; to the shaft, 10—posteriorly, Yastus 
Ext., Glut. Max., short head of the Biceps, 
Vast. Int., Adduct. Mag., Pectin., Adduct. 
Brev., and Adduct. Long.; anteriorly, Cru- 
reus and Subcrureus; to the condyles, 8— 
Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, and Popliteus. 
The intercondyloid notch lodges the cru- 
cial ligaments. 
The Leg consists of 3 hones—patella, 
tibia, and fibula. 
The Patella 
is a sesamoid bone, articulating with the 
condyles of the femur, and giving attach- 
ment to the Quadriceps Extensor (= Eect., 
Our., Yast. Int. and Ext.) above, and lig- 
amentum patellae below. 
is situated on the inner side of the leg. 
The Tibia 50 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The upper extremity presents a head 
with 2 tuberosities. 
The shaft presents 3 surfaces and 3 bor- 
ders. 
The lower extremity presents the in- 
ternal malleolus and grooves for the pas- 
sage of Tib. Post., Flex. Long. Dig., and 
Flex, Long. Poll. 
It art. with 3 hones—femur, fibula, and 
astragalus. 
It gives attachment to 10 muscles: To 
the inner tuber.—Semimembran.; to the 
outer tuber.—Tib. Ant., and Ext. Long. 
Dig.; to the shaft—internally, Sart., Grac., 
and Semitend.; externally, Tib. Ant.; pos- 
teriorly, Poplit., Sol., Flex. Long. Dig., and 
Tib. Post.; to the tubercle—the ligamentum 
patellae. 
The Fibula 
is situated on the outer side of the leg. 
The sup. extrem. presents an art. fac. for 
tib. and styloid process. 
The lower extrem. is called the external 
malleolus. 
The shaft presents 3 surfaces and 8 bor- 
ders. 
It artic. with 2 bones—tibia and astrag- 
alus. 
It gives attachment to 9 muscles; To the 
head—Biceps, Soleus, and Peron. Long.; 
to the shaft—anteriorly, Ext. Long. Dig., 
Peron. Tert., and Ext. Long. Poll.; inter- Pocket Anatomy. 
51 
nally, Sol., Tib. Post, and Flex. Long. Poll.; 
externally, Peron. Long., and Brev. 
The Foot consists of the tarsus, meta- 
tarsus, and phalanges. 
The Tarsus 
consists of 7 bones—calcaneum, astragalus, 
cuboid, scaphoid, internal, middle, and ex- 
ternal cuneiform. 
has 6 surfaces. 
The Calcaneum 
It articulates with 2 bones—astragalus 
and cuboid. 
It gives attachment to 8 muscles: Part 
of Tib. Post., Tendo Achillis, Plantaris. Ab- 
ductor Poll., Abduct. Min. Dig., Flex. 
Brev. Dig., Flex. Access., and Ext. Brev. 
Dig. 
The Cuboid 
is marked by a groove on its under surface 
for the tendon of the Peroneus Longus. 
It presents 6 surfaces. 
It articulates with 4 bones—os calcis, 
ext. cun., 4th and sth metatars. 
It gives attachment to part of Flex. Brev. 
Poll. 
The Astragalus 
has 6 surfaces. 
It artic. with 4 bones—tibia, fibula, os 
calcis, and scaphoid. 52 
Pocket Anatomy. 
It gives attachment to ligaments, hut no 
muscles—transmitting, however, through a 
groove on its posterior surface, the tendon 
of the Flex. Long. Poll. 
presents 6 surfaces. 
It articulates with 4 hones—astrag. and 
3 cun. 
The Scaphoid 
It gives attachment to part of the Tih. 
Post. 
presents 6 surfaces. 
It articulates with 4 bones—scaph., mid. 
cun., 1 and 2 metatars. 
It gives attachment to 2 muscles: Tib. 
Ant. and Post. 
The Internal Cuneiform 
The Middle Cuneiform 
presents 6 surfaces. 
It articulates with 4 bones—seaph., int. 
and ext. cun., and 2d metatars. 
It gives attachment to no muscles. 
The External Cuneiform 
presents 6 surfaces. 
It articulates with 6 bones—scaph., mid. 
cun., cub., 2, 3, and 4 metatars. 
It gives attachment to part of Tib. Post, 
and Flex. Brev. Poll. Pocket Anatomy. 
53 
The Metatarsus 
is made up of 5 bones. They art. with the 
tarsus behind and phalanges in front. 
They give attachment to muscles as fol- 
lows; 
To Ist, 8: Part of Tib. Ant., Per. Long., 
and Ist Dors. Inteross. 
To 2d, 3: Adduct. Poll., Ist and 2d Dors. 
Inteross. 
To 3d, 4: Adduct. Poll., 2d and 3d Dors., 
and Ist Plant. Inteross. 
To 4th, 4: Adduct. Poll., 3d and 4th 
Dors., and 2d Plant. Inteross. 
To sth, 6: Peron. Brev. and Tert., Flex. 
Brev. Min. Dig., 4th Dors., and 3d Plant. 
Inteross. 
The Phalanges 
are 14 in number. 
They give attachment to muscles as fol- 
lows: 
To Ist phalanges—great toe: Inner tend, 
of Ext. Brev. Dig., Abduct. Poll., Adduct. 
Poll., Flex. Brev. Poll., Transversus Pedis. 
Second toe: Ist and 2d Dors., Inteross. 
Third toe: 3d Dors, and Ist Plant. In- 
teross. 
Fourth toe: 4th Dors, and 2d Plant. In- 
teross. 
Fifth toe: Flex. Brev. Min. Dig., Ab- 
duct. Min. Dig., and 3d Plant. Inteross. 
To 2d phalanges—great toes: Ext. Long. 
Poll, and Flex. Long. Poll. Pocket Anatomy. 
Other toes; Flex. Brev. Dig., one slip 
from Ext. Brev. Dig. (except in little toe), 
and Ext. Long. Dig. 
To 3d phalanges; 2 slips from com. tend, 
of Ext. Long. Dig., and Ext. Brev. Dig., 
and Flex. Long. Dig. Pocket Anatomy. 
55 
The Ligamentods System 
may be best explained in connection with 
the joints, or articulations, into the forma- 
tion of which they enter. 
The Articulations 
may be divided into 8 classes: Synarthrosis, 
or immovable; Amphiarthrosis, or mixed; 
and Diarthrosis, or movable joints. 
These may again be subdivided as fol- 
lows: 
Synarthrosis into the different forms of 
Sutura, Schindylesis or fissure articulation, 
Gomphosis or socket articulation. 
Diarthrosis into Arthrodia, or gliding 
joints; Enarthrosis, or ball and socket 
joints; Ginglymus, or hinge joint; Diar- 
throsis Rotatorius, or Lateral Ginglymus, 
pivot joint. 
THE TEHNK. 
The ligaments of the bodies of the ver- 
tebrae are 3 in number—anterior common, 
posterior common, and intervertebral sub- 
stance. 
Vertebral Articulations. 
The laminae are connected by the ligcb- 
menta subflava. 56 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The articular processes are connected by 
the capsular ligaments. 
The spinous processes are connected hy 
the inter spinous and supraspinous. 
The transverse processes are connected 
hy the intertransverse ligaments. 
The movements of the spinal column 
are extension, flexion, rotation, circum- 
duction, and lateral movement. 
has 6 ligaments—2 ant. atlo-axoid, post, 
atlo-axoid, transverse, and 2 capsular. 
Action—rotation. 
The Atlo-axoid Articulation 
The Occipito-atloid 
has 7 ligaments—2 ant. occip. atloid, 2 lat., 
2 capsular, and 1 posterior. 
Action—flexion, extension, and slight ro- 
tation. 
has 4—3 odontoid, and 1 occipito axoid. 
Action—check ligaments to limit rota- 
tion of the cranium. 
The Occipito-axoid 
Temporo-maxillary 
has 4 ligaments—ext. and int. lateral, stylo- 
maxillary, and capsular; 1 interarticular 
fibro cartilage, and 2 synovial membranes. 
Action—arthrodial, or gliding. Pocket Anatomy. 
57 
COSTO-VEETEBEAL 
has 8 ligaments ant. costovertebral or 
stellate, capsular, and interarticular. 
COSTO-TEANSVEESE 
—between neck and tubercle of the ribs, 
and the transverse processes of the verte- 
brae— 4 ligaments, ant., mid., and post, 
costo-transverse, and capsular. 
has 3 ligaments ant. and post, costo- 
sternal, and capsular. 
COSTO-STEENAL 
is united by ant. and post, sternal liga- 
ments. 
The Steenum 
The Yeetebeo-pelvic 
has 2 proper ligaments—lumbo-sacral and 
1 umbo-iliac. 
Pelvic Aetictjlations. 
Sacrum and Ilium—ant. and post, sacro- 
iliac ligaments. 
Sacrum and Ischium—great or post, sa- 
cro-sciatic, and lesser or ant. sacro-sciatic 
ligaments. 
Sacrum and Coccyx—ant. and post., sa- 
cro-coccygeal, and interarticular fibro-car- 
tilage. Action limited—slightly forward 
and backward. 58 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Puhes—ant., sup., post., and sub-pubic, 
and interart. fib. cart. 
UPPER EXTREMITY. 
Sterno-claticular. 
Ant. and post, sterno-clavicular, inter- 
clavicular, costo-clavicular (or rhomboid), 
and inter, art. fib. cart. Two synovial 
membranes are found in this joint. 
Action—arthrodial. 
SCAPULO-CLAYICULAE. 
Sup. and inf. acromio-clavicular, coraco- 
clavicular (trapezoid and conoid), and int, 
art. fib. cart. Two synovial membranes. 
Action—gliding and rotatory. 
Proper Scapular Ligaments. 
Coraco-acromial and transverse. 
Capsular, glenoid, and coraco-humeral, to- 
gether with the long head of the biceps, 
which acts as a ligament. 
It has a synovial membrane. 
Action forward, backward, abduction, 
adduction, circumduction, and rotation. 
Shoulder Joint. 
Elrow Joint. 
Anterior and posterior, internal and ex- 
ternal, lateral. Pocket Anatomy. 
59 
Extensive synovial membrane. 
Action—ginglymoid, or hinge joint, lim- 
ited to flexion and extension. 
Radio-ulnar Articulation. 
Superior Articulation orbicular liga- 
ment. Action—rotation of the head of the 
radius covered by synovial membrane in 
the orbicular ligament. 
Middle Articulation—oblique and inter- 
osseous. 
Inferior Articulation—ant. and post, ra- 
dio-ulnar, and triangular inter, art. fib. cart., 
with synovial membrane; rotation of ra- 
dius around head of ulna. Rotation for- 
ward is pronation, and backward supina- 
tion. 
Wrist Joint. 
External and internal lateral; anterior 
and posterior ligaments, and synovial mem- 
brane. 
Action—enarthrodial—flexion, extension, 
abduction, adduction, and circumduction. 
Carpus. 
First row—2 dorsal, 2 palmar, and 2 in- 
terosseous. 
Second row—anterior or palmar, posterior 
or dorsal, ext. and int. lateral. 
A common synovial membrane invests 
the bones of the carpus. Between the pi- 60 
Pocket Anatomy. 
siform and cuneiform there exists a separate 
membrane. ' 
Carpo-metacarpal. 
The metacarpal bone of the thumb artic- 
ulates with the trapezium by a capsular 
ligament and synovial membrane. 
The metacarpal bones of the fingers ar- 
ticulate with the carpus by dorsal, palmar, 
and interosseous ligaments, and a synovial 
membrane, which is a continuation of that 
between the carpal bones. There are thus 
6 synovial membranes in the wrist. 
The metacarpal bones articulate with 
each other by the dorsal and palmar inter- 
osseous ligaments, and the reflected synovial 
membrane. 
Metacarpo-phalangeal Articulation. 
Anterior and 2 lateral ligaments. The 
posterior ligament is supplied by the ex- 
tensor tendon. 
Action—flex., ext., adduct., abduct., and 
circumduct. 
Anterior and 2 lateral. Posterior sup- 
plied by extensor tendon. 
Action—flexion and extension. 
Phalangeal Articulation. 
LOWER EXTREMITY. 
Capsular attached to rim of acetabulum 
Hip Joint. Pocket Anatomy. 
61 
and intertrochanteric line ant. and post., 
investing neck of femur. 
llio-fetnoral or ligament from 
ant. inf. spine of ilium to ant. int. trochant. 
line. 
Ligamentum teres to cotyloid cavity and 
head of femur. 
Cotyloid or cartilaginous to rim of acetab- 
ulum. 
Transverse, crossing notch at lower part 
of acetabulum. 
Extensive synovial membrane. 
The muscles in relation to this joint are 
important. In front—Psoas and Iliacus, 
sep. from caps. lig. by synov. bursa; above 
—short head of Eectus and Glut. Min., the 
latter adherent to the capsule; internally— 
Obt. Ext. and Pect.; behind—Pyriformis, 
Gem. Sup. and Inf., Obt. Int. and Ext., and 
Quad. Eem. 
Action—enarthrodial—flex., ext., adduct., 
abduct., circumduct., and rotation. 
External Ligaments—anterior or liga- 
mentum patellae, posterior or ligamentum 
posticum Winslowii, internal lateral, 2 ex- 
ternal lateral, and capsular. 
Internal Ligaments—anterior or external 
crucial, posterior or internal crucial, 2 semi- 
lunar fibre cartilages, transverse, coronary, 
ligamentum mucosum, ligamenta alaria. 
Knee Joint. 62 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The synovial membrane is the largest in 
the body. 
Action—flexion, extension, and slight ro- 
tation inward and outward. 
Tibio-eibular Articulation. 
Superior—ant. and post, superior tibio- 
fibular and synovial membrane occasionally 
continuous with that of the knee joint. 
Middle—interosseous membrane. 
Inferior—inferior interosseous, anterior 
tibio-fibular, posterior inferior tibio-flbular, 
transverse. 
The synovial membrane is derived from 
the ankle joint. 
Action—gliding. 
Ankle Joint. 
Anterior or tihio-tarsal, internal and ex- 
ternal lateral, synov. memb. 
Action—flex, and extens.; no lat. motion. 
Tarsal Articulation. 
First row—external and posterior calca- 
neo-astragaloid and interosseous. 
Two synovial membranes. 
Second row—dorsal, plantar, and 4 inter- 
osseous. 
Two rows with each other—dorsal, supe- 
rior and internal calcaneo-cuboid, plantar, 
long and short calcaneo-cuboid. Pocket Anatomy. 
63 
Four synovial membranes are found in 
the tarsus. 
Action—arthrodial. 
Tarso-metatarsal. 
Dorsal, plantar, and 3 interosseous. 
Three synovial membranes. 
Metatarsal Bones with Each Other. 
Dorsal, plantar, and interosseous 
Action—arthrodial. 
Metatarso-phalangeal, 
Plantar and 2 lateral. 
Action— flexion, extension, abduction, 
and adduction. 
Phalangeal. 
Similar to those of the hand. 64 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The Muscular System. 
HEAD AND FACE. 
Cranial Eegion. 
Oceipito-frontalis Or. outer two-thirds 
of sup. curved line of occiput and mast, 
port, of temp. his. internally continuous 
with pyram. nasi.; in the middle with cor- 
rug. supercilii and orb. palp., and externally 
continuous with orb. palp, over ext. ang. 
proc.; aponeurotic on the vertex. 
Attollens Aurem—o. apon. of occip. front. 
I. cranial surf, of pinna. 
Attrahens Aurem—O. apon. of occip. front. 
I. front of helix. 
Auricular Eegion. 
Retrahens Aurem—O. mast. port, of temp. 
I. cran. surf, of concha. 
Palpebral Eegion. 
Orbicularis Palpebrarum—0. int. ang. 
proc. of front, bone; nas. proc. of sup. 
max.; tendo-palpebrarum. I. continuous 
with occip. front, and corrug. supercilii. 
(jorrugaior Supercilii—o. inner extrem- 
ity of superciliary ridge. I. under surf, of 
orbicularis. Pocket Anatomy. 
65 
Tensor Tarsi—o. lachrymal bone. I. tar- 
sal cartilage near the punctum lachrymale. 
Orbital Region. 
Levator Palpebrce Superioris—o. under 
surf, of lesser wing of sphenoid. I. upper 
border of sup. tars. cart. 
Rectus Superior—o. upper margin of op- 
tic foramen, and fib. sheath of opt. nerve. 
I. sclerotic coat, 8 lines from marg. of cor- 
nea. 
Rectus Inferior—0. common tendon with 
rect. int., called ligament of Zinn. I. scle- 
rotic coat. 
Rectus Internus—0. com. tend, with rect. 
inf. I. sclerotic coat. 
Rectus Externus—O. by 2 heads, the up- 
per from outer marg. of opt. for.; the lower 
from lig. of Zinn, and small pointed proc- 
ess on the lower margin of sphen. fiss. 
Superior Oblique—o. inner marg. of opt. 
for. I. by a tendon playing round a carti- 
lag. pulley at int. ang. proc. of front, bone, 
into sclerotic coat. 
Inferior Oblique—o. orb. plate of sup. 
max. I. sclerotic coat at its outer part. 
Nasal Region. 
Pyramidalis Nasi—o. continuous with 
oceip. front. 
Levator Labii Superioris Alceque Nasi— 
0. nas. proc. sup. max. I. by 2 slips, one 66 
Pocket Anatomy. 
into cart, of ala of nose, the other blended 
with orb. and lev. labii proprius. 
Dilatator Naris'Posterior—o. nas. notch 
of sup. max. I. integument near nostril. 
Dilatator Naris Anterior—o. cart, of ala. 
I. integument near its margin. 
Compressor Nasi—o. above and external 
to incisive fossa. I. fibro-cart. of nose; 
continuous with opposite fellow. 
Compressor Narium Minor—o. alar cart. 
I. in teg. at end of nose. 
Depressor Aloe Nasi—0. incisive fossa of 
sup. max. I. septum and hack part of ala 
of nose. 
Levator Lahti Superioris—o. above infra- 
orbital for, I. muscular substance of upper 
lip. 
Levator Anguli Oris—0. canine fossa. I. 
angle of mouth. 
Zygomaticus Mayor—o. malar bone. I. 
angle of mouth. 
Zygomaticus Minor—o. malar bone. I. 
continuous with outer margin of lev. -lab. 
sup. 
Superior Maxillary Region. 
Interior Maxillary Region. 
Levator Labii Inferioris (levator menti)— 
0. incisive fossa. I. integuments of chin. 
Depressor Labii Inferioris (quadratus 
menti)—0. ext. oblique line of lower jaw. 
1. integument of lower lip. Pocket Anatomy. 
67 
Depressor Anguli Oris (triangularis men- 
ti)—0. ext. oblique line of lower jaw. I. 
angle of mouth. 
Intermaxillary Eegion. 
Orbicularis Oris—Sphincter muscle devel- 
oped in integuments about the mouth. 
Buccinatoi—0. alveolar proc. of upper 
jaw and pterygo-max. lig. I. alv. proc. of 
lower jaw. 
Risorius—o. fascia over masseter. I. an- 
gle of mouth. 
Temporo-maxillary Eegion 
Masseter—0. malar proc. of sup. max. 
and zygoma. I. ext. surf, of ramus, and 
coronoid proc. of lower jaw. 
Temporal—O. temporal fossa. I. coro- 
noid proc. of lower jaw. 
Pteeygo-maxillary Eegion 
Internal Pterygoid—o. pteryg. fossa and 
tub. of palate bone. I. lower and back part 
of inner surf, of ramus of lower jaw. 
External Pterygoid—O. pteryg. ridge; 
outer surf, of pteryg. plate; tub. of pal. 
and sup. max. bones. I. in front of neck 
of condyle of lower jaw. 
jSTECK. 
Sijpereicial Cervical Eegion. 
Plaiysma Myoides—o. clavicle and aero- 68 
Pocket Anatomy. 
mion. I. body of lower jaw below oblique 
line. 
Sterno-cleido Mastoid—0. sternum and 
inner third of clavicle. I. mastoid proc. of 
temp, and sup. curved line of occip. bone. 
Inera-hyoid Region. 
Sterno-hyoid—o. sternum and clavicle. 
I. lower border of hyoid bone. 
Sterno-thyroid—o. first bone of sternum. 
I. Ala of thyroid cartilage. 
Thyro-hyoid—O. side of thyroid cartilage. 
I. body and greater cornu of hyoid bone. 
Omo-hyoid—0. upper border of scapula; 
tendinous in the center, and bound down 
by a process of cervical fascia to clavicle. 
/. lower border of hyoid bone. 
Sitpra-hyoid Region. 
Digastric consists of 2 bellies—o. digas- 
tric groove in temp, bone; tendinous in 
center, piercing the stylo-hyoid and held to 
hyoid bone by an aponeurotic loop. I. close 
to symphysis of lower jaw on the inner and 
lower side. 
Stylo-hyoid—o. styloid process; perfo- 
rated by digastric. I. body of hyoid bone. 
Mylo-hyoid—o. mylo- hyoid ridge. I. 
body of hyoid bone. 
Genio-hyoid—o. inferior genial tubercle. 
I. body of hyoid bone. Pocket Anatomy. 
69 
Lingual Eegion. 
Genio Hyo-glossus—o. sup. genial tuber- 
cle; fan-shaped lower fibers passing to body 
of hyoid bone, and superior fibers to the 
tongue. 
Hyo-glossus—O. side of body, greater and 
lesser cornu. /. side of tongue. 
Lingualis—0. and I. under surface of the 
tongue. 
Stylo-glossus—o. styloid process. I. side 
of tongue. 
Pharyngeal Region. 
Inferior Constrictor—0. cricoid and thy- 
roid cartilages. 7. fibrous raphe in post, 
med. line of pharynx. 
Middle Constrictor—O. gr. and less, 
cornu of hyoid bone and stylo-hyoid lig- 
ament. 7. post. med. fibrous raphe. 
Superior Constrictor—o. lower third of 
marg. of intern, pteryg. plate, and hamular 
process; palate bone and reflected tend, of 
Tens. Pal. muscle; pterygo-max. lig.; alv. 
proc. of inf. max.; and side of tongue. 7. 
median raphe and pharyngeal spine on bas- 
ilar process of occip. hone. 
Stylo-pharyngeus—o. styloid process. 7. 
constrictor muscle; post. hord. of thyroid 
cart. 
Palatal Region. 
Levator Palati—0. under surface of apex 
of petrous port, of temp, hone, and cart. 70 
Pocket Anatomy. 
port, of Eustachian tube. I. post. surf, of 
soft palate blending with its fellow of the 
opposite side. 
Tensor Palati—o. scaphoid fossa in sphen., 
and cart. port, of Eustachian tube. It winds 
around the hamular process. I. by a broad 
aponeurosis into the anterior surface of soft 
palate, uniting with that of the opposite 
muscle; the muscular fibers are attached to 
transverse ridge on palate bone. 
Azygos Uvulae—o. post. nas. spine of pal- 
ate bone, and apon. of soft palate. I. into 
the uvula. 
Palato-glossus (constrictor isthmi fauci- 
um)—O. ant. surf, of soft palate. I. side 
and dorsum of the tongue blending with op- 
posite muscle and stylo-glossus. This mus- 
cle forms the ant. pillar of the soft palate. 
Palato-pharyngeus—o. from soft palate 
by a fasciculus cut into two by the levator 
palati. I. post. bord. of thyroid cart, and 
side of pharynx; decussates with its fel- 
low and joins stylo-pharyngeus. It forms 
the post, pillar of the soft palate. 
Anterior Vertebral Region. 
Rectus Capitis Anticus Major—o. by 4 
slips from ant. tubercles of trans. proc. of 
3d, 4th, sth, and 6th vertebrae. I. has. proc. 
of occip. bone. 
Rectus Capitis Anticus Minor—o. ant. 
surf, of lateral mass of atlas and root of 
transverse proc. I. bas. proc. of occip. bone. Pocket Anatomy. 
71 
Rectus Lateralis—o. upper, surf, of trans. 
proc. of atlas. I. jugular surf, of occip. 
bone. 
Longus Colli consists of 3 portions—su- 
perior oblique, inferior oblique, and ver- 
tical. 
1. Sup. Obi.—o. ant. tub. of trans. proc. 
of Bd, 4th, and sth cerv. vert. I. tubercle 
on ant. arch of atlas. 
2. Inf. Obi.—o. bodies of first 2 or 3 
dorsal vert. I. trans. proc. of sth and 6th. 
3. Vert, part—0. and I. between the 
bodies of the lower 3 cerv. and upper 3 
dors. vert, below, and bodies of 2d, 3d, and 
4th cerv. vert, above. 
Lateral Vertebral Region. 
Scalenus Anticus—O. tubercle on inner 
bord. and upper surf, of Ist rib. I. ant. 
tub. on trans. proc. of 3d, 4th, 6th, and 6th 
cerv. vert. 
Scalenus Medius—o. upper surf, of Ist 
rib. I. post. tub. on trans. proc. of lower 
6 cerv. vert. 
Scalenus Posticus—O. out. surf, of 2d rib. 
I. post. tub. of trans. proc. of lower 2 or 3 
cerv. vert. 
THE TRUNK. 
Muscles oe the Back. 
Trapezius—o. sup. curved line of the oc- 
ciput; ligamentum nuchse; supraspinous 72 
Pocket Anatomy. 
ligament; spin. proc. of 7th cerv. vert., and 
all the dorsal. I. sup. fibers—post. bord. of 
clav. its outer third; mid. fibers—acromion 
proc. and spine of scap. Inf. fibers, tuber- 
cle at the outer part of surf, of spine. Be- 
tween the 2 Trapezii is found the ligamentum 
nuchai, extending from the spin. proc. of 
7th cerv. to ext. occip. protub. 
Latissimus Dor si—o. spinous processes 
of 6 inferior dorsal, those of the lumbar and 
sacral vertebrae, and supraspinous ligament; 
crest of ilium; 3or 4 lower ribs. I. bicip- 
ital groove of the humerus. 
Levator Anguli Scapulce—o. by 4 slips 
from tubercles on transverse processes of 3 
or 4 upper cervical vertebrae. I. post. bord. 
of scapula. 
Rhomhoideus Minor—O. lig. nuchte and 
spin. proc. of 7th cerv., and Ist dors. I. 
triang. smooth surf, at root of spine of 
scap. 
Rhomhoideus Major—o. spin. proc. of 4 
or 5 upper dors. vert, and sup. spin. lig. I. 
tend, arch and inf. ang. of scap. 
Serratus Posticus Superior—o. lig. nu- 
chse and spin. proc. of last cerv., and 2 or 8 
upper dors. vert. I. by 4 digit, into upper 
bord. of 2d, 3d, 4th, and 6th libs. 
Serratus Posticus Inferior—0. spin. proc. 
of last 2 dors, and upper lumbar vert., and 
interspin. lig. I. by 4 dig. into lower bor- 
ders of 4 lower ribs. 
Splenius—O. lig. nuchse; spin. proc. of Pocket Anatomy. 
73 
lust cerv. and 6 upper dors, vert., and su- 
praspin. lig. The muscle divides into 
Spleuius Capitis I. into mast. port, of 
temp, bone and rough surf, on occip. bone; 
Splenius Colli I. into post, tubercles of 
transverse proc. of 3 or 4 upper cerv. vert. 
Erector Spinas—o. sacro-iliac groove, 
spines of sacrum, spinous processes of lum- 
bar, and 8 lower dorsal vert., and sup. spin, 
lig. Opposite last rib it divides into (1) Sa- 
cro-lumbalis I. into angles of 6 lower ribs; 
prolonged from these by musculus accesso- 
rius ad sacro-lumhalem to angles of 6 upper 
ribs; this is likewise continued upward 
from the angles of the 4 or 5 upper ribs, to 
be inserted into post, tubercles of trans. 
proc. of 4th, sth, and 6th cerv. vert., and 
receives the name Ccrvicalis Ascendens. (2) 
Longissimus Dorsi I. into trans. and ant. 
proc. of lumbar vertebrae, all those of dor- 
sal, and 7to 11 ribs. This muscle is then 
continued up as Transversalis Colli, from 
trans. proc. of 3d, 4th, sth, and 6th dors, 
vert, to the post. turb. of trans. proc. of 5 
lower cerv.; and Trachelo-mastoid from 
trans. proc. of 3d, 4th, sth, and 6th dors, 
vert., and art. proc. of 3 or 4 lower cerv. to 
post, rnarg. of mastoid proc. of temp. bone. 
Spinalis Dorsi connects the spinous proc. 
of upper lumb. and dors. vert, together. 
Spinalis Colli connects the spinous proc- 
ess of cerv. vert. 
Complexus—0. from tips of trans. proc. Pocket Anatomy. 
of upper 3 dors, and 7th cerv., and art. 
proc. of the 3 cerv. above this. I. bet. 2 
curved lines on occipital bone. 
Biventer Cervicis—o. trans. proc. of up- 
per dors. vert. I. sup. curved line of occip. 
bone. 
Semispinalis Dorsi connects the trans. 
proc. of lower dors. vert, from 10th to 6th 
with spin. proc. of upper 4 dors, and lower 
2 cerv. vert. 
Semispinalis Colli connects the trans. 
proc. of upper 4 dors, with the art. proc. 
of lower 4 cerv. and spin. proc. of cerv. 
from axis to sth. 
Multifidus Spince fills up the groove on 
each side of the spinous processes from the 
sacrum to the axis. 
Rotatores Spince bet. trans. proc. and 
laminae of dorsal vert.—ll on each side. 
Supraspinales lie on spinous processes of 
cerv. region. 
Interspinales lie in pairs between the 
spinous processes. 
Extensor Coccygis—o. last bone of sa- 
crum. I. lower part of coccyx. 
Intertransversales are placed between 
transverse processes. 
Rectus Capitis Posticus Major—o. spin, 
proc. of axis. /. inf. curved line of occip. 
bone. 
Rectus Capitis Posticus Minor—o. tuber- 
cle on post, arch of atlas. I. rough surf, 
beneath inf, curved line. Pocket Anatomy. 
75 
Ohliquus Inferior—0. apex of spin. proc. 
of axis. I. apex of trans. proc. of atlas. 
Ohliquus Superior—o. trans. proc. of at- 
las. I. bet. 2 curved lines of occip. bone. 
Abdomen. 
External Oblique—O. by 8 digit, from 8 
inf. ribs. I. out. lip of crest of ilium, 
linea alba and Poupart’s ligament. Con- 
tains ext. abdom. ring. 
Internal Oblique—o. outer half of Pou- 
part’s ligament; middle lip of crest of 
ilium; and lumbar fascia. I. 4 lower ribs; 
linea alba; crest of pubes where it unites 
with the Transversalis to form conjoined 
tendon. 
Transversalis—O. outer third of Poup. 
lig.; inner lip of crest of ilium, cartilages 
of the 6 lower ribs, spin, and trans. proc. 
of the lumbar vertebrae. I. by conjoined 
tendon in the pubes, and linea alba. 
Rectus—o. by 2 tendons from pubes and 
fellow of opposite side. I. cart, of sth, 
6th, and 7tb ribs. 
Pyramidalis—O. pubes and ant. pub. lig. 
/. linea alba. 
Quadratus Lumborum —O. ilio-lumbar 
ligament; crest of ilium. I. lower bord. 
of last rib; apices of trans. proc. of 3d, 
4th, and stb lumbar vert. 
Intercostales Externi (11 in number)—0. 
Thorax. Pocket Anatomy. 
from outer lip of groove on lower Lord, of 
each rib. I. upper bord. of lip below. 
Intercostales Interni (11 in number)—0. 
inner lip of groove on lower bord. of eacb 
rib. I. upper bord. of rib below. 
Infracostales—0. inner surf, of one rib. 
I, inner surf, of rib below. 
Triangularis Sterni—0. side of sternum. 
I. cost. cart, of 2d, 3d, 4th, and sth ribs. 
Levatores Costarum (12 in number)—O. 
trans. proc. of dors. vert. I. rough surf, 
of rib below. 
The Diaphragm arises from the back of 
the ensiform cartilage and from the inner 
surfaces of the 6 lower ribs; from the liga- 
ment a arcuata, externa and interna, of 
which the internal one passes from the 
body to the trans. proc. of Ist lumb. vert., 
and the ext. one from same trans. proc. to 
last rib, the two crossing the Psoas and 
Quad. Lumb. 
The ligamentum arcuatum externum is 
only the artificially isolated border of the 
fascia covering the Quad. Lumb., which is 
the ant. lamella of the fascia lumborum de- 
rived from the post, tendon of the Trans- 
versal is. 
The ligamentum arena,turn internum is 
formed by the posterior tendinous border 
of the diaphragm. 
The crura arise from the front of the 
bodies of the upper lumbar vertebra; the 
right crus is the larger, and reaches as low Pocket Anatomy. 
77 
as the 3d vert, and intervert. substance, while 
the left only reaches the 2d lumb. vert. 
All the fibers of the diaphragm are in- 
serted into the central cordiform or trefoil 
tendon, but the crura decussate with one 
another and form a figure of 8 before they 
pass into the tendon. 
Openings—l. Aortic, in the loops formed 
by the crura, transmitting the aorta, vena 
azygos major, and thoracic duct. 2. Eso- 
phageal, in the loops formed by the crura, 
transmitting esophagus, and 2 pneumogastric 
nerves. 3. Opening for vena cava, quadrilat- 
eral, in right division of the cordiform ten- 
don ; transmitting only the vena cava inferior. 
The right crus transmits the sympa- 
thetic and greater and lesser splanchnic 
nerves of the right side; the left crus the 
greater and lesser splanchnic of the left 
side and vena azygos minor. 
Eour serous membranes are connected 
with the diaphragm—pleura on each side, 
pericardium, and peritoneum. 
In forced expiration the diaphragm at- 
tains its highest point at the level of the 
4th rib on the right side, and the sth on 
the left. In forced inspiration it descends 
2 inches. 
UPPER EXTREMITY. 
Peetoralis Major—o. ant. surf, of sternal 
Anterior Thoracic Eegion. 78 
Pocket Anatomy. 
half of clavicle; sternum down to 6th or 
7th rib; cartilages of all the true ribs; 
apon. of ext. oblique. I. ant. hicip. ridge 
of humerus. 
The costo-coracoid membrane in relation 
with this muscle is pierced by the cephalic 
vein, thoracico-acromialis artery and vein, 
superior thoracic artery, and anterior tho- 
racic nerve. 
Pectoralis Minor—o. 3d, 4th, and sth 
ribs and apon. covering intercostals. /. cor- 
acoid proc. of scapula. 
Subclavius—0. cart, of Ist rib. I. under 
surf, of middle 8d of clavicle. 
Serratus Magnus—o. by 9 digit, from 8 
upper ribs (2d having 2); upon, over inter- 
cost. spaces. I. post. bord. of scapula. 
Lateral Thoracic Region. 
Acromial Region. 
Deltoid—o. ant. bord. and upper surf, 
of clav.; outer marg. and upper surf, of 
acromion proc., and lower bord. of spine of 
scapula. I. outer side of shaft of humerus. 
Anterior Scapular Region. 
Sub scapular is—o. subscapular fossa. I. 
lesser tuberosity of humerus. 
Posterior Scapular Region. 
Supra spina,tus—O. supraspinous fossa. I. Pocket Anatomy. 
79 
highest facet on greater tuberosity of hu- 
merus. 
Infraspinatus—o. infraspinous fossa. J. 
middle facet on greater tuberosity. 
Teres Minor—o. axillary hord. of scapula. 
I. lowest facet on great tuberosity of hume- 
rus. 
Teres Major—o. inf. ang. of scapula. I. 
post, bicip. ridge of humerus. 
Coraco-hrachialis—O. coracoid proe. of 
scapula. I. inner side of shaft of humerus. 
Biceps—o. by 2 heads: long head from 
sup. hord. of glenoid cavity; short head 
from coracoid proc. I. tuberosity of radius. 
Brachialis Anticus—O. shaft of humerus 
by 2 heads; intermuscular septa. I. coro- 
noid process of ulna. 
Anterior Humeral Eegion. 
Posterior Humeral Eegion. 
Triceps—o. by 3 heads: (1) inf. marg. of 
glenoid cavity; (2) ext. and post. hord. of 
humerus; (8) int. and post. bord. of humerus. 
I. olecranon process of ulna. 
Subanconeus—0. humerus below olecra- 
non fossa. I. post. lig. of elbow joint. 
Muscles of Pore-arm and Hand. 
Palmaris Brevis (between the shin and 
the palmar fascia)—0. annular ligament 80 
Pocket Anatomy. 
and palmar fascia. I. integuments on in- 
ner side of palm. 
Pronator Radii Teres—0. ant. part of 
int. condyle; fascia of fore-arm; intermus- 
cular septa; small slip, separated from the 
larger head by the median nerve, from cor- 
onoid process of ulna. I. outer and back 
part of radius, about its center. 
Flexor Carpi Radialis—o. int. condyle 
and intermuscular septa. I. base of meta- 
carpal bone of index finger. 
Palmaris Longus—o. int. condyle and 
fascia of fore-arm. I. annular ligament and 
palmar aponeurosis, near root of thumb. 
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris—0. int. condyle; 
inner side of olecranon; an aponeur. be- 
tween these points, under which passes the 
ulnar nerve; inner edge of nearly whole 
length of ulna, and fascia of fore-arm. I. 
Os pisiform and base of sth metacarpal 
bone. 
Flexor Digitorum Sublimis {perfGrains)— 
0. inner condyle, hit. lat. lig., coronoid 
process, and radius below tubercle. I. 
anterior part of 2d phalanx of each fin- 
ger. 
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (per for am)— 
0. upper three-fourths of ant. surf, of ulna 
by 2 heads, which embrace the insertion 
of the hrachialis anticus; internal half of 
interosseous ligament. I. last phalanx of 
each finger. 
Flexor Longus Pollicis—0. fore part of Pocket Anatomy. 
81 
radius 'below the tubercle, from interosse- 
ous membrane to within 2 inches of car- 
pus, and from coronoid process. I. last 
phalanx of thumb. 
Pronator Quadratus—0. inferior fifth of 
anterior surface of ulna. I. ant. part of 
inf. fourth of radius. 
Supinator Radii Longus—O. extern al ridge 
of humerus to within 2 inches of outer con- 
dyle, and from intermuscular ligament. /. 
styloid process of radius. 
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longior—o. ridge 
of humerus, between supinator longus and 
external condyle. I. back part of the car- 
pal extremity of metacarpal bone of index 
finger. 
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevioo—O. in- 
ferior and posterior part Of external con- 
dyle, and ext. lat. lig. I. carpal extremity 
of 3d metacarpal bone. 
Extensor Digitorum Communis—o. ext. 
condyle, fascia of fore-arm, and intermus- 
cular septa. I. posterior aspect of all the 
phalanges of 4 fingers. 
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris—O. ext. condyle, 
fascia, and septa, and middle third of ulna. 
I. carpal end of sth metacarpal bone. 
Anconeus—0. posterior and inferior part 
of ext. condyle and lat. ligament. I. ext. 
surf, of olecranon, and sup. fifth of post, 
surf, of ulna. 
Extensor Minimi Digiti—0. ext. condyle. 
I. posterior part of phalanges of little finger. 82 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Supinator Radii Brevis—o. ext. condyle, 
ext., 1 at., and coronary ligaments, and from 
a ridge on outer side of ulna, below lesser 
sigmoid cavity. /. upper third of ext. and 
ant. surf, of radius, from above its tubercle 
to the insertion of pronator radii teres. 
Extensor Ossis MetacarpiPollicis—O. mid- 
dle of post, part of ulna, interosseous liga- 
ment, and post. surf, of radius. I. base of 
metacarpal bone of thumb. 
Extensor Primi Internodii Pollicis—0. in- 
terosseous ligament, radius, and occasionally 
a small portion of the ulna. I. base of Ist 
phalanx. 
Extensor Secundi Internodii Pollicis—O. 
post. surf, of ulna, above its center and 
from interosseous ligament. I. base of last 
phalanx. 
Extensor Indicis—o. middle of post. surf, 
of ulna, and interosseous ligament. I. 2d 
and 3d phalanges, uniting with the tendon 
of the common extensor. 
Abductor Pollicis—0. ant. surf, of annu- 
lar ligament and scaphoid bone. I. outside 
of base of Ist phalanx, and by an expan- 
sion into both phalanges. 
Opponens Pollicis—o. annular ligament 
and trapezium. I. ant. extremity of meta- 
carpal bone of thumb. 
Flexor Brevis Pollicis—o. external head, 
from inside of annular ligament and trape- 
zium and sheath of the flexor carpi radialis. 
I. ext. sesamoid bone and base of Ist pha- Pocket Anatomy. 
83 
lanx of thumb. Internal head—o. from 
trapezoid, magnum, and base of metacarpal 
bone of middle finger. I. int. sesamoid 
bone and base of Ist phalanx. 
Adductor Pollicis—O. three-fourths of an- 
terior surface of the 3d metacarpal bone. I. 
inner side of base of Ist phalanx of thumb. 
Abductor Indieis—o. metacarpal bone of 
fore finger and one-half of that of the thumb. 
I. outer side of base of Ist phalanx. The 
radial artery passes between its 2 heads. 
Lumbricales—O. outer side of the tendons 
of flexor profundus, near the carpus, a little 
beyond annular ligament. I. middle of Ist 
phalanx into tendinous expansion covering 
the back of each finger. 
Abductor Minimi Digiti—O. annular lig- 
ament and pisiform bone. I. ulna side of 
Ist phalanx. 
Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti—o. annular 
ligament and unciform bone. I. base of Ist 
phalanx of little finger. 
Abductor Minimi Digiti—O. int. to last, 
and overlapped by it. I. all the metacarpal 
bones of little finger. 
Interossei Palmares (8 in number)—0. 
sides of metacarpal bones. I. Ist phalanges 
and tendinous expansion covering the dor- 
sum of each finger. 
Interossei Dorsales (4 in number)—0. op- 
posed sides of 2 metacarpal bones. I. base 
of Ist phalanx of each finger and posterior 
tendinous expansion. 84 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The palmar interossei are adductors, the 
dorsal interossei are abductors. 
Psoas Magnus—o. last dorsal and all the 
lumbar vertebrae. I. lesser trochanter of 
femur. 
Iliac Region. 
Psoas Parvus—0. last dors, and Ist lumb. 
vert. I. ilio-pectineal eminence. 
Iliacus—o. iliac fossa, ilio-lumb. lig. and 
base of sacrum; capsule of hip joint. /. 
tendon of Psoas, and oblique line bet. lesser 
trochanter and linea aspera. 
Tensor Vagince Femoris—o. ant. part of 
outer lip of crest of ilium, and /. fascia lata 
one-fourth down the thigh. 
Sariorius—O. ant. sup. spin. proc. of ilium. 
I. upper part of inner surf, of shaft of tibia. 
Anterior Femoral Region. 
1. Rectus—o. by 2 tendons, ant. infer, 
spin. proc. of ilium and brim of acetabu- 
lum. I. patella. 
2. Vastus Externus—o. outer lip of linea 
aspera throughout. I. patella. 
3. Vastus Internus—0. inner lip of linea 
aspera. I. patella. 
4. Crureus—o. and I. same as last mus- 
cle. 
Quadriceps Extensor. 
Subcrureus—o. ant. surf, of lower part Pocket Anatomy. 
85 
of shaft of femur. 7. upper part of syno- 
vial pouch. 
Internal Femoral Eeqion. 
Gracilis—o. ramus of pubes and ischium. 
I. upper part of inner surf, of shaft of tibia. 
Peetineus—O. ilio-pectineal line. I. line 
leading from lesser trochanter to linea as- 
pera. 
Adductor Longus—o. front of pubes. I. 
middle third of linea aspera. 
Adductor Brevis—0. descending ramus 
of pubes. I. upper part of linea aspera. 
Adductor Magnus—O. ramus of pubes 
and ischium. I. linea aspera. This muscle 
has 4 openings—3 for perforating arteries, 
and 1 for profunda. 
Gluteal Region. 
Gluteus Maximus—o. sup. curved line 
of ilium; sacrum and coccyx; sacro-sciatic 
and sacro-iliac ligaments. I. fascia lata and 
rough line between great trochanter and 
linea aspera. 
Gluteus Medius—0. bet. sup. and mid. 
curved lines of ilium. I. post. surf, of 
great trochanter. 
Gluteus Minimus—o. bet. mid. and inf. 
curved lines. 7. ant. surf, of great tro- 
chanter. 
Pyriformis—o. front of sacrum; margin 
of great sacro-sciatic foramen; great sacro- 86 
Pocket Anatomy. 
sciatic ligament. I. upper border of great 
trochanter. 
Obturator Interims—0. inner side of ob- 
turator foramen and obturator membrane. 
Leaves the pelvis by lesser sacro-sciatic 
foramen, and receives the gemelli I. upper 
border of great trochanter. 
Gemellus Superior—o. spine of ischium. 
I. upper border of great trochanter. 
Gemellus Inferior—0. tuberos. of ischium, 
I. upper border of great trochanter. 
Quadratics Femoris—o. tuberos. of ischi- 
um. J. post. surf, of great trochanter. 
Obturator Externus—0. margin of obtu- 
rator foramen and membrane. I. digital 
fossa of femur. 
Biceps—o, by 2 heads; (1) from tuberos. 
of ischium, (2) from outer lip of linea as- 
pera. /. outer side of head of fibula, form- 
ing the outer hamstring. 
Semitendinosus—0. from tuberos. of is- 
chium. I. upper part of inner surf, of shaft 
of tibia. 
Posterior Femoral Region. 
Semimembranosus—o. tuberos. of ischium, 
I. inner tuberos. of tibia. 
Anterior Tibio-eibxjlar Region. 
Tibialis Anticus—o. outer tuberos. and 
upper two-thirds of the ext. surf, of shaft 
of tibia; inteross. membrane; deep fascia; Pocket Anatomy. 
87 
intermuscular septum. Passes through the 
innermost compartment of ant. annular lig- 
ament, and I. into inner and under surf, of 
int. cuneiform and hase of metatarsal bone 
of great toe. 
Extensor Proprius Pollicis—o. ant. surf, 
of fibula and inteross. memh. I. hase of 
last phalanx of great toe. 
Extensor Longus Digitorum—O. outer tu- 
heros. of tibia; upper three-fourths of ant. 
surf, of shaft of fibula; inteross. memh.; 
deep fascia and intermuscular septa; termi- 
nates in 3 tendons. I. 2d and 3d phalanges 
of 4 lesser toes—the innermost tendon di- 
vides into 2. 
Peroneus Teriius—o. ant. surf, of lower 
third of fibula. I. base of sth metatarsal 
bone. 
Gastrocnemius—o. by 2 heads from ext. 
and int. condyles of femur. I. unites with 
Soleus to form Tendo Achillis. 
POSTEEIOE TIBIO-FIBXJLAE. EeGION. 
Soleus—O. back part of head of fibula 
and post. surf, of shaft; oblique line of 
tibia. I. forms with Gastrocnemius Tendo 
Achillis, which is inserted in post, tuber- 
osity of os calcis. 
Popliteus—0. depression on outer side of 
ext. condyle of femur and post. lig. I. post, 
surf, of shaft of tibia. 
Flexor Longus Pollicis—o. lower two- 88 
Pocket Anatomy. 
thirds of int. shaft of fibula. I. last phalanx 
of great toe. 
Flexor Longus Digitorum (perforans)— 
0. post. surf, of shaft of tibia. I. last pha- 
langes of 4 lesser toes; passing through the 
tendons of Flex.-Brev. Dig. 
Tibialis Posticus—O. inteross. membrane; 
post. surf, of tibia; upper two-thirds of 
shaft of fibula. I. scaphoid and int. cunei- 
form bones. 
Fibular Region. 
Peroneus Longus—O. upper two-thirds of 
outer surface of fibula, small portion of tu- 
berosity of tibia, fascia of leg, and inter- 
muscular septa. I. tendon passes through 
a groove in cuboid bone obliquely across 
the sole of the foot, to become attached to 
the tarsal end of metatarsal bone of great 
toe. 
Peroneus Brevis—O. outer and back part 
of lower half of fibula and intermuscular 
septa. I. base of metatarsal bone of little 
toe. 
Dorsal Region of Foot. 
Extensor Brevis Digitorum—o. outer side 
of os calcis astragalo-calcanean ligament, 
horizont. port, of ant. annular ligament. 
Terminates in 4 tendons. I. the innermost 
tendon in Ist phalanx of great toe; the 
other 8 in the outer sides of the long ex- 
tensor of 2d, 3d, and 4th toes. Pocket Anatomy. 
89 
Plantar Region of Root. 
Abductor Pollicis—o. lower and inner 
part of os calcis, internal annular ligament, 
plantar aponeurosis, and internal intermus- 
cular septum. J. internal side of base of 
Ist phalanx of great toe; there is a sesa- 
moid hone in the tendon. 
First Layer. 
Flexor Digitorum Brevis {perforaius)—0. 
inferior and internal part of os calcis, plan- 
tar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa. 
I. 2d phalanges of 4 lesser toes. 
Abductor Minimi Digiti—o. outer side of 
os calcis, ligament extending from os calcis 
to outer side of sth metatarsal hone, plan- 
tar fascia, external intermuscular septum, 
and hase of 6th metatarsal bone. I. outer 
side of hase of Ist phalanx of little toe. 
Musculus Accessorius—o. inferior and in- 
ternal part of os calcis. I. outer part of 
tendon of Plexor Digitorum Longus. 
Lumbricales—O. tendons of Plexor Digi- 
torum Longus. I. internal side of Ist pha- 
langes of 4 lesser toes. Between the Flexor 
Brevis and Plexor Accessorius lie the exter- 
nal plantar vessels and nerve. * 
Second Layer. 
Third Layer. 
Flexor Pollicis Brevis—o. hy a pointed 
process from inner border of cuboid and 90 
Pocket Anatomy. 
from external cuneiform bone. I. by 2 di- 
visions into outer and inner border of base 
of Ist phalanx of great toe; the tendons 
contain sesamoid bones. 
Adductor Pollicis—o. cuboid, base of 3d 
and 4th metatarsal bones, and sheath of 
Peroneus Longus. I. base of Ist phalanx of 
great toe. 
Transversus Pedis—A narrow fasciculus 
stretched beneath the digital extremities of 
the metatarsal bones. 
Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti—o. sth met- 
atarsal bones and sheath of tendon of Pero- 
neus Longus. I. inner side of base of Ist 
phalanx of little toe. 
Fourth Layer. 
Seven interossei muscles. Three on sole 
of foot, and 4 upon its dorsum. 
I. base of Ist phalanx of the same toe. 
2d—o. inner side of 4th metatarsal bone. 
Inferior or plantar. 
Ist—O. inner side of 3d metatarsal bone. 
I. inner side of Ist phalanx of the same toe. 
3d—o. sth metatarsal bone. I. inner side 
of base of Ist phalanx of little toe. 
Superiores, vel dorsales; they arise by 2 
heads from the contiguous surfaces of the 
metatarsal bones. 
Ist—o. internal side of 2d metatarsal 
bone and outer side of Ist. I. inner side 
of base of Ist phalanx of 2d toe. 
2d—o. opposite side of 2d and 3d meta- Pocket Anatomy. 
tarsal tones. I. outer side of Ist phalanx 
of 2d toe. 
3d—O. opposite side of 3d and 4th meta- 
tarsal hones. /. outer side of Ist phalanx 
of middle toe. 
4th—0. opposite sides of the 4th and sth 
metatarsal hones. I. outer side of the Ist 
phalanx of 4th toe. 92 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The Yascolar System. 
are composed of 3 coats: (1) Internal or 
Serous; (2) Middle or Fibrous; (3) Exter- 
nal or Cellular. They may all be traced 
through their several trunks back to 
THE ARTERIES 
The Aorta, 
which commences at the left ventricle of the 
heart, and after ascending about 2 inches 
arches backward to the left side, and then 
descends within the thorax. 
The ascending portion of the arch is about 
2 in. long, and is in relation in front with 
pulmonary artery, right auric, appendix, 
pericardium, and remains of thymus gland; 
on the right with sup. cava and right auri- 
cle; on the left with pulmonary artery; and 
behind with right pulmonary vessels and 
root of right lung. This portion gives off 
the right and left coronary arteries. 
The transverse portion begins at the up- 
per bord. of 2d costo-sternal articulation 
of the right side in front, passes from right 
to left, and from before backward, to the 
left side of 2d dors. vert, behind. Its up- 
per bord. is about 1 in. below the upper 
raarg. of sternum. Pocket Anatomy. 
93 
Relations above, left innom. vein, art. 
innom., left caret., left subelav. art.; in 
front, left pleura and lung, left pneumo- 
gast. nerve, left phrenic nerve, cordiac 
nerves; behind, trachea, cardiac plexus, 
esophagus, thoracic duct, left recurrent 
nerve; below, bifurcation of pulm. art., re- 
mains of ductus arteries., left recurrent 
nerve, left bronchus. 
Branches—innominate, left carotid, and 
left subclavian. 
Descending portion inclines downward 
on left side of body of 4th dors, vert., at 
the lower bord. of which it becomes tho- 
racic. 
Relations—in front, pleura and root of 
left lung; right side, esophagus and tho- 
racic duct; left side, pleura; behind, left side 
of body of 4th dors. vert. 
Branches—n one. 
Arteria Innominata, 
or transverse port, of arch. 
Relations—in front, sternum, sterno-hy- 
oid, and sterno-thyroid, remains of thymus 
gland, left innominate and inf. thyr. veins, 
inf. cerv. card. hr. from right pneumogas- 
tric; right side, right vena innominata, 
right pneumogastric, pleura; left side, re- 
mains of thymus gland and left carotid; 
behind, trachea. 
Branches—common carotid and subcla- 
vian of right side. 94 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Common Carotid Arteries* 
divide opposite the upper border of the 
thyroid cartilage into 
1. External. 
2. Internal. 
The External Carotid 
sends off 10 branches—viz.: 
1. Superior thyroid sends off—lst, hyoid- 
ean branch; 2d, superficial branch; 3d laryn- 
geal branch; and 4th, thyroidean branch. 
2. Lingual sends off—lst, hyoidean branch; 
2d, dorsalis linguae; 3d, sublingual; and 4th, 
the ranine. 
3. Facial sends off—lst, inferior palatine; 
2d, tonsillar; 3d, glandular; 4th, submental; 
sth, inferior labial; 6th, inferior coronary; 
7th, masseteric; Bth, superior coronary; 9th, 
lateral nasal; and 10th, angular, anastomos- 
ing with the ophthalmic. 
4. Muscular. 
5. Occipital gives off princeps cervicis, 
inferior meningeal, and terminal branches, 
of which one enters the mastoid foramen; 
the others ramify in the scalp. 
6. Posterior auricular gives off muscular, 
glandular, and stylo-mastoid. 
7. Ascending pharyngeal gives off pharyn- 
geal and meningeal branches. 
8. Transverse facial. 
9. Superficial temporal gives off—lst, an- 
* The relation of these and several other large 
arteries will be given in Regional Anatomy. , Pocket Anatomy. 
95 
terior auricular; 2d, capsular branches; 3d, 
middle temporal; 4th, posterior temporal; 
and sth, anterior temporal. 
10. Internal maxillary gives off—lst, tym- 
panic, which enters the Glaserian fissure; 2d, 
meningea media, which enters the foramen 
spinosum; Bd, meningea parva; 4th, infe- 
rior maxillary or dental, which enters the 
dental canal; sth, deep temporal; 6th, ptery- 
goid; 7th, masseteric; Bth, buccal; 9th, al- 
veolar; 10th, infraorbital; 11th, descending 
palatine; 12th, vidian; 13th, pterygo-pala- 
tine; 14th, spheno-palatine. 
Thk Internal Carotid 
supplies no vessels in the neck, but, in its 
passage through the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone, gives otf— 
1. The tympanic. 
2. The arterice reccptaeuli, or vessels to 
the cavernous sinus. 
3. The anterior meningeal. 
Opposite the anterior clinoid process it 
divides into— 
4. Ophthalmic artery sends otf—lst, lach- 
rymal; 2d, centralis retinae; 3d, supraorb- 
ital; 4th, ciliary branches (=ant., short, and 
long); sth, muscular; 6th, posterior eth- 
moidal; 7th, anterior ethmoidal; Bth, pal- 
pebral; 9th, nasal; and 10th, frontal. 
5. Anterior cerebral sends otf—lst, the 
anterior communicans; 2d, the arteria cor- 
poris callosi. 96 
Pocket Anatomy. 
6. Middle cerebral. 
7. Posterior communicans. 
8. Anterior choroid. 
The anterior cerebral arteries are united 
by the anterior communicans, the posterior 
communicans passes back to join the poste- 
rior cerebral (a branch of the basilar), and 
in this manner is formed an arterial circle, 
called the Circle of Willis. 
is divided into 8 portions: Ist, on the right 
side it extends from the arteria innominata 
to the inside of the scalenus anticus; 2d, 
the second portion lies under the scalenus 
anticus; 3d, the third portion extends from 
the scalenus anticus to the lower border of 
the Ist rib.. On the left side, the left sub- 
clavian extends from the arch of the aorta 
to the inside of the scalenus anticus mus- 
cle; 2d, the second portion of the left sub- 
clavian, like that of the right side, lies under 
the scalenus anticus; 3d, the third portion 
of the left subclavian, also like that of the 
right, extends from the scalenus anticus to 
the lower border of the Ist rib. The third 
portion is usually ligated. 
1. Vertebral gives off—lst, the arterie 
modulise spinalis transverse; 2d, the men- 
ingeal; 3d, the inferior cerebellar; 4th, an- 
terior spinal; sth, posterior spinal; 6th, 
muscular. The basilar artery, formed by 
the union of the 2 vertebral, gives otf— 
The Subclavian Artery Pocket Anatomy, 
97 
Transverse. 
Anterior cerebellar. 
Superior cerebellar. 
Posterior cerebral. 
The anastomosis, between the branches 
of the internal carotid and vertebral arte- 
ries, constitutes the Circle of Willis. It is 
formed in front by the anterior cerebral 
and anterior communicating; on each side 
by the trunk of the internal carotid, and 
the posterior communicating; behind by the 
posterior cerebral and point of the basilar. 
2. Thyroid axis divides into—lst, inferior 
thyroid gives off laryngeal, tracheal, and 
esophageal branches, and cervicalis ascend- 
ens; 2d, suprascapular gives off a supra- 
acromial branch, and then passes into the 
supraspinous fossa of the scapula over the 
notch; 3d, transversalis colli gives off a 
superficial cervical branch, and terminates 
in the posterior scapular. 
3. Internal mammary gives off—lst, comes 
nervi phrenici; 2d, mediastinal; 3d, peri- 
cardiac; 4th, sternal; sth, anterior inter- 
costal; 6th, perforating; 7th, musculo- 
phrenic; Bth, superior epigastric. 
4. Superior intercostal gives off deep cer- 
vical and muscular. 
The Axillary Artery * 
extends from first rib to the lower border 
*See axillary space. 98 
Pocket Anatomy. 
of the tendon of the latissimus dorsi, and 
sends off' 7 branches: 
Isi Part / Superior thoracic. 
‘ \ Acromial thoracic. 
o j j f Thoraeica lonqa. 
Id Part. | Thoracica alaJriS' 
{Sub scapular. 
Anterior circumflex. 
Posterior circumflex. 
The Brachial Artery 
extends from the lower border of the ten- 
don of the latissimus dorsi to a finger’s 
breadth below the bend of the elbow, and 
sends off 5 branches. 
1. Profunda superior sends off—lst, an 
ascending branch; and 2d, the musculo- 
spinal branch. It accompanies the muscu- 
lo-spiral nerve. 
2. Nutrient. 
3. Profunda inferior accompanies the ul- 
nar nerve. 
4. Anastomotica magna. 
5. Muscular. 
The Eadial Artery 
sends off 12 branches: 
1. Recurrent radial. It anastomoses with 
the profunda superior. 
2. Muscular. 
3. Superficialis voice, anastomoses with the 
ulnar to form the superficial palmar arch. 
4. Anterior carpal. Pocket Anatomy. 
99 
5. Posterior carpal. 
6. Metacarpal. 
7. Dorsalis pollicis. 
8. Dorsalis indicts. 
9. Princeps pollicis. 
10. Radialis indicts. 
11. Perforating. 
12. Interosseous. 
The Ulnar Artery 
sends off 8 branches: 
1. Anterior recurrent. 
2. Posterior recurrent. 
3. Interosseous sends off the anterior in- 
terosseous and posterior interosseous. 
4. Muscular. 
5. Anterior carpal. 
6. Posterior carpal. 
7. Arteria communicans. 
8. Palmaris superjidalis, anastomoses with 
the superficial volse to form the superficial 
palmar arch. A long branch comes off from 
the ulnar or interosseous, called the comes 
nervi mediani; it is of uncertain size. 
Palmar Arches. 
The deep palmar arch is formed by the 
palmaris profunda of the radial, uniting 
with the arteria communicans from the ul- 
nar; it sends off 5 small branches to supply 
the interossei muscles. 
The superficial palmar arch is formed by 100 
Pocket Anatomy. 
the arteria palmaris of the ulnar, uniting 
with the superhcialis volae from the radial. 
It sends off 4 branches: 
1. Branches to ulnar edge of little finger. 
2. Branch to cleft between little and ring 
fingers. 
3. Branch to cleft between ring and middle 
fingers. 
4. Branch to cleft between middle and in- 
dex fingers. 
sends off 5 sets of branches: 
Tim Thoracic Aorta 
1. Pericardiac. 
2. Mediastinal. 
3. Bronchial. 
4. Esophageal. 
5. Bitercostals: each divides into—'lst, 
the posterior branches; and 2d, the ante- 
rior branches. 
Abdominal Aorta. 
Relations: In front—lesser omentum and 
stomach; branches of coeliac axis and solar 
plexus; splenic vein; pancreas; left renal 
vein; transverse duodenum; mesentery; 
aortic plexus. Right side—right crus of 
diaphragm; inferior vena cava; vena azy- 
gos; thoracic duct; right semilunar gan- 
glion. Left side—sympathetic nerve; left 
semilunar ganglion. Behind—left lumbar 
veins; receptaculum chyli; thoracic duct; 
vertebral column. Pocket Anatomy. 
101 
Branches—9: 
1. Phrenic. 
' Gastric. 
T-Tenaitr I f Gastro-qnploicadexfra. 
uepanc. < auoaenaiis. | pancrmtico-duodenalis. 
2. Ccdiac axis. \ Pana'eaticm parvce. 
StnJpnir J Pdncreatica magna. 
opie . -i Gastric {vasabrevia.)'. 
I Gastro-epiploica sinistra. 
[ Inferior pancreatico-duodenalis. 
Vasa intestini tennis. 
3. Superior mesenteric. -j Ileo-colic. 
I Colica dextra. 
[ Colica media. 
4. Suprarenal. 
5. Renal. 
6. Spermatic. 
( Colica sinistra. 
7. Inferior mesenteric. -< Sigmoid. 
(Superior hemorrhoidal. 
8. Lumbar. 
9. Sacra media. 102 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The abdominal aorta terminates in 
Relations: Right eow.mon iliac. In front— 
peritoneum, small intestines, sympathetic 
nerves, ureter. Outer side—vena cava, right 
common iliac vein, Psoas muscle. Behind— 
right and left common iliac veins. 
Left common iliac: In front—peritoneum, 
sympathetic nerves, rectum, sup. hemor. 
artery, ureter. Inner side—left common 
iliac vein. Outer side—Psoas muscle. Be- 
hind—left common iliac vein. The common 
iliacs divide into internal and external iliacs. 
The Common Iliac Arteries. 
Internal Iliac. 
Relations: In front peritoneum and 
ureter. Outer side—Psoas Magnus. Be- 
hind— internal iliac vein, lumbo-sacral 
nerve, Pyriformis muscle. 
Branches. 12—Anterior trunk: 
1. Superior vesical. 
2. Middle vesical. 
3. Inferior vesical. 
4. Middle hemorrhoidal. 
5. Obturator. 
' Inf. or ext. hemor- 
rhoidal. 
Superficial perineal. 
n T j 7 .7- Transverse perineal. 
6. Internal pudxc. Arfery of 
Artery of corpus cav- 
ernosum. 
Dorsal artery of penis. Pocket Anatomy. 
103 
{Coccygeal. 
Comes nervi ischiadici. 
Muscular. 
8. Uterine, f T , , 
9. Vaginal. \InJemale- 
Posterior trunk: 
1. Gluteal. | 
( Veep. 
2. Ilio-lumbar. 
8. Lateral sacral. 
External Iliac. 
Relations: In front peritoneum, sper- 
matic vessels, genito-crural nerve, circum- 
flex iliac vein, lymphatic vessels and glands. 
Outer side—Psoas Magnus, iliac fascia. In- 
ner side—ext. iliac vein and vas deferens at 
femoral arch. Behind—external iliac vein 
and Psoas Magnus. 
Branches—2: 
{Cremasteric. 
Pubic. 
Muscular. 
2. Circumflex iliac (anastomoses with ilio- 
lumbar). 
The continuation of the ext. iliac below 
Poupart’s ligament is called 
(Relations given in Scarpa’s triangle). 
Branches—7: 
The Eemoral Artery. 
1. Superficial epigastric. 104 
Pocket Anatomy. 
2. Superficial circumflex iliac. 
3. Superficial external pudic. 
4. Deep external pudic. 
{External circumflex. 
Internal circumflex. 
Three perforating. 
G. Muscular. 
7. Anastomotica magna. 
The continuation of the femoral from the 
opening in the adductor magnus is called 
The Popliteal Artery. 
(Relations given in popliteal space). 
Branches—7: 
it, r 7 f Superior. 
1. Muscular. < r x ■ , 
1 Inferior or sural. 
2. Cutaneous. 
3. Superior external articular. 
4. Superior internal articular. 
5. Azygos articular. 
6. Inferior external articular. 
7. Inferior internal articular. 
It divides into the anterior and posterior 
tibia!. 
Anterior Tibial Artery. 
Relations: In front—integument, super- 
ficial and deep fasciae; tibialis anticus (over- 
laps it in upper part of leg.); Ext. Long. Dig., 
and Ext. Prop. Poll, overlap it slightly; an- 
terior tibial nerve.- Inner side—tibialis an- 
ticus; Ext. Prop. Poll, crosses it at lower 
part. Outerside—ant.tib.nerve; Ext.Long, Pocket Anatomy. 
105 
Dig. and Ext. Prop. Poll. Behind—inter- 
osseous membrane; tibia, ant. lig. of ankle 
joint. 
Branches—4: 
1. Recurrent tibial. 
2. Muscular. 
8. Internal malleolar. 
4. External malleolar. 
The continuation of the ant. tibial is 
called 
Relations: In front—integument and fas- 
cia; innermost tendon of Ext. Brev. Dig, 
Tibial side—Ext. Prop. Poll. Fibular side— 
Ext. Dong. Dig.; ant. tib. nerve. Behind— 
astragalus, scaphoid, int. cun. and their lig- 
aments. 
Branches—5: 
1. Tarsal. 
2. Metatarsal. 
3. Interosseous. 
4. Dorsalis hallucis (pollicis). 
5. Communicating. 
The Dorsalis Pedis Artery. 
Posterior Tibial Artery. 
Relations: In front tibialis posticus; 
Flex. Long. Dig.; tibia; ankle joint. Inner 
side—post. tib. nerve, upper third. Outer 
side—post. tib. nerve, lower two-thirds. 
Behind—gastrocnemius, soleus, deep fascia 
and integument. 106 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Branches—s: 
1. Peroneal. 
Anterior peroneal. 
2. Muscular. 
3. Nutrient. 
4. Communicating. 
5. Internal calcanean. 
Divides beneath the origin of the adduct, 
poll, into 6 internal, and 7 external, plantar 
arteries. 
is formed by the external plantar and a 
communicating branch from dorsalis pedis. 
Branches—3: 
The Plantar Arch 
1. Posterior perforating. 
2. Digital. 
3. Anterior perforating. 
The Pulmonary Artery 
will be described with the lungs. 
THE YEIHS 
return the blood to the right auricle of the 
heart by 2 large trunks called the superior 
and inferior venae cavse. 
THE SUPERIOR YEHA CAYA 
is formed by the right and left innominate 
veins. Pocket Anatomy. 
107 
The Yem Innominatas 
contain no valves, and are formed by the 
union of the internal jugular and subcla- 
vian veins of the corresponding side. The 
right receives the right vertebral vein (re- 
ceiving the spinal veins) and lymphatic 
duct; right internal mammary inferior thy- 
roid and superior intercostal veins. The 
left receives the left vertebral inferior thy- 
roid, internal mammary and sup. inter- 
costal, and generally thymic and pericardiac 
veins. 
contains 2 valves, and is formed by the lat- 
eral and inferior petrosal sinuses at the ju- 
gular foramen, and receives the facial, lin- 
gual, pharyngeal, superior, and middle thy- 
roid, and sometimes the occipital. 
The Internal Jugular 
The Sinuses oe the Dura Mater 
are 15 in number: 
1. Superior longitudinal receiving the sup. 
cerebral, parietal, and diploic veins. 
2. Inferior longitudinal receiving veins 
from falx cerebri. 
8. Straight receiving inf. long, sinus and 
voice galeni, inf. med. cerebral and sup. cere- 
bellar veins. 
4. Two occipital receiving small veins 
around for. mag. 
5. Two lateral receiving sup., long., 
straight, and occipital. 108 
Pocket Anatomy. 
6. Two cavernous receiving ophthalmic 
which connects them with facial vein; inf. 
ant. cerebral veins. 
7. Circular running around sella turcica, 
and communicating with cavernous. 
8. Transverse connecting 2 inf. petrosal. 
9. Two superior petrosal connecting cav- 
ern. and lat., and receiving a cerebral and 
cerebellar vein. , 
10. Two inferior petrosal receiving cav- 
ernous and transverse, and uniting with the 
lateral, to form the internal jugular. 
receives the external, anterior, and internal 
jugular veins, and a small branch from ce- 
phalic. 
1. The external jugular is formed in the 
substance of the parotid gland by the pos- 
terior auricular and temporo-maxillary, tem- 
poral and internal maxillary. It receives 
post. ext. jugular, suprascapular transverse 
cervical, communicating branch from ant. 
jug., and a large one from internal jug. 
2. The anterior jugular contains no valves, 
and receives laryngeal branches and com- 
munications with its fellow, ext. and int. 
T'g- 
At the outer margin of the Ist rib the 
subclavian vein becomes 
The Subclavian Vein 
which is formed by the continuation up- 
The Axillary Vein, Pocket Anatomy. 
109 
ward of the basilic vein. It receives 
branches corresponding to those of the 
axillary artery, the venre coinites of the 
brachial, and the cephalic vein. 
The Cephalic Vein 
is formed by the junction of the radial and 
median cephalic. 
The radial commences on the dors. surf, 
of the thumb, index finger, and radial side 
of the hand, by branches communicating 
with the vena salvatella—the vein of the 
little finger. 
The median cephalic forms with the median 
basilic, the terminal branches of the median 
vein, which collects the blood from the pal- 
mar surf, of hand and mid. line of fore-arm 
communicating with ant. uln. and rad. 
The , Basilic Vein 
is formed by the ant. and post, ulnar, and 
receives the median basilic from median. 
The basilic v. is continuous with the ax- 
illary. 
The anterior ulnar begins on ant. surf, 
of wrist and ulnar side of hand. 
The posterior ulnar commences on post, 
surf, of ulnar side of hand and from vein 
of little finger—vena salvatella. 
THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA 
is formed by the union of the 2 common 110 
Pocket Anatomy, 
iliac veins. It receives the lumbar, sper- 
matic, ovarian, renal, suprarenal, phrenic, 
and hepatic veins. It communicates with 
the sup. vena cava by the azygos veins, which 
are made up by the intercostal veins, receiv- 
ing esophageal, mediastinal, vertebral, and 
bronchial veins. The right azygos enters 
the thorax through the am’tic opening in 
the diaphragm, the left through the left 
crus. 
The Common Iliac 
veins are formed by the union of the inter- 
nal and external iliac veins. They receive 
the ilio-lumbar and lateral sacral veins. 
The left receives in addition the middle 
sacral. 
The Internal Iliac 
veins are formed by the vense comites of 
the internal iliac artery and its branches 
(except umbilical). It has no valves. It 
receives the gluteal, sciatic, internal pudic, 
and obturator veins; the hemorrhoidal and 
vesico-prostatic plexuses in the male, and 
uterine and vaginal plexuses in the female. 
The hemorrhoidal plexus is formed by 
the superior hemorrhoidal veins (branches 
of inf. mesenteric) middle and inf. hemor- 
rhoidal, which go to int. iliac. The sup. 
hemorrhoidal has no valves. The intricate 
inosculation acts like valves to produce dil- 
atation when regurgitation takes place. Pocket Anatomy. 
The External Iliac Ybin 
begins at the termination of the femoral, 
beneath the crural arch. It has no valves. 
It receives the epigastric and circumflex 
iliac veins. 
is the continuation of the popliteal; lies in 
the upper part of its course internal to the 
femoral artery lower down; it passes be- 
hind it, and still lower becomes external. 
It has 4or 5 valves. It receives the inter- 
nal saphenous vein, muscular branches, and 
profunda femoris. 
The internal saphenous vein commences 
on the dorsum and inner side of the foot. 
It receives cutaneous branches, superficial 
epigastric, superficial external iliac, super- 
ficial external pudic. It communicates with 
the other veins in the leg and foot by 
numerous branches. It has from 2to fi 
valves. 
The Femoral Yein 
The Popliteal Yein 
is formed by the venae comites of the ant. 
and post, tibial. It ascends to the tendi- 
nous opening in the adduct or magnus, 
where it becomes the femoral. It contains 
4 valves. It receives the sural, articular 
and external saphenous veins. 
The external or short saphenous vein re- 
ceives the blood from the dorsum and outer 
side of the foot. 112 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The Portal Vein 
collects the blood from the viscera of di- 
gestion. It is made up of 4 veins: 1. In- 
ferior mesenteric, which receives hemor- 
rhoidal branches inosculating with those 
from internal iliac veins. 2. Superior mes- 
enteric. 3. Splenic. 4. Gastric. Its circu- 
lation through the liver is given with the 
description of that organ. 
return the blood from the substance of the 
heart. They are (1) great cardiac, (2) pos- 
terior cardiac, (3) anterior cardiac, (4) venae 
thebesii (opening directly into the right 
auricle). The coronary sinus receives these 
veins (except venae theb.) and terminates in 
the right auricle. 
The Cardiac Veins 
bring the blood back from the lungs, and 
are 4 in number. They carry arterial blood, 
have no valves, and open in the left auricle. 
In the lung the order of arrangement is 
from before backward, artery, bronchus, 
vein; at the root of the lung, vein, artery, 
bronchus. 
The Pulmonary Veins 
THE LYMPHATICS 
comprehend*—lst, vessels conveying the 
lymph and chyle into the Veins; and 2d, Pocket Anatomy. 
113 
enlargements occurring in their course, 
called glands or ganglia. 
The lacteal or chyliferous vessels com- 
mence on the villi of the mucous surface 
of the intestines, pass through the mesen- 
teric glands backward toward the spine, 
where they terminate in the thoracic duct. 
The lymphatic vessels are found through- 
out the body, and generally observe a deep 
and superficial arrangement. 
Lymphatics of the Lower Extremities.— 
The superficial set accompany the external 
and internal saphenous veins; they commu- 
nicate freely in their course with the deep 
lymphatic trunks which accompany the 
deep vessels. Those which accompany the 
external saphenous vein enter the glands 
in the popliteal space, whilst those accom- 
panying the internal saphenous vein ascend 
to the groin and pass through the inguinal 
glands, forming connections with the su- 
perficial lymphatics of the abdomen, the 
perineum, and the genitals. The deep lym- 
phatics of the hip and perineum are con- 
ducted by branches of the internal iliac 
vessels into the pelvis, and pass through 
the pelvic glands. From the inguinal and 
pelvic glands the lymphatics pass through 
the iliac vessels to the receptaculum chyli. 
The thoracic duct commences by a dilata- 
tion called receptaculum chyli, on the body 
of the 2d lumbar vertebra; passing be- 
tween the crura of the diaphragm, it gains 114 
Pocket Anatomy. 
the posterior mediastinum, where it lies be- 
tween the aorta and the vena azygos; at 
the 4th dors. vert, it crosses the spine ob- 
liquely to the left side, passing behind the 
esophagus and arch of the aorta, and placed 
behind the left pleura and between the left 
carotid and left subclavian arteries; it then 
goes to the left side of the neck as high as 
the Gth cervical vertebra, where, curving 
downward and outward, it opens close to 
the external angle formed by the left sub- 
clavian and jugular veins. 
Lymphatics of the Upper Extremities.— 
The superficial set accompany the super- 
ficial veins, and pass through 2 or 3 glands 
situated at the inner condyle; joining the 
deep lymphatics which accompany the ve- 
nae comites, they go to the axilla, and pass 
through the axillary glands; following the 
course of the axillary vein, they pass be- 
neath the clavicle, join the lymphatics of 
the neck, and terminate in the thoracic 
duct. The lymphatics of the right upper 
extremity and right side of the neck unite 
to form the right or lesser thoracic duct, 
which opens into the right vena innomi- 
nata. 
The lymphatics of the trunk consist of 
a deep and superficial set; in the chest the 
former are seated between the muscles and 
pleura, in the abdomen between the mus- 
cles and peritoneum, the superficial being 
subcutaneous. The viscera contained in Pocket Anatomy. 
the chest and abdomen also have a super- 
ficial and deep layer of lymphatics, the 
deep being distributed through the peculiar 
tissue of each organ, the superficial run- 
ning beneath the membranous envelope. 
Lymphatics have been seen in the mem- 
branes, but not in the proper substance of 
the brain and spinal cord. Pocket Anatomy. 
The Nervous System 
consists of 2 sets of nerve and nerve cen- 
ters, intimately connected together. They 
are (1) cerebrospinal^and (2) sympathetic or 
ganglionic. 
THE CEREBRO-SPIHAL SYS- 
TEM 
is composed of the spinal cord, brain, and 
the nerves which they give off. 
The membranes of the spimil cord are 3 in 
number: 
1. Dura mater or fibrous, continuous with 
that -which invests the brain, but differing 
from it in being smooth on the exterior, and 
in not forming the periosteum of the verte- 
brae, and in not sending processes into the 
spinal cord, nor has it any sinuses. 
2. Arachnoid, consisting of a parietal and 
visceral layer, like the arachnoid of the. 
brain with which it is continuous. The 
parietal layer is on the inner surface of the 
dura mater, to which it is firmly attached; 
the visceral layer is reflected loosely upon 
the cord, giving to the nerves loose sheaths, 
which are reflected upon themselves at the 
point where the nerves pierce the dura 
mater. Between the visceral laver and the Pocket Anatomy. 
117 
cord is a space, the subarachnoid communi- 
cating with the interior of the brain by an 
opening in the 4th ventricle. It lodges the 
subarachnoid fluid. The arachnoid has no 
vessels. 
8. The pia mater incloses the spinal cord, 
giving prolongations upon the roots of the 
nerves. It is continuous with the pia mater 
of the brain, but is more fibrous and less 
vascular. It sends a process into the ante- 
rior median fissure of the cord, opposite to 
which is a fibrous band called linea spendeus, 
and at the 2d lumbar vertebra ends in the 
filum terminate or central ligament of the 
cord, which lies within the prolongation of 
the dura mater, to be attached with it to 
the coccyx. 
The ligamentum denticulatum is found on 
each side of the cord, between the anterior 
and posterior roots of the nerves. It is 
formed by a series of 21 or 22 serrations, 
connected with the pia mater, and with the 
inner surface of the dura mater, midway 
between the apertures of exit for the nerves. 
It serves to sling the cord and secure it 
from shocks (Heath). 
THE SPIHAL CORD. 
In speaking of the functions of the cord, 
Prof. Huxley has given the most concise 
and accurate description of its anatomy, of 
which we avail ourselves in this connection. 118 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The spinal cord is a column of grayish- 
white soft substance, extending from the 
top of the spinal canal, where-it is contin- 
uous with the brain, to about the 2d lumbar 
vertebra, where it tapers off to a point. A 
deep fissure, the anterior fissure, divides it 
in the middle line in front, nearly down to 
its center; and a similar fissure, the poste- 
rior fissure, also extends nearly to its center 
in the middle line behind. The pia mater 
extends into each of these fissures, and sup- 
ports the vessels which supply the cord with 
its blood. In consequence of the presence 
of these tissues, only a narrow bridge of the 
substance of the cord connects its two halves, 
and this bridge is traversed throughout its 
entire length by a minute canal, the central 
canal of the cord. 
Each half of the cord is divided longi- 
tudinally into 3 equal parts, by the lines of 
attachment of 2 parallel series of delicate 
bundles of nervous filaments, the roots of 
the spinal nerves. The roots of the nerves 
which arise along that line which is nearer 
the posterior surface of the cord are called 
posterior roots; those which arise along the 
other line are the anterior roots. A certain 
number of anterior and posterior roots, on 
the same level on each side of the cord, 
converge and form anterior and posterior 
bundles, and then the 2 bundles, anterior 
and posterior, coalesce into the trunk of a 
spinal nerve; but, before doing so, the pos- Pocket Anatomy. 
119 
terior bundle presents an enlargement—the 
ganglion of the ‘posterior root. 
A Transverse Section oe the Coed 
shows that each half contains 2 substances— 
a white substance on the outside, and a gray- 
ish-red substance in the interior. And this 
gray substance is so disposed that, in trans- 
verse section, it looks something like a cres- 
cent, with one end bigger than the other, 
and with the concave side turned outward. 
The 2 ends of the crescent are called its 
horns or cornua, the one in front being the 
anterior cornu-, the one turned backward 
the posterior cornu. The convex sides of 
the cornua of the 2 halves approach one an- 
other, and are joined by the bridge which 
contains the central canal. 
Many of the nerve fibers of which the 
anterior roots are composed may be traced 
into the anterior cornu, while those of the 
posterior roots enter the posterior cornu. 
The posterior roots are sensory, the ante- 
rior motor. 
Columns of the Cord.—The fissures divide 
each half of the spinal cord into 4 columns— 
anterior, lateral, posterior, posterior median. 
THE BRAIN AND ITS MEM- 
BRANES. 
The membranes of the brain are the same 
as those of the cord. 120 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The dura mater lines the skull, and gives 
off 3 processes into the cavity of the 
skull. 
1. Falx cerebri descending vertically in 
the longitudinal fissure, and attached to the 
crista galli, and connected behind with the 
upper surface of the tentorium. 
2, Tentorium cerebelli separating the cer- 
ebellum from the cerebrum. 
3. Falx cerebelli between the 2 lateral 
lobes of the cerebellum. 
The arachnoid is a serous membrane which 
has been seen to consist of 2 layers—parietal, 
which lines the dura mater, and visceral, 
which is now to be examined. 
The visceral layer is more or less united 
with the subjacent pia mater, but differs 
from it in passing from one convolution to 
another without dipping into the sulci. It 
passes into the great longitudinal fissure 
between the hemispheres of the cerebrum, 
and is traced from the anterior termination 
of this over the base of the cerebrum (the 
lobes of which it binds together) to the 
cerebellum and medulla oblongata, where 
it becomes continuous with the arachnoid 
of the spinal cord. It gives sheaths to the 
cranial nerves as far as the foramina of 
exit, where they are reflected to join the 
parietal layer of arachnoid. 
Between the arachnoid and the pia mater 
is.the subarachnoid space, which contains the 
cerebro-spinal fluid, and which, though ex- Pocket Anatomy. 
121 
isting all over the brain, is only to be seen 
in the following places: 
The anterior subarachnoid space (diam ond- 
shaped space) is immediately in front of the 
pons varolii, and is formed by the stretch- 
ing of the arachnoid from one middle lobe 
of the cerebrum to the other, as far forward 
as the optic commissure. 
Theposterior subarachnoid space (4th ven- 
tricle) will be found beneath the cerebellum 
on lifting up the medulla oblongata. This 
communicates with the subarachnoid space 
of the spinal cord, and with the interior of 
the brain by means of an aperture into the 
4th ventricle, which may now be seen by 
removing the layer of arachnoid. 
The pin mater is a vascular membrane 
closely investing the brain and passing into 
the sulci between the convolutions, besides 
giving processes into the interior of the 
brain which will be subsequently examined. 
It becomes more tough and fibrous as it 
approaches the spinal cord, upon which its 
vascularity almost entirely disappears. 
The brain is divided into 4 parts; the (3) 
cerebrum, (4) cerebellum, (2) pons varolii, 
and (1) medulla oblongata. 
The Medulla Oblongata 
is the upper part of the spinal cord, and 
extends from the upper border of the atlas 
to the lower border of the pons, being about 
in. in length. It is divided by an an- 122 
Pocket Anatomy. 
tenor and posterior fissure into 2 lateral 
halves, and these are again subdivided into 
4 columns, named from before backward— 
anterior pyramid, lateral tract and olivary 
body, restiform body, and posterior pyra- 
mid. 
The anterior pyramids are continuous with 
the anterior columns of the cord, and con- 
tain its motor fibers. They decussate across 
the median fissure at the lower part of the 
medulla. 
The lateral tract is continuous with the 
lateral column of the cord. Below it is 
broad, and placed between the anterior py- 
ramid and the restiform body; but above it 
is narrow, and encroached upon by the oli- 
vary body, an ovoid projection close to the 
anterior pyramid, and just below the pons. 
The white fibers winding around the low- 
er end of each body are called the a.rciform 
fibers. 
The restiform bodies are continuous with 
the posterior columns of the cord. They 
are between the lateral tracts and posterior 
pyramids. They form the inferior peduncles 
of the cerebellum, and lateral boundaries of 
4th ventricle. 
The posterior pyramids are continuous 
with the posterior median columns of the 
cord. 
The posterior surface of the medulla ob- 
longata forms the floor of the 4th ventricle, 
and between the diverging post. pyr. re- Pocket Anatomy. 
123 
sembles the point of a pen, and is called 
calamus scriptorius. Continuous with the 
post. med. fissure of the cord is a canal ter- 
minating in a cul-de-sac called the ventricle 
of Aran tins. 
The Pons Yarolii 
connects the various segments of the en- 
cephalon. It is grooved along the median 
line for the basilar artery. It forms the 
middle peduncles of the cerebellum. It is 
composed of fibers and gray matter. It is 
sometimes called ixiher annulare. 
is divided into 2 lateral halves by the great 
longitudinal fissure which extends down to 
a transverse commissure of white matter, 
the corpus callosum connecting the 2 hemis- 
pheres. This fissure lodges the falx cerebri. 
The convolutions are numerous eminences 
separated by depressions called sulci, lined 
by process of the pia mater. The convolu- 
tions contain gray matter externally and 
white matter internally. Those which are 
most clearly marked are—the convolution 
of the corpus callosum (gyrus fornicatus), 
convolution of the longitudinal fissure, su- 
praorbital convolution, and convolutions of 
the outer surface of the hemisphere. 
The Cerebrum 
The Base oe the Brain 
is divided into 3 lobes—anterior, middle, 
and posterior. 124 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Prom before backward the objects exposed 
are 13 in number. 
1. The longitudinal fissure separates the 
anterior lobes of the cerebrum, and if these 
are drawn apart a white body will be seen 
at the bottom of the fissure, which is the 
2. Corpus callosum; the anterior part, 
around which the anterior cerebral artery 
turns, being known as the genu, and the 
central portion continued into the lamina 
cinerea, as the rostrum. It has on its sur- 
face a raphe, bounded on each side by pro- 
jections called nerves of Lancisi. 
8. The lamina cinerea is a thin gray layer, 
continuous with the under surface of the 
corpus callosum, and prolonged to the mar- 
gin of the optic commissure. 
4. The olfactory peduncle and bulb—lst 
nerve. 
5. Tho. fissure of Sylvius runs outward be- 
tween the anterior and middle lobes of the 
cerebrum. At the bottom of the fissure 
will be seen a few nearly straight convolu- 
tions (gyri operti) aggregated together, to 
which tbe name Island of Ileil or central 
lobe has been applied. 
6. The locusperforaius anticus is situated 
close behind the olfactory nerve and at the 
inner end of the fissure of Sylvius. It is 
composed of gray nervous matter, and is 
perforated by numerous small branches 
from the middle cerebral artery (going to 
the corpus striatum). Pocket Anatomy. 
125 
7. The optic commissure or chiasma—the 
point of communication between the 2 op- 
tic nerves. 
8. The tuber cinereum is a grajr body 
placed immediately behind the optic chi- 
asma. Projecting from it (within it, rath- 
er) is the 
9. Infundibulum (funnel), a tube con- 
nected with the pituitary body, which is 
generally left in the sella turcica upon the 
removal of the brain. 
10. The pituitary body is solid in the 
adult, and consists of 2 lobes of a reddish 
color. The anterior lobe is the larger, and 
is oblong in shape; the posterior lobe is 
round. 
11. The corpora albicantia or mammil- 
laria are 2 white bodies resembling small 
peas, which are placed between the 2 crura 
cerebri. They are formed by the ante- 
rior crura of the fornix, which descend to 
the base of the brain and there make a sud- 
den fold upon themselves, thus forming the 
bodies. Gray matter is found in the inte- 
rior of each body. 
12. The locus perforatus posticus (pons 
tarini) is placed in the angle between the 
2 crura cerebri. It is composed of gray 
matter, and is perforated by numerous ves- 
sels (going to the thalamus opticus). 
18. The crura cerebri are 2 large white 
bodies which appear at the anterior border 
of the pons varolii, and diverge to enter 126 
Pocket Anatomy. 
the under surface of the cerebrum. They 
contain a mass of gray matter called locus 
niger. Winding round each crus are the 
optic tract and the 4th nerve, and between 
the 2 crura is the interpeduncular space 
containing the tuber cinereum, the corpora 
albicantia, and the locus perforatus pos- 
ticus. 
The Interior of the Cerebrum. 
In entering the hemispheres the pedun- 
cles of the hemispheres diverge, the fibers 
of each passing through 2 masses of gray 
matter or ganglia, called the thalamus 
opticus and corpus striatum, which project 
from the upper and inner side of each pe- 
duncle. Just above these the corpus cal- 
losum runs transversely from one hemi- 
sphere to the other, and forms the roof of a 
cavity or ventricle, included between its 
under surface and the upper surface of the 
ganglia, and parts which fill in the inter- 
peduncular space. This is the general ven- 
tricular cavity of the cerebrum, and it is 
cut into 2 parts by a vertical septum, the 
septum lueidum, thus forming 2 ventricles, 
the Ist and 2d ventricles of the cerebrum, or 
the lateral ventricles. 
Each lateral ventricle consists of a central 
cavity and 3 cornua, anterior, posterior, and 
descending. The anterior cornu turns out- 
ward in the anterior lobe of the cerebrum, 
and the posterior cornu turns inward in the Pocket Anatomy. 
127 
posterior lobe of the cerebrum, thus form- 
ing with the central portion a cavity shaped 
(on the right side) like the italic letter/. The 
ventricle is bounded superiorly by the cor- 
pus callosum which forms its roof, the floor 
being formed by the following parts from 
before backward: (1) corpus striatum, (2) 
taenia semicircularis, (3) thalamus (opti- 
cus), (4) choroid plexus, (5) corpus fimbri- 
atum, (6) fornix. 
The corpus striatum is a pyriform body 
with the greater end forward, and consti- 
tutes the anterior ganglion of the cerebrum 
(or ganglion of motion). The 2 corpora stri- 
ata are separated posteriorly by the 2 thal- 
ami. 
The tcenia semicircularis is a narrow band 
of white matter, which connects the corpus 
striatum with the optic thalamus. 
The thalamus (opticus) is described with 
8d ventricle. 
The choroid plexus is a vascular fringe 
lying upon the surface of the thalamus 
and continued into the descending cornu 
of the lateral ventricle. Each is connect- 
ed with the other through the foramen of 
Monro, an opening beneath the fornix 
(behind its anterior pillars) in the middle 
line. 
The corpus fimbriatum is the thin edge 
of the fornix. 
The fornix is a thin white body beneath 
the corpus callosum in the middle line. 128 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Anteriorly it is divided into 2 crura (or pil- 
lars), which pass to the base of the brain 
(forming the corpora albicantia). Posteri- 
orly it is incorporated with the splenium 
of the corpus callosum, and is continuous 
with the hippocampus major. (It consists 
of antero-posterior commissural fibers). The 
fornix is separated from the corpus callosum 
in front by the septum lucidum. 
The fifth ventricle lies between the 2 lay- 
ers of the septum lucidum. 
The foramen of Monro is the communica- 
tion between the 2 lateral and the 3d ven- 
tricles. 
The hippocampus minor is a projection 
from the inner wall of the posterior cornu 
of the lateral ventricle, corresponding to the 
calcarine fissure. It is white on the surface, 
but gray in the interior. 
The descending or middle cornu takes a 
curved course downward in the middle lobe 
of the cerebrum and beneath the optic thal- 
amus. 
The hippocampus major is continuous with 
the fornix. Its an terior extremity is enlarged. 
Called pes hippocampi from its fancied re- 
semblance to the foot of an animal. 
At the anterior border of the hippo- 
campus major is a thin band of white cere- 
bral matter continuous with the corpus 
fimbriatum, but now called the tenia hippo- 
campi. 
The fascia dentaia is the gray matter of Pocket Anatomy. 
129 
the convolution which forms the pes hippo- 
campi. 
The choroid plexus of the descending cornu 
is continuous with the choroid plexus of the 
lateral ventricle, and is connected with the 
pia mater through a slit immediately in front 
of the tenia hippocampi (transverse fissure 
of Bichat). 
The pes accessorius or emineniia collater- 
alis is a projection at the commencement of 
the descending cornu and between the hip- 
pocampus major and the hippocampus mi- 
nor, corresponding to the collateral fissure. 
The velum interpositum is a triangular 
process of pia mater carried into the inte- 
rior of the brain through the great trans- 
verse fissure (of Bichat). The continuity 
of the pia mater may he traced upon the 
upper surface of the cerebellum and the 
under surface of the posterior lobe of the 
cerebrum, and it may he followed through 
the descending cornu of the lateral ventri- 
cle to the base of the brain, where it ap- 
pears by the side of the crus cerebri. At 
each side of the velum interpositum are 
the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventri- 
cles, and in the center are 2 veins (vence 
yaleni) which open into the straight sinus 
of the dura mater. 
The great transverse fissure or fissure of 
Bichat is the slit by which the pia mater 
enters the brain. It is opposite the inter- 
val between the cerebrum and the cerebel- 130 
Pocket Anatomy. 
lum, and reaches forward in the hrain be- 
neath the fornix and corpus callosum, and 
above the great ganglia of the hrain (cor- 
pora striata and optic thalami). The fissure 
is continued downward on each side in the 
descending cornu of the lateral ventricle, 
and reaches the base of the hrain at the 
outer side of each crus cerebri. 
The third ventricle is the space in the mid- 
dle line between the 2 optic thalami. Its 
roof is formed by the fornix and velum in- 
terpositum, and its floor by the structures 
contained within the Circle of Willis at the 
base of the brain—viz.: the lamina cinerea, 
optic chiasma, tuber cinereum, corpora albi- 
cantia, and locus perforatus posticus (from 
before backward). 
The anterior boundary of the ventricle is 
formed by the anterior commissure, a white 
band (between the 2 corpora striata) which 
may be seen between and in front of the 2 
anterior pillars of the fornix; the posterior 
boundary is th a posterior commissure, a slen- 
der white band (between the 2 thalami) 
which may be seen immediately in front 
of, and a little beneath, the pineal gland. 
Stretching across the ventricle between the 
2 optic thalami is (a broad gray band) the 
middle or soft commissure which divides the 
ventricle into 2 portions, to which the names 
foramen commune anterius and foramen com- 
mune poster ius are sometimes given. 
The 3d ventricle communicates with tho Pocket Anatomy. 
131 
2 lateral ventricles by the foramen Monro, 
and with the 4th ventricle by the iter a ter- 
tio ad quartum ventriculum or aqueduct of 
Sylvius, which passes beneath the posterior 
commissure, the pineal gland and the cor- 
pora quadrigernina. In the foetus the 3d 
ventricle communicates in addition with the 
sth ventricle, and also with the infundibu- 
lum (by the iter ad infundibulum, the open- 
ing of which is just under the anterior com- 
missure). 
The thalamus opticus is now seen to be a 
large white body placed posteriorly to the 
corpus striatum, and at the side of the 3d 
ventricle. It is the ganglion of sensation. 
It has been seen to form part of the floor of 
the lateral ventricle by its upper surface, on 
which is a slight prominence called the an- 
terior tubercle. 
The thalamus opticus forms the roof of 
the descending cornu of the lateral ventri- 
cle, and by drawing it upward on the side 
upon which the cornu has been opened, 2 
projections on its under surface may be seen. 
These are the corpora geniculata (externum 
and internum), of which the outer one is the 
larger. By turning the brain on its side the 
optic tract may be readily traced to the un- 
der surface of the optic thalamus, to which 
it is attached, and will be found to divide 
into 2 parts, which are connected with the 
corpora geniculata, and pass on to the cor- 
pora quadrigernina. 132 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The 'pineal body or gland (conarium) is a 
pink body of a conical shape, lying between 
the anterior pair of the corpora quadrigem- 
ina and above the posterior commissure 
of the 3d ventricle. Its anterior part or 
base is connected with the margins of the 
optic thalami by 2 slender anterior pedun- 
cles or habence, and is also connected with 
the subjacent bodies by slender inferior pe- 
duncles. The velum interpositum gives a 
special investment of pia mater to the 
gland. The pineal body contains a cavity 
in which are some particles of calcareous 
matter (acervulus). 
The corpora quadrigemina are 4 white 
prominences placed immediately behind 
the 8d ventricle, and named nates and 
testes. Both sets of bodies are connected 
to the optic thalami by white bands, and 
the nates are also connected to the pineal 
gland, which lies upon their upper sur- 
face. 
The 2 broad white bands passing from the 
cerebellum to the testes are the superior pe- 
duncles of the cerebellum (processus a cere- 
hello ad testes), and between them is a thin 
layer of white matter, the valve of Yieussens, 
to which the 4th pair of nerves may be 
traced round the superior peduncles of the 
cerebellum. 
The band of white matter passing trans- 
versely beneath the corpora quadrigemina 
on each side, and seen immediately in front Pocket Anatomy. 
133 
of the superior peduncles of the cerebellum, 
is thq fillet of the olivary body. 
The anterior commissure is a cylindrical 
white band which may be traced through 
the corpus striatum to the roof of the de- 
scending cornu of the lateral ventricle. 
The anterior pillar of the fornix descends 
in front of the 3d ventricle and reaches the 
base of the brain, where it makes a fold to 
form the superficial white substance of the 
corpus albicans of one side, and then as- 
cends to be lost in the gray matter of the 
optic thalamus. 
The Cerebellum, 
or small brain, lies beneath the posterior 
lobes of the cerebrum, and in the skull is 
separated from them by the tentorium cere- 
belli. It is of a darker color than the cere- 
brum, and its surface is divided into laminae 
instead of convolutions, and these are sep- 
arated by shallow sulci. The cerebellum is 
divisible into 2 lateral halves united by a 
commissure, and the horizontal fissure di- 
vides the organ into an upper and a lower 
part. 
The upper surface is flat except in the 
median line, where there is a slight ridge 
forming the commissure, and called the su- 
perior vermiform process. The upper part 
of each hemisphere is divided into an ante- 
rior and a posterior lobe by an indistinct 
fissure. 134 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The anterior lobe is the larger and of a 
square shape, reaching as far back as the 
posterior extremity of the vei’miform proc- 
ess. 
The posterior lobe is the small portion be- 
hind the level of the vermiform process, and 
reaches to the horizontal fissure. 
The cerebellum is connected to the cere- 
brum and spinal cord by 3 peduncles or 
crura, of which the superior one can now 
be seen. 
The superior peduncle (processus a cere- 
bello ad testes) is a broad, flattened white 
band, which is connected below with the in- 
ferior vermiform process and passes forward 
to the corpora quadrigemina, the 2 pedun- 
cles of opposite sides converging at the 
posterior border of the testes. The 2 proc- 
esses are prolonged beneath the corpora 
quadrigemina to the optic thalamus, their 
fibers decussating in their passage. 
The valve of Vieussens is the thin layer of 
gray nervous matter stretched between the 
2 superior peduncles of the cerebellum and 
connected with the anterior extremity of 
the inferior vermiform process. 
The middle peduncle (processus a cere- 
bello ad pontem), the largest of the 3 pedun- 
cles, has been already seen at the base of the 
brain. 
The inferior peduncle (processus a cere- 
bello ad medullam) forms part of the resti- 
form body of the medulla. Pocket Anatomy. 
135 
The inferior surface of the cerebellum is 
divided into 2 hemispheres by a deep fis- 
sure, the vallecula, at the bottom of which 
is the inferior vermiform process. 
Each hemisphere is divided into lobes. 
Beginning behind is the posterior lobe, 
next the slender lobe, and in front of that 
the biventral or digastric lobe. 
The amygdala or tonsil is a prominent 
lobe, close to the vallecula, which it par- 
tially conceals. 
The flocculus is a small lobe immediately 
in front of the biventral lobe, which lies 
beneath the crus cerebelli, and is hence 
called the sub-peduncular lobe. 
The inferior vermiform process is divided 
into the nodule, which projects into the 4th 
ventricle; the uvula, from the fact of its ly- 
ing between the 2 tonsils; behind this the 
pyramid, and posterior to this again are a 
few transverse commissural fibers. 
The fourth ventricle is situated at the 
back of the pons varolii and medulla ob- 
longata, those bodies forming its floor. 
The roof is formed by the valve of Vieus- 
sens and the inferior vermiform process of 
the cerebellum; the sides by the 2 superior 
peduncles of the cerebellum (processus ad 
testes) above, and below by the restiform 
body. The cavity of the ventricle is loz- 
enge-shaped, and it communicates above 
with the 8d ventricle by the aqueduct of 
Sylvius (iter a teriio ad quantum ventricu- 136 
Pocket Anatomy. 
lum) which passes beneath the corpora 
quadrigemina. Below, the 4th ventricle is 
closed by a reflection of pia mater, in which 
there is usually an opening establishing a 
communication between the ventricles of 
the brain and the subarachnoid space of the 
spinal cord. Connected with this process 
of pia mater is the choroid plexus of the Mh 
ventricle, which extends for some distance 
into the cavity. 
In the floor of the ventricle is a median 
groove, which, when traced downward, will 
be found to end in a small hole, the com- 
mencement of the central canal of the spinal 
cord (canal of Stilling). On each side of this 
groove is a convex body, the fasciculus teres, 
which is white at the upper part of the ven- 
tricle, but covered below by gray matter, 
and is the continuation of the fibers of the 
lateral tract and restiform body of the me- 
dulla. 
There are 4 gangliform projections or 
nuclei on each side of the median groove 
in the floor of the ventricle. The upper 
one is for the 6th and facial nerves, and 
immediately below are some white lines 
{linece transversce), which run transversely 
from the median fissure, and are connected 
with the auditory nerve. The lower nuclei 
are for the auditory, the Bth, and the 9th 
nerves. 
By slicing vertically either hemisphere 
of the cerebellum, the appearance known as Pocket Anatomy. 
137 
the arbor vita; will be seen. This is due to 
the peculiar arrangement of white cerebral 
matter within the gray matter of the ex- 
ternal laminae; and by careful slicing, an 
irregular gray body (corpus dentatum) will 
be seen in the center of the white matter 
of each hemisphere. By making a trans- 
verse section of the medulla oblongata, a 
small corpus dentatum will also be seen in 
the olivary body of each side. 
A section through the cerebrum at the 
level of corp. call, reveals the centrum ovale 
minus on the superior part, and ce?itrum 
ovale majus on the inferior. 
THE IsTERYES 
are round cords, made up of a sheath or neu- 
rilemma, a central axis cylinder, and an in- 
tervening white substance called the white 
substance of Schwann. They come off from 
the cerebro-spinal axis. 
The Cranial Nerves 
are arranged in pairs, and are named in 
the order in which they come out from the 
cavity- They are 
Ist. Olfactory. 
2d. Optic. 
3d. Motor oculi. 
4th. Patheticus. 
sth. Trifacial. 
6th. Abduccns. 138 
Pocket Anatomy. 
/ Facial portio dura. 
\ Auditory = portio mollis. 
{Glosso-pharyngeal. 
Pneumogastric. 
Spinal accessory. 
9th. Hypoglossal. 
I.—The Olfactory Peduncle 
has 3 roots. 
The external (white) passes across the 
fissure of Sylvius to the middle lobe, into 
the corpus striatum. 
The middle (gray) goes to the gray mat- 
ter in the anterior lobe. 
The internal (white) goes to the inner 
side of the anterior lobe. 
It passes through the cribriform plate of 
the ethmoid to the mucous membrane of 
the nose. It has no neurilemma. 
ll.—The Optic Herye 
passes from the optic commissure to the 
eyeball, where it spreads out to form the 
retina. The commissure connects by a pe- 
culiar arrangement of fibers the 2 hemi- 
spheres and the 2 eyes, each with the others. 
The optic tract is a flattened band, con- 
necting the optic commissure with the brain. 
It disappears around the crus cerebri and 
beneath the middle lobe, and is traced to 
the corpora geniculata, to the optic thala- 
mus, and to the corpora quadrigemina. This Pocket Anatomy. 
139 
nerve leaves the cranium by the optic fora- 
men. 
lll.—The Motor Oculi 
comes off from the inner surface of the 
crus in front of the pons. It is traced to 
the gray substance of the crura (locus 
niger) and the floor of the 4th ventricle. 
It leaves the cranium by the sphenoidal 
fissure, and supplies all the muscles of the 
eyeball, except the Sup. Oblique and Ext. 
Rect. 
IY.—The Pathetictjs 
is the smallest cranial nerve. It comes 
from the valve of Yieussens, and winds 
around the crus cerebri. It supplies the 
Superior Oblique. 
Y.—The Trieacial 
is the largest cranial nerve, and consists of 
2 portions—motor and sensory, of which 
the motor is the smaller and the anterior. 
It arises from the side of the pons, and 
may be traced to the floor of the 4th ven- 
tricle. At the apex of the petrous por- 
tion of the temporal bone it has developed 
upon the sensory root a large semilunar 
ganglion, called Gasserian ganglion. The 
motor root passes beneath this. It sends 
off from this ganglion 8 large branches, 
which are distributed according to the fol- 
lowing table; Pocket Anatomy. 
' Lachrymal. 
f Supratrochlear. 
Supraorbital. 
1. Ophthalmic. Frontal, i Muscular. 
Exit sphenoidal fissure. [perieraniai. 
(Ganglionic. 
Nasal. -j Long ciliary. 
(.Infratroehlear. 
("Orbital. 
In spheno-maxillary fossa.-j Spheno-palatine. 
2. Superior maxillary. i (.Posterior dental. 
Exit foramen rotundum. Infraorbital canal -{Anterior dental. 
fPalpebral. 
On the face. -j Nasal. 
(.Labial. 
{Masseteric. 
Deep temporal. 
Buccal. 
Pterygoid. 
Auriculo-temporal. 
Gustatory or lingual. 
L Inferior dental. {My^hy°id. Pocket Anatomy. 
141 
Yl.—The Sixth, Abdhcens, 
arises from the ant. pyr. of the medulla, 
close to the post. bord. of the pons. It may 
be traced to a gray nucleus in the 4th ven- 
tricle. 
It leaves the cranium by the sphenoidal 
fissure, and is distributed to the External 
Kectus muscle. 
Yll.—The Seventh Pair 
consist of 2 portions—portio dura or facial, 
and portio mollis or auditory. 
Between the two is the pars intermedia, 
a minute nerve which joins the facial. 
The portio dura or facial nerve arises 
from the lateral tract, and slightly from 
the pons. It may be traced to the floor 
of the 4th ventricle. It enters the 
meatus auditorius interims, and emerges 
from the cranium by the stylo-mastoid 
foramen. 
It has developed upon it in the hiatus 
Eallopii a reddish swelling called intume- 
scentia ganglioformis. On account of its 
numerous communications it is called pes 
anserinus. The following table expresses 
its distribution: 
Within aqueductus Eallopii— 
(Tympanic. 
Chorda tympani (exit canal of Hu- 
guier). 142 
Pocket Anatomy. 
At its exit from stylo-mastoid foramen— 
(Posterior auricular. 
D igastric. 
Stylo-hyoid. 
On the face— 
{Temporal. 
Malar. 
Infraorbital. 
{Buccal. 
Supramaxillary, 
Inframaxillary, 
In the intern, and. meatus— 
Communications. 
In the aqueductus Fallopii— 
'With Meckel’s ganglion by large 
petrosal. 
With optic ganglion by small pe- 
trosal. 
With sympathetic on middle men- 
ingeal by external petrosal. 
-{ With the auditory nerve 
At its exit from stylo-mastoid foramen— 
' With the pneuraogastric. 
With the glosso-pharyngeal. 
With the carotid plexus. 
1 With the auricularis magnus. 
With the auriculo-temporal. 
[With the 3 divisions of the sth. 
The portio mollis or auditory nerve is 
soft, and has no neurilemma. It arises Pocket Anatomy. 
143 
from the floor of the 4th ventricle (auditory 
nucleus) and winds around the restiform 
body to join the facial, with which it enters 
the meat. aud. int., and is distributed to the 
cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals. 
consist of 3 nerves—glosso - pharyngeal, 
pneumogastric, and spinal accessory. 
They may he traced to special nuclei in 
the 4th ventricle. 
YIII.—The Eighth Pair 
The glosso-pharyngeal is the nerve of 
sensation to the mucous membrane of the 
pharynx fauces and tonsil, of motion to the 
pharyngeal muscles, and a special nerve of 
taste in all the parts of the tongue to which 
it is distributed. In its exit from the cra- 
nium through the jugular foramen (for. 
lac. post.) it presents 2 gangliform enlarge- 
ments: 
1. Superior or jugular ganglion, 
2. Inferior or petrous ganglion. 
Communicating branches— 
' Pneumogastric. 
Sympathetic. 
- Facial. 
Tympanic. 
(Jacobson’s nerve.) 
The branches of the glosso-pharyngeal 
are (1) carotid, (2) pharyngeal, (3) muscu- 
lar, (4) tonsillar, and (6) lingual. 
The spinal accessory nerve consists of 2 144 
Pocket Anatomy. 
parts, one accessory to the pneumogastric, 
the other the spinal portion. 
The upper or accessory part arises hy 
fine filaments from the whole length of 
the medulla below the pneumogastric. 
It joins in the jugular foramen with the 
upper ganglion of the pneumogasfric, and 
gives branches to the pharyng. and laryng. 
branches of that nerve. 
The spinal portion arises by fibrillse from 
the side of the spinal cord as low as the 
6th cerv. nerve, ascends between the liga- 
mentum denticulatum and the post, roots 
of the cerv. nerves to enter the foramen 
magnum, and passes to the jugular foramen 
to join the accessory portion in the same 
sheath with the pneumogastric. It pierces 
the Sterno-mastoid muscle, and passes on to 
be distributed to the Trapezius, receiving 
communicating branches from the cervical 
nerves. 
The pneumogastric nerve arises by several 
filaments from the lateral tract below the 
glosso-pharyngeal. It is both motor and 
sensitive. 
It has 2 ganglia developed upon it, one 
in the jugular foramen—the ganglion jugu- 
lare, or ganglion of the root—the other af- 
ter its exit, the ganglion inferius, or gan- 
glion of the trunk. 
The ganglion of the root receives fila- 
ments from the spinal accessory, from pe- 
trous gang, of glosso-pharyngeal, from Pocket Anatomy. 
145 
facial through the auricular branch, from 
sympathetic by sup. cerv. gang. 
The ganglion of the trunk is connected 
with the hypoglossal, sup. cerv. gang, of 
sympathetic, and loop bet. Ist and 2d cerv. 
nerves. 
The pneumogastric gives otf branches as 
follows: 
In the jugular fossa— 
-{ Auricular (Arnold’s) 
In the neck- 
'Pharyngeal. 
Superior laryngeal to muc. mem. 
and Cric. Thy. 
- Recurrent or inf. laryngeal to all 
muscles of larynx except Cric. 
Thy. 
Cervical cardiac. 
In the thorax- 
(Thoracic cardiac. 
Anterior pulmonary. 
Posterior pulmonary. 
Esophageal. 
In the abdomen— 
-j Gastric. 
IX.—The Ninth or Hypoglossal Nerve 
arises from the groove bet. the ant. pyr. 
and olivary body, and may be traced to 
floor of 4th ventricle. It is the motor 
nerve of the tongue, and leaves the cra- 
nium by ant. condyloid for. 146 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Its communicating branches are (1) pneu- 
mogastric, (2) sympathetic, (3) Ist and 2d 
cervical, (4) gustatory. 
Its branches of distribution are (1) de- 
scendens noni, (2) thyro-hyoid, (8) muscu- 
lar. 
THE SPINAL NBEYES 
are arranged in 81 pairs, as follows; 
Eight cervical. 
Twelve dorsal. 
Eive lumbar. 
Eive sacral. 
One coccygeal. 
The Cervical Nerves 
divide after their exit from the interverte- 
bral foramina into anterior and posterior 
branches. The ant. branches of the 4 up- 
per form the cervical plexus, and the ant, 
branches of the 4 lower cerv. Ist dors, form 
the brachial plexus. 
The cervical plexus (union of ant. hr. from 
4 upper cerv.) is distributed as follows: 
Superficial— 
{Superficialis colli. 
Auricularis magnus. 
Occipitalis minor. 
„ ~ ("Sternal. 
Descending. J Clavicular. 
[(Supraclavicular.)| AcromiaL Pocket Anatomy. 
147 
Deep— 
' Communicating. 
Muscular. 
Internal. ■] Communicans noni. 
Phrenic descends on 
scalen. ant. to diaph. 
External, j Communicating, 
t Muscular. 
The posterior branches, except the first 2, 
divide into external and internal branches. 
The post. hr. of Ist is called the sub- 
occipital, and that of the 2d the great 
occipital. 
The brachial plexus is formed as fol- 
lows: 
The sth, 6th, and 7th unite to form one 
cord, and the Bth and Ist dors, to form a 
second. Each cord bifurcates, and by the 
junction of the 2 middle branches they 
form 3. Each of these bifurcates to form 
5 (2 br. uniting). 
Outer cord— 
{External anterior thoracic. 
External cutaneous. 
Outer head of median. 
Inner cord— 
' Inner head of median. 
Dinar. 
- Internal cutaneous. 
Lesser internal cutaneous. 
Internal anterior thoracic. 148 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Posterior cord— 
{Musculo-spiral. 
Circumflex. 
Three subscapular. 
The branches above the clavicle are (1) 
communicating, (2) muscular, (3) posterior 
thoracic, (4) suprascapular. 
The branches below the clavicle are as 
follows: 
To chest— 
Anterior thoracic, 
To shoulder- 
f Subscapular. 
\ Circumflex. 
To arm, fore-arm, and hand— 
' Musculo-cutaneous = ext. cut. 
Internal cutaneous. 
Lesser internal cutaneous = nerve 
of Wrisberg. 
Median. 
TJlnar. 
Musculo-spiral. 
The musculo-cutaneous pierces the coraco- 
brachialis muscle, and becomes cutaneous 
after giving otf muscular branches, and 
then divides into ant. and post. 
Th& internal cutaneous supplies the skin, 
and divides into ant. and post. 
The median nerve gives off in the fore- 
arm ant. interosseous, palmar cutaneous, 
and branches to all the muscles except Pocket Anatomy. 
149 
Flex. Carp. TJln., and inner half of Flex. 
Prof. Dig.; in the hand it supplies the 
thumb, Ist and middle fingers, and outer 
half of ring finger. 
The ulnar nerve supplies the Flex. Carp. 
TJln., bet. the heads of which it enters the 
fore-arm at the elbow and inner half of 
Flex. Prof. Dig. in the fore-arm, and in the 
hand the little finger and inner half of ring 
finger. 
The musculo-spiral gives off muscular, cu- 
taneous, radial, and posterior interosseous. 
The radial supplies with the median, the 
thumb, Ist and 2d fingers, and outer half 
of 3d. 
are 12 in number on each side, divide into 
anterior or intercostal, and posterior or dor- 
sal. 
The Dorsal Nek yes 
are 5 in number on each side, divide into 
anterior and posterior branches. 
The ant. branches of the 4 upper lumbar 
nerves unite to form the lumbar plexus. Its 
branches are 
The Lumbar Nerves 
Ilio-hypogastric. 
Ilio-inguinal. 
Genito-crural. 
External cutaneous. 
Obturator. 
Accessory obturator, 
Anterior crural. 150 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The anterior crural gives off—anteriorly, 
middle cutaneous, internal cutaneous, and 
long saphenous; posteriorly, muscular and 
articular. It supplies the muscles on the 
front of the thigh, except Tens. Yag. Fern. 
The Sacral and Coccygeal Nerves 
are sin number on each side. They divide 
into anterior and posterior. The coccygeal 
goes to tip of coccyx, and ends in the in- 
tegument. 
The sacral 'plexus is formed by the upper 
4 sacral nerves and the lumbo-sacral cord 
derived from the 4th and sth lumbar nerves. 
Its branches are (1) muscular, (2) superior 
gluteal (supplying also Tens. Yag. Fern.), 
(3) pudic, (4) small sciatic, and (5) great 
sciatic. 
The pudic gives off inf. hemorrhoidal, and 
divides into perineal and dorsal nerve of the 
penis. 
The small sciatic gives off inf. gluteal to 
glut. max. and cutaneous branches. 
The great sciatic—the largest cord in the 
body—passes out of the pelvis by gr. sac. 
sci. for. below pyriformis, descends bet. gr. 
troch. and tub. of isch. to lower third of 
thigh, and divides into internal and exter- 
nal popliteal nerves, giving off in its course 
articular and muscular branches. 
The internal popliteal becomes, beneath 
the arch of the soleus, the posterior tibial. 
It gives off articular, muscular, and cu- Pocket Anatomy. 
151 
laneous branches, and the ext. or short 
saphenous. 
The post, tibial gives off muscular and 
plantar cutaneous, and divides into exter- 
nal and internal plantar nerves, which end 
in digital branches arranged like those of 
the hand. 
The external 'popliteal or peroneal nerve 
gives off articular and cutaneous branches, 
and divides into anterior tibial and musculo- 
cutaneous nerves. 
The anterior tibial gives off muscular, 
tarsal, and internal branches, supplying ad- 
jacent sides of great and 2d toes. 
The musculo-cutaneous supplies the mus- 
cles on the fibular side of the leg, and the 
integument of the dorsum of foot. It di- 
vides into 2 branches, external and inter- 
nal. 
THE SYMPATHETIC HERYOUS 
SYSTEM 
is sometimes called ganglionic, because it is 
made up of a series of ganglia connected 
by cords. 
consists of 4 ganglia; (1) ophthalmic, (2) 
spheno-palatine or Meckel’s, (8) otic or Ar- 
nold’s, (4) submaxillary. 
The Cephalic Portion 
or ciliary, ganglion is about the size of a 
The Ophthalmic, Lenticular, 152 
Pocket Anatomy, 
pin’s head, situated bet. the optic nerve and 
Ext. Eect. muscle. It has 3 roots: (1) sen- 
sory or long—from nasal hr. of sth; (2) 
motor or short—from inf. div. of 3d; (3) 
sympathetic—from cavernous plexus. The 
short ciliary branches of this ganglion sup- 
ply the Iris and Ciliary muscle. 
The Sphenopalatine Ganglion (Meck- 
el’s) 
is situated in the spheno-maxillary fossa, 
close to spheno-palatine foramen. It has 3 
roots: (1) motor—from facial by Vidian 
nerve; (2) sensory—from sup. max.; (3) 
sympathetic from carotid plexus. Its 
branches are as follows: 
Ascending—2 or 3 filaments to the’peri- 
osteum of the orbit through spheno-maxil- 
lary fissure. 
Descending—3 to palate, ant. or great, 
mid. or ext., and post, or small palatine 
nerves, the latter to the 2 elevators Lev. 
Pal. and Azyg. Uv. 
Internal—to nose through spheno-pala- 
tine foramen, superior nasal (anterior), and 
naso-palatine (Cotunnius). 
Posterior—(l) Vidian, running through 
Vidian canal in pteryg. proc., and dividing 
into superficial or large petrosal, passing 
through for. lac. med. and hiat. Eallopii to 
facial, and carotid to carotid plexus; (2) 
pharyngeal or pterygo-palatine passing Pocket Anatomy. 
153 
through pterygo-palatine to the mucous 
membrane of the pharynx. 
The Otic Ganglion (Arnold’s) 
is situated below the foramen ovale. It 
has 3 roots: motor—from inf. max.; sen- 
sory—from auriculo-temporal; and sym- 
pathetic—from middle meningeal. It gives 
off branches to the 2 Tensors (as Meckel’s 
to the 2 elevators), Tens. Tymp. and Tens. 
Pal. ‘ 
The Submaxillary Ganglion 
lies below the lingual nerve, by post. bord. 
of Mylo-hyoid. It has 3 roots: motor— 
from 7th by chorda tympani; sensory—from 
lingual; sympathetic—from facial plexus. 
are 3 in number—superior, middle, and in- 
ferior. 
The Cervical Ganglia 
The superior ganglion is fusiform in 
shape, lying behind the sheath of the int. 
carotid and int. jug., opposite 2d and 3d 
cerv. vert. It gives off sup. inf., ext. int., 
and ant. branches. The superior branch 
divides into 2: 
Outer forming carotid plexus. 
Inner forming cavernous plexus. 
The carotid plexus communicates with 
the Gasserian ganglion, 6th nerve, and- 
spheno-palatine ganglion, and is distrib- 
uted to carotid artery and dura mater. 154 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The cavernous plexus in cavernous sinus 
communicates with 3d, 4th, sth, and 6th 
nerves, ophthalmic ganglion, and is dis- 
tributed to the wall of the int. carotid. 
The other branches of the sup. cerv. gan- 
glion are distributed as their names import, 
and communicate with all the cranial and 
spinal nerves that lie in their course. 
The middle cervical ganglion, opposite sth 
cerv. vert., gives off the following branches: 
superior, inferior, external, internal (=thy- 
roid and middle cardiac), and thyroid. 
The inferior cervical ganglion, bet. base of 
trans. proc. of 7th cerv. vert, and neck of 
Ist rib, gives off superior, inferior, and ex- 
ternal branches. 
The Cardiac Nerves 
are 3 in number on each side—superior, 
middle, and inferior, one being derived 
from each of the cervical ganglia. Plex- 
uses are derived from these, receiving 
names according to the position which 
they occupy on the heart. 
The Thoracic Part oe the Sympathetic 
consists of ganglia corresponding in num- 
ber to the vertebras. 
The external branches communicate with 
each of the dorsal and spinal nerves. 
The internal branches from the 6 upper 
ganglia supply the thoracic aorta. The in- 
ternal from the 6 lower give filaments to Pocket Anatomy. 
155 
the aorta, and unite to form the 8 splanch- 
nic nerves greater, lesser, and renal 
splanchnic nerves distributed to the ab- 
dominal organs. 
The solar or epigastric plexus receives 
the splanchnic nerves, and supplies all the 
viscera of the abdomen. It is made up of 
2 ganglia.—the semilunar, the largest in the 
body. From the solar plexus are derived 
the following plexuses, their distribution 
being indicated by their names: phrenic, 
celiac, gastric, hepatic, splenic, suprarenal, 
renal, superior mesenteric, spermatic, infe- 
rior mesenteric. 
consists of 4 ganglia, and gives off sup., 
inf. int. and ext. branches, and forming 
also plexuses. 
The Lumbar Portion 
consists of 4 ganglia, giving off numerous 
branches, and the hypogastric plexus sup- 
plying the pelvic viscera, and dividing into 
inferior hypogastric or pelvic plexuses. In 
front of the coccyx the termination of the 
pelvic sympathetic is called ganglion impar. 
The Peltic Portion 156 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The Organs of Sense 
are 5 in number—viz.: those of touch, taste, 
smell, hearing, and sight. 
is the principal seat of the sense of touch. 
It consists of 2 layers, epidermis or cuticle, 
and derma or cutis vera. The epidermis is 
an epithelial structure. Its deeper and 
softer layers are called the rete mucosum. 
The derma consists of 2 layers, the deep 
layer or corium, and superficial or papillary. 
The Skin 
is the organ of taste. Its hase is connected 
with the hyoid hone hy muscles, with the 
epiglottis by 3 folds of mucous membrane 
forming the glosso - epiglottic ligaments. 
The under surface is connected with the 
inf. maxillary by Genio Hyo-glossi, and in 
front a distinct fold of membrane forms 
the frenum linyuce. The mucous membrane 
consists of structures analogous to those of 
the skin. 
The Tongue 
The dorsum is marked in the median line 
hy a tendinous raphe, and by 3 kinds of pa- 
pillae: (1) papillae maximce or cireumvallate, 
arranged in the form of a V inverted; (2) Pocket Anatomy. 
157 
papillae mediae or fungiform; (3) papillae 
minimce or filiform. 
The tongue is moved by—l. Extrinsic mus- 
cles: Hyo-gloss., Genio Hyo-gloss., Stylo- 
gloss., Palato-gloss., and part of Sup. Con- 
strictor. 2. Intrinsic muscles: Sup. Lon- 
gitudinal fibers, Inf. Longitudinal fibers 
(Lingualis), and Transverse. 
The arteries of the tongue are derived 
from ling., fae., and ascend, pbaryng. 
The nerves of the tongue are 3 to each 
half; the gustatory branch of sth to papil- 
lae at fore part and sides of tongue (com- 
mon sensation and taste); lingual branch 
of Glosso-pharyngeal to muc. memh. at base 
and sides of tongue and papillae circum- 
vallatae (com. sens, and taste); hypoglossal 
nerve to muscular substance (motor). 
The Organ oe Smell 
consists of 2 parts—the nose and the nasal 
fossae. 
The nose is a frame-work of bones and 
cartilages. 
The bony frame-work consists of the nasal 
bones and the nasal processes of the sup. 
maxillary. 
The cartilaginous frame-work consists of 
5 pieces—2 upper, 2 lower lateral, and car- 
tilage of the septum or triangular carti- 
lage. 
The nasal fossce have already been de- 
scribed. (See p. 30.) They are lined by 158 
Pocket Anatomy. 
mucous membrane called Schneiderian, 
which is continuous with the conjunctiva 
by nasal duct and lach. canals; with lining 
memb. of tympanum and mastoid cells 
through Eustachian tube; with the antrum, 
frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoidal sinuses by 
the openings in the meatuses. On the por- 
tion to which the olfactory nerve is distrib- 
uted the epithelium is tessellated. It is cil- 
iated below, except near the aperture of the 
nares. 
The nerves are: 
Olfactory (special sense) distributed to 
upper third of septum, and surf, of sup. 
and mid. spongy bones. 
Nasal hr. of ophthalmic, filaments to rip- 
per and ant. part of septum. 
Filaments from ant. dent, of sup. max. to 
inf. meatus and inf. turb. bone. 
Vidian to upper and bach part of septum. 
Nas. branches of spheno-palatine ganglion 
distributed like the Vidian. 
Naso-palatine to middle of septum. 
Ant. palatine to mid. and inf. spongy 
bones. 
The arteries are ant. and post., eth., 
gpheno-pah, and alveolar. 
The Eye 
is the organ of vision. The globe of the 
eye is composed of tunics and humors. 
The tunics are 8 in number. 
1. Sclerotic (or hard coat) and cornea. Pocket Anatomy. 
159 
The sclerotic forms five-sixths of the globe, 
the cornea the remaining one-sixth. It is 
pierced behind by the optic nerve, and the 
membrane through which the filaments 
pass is called the lamina cribrosa. The in- 
ner surface of the sclerotic is brown, marked 
by grooves in which are lodged the ciliary 
nerves, connected by a fine cellular tissue, 
the lamina fusca. The cornea is the trans- 
parent continuation of the sclerotic in front. 
It has 5 layers: a thick central fibrous struct- 
ure, the cornea proper, in front of this the 
anterior elastic lamina, covered by the con- 
junctiva; behind the posterior elastic lam- 
ina, covered by the lining membrane of the 
anterior chamber of the eyeball. 
The nerves are numerous in the cornea, 
but there are no arteries. 
2. Choroid and iris. The 2d coat is formed 
by the choroid behind, and iris and ciliary 
processes in front. The choroid is highly 
vascular. It has 3 layers: external or vena; 
vorticosce, middle or tunica Euyschiana, and 
internal or pigmentary layer. The ciliary 
processes are formed by the plaiting inward 
of the choroid. The iris is the colored por- 
tion of the eye about the pupil. It has 
muscular fibers; circular con tractor of 
the pupil, radiating = dilator of the pupil. 
3. Retina, composed of 3 layers: exter- 
nal or columnar layer (Jacob’s membrane); 
middle or granular layer; internal or nerv- 
ous layer. The arteria centralis retinae 160 
Pocket Anatomy. 
pierces the optic nerve, and goes to the 
nervous layer. 
The humors of the eye are also 3 in num- 
ber. 
1. The aqueous humor fills the ant. and 
post, chambers of the eyeball. The ant. 
chamber is the space bounded in front by 
the cornea, behind by the front of the iris 
and ciliary ligament. The post, chamber is 
bounded in front by the iris, behind by the 
capsule of the lens and its suspensory liga- 
ment, and ciliary processes. The 2 cham- 
bers communicate through the pupil. 
2. The vitreous body forms about four- 
fifths of the entire globe. It is hollowed 
out for the reception of the crystalline lens. 
The contents are inclosed in a thin mem- 
brane—the hyaloid. 
8. The crystalline lens and its capsule are 
held in place by the suspensory ligament. 
The canal of Petit is the space included 
between the suspensory ligament in front, 
and the hyaloid membrane behind the base 
being formed by the capsule of the lens. 
The Appendages oe the Eye 
include the eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, 
lachrymal gland, lachrymal sac, and nasal 
duct. The angles of junction of the upper 
and lower lids are called canthi—external 
and internal. 
The tarsal cartilages are 2 thin elongated 
plates of flbro-cartilage, about an inch in Pocket Anatomy. 
161 
length. The Meibomian glands are between 
the tarsal cartilages and conjunctiva. The 
conjunctiva is the mucous membrane of the 
eye. It lines the inner surface'of the eye- 
lids, and is reflected over the sclerotic and 
cornea. The lachrymal gland is lodged in 
a depression at the outer angle of the orbit 
on the inner side of the ext. ang. proc. of 
frontal bone. 
The lachrymal canals commence at mi- 
nute orifices, puncta lachrymalia; they lead 
into the canaliculi, which terminate in the 
lachrymal sac, at the internal angle of the 
orbit. The nasal duct leads from this down 
into the inf. meatus of the nose. 
is the organ of hearing. It consists of 3 
portions—external, middle, and internal. 
The external ear has an expanded portion 
called the pinna, the prominent margin of 
which is called the helix. The ridge next 
to this, divided above, is called the anti- 
helix. The lower and front part incloses a 
cavity, the concha, below which lie opposite 
to each other the tragus and anti-tragus. 
The depending soft part is called the lobule. 
The structure of the ext. ear is cartilagi- 
nous, except the lobule, which is connective 
tissue and fat. The entrance to the ear is 
called the meatus auditorius externus, 1| 
in. long (cartilaginous \ in., osseous | in.), 
directed forward and inward. Near its ori- 
The Ear 162 
Pocket Anatomy. 
flee are the ceruminous glands, secreting the 
wax. At the bottom of the meatus is the 
membrana tyrnpani. 
The middle ear or tympanum is a drum 
containing air, bounded ext. by memh. tymp. 
and meatus; ini. by outer surf, of int. ear. 
Its roof and floor are formed by the con- 
necting laminae between the squamous and 
petrous portions of the temporal bone. The 
floor corresponds to the jugular fossa. 
The outer wall of the chamber is formed 
by the membrani tyrnpani, which is placed 
obliquely at the end of the meatus; the in- 
ner wall corresponds to the outer wall of 
the vestibule; in front is the opening of the 
Eustachian tube with the special tube for 
the Tensor Tyrnpani muscle formed by the 
processus cochleariformis; behind is the 
opening into the mastoid cells. The roof 
of the chamber is a thin portion of bone 
separating it from the cavity of the crani- 
um; the floor is a thicker portion corre- 
sponding to the jugular fossa. 
The inner wall is the most important, 
and presents the following points for ex- 
amination; (1) the fenestra ovalis, in which 
the base of the stapes articulates; below 
this (2) the fenestra rotunda, an opening 
into the cochlea; anterior to these a slight 
eminence grooved by nerves, (3) the pro- 
montory with Jacobson’s nerve; and, poste- 
rior to the fenestra ovalis and fenestra 
rotunda, and close to the opening of the Pocket Anatomy. 
163 
mastoid cells, (4) the pyramid, a conical 
projection of hone pierced at the top by a 
small hole through which the Stapedius 
muscle works. 
The aqueduct of Fallopius, or canal for 
the facial nerve, extends from the bottom 
of the meatus auditorius internus to the 
stylo-mastoid foramen. In the upper part 
of the canal is the intumescentia, ganglio- 
formis, an enlargement of the facial nerve 
at the point where it is joined by the great 
petrosal nerve through the hiatus Fallopii. 
The facial nerve in this part of its course 
gives off a minute branch to the Stapedius 
muscle and the chorda tympani. 
The chorda tympani enters the tympanum 
close to the pyramid, and passes forward, 
between the handle of the malleus and the 
long process of the incus, to an opening 
close to the Glasserian fissure (the canal of 
Huguier),. by which it leaves the temporal 
bone to join the gustatory nerve. 
The ossicula auditus are the malleus, in- 
cus, and stapes. 
The malleus (hammer) consists of a head, 
neck, handle (manubrium), and 2 processes, 
processus gracilis and processus brevis. The 
head articulates with the incus; the manu- 
brium is inserted between the mucous and 
fibrous layers of the membrana tympani; 
the processus gracilis is inserted into the 
Glasserian fissure; the processus brevis gives 
attachment to the Tensor Tympani muscle. 164 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The incus (anvil) consists of a body and 
2 processes. The body articulates with the 
head of the malleus; the short process is 
attached to the margin of the orifice of the 
mastoid cells; the long process is nearly 
parallel to the handle of the malleus, and 
has at its extremity a small nodule of bone, 
the os orbiculare, which in the foetus is sep- 
arate, but becomes united in adult life, and 
articulates with the stapes. 
The stapes (stirrup) is articulated by its 
head with the long process of the incus and 
at right angles to it. The base (at which 
the 2 crura unite) is attached to the fenestra 
ovalis; the neck gives attachment to the 
small Stapedius muscle. 
The muscles of the tympanum are 3 in 
number—viz.: the Tensor Tympani, Lax- 
ator Tympani, and Stapedius; but some 
anatomists add a 4th, the Laxator Tympani 
Minor. 
The Tensor Tympani arises from the un- 
der surface of the apex of the petrous por- 
tion of the temporal bone and from the 
Eustachian tube, and runs backward in a 
distinct canal formed by the processus coch- 
leariformis, to be inserted into the root of 
the handle and the processus brevis of the 
malleus. It is supplied by a branch from 
the otic ganglion. 
The Laxator Tymp>ani arises from the 
under surface of the spine of the sphenoid 
bone and from the Eustachian tube, and Pocket Anatomy. 
165 
entering the tympanum through the Glass- 
erian fissure is inserted into the neck of the 
malleus. It is supplied by a branch from 
the chorda tympani. 
The Stapedius arises from the interior of 
the pyramid, and emerges from its apex to 
he inserted, into the neck of the stapes. It 
is supplied by a branch of the facial nerve. 
The Laxator Tympani Minor arises from 
the upper margin of the meatus externus, 
and is inserted into the handle and pro- 
cessus brevis of the malleus. 
The internal ear or labyrinth contains— 
1. The vestibule, placed behind the coch- 
lea and before the semicircular canals. It 
is a small oval cavity lined by a membrane 
common to the labyrinth, contains a wa- 
tery fluid, and presents the following open- 
ings—viz.; the foramen ovale, the 5 ori- 
fices of the semicircular canals, the orifice 
of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea, and 
the orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule. 
2. The semicircular canals, placed behind 
the vestibule, are 3 in number, 2 vertical 
and 1 horizontal; of the former, one is su- 
perior, and the other posterior. The open- 
ings of these canals are only 5 in number, 
in consequence of one opening of the ver- 
tical canals being common to both. 
3. The cochlea, of conical form, the base 
toward the internal meatus, the apex to- 
ward the carotid canal, is composed of a 
bony tube which makes 2 turns and a half 166 
Pocket Anatomy. 
round a central pillar called the modiolus. 
This tube is divided longitudinally by a 
thin plate, half bony, half membranous, 
called lamina spiralis, into 2 cavities; the 2 
tubes thus formed are called the scalse of 
the cochlea, they both unite at the apex in 
a cavity called infundibulum, and at the 
base of the cochlea they separate, one called 
scala vestibuli, which opens into the vesti- 
bule, the other called scala tympani, which 
opens into the tympanum by the fenestra 
rotunda. Prom the scala tympani proceeds 
a narrow bony canal called the aqueduct of 
the cochlea, which terminates in a slit-like 
opening in the inferior border of the pe- 
trous bone. 
4. The auditory nerve gains the internal 
ear by the minute foramina at the base of 
the meatus auditorius internus, and divides 
into 2 branches, vestibular and cochlear. 
The vestibular divides into 3 branches— 
sup., mid., and inf. 
The cochlear divides into numerous fila- 
ments at the base of the modiolus, and then 
ascends along its canals, and bends outward 
between the plates of the bony lamina spi- 
ralis. Pocket Anatomy. 
167 
The Organs of Digestion 
are as follows: 
Alimentary Canal. 
Mouth. 
Pharynx. 
Esophagus. 
Stomach. 
( Duodenum. 
Small intestine. -| Jejunum. 
(_ Ileum. 
| Caecum. 
Large intestine. -J Colon. 
( Rectum. 
Teeth. 
Accessory Organs. 
f Parotid. 
Salivary glands. Suhmaxillary. 
( Sublingual. 
Liver. 
Pancreas. 
Spleen. 
is placed at the entrance of the alimentary 
canal. The orifice is surrounded hy *2 fleshy 
folds—the lips connected by frcena to the 
gums, which are composed of fibrous tissue 
The Mouth 168 
Pocket Anatomy. 
surrounding the necks of the teeth. The 
labial and*buccal glands lie between the 
mucous membrane and subjacent muscles. 
appear in 2 sets. The Ist set appear in 
childhood, and are called temporary, decid- 
uous, or milk teeth. The 2d set continue 
until old age, and are called permayient. 
Each tooth consists of a crown—above the 
gum, a fang or root imbedded in the alve- 
olar process, and the neck between the two. 
The temporary teeth are 20 in number, 4 
incisors, 2 canine, and 4 molars in each jaw. 
The permanent teeth are 32 in number, 4 
incisors, 2 central and 2 lateral, 2 canine, 4 
bicuspids, and G molars in each jaw. The 
incisors and canine have single fangs and 
single cusps. The bicuspids have 2 cusps, 
and sometimes 2 fangs. The upper molars 
have 3 fangs in the upper jaw, and 2 in the 
lower. The 3d molar tooth is called the 
wisdom tooth. The molars generally have 
3 cusps. A section of a t’ooth shows exter- 
nally around the crown hard enamel, con- 
sisting of a congeries of hexagonal rods; 
around the root crusta petrosa or cement; 
beneath these is the ivory or dentine, the 
larger portion of the tooth, consisting of 
tubuli arranged parallel with each other, 
opening at their inner ends into the pulp 
cavity. They contain slender prolongations 
of the pulp tissue, a soft vascular and sen- 
The Teeth Pocket Anatomy. 
169 
sitive substance supplied with vessels and 
nerves entering the cavity through the 
small openings at the point of each fang. 
The periods of eruption are: 
Central incisors, 7th month. 
Lateral incisors, 7th to 10th month. 
Anterior molars, 12th to 14th month. 
Tempoi'ary Teeth. 
Canine, 14th to 20th month. 
Posterior molars, 18th to 36th month. 
First molars, 6J years. 
Two middle incisors, 7th year. 
Two lateral incisors, Bth year. 
First bicuspid, 9th year. 
Second bicuspid, 10th year. 
Canine, 11th to 12th year. 
Second molars, 12th to 13th year. 
Wisdom teeth, 17th to 21st year. 
Permanent Teeth. 
The Palate 
forms the roof of the mouth. It consists 
of 2 portions—the hard palate in front, and 
the soft behind. 
The hard palate is continuous with the 
soft palate. Its mucous membrane is ad- 
herent to the maxillary periosteum, and 
has beneath it glands which open on its 
surface. 
The soft palate or velum pendulum palati 170 
Pocket Anatomy. 
intervenes between the nose and the mouth, 
and consists of a tihrous membrane which is 
attached to the palate hones, and strength- 
ened by expansions from the several mus- 
cles of the palate. It is covered by mucous 
membrane, ciliated on the upper but not on 
the lower surface. The center of its free 
border is prolonged into the uvula, and on 
each side arc the pillars of the fauces—the 
anterior formed by the Palato-glossus mus- 
cle with the mucous membrane, and the 
posterior by the Palato-pharyngeus. 
The muscles of the soft palate are 5 on 
each side: Lev. Pal., Tens. Pah, Palato- 
glossus, Palato-pharyngeus, and Azygos 
Uvulae. 
The amygdalae or tonsils lie between the 
Palato-glossus and Palato-pharyngeus mus- 
cles. It consists of a number of mucous 
follicles, which open on the internal surface. 
Externally the tonsil is in relation with the 
sup. constrictor, the int. carotid, and as- 
cending pharyngeal. 
The Saliyaby Glands 
connected with the mouth are the ‘parotid, 
submaxillary, and sublingual. 
The parotid gland is the largest of the 
salivary glands, and is placed between the 
ear and the lower jaw, its superficial part 
overlapping the Masseter muscle, and be- 
ing called the soda paroiidis. It reaches as Pocket Anatomy. 
171 
high as the Zygoma and as far hack as the 
mastoid process, and below it is separated 
from the submaxillary gland by the stylo- 
maxillary ligament, its deep surface resting 
against the styloid process and the muscles 
attached to it. The duct of Steno (ductus 
Stenonis) arises from the anterior part be- 
low the socia parotidis, and passes trans- 
versely across the Masseter about a finger’s 
breadth below the Zygoma, to open into the 
mouth through the Buccinator muscle op- 
posite the 2d molar tooth of the upper jaw. 
Immediately below the duct is a large 
branch of the facial nerve, and above it the 
transverse facial artery. The gland is tra- 
versed by the external carotid artery, which 
gives off its 2 terminal branches (temporal 
and internal maxillary) in its substance; by 
the external jugular vein; and by the facial 
and auriculo-temporal nerves, from both of 
which it receives branches. The structure 
of the parotid is that of a simple lohulated 
gland like the other salivary glands. 
It receives parotid branches from the tem- 
poral artery and nervous filaments from the 
auriculo-temporal nerve. 
The submaxillary gland consists of 2 por- 
tions—one, the larger, placed superficially 
on the mylo-hyoid in the submaxillary tri- 
angle, and the other winding round the 
posterior margin of the mylo-hyoid to rest 
on the hyo-glossus. From this deep por- 
tion the duct (Wharton’s) arises, and lies at 172 
Pocket Anatomy. 
first between the lingual and hypoglossal 
nerves, hut at the anterior part of the hyo- 
glossus ascends beneath the lingual nerve 
at a higher level. It crosses again over the 
lingual nerve at the side of the tongue, and 
to open into the mouth close to the frsenum 
ling use. 
The sublingical gland is beneath the mu- 
cous membrane by the side of the tongue, 
and lies on the genio hyo-glossus close to 
Wharton’s duct, into which several of its 
ducts (ductus Kiiviniani) open, the others 
opening into the mouth in a crescent near 
the frsenum. 
is a conical musculo-membranous bag ex- 
tending by its base from the posterior part 
of the mylo-hyoid ridge and base of the 
skull to the posterior aspect of the cricoid 
cartilage, where it terminates in the esoph- 
agus. It is connected by its posterior wall 
to the vertebrae by loose cellular tissue, and 
interiorly it corresponds to the mouth and 
larynx. 
It has the following 7 openings: supe- 
riorly, the posterior nares; externally, the 
Eustachian tubes; inferior to these is the 
opening of the mouth into the pharynx, or 
the isthmus faucium; posterior and inferior 
to the tongue is the superior opening of 
the larynx, and, lastly, the opening of the 
pharynx into the esophagus. 
The Pharynx Pocket Anatomy. 
173 
The Esophagus 
extends from the pharynx to the stomach; 
it is placed above, between the vertebrae 
and the trachea, inclines interiorly to the 
left side, and passes behind its left bifurca- 
tion to reach the posterior mediastinum. 
In the mediastinum it descends forward, 
above the thoracic aorta, passes through 
the esophageal opening of the diaphragm, 
to terminate in the stomach. The raucous 
membrane of the mouth, pharynx, and 
esophagus is covered by epithelium. 
The Abdomen 
is the largest cavity in the body. It is di- 
vided into 9 regions, with the contents of 
each as expressed in the following table: Pocket Anatomy. 
Right Hypochondriac Region. 
Right lobe of liver and 
gall - bladder, 1st part of 
duodenum, hepatic flex- 
ure of colon, pancreas, 
right suprarenal capsule, 
and part of right kidney. 
Epigastric Region. 
Stomach (center and py- 
lorus), left lobe of liver, 
lobus Spigelii, pancreas. 
Left Hypochondriac Region. 
Stomach (cardiac end), 
spleen and tail of pancreas, 
splenic flexure of colon, 
left suprarenal capsule, and 
part of left kidney. 
Right Lumbar Region. 
Ascending colon, small 
intestine, right kidney. 
Umbilical Region. 
Great omentum, trans- 
verse colon, 3d portion of 
duodenum, convolutions of 
jejunum and ileum. 
Left Lumbar Region. 
Descending colon, small 
intestine, left kidney. 
Right Iliac Region. 
Caecum, ureter. 
Hypogastric Region. 
Small intestines, apex of 
bladder in distension and 
in children. Pregnant ute- 
rus. 
Left Iliac Region. 
Sigmoid colon, ureter. 
Table oe Abdominal Contents. Pocket Anatomy. 
175 
is the short serous sac investing the intes- 
tines. 
The Peritoneum 
Beginning at the umbilicus the mem- 
brane lines-the abdominal wall, and reaches 
the diaphragm; from this reflected on the 
upper surface of the liver, round its ante- 
rior margin, and on the under surface of 
the organ as far back as the transverse fis- 
sure. It then passes down to the stomach, 
forming the anterior layer of the gastro- 
hepatic or lesser omentum, covers the ante- 
rior surface of the stomach, and is pro- 
longed downward over the intestines to 
form the anterior layer of the great omen- 
tum or epiploon. By turning up the great 
omentum, the peritoneum will be seen to 
be reflected upon itself to form the poste- 
rior layer of the great omentum, which is 
continued upward until it meets with the 
transverse colon, under which it is pro- 
longed to the spine, forming the under layer 
of the transverse meso-colon. It is now car- 
ried over the mesenteric vessels to the small 
intestine and back to the spine, thus form- 
ing the 2 layers of the mesentery, and it 
can then be seen to pass over the abdominal 
aorta into the pelvis, where it invests the 
rectum (meso-rectum) and passes from that 
intestine to the bladder, forming in the male 
the recto-vesical pouch. In the female the 
peritoneum is reflected from the rectum to 
the upper part of the vagina, forming the 176 
Pocket Anatomy. 
recto-vaginal pouch (or cul-de-sac of Douglas), 
then over the uterus and between the ute- 
rus and bladder, forming the utero-vesical 
pouch. It is lastly carried over the bladder 
to the lower part of the abdominal wall and 
so to the umbilicus. 
"What is called the greater hag of the per- 
itoneum has now been traced, but there is 
another pouch called the lesser bag placed 
behind it, and continuous with it through a 
hole or tube, the foramen of Winslow. This 
will be found by passing the finger carefully 
round the right border of the lesser omen- 
tum and immediately below the liver, when 
its point may be seen through the semi- 
transparent double fold of the lesser omen- 
tum. To see the cavity of the lesser bag, 
an incision must be carefully made through 
the great omentum, when, if the parts are 
healthy, the bag will be readily opened and 
the finger passed through the foramen of 
Winslow will be clearly seen. 
Tracing it from the foramen, the mem- 
brane of the lesser bag will be found to 
form the posterior layer of the lesser omen- 
tum, then to cover the posterior surface of 
the stomach and to be prolonged downward 
to form the 2 internal layers of the great 
omentum, after which it passes up over the 
pancreas to the under surface of the liver 
behind the transverse fissure. 
The foramen of Winslow is simply a con- 
striction of the peritoneum dividing it into Pocket Anatomy. 
177 
2 parts, and produced by the passage of the 
hepatic artery forward and upward to the 
liver. When the finger is in the foramen 
it will feel the following boundaries: in 
front, the lesser omentum, containing the 
hepatic artery, bile duct, and portal vein; 
behind, the right crus of the diaphragm and 
the inferior vena cava; below, the hepatic 
artery (as it passes forward from the aorta); 
above, the lohulus Spigelii of the liver. 
It is sometimes preferred to trace the 2 
sacs of the peritoneum together, which can 
be readily done in the following way: Be- 
ginning at the liver, one layer covers the 
front and the other the back of the under 
surface of the organ, and the 2 meet at the 
transverse fissure to form the lessei; omen- 
tum. They then separate to inclose the 
stomach, uniting at its lower border to form 
the anterior 2 layers of the great omentum; 
being reflected upon themselves they next, 
form the posterior 2 layers, which separate 
to inclose the transverse colon, forming the 
meso-colon, as they are prolonged to the 
spine. The 2 layers now leave one another, 
and the upper one (lesser bag) is prolonged 
over the pancreas to the under surface of 
the liver, where it commenced. The under 
layer (greater bag) forms the mesentery 
around the small intestines, the recto-vesi- 
cal pouch between the bladder and rectum, 
and passes over the abdominal wall to the 
diaphragm, from which it is reflected on 178 
Pocket Anatomy. 
to the liver, where the description com- 
menced. 
Besides tracing the peritoneum vertically 
as has been shown, it should be traced hor- 
izontally as follows: Below the level of the 
transverse colon the circle will he found to 
he exceedingly simple. Beginning at the 
median line of the abdominal wall, the per- 
itoneum may he traced to the right iliac 
region, where it will he found to cover the 
front of the caecum and ascending colon 
(forming the meso-caecum and ascending 
meso-colon); it then forms the mesentery 
around the small intestine, any portion of 
which will serve to show it; and lastly, 
covering the sigmoid flexure of the colon 
(,sigmoid meso-colon), it is brought round 
again to the abdominal wall. 
A fold attaching the top of the descend- 
ing colon to the under surface of the di- 
aphragm (costo - colic, Jenner) should be 
noticed, since it passes below the spleen 
and influences the movements of that or- 
gan. 
Above the colon the arrangement is a 
little complicated by the existence of 2 
sacs, the continuity of which, however, 
may be traced thus: Beginning at the 
median line of the abdominal wall the per- 
itoneum may be traced into the right hy- 
pochondrium and over the right kidney; it 
then passes through the loop of the hepatic 
artery (foramen Winslowii), and across the Pocket Anatomy. 
179 
body in front of the pancreas, then to the 
posterior surface of the stomach and hack 
to the foramen again, where it forms the 
posterior layer of the lesser omentum. 
Reflected at this point upon itself, the 
membrane will be seen to form the ante- 
rior layer of the lesser omentum and to be 
continued over the front of the stomach; 
thence to the spleen, which it incloses 
(forming the gastro-splenic omentum), and 
so to the left hypochondrium and round 
the abdominal wall. The continuity of the 
greater with the lesser bag is thus evident, 
and the foramen of Winslow is seen to be 
merely the narrowed tube of communica- 
tion between the 2 cavities. 
Besides the folds of peritoneum which 
have been named in tracing the membrane, 
there are others which form certain liga- 
ments of the liver and bladder, and of the 
uterus in the female. 
Passing from the umbilicus to the liver, 
the obliterated umbilical vein or round lig- 
ament is seen, and around it is reflected a 
double fold of peritoneum, the suspensory 
or falciform ligament of the liver. This is 
prolonged on each side over the diaphragm, 
and on the upper surface of the liver, where 
it forms the upper layer of the coronary lig- 
ament; the underlayer being formed partly 
by the lesser bag of the peritoneum, and 
the triangular surface between the two be- 
ing attached by firm areolar tissue to the 180 
Pocket Anatomy. 
diaphragm. The doubled edges of the up- 
per layer of the coronary ligament on each 
side are called the right and left lateral lig- 
aments. 
The false ligaments of the bladder are 
formed hy the peritoneum; they are 5 in 
number—2 posterior, 2 lateral, and 1 supe- 
rior. The posterior false ligaments are the 
margins of the recto-vesical pouch, and are 
formed by the membrane being reflected 
over the obliterated hypogastric arteries. 
The lateral false ligaments are the pieces 
of peritoneum reaching from the bladder 
to the sides of the pelvis, and the superior 
is that passing over the obliterated hypo- 
gastric arteries and urachus to the um- 
bilicus. 
The Stomach 
presents a lesser and a greater curvature at 
its upper and lower borders, and a greater 
and a lesser end. The great end is the dil- 
atation on the left side of the body near 
the entrance of the esophagus, and is called 
the cardiac or splenic end, or is sometimes 
known as the fundus. The small end ter- 
minates in the duodenum, and is called the 
pyloric end. 
The coats of the stomach are 4—perito- 
neal, muscular (comprising longitudinal, 
circular, and oblique fibers), areolar, and 
mucous. 
The mucous membrane is arranged in Pocket Anatomy. 
181 
longitudinal folds or ridges called rugae, 
which disappear when the viscus is dis- 
tended. 
The pylorus or pyloric valve consists of a 
set of strong circular fibers at its duodenal 
end, acting as a sphincter muscle. 
The mucous membrane is divided into a 
series of shallow cavities hexagonal in form 
(stomach cells), at the bottom of which 2 or 
more tubes (gastric follicles containing the 
peptic glands) open. These latter secrete 
the gastric juice, and are -imbedded in the 
submucous areolar layer. The epithelium 
is columnar. 
extend from the pylorus to the ileo-coecal 
valve, averaging 20 feet in length. They 
have 4 coats—viz.: peritoneal, muscular 
(longitudinal and circular), areolar, and 
mucous. Thus the first part of the du- 
odenum is completely invested except in 
front. The-longitudinal muscular fibers 
are external, and the circular internal. 
The mucous membrane has the following 
characteristics throughout: Valvulse conni- 
ventes, villi, Lieberkiihn’s follicles, solitary 
glands, and a columnar epithelium; but the 
duodenum and ileum have special struct- 
ures in addition. 
The Small Intestines 
The duodenum presents the opening of 
the bile and pancreatic ducts, which is 
marked by a papilla situated at the back 182 
Pocket Anatomy. 
of the vertical portion of the intestine, and 
about or below its middle. The duodenum 
is from 8 to 10 inches long, and has a 
special structure (Brunner’s glands) in ad- 
dition to the ordinary characteristics of the 
small intestine. 
Valvulce conniventes are transverse folds 
of mucous membrane, which will be seen 
to commence a little beyond the pylorus, 
and to increase in size at the lower part of 
the duodenum. 
Villi are minute projections from the 
surface of the mucous membrane, each con- 
taining a little capillary loop and a lacteal 
vessel, and being covered with columnar 
epithelium. 
Lieherkuhris follicles are minute tubes 
which are placed between the villi; they 
dip into the submucous areolar tissue, and 
are lined with columnar epithelium. 
Solitary glands are minute white bodies 
consisting of closed vesicles containing 
milky fluid and covered with villi. In 
typhoid fever they are enlarged and ul- 
cerated. 
The jejunum includes about two-fifths of 
the remaining small intestine, and is re- 
markable for the large size of the valvulae 
conniventes and the number of solitary 
glands. 
In the ileum the valvulse conniventes 
will be found to diminish rapidly in size 
and to be wanting at the lower part. Pocket Anatomy. 
183 
Payer's patches, the special characteristic 
of this part of the intestine, are formed of 
a collection of the solitary glands. 
is divided into caecum, colon, and rectum, and 
is between 5 and 6 feet in length, and is re- 
markable for the pouched appearance conse- 
quent upon its longitudinal muscular fibers 
being shorter than the intestine itself. These 
longitudinal fibers are arranged in 3 distinct 
bands, 2 of which can be seen through the 
peritoneum, and the 3d between tbe layers 
of the meso-colon. (In the rectum, which 
is not pouched, these fibers spread over the 
whole gut as in the small intestine.) The 
appendices epiploicce are small processes 
containing fat attached along the free bor- 
der of the intestine, which will be found to 
vary considerably in size in different sub- 
jects. 
The caecum is distinguished by its rounded 
shape and by the opening of the ileum into 
it. It has attached to its lower and back 
part the ap>pendix vermiformis, which is a 
little tubular prolongation terminating in a 
blind extremity. 
The ileo-ccecal valve is formed by a pro- 
longation of a piece of ileum through the 
wall of the caecum, to which it is firmly at- 
tached. 
The Large Intestine 
The mucous membrane of the large in- 
testine has no villi nor Peyer’s patches. 184 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Tubular glands resembling the follicles of 
Lieberkiibn, and solitary glands or closed 
follicles imbedded in the submucous tissue, 
and having over them small depressions on 
the mucous surface, are found throughout 
the large intestine. 
The colon is divided into right or ascend- 
ing colon, the middle or transverse, the left 
or descending, and the sigmoid flexure. 
The rectum extends from the sigmoid 
flexure of the colon to the anus; its upper 
third is wholly covered by peritoneum, its 
middle third only upon its anterior aspect 
and sides, and its inferior third has no peri- 
toneal covering. In the male the antero- 
inferior aspect of the rectum is connected 
to the inferior surface of the bladder, the 
vesiculse seminales, and the prostate gland, 
and in the female to the uterus and vagina. 
The rectum has the longitudinal fibers scat- 
tered over its whole surface, and is not sac- 
culated like the other parts of the large in- 
testine. 
presents 5 lobes, 5 fissures, and o liga- 
ments. It measures 12 in. transversely, 
6 in. from before backward, and 3 in. in 
thickness. On its upper surface it is di- 
vided into 2 unequal portions by the falci- 
form or suspensory ligament. Tracing this 
back, the layers diverge to form the upper 
layer of the coronary ligament and the 2 
The Liver Pocket Anatomy. 
185 
lateral ligaments. Tho fifth or round liga- 
ment is the obliterated umbilical vein. Five 
fissures and 5 lobes are seen on the under 
surface of the liver. 
1. Longitudinal forming (1) right and (2) 
left lobes, and occupied by round ligament. 
2. Fissure for ductus venosus. 
3. Transverse fissure giving passage to 
hepatic duct, hepatic artery, and portal 
vein, in that order from before backward. 
4. Fissure for gall-bladder. 
5. Fissure for vena cava. 
The right and left lobes are formed by 
long, fissure. The lohus quadratus is bounded 
by the long, and trans. fissures and the gall- 
bladder. The lobus Spigelii lies between the 
vena cava and ductus venosus. The lobus cau- 
datus connects the lobus Spigelii with the 
right lobe. 
The gall-bladder is the reservoir for the 
bile. It ends in the cystic duct which joins 
the hepatic duct to form the ductus commu- 
nis choledochus. 
The liver is composed of lobules held to- 
gether by loose areolar tissue of the ramifi- 
cations of the portal vein, hepatic duct, 
artery, and veins, lymphatics, and nerves. 
The portal circulation is as follows: The 
portal vein enters the transverse fissure, 
divides into vaginal branches which sub- 
divide into the interlobular veins between 
the lobules. These pierce the lobule to 
form the intralobular plexus within the lob- 186 
Pocket Anatomy. 
ule. These unite at the base to form the 
suhlohular, which then unite to form the 
hepatic veins, uniting thus with the blood 
returned from the substance of the liver to 
empty into the vena cava inferior. 
The capsule of Glisson is the areolar tis- 
sue which accompanies the vessels in their 
course through the portal canals. 
The Pancreas 
is about 7 inches long. The larger end, 
where it touches the bowel, is called the 
head, the central portion the body, and 
the small extremity the tail. Its average 
weight is 8 ounces. Its duct (Wirsung’s) 
passes into the duodenum. The pancreas 
consists of lobules of a yellowish color 
held together by loose fibrous tissue, a small 
duet passing from each lobule into the main 
trunk. 
The Spleen 
is a purple organ, oval in form, has a con- 
vex and a concave surface, with an anterior 
border which is sharp and slightly notched, 
and a posterior border which is thicker. 
On the concave surface is a vertical fis- 
sure, the hilum, into which the splenic ves- 
sels enter. Beneath the peritoneal coat 
which invests the organ is found a fibrous 
coat, which is also continued into the splenic 
substance, forming the trabeculce in which 
the splenic pulp is contained. In this pulp, Pocket Anatomy. 
which consists principally of hiood-vessels, 
are found the Malpighian corpuscles, special 
to the spleen. They are small vesicular bod- 
ies containing white semi-fluid matter at- 
tached to the minute divisions of the splenic 
artery. 188 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Organs of Voice and Respi- 
ration. 
The Larynx 
is a triangular box, made up of cartilages, 
ligaments, muscles, mucous membrane, ves- 
sels, and nerves. 
There are 9 cartilages entering into its 
formation: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, 2 
arytenoid, 2 cornicula laryngis, 2 cunei- 
form. ' 
The thyroid cartilage has 2 alse united in 
front to form the pomum Adami, 4 cornua, 
2 sup. and 2 inf. It gives attachment to 
the Stylo-phar., Palato-phar., Thyro-hyoid, 
Sterno-thyroid, and Inferior Constrictor, 
besides others of the intrinsic muscles of 
the larynx. 
The cricoid cartilage gives attachment to 
inf. cons, fibers of esophagus, intrins. mus- 
cles, and ligaments of the larynx. 
The cuneiform cartilages are included in 
the aryteno-epiglottidean mucous fold. 
The epiglottis closes the opening of the 
larynx. 
The arytenoid cartilages are situated at 
the bach of the larynx, at the upper border 
of the cricoid cart. Pocket Anatomy. 
189 
The cornicula laryngis are connected .with 
the apices of the arytenoid cartilages. 
The ligaments of the larynx are 6 in 
number: thyro-hyoid, crico-thyroid mem- 
brane, crico-tracheal, capsular, thyro-epi- 
glottidean and hyo-epiglottidean folds cov- 
ered by mucous membrane—their names 
indicating their situation. 
The intrinsic muscles of the larynx are 8 
in number. 
Five belong to the rima glottidis and 
chordae vocales—Crico-thyroid, Crico-aryte- 
noideus Posticus and Lateralis, Arytenoid- 
eus and Thyro-arytenoideus. 
Three belong to the epiglottis—Thyro- 
epiglottidean, Aryteno-epiglottidean, sup. 
and inf. 
The vocal chords or thyro-arytenoid lig- 
aments are 4 in number—2 sup. or false 
chords, and 2 inf. or true chords. 
The interval between the 2 true chords 
is called the rima glottidis. 
The arteries of the larynx are derived 
from the superior and inferior thyroid. 
The nerves are the superior and inferior 
or recurrent laryngeal from the pneumo- 
gastric. 
The superior supplies the Crico-thyroid 
muscle and the mucous membrane, the in- 
ferior supplies all the muscles except the 
Crico-thyroid. 
The mucous membrane is columnar cili- 
ated below the sup. voc. chord; above the 190 
Pocket Anatomy. 
cilia exist only in front and as high as the 
middle of the epiglottis, and beyond this it 
is squamous. 
is about 4J inches in length, and is convex 
in front, but flattened posteriorly, being 
composed of a series of cartilages, the ex- 
tremities of which are connected behind by 
fibrous and muscular tissue. There are 
from 16 to 20 cartilages, each measuring 
about 2 lines in depth, decreasing in depth 
from above downward. The last cartilage 
is cut obliquely on each side, so as to be 
adapted to the commencement of the bron- 
chi. The cartilages are connected together 
by fibrous tissue, and the Ist is similarly 
connected to the cricoid cartilage. 
Opposite the 6th dorsal vertebra it bifur- 
cates into the bronchi. 
The Trachea 
The right bronchus is larger than the left, 
and is posterior and superior to the pulmo- 
nary vessels in the root of the lung. It is 
about 1 inch long, and takes a more hori- 
zontal course than the left. The vena azy- 
gos major hooks round the right bronchus 
to open into the vena cava. 
The left bronchus is nearly twice as long 
as the right, and takes an oblique course 
beneath the arch of the aorta, crossing the 
esophagus and the descending aorta, and 
lying posterior to, but visible between, the 
pulmonary artery and veins. Pocket Anatomy. 
191 
The Thyroid Body 
consists of 2 symmetrical conical lobes, 
placed on each side of the upper part of 
the trachea, and united opposite the 2d and 
3d rings of the trachea hy the isthmus. 
The Pleura® 
are 2 shut sacs of serous membrane lining 
the thorax and covering the lung. If one 
of the lungs is drawn forward, its pleura 
can be readily traced over the inner sur- 
face of the sternum and ribs (costal or 
parietal layer) on to the back of the lung; 
thence over the lung (pulmonary or visce- 
ral layer) to the front of the root of the 
lung, by which it is directed to the peri- 
cardium and carried forward to the ster- 
num a little to one side of the median line. 
"When the lung is drawn forward, below 
its root will he found a fold of pleura con- 
necting the lower lobe with the side of 
the pericardium, which is called the liga- 
mentum latum pulmonis. The pleura will 
he seen to be reflected on the upper surface 
of the diaphragm helow, and to be pro- 
longed in a conical form above the Ist rib, 
where it may be felt in relation with the 
subclavian artery. The diaphragm rises 
higher on the right side than on the left, 
owing to the presence of the liver, and the 
heart has a direction to the left; hence the 
right bag of the pleura is the wider, whilst 192 
Pocket Anatomy. 
the left is the longer of the two, and the 
lungs correspond in shape. 
The Mediastina 
are the spaces between the pleurae, and are 3 
in number—anterior, middle, and posterior. 
The anterior mediastinum is the small 
space hounded by the sternum in front, the 
pericardium behind, and the pleurae at the 
sides, and is placed a little to the left of the 
median line. It contains (1) the Triangu- 
laris Sterni muscle, (2) the origins of the 
Sterno-hyoid and Thyroid muscles, (3) the 
remains of the thymus gland (a ductless 
gland largely developed in the foetus), (4) 
the left internal mammary vessel, some cel- 
lular tissue, and a few lymphatics. 
The middle mediastinum is the space be- 
tween the 2 lungs, and contains (1) the 
heart and large vessels, (2) the pericardium, 
(3) the roots of the lungs, and (4) the 
phrenic nerves. 
The 'posterior mediastinum, is behind the 
pericardium. It contains (1) the thoracic 
aorta, (2)* the trachea, (3) the esophagus, 
with the 2 pneurnogastric nerves, (4) the 
vena azygos major, (5) the thoracic duct, 
(6) the greater splanchnic nerves at the 
lower part of the space, with some cellular 
tissue and lymphatics. 
are 2 in number, divided each into 2 lobes, 
The Lungs Pocket Anatomy. 
193 
and separated from each other by the heart 
and other contents of the mediastinum. 
The right lung is the larger, but shorter 
than the left. 
On tracing the bronchi they will be found 
to divide again and again, the cartilaginous 
rings becoming merely plates, and at length 
disappearing, and the air-tubes thus becom- 
ing eventually membranous. The minute 
bronchial lubes terminate in intercellular 
passages, in which the mucous membrane 
is covered with squamous epithelium. Open- 
ing out of the intercellular passages are the 
air-cells or alveoli, the septa between which 
are formed by reduplications of the lining 
membrane. 
The air-cells collected around the ex- 
tremity of each minute bronchial tube form 
a lobule, and these aggregated together form 
the substance of the lung, but the air-cells 
of one lobule have no connection with those 
of another. 
The roots of the lungs are each formed by 
a pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, and 
a bronchus, bound together by cellular tis- 
sue; together with the small bronchial ves- 
sels, the pulmonary plexus of the pneumo- 
gastric nerve, and some lymphatics. The 
order of the vessels from before backward 
on both sides of the body is the same—viz.: 
veins, artery, and bronchus; from above 
downward on the right side the order is 
the reverse—viz.: broijchus, artery, veins, Pocket Anatomy. 
but on the left side it is artery, bronchus, 
veins. The reason of this difference is that 
the left bronchus passes beneath the arch 
of the aorta, and therefore becomes lower 
than the pulmonary artery on that side. 
The right pulmonary vessels pass beneath 
the arch of the aorta. 195 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Organs of Circulation. 
is a conical organ situated in the middle 
mediastinum, and resting on the diaphragm. 
The base corresponds to the interval' be- 
tween the 6th and 9th dorsal vertebrae, and 
the apex beats between the sth and 6th 
ribs, and the larger portion of the organ 
being to the left of the median line. The 
surface markings are the upper border of 
the 3d costal cartilage for the base of the 
heart, and a spot 2 inches below the nipple 
and 1 to the sternal side for the apex. 
The heart is a double organ, composed of 
2 auricles and 2 ventricles. 
The Heaet 
Each auricle has an appendix. 
The anterior surface of the heart is con- 
vex, and is formed almost entirely by the 
right ventricle and auricular appendage, 
but the irregular border of the left auricu- 
lar appendage appears to the left of the 
pulmonary artery. The posterior surface 
of the heart is flattened, and is formed by 
part of the right auricle and the left auri- 
cle and ventricle, which last forms the apex 
of the heart. Each surface of the heart is 
grooved vertically and horizontally, mark- 
ing the divisions between the auricles and 196 
Pocket Anatomy. 
ventricles. The anterior ventricular groove 
is near the left border of the heart, whilst 
the posterior ventricular groove is to the 
right, and they thus indicate the oblique 
position of the septum. In these grooves 
will be seen the coronary vessels. The en- 
docardium or lining membrane of the heart 
is continuous with the lining membrane of 
the veins and arteries. 
The right side of the heart is the venous 
side, and the left the arterial. 
Right auricle.—The main cavity of the 
auricle is smooth internally, but in the ap- 
pendix are the museuli pectinati, or muscu- 
lar bands “resembling a comb.” 
The large openings into the right auricle 
are (1) the superior vena cava, which enters 
at the upper and anterior part; (2) the in- 
ferior vena cava, which enters at the lower 
and back part; and (3) the coronary sinus, 
which enters close above the auriculo-ven- 
tricular opening. 
The foramina Thebesii are numerous small 
openings which are found in the wall of the 
auricle, and return blood from the muscular 
tissue of the heart. 
The tubercle of Lower is a projection which 
is occasionally found in the wall of the auri- 
cle, between the superior and inferior venae 
cavae. 
The coronary valve is a thin fold at the 
orifice of the coronary sinus, which serves 
to prevent regurgitation into it. Pocket Anatomy. 
197 
The Eustachian valve is a fold placed to 
the left of the vena cava inferior and im- 
mediately above the opening of the coro- 
nary sinus, which served in the foetus to 
direct the current of blood from the infe- 
rior vena cava through the foramen ovale. 
The fossa ovalis and annulus ovalis are re- 
mains of foetal structure, found on the in- 
ner wall of the right auricle in the position 
of the foramen ovale or communication be- 
tween the 2 auricles in the foetus. 
The annulus ovalis is a muscular ring 
which is generally well marked, and which 
surrounds the shallow fossa ovalis, formed 
by a thin membrane thrown across the fo- 
ramen ovale. This membrane is produced 
from the anterior and posterior margins of 
the foramen immediately after birth, and 
the 2 portions gradually obliterate the 
opening by overlapping one another; not 
unfrequently, however, a small oblique 
opening will be found at their point of 
junction, through which a probe can be in- 
troduced. 
Theright ventricle consists of a main cav- 
ity, the walls of which are irregular, owing 
to the projections of the muscular substance 
of the heart; and of a smooth funnel-shaped 
portion (infundibulum or conus arteriosus) 
leading upward and to the left into the pul- 
monary artery. The projections on the wall 
of the ventricle are the columnce carnece 
(fleshy columns), of which 3 varieties are 198 
Pocket Anatomy. 
described: 1 in which the column merely 
stands out in relief, being attached to the 
wall of the ventricle in its whole length; a 
2d in which the column is attached at both 
ends, but is free in the middle, so that a 
probe may be passed between it and the 
wall; and a 3d variety called the musculi 
papillnres. These last project into the cav- 
ity of the ventricle and give attachment by 
their extremities to the chordce tendinece, or 
fibrous cords attached to the flaps of the 
auriculo-ventricular valve. 
The right auriculo-ventricular valve con- 
sists of 8 portions, and is hence called tri- 
cuspid. The flaps are formed by a redupli- 
cation of the endocardium or lining mem- 
brane of the heart, between the layers of 
which are some tendinous and muscular 
fibers, the former being continuous with 
the chordae tendineas. The entire valve is 
attached above to a fibrous ring (zona ten- 
dinosa), which bounds the auriculo-ventric- 
ular opening, and is divided below into 8 
portions—anterior, posterior, and internal. 
The pulmonary artery is attached to a 
fibrous ring which intervenes between it 
and the muscular substance of the heart, 
but the lining membrane of the artery is 
continuous with that of the ventricle. 
The semilunar valves of the pulmonary 
artery, 2 anterior and 1 posterior, are 3 re- 
duplications of the lining membrane, 
strengthened by fibrous tissue which is col- Pocket Anatomy. 
199 
lected principally at the attached border of 
each valve, the thin portion near the free 
border being called the lunula. The at- 
tached border is convex, and is fixed to the 
wall of the artery; the free border is sub- 
divided into 2 slightly concave portions 
by a little fibrous body called the corpus 
Arantii. 
The semilunar valves act during dilata- 
tion of the ventricle (diastole), and prevent 
the regurgitation of the blood from the 
pulmonary artery. 
The blood (which is venous or dark-col- 
ored) is carried by the pulmonary artery to 
its bifurcation, and then by the right and 
left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where 
it is aerated; and is brought back to the 
heart by the 4 pulmonary veins as arterial 
or red blood. The pulmonary veins open 
into the left auricle. 
The left auricle presents the openings of 
the 4 pulmonary veins, 2 on each side, and 
the left auriculo-ventricular opening. 
The musculi pectinati of the auricular 
appendix are like those of the right side, 
but smaller; and on the septum of the au- 
ricles will be seen the annulus ovalis and 
fossa ovalis corresponding to those on the 
right side. 
The left ventricle is thicker than the right, 
and reaches to the apex of the heart. The 
columnar carnece, musculi papillares, and 
chordce tendinece resemble those of the right 200 
Pocket Anatomy. 
side, but are longer and much more fully- 
developed. 
The left auriculo-ventricular valve con- 
sists of 2 portions, and is hence called bicus- 
pid, or (from the resemblance to a miter) 
mitral. The flaps of the valve are com- 
posed of the lining membrane of the heart, 
strengthened by tendinous fibers derived 
from the chordae tendineae like those on the 
right side, and are attached to the fibrous 
ring bounding the auriculo-ventricular 
opening. 
The closure of the mitral valve accom- 
panies the “first sound” of the heart, which 
is best heard at the apex. 
The aortic semilunar valves resemble those 
of the pulmonary artery, but are more fully 
developed, and the corpora Arantii are bet- 
ter seen on the right side. The aortic valves 
occupy a position the converse of those of 
the pulmonary artery—viz.: 1 in front and 
2 behind; and above each of the 3 valves 
there is a dilatation of the aorta, called the 
aortic sinus or sinus of Valsalva. At the 
bottom of the anterior and loft posterior 
sinuses are seen the orifices of the coronary 
arteries, the first branches of the aorta. 
The closure of the aortic valves accom- 
pany the “second sound” of the heart, which 
is best heard over the base of the heart and 
along the sternum. 
The blood is carried by the branches of the 
aorta to the various parts of the body. The Pocket Anatomy. 
201 
arteries end in capillaries, in which the veins 
begin, and all unite to form the cavse. 
The faded circulation is best described by 
Heath, in the following manner; 
In the foetus the blood is brought from 
the placenta by the umbilical vein, which 
enters the body at the umbilicus. It then 
passes along the longitudinal fissure of the 
liver, and at the transverse fissure divides 
into 2 branches, one of which joins the por- 
tal vein, and the other, which is the ductus 
venosus, joins the inferior vena cava. In the 
inferior vena cava the placental blood is 
joined by that returned from the lower ex- 
tremities, and afterward through the hepatic 
veins, by that circulated through the liver; 
and is then poured into the right auricle. 
The Eustachian valve, of large size in the 
feetus, directs the current- across the auricle 
to the foramen ovale, which is patent, and 
the blood enters the left auricle. From the 
left auricle the blood necessarily passes into 
the left ventricle, and is thence propelled 
through the aorta to the head and upper 
extremities. From these it is returned by 
the superior vena cava, which enters the 
upper part of the right auricle, and the 
blood descends at once into the right ven- 
tricle, thus taking a course at right angles 
to the former one. From the right ventri- 
cle the blood is propelled into the pulmo- 
nary artery, and a small portion reaches the 
lungs through the right and left pulmonary 202 
Pocket Anatomy. 
arteries, but by far the larger portion passes 
through the ductus arteriosus (a short tube 
connected with the pulmonary artery close 
to the bifurcation), and enters the descend- 
ing portion of the arch of the aorta. Through 
the aorta the blood reaches the iliac arteries, 
and a small portion passes by the external 
iliacs to the lower extremities, but the rest 
passes by the internal iliacs to the hypogas- 
tric' arteries, which run to the umbilicus and 
then wind round the umbilical vein to the 
placenta. Pocket Anatomy. 
203 
Organs of Urination. 
are situated in the lumbar regions, and lie 
between the last rib and crest of the ilium, 
upon the diaphragm and quadratus lumho- 
rum. The outer border is convex. The in- 
ner border, called the hilum, is concave. The 
vessels entering the hilum are from before 
backward, renal vein, artery, and ureter. 
The expansion of the ureter—the duct of 
the kidney—forms the pelvis, which is sub- 
divided into 3 portions, called the infundib- 
ula. These again subdivide into small 
membranous sacs, the caliees, projecting 
into which are small nodules of kidney 
substance called papillce, which are the 
apices of triangular dark bodies called the 
Malpighian pyramids or cones. These con- 
stitute the medullary substance of the kid- 
ney. 
The Kidneys 
The cortical substance forms the circum- 
ference of the kidney. In it the Malpig- 
hian bodies or glomeruli are formed. They 
consist each of a capillary plexus with an 
arterial twig—the afferent vessel—entering 
it, and a venous radicle—the efferent ves- 
sel—leaving it. Each body is inclosed in 
a capsule continuous with the uriniferous 204 
Pocket Anatomy. 
tube, which becomes convoluted in the cor- 
tical substance, and a secondary intertubu- 
lar plexus is formed upon it by the venous 
radicle, after it has emerged from the Mal- 
pighian tuft. The uriniferous tubes enter 
the basis of the pyramids, converge to the 
apices, and empty into the calices; from 
these the urine drops into the infundibula, 
and thence into the pelvis and ureter. The 
venous radicles, after they form the second- 
ary plexus on the tubes, unite at the base 
of the pyramids, between which they pass 
to emerge at the hilum as the emulgent or 
renal vein. 
The water of the urine is believed to come 
from the Malpighian body, and the salts from 
the venous plexus. 
The ureters are tubes about 18 in. long, 
of the diameter of a quill. They extend 
from the pelvis to the bladder, and carry 
the urine to that organ. They lie over the 
Psoas muscle, pass beneath the spermatic 
vessels, cross the com. or ext. iliac artery, 
and enter the fundus of the bladder. 
The suprarenal capsule is a small trian- 
gular yellow body placed above each kid- 
ney. It is composed of minute tubes— 
function unknown. 
is in the anterior part of the pelvis when 
empty, hut rises into the abdomen when 
distended. 
The Bladder Pocket Anatomy. 
205 
The neck is the narrow portion attached 
to the prostate gland. 
The fundus is the lowest part, resting on 
the horizontal portion of the rectum, with 
the vesiculse seminales and vasa deferentia 
intervening. 
The trigone is the space included between 
the vesiculse seminales externally, and in- 
ternally the smooth space between the open- 
ings of the ureters and the orifice of the 
urethra. 
The uvula is a small elevation of mucous 
membrane at tbe orifice of the urethra. 
The ligaments of the bladder are 4 true 
and 5 false. 
The true ligaments, 2 anterior and 2 lat- 
eral, are reflections of pelvic fascia. 
The false ligaments are reflections of tbe 
peritoneum. They are 2 posterior, 2 lat- 
eral, and 1 superior. They partially inclose 
the obliterated hypogastric arteries and the 
urachus. 
The bladder has 4 coats—peritoneal, mus- 
cular, fibrous or cellular, and mucous. 
The peritoneal coat invests all but the an- 
terior portion of the bladder. 
The muscular coat has 3 layers—external 
or longitudinal, detrusor urinoe; middle or 
circular, sphincter vesicce; internal, contin- 
uous with longitudinal. 
Thefihrous coat is composed of connective 
tissue. 
The mucous coat is arranged in rugae, ex- 206 
Pocket Anatomy. 
cept in the trigone. It is covered by tes- 
sellated epithelium. 
The Urethra 
averages 8 inches in length, and is divided 
into prostatic, membranous, bulbous, and 
spongy portions. 
The prostatic portion, covered by the 
prostate gland, is about 1\ in. in length. 
The veru montanum or caput gallinaginis 
is a ridge in this portion dividing the hol- 
low into 2 portions called the prostatic si- 
nuses, in which the prostatic ducts open. 
Near the post, part of the veru montanum 
is a little blind pouch, the sinus pocularis, 
into which open the ejaculatory ducts. 
The membranous portion is the shortest 
and narrowest portion of the urethra. It 
is .between the 2 layers of the triangular 
ligament. The upper wall measures f in., 
and the floor in. The mucous membrane 
presents no orifices. 
The bulbous portion corresponds to the 
bulb externally, and is about an inch long; 
but there is no line of demarkation between 
it and the spongy portion. The canal is di- 
lated at this spot, and in the floor of it are 
the 2 minute orifices of the ducts of Cow- 
per's glands, which run obliquely through 
the walk of the urethra for some distance. 
The cut edge of the bulb will be seen to 
be continuous with the corpus spongiosum 
which surrounds the spongy or anterior Pocket Anatomy. 
207 
portion of the urethra, and expands again 
to form the glans 'penis. 
The spongy portion is the longest part of 
the canal, and averages 5 inches in length. 
Its calibre is somewhat smaller than that 
of the bulbous portion, but it expands in 
the glans penis to form the fossa navicu- 
laris, again becoming contracted at the 
meatus or orifice, at which point the urethra 
is as small as in the membranous portion, 
and occasionally smaller.. Along the floor 
of the spongy portion are numerous mucous 
follicles or lacunae, the orifices of which are 
directed toward the meatus; a few similar 
follicles are situated on the upper surface 
of the urethra, one of which, opposite the 
fossa navicularis, is the lacuna magna. 208 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Organs of Generation. 
THE MALE ORGANS. 
consists of a body, neck, and glans. 
The corpora cavernosa compose the upper 
portion of the body. 
The crura are the narrowest portions of 
the corp. cav., and are attached to the rami 
of isch. and pub. They are covered by the 
erector penis. 
The septum pectiniforme is the partition 
along the median line marking the union 
of the 2 corp. cav. It is wanting in front. 
The corpus spongiosum incloses the ure- 
thra. It commences in the bulb of the 
urethra, and extends to the extremity. 
The glans penis is the expanded portion 
of the corp. spong. at its extremity. It is 
marked by an elevation, the corona glandis, 
at which the loose integument of the body 
becomes reflected over the glands to become 
continuous with its internal mucous surface. 
The Penis 
The prepuce is the loose fold formed by 
the reflection inward of the skin. 
The frenum is the fold below the meatus 
urinarius. 
The suspensory ligament is the continua- Pocket Anatomy. 
209 
tion of the superficial fascia of the abdo- 
men on to the dorsum of the penis. It 
contains between its laminae the dorsal ves- 
sels and nerves. 
The Prostate Gland 
consists of 3 1 middle and 2 lateral. 
It is placed over the commencement of the 
3d part of the rectum, and in front of, hut 
below, the level of the bladder. It fs partly 
glandular and partly muscular, and is in- 
vested by a process of recto-vesical fascia, 
which forms the capsule of the gland. It 
measures transversely at the base 1J in., 
antero-posteriorly 1 in., and f in. in depth. 
The ducts open into the prostatic sinuses 
of the urethra. 
are 2 lobulated bodies, about the size of 
peas, bet. the 2 layers of deep perineal fas- 
cia on each side of the memb. port, of 
urethra. Its ducts open into the bulbous 
portion. 
The Testicles 
are 2 glandular organs secreting semen. 
They pass through the inguinal canal be- 
fore birth into the scrotum, and are sus- 
pended by the spermatic cord. The cover- 
ings are: 
Cowper’s Glands 
f Skin. 
Scrotum, -j Dartos— contractile reddish 
( tissue. 210 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Intercolumnar or spermatic fascia. 
Cremaster muscle. 
Infundibuliform, fascia propria Or inter- 
nal spermatic fascia. 
The tunics proper to the testis itself are 
tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, and tu- 
nica vasculosa. 
The tunica vaginalis is derived from the 
peritoneum during descent. It consists of 
2 portions—visceral or tunica vaginalis pro- 
pria, and parietal or tunica vaginalis reflexa. 
The tunica albuginea is a fibrous coat re- 
flected into the interior of the testis to form 
an incomplete vertical septum called the me- 
diastinum or corpus Highmorianum. Prom 
this slender cords are given off1 called tra- 
beculae. 
The tunica vasculosa or pi a mater testis 
is the vascular covering. It consists of a 
plexus of vessels held together by areolar 
tissue. 
The glandular structure consists of about 
400 lobules made up of minute convoluted 
tubes, called tubuli seminiferi. These unite 
to form the vasa recta. These enter the me- 
diastinum to form the retc testis. The ves- 
sels of the rete testis unite at the upper end 
of the mediastinum to form 12 to 20 ducts, 
the vasa efferentia. Perforating the tun. 
albuginea they form the coni vasculosi, which 
together make up the globus major of the 
epididymis. The efferent vessels then open 
into a single duct which, by its convolu- Pocket Anatomy. 
211 
tions, forms the body and globus minor of 
the epididymis. Unraveled, this tube meas- 
ures more than 20 feet. 
The vas deferens, the excretory duct of 
the testis, is the continuation of the epi- 
didymis. It ascends on the inner and pos- 
terior side of the testis and epididymis, and 
along the back of the spermaticcord, through 
the spermatic canal, to the int. abdom. ring. 
Prom the ring it descends in the pelvis to 
the inner side of the external iliac artery. 
It then winds over the back of the bladder, 
crossing the obliterated hypogastric artery. 
At the base of the prostate it unites with 
the duct of the vesicular seminales, to form 
the ejaculatory duct. 
are 2 lobulate membranous pouches, the 
reservoirs of the semen, placed between the 
base of the bladder and the rectum, con- 
verging to enter the prostate close to the 
median line. They consist of convoluted 
tubes which become straight at the base of 
the prostate, and join the corresponding 
vas deferens to form the common ejacula- 
tory duct, which opens into the sinus poc- 
ularis. 
The Yesictjl.® Seminales 
THE FEMALE OEGAHS 
are external and internal. 
The external are the mens veneris, labia 
majora and minora, clitoris, meatus urina- 212 
Pocket Anatomy. 
rius, and orifice of vagina. They are all 
included under the term vulva or puden- 
dum. 
The mons veneris is the rounded eminence 
in front of the pubes covered with hair. 
The labia majora are 2 longitudinal cu- 
taneus folds continuous with the mons ven- 
eris above, and with the perineum behind 
and below. They are united by anterior 
and posterior commissures. 
In a virgin, a small transverse fold of 
mucous membrane may be seen just within 
the posterior commissure, which is called 
the fourchette, and between the two is the 
fossa navicularis. 
By separating the labia, the clitoris will 
be seen at the upper part of the vulva, re- 
sembling a penis in appearance, and having 
a small glans and prepuce. 
The nymphce or labia minora extend ob- 
liquely downward from each side of the 
clitoris, being connected with both the or- 
gan itself and its prepuce, and being lost 
in the labia majora and wall of the vagina 
below. 
The vestibule is a triangular interval with 
the apex at the clitoris and the base at the 
orifice of the vagina, the sides being formed 
by the nymphse. An inch below the clito- 
ris is the meatus urinarius which is slightly 
prominent, and is placed immediately above 
the orifice of the vagina. 
The hymen is a reduplication of mucous Pocket Anatomy. 
213 
membrane, usually of a crescent form, with 
the concave border upward, partially oc- 
cluding the vagina. When ruptured it 
forms the carunculce myrtiformes, 3 or 4 
little projections from the vaginal wall. 
On each side of the vagina, immediately in 
front of the hymen, or its remains, are the 
orifices of the vulvo-vaginal glands, or glands 
of Bartholin. The orifices of numerous se- 
baceous follicles will also be found scattered 
over the vulva. 
The urethra of the female is about 1|- in. 
long. It is imbedded in the anterior wall 
of the vagina, the concavity of its curve 
being directed forward and upward. Its 
diameter is about J in. Its structure is 
similar to that of the male. 
is a membranous canal extending from the 
vulva to the uterus. Its length is about 4 
in. along its anterior wall, and 6 in. along 
its posterior. It is composed of longitudi- 
nal muscular fibers, inclosing erectile tissue, 
and lined by a mucous membrane which 
forms transverse rugae. Two longitudinal 
ridges on the ant. and post, walls are called 
the columns of the vagina. 
The Vagina 
are placed 1 on either side of the womb, in 
the folds of the peritoneum, called the broad 
ligaments of the uterus. Each ovary, en- 
The Ovaries 214 
Pocket Anatomy. 
veloped "by a white fibrous membrane, con- 
sists of a pulpy brownish-gray substance, 
highly vascular, and containing from 15 to 
20 minute vesicles, each of which is com- 
posed of a thin membrane containing a 
viscid yellowish fluid; these are called the 
Graafian vesicles. 
the excretory ducts of the ovaries, are about 
4 inches in length, and are contained in the 
broad ligament, one extremity being attach- 
ed to the superior angle of the uterus, into 
which it opens by a small orifice (orifieium 
uterinum), the other being free and sur- 
rounded hy a fringe {corpusfimbriatum), in 
the center of which is the peritoneal aper- 
ture {orifieium superius). Here the mucous 
membrane of the Fallopian tube communi- 
cates with the serous membrane, the peri- 
toneum forming the only exception to the 
rule that the serous membranes are shut 
sacs. 
The Fallopian Tubes, 
The Uterus 
is#a pear-shaped organ divided into the 
fundus, the body, and cervix. The fundus 
is superior and posterior, and receives at 
each angle the Fallopian tube; the body 
is between the fundus and the neck, the 
latter being inferior and anterior, and sur- 
rounded by the vagina; at the extremity 
of the neck is a small elliptical opening, 
called os tincce or os uteri. The cavity of Pocket Anatomy. 
215 
the uterus is small compared to the thick- 
ness of its walls, and is of triangular shape; 
its superior and outer angles presenting the 
orifices of the Fallopian tubes, the inferior 
angle presenting the os tinose. The uterus 
is placed between the bladder and rectum. 
It has 6 ligaments formed of peritoneum, 
2 ant., 2 post., and 2 lat. 
The Mamma: 
are 2 glands connected to the Great Pec- 
toral muscles by a capsule of condensed 
cellular tissue. They consist of vessels and 
numerous lactiferous tubes, arising from di- 
lated blind extremities or cells; the tubes 
group together to form lobes and lobules; 
as they approach the nipple they become 
dilated to form sinuses, but in the nipple 
they are again contracted, and terminate at 
the apex by orifices surrounded by delicate 
muscular tissue. The nipple is a conical 
process, surrounded by a brownish areola, 
and composed externally of the integu- 
ments, which are very thin, and internally 
of the lactiferous tubes, with numerous 
blood-vessels, from which the nipple de- 
rives its erectile property. 216 
Pocket Anatomy. 
Regional Anatomy. 
are formed within a quadrilateral space, 
bounded above by the stylo-maxillary liga- 
ment and body of the lower jaw; below, by 
the clavicle; in front, by the median line 
of the neck; and behind, by the border of 
the Trapezius muscle. This space is divid- 
ed into 2 triangles by the diagonal Sierno- 
mastoid. These are the great Anterior and 
Posterior triangles. 
I. The Posterior triangle is bounded in 
front by the Sterno-mastoid; behind, by the 
Trapezius; below} by the clavicle. Its floor 
is formed from above downward by Splen. 
Cap., Lev. Ang. Scap., Seal. Post, and Med., 
and upper dig. of Ser. Mag. The posterior 
belly of the Omo-hyoid muscle cuts this tri- 
angle into 2: 
1. The suboccipiial triangle is bounded in 
front by Sterno-mast.; behind, by Trapez.; 
below, by post, belly of Omo-hyoid. It con- 
tains branches of sup. cerv. plex., spinal ac- 
cessory nerve running into Trapez., muse, 
hr. of deep cerv. plex., transversalis colli 
vein, and lymphatic glands. 
2. The subclavian triangle is bounded in 
front by Sterno-mast.; above, by post, belly 
The Triangles of the Neck Pocket Anatomy. 
217 
of Omohyoid; below, by clavicle. It con- 
tains the brachial plexus, 3d part of sub- 
clavian artery, transversalis colli artery, 
suprascapular vessels, and external jugular 
vein. The subclavian artery is divided into 
3 portions by the Scalenus Anticus. 
Relations. 
First portion of right subclavian, from the 
art. innom. to inner bord. of Seal. Ant. In 
front, Sterno-mast., Sterno-hy., Sterno- 
thyr., int. jug. and vert, veins, pneumogast. 
card, and phren. nerves; beneath, pleura; 
behind, recurrent laryngeal, sympathetic, 
Longus Colli, trans. proc. of 7th cerv. vert. 
First portion of left subclavian, from arch 
of aorta to inner marg. of Seal. Ant. In 
front, pleura and left lung, pneumogastric 
card, and phren. nerves, left carotid artery, 
left int. jug. and innom. veins, Sterno-hy.’ 
Sterno-thyr., and Sterno-mast.; inner side 
esophagus, trachea, thoracic duct; outer 
side, pleura; behind, esoph. and thor. duct, 
inf. cerv. gang, of syrnp., Long. Colli and 
vertebral column. 
Second portion of both right and left, be- 
neath Seal. Ant. In front, Seal. Ant., 
phren. nerve, subclav. vein.; above, hrach. 
plex.; below, pleura; behind, pleura and 
Seal. Med. 
Third portion of both in subclavian trian- 
gle. In front, cerv. fascia, ext. jug., sup. 
scap., and trans. cerv. veins, descending hr. 218 
Pocket Anatomy 
of cerv. plex., Subclav. muscle, sup. scap. 
art., and clavicle; above, brach. plex.; be- 
low, Ist rib; behind, Seal. Med. 
11. The Anterior triangle is bounded in 
front by median line; behind, by Sterno- 
mastoid; above, by stylo-max. lig. and body 
of jaw. It is subdivided into 8 smaller by 
the digastric above, and ant. belly of Omo- 
hyoid below. 
1. The inferior carotid triangle is bounded 
in front by median line; behind, by Stern o- 
raast.; above, by ant. belly of Orno-hyoid. 
It is covered by integ., sup. fasc., platysma 
and deep fasc., bet. which ramify descend, 
br. of superfic. cerv. nerve. Beneath these 
are Sterno-hy., Sterno-thy., which, with ant. 
bord. of Sterno-mast., conceal lower part of 
com. carotid in the sheath with pneumo- 
gast. and int. jug. v. 
2. The superior carotid triangle is bounded 
behind by Sterno-mast.; below, by ant. belly 
of Omo-hy.; above, by post, belly of digast. 
It contains the com. carotid div. into ext. 
and int., the int. jug. v., hypoglossal n., 
descending noni, pneumogast; behind the 
sheath, the sympathetic; on the outer side, 
the spinal access.; on the inner, the sup. 
laryng.; and below, the inf. laryng. and ext. 
laryng. The upper part of larynx and 
pharynx are also in this space. 
3. The submaxillary triangle is bounded 
above by stylo-max. lig. and body of jaw; 
behind, by post, belly of digast.; in front, Pocket Anatomy. 
219 
by ant. belly of digast. It contains ant. 
belly of digast., Mylo-hy. and Hyo-gloss., 
submax. gland, fac. art., and v. and br., 
subment. art., mylo-hy. art. and n., ext. 
caret, parotid gland, fac. nerve, post, auric, 
temp, and int. max. art., int. carot. art. and 
int. jug. v., pneumog. n. Sep. from ext. car. 
by Stylo-gloss, and Stylo-phar. muscles and 
glosso-pharyngeal nerve. 
The thoracic relations of the left common 
carotid are: In front, sternum, Sterno-hy., 
Sterno-thy., left innom. v., remains of thym. 
gland; internally, arteria innom.; externally, 
left pneumog. n. and left subclav. art.; be- 
hind, trachea, esophag., thoracic duct. 
The cervical relations of both common 
carotids are: In front, In teg. and I’asc., Pla- 
tjrsma, Sterno-mast., Sterno-hy., Sterno- 
thyr., Omo-hy., descend, noni n,, sterno- 
mast. art., Thyr., ling., and fac. v., ant. 
jug. v.; externally, int. jug. v., pneumo- 
gast. n.; internally, trachea, thyr. gl., re- 
cur. laryng., inf. thyr. art., larynx, pharynx; 
behind, Long. Col., Eect. Ant. Maj., sym- 
path. n., inf. thyr. art., and recur, laryng. n. 
The cervical relations of the ext. carotid 
are: In front, integ,, fasciae, platysma, hy- 
pogl. n., ling, and fac. v., Digast. and Sty- 
lo-hy. muscles, parotid gl. with fac. n. and 
temp. max. v. in its substance; behind, sup. 
laryng. n., Stylo-gloss., Stylo-pharyng.,Glos- 
so-phar., parotid gl.; internally, hyoid bone, 
pharynx, par. gl., ram. of jaw. 220 
Pocket Anatomy. 
The cerv. relations of the intern, carotid 
are: In front, skin and fasciae, par. gl., 
Stylo-gloss, and Stylo-phar. muscles, glosso- 
pharyng. n.; externally, int. jug. v., pneu- 
mogast. n.; internally, pharynx, ascend, 
pharyng. art., tonsil; behind, Rect. Cap., 
Ant. Maj., sympath., sup. laryng. n. 
is a pyramidal space hounded anteriorly by 
Pect. Maj. and Min.; posteriorly, by Sub- 
scap., Ter. Maj., and Lat. Dorsi; internally, 
by first 4 ribs and Serrat. Mag.; externally, 
by humerus, coraco-brach. and biceps. It 
contains the axillary vessels, brach. plex. 
and their branches, branches of intercostal 
nerves, lymphatic glands, fat, and areolar 
tissue. The important vessels and nerves 
lie on the outer boundary. 
The relations of the axillary artery are: 
First portion—ln front, Pect. Maj., costo- 
corac. memb., subclavius, cephal. v.; exter- 
nally, brach. plex.; internally, axillary v.; 
behind, Ist intercostal space and muscle, 
Ist serration of Ser. Mag., post, thorac. n. 
Second portion—ln front, Pect. Mag. and 
Min.; externally, outer cord of plex.; in- 
ternally, axillary v. and inner cord of plex.; 
behind, subscapularis and post, cord of plex. 
Third portion—ln front, Integ. and Pasc., 
Pect. Maj.; outer side, corac. brach., med. 
n., muse. cut. n.; inner side, ulnar n. int. 
cut. nerves, axil, v.; behind, subscapularis 
The Axillary Space Pocket Anatomy. 
221 
tendons of Lat. Dorsi and Ter. Maj., muse, 
spir. and circ. nerves. 
is bounded externally by the Sartorius; in- 
ternally, by tbe Adductor Longus; above, 
by Poupart’s ligament. Its floor is formed 
by the Psoas, and Iliacus, Pectineus, Ad- 
ductor Longus, and Brevis. It contains tbe 
upper part of the femoral artery and vein, 
orig. of profunda and v., ant. crural n. 
The relations of tbe femoral artery are: 
In front, Fascia Lata, hr. of ant. crur. n., 
Sartorius, long saphenous n., apon. cov. of 
Hunter’s canal.; internally, fern. v. at up- 
per part, Adduct. Long., Sartorius; outer side, 
Vast, int., fern. v. at lower paid; behind, 
Psoas, prof, v., Pectin., Adduct. Long., fem. 
v., Adduct. Mag. 
Scarpa’s Triangle 
The Popliteal Space 
is bounded ext. by Biceps, int. by Semitend. 
and Semiraemb. Its lower part has one of 
the heads of Gastroc. on each side. The floor 
is formed by back of femur, post. lig. of 
knee joint, Poplit. muscle, and fascia. 
The relations of the popliteal artery are: 
In front, femur, lig. post., Popliteus.; int., 
Semimemb.; ext., Biceps; behind, poplit. v., 
int. poplit. n., fascia. 
is bounded in front by pubic arch, on each 
The Perineum 222 
Pocket Anatomy. 
side by ram. and tub. of isch. and gr. sac. 
sci. lig., and behind by the coccyx, a line 
drawn bet. the 2 tub. of isch. divides it into 
anterior or genital space, and posterior, con- 
taining the termination of alimentary canal. 
In the post, space is the ischio-rectal fossa 
on each side of the rectum, bounded by tub. 
isch. and Glut. Max. It is filled with fat. 
The anterior space consists of 2 layers of 
aponeurosis, connected posteriorly and at 
the sides (triangular ligament), and inclos- 
ing a triang. space in which are contained 
the root of penis with its muscles, vessels, 
and nerves. The whole of these parts are 
covered in by superficial perineal fascia, 
which is continuous with the triang. lig. 
posteriorly, and is firmly attached on each 
side to ramus of pubes and ischium, while 
anteriorly it is continuous with the cellu- 
lar base of the. common sup. fasc. of scro- 
tum and abdomen. 
The muscles, nerves, and vessels have 
been described. 
All varieties of hernia have 6 coverings. 
All varieties have 3 coverings alike, namely: 
peritoneum, superficial fascia, and integu- 
ment. The other 3 vary with the canal 
through which the gut passes. 
HERNIA.' 
The Inguinal Canal 
has 2 openings: (1) external abdominal ring, Pocket Anatomy. 
223 
in the external oblique, closed by intercol- 
tcmnar fascia stretched between the pillars 
of the ring; (2) internal abdominal ring, in 
the transversal is fascia, closed by infundib- 
uliform fascia which is merely a funnel- 
like prolongation of the transversalis fascia 
over the cord, in its passage down the canal. 
Between these 2 openings the canal is 1J in. 
long, and filled by the spermatic cord. In 
front are tend, of ext. oblique, lower part 
of int. oblique and cremaster (which is de- 
rived from it); behind are the trans. fast'., 
conjoined tend, of int. oblique and trans., 
and triang. fascia (a reflection of Poup. lig. 
to lin. alba); below is Poup. lig; above, the 
arched bord. of Trans, muscle, and space bet. 
it and int. oblique. Oblique hernia is that 
variety in which the gut tabes the course 
of the inguinal canal. Direct hernia is 
that variety in which it takes a course di- 
rectly through the tissues in Hesselbach’s 
triangle, crossed by conj.tend., and bounded 
ext. by Epigast art.; int., by Eectus; belong 
by Poup. lig. 
Eemoral Hernia 
is that variety in which the gut passes 
through the femoral canal, which is formed 
as follows: The iliac fascia passes down 
over the pect. line beneath Poupart’s liga- 
ment, forming the post, wall of the sheath 
of the femoral vessels; the transversalis 
fascia passes from Poup. lig. in front of 224 
Pocket Anatomy. 
the vessels forming the ant. wall. Septa 
pass down from ant. to post, wall bet. the 
vessels, and between them and the ext. and 
int. walls of the sheath. The crural canal 
is the space bet. the fern. v. and outer wall 
of sheath, where it expands away from the 
vessel to become continuous with the fascias 
above. This is filled up by a lymph, gland 
and areolar tissue called the septum crux ale. 
It is bounded above by Poup. lig.; int., by 
Gimbernat’s lig., a reflect, of Poup. lig. to 
pect. line; ext., by septum bet. it and vein; 
behind, by pect. eminence. Length J in. 
At the extremity of the canal is an open- 
ing (saphenous), in the fascia lata of the 
thigh, where the pubic port, joins the iliac, 
the former being post. The arched fibers 
above are called the falciform process. 
This opening is filled by cribriform fascia, 
through which small veins enter the saph. 
The coverings of hernia, in all 3 varie- 
ties, are as follows: 
In all—peritoneum, sup. fasc., and integ. 
Oblique inguinal—infundibuliform fascia 
closing int. ring, Cremaster muscle in the 
canal, and intercolumnar fascia closing ext. 
ring. 
Direct inguinal—transversalis fasc., conj. 
tend., and intercolumnar fasc. 
Femoral—septum crurale, femoral sheath, 
and cribriform fascia.