YEO'S Manual of Physiology. 300 ILLUSTRATIONS. FULL GLOSSARY AND INDEX. By Gerald F. Yeo, m.d., f.r.c.s., Professor of Physiology in King’s College, London. Demi-octavo, 750 pages. Over 300 carefully printed engravings on wood. Bound in Cloth, $4.00; Leather, $S.OO. “ By his excellent manual Prof. Yeo has supplied a want which must have been felt by every teacher of physiology. In the noble text-book of Prof. Foster, English readers have a work which is unsurpassed, but its great size and comprehensiveness, and its some- what minute discussion of many doubtful points, make it a formidable object to the eyes of the first and second years’ students. Dr. Yeo has written a book which is intended for junior students, but which, although written in simple, and as far as possible untechnical language, is accurate and complete. * * * Moreover, being intended chiefly for medical students, and written by one who is not only an able physiologist, but an accomplished physician, the needs of the physician and surgeon are never lost sight of. * * * The text is profusely illustrated with excellent wood engravings. * * * In conclusion, we heartily congratulate Prof. Yeo on his work, which we can recommend to all those who wish to find, within a moderate compass, a reliable and pleasantly written exposition of all the essential facts of physiology as the science now stands.”—The Dublin Journal of Medical Science, May, 1884. “For students’ use it is one of the very best text-books in Physiology.”—Prof. L. B. How, Dartmouth Medical College, Hanover, N. H. “The work will take a high rank among the smaller text-books of Physiology.”-—Prof II. P. Bowditch, Harvard Medical School. “ The brief examination I have given it was so favorable that I placed it in the list of text-books recommended in the circular of the University Medical College.” —Prof. Lewis A. Stimpson, M.D.,37 East37th Street, New York. “ There are many points in physiology that are either not comprehended or are mis- understood by the great majority of students. In this work these points are made especially clear, and in a particular manner those that are of most importance to the medical or dental practitioner. We have had long experience in teaching this branch of medical science, and unreservedly commend this work to the student of physiology.”—Archives of Dentistry. “ It is an excellent book and well adapted for the uses for which it is intended. It is a decidedly modern book, being carefully pruned of all ancient redundancies and containing all that is new and proven. The arrangement is very good, indeed, the best, and corresponds closely with that of Dalton’s. It is written in simple, pure English. * * * It will be valuable for students.”—D. 'Pod Gilliam, M.D., Professor of Physiology, Starling Medical College, Columbus, O. “After a careful examination of this Manual of Physiology, I can truthfully say that it is a most valuable addition to the list of text-books upon the subject. That it should and will receive a welcome from both students and teachers there can be no doubt; for in addition to the familiar but well presented facts of most text-books, it contains all the most important facts of physiological science which have been established in the last few years. The author presents his subject in a manner that is clear, concise and logical. Each section has had a careful revision, and reveals the author’s familiarity with the scope and tendencies of modern physiology. It will prove an interesting and instructive book to those commencing the study of this subject.”—A. P. Brubaker, M.D., Demonstrator of Physiology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. RECOMMENDATIONS. P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., Medical Publishers and Booksellers, 1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. THE FIFTH EDITION. Holden’s Anatomy. 208 WOOD ENGRAVINGS. A MANUAL OF THE DISSECTION OF THE HUMAN BODY. By Luther Holden, m.d., Late President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ; Consulting Surgeon to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. Fifth Edition. Edited by John Langton, m.d., f.r.c.s., Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy at, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital; Member of the Board of Examiners, Royal College of Surgeons of England ; With 208 fine Wood Engravings. Octavo. About 880 pages. Bound in Cloth, $5.00; Leather, $6.00. *** This new edition has been revised with the object of making it a more thorough text-book. Over one hundred pages new matter have been added, and many new illustrations, some of which are very finely engraved and printed. Notwithstanding these new features, the price of the book has been lowered. GILLIAM’S ESSENTIALS OF PATHOLOGY. JUST PUBLISHED. The object of this book is to explain to the student, in a plain, practical way, the fundamentals of Pathology, as an introduction to larger books. THE ESSENTIALS OF PATHOLOGY. By D. Tod Gilliam, m.d., Professor of Physiology, Starling Medical College, formerly Professor of General Pathology, Columbus Medical College, Columbus, Ohio. i2mo. 296 pages. 47 Illus- trations. Price, Cloth, $2.00. P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., Medical Publishers and Booksellers, 1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. A COMPEND OF VISCERAL ANATOMY. POTTER. ? QUIZ COMPENDS ? A NEW SERIES OF MANUALS FOR THE USE OF AND PHYSICIANS. Price of each, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved, for taking Notes, $1.25. 43* These Compends are based on the most popular text-books, and the lectures of prominent professors, and are kept constantly revised, so that they may thoroughly represent the present state of the subjects upon which they treat. 43“ The Authors have had large experience as Quiz Masters and attaches of colleges, and are well acquainted with the wants of students. 43“ They are arranged in the most approved form, thorough and concise, with illustrations whenever they can be used to advantage. 43“ Can be used by students of any college. @3“ They contain information nowhere else collected in such a condensed, practical shape. 43“ Size is such that thty may be easily carried in the pocket, and the price is low. 43“ They will be found very serviceable to physicians as remem- brancers. LIST OF VOLUMES. No. i. ANATOMY. Third Edition. 63 Illustrations. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.d., late A. A. Surgeon U. S. Army. No. 2. PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, Part I. By Dan’l E. Hughes, m.d., Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine, Jefferson College, Philadelphia. No. 3. PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, Part II. Same author. No. 4. PHYSIOLOGY. Second Edition. Enlarged. By A. P. Brubaker, m.d., Demonstrator of Physiology, Jefferson College, Philadelphia. No. 5. OBSTETRICS. Second Edition. Enlarged. By Henry G. Landis, m.d., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, Star- ling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio. Illustrated. No. 6. MATERIA MEDICA. A New Revised Edition. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.d., late A. A. Surgeon U. S. Army. No. 7. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Revised Edition. By G. Mason Ward, m.d., Demonstrator of Chemistry, Jefferson College, Philadelphia. No. 8. VISCERAL ANATOMY. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.d., late A. A. Surgeon, U. S. Army. With Illustrations. No. g. SURGERY. Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. By Orville Horwitz, b.s., m.d., Resident Physician at Pennsylvania Hospital, Phila- delphia. With 62 Illustrations. No. 10. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Including Medical Chemistry, Urine Analysis and the Analysis of Water and Food. By Henry Leffmann, m.d., Demonstrator of Chemistry in Jefferson College, Philadelphia. No. 11. PHARMACY. By Louis Genois, ph.g., Member of the American Pharmaceutical Association. In Preparation. Others in preparation. Price, each, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved, for taking Notes, $1.25. P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., MEDICAL PUBLISHERS AND BOOKSELLERS, 1012 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA. ? QUIZ-COMPENDS. ? No. 8. A COMPEND OF Visceral Anatomy Especially Adapted to the use of Medical Students. by SAMUEL O. L. POTTER, M.A., M.D., *»» A. A. Surgeon, U. S. Army. Author of “A Compend of Human Anatomy;” “A Compend of Materia Medica and Therapeutics "An Index of Comparative Therapeutics and of the Lea Prize Essay of Jefferson Medical College, on “ Dyslalia, a Study of Speech and Its Defects.” Jfcwttd Litton, Hevi^ed. WITH FORTY-ONE ILLUSTRATIONS, PHILADELPHIA;; P. BLAKISTON, S O -GO., No. 1012 Walnut Street. 1885. TO THE MEMORY OF AN AMERICAN SURGEON AND ANATOMIST, Whose Fame is Recognized Throughout the Whole Civilized World, JOSEPH PANCOAST, Late Professor of Anatomy in Jefferson Medical College, and TO WILLIAM II. PANCOAST, Professor of Anatomy in Jefferson Medical College, THE TALENTED AND COURTEOUS Representative of a Great Name, WHOSE ENTHUSIASTIC TEACHINGS, NO LESS THAN HIS GENIAL SALUTATIONS, ARE Treasured in Loving Remembrance by Every Student who has heard him, THESE COMPENDS OF HUMAN ANATOMY ARE AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. Copyrighted, /88j, by P. Blakiston, Son & Co. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. This Compend is a continuation of my “ Compend of Anatomy”, and, like the latter, is chiefly based on the last edition of Gray; though in the preparation of both volumes I have freely consulted Quain and other re- cognized authorities. While striving to carry out the object of this series in furnishing the medical student with a condensed manual of Anatomy, I have endeavored, from a strong conviction of the importance of the subject, to make these volumes deserving of the first rank among their kind. Believing that a judicious condensation, which does not slight the essential points of the subjects treated, cannot fail being of benefit in any department of science, I commit these Compends to the teachers and students of Anatomy, in the hope that they may be found worthy of a place alongside the more exhaustive and exhausting text-books. Fort Douglas, Salt Lake City, Utah, August, 1883. PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION. The text of this edition has been thoroughly revised, and several addi- tions have been made, where greater detail seemed to be required. S. O. L. P. Salt Lake City, Utah, May, 1885. TABLE OF CONTENTS. DIGESTIVE ORGANS ™°9 ALIMENTARY CANAL 9 TEETH 9 Structure 10 Development 11 MOUTH 12 Palate 12 Tonsils 13 Salivary Glands 13 Tongue 13 PHARYNX 15 (ESOPHAGUS 16 STOMACH 17 SMALL INTESTINE 19 Duodenum 19 Jejunum 19 Ileum 20 LARGE INTESTINE 20 C.&CUM 20 Appendix Vermiformis 21 Colon 21 Rectum 21 LIVER 22 Ligaments 23 Fissures 24 Lobes 24 Vessels 24 Capsule of Glisson 26 Gall-bladder 26 PANCREAS 27 DUCTLESS GLANDS 28 Spleen 28 Thyroid Gland 29 Thymus Gland 30 SUPRA-RENAL CAPSULES 31 ABDOMINAL CAVITY 32 Boundaries 32 Openings 32 Regions 32 PERITONEUM 33 Foramen of Winslow 34 Omenta 34 Mesenteries 35 ORGANS OF THE VOICE AND RESPIRATION 36 LARYNX 36 TRACHEA AND BRONCHI 40 LUNGS 42 PLEURAE 44 Mediastinum 45 URINARY ORGANS 46 KIDNEYS 46 URETERS 48 BLADDER 49 Male Urethra 50 Female Urethra 52 VII VIII PAGE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS 52 PROSTATE GLAND 52 COWPER’S GLANDS 53 PENIS 53 TESTES AND APPENDAGES 55 Descent of the Testes 57 FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION 58 VULVA 58 VAGINA 59 UTERUS AND APPENDAGES 59 Fallopian Tubes 61 Ovaries 62 Parovarium 63 MAMMAL 63 ORGANS OF SENSE 64 SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES 64 TONGUE 66 NOSE 67 Schneiderian Membrane 67 EYE 68 Sclerotic and Cornea 70 Uveal Tract... 72 Retina 74 Humors 75 Optic Nerve and Commissure 80 Appendages of the Eye 81 EAR 84 External Ear - 84 Membrana Tympani 86 Tympanum 87 Eustachian Tube 90 Internal Ear 91 HERNIA 98 INGUINAL HERNIA 98 Coverings 99 FEMORAL HERNIA 100 Coverings 101 PERINEUM 101 MALE PERINEUM 102 Lithotomy 103 FEMALE PERINEUM 104 CONTENTS. A COMPEND OF VISCERAL ANATOMY. What is a Viscus? Viscus, gen. visceris, pi. viscera, is a term which is applied to any internal organ of the body. The Viscera are the organs contained in the three great cavities—cranium, thorax and abdomen—with their appendages. Of these the Heart and Brain have been described, with the circulatory and nervous systems respectively. \_See Compend of Anatomy, Third Edition, pp. 99, 120; also Compend of Physiology.] THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. What is the Alimentary Canal ? A musculo-membranous tube, from 25 to 30 feet in length, extending from the mouth to the anus, lined throughout with mucous membrane, furnished with several accessory organs, and performing the functions of ingestion, digestion, and egestion. Name its Subdivisions. They are the Mouth, Pharynx, (Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and Large Intestine (caecum, colon and rectum). The first three lie above the dia- phragm, the rest below it. Name the Accessory Organs of Digestion. They are—the Teeth, Salivary glands (parotid, sub-maxillary, sub-lingual), Liver, Pancreas and Spleen. What are the Teeth? They are 32 organs of digestion (20 tempo- rary, or milk-teeth), situated one-half in each jaw, imbedded in the alveo- lar processes, and partly surrounded by the Gums, which are composed of fibrous tissue and covered with mucous membrane. In each half of each jaw there are— Temporary Teeth (5)—2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 2 Milk-molars. Permanent Teeth (8)—2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 2 Bicuspids, 3 Molars. THE TEETH. 9 10 VISCERAL ANATOMY. What are their general Characteristics ? Each tooth presents a— Crown, or Body,—the part seen projecting above the gum. Neck,—the constricted portion between the crown and the fang. Fang, or Root,—imbedded in the alveolus; and surrounded by the perio- dental membrane or periosteum lining the alveolus. Pulp-cavity,—in the interior, opening at the apex of the fang for the entrance of vessels and nerves. What are the Characteristics of each class of Teeth? Incisors, or Cutters,—Crown chisel-shaped, beveled posteriorly. Fang single, long, thickest antero-posteriorly. Canines, or Tearers,—Crown thick and conical. Fang longest and thickest of all the teeth, forming a projection on the alveolar arch. The 2 upper canines are the “eye-teeth.” Bicuspids,—Crown has 2 cusps. Fang single but grooved deeply, showing a marked tendency to bifurcate. Molars, or Grinders,—Crown large, low, and cuboid in shape, has 4 cusps on upper molars, 5 on the lower ones. Fangs multiple, usually 3 on the first two upper molars, 2 on the first two lower ones; the third molar of either jaw, having but one fang, is called the “ wis- dom tooth,” and is the smallest of the three. The 2d or 3d Temporary Molar is larger than the first. Describe the Structure of a Tooth. Each consists of— Dentine or Ivory,2—composed of tubules surrounded by the inter-tubular tissue or Matrix, and opening into the pulp cavity. It resembles compact bone in appearance and in composition, consisting of 28 parts Animal matter and 72 Earthy matter. The Tubules are delicate wavy canals, diameter about -fpiyQ of an inch, which branch out- wardly and anastomose with each other, form- ing concentric shadings or Schreyer's Lines. Enamel,3—covers the crown; consists of very dense tissue, which contains but per cent, of animal matter. It is covered by a very Fig. i. THE TEETH. 11 delicate epithelial cuticle, Nasmyth's Membrane, which when intact withstands the action of acid. Crusta Petrosa or Cement,1—the enamel of the fang; is a layer of true bony tissue, containing lacunae, canaliculi, and Haversian canals. Pulp,—fills the pulp-cavity and is prolonged into the dental tubules; is soft, vascular, and sensitive; and consists of connective and fibrous tissue, nucleated cells, blood-vessels and nerves. The cells are caudate and anastomose with each other, those situated superficially being termed Odontoblasts. What Arteries and Nerves supply the Teeth? The Arteries are derived from the inferior dental, and from the alveolar and infraorbital branches of the internal maxillary. The Nerves are derived from the inferior dental branch of the inferior maxillary division of the 5th, and also from the anterior and posterior dental branches of its superior maxil- lary division. When do the Temporary Teeth appear? Their eruption begins about the 7th month after birth, with the central incisors, and ends with the appearance of the second molars, about the age of two years. The lower teeth slighly antedate the upper. When do the Permanent Teeth appear ? The first molars appear about the ending of the 6th year, followed by the incisors about the 7th or 8th year, the bicuspids from the 9th to the 10th year, the canines about the nth or 12th year, the second molars from the 12th to the 13th year, and the third molars from the 17th to the 25th year. Those of the lower jaw are slightly in advance of the corresponding upper ones. What is the greatest Number of Teeth at one time in the jaws, and when ? Forty-eight, namely, all the temporary and permanent teeth except the third molars,—occurring between the 5th and 7th years of age. Describe the Development of the Teeth. They arise from the mucous membrane covering the maxillary arches, in which, about the 6th foetal week, appears a depression, the Primitive Dental Groove, from the floor of which arise papillae of mucous membrane to form the pulp of the milk-teeth. In the Follicular Stage, membranous septa form across the groove, and its margins become thick and prominent. The Saccular Stage extends from the 13th week to the 16th, and is marked first by the projection of the papillae from the follicles, next by the growth of the follicular margins, the formation of processes or Opercula thereon, which meet and close in the papillae; and finally by the closing 12 in of the dental groove by the union of its margins. A Cavity of Reserve for each tooth is then formed by the closure of the secondary, dental groove, from the floor of which another papilla arises to form the germ of the permanent tooth. The dental pulps now take the forms of teeth, a thin lamina of dentine appears and increases from without inward, the enamel organ and mem- brane are formed, and when calcification has advanced sufficiently, the pressure of the teeth causes the absorption of the gum above them, the septa ossify and the eruption of the teeth occurs. The Cement is formed from the periodental membrane, at a later period of life. VISCERAL ANATOMY. Describe the Mouth. It is an oval cavity formed by the lips, cheeks, jaws, palate and tongue, forming the superior portion of the alimentary canal, and opening posteriorly into the pharynx by the fauces. It presents the teeth (already described), the tongue l (to be described), and also the— TIIE MOUTH. Fig. 2. Hard Palate, formed by the palate processes of the superior maxillary and palate bones, and covered with mucous membrane; forms the roof of the mouth. Soft Palate, formed by 5 muscles on each side, viz., the levator palati, tensor palati, palato-glossus, palato-pharyngeus, and the azygos uvulae; —the latter forming with its fellow the Uvula, j a descending muscular projection. % Anterior Pillars of the Fauces p —arch downward and forward to the base of the tongue, and contain the palato-glossi muscles. Posterior Pillars of the Fauces, * —arch downward and backward to the sides of the pharynx, and contain the palato-pharyngei muscles. Isthmus Faucium,—the space bounded by the pillars, the free border of the palate, and the base of the tongue. Tonsils, k—are small, elongated, glandular bodies, situated one on each side of the fauces, between the anterior and posterior pillars. Each has 12 or 15 openings on its surface, leading to follicular depressions within the gland, and lies close to the internal carotid artery. Openings of Steno's Ducts,/—from the parotid glands, are situated internally on the cheeks, opposite the 2d upper molar teeth. Openings of Wharton's Ducts,—from the sub-maxillary glands, at each side of the frenum of the tongue.^ THE TONGUE. 13 Fig. 3. Openings of the Ducts of Rivinus,—8 to 18 on each side, from the sub- lingual glands near the frenum of the tongue, d The longest is the Duct of Bartholine. Where are the Salivary Glands? The Parotid Gland1 lies below and in front of the external ear,—the Sub-maxillary3 and Sub-lingual5 Glands lie in the corresponding fossae on the inner surface of the inferior maxillary bone. Describe the Tongue. The tongue consists of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles, a hyo-glossal and a mucous membrane, a median fibrous septum, vessels and nerves. Its base is attached to the hyoid bone, the epiglottis, the soft palate and the pharynx. Its under surface is attached to the hyoid bone and the inferior maxillary. Its mucous membrane is reflected 14 VISCERAL ANATOMY. over the floor of the mouth to the inner surface of the gums, forming in front a fold, the Frenum. The tongue presents— Filiform Papilla, along its sides, closely packed in rows. Fungiform Papilla, scattered over the anterior two-thirds of its dorsum. Circumvallate Papilla, 7 to 12 in number, in two rows, forming a V at the base of the tongue, meeting at the Foramen Caecum, which contains the central papilla. Follicular Glands, posteriorly to the circumvallate papillae. Racemose Glands, over the dorsum, sides, and under surface. Beneath the tip they form two small oblong masses. Extrinsic Muscles, are the stylo-, hyo-, genio-hyo-, and palato-glossus muscles. Intrinsic Muscles, are the several fibres of the lingualis muscle,— superior, inferior, transverse and perpendicular. Name the Arteries of the Tongue. They are the— Lingual,—branch of the external carotid, with its branches, the— Dorsalis linguae. Sub-lingual. Ranine. Sub-mental,—branch of the facial, anastomoses with the sub-lingual. Ascending Pharyngeal,—branch of external carotid, sends some small branches to the pharynx and tongue. What Nerves are distributed to the Tongue? The— Gustatory Branch of the yth,—to the mucous membrane of the sides and anterior two-thirds of the tongue, endowing it with general sensibility. Chorda Tympani Branch of the 7th,—joins the gustatory, and is distrib- uted to the same region, being the nerve of taste for the anterior two- thirds of the tongue. Lingual Branches of the qth or Glosso-pharyngeal,—to the mucous mem- brane of the base and sides of the tongue, being the nerve of taste for its posterior third. Hypoglossal, or 12th,—to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, being its nerve of motion. Superior Laryngeal Branch of the 10th or Pneumogastric,—sends a few fibres to the base of the tongue from its internal branch. What special Anatomical Features are presented by the Mouth? They are as follows, viz.—the— Hamular Process of the Sphenoid Bone,—may be felt behind the last upper molar tooth; also the Internal Pterygoid Plate, and part of the Pterygoid Fossa. THE PHARYNX. 15 Coronoid Process,—of the lower jaw, its anterior border. Posterior Palatine Artery,—at inner side of the last upper molar, and in front of the hamular process. Gustatory Nerve,—very near the last lower molar. Pterygo-maxillary Ligament,—felt as a fold posteriorly to the last lower molar tooth. THE PHARYNX. Describe the Pharynx. It is a conical, musculo-membranous bag, about inches long, hung base up, from the basilar process of the occipital bone, and extending to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage posteriorly, or the 5th cervical vertebra, where it becomes con- tinuous with the oesophagus.5 It forms the part of the alimentary canal which lies behind the mouth, being incomplete in front. What are its Relations ? It is con- nected with— Posteriorly,—the longus colli and recti capitis antici muscles, and by loose areolar tissue to the first 5 cervical vertebrae. Laterally,—the styloid processes and their muscles, the pterygoid muscles, the inter- nal carotid arteries, the internal jugular vein, the 8th, 9th, and the sympathetic nerves. Near its Apex,—the lobes of the thyroid gland, the common carotid and lingual arteries, the sterno-hyoid muscle, and the lingual nerves. What are its Anterior Attachments ? The internal pterygoid plate, pterygo-max- illary ligament, lower jaw, base of the tongue, cornua of the hyoid bone, stylo- hyoid ligament, thyroid and cricoid carti- lages of the larynx. Fig. 4. 16 VISCERAL ANATOMY. Name the Openings into the Pharynx. They are 7, viz.— Mouth. 2 Posterior Nares. T Larynx. 2 Eustachian Tubes. (Esophagus. Describe its Structure. The pharynx is composed of 3 coats,—a mucous, a muscular and a fibrous, the latter lying between the other two, and sometimes called the Pharyngeal Aponeurosis. The mucous coat is covered with ciliated columnar epithelium above the level of the floor of the nares—below that level by squamous epithelium; and contains simple follicular glands, also compound follicular and racemose glands, the latter being most numerous in its upper part, between the two Eustachian tubes. Name its Muscles, Arteries and Nerves. Its— Muscles, 5,—are the Superior, Middle and Inferior Constrictors, Stylo- pharyngeus, and Palato-pharyngeus. [See Compend of Anatomy, pages 73, 74.] Arteries number 4, as follows,— Superior Thyroid Branches, Ascending Pharyngeal. Pterygo-palatine. Descending Palatine. Branches of the External Carotid. Nerves,—Branches of the Pharyngeal Plexus, which is formed by the pharyngeal branches of the pneumogastric, glosso-pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, and superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic. Branches o'f the Internal Maxillary. Describe the (Esophagus. Itisamusculo-membranoustube,about 9 inches long, extending from the 5th cervical vertebra and the lower border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx, through its opening in the diaphragm, to the cardiac orifice of the stomach, opposite the 9th dorsal vertebra, where it terminates. It lies in the neck, between the trachea and the vertebral column, resting in part on the longus colli muscle; then inclining to the left side it reaches the posterior mediastinum behind the left bronchus. THE (ESOrHAGUS. Describe its Structure. The (Esophagus has three coats, a— Mucous,—in thick longitudinal folds, containing compound racemose glands. Cellular,—forms a loose connection between the other two coats, and con- tains the oesophageal vessels. Muscular,—having longitudinal fibres externally, circular fibres internally, and are continuous with the fibres of the stomach. THE STOMACH. 17 Name its Vessels and Nerves. The oesophageal— Arteries, are chiefly branches from the thoracic aorta. Veins, empty into the vena azygos minor. Nerves, are branches of the pneumogastric and the cervical sympathetic, forming the oesophageal plexus. THE STOMACH. Describe the Stomach. It is the principal organ of digestion, pyri- form in shape, of musculo-membranous structure, about 12 inches long by 4 inches in average diameter, held in position by the lesser omentum, and situated diagonally across the upper abdomen, in the epigastric and right and left hypochondriac regions, above the transverse colon, below the liver and diaphragm. It presents for examination a— Fundus or Splenic End,c—is connected to the spleen by the gastro- splenic omentum. Pylorus or Lesser End,—lies in contact with the anterior wall of the ab- domen, the under surface of the liver, and the neck of the gall-bladder. Fig. 5. Greater Curvature, d—is convex, and is connected to the colon by the gastro-colic omentum. Lesser Curvature, *—is concave, and connected to the liver by the gastro-hepatic omentum, and to the diaphragm by the gastro-phrenic ligament. CEsophageal Orifice, t>—is situated between the fundus and the lesser curvature. Pyloric Orifice—opens into the duodenum, l and is guarded by the circular muscular fibres of the pylorus. 18 VISCERAL ANATOMY. Describe its Structure. The Stomach has 3 coats, a— Mucous Coat,g—lined with columnar non-ciliated epithelium, covered with polygonal Alveoli, of an inch in diameter, containing the orifices of the Gastric Follicles. When the stomach is contracted the mucous membrane lies in longitudinal folds or Rugce,11 one of which forms a sort of valve at the pyloric orifice. Cellular or Sub-mucous Coat,—contains the gastric vessels. Muscular Coat,/—consists of longitudinal, circular and oblique fibres. The Longitudinal are continuous with those of the oesophagus and small intestine, and are the most superficial. The Circular lie deeper, and over the whole organ; they form a sphincter around the pyloric orifice. The Oblique Fibres lie deepest, forming two sets around the oesophageal opening, in continuation of the circular fibres of the oesophagus. Fig. 6. The Serous Investment of the stomach is derived from the peritoneum, and covers the whole external surface, excepting the points where the gastro-splenic, greater and lesser omenta are attached. It is usually, but incorrectly, described as a fourth coat of the stomach. Describe the Gastric Glands. They are of 3 kinds, the— Peptic Follicles,—situated toward the splenic end ; are tubules lined with columirar epithelium in their upper one-fourth, and being filled with nucleated cells in their deepest parts. Mucous Glands,—situated near the pyloric end; are branched or saccu- lated, and lined throughout with columnar epithelium. THE SMALL INTESTINE. 19 Simple Solitary Glands are found scattered along the lesser curvature, and near the pyloric end. Name the Vessels and Nerves of the Stomach. Its— Arteries are the— Gastric,7 Pyloric,9 Right Gastro-epiploic.11 Branches of the Hepatic Artery.8 Left Gastro-epiploic.17 Vasa Brevia.16 Branches of the Splenic Artery.14 Veins, terminate in the splenic and portal veins. Nerves, are terminal branches of the right and left pneumogastrics, and branches of the semilunar ganglia of the sympathetic, forming the gastric plexus. THE SMALL INTESTINE. Describe the Small Intestine. It is a convoluted, tubular, digestive organ, about 20 feet in length, held to the spinal column by the mesenteric portion of the peritoneum, and divided into 3 parts, the— Duodenum,—about 12 fingers (10 inches) long, ascends for two and a half inches to the under surface of the liver and the neck of the gall- bladder,—descends for three and a half inches in front of the right kidney,—and passes transversely for 4 inches to the left, across the spinal column, to the left side of the second lumbar vertebra, where Fig. 7. the superior mesenteric artery crosses its junction with the jejunum. The duodenum has no mesentery, is partially covered with peritoneum, and surrounds the head of the pancreas. Into its descending portion open the ductus communis choledochus/ and the pancreatic duct. Jejunum,—about two-fifths of the rest of the small intestine, its coils lying around the umbilical region. It is named from the fact that it is usually found empty after death. 20 VISCERAL ANATOMY. Ileum,—comprises the remainder of the small intestine; is named from its twisted course, lying below the umbilicus, and terminating in the right iliac fossa, at the ileo-csecal valve, or valve of Bauhin. What Coats has the Small Intestine ? Three, a mucous, a sub- mucous or cellular, and a muscular coat. Its peritoneal investment is sometimes described as a fourth coat, but incorrectly. The— Mucous Membrane,—is covered with columnar non-ciliated epithelium, and thrown into crescentic transverse folds, the Valvulce Conniventes, or valves of Kirkring. It also presents numerous vascular projections or Villi, formed of the basement membrane, epithelium, lacteals, a capillary plexus, granular corpuscles, and longitudinal muscular fibres, and numbering about four millions. Cellular Coat,—contains the vessels of the intestine, and connects the other two coats together. Muscular Coat,—consists of external longitudinal and internal circular fibres, the former being thinly distributed along the bowel. Describe the Glands of the Small Intestine. The mucous mem- brane of the small intestine contains— Crypts of Lieberkiihn,—are simple follicles or minute tubular depressions, found all over the intestine and also in the stomach. Brunner's Glands,—are small conglomerate glands, found only in the duodenum and the first part of the jejunum, being most numerous near the pylorus. Solitary Glands,—are probably lymphatic organs, and are situated throughout the intestine, though most numerous at the lower portion of the ileum. They are agminated into some 20 or 30 oval patches, Beyer's Patches, on the surface opposite to the mesenteric attachments, some of which are as much as 4 inches in length. They are most numei'ous and largest in the ileum, and are most developed during digestion. THE LARGE INTESTINE, Describe the Large Intestine. It is about five feet long, of large calibre, sacculated, consists of the same coats as the small intestine, the mucous being smooth, and without villi, the muscular having its longitudi- nal fibres collected into 3 narrow bands, producing a pouching of the tube. It presents the following parts and points, viz.— Caecum, or Caput Ceecum Colip—a diluted blind pouch behind the entrance of the small intestine.® It is the beginning of the large intestine, lies in the right iliac fossa, and is two-thirds covered by peritoneum. THE LARGE INTESTINE. 21 Appendix Vermiformisp—a blind prolongation about 3 to 6 inches long, narrow and worm-like, directed backward and upward from the lower part of the caecum, being retained by a fold of the peritoneum. lleo-ccecal Valve, or Valve of Bauhin,—guards the entrance of the small intestine, being formed by two crescentic folds of the mucous and cellular coats and circular muscular fibres, each covered with villi on the side toward the ileum, but smooth on the caecal side. Ascending Colon,—extends upward to the under surface of the liver, where it forms th”e Hepatic Flexure. Fig. 8. Transverse Colon,d—crosses the abdominal cavity just below the liver, gall-bladder, stomach and spleen, to the left hypochondrium, where it terminates in the Splenic Flexure. Descending Colon/—passes downward in front of the left kidney to the left iliac fossa, where it forms the— Sigmoid Flexure of the Colon,/—curved like an f first upward, then downward, extending from the crest of the left ileum to the left sacro- iliac synchondrosis. Rectum,^—from the last-named point to the anus; is 6 to 8 inches long, not sacculated, and, though not straight, is straighter than the rest of the 22 VISCERAL ANATOMY. gut. It curves laterally to the middle of the sacrum, and backward about an inch above its termination at the Anusp where it is distended into a pouch. This lower inch has no peritoneal investment. Appendices Epiploicce,—are small pouches of peritoneum containing fat, and found along the colon and part of the rectum. They are due to the incompleteness of the investment of the gut by peritoneum. Sphincters of the rectum are 3,—the sphincter ani, internal sphincter and sphincter tertius of Hyrtl. (See Anatomy, pages 83, 84.) Folds of Houston,—three semilunar transverse folds, one in the upper part of the rectum on the right side, another about the middle on the left side, the third in front, opposite the base of the bladder. What Glands are found in the Large Intestine ? The Follicles of Lieberkuhn are more numerous here than elsewhere, also a few Solitary Glands and Peyer's Patches in its upper portion. The glands of Brunner are absent, the villi and valvulse conniventes are almost wanting. State the Principal Relations of each of the three parts of the Rectum. They are as follows, viz.— 1st or Upper Part (4 inches),—lies on the left pyriformis muscle and the left sacral plexus; and to its left lie the left ureter and branches of the left internal iliac artery. 2d or Middle Part (3 inches),—in the male subject it lies just behind the trigonum vesicae and the vesiculae seminales, and close below the under surface of the prostate gland. In the female it is adherent to the centre portion of the posterior wall of the vagina. jd or Lower Part (1 inch),—is surrounded by the 3 sphincters and the levator ani muscle, and is separated by the perineum from the mem- branous portion and bulb of the urethra in the male, from the vagina in the female. THE LIVER. Describe the Liver, It-is the largest gland in the body, weighing from 3 to 4 pounds, measuring transversely about 12 inches, antero-poste- riorly 6 inches, in greatest thickness 3 inches. It is situated in the right hypochondriac, epigastric and part of the left hypochondriac regions; has 5 fissures, 5 lobes, 5 ligaments, and 5 sets of vessels, and is invested by peritoneum, except for a small space at the attachment of the coronary ligament. It is also surrounded by a fibrous coat which is continuous at the transverse fissure with the capsule of Glisson. Its— Upper Surface,—is convex, in relation with the under surface of the diaphragm and 6 or 7 lower ribs, and is divided into two lobes by the suspensory or broad ligament. 23 Under Surface (Fig. 9),—is concave, covers the stomach, duodenum, hepatic flexure of colon, right kidney and supra-renal capsule, and is divided into 5 lobes by 5 fissures. Anterior Border, c—sharp and notched opposite the fundus of the gall- bladder and the round and falciform ligaments. It corresponds to the lower border of the ribs and costal cartilages, descending a little lower during deep inspiration and in the upright posture. Posterior Border,d—rounded, and deeply grooved (sometimes chan- neled) for the inferior vena cava.«« THE LIVER. Describe the 5 Ligaments of the Liver. Four are folds of perito- neum ; one, the round ligament, is the obliterated umbilical vein and ductus venosus of the foetus. The— Fig. 9. Suspensory or Falciform Ligament, j—called also the Broad and the Longitudinal ligament,—is a sickle-shaped double fold reflected over the round ligament, and is attached to the sheath of the right rectus muscle as low as the umbilicus, and to the diaphragm. Coronary Ligament,ff—is a double fold, containing firm areolar tissue in its interspace, and extending from the posterior border of the liver to the diaphragm. Lateral Ligaments, 2,—are the triangular extremities of the coronary ligament. Pound Ligament,1 —ascends in the free margin of the suspensory liga- ment from the umbilicus to the longitudinal fissure, in which it is continued to the vena cava. 24 VISCERAL ANATOMY. Describe the 5 Hepatic Fissures. They are all situated on its under surface, and separate the 5 lobes, one from another. They are the— Longitudinal Fissure ;h—its anterior two-thirds, in front of the trans- verse fissure, is called the Umbilical Fissure, from containing the umbilical vein; its posterior one-third is the Fissure of the Ductus Venosus. Transverse Fissure, o—about 2 inches long, running from the longitu- dinal toward the right; and transmits the portal vein, hepatic artery, bile-duct, lymphatics and nerves, surrounded by the Capsule of Glisson. Fissure of the Gall-bladder, »—on the right of the longitudinal fissure, and nearly parallel with it, extending from the anterior border, back- ward to near the right end of the transverse fissure. Fissure for the Vena Cava,—extends inward from the posterior border, where it joins the fissure for the ductus venosus; and gives exit to the hepatic veins which here join the vena cava. This fissure is occa- sionally a complete foramen. Describe the 5 Hepatic Lobes. Three are mere lobules, formed from the right lobe by the smaller fissures. The— Right Lobe, *—is much the largest, and presents the three small fissures and two depressions, one anteriorly for the colon, the other posteri- orly for the kidney. Left Lobe, l—is divided from the right by the longitudinal fissure, and rests upon the stomach. Lobulus Quadratus, —in front of the transverse fissure, and between the umbilical fissure and that for the gall-bladder. Lobulus Spigelii, y—behind the transverse fissure, and between the fissure for the ductus venosus and that for the vena cava. Lobulus Caudatus, 2—a connecting ridge from the lobulus Spigelii to the right lobe; it separates the transverse fissure from the fissure for the vena cava, and forms the roof of the foramen of Winslow. Describe the 5 Hepatic Vessels. They are the — portal vein,-? hepatic artery,? hepatic duct,/and lymphatics, situated in the transverse fissure, and surrounded by the capsule of Glisson,—the hepatic veins in the fissure for the vena cava. The— Portal Vein,s—formed by the superior and inferior mesenteric, splenic and gastric veins (all the main veins of the abdomen except the renal); is about 4 inches long. It enters the transverse fissure of the liver, where it divides into two branches, and these again divide and subdivide to ramify throughout the gland. Its branches are named the— THE LIVER. 25 Right Portal. Left Portal, Vaginal Branches. Inter-lobular Veins.1 Lobular Veins.3 Intra-lobular Veins.4 Lobular Plexus. (Fig. io.) Hepatic Veins,—are the continuations of the intra-lobular, beginning as the Sub-lobular Veins beneath each lobule, and entering the inferior vena cava in the fissure for that vessel. Hepatic Artery, q—the nutrient vessel of the liver; arises from the cceliac axis, enters the transverse fissure, and divides into branches which supply the cellular tissue, the walls of the vessels, and the investing membranes of the liver, also forming a plexus in each lobule which anastomoses with the terminal branches of the portal vein. Fig. io. Hepatic Duct,—about iy£ inch long; is formed in the transverse fissure by the union of the two main biliary ducts, from the right and left lobes. It joins the cystic duct from the gall-bladder to form the ductus communis choledochus. Lyrnphatics,—accompany the blood vessels in two sets, a superficial and a deep one. What Nerves supply the Liver? Branches of the Hepatic Plexus, which is formed by branches derived from the left pneumogastric, right phrenic and solar plexus. 26 VISCERAL ANATOMY. Describe the Structure of the Liver. The substance of the liver is composed of numerous Lobules,1 of polygonal shape, and about of an inch in diameter, clustered around the sub-lobular branches of the hepatic veins, and connected together by connective tissue,3 blood vessels, ducts,2 and lymphatics. Each lobule consists of— Hepatic Cells,—each about the of an inch in diameter, having a nucleus and nucleolus, yellow coloring matter, glycogen granules, and oil globules. Lobular Veins,3—forming a plexus in the lobule. (See Fig. io.) Lntra-lobular Vein,4—in the centre of each lobule. Plexuses,—of lymphatics, nerves, and bile-ducts. Fig. ii What is the Capsule of Glisson ? The areolar tissue which sur- rounds the hepatic vessels in the transverse fissure, and accompanies them in their course throughout the substance of the liver. It is continuous with the fibrous covering of the organ. How may the Portal Veins be distinguished from the Hepatic, on section of the Liver ? The portal veins remain closed, being sur- rounded by the capsule of Glisson. The hepatic veins gape open, being adherent to the liver substance. Describe the Gall-bladder. It is a pear-shaped bag, 3 to 4 inches long, an inch in greatest diameter, holding from 8 to 12 fluid drachms, invested by peritoneum on its under surface and fundus, formed of a fibro- muscular and lined by a mucous coat, lying in a fissure on the under THE PANCREAS. 27 surface of the liver, close to its anterior border, and directed obliquely downward, forward, and to the right. Its— Fundus,—touches the abdominal wall on a level with the tip of the 10th costal cartilage. Neck,—coils twice upon itself, and empties into the Cystic Duct, which is about an inch long and joins with the hepatic duct to form the ductus communis choledochus. What is the Ductus Communis Choledochus ? A fibro-muscular tube, covered by peritoneum and lined with mucous membrane, about 3 inches in length, formed by the junction of the Cystic and Hepatic ducts, emptying its contents (bile) into the descending part of the duodenum at a point about 3 inches from the pyloric orifice of the stomach, generally in common with the duct of the pancreas. The three ducts above named are often called the Biliary Ducts. THE PANCREAS Describe the Pancreas. The Pancreas is a racemose gland, about 7 inches long, of a grayish-white color, and situated behind the stomach and in front of the first lumbar vertebra. Its structure resembles that of the salivary glands, being composed of reddish-yellow lobules, united by cellular tissue, vessels and ducts, and ending in closed pouches surrounded by a capillary plexus. The— Pancreatic Duct, or Duct of Wirsung,5—extends the whole length of the gland, and opens into the duodenum about 3 inches below the pylorus, by an orifice common to it and the ductus communis chole- dochus. Fig. i2. Head, or Right Extremity,1 is surrounded by the curve of the duode- num, the ductus communis choledochus and the pancreatico-duodenal arteries. Tail, or Left Extremity,4—lies above the left kidney and in contact with the lower end of the spleen. Body3—is in relation anteriorly with the ascending layer of the trans- verse meso-colon, the posterior wall of the stomach and the transverse 28 colon; posteriorly with the aorta, portal vein, inferior vena cava, splenic vein, origin of the superior mesenteric artery, crura of the diaphragm, left kidney and supra-renal capsule, and the left quadratus lumborum muscle VISCERAL ANATOMY. Arteries,—are the Pancreatica Magna and Pancreaticoe Parvoe, brs. of the splenic; the Pancreatico-duodenalis, br. of the hepatic; and the Inferior Pancreatico-duodenalis, br. of the superior mesenteric. Veins,—open into the splenic and mesenteric veins. Nerves,—from the solar plexus, forming a Splenic Plexus. What is the Lesser Pancreas ? A lobe of the head of the pancreas; sometimes detached therefrom, in which case it opens by a duct into the duodenum about an inch above the orifice of the pancreatic duct. Name the so-called Ductless Glands. They are the Spleen, Supra- renal Capsules, Thyroid and Thymus Glands. The first two are in the abdominal cavity, the thyroid gland is in the front of the trachea, and the thymus gland is in the anterior mediastinum of the thorax. These organs have no excretory ducts, and their functions are unknown. THE DUCTLESS GLANDS. THE SPLEEN. Describe the Spleen. The Spleen is a soft, spongy and very vascular organ, about 5 inches by 3 by 2, from 6 to 10 ounces in weight, and situated deeply in the left hypochondrium, embracing the cardiac end of the stomach, to which it is connected by the gastro-splenic omentum. Its— Outer Surface,—is convex, corresponds to the 9th, 10th and nth ribs, and is in relation with the inferior surface of the diaphragm. Inner Surface,—is concave, and embraces the cardiac or splenic end of the stomach. Borders,—the anterior is thin and often notched; the posterior is thick and lies on the left kidney. Suspensory Ligament,—attaches the upper extrem- ity to the diaphragm, and is a fold of peritoneum. Hilu?n,—a vertical fissure about the middle of the concave surface. It is pierced by the vessels, lymphatics and nerves. Serous, or Peritoneal Coat,—covers the whole organ, except at the attachments of the suspen- sory ligament and the gastro-splenic omentum. Fig. 13. THE THYROID GLAND. 29 Fibro-elastic Coat, or Tunica Propria,—is reflected at the hilum upon the vessels, and gives off numerous bands (trabecula), which bound the lacunar spaces (areola) of the organ. Malpighian Corpuscles,—are lymphoid sphenoidal expansions of the outer coat of the small arteries, and average in diameter about the of an inch. They are attached to the arterioles of the organ in groups of 6 or 8, and are usually pierced by an artery. Their reticulum is slender and open, densely filled with lymphoid corpuscles, and well supplied with capillaries. They have no capsule. Splenic Substance or Pulp,—a soft, pulpy, brown-red mass, surrounding the Malpighian corpuscles, and contained in the areolae. It consists of a delicate network of connective-tissue corpuscles, containing pigment- granules (disintegrated blood-corpuscles), granular albuminous matter, nucleated and non-nucleated cells, and free nuclei, also red blood- corpuscles in every stage of metamorphosis. These are denominated the colored and colorless elements. Splenic Artery,—is large and tortuous, and divides at the hilum into 5 or 6 branches, each supplying a segment of the organ, and terminating either directly in the venous radicles, or in the lacunar spaces. Splenic Vein,—arises by radicles partly from the capillaries, partly from the lacunar spaces, and empties into the portal vein. Nerves,—are derived from the semi-lunar ganglion of the solar plexus and the right pneumogastric, forming the Splenic Plexus, THE THYROID GLAND. Describe the Thyroid Gland. It is a bi-lobed organ, about 3 inches in length, situated on the sides of the upper 2 or 3 rings of the trachea, and consisting of minute closed vesicles containing a yellow-colored fluid, surrounded by a dense plexus of capillaries, and connected together by areolar tissue. Its— Isthmus,—connects the lower third of each lobe together, passing in front of the trachea. It is occasionally absent. Pyramid,—is a third lobe, which sometimes arises from the left lobe, or from the left upper border of the isthmus. Levator Glandulce Thyroidece,—are muscular bands occasionally found extending from the body of the hyoid bone to the isthmus of the gland or its pyramid. Name the Arteries of the Thyroid Gland. They are very large, anastomose freely, and are the— 30 VISCERAL ANATOMY. Superior Thyroid,—br. of the external carotid, arising therefrom below the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and giving off the following branches, viz.— Muscular. Glandular. Hyoid. Superficial Descending. Superior Laryngeal. Crico-thyroid. Middle Thyroid, Artery of Neibauhr, or Arteria Thyroidea Ima,—is occasionally found arising from the innominate artery or directly from the arch of the aorta, and passing upward along the front of the trachea. Inferior Thyroid, br. of thyroid axis, gives off— Laryngeal Branch. Tracheal Branches. CEsophageal Branches. Ascending Cervical. What are the Veins and Nerves of the Thyroid Gland ? The Veins form a plexus in front of the gland and the trachea, giving rise to the— Superior Thyroid Vein. Middle Thyroid Vein. ► open into the Internal Jugular. Inferior Thyroid Vein, opens into the Innominate. Nerves—are branches of the pneumogastric, and of the middle and inferior ganglia of the sympathetic. THE THYMUS GLAND. What is the Thymus Gland ? It is a temporary organ, attaining its full size about the age of 2 years, then being about 2 inches long, 11/2 inch broad, 3 lines thick, and weighing about half an ounce. It subsequently atrophies, and has almost disappeared at puberty. It is situated in the anterior mediastinum and the neck, behind the sternum and the sterno- hyoid and sterno-thyroid muscles, extending from the level of the 4th costal cartilage to the lower border of the thyroid gland. In the mediastinum it rests upon the pericardium, and is separated by the thoracic fascia from the arch of the aorta and the great vessels. Describe its Structure. The Thymus Gland consists of two lateral lobes (sometimes a third), together forming a pyramidal mass. It is sur- rounded by a fibrous capsule and is divided by Trabecula into primary and secondary lobules, which consist of meshes of delicate retiform tissue closely packed with lymph-corpuscles, and pervaded with capillaries. The so-called Central Cavity and Primitive Linear Tube are deceptive appear- ances of the multiplying cells in the interior of the gland. THE SUPRA-RENAL CAPSULES. 31 Name its Vessels and Nerves. The— Arteries,—are derived from the internal mammary, superior and inferior thyroid, subclavian and carotid. They ramify on the surface of each lobule, having smaller twigs converging toward the centre. Veins,—open into the left innominate and the thyroid. Lymphatics,—consist of intralobular and interlobular plexuses, and open into the anterior mediastinal glands. Nerves,—are very minute and derived from the pneumogastric and the sympathetic. THE SUPRA-RENAL CAPSULES. What are the Supra-Renal Capsules ? They are two small, cres- centic-shaped bodies, situated one on each kidney. Each presents a small fissure or Hilurn anteriorly, from which its vein emerges, and consists of a— Fibrous Capsule,—which is very thin, closely adherent, and sends numerous septa inward. Cortical Substance,—composed of columnar and rounded cells, held together in layers by a fibrous stroma. Medullary Substance,—is darker than the cortical portion, and pulpy. Consists of cells in groups, supported by a delicate stroma, and be- lieved by some anatomists to be prolonged into nerve fibres. What are their Relations ? Their bases rest on the upper front parts of the kidneys, their posterior surfaces on the crura of the diaphragm, about the level of the loth dorsal vertebra. The— Anterior Surface,—of the right capsule is covered by the liver; that of the left one by the spleen and pancreas. Superior Surface,—of each is in relation internally with the great splanchnic nerve and semilunar ganglion. Name their Vessels and Nerves. The Lymphatics of these bodies open into the lumbar glands, but are very imperfectly known. Their— Arteries,—are the Supra-renal Branches of the aorta, renal and inferior phrenic arteries, forming a dense capillary plexus in the cortical portion. Veins,—of each open into a single trunk, the Supra-renal Vein, which, on the right side of the body, empties into the inferior vena cava, on the left side into the left renal vein. Nerves,—are chiefly derived from the solar and renal plexuses, with some filaments from the phrenic and pneumogastric nerves, forming a complicated network in the medullary substance of the organ. 32 VISCERAL ANATOMY. What is the Abdomen ? An oval cavity, situated between the thorax above and the pelvis below, invested by peritoneum internally, and containing the— THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Stomach. Intestines. Liver. Gall-bladder. Spleen. Pancreas. Kidneys and Ureters. Supra-renal Capsules. Bladder (when distended). Uterus (during pregnancy). Abdominal Aorta. Inferior Vena Cava. Receptaculu??i Chyli. Thoracic Duct. Solar Plexus, etc. Name the Boundaries of the Abdomen. Above, it is bounded by the diaphragm;—below, by the brim of the pelvis;—posteriorly, by the vertebral column, and the fasciae covering the psoae and quadrati lumborum muscles;—anteriorly and laterally, by the transversalis fascia, the lower ribs, and the venter of the ilium. What Openings are found in its Walls ? They are the— Opening for the Vena Cava,—in the diaphragm. Aortic Opening,—behind the diaphragm, for the aorta, vena azygos minor, the thoracic duct, and occasionally the left sympathetic nerve. CEsophageal Opening,—in the diaphragm, for the oesophagus and the pneumogastric nerves. Umbilicus,—in the anterior wall, transmitting the umbilical vessels in the foetus, but obliterated after birth. Internal Abdominal Ring,—on each side, half an inch above Poupart’s ligament; for the passage of the spermatic cord in the male, and the round ligament in the female. Femoral or Crural Ring,—on each side, just below Poupart’s ligament; for the passage of the femoral vessels. This opening is closed by the septum crurale. (See Femoral Hernia.) Name the Regions of the Abdomen. The Abdomen is divided into 9 regions, by two horizontal lines,—one between the cartilages of the 9th ribs, another between the crests of the ilia,—and 2 vertical lines from the cartilages of the 8th ribs to the centre of Poupart’s ligament. The 9 regions thus formed are named the— Right Hypochondriac. Right Lumbar. Right Inguinal. Epigastric. Umbilical. Hypogastric. Left Hypochondriac. Left Lumbar. Left Lnguinal. Right Hypochondriac Region,—contains the right lobe of the liver, gall- What Parts are contained in each Region ? THE PERITONEUM. 33 bladder, duodenum, hepatic flexure of the colon, upper part of the right kidney, and the right supra-renal capsule, Epigastric Region,—contains the right two-thirds of the stomach, left lobe and lobus Spigelii of the liver, hepatic vessels, cceliac axis, solar plexus, pancreas, and parts of the aorta, inferior vena cava, vena azygos, and thoracic duct. Left Hypochondriac Region,—contains the splenic end of the stomach, spleen, tail of the pancreas, splenic flexure of the colon, upper half of the left kidney and its supra-renal capsule. Right Lumbar Region,—contains the ascending colon, lower half of the right kidney, and part of the small intestines. Umbilical,—contains the transverse colon, transverse duodenum, part of the great omentum and mesentery, and part of the small intestines. Left Lumbar Region,—contains the descending colon, lower half of the left kidney, and part of the small intestines. Right Inguinal Region,—contains the right ureter, caecum, appendix vermiformis, and the spermatic vessels of that side. Hypogastric Region,—contains part of the small intestines, the bladder in children and when distended in adults, and the uterus during pregnancy. Left Inguinal Region,—contains the left ureter and spermatic vessels, and the sigmoid flexure of the colon. THE PERITONEUM. What is the Peritoneum ? A serous membrane, forming a closed sac, its parietal layer lining the walls of the abdomen and pelvis, its visceral layer being reflected more or less completely over all the abdom- inal and pelvic viscera. Its free surface is covered with squamous epithe- lium, and is smooth, moist, and shining. Its attached surface is connected to the viscera and the parietes by the sub-peritoneal areolar tissue. Is the Peritoneum always a closed sac ? No! In the female it is continuous with the mucous lining of the Fallopian tubes, which at their free extremities open into its cavity. Name the Divisions of the Peritoneum. The— Greater Sac,—extends over the anterior two-thirds of the liver, behind and above the stomach, below, behind, and in front of the great omen- tum, and below the meso-colon. Lesser Sac, or Cavity of the Great Omentum,—extends behind and below the liver and stomach, above the meso-colon, and within the great omentum. 34 VISCERAL ANATOMY. What is the Foramen of Winslow ? A constriction of the peritoneal cavity connecting the two sacs, situated behind the right free border of the gastro-hepatic or lesser omentum, and formed by the gastric and hepatic arteries as they curve around to the coeliac axis. Its boundaries are as follows, viz.— Anteriorly,—the lesser omentum, containing the duodenum, hepatic artery, portal vein, and ductus communis choledochus. Posteriorly,—the inferior vena cava, and the right crus of the diaphragm. Superiorly,—the lobus caudatus of the liver. Inferiorly,—the hepatic artery. What passes through the Foramen of Winslow ? Nothing. What are the Omenta or Epiploa ? They are folds of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other organs, and are 3 in number, namely, the— 2 between which pass the filaments of the cochlear nerve.10 From its free edge the structures composing the mem- branous cochlea pass to their attachment on the opposite wall of the cavity. Spiral Canal,—is the space between the modiolus and the outer wall of the cochlea. It makes 2]/2 turns,—from left to right in the right ear, from right to left in the left ear; and terminates in the Cupola, a cul- de-sac at the apex of the cochlea. It is divided, by the osseous lamina spiralis and the membranous cochlea, into 2 Scalse,—the Scala Vestibuli6 and the Scala Tympani.7 [Fig. 37.] [A third scala is described by many authorities, the Scala Media,8 including the space occupied by the membranous cochlea. See page 95.] Fig. 35. Describe the Scala Vestibuli. It is the portion of the spiral canal lying above the lamina spiralis and the membranous cochlea ; communi- cates with the vestibule below, and with the scala tympani above, at the Ilelicotrema. It is filled with perilymph. VISCERAL ANATOMY. What is the Scala Tympani ? It is the portion of the spiral canal lying below the lamina spiralis and the membranous cochlea, communi- cates with the aqueductus cochlea (see below), and with the scala vesti- buli at the Helicotrema. It terminates inferiorly at the fenestra rotunda, and is filled with perilymph. What is meant by the Helicotrema ? It is a space at the apex of the cochlea, formed by the deficiency of the lamina spiralis in the last half turn of the same. In this space the two scalse are believed to open, thereby communicating with each other. What is the Aqueductus Cochleae ? A small canal which begins by a small orifice in the lower wall of the scala tympani, and runs in the inner wall of the jugular fossa, ending at the edge between the inferior and inner surfaces of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It trans- mits a vein from the cochlea to the jugular vein. What Parts are comprised in the Membranous Labyrinth? It consists of two membranous sacs, the Utricule 1 and Saccule, 2 which lie in the vestibule, together with the Mem- branous Semicircular Canals,6 and the Membranous Cochlea.3'5 The utricle and saccule communicate with each other indirectly by a small canal con- tained in the aqueductus vestibuli. The saccule communicates with the mem- branous cochlea by the Canalis Re- uniens,* and the membranous semicir- cular canals open into the utricle; so that the membranous labyrinth pre- sents an uninterrupted channel for the endolymph which it contains. Fig. 36. What is the Utricle ? It is a flattened, elliptical membranous sac, fastened to the inner wall of the vestibule in the fovea semi-elliptica. It is filled with endolymph, nearly surrounded by perilymph, and commu- nicates with the saccule through the small tube in the aqueductus vestibuli. The membranous semicircular canals open into it by 5 orifices. The wall of the utricle has attached to it the— Otoliths, or Ear-stones,—a powder, consisting of crystals of carbonate of calcium, to inch in diameter, held together by a mucoid substance. Macula Acoustica,—See next page, under Saccule. Describe the Membranous Semicircular Canals. They are 3 canals, having the same shape as the osseous ones in which they are con- THE EAR. 95 tained, being fastened thereto by their convex curves, and elsewhere surrounded by perilymph, except at the ampullae, where they fill the osseous canals. They open into the utricle by 5 orifices. What is the Saccule ? It is a flask-shaped, membranous sac, about inch in diameter, attached at one point to the utricle, and also to the fovea hemispherica of the vestibule, being elsewhere surrounded by peri- lymph, and containing endolymph. It communicates with the utricle through the small canal in the aqueductus vestibuli, and also with the membranous cochlea by its neck, the— Canalis Retmiens,-—about yb inch long and inch in diameter, is V-shaped, its arms opening respectively into the saccule and the vestibular end of the membranous cochlea. Macula Acoustica,—is a dense, circular point, inch in diameter, on the wall of both the utricle and the saccule, formed by a thickening of the connective tissue where the fibres of the vestibular nerve enter it. Describe the Membranous Cochlea. This portion of the membra- nous labyrinth, also called the Ductus Cochlearis, commences in the lower end of the cochlea and ends at its summit in a closed extremity. It is attached on one side to the lamina spiralis, on the other side to the outer Fig. 37. wall of the osseous cochlea. It is formed by the Membrana Basilaris 3 below, the Membrane of on one side, and the periosteum of the cochlear wall on the outer side, its cross-section being of a triangular form. It is filled with endolymph, and contains the Organ of Corti 9 covered by the Membrana Tectoria.lx The— Limbus Lamince Spiralis,—is the soft structure on the edge of the lamina spiralis, and lies in the membranous cochlea. It has two lips, —an upper, or Labium Vestibulare, a lower, or Labium Tympani- cum, with a furrow between them, called the Sulcus Spiralis Internus. 96 Membrane of Reissner,*—extends from the edge of the lamina spiralis to the outer cochlear wall, forming the vestibular wall of the membra- nous cochlea. Its outer insertion is the Angulus Vestibularis. Membrana Basilaris,3—is the tympanic wall of the membranous cochlea, extending from the labium tympanicum of the lamina spiralis to the outer cochlear wall, where its insertion is called the Liga- mentum Spirale, 5 or Muscle of Todd and Bowman. On it rests the Organ of Cor tip—covered by the— Membrana Tectoria,11—extends parallel to the membrana basilaris from the labium vestibulare to the outer cochlear wall, where, accord- ing to some authorities, it is inserted, according to others it is free and rests directly on the organ of Corti, perhaps to act as a damper to its vibrations. VISCERAL ANATOMY. Describe the Organ of Corti. It is a peculiar arrangement of carti- laginous rods and epithelial hair cells, which is supposed to constitute the organ of hearing. It lies on the membrana basilaris and is covered by the membrana tectoria. The— Rods of Corti,—are arranged in two rows, resting, by their pedestals, on the membrana basilaris, and uniting with each other by their heads, so as to form an arched tunnel all along the membrane. Number of rods in inner row about 6000, in outer row 4500. Average diameter of the rods, from 2gggg to ggggg inch. Fig. 38. Head plates,—are attached to the heads of the inner rods, for the recep- tion of the rods of the opposite row. Lamina Reticularis—a perforated delicate membrane, which extends from the articulations of the rods outward to the external wall of the cochlea. Auditory Cells,'1—are epithelial structures cov- ering the inner surfaces of the walls and the floor of the membranous cochlea. Those which cover the inner rods by a single row number about 3300, are nucleated, covered with tufts of cilia, and called the Inner Hair- Fig. 39. THE EAR. 97 cells. On the outer rods are 3 or 4 rows of similar cells, numbering about 18,000, and named the Outer Hair-cells. Rings and Phalanges,1—are very minute structures which connect the cilise of the hair cells together, and form the lamina reticularis. (See p. 96.*) Describe the Origin, Course and Distribution of the Auditory Nerve. The 8th Cranial Nerve, or Portia Mollis of the 7th pair, arises by two roots from the medulla oblongata, one from the floor of the 4th ventricle, the other from a nucleus in the processus e cerebello ad medul- lam. It winds around the restiform body, from which it receives fibres, and emerges at the lower border of the pons, in company with the facial nerve. The two nerves pass into the internal auditory canal, at the bot- tom of which the auditory nerve divides into two branches, the vestibular and cochlear nerves. The— Vestibular Nerve,—has a ganglionic swelling on it in the internal audi- tory canal, and then divides into 3 branches, which pass through the maculae cribosse, and are distributed to the utricle, saccule, and the ampullae of the semicircular canals. Cochlear Nerve,—gives off a small branch to the wall between the utricle and saccule, and then divides into numerous filaments which pass through the small canals into the modiolus, to form a plexus between the two plates of the lamina spiralis, from which filaments pass through the lower edge of the lamina to terminate in the spindle- shaped cells of the organ of Corti. Intumescentia Ganglioniformis Scarpa,—is the ganglionic swelling on the vestibular nerve in the internal auditory canal. Ganglion Spirale,—is a ganglion found on each filament of the cochlear nerve, just as it enters between the plates of the lamina spiralis. What Arteries Supply the Labyrinth ? The— Internal Auditory Artery,—br. of the basilar (from the vertebral), which accompanies the auditory nerve into the internal auditory canal, where it divides into vestibular and cochlear branches. Stylo-mastoid Artery,—br. of the posterior auricular (from the external carotid), sends some small branches to the internal ear. Describe the Internal Auditory Canal. It begins by a large orifice on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and runs outward for inch, to end in a blind fossa, the floor of which is marked by 4 depressions, which are perforated by fine foramina, for the passage of the filaments of the auditory nerve to the labyrinth. One of these depressions is the— 98 VISCERAL ANATOMY. Tractus Spiralis Forminosus,—a spiral-shaped depression containing a number of the above foramina, situated opposite the base of the cochlea. Macules Cribosce (See page 92),—are the other 3 depressions. What is a Hernia ? A protrusion of any viscus from its natural cavity. The term, when unqualified as to the viscus, is understood to mean a pro- trusion of the intestines or mesentery, or both, from the abdominal cavity. Name the Herniae of most importance anatomically. Oblique Inguinal Hernia,—in which the protrusion follows the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal; passing to the outer side of the epigas- tric artery, and through both the internal and external abdominal rings. Direct Inguinal Hernia,—occurs at Hesselbach’s triangle, escaping to the inner side of the epigastric artery, and through the external abdominal ring. Femoral Hernia,—in which the protrusion descends through the femoral or crural canal. HERNIA. INGUINAL HERNIA. Where is the Inguinal Canal ? It is a passage in the abdominal wall, parallel to Poupart’s ligament/ and just above it. It commences at the internal abdominal ring and ends at the external abdominal ring, being about inch in length. It serves for the passage of the spermatic cord in the male, and the round ligament of the uterus in the female; and is directed downward and inward. The— Internal Abdominal Ring,—is an oval opening in the transversalis fascia, formed by the prolongation of this fascia around the cord, as the infundibuliform fascia. It lies Yz inch above Poupart’s ligament and midway between the anterior superior spine of the ilium and the spine of the pubes. It is bounded above and externally by the arched fibres of the transversalis muscle ; below and internally by the epi- gastric vessels. Fig, 40. INGUINAL HERNIA. 99 External Abdominal Ringy—is a triangular opening in the aponeu- rosis of the external oblique muscle,« situated just above and external to the crest of the pubes. It is about 1 inch long, and inch wide, and is bounded laterally by its own margins, called ihzlnternal f and Externals Pillars of the ring. From these margins is given off the Intercolumnar Fascia, around the cord and testis. What are the Boundaries of the Inguinal Canal ? Anteriorly,—the Skin, Superficial fascia, External oblique muscle, and the Internal oblique for its outer one-third. Posteriorly,—the Conjoined tendon, Transversalis fascia, Triangular liga- ment, Sub-peritoneal tissue, and Peritoneum. Above,—the arched fibres of the Internal oblique and Transversalis muscle. Below,—Poupart’s ligament, and the Transversalis fascia. What is Poupart’s Ligament 1b The Crural Arch or Poupart’s Ligament is that portion of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle which extends from the anterior superior spine of the ilium c to the spine of the pubes, d Its lower portion forms the external pillar of the external abdominal r\x\g,s and its reflection along the pectineal line is called Gimbernat's Ligament. Other fibres, reflected behind the internal pillar of the ring, upward to the linea alba, are termed the Triangular Liga- ment. What is the Relation of the Epigastric Artery to the Internal Abdominal Ring ? The Epigastric artery lies between the transversalis fascia and the peritoneum, passing obliquely upward and inward along the lower and inner margins of the internal ring. What is the Cremasteric Fascia ? It consists of a series of muscu- lar loops, united by areolar tissue, and forming a thin covering over the spermatic cord. The muscular fibres (Cremaster muscle) are supposed to have been originally part of the Internal oblique muscle, but carried down by the testicle in its descent to the scrotum. It does not exist in the female. Name the Coverings of Inguinal Hernia. In the oblique form of Inguinal Hernia the coverings are— 1. Skin. 2. Superficial Fascia,—2 layers. 3. Intercolumnar Fascia,—from the external abdominal ring. 4. Cremasteric Fascia,—from the inguinal canal. 5. Infundibuliform Process of the transversalis fascia,—from the internal abdominal ring. 6. Peritoneum,—the proper hernial sac. 100 VISCERAL ANATOMY. In the direct form of Inguinal Hernia, the coverings are precisely the same, except that the Conjoined Tendon is substituted for the Cremasteric fascia, and the Transversalis Fascia for its Infundibuliform process. A 7th covering is sometimes enumerated, viz.: The sub-serous areolar tis- sue, which would come before the peritoneum in the above list. It is not sufficiently dense to make an appreciable covering FEMORAL HERNIA. Where and What is the Femoral Canal ? The Femoral or Crural Canal lies beneath Poupart’s ligament, close to the inner side of the femoral vein; and extends from the Femoral Ring to the Saphenous Opening in the fascia lata of the thigh. It is a narrow interval between the femoral vein and the inner wall of the Crural Sheath or sheath of the vessels. The canal is to inch in length; is closed above by the Septum Crurale, below by the Cribriform Fascia; and contains only some loose areolar tissue and a few lymphatic vessels. The— Femoral or Crural Ring,—is an oval-shaped opening, about ]/2 inch diameter (larger in the female), situated below the internal abdominal ring and Poupart’s ligament, and between the inner side of the femoral vein and the margin of Gimbernat’s ligament. It is closed by the Septum Crurale and a small lymphatic gland. Saphenous Opening,—(k, Fig. 40) is an oval shaped structure, 1 ]/2 inch long, y2 inch wide, situated below the inner third of Poupart’s liga- ment, and formed by a reflection inward of the fascia lata around the end of the internal saphenous vein. The outer margin curves over to the spine of the pubes, and is named the Falciform Process (/, Fig. 40), or Ligament of Burns, its pubic end being often called the Ligament of Hey. The inner margin curves upward behind the saphenous vein and under the outer margin, and is blended with the pubic portion of the fascia lata over the pectineus muscle. The opening is covered by the Cribriform Fascia. What are the Boundaries of the Femoral Canal ? Anteriorly,—Poupart’s ligament, Transversalis fascia, and the Falciform process of the fascia lata. Posteriorly,—Iliac fascia, and Pubic portion of the fascia lata. Externally,—the Septum covering the femoral vein. Internally,—Transversalis fascia, Iliac fascia, Gimbernat’s ligament, and the deep Crural arch. THE PERINEUM. 101 Name the Structures in relation with the Femoral Ring. Spermatic Cord,—in the male, lies directly above its anterior margin, replaced by the round ligament in the female. Femoral Vein,—lies next on its outer side. Epigastric Artery,—crosses its upper and outer angle. Obturator Artery,—when arising from a common trunk with the epigastric, as it does once in subjects, may lie close along its internal and superior margins. What is the Septum Crurale? A layer of condensed cellular tissue, supporting a lymphatic gland, and perforated for the passage of lymphatic vessels. It lies across the femoral ring, and forms one of the coverings to any hernia escaping thereby. It is sometimes named the Fascia of Cloquet, or Fascia of Cooper. Describe the Crural Sheath. It is the sheath which invests the femoral vessels below Poupart’s ligament, and is formed by a prolongation of the transversalis fascia anteriorly, and the iliac fascia posteriorly. It is divided by two septa into 3 compartments, the exterior of which contains the Femoral Artery, the middle one the Femoral Vein, while the one most internal is the Femoral Canal. The sheath is perforated anteriorly by the genito-crural nerve, internally by the internal saphenous vein, and forms one of the coverings of a femoral hernia. What is the Deep Crural Arch? It is the lower thickened border of the transversalis fascia, which arches across the front of the crural sheath, and is intimately connected therewith. It seems to be attached externally to the centre of Poupart’s ligament; internally it is inserted into the pectineal line behind the conjoined tendon. Name the Coverings of Femoral Hernia. From without inward its coverings are the— 1. Skin. 2. Superficial Fascia,—2 layers. 3. Cribriform Fascia, —from the saphenous opening. 4. Crural Sheath,—from the transversalis fascia. 5. Septum Crurale,—from the femoral ring. 6. Peritoneum,—the proper hernial sac. What is the Perineum ? It is a triangular space comprising the structures which close the pelvic outlet anterior to a line drawn between the tuberosities of the ischia. Posteriorly to this line is the Ischio-rectal THE PERINEUM. 102 VISCERAL ANATOMY. Fossa. The Perineum is bounded laterally by the rami of the pubes and ischia, anteriorly by the symphysis pubis, and posteriorly by the line above mentioned, which averages about inches in length. [For the Muscles of the Perineum see Compend of Anatomy, p. 83.] THE MALE PERINEUM. What Fasciae are met with in the Perineum ? The— Superficial Layer of the Superficial Fascia,—is thick, loaded with fat, and continuous with the subcutaneous fascia of the thighs. Deep Layer of the Superficial Fascia,—is thin but strong, continuous in front with the dartos of the scrotum, attached on each side to the rami of the pubes and ischium; posteriorly it joins the deep perineal fascia under the transversus perinei muscle. It sends inward a vertical septum which is incomplete in front. [This fascia is called by Professor W. H. Pancoast the “anterior leaflet of the triangular ligament.”] Anterior Layer of the Deep Perineal Fascia,—is triangular in shape, and extends from the pubic arch and the sub-pubic ligament, laterally to the rami of the pubes and ischia, and posteriorly to the central tendinous portion of the perineum, where it becomes blended with the deep layer of the superficial fascia. It embraces the anterior part of the membra- nous portion of the urethra. [Called by Professor Pancoast, the “ mid- dle leaflet of the triangular ligament.”] Posterior Layer of the Deep Perineal Fascia,—has the same attachments as the anterior layer above described, but in its course it embraces the posterior part of the membranous portion of the urethra, and is in connec- tion with the apex of the prostate gland. [Called by Prof. Pancoast, the “ posterior leaflet of the triangular ligament.”] Obturator Fascia,—is the part of the pelvic fascia which covers the obtu- rator internus muscle, and is continued on to the levator ani muscle as the Lschio-rectal or Anal fascia. Recto-vesical Fascia,—is the portion of the pelvic fascia which invests the internal surface of the levator ani muscle, and the prostate gland, bladder, rectum, and vesiculae seminales. What is the Triangular Ligament of the Urethra ? According to some authorities it is the anterior layer of the deep perineal fascia; according to others it includes the posterior layer also. Professor W. H. Pancoast includes in the term “ Triangular Ligament ” all three layers which are united at the central tendinous portion of the perineum, includ- ing, therefore, the deep layer of the superficial perineal fascia. THE MALE PERINEUM. 103 Name the Structures which lie between the Layers of the Deep Perineal Fascia. In this space, which by some writers is termed the Cavity of the Triangular Ligament, are the— Membranous Portion of the Urethra. Compressor Urethra Muscle. Pudic Vessels and Nerve. Cowper's Glands and Ducts. Artery of the Bulb. Nerve of the Bulb. Plexus of Veins. What Structures lie behind the Posterior Layer of the Deep Perineal Fascia ? They are the— Bladder. Prostate Glana. Rectum. Levator Ani Muscle. Ischio-rectal, or Anal Fascia. Enumerate the Structures situated between the Anterior Layer of the Deep Perineal Fascia and the Deep Layer of the Superficial Perineal Fascia. They are as follows,— Crura of the Penis. Corpus Spongiosum. Bulb of the Urethra. Accelerator Urince Muscle.1 Erector Penis Muscle.1 Transversus Perinei Muscle.3 Transversus Perinei Artery. Superficial Perineal Vessels. Fig. 41. Enumerate the Structures which are divided in the lateral oper- ation of Lithotomy. If the knife is inserted 1% inch above the verge of the anus, and carried to a point if inch below that orifice, and about half-way outward to the tuber ischii (Gross), it will divide the— 104 VISCERAL ANATOMY. Skin and Superficial Fascia (ist Layer). Inferior Hemorrhoidal Vessels and Nerves. Deep Layer of the Superficial Fascia. Superficial Perineal Vessels and Nerves. Accelerator Urince Muscle 1 (posterior fibres). Transversus Perinei Muscle3 and Artery. Anterior Layer of the Deep Perineal Fascia. Compressor Urethra Muscle (a few fibres). Levator Aui Muscle5 (anterior fibres). Membranous and Prostatic Portions of the Urethra. Posterior Layer of the Deep Perineal Fascia. Prostate Gland (in part only). Neck of the Bladder. What Parts are to be avoided in the Lateral operation of Lithotomy ? They are as follows, viz : The— Bulb and its Artery,—in front. Rectum,—inwardly and posteriorly. Pudic Artery,—outwardly. Prostate Gland and Veins,—by not carrying the deep incision too far backward, the entire division of the left lobe of this gland will be avoided. What especial Function does the Female Perineum perform ? That of supporting the posterior wall of the vagina, and thereby aiding materially in the support of the whole vagina, uterus and bladder. The— Perineal Body,—is the pyramidal-shaped prolongation of the female perineum upward, between the vagina and rectum. THE FEMALE PERINEUM. Enumerate the chief points of Difference between the Female Perineum and that of the Male. The— Orifice of the Vulva,—including the vaginal orifice, perforates the female perineum, its posterior commissure approaching the anal margin within about an inch. Superficial Fascia,—is incomplete, by reason of its perforation by the orifice of the vulva. Deep Perineal Fascia,—being also perforated by the vagina, is less appai'ent than in the male, though presenting two layers, with the urethra perforating them. Muscles,—the Sphincter Vaginae takes the place, in the female, of the Accelerator Urinse of the male. CATALOGUE No. 7. A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS FOR STUDENTS; INCLUDING A FULL LIST OF The ? Quiz- Compends? AND MANY OF THE MOST PROMINENT Students’ Manuals and Text-Books PUBLISHED BY P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., Medical Booksellers, Importers and Publishers, No. 1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. *** For sale by all Booksellers, or any book will be sent by mail, postpaid, upon receipt of price. Catalogues of books on all branches of Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, etc., supplied upon application. THE PQUIZ-COMPENDS? A NEW SERIES OF COMPENDS FOR STUDENTS For Use in the Quiz Class and when Preparing for Examinations. Price of Each, Bound in Cloth, $1.00 Interleaved, $1.25. Based on the most popular text-books, and on the lec- tures of prominent professors, they form a most complete set of manuals, containing information nowhere else collected in such a condensed, practical shape. The authors have had large experience as quiz masters and attaches of colleges, with exceptional opportunities for noting the most recent advances and methods. The arrangement of the subjects, illustrations, types, etc., are all of the most improved form, and the size of the books is such that they may be easily carried in the pocket. No. 1. ANATOMY. (Illustrated.) THIRD REVISED EDITION. A Compend of Human Anatomy. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., U. S. Army. With 63 Illustrations. “ The work is reliable and coirfplete, and just what the student needs in reviewing the subject for his examinations.”—The Physi- cian and Surgeon's Investigator, Buffalo, N. Y. “ To those desiring to post themselves hurriedly for examination, this little book will be useful in refreshing the memory.”—New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal. “ The arrangement is well calculated to facilitate accurate memo- rizing, and the illustrations are clear and good.”—North Carolina Medical Journal. Nos. 2 and 3. PRACTICE. A Compend of the Practice of Medicine, especially adapted to the use of Students. By Dan’l E. Hughes, m.d., Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. In two parts. Part I.—Continued, Eruptive, and Periodical Fevers, Diseases of the Stomach, Intestines, Peritoneum, Biliary Passages, Liver, Kidneys, etc., and General Diseases, etc. Part II.—Diseases of the Respiratory System, Circu- latory System, and Nervous System; Diseases of the Blood, etc. *** These little books can be regarded as a full set of notes upon the Practice of Medicine, containing the Price of each Book, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. THE ? QUIZ-COMPENDS ?. Synonyms, Definitions, Causes, Symptoms, Prognosis, Diagnosis, Treatment, etc., of each disease, and includ- ing a number of new prescriptions. They have been compiled from the lectures of prominent Professors, and reference has been made to the latest writings of Pro- fessors Flint, Da Costa, Reynolds, Bartholow, Roberts and others. “ It is brief and concise, and at the same time possesses an accu- racy not generally found in compends.”-—fas. M. French, M.D., Ass’t to the Prof, of Practice, Medical College of Ohio, Cincinnati. “ The book seems very concise, yet very comprehensive. . . . An unusually superior book.”—Dr. E. T. Bruen, Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. “ I have used it considerably in connection with my branches in the Quiz-class of the University of La.”—f. H. Bemiss, New Orleans. “ Dr. Hughes has prepared a very useful little book, and I shall take pleasure in advising my class to use it.”—Dr. George IV. Hall, Professor of Practice, St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons. No. 4. PHYSIOLOG-Y. Second Ed. A Compend of Human Physiology, adapted to the use of Students. By Albert P. Brubaker, m.d., De- monstrator of Physiology in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Second Ed. Enlarged and Revised. " Dr. Brubaker deserves the hearty thanks of medical students for his Compend of Physiology. He has arranged the fundamental and practical principles of the science in a peculiarly inviting and accessible manner. I have already introduced the work to my class.”—Maurice N. Miller, M.D., Instructor in Practical His- tology , formerly Demonstrator of Physiology, University City of New York. “ ‘ Quiz-Compend ’ No. 4 is fully up to the high standard estab- lished by its predecessors of the same series.”—Medical Bulletin, Philadelphia. “ I can recommend it as a valuable aid to the student.”—C. N. Ellinwood, M.D., Professor of Physiology, Cooper Medical Col- lege, San Francisco. “ This is a well written little book.”—London Lancet. A Compend of Obstetrics. For Physicians and Students. By Henry G. Landis, m.d., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, in Starling Medical College, Columbus. With Index and 22 Illustrations. “ We have no doubt that many students will find in it a most valuable aid in preparing for examination.”—The American four- nal of Obstetrics. “ It is complete, accurate and scientific. The very best book of its kind I have seen.”—J. S. Knox, M.D., Lecturer on Obstetrics, Rush Medical College, Chicago. No. 5. OBSTETRICS. Second Ed. Price of each Book, Cloth, $1.00. interleaved for Notes, $1.25. THE ? QUIZ-COMPENDS ?. " I have been teaching in this department for many years, and am free to say that this will be the best assistant I ever had. It is ac- curate and comprehensive, but brief and pointed.”—Prof. P. D. Yost, St. Louis. No. 6. MATERIA MEDICA. Revised Ed. A Compend on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, with especial reference to the Physiological Actions of Drugs. For the use of Medical, Dental, and Pharma- ceutical Students and Practitioners. Based on the New Revision (Sixth) of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, and in- cluding many unofficinal remedies. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., U. S. Army. “ I have examined the little volume carefully, and find it just such a book as I require in my private Quiz, and shall certainly re- commend it to my classes. Your Compends are all popular here in Washington.”—John E. Brackett, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Howard Medical College, Washington. “ Part of a series of small but valuable text-books. . . . While the work is, owing to its therapeutic contents, more useful to the medical student, the pharmaceutical student may derive much use- ful information from it.”—N. V. Pharmaceutical Record. A Compend of Chemistry. By G. Mason Ward, m.d., Demonstrator of Chemistry in Jefferson Medical Col- lege, Philadelphia. Including Table of Elements and various Analytical Tables. “ Brief, but excellent. ... It will doubtless prove an admirable aid to the student, by fixing these facts in his memory. It is worthy the study of both medical and pharmaceutical students in this branch.”—Pharmaceutical Record, New York. No. 7. CHEMISTRY. Revised Ed. A Compend of Visceral Anatomy. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., U. S. Army. With 40 Illustrations. *** This is the only Compend that contains full descriptions of the viscera, and will, together with No. 1 of this series, form the only complete Compend of Anatomy published. No. 8. VISCERAL ANATOMY. No. 9. SURGERY. Second Edition. A Compend of Surgery; including Fractures, Wounds, Dislocations, Sprains, Amputations and other opera- tions, Inflammation, Suppuration, Ulcers, Syphilis, Tumors, Shock, etc. Diseases of the Spine, Ear, Eye, Bladder, Testicles, Anus, and other Surgical Diseases. By Orville Horwitz, a.m., m.d., with 62 Illustra- tions. Second Edition. Enlarged and Revised. Price of Each Book, Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for Notes, $1.25. THE ? QUIZ-COMPENDS ?. No. 10. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. A Compend of Organic Chemistry, including Medical Chemistry, Urine Analysis, and the Analysis of Water and Food, etc. By Henry Leffmann, m.d., Pro- fessor of Clinical Chemistry and Hygiene in the Phila- delphia Polyclinic; Professor of Chemistry, Penn- sylvania College of Dental Surgery; Member of the N. Y. Medico-Legal Society. Cloth. $1.00. Interleaved, for the addition of Notes, #1.25. Nature of Organic Bodies. Transformations under various con- ditions. Organic Synthesis. Homologous and Isomeric Bodies. Empirical and Rational formula;. Classification of Organic Bodies. Hydrocarbon. Derivatives of Hydrocarbons, Alcohols and Ethers. Benzenes and Turpenes. Fat Acids, Oils and Fats, Sugars, Gluco- sides. Cyanogen Compounds, Amines and Amides. Alkaloids. Ptomaines. Animal Chemistry. Nutrition and Assimilation. Food, Water and Air. Urinary Analysis. Index. JUST PUBLISHED. The Essentials of Pathology. BY D. TOD GILLIAM, M.D., Professor of Physiology in Starling Medical College, Columbus, O. *** The object of this book is to unfold to the beginner the funda- mentals of pathology in a plain, practical way, and by bringing them within easy comprehension to increase his interest in the study of the subject. Though it will not altogether supplant larger works, it will be found to impart clear-cut conceptions of the generally accepted doctrines of the day, and to prevent confusion in the mind of the student. With 47 Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth. Price $2.00. A POCKET-BOOK OF PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE Diseases of the Heart and Lungs. A MANUAL FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS. BY DR. EDWARD T. BRUEN, Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine in the University of Pennsyl- vania, Assistant Physician to the University Hospital, etc. Second Edition. Revised. With new Illustrations. 12mo. $1.50 *** The subject is treated in a plain, practical manner, avoiding questions of historical or theoretical interest, and without laying special claim to originality of matter, the author has made a book that presents the somewhat difficult points of Physical Diagnosis clearly and distinctly. STUDENTS’ MANUALS. GOODHART AND STARR ON DISEASES OF CHILDREN. A Practical Guide for Students. Demi-Octavo. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $4.00. LANDOIS’ MANUAL OF PHYSIOLOGY. With Special Reference to Practical Medicine. Vol. 1, with 176 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $4.50. Vol. II. Nearly Ready. TYSON, ON THE URINE. A Practical Guide to the Examination of Urine. For Physicians and Stu- dents. By James Tyson, m.d., Professor of Path- ology and Morbid Anatomy, University of Pennsylva- nia. With Colored Plates and Wood Engravings. Fourth Edition. i2mo, cloth, $1.50 HEATH’S MINOR SURGERY. A Manual of Minor Surgery and Bandaging. By Christopher Heath, m.d., Surgeon to University College Hospital, London. 6th Edition. 115 111. i2mo, cloth, $2.00 MACNAMARA, ON THE EYE. A Manual for Students and Physicians. 4 Colored Plates and 65 Wood Engravings. Demi 8vo. Cloth, $4.00. DULLES’ ACCIDENTS AND EMERGEN- CIES. What To Do First in Accidents and Emer- gencies. A Manual Explaining the Treatment of Surgical and other Accidents, Poisoning, etc. By Charles W. Dulles, m.d., Surgeon Out-door De- partment, Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia. Col- ored Plate and other Illustrations. 32010, cloth, .75 BEALE, ON SLIGHT AILMENTS. Their Na- ture and Treatment. By Lionel S. Beale, m.d., f.r.s. Second Edition. Revised, Enlarged and Illus- trated. 283 pages. 8vo. Paper covers, 75 cents; cloth, $1.25 ALLINGHAM, ON THE RECTUM. Fistulse, Hemorrhoids, Painful Ulcer, Stricture, Prolapsus, and other Diseases of the Rectum; Their Diagnosis and Treatment. By Wm. Allingham, m.d. Fourth Re- vised and Enlarged Edition. Illustrated. 8vo. Paper covers, 75 cents; cloth, $1.25 STUDENTS' MANUALS AND LEXICONS. MARSHALL AND SMITH, ON THE URINE. The Chemical Analysis of the Urine. By John Mar- shall, M.D., Chemical Laboratory, University of Penn sylvania, and Prof. E. F. Smith. Ulus. Cloth, $1.00 MEARS’ PRACTICAL SURGERY. Surgical Dressings, Bandaging, Ligation, Amputation, etc. By J. Ewing Mears, m.d., Demonstrator of Surgery in Jefferson Med. College. 227 Ulus. 2d Ed. In Press. KIRKE’S PHYSIOLOGY. A Handbook for Stu- dents. Eleventh Edition, 1884. 466 Illustrations. Demi 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 TYSON, ON THE CELL DOCTRINE; its His- tory and Present State. By Prof. James Tyson, m.d. Second Edition. Illustrated. i2mo, cloth, $2.00 MEADOWS’ MIDWIFERY. A Manual for Stu- dents. By Alfred Meadows, m.d. From Fourth London Edition. 145 Illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $2.00 WYTHE’S DOSE AND SYMPTOM BOOK. Containing the Doses and Uses of all the principal Articles of the Materia Medica, etc. Eleventh Edi- tion. 32mo, cloth, $1.00; pocket-book style, #1.25 PHYSICIAN’S PRESCRIPTION BOOK. Con- taining Lists of Terms, Phrases, Contractions and Abbreviations used in Prescriptions, Explanatory Notes, Grammatical Construction of Prescriptions, etc., etc. By Prof. Jonathan Pereira, m.d. Sixteenth Edi- tion. 32mo, cloth, $1.00; pocket-book style, $1.25 POCKET LEXICONS. CLEAVELAND’S POCKET MEDICAL LEXI- CON. A Medical Lexicon, containing correct Pro- nunciation and Definition of Terms used in Medi- cine and the Collateral Sciences. Thirtieth Edition. Very small pocket size. Red Edges. Cloth, 75 cents; pocket-book style, $1.00 LONGLEY’S POCKET DICTIONARY. The Student’s Medical Lexicon, giving Definition and Pro- nunciation of all Terms used in Medicine, with an Appendix giving Poisons and Their Antidotes, Abbre- viations used in Prescriptions, Metric Scale of Doses, etc. 24mo, cloth, $1.00; pocket-book style, $1.25 ROBERTS’ PRACTICE. Recommended as a Text-book at University of Pennsylvania, Long Island College Hospital, Yale and Harvard Colleges, Bishop's College, Montreal, University of Michigan, and over twenty other Medical Schools. A HANDBOOK OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. By Frederick T. Roberts, m.d., m.r.c.p., Professor of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics in University College Hospital, London. Fifth Edition. Octavo. CLOTH, $5.00; LEATHER, $0.00. *** This new edition has been subjected to a careful revision. Many chapters have been rewritten. Important additions have been made throughout, and new illustrations introduced. “A clear, yet concise, scientific and practical work. It is a capi- tal compendium of the classified knowledge of the subject.”—Prof. J. Adams Allen, Rush Medical College, Chicago. " I have become thoroughly convinced of its great value, and have cordially recommended it to my class in Yale College.”— Prof. David P. Smith. “ I have examined it with some care, and think it a good book, and shall take pleasure in mentioning it among the works which may properly be put in the hands of students.”—A. B. Palmer, Prof, of the Practice of Medicine, University of Michigan. ‘‘It is unsurpassed by any work that has fallen into our hands, as a compendium for students preparing for examination. It is thoroughly practical, and fully up to the times.”—The Clinic. By Same Author. A NEW COMPEND FOR STUDENTS. ROBERTS1 NOTES ON MATERIA MEDIC A AND PHARMACY. Just Ready. i2mo. Cloth Price $2.00. Fifth Edition. BIDDLE’S MATERIA MEDICA Ninth Revised Edition. Recommended as a Text-book at Yale College, University of Michigan, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Baltimore Medical College, Louisville Medical College, and a number of other Colleges throughout the U. S. BIDDLE’S MATERIA MF.DICA. For the Use of Students and Physicians. By the late Prof. John B. Biddle, m.d., Profes- sor of Materia Medica in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. The Ninth Edition, thoroughly revised, and in many parts re- written, by his son, Clement Biddle, m.d., Past Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Navy, assisted by Henry Morris, m.d. CLOTH, $4.00 ; LEATHER, $4.75. , “ I shall unhesitatingly recommend it (the 9th Edition) to my students at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College.— Prof. A. A. Smith, New York, fune, 1883. " The larger works usually recommended as text-books in our medical schools are too voluminous for convenient use. This work will be found to contain in a condensed form all that is most valuable, and will supply students with a reliable guide.”—Chicago Med. fi. *** This Ninth Edition contains all the additions and changes in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, Sixth Revision. STANDARD TEXT-BOOKS. BLOXAM’S CHEMISTRY. Inorganic and Organic, with Ex- periments. Fifth Edition. Revised and Illustrated. 8vo, cloth, $3.75; leather, $4.75 CARPENTER ON THE MICROSCOPE and Its Revelations. Sixth Edition, Enlarged. With 500 Illustrations and Colored Plates, handsomely printed. Demi 8vo, cloth, $5.50 FLOWER, DIAGRAMS OF THE NERVES of the Human Body, Origin, Divisions, Connections, etc. 4to, cloth, #3.50 GLISAN’S MODERN MIDWIFERY. A Text-book. 129 Illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $4.00; leather, $5.00 HOLDEN’S OSTEOLOGY. A Description of the Bones, with Colored Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles. Sixth Edition. 61 Lithographic Plates and many Wood Engravings. Royal 8vo, cloth, $6.00 HEADLAND, THE ACTION OF MEDICINE in the System. Ninth American Edition. 8vo, cloth, $3.00 MANN’S PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE and Allied Ner- vous Diseases ; including the Medico-Legal Aspects of Insanity. With Illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $5.00; leather, $6.00. MEIGS AND PEPPER ON CHILDREN. A Practical Trea- tise on Diseases of Children. Seventh Edition, Revised. 8vo, cloth, $6.00 ; leather, {7.00 PARKES’ PRACTICAL HYGIENE. Sixth Revised and En- larged Edition. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth, $3.00 RIGBY’S OBSTETRIC MEMORANDA. 32100, cloth, .50 SANDERSON & FOSTER’S PHYSIOLOGICAL LABOR- ATORY. A Handbook for the Laboratory. Over 350 Illustra- tions. 8vo, cloth, $5.00 ; leather, $6.00 WILSON’S HUMAN ANATOMY. General and Special. Tenth Edition. 26 Colored Plates and 424 Illustrations. $6.00 WYTHE’S MICROSCOPIST. A Manual of Microscopy and Compend of the Microscopic Sciences. Fourth Edition. 252 Illustrations. 8vo, cloth, #3.00 ; leather, $4.00 ACTON, ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. Their Functions, Disorders and Treatment. 6th Edition. Cloth, #2.00 FOTHERGILL, ON THE HEART. Its Diseases and their Treatment Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, #3.50 HARLEY ON THE LIVER. Diagnosis and Treatment. Col- ored Plates and other Illustrations. 8vo, cloth,$5.00; sheep, $6.co HOLDEN’S ANATOMY. Fifth Edition. Just Ready. A MANUAL OF THE DISSECTION OF THE HUMAN BODY. By Luther Holden, m.d., Late President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Consulting Surgeon to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. Fifth Edition; edited by John Langton, m.d., f.r.c.s., Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy at, St. Bartholomew’s Hos- pital ; Member of the Board of Examiners, Royal College of Sur- geons of England; with 208 fine Wood Engravings. Octavo. 886 pages. Cloth, $5.00 ; Leather, $6.00. REESE’S MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND TOXICOLOGY. A Text-book of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology. By John J. Reese, m. d., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology in the Medical and Law Departments of the University of Pennsylvania; Vice-President of the Medical Jurisprudence So- ciety of Philadelphia; Physician to St. Joseph’s Hospital; Corres- ponding Member of the New York Medico-legal Society. One Volume. Demi Octavo. 606 pages. Cloth, $4.00; Leather, $5.00. “ Professor Reese is so well known as a skilled medical jurist that his authorship of any work virtually guarantees the thorough- ness and practical character of the latter. And such is the case in the book before us. * * * * We might call these the essentials for the study of medical jurisprudence. The subject is skeletonized, condensed, and made thoroughly up to the wants of the general medical practitioner, and the requirements of prose- cuting and defending attorneys. If any section deserves more dis- tinction than any other, as to intrinsic excellence, it is that on toxi- cology. This part of the hook comprises the best outline of the subject in a given space that can be found anywhere. As a whole, the work is everything it promises and more, and considering its size, condensation, and practical character, it is by far the most useful one for ready reference that we have met with. It is well printed and neatly bound.—W. Y. Medical Record, Sept. 13th, 1884. RICHTER’S CHEMISTRY, A TEXT-BOOK of INORGANIC CHEMISTRY for STUDENTS. By PROF. VICTOR von RICHTER, University of Breslau, Authorized Translation from the Third German Edition, By EDGAR F. SMITH, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry in Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio ; formerly in the Laboratories of the University of Pennsyl- vania; Member of the Chemical Society of Berlin. 12mo. 89 Wood-cuts and Col. Lithographic Plate of Spectra. $2.00 In the chemical text-books of the present day, one of the striking features and difficulties we have to contend with is the separate presentation of the theories and facts of the science. These are usually taught apart, as if entirely independent of each other, and those experienced in teaching the subject know only too well the trouble encountered in attempting to get the student properly in- terested in the science and in bringing him to a clear comprehension of the same. In this work of Prof, von Richter, which has been received abroad with such hearty welcome, two editions having been rapidly disposed of, theory and fact are brought close together, and their intimate relation clearly shown. From careful observa- tion of experiments and their results, the student is led to a correct understanding of the interesting principles of chemistry. In preparation, “ORGANIC CHEMISTRY,” By the same author and translator. YEO’S PHYSIOLOGY. A MANUAL FOR STUDENTS. JUST READY. 300 CAREFULLY PRINTED ILLUSTRATIONS. FULL GLOSSARY AND INDEX. By Gerald F. Yeo, m.d., f.r.c.s., Professor of Physi- ology in King’s College, London. Small Octavo. 750 pages. Over 300 carefully printed Illustrations. “ By his excellent manual, Prof. Yeo has supplied a want which must have been felt by every teacher of physiology. * * * * In conclusion, we heartily congratulate Prof. Yeo on his work, which we can recommend to all those who wish to find within a moderate compass a reliable and pleasantly written exposition ot all the essential facts of physiology as the science now stands.”— The Dublin Journal 0/Med. Science. “The work will take a high rank among the smaller text-books of Physiology.”—Prof. H. P. Bowditch, Harvard Med. School, Boston. “ The brief examination I have given it was so favorable that I placed it in the list of text-books recommended in the circular of the University Medical College.”—Prof. Lewis A. St infs on, M. D., 57 East 33d Street, New York. “ For students’ use it is one of the very best text-books in Physi- ology ."—Prof. L. B. How, Dartmouth Med. College, tlanover, N. H. PRICE, CLOTH. $4.00; LEATHER, $5.00. RINDFLEISCH. THE ELEMENTS OF PATHOLOGY. TRANSLATED BY WM. H. MERCUR, M.D. REVISED AND EDITED BY PROF. JAS. TYSON, Of the University of Pennsylvania. 263 PAGES. CLOTH. PRICE $2.00. *** It is the object of Prof. Rindfleisch to present in this volume of moderate size the fundamental principles of Pathology A large number of the general processes which underlie disease, a knowledge of which is essen- tial to the practical physician, are plainly presented. They include, among others, inflammation, tumor forma- tion, fever, derangements of nutrition, including atrophy, derangements of the movement of the blood, of blood formation and blood purification, hypersesthesia, anaesthe- sia, convulsions, paralysis, etc. The well-known reputa- tion of the author, his thorough familiarity with and his method of treating the subject, make this most recent work peculiarly useful to the student, as well as to the prac- ticing physician who wishes to brush up his pathology. VAN HARLINGEN ON SKIN DISEASES. Just Published. A Handbook of the Diseases of the Skin, their Di- agnosis and Treatment. By Arthur Van Harlingen, m.d., Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Philadelphia Polyclinic, Consulting Physician to the Dispensary for Skin Diseases, etc. Illustrated by two colored litho- graphic plates. 12mo. 284 PAGES. CLOTH. PRICE $1.75. ***This is a complete epitome of skin diseases, arranged in al- phabetical order, giving the diagnosis and treatment in a concise, practical way. Many prescriptions are given that have never been published in any text-book, and an article incorporated on Diet. The plates do not represent one or two cases, but are composed of a number of figures, accurately colored, showing the appearance of various lesions, and will be found to give great aid in diagnosing. BYFORD, DISEASES OF WOMEN. NEW REVISED EDITION. The Practice of Medicine and Surgery, as applied to the Diseases of Women. By W. H. Byford, a.m., m.d., Professor of Gynaecology in Rush Medical College; of Obstetrics in the Woman’s Medical College; Sur- geon to the Woman’s Hospital; President of the American Gynaecological Society, etc. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged; much of it Rewritten; with over 160 Illustrations. Octavo. PRICE, CLOTH, $5.00; LEATHER, $6.00. “ The treatise is as complete a one as the present state of our science will admit of being written. We commend it to the diligent study of every practitioner and student, as a work calculated to in- culcate sound principles and lead to enlightened practice ”—New York Medical Record. “ The author is an experienced writer, an able teacher in his de- partment, and has embodied in the present work the results of a wide field of practical observation. We have not had time to read its pages critically, but freely commend it to all our readers, as one of the most valuable practical works issued from the American press.”—Chicago Medical Examiner. MACKENZIE, THE THROAT AND NOSE. By Morell Mackenzie, m.d., Senior Physician to the Hospital for Diseases of the Chest and Throat; Lecturer on Diseases of the Throat at the London Hospital, etc. Vol. I. Including the Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, etc. 112 Illustrations. Cloth, #>4.00; Leather, #5.00 Vol. II. Diseases of the CEsophagus, Nose and Naso-pharynx, with Formula and 93 Illustrations. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $4.00 The two volumes at one time. Cloth, $6.00; Leather, $7.50. VAN HARLINGEN On Skin Diseases. WITH COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS. A HANDBOOK OF THE DISEASES OF THE SKIN, their Diagnosis and Treatment. By Arthur Van Harlingen, m.d., Professor of Dis- eases of the Skin in the Philadelphia Polyclinic, Consulting Physician to the Dispensary for Skin Diseases, etc. Illustrated by colored lithographic plates. 12mo. 284 pages. Cloth. Price, $1.7S. .RECOMMENDATIONS. “ It is a most useful compendium of the knowledge to be had at the present time upon the impottant subjects to which it is devoted; and is in all respects a credit to the well recog- nized abilities of its author.”—James Nevins Hyde, M.D., Professor of Skin and Vene- real Diseases, Rush Medical College, Chicago. “This new handbook is essentially a small encyclopedia of pathology and treatment of Skin Diseases, in which the subjects are arranged alphabetically. This arrangement was that followed by the late Tilbury Fox, of London, in his handbook, which we believe was re- markably successful; and we have no doubt it will be equally appreciated in the present work, which (compendious in form) contains a very complete summary of the present state of dermatology. Dr. Van Harlingen’s position in the profession, being at present vice- president of the American Dermatological Association, which he served as secretary for several years, and the high standard of his communications to his department, are sufficient to warrant the confidence in his teachings, which is fully sustained by an examination of this handbook, which we heartily commend for its brevity, clearness and evident careful prepa- ration.”—Philadelphia Medical Times, October i8th, 1884. RINDFLEISCH. The Elements of Pathology. A Text-Book in the University of Pennsylvania. THE ELEMENTS OF PATHOLOGY. For Students and Physicians. By Edward Rindfleisch, m.d., Professor of Pathological Anatomy in the University of Wurzburg. Anthorized translation by William H. Mercur, m.d., of Pittsburgh, Pa. Revised by James Tyson, m.d., Pro- fessor of General Pathology and Morbid Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania. 12mo. 263 pages. Cloth, $2.00. RECOMMENDATIONS. “ The practical views of one of the best of the modern histologists is placed before the profession in this admyrable work, in a most careful and systematic manner. The author, who is one of the leading pathologists, sets forth not only the ground-work in his department, but treats and makes clear many of the more difficult points of the study of pathological processes. The work is divided into a consideration .first, of the local outbreak of diseases ; second, into the anatomical extension of disease; thirdly, into the physiological extension of disease, and lastly, into an examination of special parts.”—The Medical Bulletin. P. BLAKISTON, BON & CO., Publishers and Booksellers, 1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. BIDDLE’S Materia Medica. NINTH REVISED EDITION. all Chanfa* in tha Naw Pharmacopoaia.) Recommended as a Text-hook at Yale College, University of Michigan, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Baltimore Medical College, Louisville Medical College, and a number of other Colleges throughout the United States. BIDDLE’S MATERIA MEDICA. For the Use of Students and Physicians. By the late Prof. John B. Biddle, m.d., Professor of Materia Medica in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. The Ninth Edition, thoroughly revised, and in many parts rewritten, by his son, Clement Biddle, m.d., Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Navy, assisted by Henry Morris, m.d. Containing all the additions and changes made in the last revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia. Octavo. Ready. Bound in Cloth. Price $4.00; Leather, $4.75. RECOMMENDATIONS. “ It will be found a useful handbook by students, especially, who may be under the instruction of its able and accomplished author.”—American Med- ical Journal. “ In short, it is just the work for a student, embracing as it does what will be discussed in a course of lectures on materia medica.”—Cincinnati Medical News. “ In truth, the work is well adapted to the wants of students.”—The Clinic. “ Nothing has escaped the writer’s scan. All the new remedies against disease are duly and judiciously noted. Students will certainly appreciate its shapely form, grace of manner, and general multum inparvo style.”—Ameri- can Practitioner. “ Biddle’s * Materia Medica ’ is well known to the profession, being a stand- ard text-book in several leading colleges.”—New York Medical Journal. “ It contains, in a condensed form, all that is valuable in materia medica, and furnishes the medical student with a complete manual on this subject.”— Canada Lancet. “ The necessity for a new edition of this work in so short a time is the best proof of the value in which it Is held by the profession.”—Medical and Surg- ical Reporter. “ The standard ‘ Materia Medica ’ with a large number of medical students is Biddle’s.”—Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal. “The larger works usually recommended as text-books in our medical schools are too voluminous for convenient use. This work will be found to contain in a condensed form all that is most valuable, and will supply students with a reliable guide.”—Chicago Medical Journal. ' *** This Ninth Edition contains all the additions and changes in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, Sixth Revision. P. BLAKI8TON, SON & OO., Publishers andrSftl(|eUjNrt, W12 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.