i. :-' ;j <• POCEET;i;':X|i XATOAI.IST. -Il Surgeon General's Office .> **.%, .%■ OK "A 1- S&^ No. 2. iO"QCQO^:?QQQQagaC3QOGOi ^ /tS7. POCKET ANATOMIST BEING A SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE MUSCLES; WITH A TABULAR VIEW OF THE ARTERIES AND NERVES. CONCORDANT With the "Dublin Dissector," and "Ilanisoa on the Arteries." / - ■ - > s "pT" —nff;x BUFFALO: GEO. H. DERBY AND CO. 1850. QS PI- 16 Sn PHI "Anatomy is the real ground-work of all surgical science; and it has ever been found that half-anatomists are bungling practitioners. Ignorance here, as it always will, gives confi- dence without power." Sir A. Cooper. STEREOTYPED ■T ». X. DICKINSON A Up CO, BOSTON. THE POCKET ANATOMIST. MUSCLES. HEAD. Occipito-frontalis. Origin, two external thirds of superior transverse ridge of occipital bone; external and posterior part of mastoid pro- cess. Insertion, integuments of eye-brows. Superior auris, or attollens aurem. 0, cranial aponeurosis. I, upper and anterior part of cartilage of ear. Anterior auris, or attrahens aurem. 0, poste- rior part of zygoma, and cranial aponeurosis. I, anterior part of helix. Posterior auris, or retrahens aurem. 0, mas- toid process. I, back part of concha. Orbicularis palpebrarum. 0, internal angular process of os frontis, and upper edge of tendo oculi. I, nasal process of superior maxilla, and inferior edge of tendo oculi. Tensor tarsi. 0, posterior edge of os unguis. I, lachrymal ducts. * Corrugator supercilii. 0, internal angular pro- cess of os frontis. I, middle of eye-brow. Pyramidalis nasi. 0, proceeds from occipito- frontalis. I, compressor nasi. 4 POCKET ANATOMIST Compressor nasi. 0, canine fossa, in superior maxilla. I, dorsum of nose. Levator labii superioris, alaeque nasi. 0, 1st, upper extremity of nasal process of superior maxilla; 2d, edge of orbit. I, ala nasi, up- per lip, and orbicularis oris. Zygomaticus minor. O, upper part of malar bone. I, upper lip, near commissure. Zygomaticus major. 0, lower part of malar bone. I, angle of mouth. Levator anguli oris. O, canine fossa below in- fra orbital foramen. I, commissure of lips, and orbicularis oris. Depressor labii superioris alaeque nasi. O, al- veoli of canine and incisor teeth. I, integu- ments of upper lip, and fibrocartilage of sep- tum and ala nasi. Depressor anguli oris. 0, external oblique line on outer side of lower jaw, from anterior edge of .masseter to mental foramen. I, commis- sure of lips. Depressor labii inferioris. O, side and front of lower maxilla. I, half of lower lip, aad orbicularis oris. Levator labii inferioris. O, alveoli of incisor teeth. I, integuments of chin. Orbicularis oris. Surrounds the openino- of mouth. Buccinator. 0, 1st, two last alveoli of superior maxilla; 2d. external surface of posterior al- veoli of lower maxilla; 3d, intermaxillary ligament. I, commissure of lips. Masseter, anterior portion. 0, superior maxilla muscles — Head. 5 where it joins the malar bone, and inferior edge of the latter. I, outer surface of angle of lower maxilla. Posterior portion; 0, edge of malar bone and zygoma. I, external side of angle and ramus of jaw. Temporalis. O, all beneath semicircular ridge on parietal bone, and temporal fossa and fas- cia. I, coronoid process of inferior maxilla to last molar teeth. Pterygoideus internus. 0, inner side of exter- nal pterygoid plate and pterygoid process of palate bone. I, inner side of angle of jaw and rough surface above. Pterygoideus externus. 0, outer side of exter- nal pterygoid plate, from crest on great wing of sphenoid, and back part of tuberosity of superior maxilla. I, anterior and internal part of neck of lower jaw and interarticular cartilage. NECK. Platysma-myoides. 0, cellular membrane cov- ering upper part of deltoid and pectoral mus- cles, and also from clavicle. I, 1st, chin; 2d, fascia along the side of lower jaw; 3d, fascia covering parotid. Sterno-cleido mastoideus. O, upper and ante- rior part of first bone of sternum, and sternal third (sometimes half) of clavicle. I, upper part of mastoid process, and external third of superior transverse ridge of occipital bone. Sterno-hyoideus. 0, posterior surface of first bone of sternum, cartilage of first rib, sternal 6 POCKET ANATOMIST. end of clavicle, and sterno-clavicular capsule. I, lower border of body of os hyoides. Stef no-thyroideus. 0, posterior surface of ster- num, and cartilage of second rib. I, oblique line on ala of thyroid cartilage. Omo-hyoideus. 0, superior costa of scapula behind the semilunar notch, and from liga- ment covering the notch; sometimes from the base of coracoid process, a«d occasionally from acromial end of clavicle. I, into lower border of os hyoides, at the junction of its body and cornu. Digastricus. 0, groove in temporal bone inter- nal to mastoid process. I, rough depression on inner side of base of jaw close to symphysis. Mylo-hyoideus. 0, oblique line on inner sur- face of side of maxilla. I, base of os hyoides and middle tendinous line between that bone and chin. Genio-hyoideus. 0, inner side of chin, above digastric. I, base of os hyoides. Hyo-glossus. 0, cornu and body of os hyoides. I, side of tongue. Genio-hyo-glossus. O, eminence inside of chin, beneath framum linguae. I, mesial line of tongue from apex to base, and body and less- er cornu of os hyoides. Lingualis—a fasciculus of fibres on the inferior surface of tongue, running from base to apex. Stylo-hyoideus. O, outer side of styloid pro- cess, near its base. I, cornu and body of os hyoides, and fascia connecting digastric ten- don to this bone. MUSCLES—Neck. 7 Stylo-glossus. 0, styloid process, near its point, and stylo-maxillary ligament. I, side of tongue. Stylo-pharyngeus. O, back part of root of sty- loid process. I, side of pharynx, comu of os hyoides, and thyroid cartilage. PHARYNX. Constrictor pharyngis inferior. O, side of cri- coid cartilage, inferior cornu, and posterior part of ala of thyroid cartilage. I, mesial line on back of pharynx. Constrictor pharyngis medius. O, cornu and appendix of os hyoides, also from stylo-hyoid and thyrohyoid ligaments. I, mesial line and cuneiform process. Constrictor pharyngis superior. 0, petrous bone, lower part of internal pterygoid plate and hamular process, also, fron intermaxil- lary ligament, posterior third of mylohyoid ridge, and side of base of tongue. I, cuneiform process and middle line on back of pharynx. PALATE. Levator palati. O, petrous bone in front of foramen caroticum, and behind eustachian tube. I, broad, into velum. Tensor palati vel circumflexus palati. 0, de- pression at root of internal pterygoid plate, from spinous process of sphenoid, and fore- part of eustachian tube: turns round hamu- lar process, and expands on velum. 8 POCKET ANATOMIST. Motor uvulae. 0, posterior extremity of spine of palate bones. I, cellular tissue of uvula. Palato glossus vel constrictor isthmi faucium. 0, inferior surface of velum. I, side of tongue. Palato pharyngeus. 0, inferior surface of pal- ate. I, side and back of pharynx and into cornu of thyroid cartilage. LARYNX. Thyro-hyoideus. O, oblique ridge on ala of thyroid cartilage. I, lower edge of cornu of os hyoides. Crico-thyroideus. O, forepart of cricoid carti- lage. I, lower border of thyroid. Thyro-arytenoideus. O, posterior surface of thyroid" cartilage. I, anterior edge of aryte- noid cartliage. Crico-arytenoideus lateralis. 0, upper edge of side of cricoid cartilage. I, base of arytenoid. Crico-arytenoideus posticus. O, depression on posterior surface of cricoid. I, outside of base of arytenoid cartilage. Arytenoideus—fills the interval between aryte- noid cartilages; oblique fibres run from apex of one cartilage to the base of opposite; trans- verse fibres are attached to posterior surface of each cartilage. DEEP MUSCLES OF NECK. Longus colli. O, bodies of three superior dor- sal, and four inferior cervical vertebrae, from the invertebral ligaments, also from the head MUSCLES. 9 of the first rib and interior tubercles of trans- verse processes of four last cervical vertebrae. I, forepart of 1st, 2d, and 3d cervical vertebra Rectus capitis anticus major. O, anterior tu- bercles of transverse processes of four last cervical vertebrae. I, cuneiform process. Rectus capitis anticus minor. O, transverse process of atlas. I, cuneiform process. Rectus capitis lateralis. O, transverse process of atlas. I, semilunar ridge or jugular pro- cess of occipital bone. Scalenus anticus. 0, anterior tubercles of transverse processes of 3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th cervical vertebrae. I, upper surface of first rib,tiear cartilage. Scalenus medius. 0, posterior tubercles of transverse processes of four or five inferior cervical vertebra?. I, upper surface of 2d rib. Scalenus posticus. 0, posterior tubercles of two or three lower cervical vertebrae. I, up- per edge of 2d rib between tubercle and angle. THORAX. Pectoralis major. O, sternal half of clavicle, anterior surface of sternum, cartilages of 3d. 4th, 5th and 6th true ribs, and from aponeu rosis common to it, and external oblique. anterior edge of bicipital groove and fascia oi arm. Pectoralis minor. 0, external surface and up- per edge of 3d, 4th, and 5th ribs, sometimes from the 2d. I, inner and upper surface df coracoid process. 10 POCKET ANATOMIST. Subclavius. 0, cartilage of 1st rib. I, exter- nal half of inferior surface of clavicle. Serratus magnus. O, eight or nine superior ribs. I, base of scapula. 22 Intercostales—11 external. 0, inferior edge of each rib commencing at transverse proces- ses of vertebrae. I, external lip of superior edge of the rib beneath, going on to costal extremity of cartilages. 11 internal. O, at sternum from inner lip of lower edge of each cartilage and rib, on to angle. I, inner lip of superior edge of cartilage, and rib beneath. Levatores costarum. 0, extremity of each dor- sal transverse process. I, upper edge of vb beneath, between tubercle and angle. $ Triangularis sterni. 0, posterior surface and edge of lower part of sternum and xiphoid car- tilage. I, cartilages of 4th, 5th, and 6th ribs. BACK. Trapezius. 0, internal third of superior trans- verse ridge of occipital bone, ligamentum nu- cha?, spinous processes of last cervical, and all the dorsal vertebrae. I, external third of clavicle and of acromion process, also upper edge of spine of scapula. Latissimus dorsi. 0,six inferior dorsal spines, and by lumbar fascia from all the lumbar spines, from back of sacrum, posterior third of crest of ilium, and from three or four last ribs. I, inner or posterior edge of bicipital groove. Rhomboideus minor. 0, lower part of ljgamen- tum nuchae, and last cervical spinous process. muscles—Back. 11 I, base of scapula, opposite to, and above the spine.—Major. 0, four or five superior dor- sal spines. I, base of scapula, from spine to inferior angle. Levator anguli scapulae. O, posterior tubercles of transverse processes of four or five superior cervical vertebrae. I, base of scapula, be- tween spine and superior angle. Serratus posticus superior. 0, ligamentum nuchae, and from two or three dorsal spines. I, second, third, and fourth ribs external to their angles. Serratus posticus inferior. 0, two last dorsal, and two upper lumber spines. I, lower edge of four inferior ribs anterior to their angles. Splenius colli. O, spines of third, fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal vertebrae. I, transverse pro- cesses of three or four superior cervical verte- brae,—Splenius capitis. 0, spinous processes of two superior dorsal and three inferior cer- vical vertebrae, and from ligamentum nuchae. I, back part of mastoid process, and into oc- cipital bone, below superior transverse ridge. Sacro-lumbalis. 0, posterior third of crest of ilium, oblique and transverse processes of sa- crum, sacro iliac ligaments, and from trans- verse and oblique processes of lumbar verte- brae. I, all the ribs near their angles. Longissimus dorsi. O, posterior surface of sa- crum, transverse and oblique processes of lumbar vertebrae. I, internally into all the dorsal vertebrae, externally into all the ribs between their tubercles and angles. \-2 POCKET ANATOMIST. Spinalis dorsi. 0, two superior lumbar and three inferior dorsal spines. I, nine superior dorsal spines. Musculi accessorii. O, superior edge of each rib. I. tendons of sacro lumbalis. Cervicalis descendens. 0, by 4 or 5 tendons from us many superior ribs between their tubercles and angles. I, Transverse pro- cesses of 4th, 5th, and 6th cervical vertebrae. Transversalis colli. O, transverse processes of five or six superior dorsal vertebrae. I, trans- verse processes of three or four inferior cer- vical vertebrae. Trachelo mastoideus. O, transverse processes of three or four superior dorsal vertebra;, and as many inferior cervical. I, inner and back part of mastoid process. Complexus. O, transverse and oblique processes of 3 or 4 inferior cervical, and 5 or 6 superior dorsal vertebrae. I, occipital bone between the two transverse ridges close to its fellow. Spinalis colli. 0, transverse processes of five or six superior dorsal vertebrae. I, by four heads into spinous processes of second, third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebne. Seniispinalis dorsi. O, by five or six tendons from transverse processes of the dorsal verte- brae from the fifth to the eleventh. I, by five or six tendons into the extremity of two inferior cervical and three or four superior dorsal vertebrae. Multifidus spina'. The first arises from spine of dentatus, and is inserted into transverse pro- muscles—Back. 13 cess of third, and so on to the last, which arises from spine of last lumbar vertebra, and is inserted into the false transverse pro- cess of sacrum. Interspinales—are described by name. They seem double in the neck. Inter-transversales—are attached and situated as their name implies. Rectus capitis major. 0, spinous process of second vertebra. I, inferior transverse occi- pital ridge. Rectus capitis posticus minor. 0, posterior part of atlas. I, occipital bone behind fora- men magnum. Obliquus capitis inferior. O, spinous process of second vertebra. I, extremity of trans- verse process of atlas. Obliquus capitis superior. O, upper part of transverse process of atlas. I, occipital bone, between its transverse ridges just behind the mastoid process. UPPER EXTREMITY. Shoulder and Arm. Deltoides. O, lower edge of spine of scapula, anterior edge of acromion and external third of clavicle. I, rough surface on outer side of humerus. Supraspinatus. 0, all that portion of scapula above its spine, and from fascia covering this muscle. I, upper and forepart of great tube- rosity of humerus. 14 POCKET ANATOMIST. Infraspinatus. 0, inferior surface of the spine of scapula and dorsum of this bone below this process (as low as the posterior ridge, on the inferior costa,) also from the aponeurosis of this muscle. I, middle of external tuber- osity of humerus. Teres minor. O, depression between the two ridges on inferior costa of scapula, from the fascia covering it, and from ligamentous septa enclosing it. I, inferior depression in gr«at tuberosity of humerus. Subscapularis. O, all the surface and circum- ference of subscapular fossa. I, small tuber- cle of bumerus. Teres major. O, rough flat surface on inferior angle of scapula, below infra spinatus. I, inner or posterior edge of bicipital groove. Coraco-brachialis. 0, point of coracoid pro- cess, and tkndon of short head of biceps. I, internal side of humerus about the middle, and ridge leading to internal condyle. Biceps—short head. O, coracoid process. Long head, 0, upper part of glenoid ligament of scapula. I, back part of tubercle of radius. Brachialis anticus, or externus. O, centre of humerus by two fleshy slips, one on either side insertion of deltoid, from forepart of bone down to condyles, and as far as inter- muscular ligaments- I, coronoid process of ulna and rough surface beneath that process. Triceps extensor cubiti—long, or middle head. 0, lower part of neck of apapula and anterior portion of inferior costa;—'external, or 2d muscles—Shoulder and Arm. 15 head. O, below insertion of teres minor from a ridge on the outer side of humerus, and from the bone behind this ridge, from inter- muscular ligament, and from external con- dyle—third, or short head. O, below inser- tion of teres major, ridge leading to internal condyle, and internal intermuscular liga- ment. I, olecranon process. Fore-Arm and Hand. Palmaris brevis. 0, annular ligament and pal- mar fascia. I, integuments on inner side of palm of hand. Pronator radii teres. O, anterior part of internal condyle, fascia of fore-arm, and its intermus- cular septa and coronoid process of ulna. I, outer and back part of radius about its centre. Flexor carpi radialis. 0, inner condyle and intermuscular septa. I, base of metacarpal bone of index finger. Palmaris longus. O, inner condyle, and fascia of fore-arm. I, near root of thumb into annular ligament and palmar aponeurosis. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 0, inner condyle, inner side of olecranon process, inner edge of near whole length of ulna, and fascia of fore-arm. I, pisiform bone and base of fifth metacarpal bone. Flexor digitorum sublimis perforatus. O, in- ternal condyle, internal lateral ligament, cor- onoid process, and radius below its tubercle. L anterior part of second phalanx 16 POCKET ANATOMIST. Flexor digitorum profundus perforans. 0, three superior fourths of anterior surface of ulna, internal half of interosseous ligament, sometimes from radius below tubercle. I, last phalanx of each finger. Flexor poUicis longus. 0, forepart of radius below tubercle to within two inches of carpus, sometimes from coronoid process. I, last phalanx of thumb. Pronator quadratus. 0, inferior fifth of ante- rior surface of ulna. I, anterior part of in- ferior fourth of radius. Supinator radii longus. O, external ridge of humerus from below deltoid to within two inches of outer condyle, also from intermus- cular ligament. I, rough surface on outside of radius near styloid process. Extensor carpi radialis longus. O, ridge of hu- merus between supinator longus and exter- nal condyle. I, back part of carpel end of metacarpal bone of index ringer. Extensor carpi radialis brevis. O, inferior and posterior part of external condyle and exter- nal lateral ligament. I, carpal extremity of the third metacarpal bone. Extensor digitorum communis. 0, external con- dyle, the fascia, and its intermuscular proces- ses and from ulna. I, phalanges of four fingers. Extensor carpi ulnaris. 0, external condyle fascia and intermuscular septa, also from ulna. I, carpal end of fifth metacarpal bone. Anconaeus. O, external condyle at posterior and inferior part. I. external surface of the ole- muscles'—Fore-Arm and Hand. 17 cranon and superior fifth of posterior surface of ulna. Extensor minimi digiti. 0, in common with the last." I, posterior part of the phalanges of little finger. Supinator radii brevis. O, external condyle, external lateral and coronary ligaments, and ridge on outer side of ulna, which commen- ces below its lesser sigmoid cavity. I, upper third of external and anterior surface of this bone from above its tubercle to insertion of pronator teres. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis, or abductor pollicis. 0, middle of posterior part of ulna below anconaeus, interosseous ligament and posterior surface of radius, below supinator brevis. I, os trapezium, and upper and back part of metacarpal bone of thumb. Extensor primi internodii pollicis, or extensor minor. O, back part of ulna below its mid- dle, and from interosseous ligament and ra- dius. I, posterior part of first phalanx, and often into second. Extensor secundi internodii pollicis, or exten- sor major. 0, posterior surface of ulna above its centre and interosseous membrane. I, posterior part of last phalanx. Extensor indicis, or indicator. O, middle of posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane. I, 2d and 3d phalanges. Abductor pollicis. O, anterior part of annular ligament, os naviculare and trapezium. I, 2 18 POCKET ANATOMIST. outside of base of first phalanx, and by an expansion into both phalanges. Opponens pollicis, or flexor ossis metacarpi. O, annular ligament and os naviculare. I, ante- rior extremity of metacarpal bone of thumb. Flexor pollicis brevis. O, external or anterior head, from inside of annular ligament, and from trapezium and scaphoid bones. I, external sesamoid bone and base of 1st pha- -,' lanx of thumb ; 2d head, or internal or pos- terior, arises from os magnum and base of metacarpal bone of middle finger. I, inter- m nal sesamoid bone and base of first phalanx, m Adductor pollicis. 0, three-fourths of anterior ™ surface of third metacarpal bone. I, inner side of the root of first phalanx of thumb. Abductor indicis. 0, metacarpal bone of fore- finger, and one-half of that of thumb. I. outer side of base of first phalanx. Lumbricales. 0, outer side of the tendons of the flexor profundus near carpus, a little beyond annular ligament. I, middle of first phalanx into tendinous expansion covering back of each finger. Abductor minimi digiti. 0, annular ligament and pisiform bone. I, ulnar side of first phalanx. Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 0, annular liga- ment and unciform bone. I, base of first phalanx of little finger. Adductor, or opponens minimi digiti. 0, inter- nal to last and overlapped by it. I, all the metacarpal bone of this finger. muscles—Fore-Arm and Hand. 19 The four Interossei antici, or interni or pal- mares. 0, sides of metacarpal bones. I, first phalanges and tendinous expansion cov- ering dorsum of each finger, viz. first, or prior or externus indicis. O, radial side of second metacarpal bone. I, external side of first phalanx of forefinger—Second, or posterior, or internus or adductor indicis. O, ulnar side of second metacarpal bone. I, inner side of first phalanx of forefinger—Third, or prior or externus or adductor annularis. 0, radial side of fourth metacarpal bone. I, external side of first phalanx of ring finger—Fourth, or abductor minimi digiti. 0, radial side of fifth metacarpal bone. I, outside of first phalanx of little finger. Posterior interossei. O, opposed sides of two metacarpal bones. I, base of first phalanx of each finger and posterior tendinous ex- pansion—First, prior or externus medii. O, second and third metacarpal bones. I, outer side of the base of the first phalanx of mid- dle finger—Second, or externus medii, situ- ated between metacarpal bones of middle and ring finger. I, innerside of first phalanx of middle finger—Third, or externus annu- laris, is between fourth and fifth metacarpal bones. I, inner side of ring finger. ABDOMEN. Obliquus externus, or descendens. 0, eight or nine inferior ribs at a little distance from their cartilages. I, ensiform cartilage, linea alba, 20 POCKET ANATOMIST. pubis, Poupart's ligament, and two anterior thirds of crest of ilium. Obliquus internus, or ascendens. 0, facia lum- borum, all the crest of ilium, and external third or fourth of Poupart's ligament. I, car- tilages of seven inferior ribs, ensiform cartil- age and whole length of linea alba, and by conjoined tendons to symphysis and upper edge of pubis, and into linea innominata. Cremaster. 0, internal surface of external third of Poupart's ligament, and from lower edge of obliquus internus, and sometimes from transversalis (frequently having a ten- dinous attachment to pubis.) I, tunica vagi- nalis. A few fibres are lost in scrotum. Transversalis. 0, fascia lumborum, crest of ilium, iliac third of Poupart's ligament, seven lower ribs. I, along with obliquus internus into whole length of linea alba, upper edge of pubis and linea innominata. Rectus. 0, upper and anterior part of pubis. I, by internal fasciculus to ensiform cartilage, and costo xiphoid ligament, by the middle to cartilage of sixth rib, and by external to cartilage of fifth rib. Pyramidalis. O, pubis. I, linea alba, half- way to umbilicus. Diaphragm—first, superior or true diaphragm. 0, posterior surface of xiphoid cartilage, in- ternal surface of cartilages of last true, and all the false ribs from external or false ligamen- tum arcuatum, and from convex edge of true ligamentum arcuatum. I, cordifonn or cen- muscles—Abdomen. 21 tral tendon, which tendon is divided into an- terior, right and left portions; the first the largest, the last the smallest. Second, Infe- rior portion, or appendices or crura. O, right crus, from forepart of bodies of four first lumbar vertebra; left crus, from sides of two or three first lumbar vertebra. I, poste- rior border of cordiform tendon. Quadratus lumborum. 0, posterior fourth of spine of ilium and ilio-lumbar ligament. I, extremity of transverse processes of four first lumbar vertebra, and of last dorsal, also into internal surface of posterior half of last rib. Psoas parvus. O, side of last dorsal, and first lumbar vertebra. I, linea ileo-pectinaea, fas- cia iliaca, and fascia lata, behind femoral vessels. Psoas magnus. O, side of the body of two last dorsal, and bodies, and transverse processes of all the lumbar vertebra, and from inter- vertebral ligaments. I, back part of lesser trochanter and ridge below that process. Iliacus internus. 0, transverse process of last lumbar vertebra, inner margin of three ante- rior fourths of crest of ilium, two anterior spinous processes, and intervening notch, brim of acetabulum, capsular ligament, iliac fossa and iliac fascia. I, along with psoas magnus, or rather into it; the inferior fibres are inserted into anterior and inner surface of femur below lesser trochanter. 22 POCKET ANATOMIST. MALE PERINEUM. Sphincter ani. 0, from a ligamentous substance extending from os coccygis to rectum. I, in front of rectum into raphe and superficial fas- cia, and common central point of perinseum. Sphincter internus vel orbicularis—encircles lower extremity of rectum close to mucous membrane. Erector or compressor penis. 0, inner surface of tuber ischii, and from the insertion of great or inferior sacro-sciatic ligament. I, fibrous membrane of corpus cavernosum, or crus penis. Accelerator urinae, or ejaculator seminis. O, 1st, triangular or interosseous ligament; 2d, by a broad tendon common to opposite mus- cle, and which lies above urethra, between it and pubis; 3d, more anteriorly, by a tendin- ous expansion from the side of corpiJ^aver- nosum penis. I, middle tendinous line or raphe of perinaeum. Transversalis perinaei. 0, inside of tuberosity of ischium. I, central point of perinaeum. Levator ani. 0, posterior part of symphysis pubis, obturator fascia, ilium above thyroid hole, inner surface of ischium, and spinous process. I, the anterior or pubic fibres into central point of perinaeum, and forepart of rectum; the middle fibres into side of rectum, the posterior into back of rectum, and tendin- ous raphe extending from rectum to os coccy- gis and into the two last bones of coccyx. muscles—Male PeriruBum. 23 Compressor urethrae. 0, by a tendon from in- side of symphysis pubis, about one-eighth of an inch above lower edge of arch. I, below membranous portion of urethra, into a nar- row tendinous line which becomes lost in central point of perinaeum. Coccygeus. 0, inner surface of spine of ischium. I, extremity of sacrum and side of coccyx. INFERIOR EXTREMITY. Forepart and Sides of Thigh. Tensor vaginae femoris. O, anterior superior spinous process of ijium. I, duplicature of fascia lata on outer side of thigh, about three inches below the great trochanter. Sartorius. 0, anterior superior spine of ilium and notch below that process. I, upper end of ,tioia, below tubercle. Rectus femoris. O, anterior inferior spinous process of ilium, superior and external border of acetabulum and capsular ligament. I, up- per edge of patella, and by a few fibres into ligamentum patellae. Vastus externus. 0, root and anterior part of great trochanter, outer edge of linea aspera, oblique ridge leading to external condyle, all the external surface of the bone, and from fascia lata. I, external surface of tendon of rectus, side of patella, and head of tibia. Vastus internus. 0, anterior part of femur, from the intertrochanteric line, all the inner edge 24 POCKET ANATOMIST. of linea aspera, and inner side of femur. I, inner edge of tendon of rectus, patella and head of tibia. Cruraeus. O, anterior and external part of fe- mur, commencing at intertrochanteric line, and extending along three-fourths of bone as far outwards as linea aspera. I, upper and outer edge of patella, and synovial membrane of knee. Gracilis. 0, lower half of symphysis and in- ner edge of descending ramus of pubis. I, superior part of internal surface of tibia. Pectinaeus. 0, linea innominata on horizontal ramus of pubis. I, rough ridge leading from lesser trochanter to linea aspera. Triceps adductor femoris. 1. Adductor longus. 0, anterior surface Of pubis, between spine and symphysis. I. middle third of linea aspera. 2. Adductor brevis. O, anterior inferior sur- face of pubis, between symphysis and thy- roid hole. I, superior third of internal root of linea aspera, extending three inches be- low lesser trochanter. 3. Adductor magnus. 0, anterior surface of descending ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium, and external border of tuberosity of ischium. I, rough ridge leading from great trochanter to linea aspera and inter- nal condyle of femur. HIP. Glutseus maximus. 0, posterior fifth of crest of ilium, rough surface between the crest and MUSCLES. 25 superior semicircular ridge, posterior ilio sa- cral ligaments, and lumbar fascia, tubercles on posterior surface of sacrum, side of coccyx, and great sciatic ligament. I, rough edge leading from trochanter to linea aspera, up- per third of that line, and fascia lata. Glutaeus medius. 0, deep surface of fascia, ex- tending from its anterior edge to the crest of ilium, three anterior fourths of crust of ilium, superior semicircular ridge leading from an- terior spinous ^process of ilium to upper part of sciatic notch, and surface of ilium above and below that ridge. I, upper and outer part of great trochanter. Glutaeus minimus. 0, inferior semicircular ridge on dorsum of ilium, rough surface be- tween it and edge of acetabulum. I, upper and anterior part of great trochanter. Pyriformis. O, anterior or concave surface of 2d, 3d, and 4th divisions of sacrum, and by a few fibres from the anterior surface of the great sciatic ligament, and from upper and back part of ilium. I, upper part of digital fossa, at the root of great trochanter. Gemellus superior. O, spine of ischium. I, upper part of digital fossa of great trochanter along with obturator internus. Gemellus inferior. 0, upper part of tuber ischii, and great sciatic ligament. I, digital fossa with the former. Obturator internus. 0, superior or pelvic sur- face of obturator or thyroid ligament, all the circumference of obturator foramen, (except 26 POCKET ANATOMIST. where the nerve and vessels passj and from ligamentous arch beneath these, pubes inter- nally, ischium inferiorly, and from a thin strong fascia of same name, covering and separating this muscle from levator ani. I, digital fossa of great trochanter. Quadratus femoris. O, external surface of tu- ber ischii. I, inferior and posterior part of great trochanter, and posterior intertrochan- teric line. Obturator externus. 0, inferior surface of ob- turator ligament, surrounding surface of pu- bis and ischium. I, lower part of digital fossa. BACK PART OF THIGH. Biceps flexor cruris—long head. "0, outer and back part of tuber ischii;—short head, 0, linea aspera from below insertion of glutaeus maximus to within two inches of external condyle. I, head of fibula. Semitendinosus. O, great tuberosity of ischium, with long head of biceps, and from tendon of biceps for three inches. I, anterior angle of tibia below tubercle. Semimembranosus. O, upper and outer part of tuber ischii. It divides into three processes, one passing outwards, another downwards, and a third forwards. First, is inserted into external condyle of femur, and termed poste- rior ligament of knee, or ligament of Wins- low ; second, inserted into posterior part of heads of tibia and fibula; third, into head of tibia. muscles—Back Part of Thigh. 27 LEG. Anterior and External, part of Leg. Tibialis anticus. 0, outer part of two superior thirds of tibia, head of fibula, inner half of in- terosseous ligament, fascia of leg, and inter- muscular septa. I, inner side of great cunei- form bone, and base of first metatarsal bone. Extensor digitorum longus. 0, external part of head of tibia, head of fibula, and from about 3-4ths of this bone, part of interosseous liga- ment, fascia of leg and intermuscular septa. I, last phalanx of each of four external toes. Extensor pollicis proprius. 0, inner edge of middle third of fibula, interosseous ligament nearly as low as ankle, lower part of tibia. I, by two tendinous fasciculi, one into base of first, and the other into base of second phalanx of great toe. Peronaeus tertius, or anticus. 0, anterior sur- face of lower half of fibula. I, base of fifth metatarsal bone, and frequently sends a band of fibres to join fourth tendon of extensor communis. Extensor digitorum brevis. 0, upper and an terior part of os calcis, cuboid bone, astraga- lus and annular ligament. I, internal tendon into base of first phalanx of great toe, the three others join outer edge of corresponding tendons of extensor digitorum longus, to as- sist in forming the aponeurosis which covers the dorsum of each toe. 28 POCKET ANATOMIST. Outer part of Leg. Peronaeus longus. 0, around head of fibula, adjacent surface of tibia, upper half of exter- nal angle of fibula, fascia and intermuscular septa. I, outer side of metatarsal bone of great toe, and adjacent sesamoid bone, also into in- ternal cuneiform and base of 2d metatarsal bone. Peronaeus brevis. O, outer and back part of lower half of fibula, and from intermuscular septa. I, base of metatarsal bone of little toe, and into os cuboides. Back of Leg. Gastrocnemius. O, internal head from upper and back part of internal condyle of femur, and oblique ridge above it, the external from above external condyle. I, lower and back part of os calcis. Plantaris. O, back part of femur above exter- nal condyle, and from posterior ligament of knee. I, posterior part of os calcis anterior to tendo-achillis. Salaeus. O, external head, from back part of head, and superior third of fibula, internal head, from middle third of tibia, unites with gastrocnemius to form tendo-achillis. I, low- er and back part of os calcis. Poplitaeus. 0, depression on outer condyle. I, flat triangular surface, occupying superior fifth of posterior surface of tibia. muscles—Back of Leg. 29 Flexor digitorum perforans. 0, posterior flat, surface of tibia, from below poplitaeus to within three inches of ankle, from fascia and intermuscular septa. I, last phalanx of each of four lesser toes. Tibialis posticus. O, posterior and internal part of fibula, upper part of tibia and almost entire length of interosseous ligament. I, tuberosity on inferior and internal part of os naviculare, internal cuneiform bone, cuboid and second and third metatarsal bones. Flexor pollicis longus. 0, two inferior thirds of fibula. I, last phalanx of great toe. FOOT. Abductor pollicis. O, lower and inner part of os calcis, internal annular ligament, plantar aponeurosis, and internal intermuscular sep- tum. I, internal sesamoid bone, and internal side of base of first phalanx of great toe. Flexor digitorum brevis perforatus. O, infe- rior and internal part of os calcis, internal annular ligament, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa. I, second phalanx of four outer toes. Abductor minimi digiti. O, outer side of os calcis, strong ligament extending from this to fifth metatarsal bone, base of the latter, plantar fascia, and its external intermuscu- lar septum. I, outer side of base of first phalanx of little toe, and adjoining surface of metatarsal bone. Mnscnlns accessorius. O, inferior and internal 30 POCKET ANATOMIST. part of os calcis. I, upper and outer part of tendon of flexor digitorum longus just before it divides. Four Lumbricales. 0, tendons of flexor digito- rum longus. I, internal side of first phalanx of four lesser toes. Flexor pollicis brevis. 0, lower and anterior part of os calcis and external cuneiform bone. I, sesamoid bones beneath first pha- lanx of great toe. Adductor pollicis. O, calcaneo cuboid ligament, base of second and third metatarsal bones. I, external sesamoid bone with the last. Transversalis pedis. 0, anterior extremities of four external metatarsal bones. I, exter- sal sesamoid bone of great toe. Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 0, cuboid and fifth metatarsal bone, and from the sheath of perinaeus longus tendon. I, inner side of base of first phalanx of little toe. Seven Interossei muscles. Three seen on sole, and four on dorsum of foot. Inferior are named interossei interni, or infe- riores. 1st, or adductor medii digiti, situated between second and third metatarsal bones, 0, chief- ly from inner side of latter bone. I, inner side of first phalanx of third or middle toe. 2d, or adductor quarti digiti. O, inner side of fourth metatarsal bone. I, inner side of first phalanx of fourth toe. 3d, Adductor minimi digiti. 0, fifth metatar- sal bone. I. inner side of little toe. MUSCLES — Foot. 31 Superior, or interossei externi, are bicipital muscles. 1st, Adductor digiti secundi. 0, internal side of second metatarsal bone, and from outer side of first. I, inner side of base of first phalanx of second toe. 2d, Abductor digiti secundi. 0, opposite sur- faces of second and third metatarsal bones. I, outer side of first phalanx of second toe. 3d, Abductor medii digiti. 0, opposite sur- faces of third and fourth metatarsal bones. I, outer side of first phalanx of third or middle toe. 4th, Abductor digiti quarti. 0, opposite sur- faces of fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. I, outer side of first phalanx of fourth toe. INTERNAL EAR AND BALL OF EYE. Tympanum. Stapedius. 0, within the pyramid. I, neck of the stapes. Tensor tympani. 0, in the canal in the petrous bone above the Eustachian tube. I, into the short process below the neck of the malleus. Laxator tympani. 0, spinous process of sphe- noid bone, and from Eustachian tube. I, into processus gracilis of malleus, or process of Raw. Orbit. Levator palpebrae superioris. 0, upper edge of foramen opticum. I, superior border of tarsal 32 POCKET ANATOMIST. cartilage, and into superior palpebral sinus of conjunctiva behind the palpebral ligament Obliquus superior. O, on the inner side of the preceding. I, sclerotic coat between .the su- perior and external recti. Obliquus inferior. O, orbital edge of superior maxillary bone above infraorbital foramen. I, sclerotic coat behind the transverse axis of eye, and between sclerotic coat and exter- nal rectus. Rectus superior vel attol- lens oculi. Rectus inferior v. depressor oculi. Rectus internus v. adductor oculi. Rectus externus v. abduct- or oculi. 0, optic foramen, the external being also attached to ► foramen lacerum. I, behind cornea about a quarter of an inch. arteries—Arch of Aorta. 83 ARTERIES.* AORTA. ■ ' .' . Arch of Aorta. I. Arteria coronaria dextra vel anterior. 1. Superior branch. 2. Inferior branch. 3. Posterior branch. ii. Arteria coron-aria sinistra v. posterior. 1. Superior branch. 2. Inferior branch. in. Arteria innominata. 1. Middle thyroid artery. 2. Right common carotid artery. a. External carotid artery. a. Superior thyroid. a. Ramus hyoidcus. b. Ramus superficialis. c. Ramus laryngeus. d. Ramus thyroideus. 6. Lingual artery. a. Ramus hyoideus. b. Arteria dorsalis linguae. c. Arteria sublingualis. d. Arteria ranina. c. Labial, fascial, or external maxillary. a. Arteria palatina inferior. b. Arteria tonsillaris. c. Arterise glandulares. * As described by Harrison 3 34 POCKET ANATOMIST. d. Arteria submentalis. e. Ateria labialis inferior. f. Ateria coronaria inferior. g. Arteriae massetericae. h. Arteria coronaria superior. i. Arteria nasi lateralis. j. Arteria angularis. d. Sterno mastoid or muscular artery. e. Occipital artery. a. Posterior meningeal artery. /. Posterior auricular artery. a. Muscular branches. b. Branch to stylo-mastoid foramen. c. Anterior branch to cartilage of ear. d. Posterior branch to side of cranium. g. Ascending pharyngeal artery. a. 3 or 4 Internal branches. b. External branches. c. Branches to dura mater. h. Transverse artery of face. a. Ascending branches. b. Descending branches. i. Temporal artery. a. Arterise anteriores auris. b. Arteriae capsulares. c. Arteria temporalis media. d. Arteria temporalis posterior. e. Arteria temporalis anterior. k. Internal maxillary artery. a. Arteria meningea media. b. Arteria den talis vel maxillaris infe- rior. c. Arteriae pterygoide«e. arteries—Arch of Aorta. 3fl d. Arteriae temporales profundae. e. Arteriae massetericae. f. Arteriae buccales. g. Arteria dentalis vel maxillaris supe- rior. h. Arteria infra orbitalis. i. Arteria palatina descendens. j. Arteria nasalis. B. Internal carotid. a &b. Arteriae receptaculi. c. Arteria ophthai mica. a. Arteria lachrymalis. b. Arteria centralis retinae. c. Arteria supra orbitalis. d. Arteriae ciliares breves et longae. e. Rami musculares. t Anterior ciliary arteries. f. Arteria ethmoidalis. g & h. Arteria palpebralis superior and inferior. i. Arteria nasalis. j. Arteria frontalis. d. Arteria posterior communicans. e. Arteria cerebri anterior. a. Arteria communicans anterior. b. Ramus inferior. c. Ramus superior. f. Arteria cerebri media. a. Choroid artery, &c. b. Superficial branch. c. Deep branch. 8. Right subclavian. a. Vertebral artery. 36 POCKET ANATOMIST. a. Arteria cerebelli inferior*vel posterior. b & c. Arterial medullas spinalis posterior et anterior. A. Arteria basilaris. a. Arteria cerebelli anterior vel superior. a. Branch to meatus internus. 6. Arteria cerebri posterior. B. Internal mammary artery. a. 5 arteriae intercostales anteriores. a & b. Rami superiores and inferiores. b. Arteriae mediastini. c. Arteria comes nervi phrenici. d. Arteria musculo phrenica. a. 6 anterior intercostal branches. b. Branches to diaphragm. e. Ramus abdominalis. c. Axis thyroideus. a. Arteria thyroidea inferior vel ascendens. 6. Arteria cervicalis ascendens. c. Arteria supra scapularis vel transversa- lis humeri. a. Arteria acromialis superior. b. Arteria supra-spinalis. c. Arteria infra-spinalis. d. Arteria transversalis colli. a. Arteria cervicalis superficialis. b. Arteria scapularis posterior. D. Arteria cervicalis profunda. E. Arteria intercostalis superior. 3. Axillary artery. A. Arteria thoracica acromialis. a. Pectoral branches. b. Branches to shoulder. arteries—Arch of Aorta. 37 c. Inferior acromial artery, &c. B. Arteria thoracica suprema. c. Arteria thoracica alaris. D. Arteria thoracica longa vel mammaria ex- terna. E. Arteria subscapularis. a. Ramus anterior. ' b. Ramus posterior, or arteria circumflexa scapulae. a. Ramus ascendens vel arteria infra- spinata. b. Ramus descendens. F. Arteria circumflexa posterior. G. Arteria circumflexa anterior. 3. Arteria brachialis. A. Arteria profunda superior. b. Arteria profunda inferior. c. Arteria anastomotica magna. D. Arteria nutritia humeri. E. Arteria radialis. a. Arteria radialis recurrens. b. Arteria superficialis volae. c. Arteria anterior carpi radialis. d. Arteria dorsalis carpi radialis. e. Arteria dorsalis pollicis radialis. /. Arteria dorsalis pollicis ulnaris. a. Arteria dorsalis indicis. . Arteria magna vel princeps pollicis. . Arteria radialis indicis. i. Arteria palmaris profunda. F. Arteria ulnaris. a & b. Arteria recurrens anterior and pos- terior. I 38 POCKET ANATOMIST. c. Arteria interossea. a. Arteriae recurrentes anteriores. b. Arteria interossea anterior. t Anterior branch. t Posterior branch. c. Arteria interossea posterior. t Posterior interosseous, recurrent or ascending. t Descending branch Middle branches External branches Internal branches. d & e. Arteriae carpi ulnaris anterior et posterior. f. Arteria communicans vel profunda. g. Arteria palmaris superficialis. iv. Left common carotid. v. Left subclavian. Thoracic Aorta. 1. Superior bronchial arteries. n. Inferior bronchial artery, or arteries m. Arteria? oesophageal. iv. Arteriae intercostales. 1. Posterior branches. 2. Anterior branches. A & b. Ascending and descending branches c & D. Superior and inferior branches. Abdominal Aorta. l. & n. Arteriae phrenicae. 1. External branches. 2. Internal branches. arteries—Abdominal Aorta. 39 in. Arteria vel axis cceliaca. 1. Arteria gastrica vel coronaria ventriculi. A. Ramus superior. b. Ramus inferior. 2. Arteria hepatica. A. Arteria pylorica superior. b. Arteria gastrica-duodenalis. a. Arteriae pyloricae inferiores. b. Arteria pancreatica duodenalis. c. Arteria gastro-epiploica-dextra. C. Arteria hepatica sinistra. D. Arteria hepatica dextra. a. Arteria cystica. a. To coats of gall-bladder. b. To gall-bladder and liver. 3. Arteria splenica. A. Arteriae pancreaticae parvae. B. Arteria pancreatica magna. c. Vasa brevia. d. Arteriae splenicae. E. Arteria gastro-epiploica sinistra. IV. Arteria mesenterica superior. 1. Branches to pancreas and duodenum. 2. Arteria colica media. a. Right branch. b. Left branch. 3. Arteria colica dextra. A. Superior branch. b. Inferior branch. 4. Arteria ileo-colica. a. Superior branch. b. Middle branch. c. Inferior branch. 40- POCKET ANATOMIST. 5. Branches to jejunum and ilium are 16. to 20. v. & vi. Arteriae capsulares vel atrabiliariae. vn. & vm. Arteriae renales vel emulgentes. ix. & x. Arteriae spermaticae. xi. Arteriae lumbales (5 on each side.) 1. Spinal branches. 2. Posterior muscular branches. 3. External or abdominal branch. xn. Arteria mesenterica inferior. 1. Arteria colica sinistra. a. Ascending branch. b. Descending branch. 2. Arteria sigmoidea. 3. Arteria haemorrhoidalis superior et interna. xm. Arteria sacra media. COMMON ILIAC ARTERY. i. Internal iliac artery. 1. Ileo-lumbar artery. a. Ascending branches. b. Descending branches. c. External branches. 2. Sacro-lateral artery. 3. Middle haemorrhoidal artery. 4. Vesical arteries. 5. Umbilical artery. 6. Uterine artery. 7. Vaginal arteiy. 8. Thyroid or obturator artery. a. Branches within the pelvis. b. Posterior or external branch. c. Anterior or internal branch. 9. Gluteal artery. arteries—Common Iliac. 41 A. Superficial branch. b. Deep branch. a. Branch to substance of ileum. 6. Superior branches. c. Middle branches. d. Inferior or descending branches. 10. Sciatic artery. a. Coccygeal artery. B. Comes nervi ischiadici. c. Muscular branches. 11. Internal pubic artery. A. External haemorrhoidal arteries. b. Perinaeal artery. c. Transverse artery of perinaeum. D. Artery of the bulb vel spungiosi urethrae. a. Branch to gland of Cowper. b. Branch to corpus spungiosum. E. Artery of corpus cavernosum. f. Dorsal artery of penis. II. External iliac artery. 1. Epigastric artery. 2. Circumflex ilii artery. n. Femoral artery. 1. Superficial epigastric artery. 2. Superficial or external pubic arteries, su- perior and inferior. 3. Superficial circumflex ilii artery. 4. Arteria profunda femoris. A. External circumflex artery. a. Ascending branches. 6. Circumflex branches. c. Descending branches. B. Internal circumflex artery. 42 POCKET ANATOMIST. a. Branches to perinaeum, &c. b. Branch to acetabulum. c. Superior branch to digital cavity trochanter. d. Inferior branch. c. Arteria perforans prima. D. Perforans secunda. e. Perforans tertia. f. Perforans quarta. 5. Arteria anastomotica magna. II. Popliteal artery. 1. Rami musculares superiores. 2. Arteria articularis superior externa. a. Superficial branch. b. Deep branch. 3. Arteria articularis superior interna. a. Superficial branches. B. Deep branches. 4. Arteria articularis media vel azyga, 5. Arteria articularis inferior externa. 6. Arteria articularis inferior interna. 7. Rami musculares inferiores. 8. Posterior tibial artery. A. Peronaeal artery. a. Anterior peronaeal artery. 6. Posterior peronaeal artery, B. Internal plantar artery. c. External plantar artery. a. Perforating branches 6. 4 digital arteries. 9. Anterior tibial artery. A. Arteria recurrens. B. Rami musculares. nerves—Cerebral. 43 C. Arteria malleolaris interna. D. Arteria malleolaris externa. e. Arteria tarsi. F. Arteria metatarsi, G. Ramus communicans. h. Arteria pollicis. PULMONARY ARTERY, NERVES. CEREBRAL NERVES. i. Olfactory nerves. 1. Internal branches about 10 to septum. 2. Middle branches to the roof of each nostril. 3. External branches descend on turbinated bones. n. Optic nerves become retina, which is divisi- ble into three tunics, viz. serous, nervous, and vascular. in. Motores oculorum. 1. Superior branch or smaller. a. Smaller division to superior rectus. b. Larger division to levator palpebral 2. Inferior branch or larger. a. A filament, which with ramus ciliaris of the nasal branch of ophthalmic divis- ion of the fifth pair, forms the 44 POCKET ANATOMIST. a. Lenticular or ophthalmic ganglion be- tween optic nerve and external rectus. a. Inferior ciliary fasciculus. b. Superior ciliary fasciculus. c. Internal ciliary fasciculus; b. Internal branch to internal rectus. c. Middle branch to inferior rectus. d. External branch to inferior oblique. IV. Trochleator or pathetic to upper surface of superior oblique. V. Trigemini. * Threads to unite with great intercostal. 1. Ophthalmic division. A. Frontal nerve. a. Small filament to unite with infra- trochlear twig of nasal branch. 6. Supra-trochlear twig, and on passing out of orbit, becomes internal frontal nerve. c. Proper frontal. B. Lachrymal nerve. a. Mesial or internal twig to gland, up- per eyelid, &c. b. Exterior or temporal twig to join sub- cutaneous of superior maxillary. C. Nasal nerve. a. Threads to third pair. b. Ramus ciliaris, contributing to lenti- cular ganglion. c. Infra-trochlearis passes out of orbit. * The trigemini are according to Professor Lizar's de- scription. nerves— Cerebral. 45 2. Superior maxillary nerve. A. Malar or subcutaneous of cheek. B. Infra-orbitary nerve. a. Posterior dental nerve. a. Anterior branch to buccinator muscle. b. Posterior branch to prominence be- hind superior maxilla, three posterior teeth, &c. b. Anterior dental, nerve to antrum, nose, teeth, &c. 0. Pterygo-palatine, forms ganglion Mec- kelii. a. Palatine nerve. a. External palatine to velum palati, &c. b. Superior posterior nasal nerves: a branch from each side, uniting with the termination of palatine forms gan- \ glion naso-palatinum at foramen in- cisivum. c. Inferior posterior nasal nerves. d. Branches to pterygoid muscles and velum palati. e. Terminates in filaments to gums and soft palate. 6. Pterygoid or Vidian nerve. a. Posterior superior nasal nerves. b. Petrosal branch first sends t Branches to tensor tympani, and joins fascial, afterwards is reflected and becomes b. Chorda tympani. t Twig to laxator tympani major, and ultimately joins the gustatory nerve. 46 POCKET ANATOMIST. c. Intercostal branch, to assist in form- ing great intercostal with reflected twigs of abducens. 3. Inferior maxillary nerve. A. Superior branch. a. Masseteric twig to muscles and artic- ulation of maxilla. b. Exterior deep temporal twig. c. Internal deep temporal twig. d. Superficial temporal or auricular to articulation, and joins with fascial and occipital of 2d cervical. e. Buccinnator twig is largest to sur- rounding parts. /. Pterygoid nerve. b. Inferior branch. a. Mandibulo-labialis or inferior maxil- lary. a. Mylohyoideus branch. 6. Lingual branch joined by chorda tym- pani. vi. Abducens to ocular surface of external rec- tus muscle. yn. Portio dura, or fascial nerve. 1. Twigs to tensor tympani and stapedius. 2. Posterior auricular. 3. Stylohyoid nerve to digastric and stylo- hyoid muscles, and anastomosis with sym- pathetic and glosso-pharyngeal nerves. 4. Submastoid nerves. 5. Temporo-fascial communicates with auric- ular of inferior maxillary, and with cervi- co-fascial, forming with the latter the pes anserinus. nerves— Cerebral. 47 a. Temporal division. b. Malar division. c. Buccal division. 6. Cervico-fascial nerve. a. Maxillary division unites with mental nerve and temporo-fascial. B. Submaxillary. c. Cervical branches. VII. Portio mollis, or auditory nerve. 1. Anterior branch to cochlea. 2. Posterior to vestibule and semicircular ca- nals. vm. GIosso- pharyngeal nerve, or 1st branch of 8th pair. 1. Twigs to carotid plexus in cavernous sinus. 2. Filaments to fascial, pneumo-gastric, and sympathetic nerves. 3. Branches to pharyngeal plexus, some de- scend and unite with sympathetic and car- diac nerves, others ascend to amygdala. 4. Branches to stylo-pharyngeus, hyo-glossus, and superior and middle constrictors of pharynx, mucous membrane of fauces, &c. 5. Branches to root of tongue. Vin. Pneumogastric nerve, or nervus vagus, or 2d branch of 8th pair. 1. Pharyngeal nerve, receives a twig from spinal accessory. a. Branches to assist in forming pharyn- geal plexus, &c. 2. Superior laryngeal nerve. a. Filament to pharyngeal plexus (which 48 POCKET ANATOMIST. plexus sends branches to mucous mem- brane of pharynx and fauces.) B. External division to sterno and hyothy- roid muscles, &c, thyroid gland, and car- tilages of larynx. C Internal division perforates thyrohyoid membrane. a. Branches to epiglottis and mucous membrane, &c. b. Long branch to crico-thyroid muscle. D. Filaments to carotid artery, sympathetic and cervical nerves. e. Cardiac branches. 3. Inferior laryngeal nerve or recurrent. A. Cardiac branches. B. Branches to forepart of trachea and thy- roid gland. c. Branches to pharynx and laryngeal muscles. 4. Pulmonary branches. A. Anterior branches pass in front of bron- chial tubes, and form the a. Anterior pulmonary plexus. a. Filaments to pulmonary vessels, lungs, and pericardium. B. Posterior branches to join posterior pul- monary plexus 5. Posterior pulmonic plexus, formed by the vagus increasing at the root of each lung. A. Filaments to bronchial tubes and sub- stance of lungs. CEsophageal plexus, or plexus gulae, is the nerves—Cerebral. 49 •union and encircling of the opposite nerves on the oesophagus. Cardiac plexus is their union on the stom- ach. The left nerve is anterior oh the stomach, the right posterior. vm. Nervus accessorius, or third branch of 8th pair. 1. Filaments to sternomastoid and cervical plexus. 2. Terminates in trapezius muscle and integ- uments. ix. Lingual, or 9th pair of nerves. 1. Branches to lingualis and genioglpssus muscle and tongue. 2. Descendens noni receives a filament from pneumogastric and internal descending branches of cervical plexus, forming a triangular plexus which goes to omo and sterno-hyoid and thyroid muscles, and sends some filaments to the chest. 3. Filaments to constrictors of pharynx and stylo-pharyngeus, and one to thyrohyoid muscle. 4. On hyoglossus it sends branches to sur- rounding muscles and gustatory branch of 5th pair. 3. Terminates in genio-hyoglossus. 4 50 POCKET ANATOMISE. SPINAL NERVES. Eight Cervical Nerves and 1st Dorsal. I. Posterior branches are small, unless the 2d, which accompanies the occipital artery, the rest go to neighboring muscles. 11. Anterior branches; the first, or suboccipital, twists round atlas to anterior branch of second, and forms the Nervous loop, or arch of atlas; the four su- perior form the 1. Cervical plexus, by uniting together, a. Ascending branches. a. Superficial branches to platisma, in- teguments, parotid, ear, back of head; chief branch is superficialis vel ascen- dens colli, from third cervical to paro- tid and accompanying external jugu- lar. 6. Deep branches to sterno-mastoid, di- gastric, splenius and adjacent muscles. B. Descending branches. 'a. Internal branches. a. Superficial branch to join descen- dens noni. b. Deep branch, or phrenic nerve, or internal respiratory—chiefly from fourth cervical, often a filament from brachial plexus. t Branches to inferior cava, liver. oesophagus, and stomach. t Terminates on diaphragm. nerves—Spinal. 51 b. External branches. a. Superficial branches to clavicle, acro- mion process, pectoral, and deltoid muscles and integuments. b. Deep branches descend behind cla- vicle and supply muscles on side of neck and those connected with sca- pula ; the largest branch, named ex- ternal respiratory, goes to serratus magnus. 2. Brachial plexus, formed by the junction of anterior branches of four inferior cervical and 1st dorsal. a. Thoracic nerves are four or five in num- ber, and form upper part of plexus; they divide into a. Anterior thoracic branches, which de- scend behind clavicle in front of axilla- ry artery, and supply the pectoral mus- cles. 6. Posterior thoracic nerves, pass behind the vessels to serratus magnus, posterior scalenus and rhomboid muscles. B. Supra scapular nerve. a. A branch to supra spinatus. b. Branches to infra spinatus and teres muscles. c. Subscapular nerves are three or four in number, descend behind the vessels to subscapular, latissimus dorsi, and teres major muscles. D. Internal cutaneous nerve 52 POCKET ANATOMIST. a. External branch descends as low as wrist. b. Internal branch descends towards inter- nal condyle, and divides into branches to inner and posterior part of forearm. E. External cutaneous—musculo-cutaneous, or perforans Casserii. a. Branches to coraco-brachialis, biceps and brachiaeus anticus. b. Anterior branch to ball of thumb and palm of hand. c. Posterior branch to dorsum of hand. F. Median or brachial nerve the largest branch. a. Branches to muscles of arm and fore- arm, but none to the supinators. 6. Anterior interossea! nerve supplies the deep flexors. a. Division to pronator quadratus. b. To dorsum of hand. c. Superficial branch given off above wrist, to palm of hand. d. 5 Digital branches. o. Ulnar nerve. a. Muscular branches. 6. Dorsalis carpi ulnaris to three inner fin- gers, and integuments on dorsum of hand. c. Superficial palmar branch divides into a. Three digital branches. d. Deep palmar branch. H. Musculo-spiral nerve. a ^ranches to triceps. nerves—Spinal. 53 b. Cutaneous branch goes on to thumb. c. Branches to long and short supinators and extensors. d. Anterior branch, or radial nerve, de- scends along inner side of and sup- plies supinator longus. a. Branch to integuments of thumb. b. Branch to dorsum of hand, supplying index and middle finger, and commu- nicating with dorsalis ulnaris. e. Deep branch, or posterior interosseal nerve. a. Superficial branches to superficial muscles. b. Deep branches to deep muscles. f Circumflex or articular nerve. a. Branches to subscapular muscle, &c. b. Superior branch. c. Inferior branch. Eleven Inferior Dorsal Nerves. i. Posterior branches to muscles and integu- ments of back and loins. n. Anterior or intercostal branches. The 2d and 3d are smaller than the first, and at angle of ribs pass between intercostal mus- cles, and running along the lower edge of each rib supply surrounding muscles; op- posite the axilla they send off, 1. The nerves of Wrisberg, or cutaneous nerves of arm. 54 POCKET ANATOMIST. 2. End in cutaneous and muscular branches to lateral and forepart of thorax. Last 9 are similar to the 2d and 3d in distribu- tion, supplying intercostal and adjacent mus- cles ; the last two go chiefly to diaphragm, and the twelfth sends a branch to join the 1st lumbar; they are all connected by one or two short branches to the ganglions of sym- pathetic. Five Pairs of Lumbar Nerves. I. Posterior branches. n. Anterior branches unite in the psoas to form the Lumbar plexus. 1. External inguino-cutaneous. A. Branches to abdominal muscles. b. Cutaneous branch to integuments on outer part of thigh. c. External spermatic nerve. 2. Middle inguino-cutaneous to skin on outer part of thigh. 3. Internal inguino-cutaneous. a. Branch to cord accompanying spermatic vessels. b. Branch to integuments and glands of groin. 4. Anterior crual nerve, from four superior nerves. a. Superficial fasciculus, 4 or 5 long branch- es, and piercing fascia lata descend to knee. nerves—Spinal. 55 B. Deep fasciculus. o. External muscular branches to vastus externus, rectus, iliacus internus, and tensor vaginaj femoris. b. Internal muscular branches to sartori- us, vastus internus, and cruraeus. c. Branches to femoral artery, 3 or 4 in number, going near to knee. d. Internal saphenus nerve, joins saphena vein at knee on coming out between gracilis and sartorius; it goes on to in- ner side of foot, sending off numerous branches to integuments. 5. Obturator nerve from 3d lumbar. A. Twigs to obturator internus. b. Anterior branch to adductor brevis, pec- tinaeus and vastus internus. C. Posterior branch to gracilis, adductor magnus and longus. 6. Lumbo-sacral nerve from 4th and 5th lumbar. a. Superior gluteal to glutaeus medius and minimus. B. Communicating branch to join first sa- . cral nerve or sciatic plexus. Five Pairs of Sacral Nerves. i. Posterior branches. II. Anterior branches, the 3 superior are very large, the last two much smaller, and the 5 with the branch of last lumbar, form the Sacral plexus. 1. Internal or pelvic branches. 56 POCKET ANATOMIST. a. HaemoiThoidal, vesical, uterine and va- ginal. 2. External branches. b. Lesser sciatic nerve. a. Superficial branches pass over ham- string muscles with posterior cutane- ous nerve, and are lost in these mus- cles. b. Deep branches to quadratus femoris, upper part of adductor magnus, hip joint, &c. c. Inferior glutaeal nerve to glutaeus maxi- mus, perinceum, and inner side of thigh. D. Posterior cutaneous nerve, to thigh and leg posteriorly. E. Pubic nerve. a. Inferior branch to muscles of peri- naeum and scrotum. 6. Superior branch to glans penis. F. Great sciatic, or posterior crural nerve. a. Cutaneous and muscular branches, the latter to ham-strings, gracilis, and adductor magnus. 6. External poplitaeal or peronaeal nerves. a. External cutaneous nerves of leg, they communicate with external saphenus. b. Musculo-cutaneous nerve. t Internal tarsal or dorsal nerves, to integuments of first and second toes. t External tarsal or dorsal nerves, to three outer toes. nerves—Sympathetic. 57 «. Anterior tibial nerve. t Branches to integuments. t Branch to extensor digitorum bre- vis, cutaneous, and communicating filaments. 1 Terminating branches to first inte- rosseal muscle, and communicates with plantar nerves. Internal poplitaeal or posterior tibial. a. Posterior or external saphenus. b. Muscular branches to gastrocnemius, soleus, plantares and deep muscles. c. Filaments to posterior and anterior tibial arteries. d. Internal plantar nerve. t 4 Digital branches. e. External plantar nerve. t Superficial branch to little toe and outer side of fourth. t Deep branch to plantar muscles and interrossei. SYMPATHETIC, OR GANGLIONIC NERVES. The Sympathetic communicate with the Spinal nerves : to each Cervical, by one filament, and to the Dorsal, Lumbar, and Sacral, by two. CERVICAL GANGLIONS. I. Superior cervical ganglion extending from first to third cervical vertebra. 58 pocket anatomist. 1. Ascending or superior branches are two ascending in carotid canal to cavernus sinus, and communicates with the 6th and Vidian branch of 5th. 2. Descending or inferior branches are fila- ments to join laryngeal nerves and vagus, superior cardiac and sympathetic itself. The superior cardiac takes a long course, and, in passing to the chest, communicates with the laryngeal nerves, the vagus and middle and inferior ganglions of sympa- thetic. It has sometimes a small ganglion on it near inferior thyroid artery, passing behind subclavian vein and over arteria innominata, it divides into several fila- ments ; some pass along the coats of that vessel to aorta, others join the recurrent nerve and middle and inferior cardiac nerves. 3. Internal branches unite with pharyngeal plexus. 4. External branches join superior cervical nerves. 5. Anterior branches unite with others from vagus and fascial, and form a plexus around carotid artery from which branches proceed along external carotid, forming branches around each principal branch, named accordingly! II. Middle cervical ganglion is sometimes want- ing. 1, Branches to join cervical nerves and vagus. 2. Middle cardiac nerve of right side is gene- rally the largest of the cardiac nerves, and nerves—Sympathetic. 59 is sometimes wanting on the left; entering thorax anterior to subclavian arteiy is joined by large branches from vagus and recurrent, and passing along innominata terminates in cardiac ganglion or plexus. III. Inferior cervical ganglion lies between transverse process of last cervical vertebra and neck of first rib. 1. Filaments to phrenic nerve and brachial plexus, subclavian artery, and its branches. 2. Inferior cardiac nerve or nerves ; the right descends along arteria innominata to arch of aorta to its forepart, and terminates in the anterior cardiac plexus; some branch- es pass between aorta and pulmonary ar- tery to cardiac ganglion. On the left side these nerves accompany the subclavian artery, and partly join the middle cardiac nerve and partly the cardiac plexus. Cardiac plexus, or cardiac ganglion, is situated behind the ascending aorta near its origin in front of trachea and right pulmonary artery; it consists of a plexus of nerves formed by the cardiac from opposite sides, and branches of the eighth pair and recurrent. In the meshes of this plexus several small ganglions are inclosed, and to the aggregate of these the term cardiac ganglion is applied. THORACIC GANGLIONS. I. Branches to mediastinum ramify on aorta, &c, and communicate with the pulmonary plexus. 60 pocket anatomist. ii. Great splanchnic nerve from sixth, sev- enth, eighth, ninth and tenth ganglions, and unite on the tenth dorsal vertebra into one cord, and entering the abdomen along , with the aorta, or separated from it by a fasciculus of the diaphragm, expands into the semilunar ganglion. The semilunar ganglion of each side is situated on the diaphragm, and partly on aorta on either side of ciliac axis, and communicating, are termed Solar plexus, it is situated behind the stom- ach, above the pancreas, in front of aorta. 1. Branches in various directions accompa- nying the blood-vessels forming plexuses around each, named accordingly, as he- patic, splenic and gastric, and these communicate with the eighth pair. 2. Branches descending in front of aorta, which subdivide at the renal and mesen- tric arteries, accompanying them and forming plexuses, named accordingly, viz. renal, superior and inferior mesenteric, and into each of these branches of the lumbar ganglions enter a. Renal plexus. a. Spermatic plexus. b. Inferior mesentric plexus, sends branches descending to the edge of the pelvis, unite with others from the lumbar ganglions, and form a plexus around the internal iliac artery and its branches, named hypogastric plex- us. It is joined by numerous fila- nerves—Sympathetic. 61 ments from the lumbar and sacral ganglions of sympathetic, and com- municates with the pelvic branches of the sacral plexus. in. Lesser splanchnic nerve arises by two roots from the tenth and eleventh ganglions, and uniting on the side of the last dorsal verte- bra, enters the abdomen through the crus of diaphragm, and ends in the renal plexus. LUMBAR GANGLIONS. The lumbar ganglions are five on each side, sometimes three or four. i. Branches to anterior branches of Siumbar spinal nerves. n. Branches to assist in forming the differ- ent abdominal plexuses. SACRAL GANGLIONS. The Sacral ganglions are three or four in num- ber. I. Branches of sacral nerves. n. Filaments to hypogastric and pelvic plex- uses. m. A small branch from the last ganglion on each side, which passes in front of coccyx, there forming ganglion impar, which sends 1. 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