I' t ^^ *> »*** ^ ';#*» ..•■« r-v* *..t:v lfl ... s *- ■*pfc**»-1. '*.*- ^w4k, •S* *^.;~ \a^ t I1 af* v.^-y r.;} .wOQlOQ-i -.^ u li i ,. i/0 u til neral's Office "^V. 'W^ N< 5^-2-,^,^ ^G(jOjQQOOC ■ ——— - — ee^r ff ;.v- x $< :i ^;^ Jf^'-Wx ^r$ ¥■* tf r i A FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. ILLUSTRATED BY DRAWN FROM NATURE. BY WILLIAM P. C. gARTON, M. D. U. S. N. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, VOLUME I. PHILADELPHIA: M. CAREY & SONS—CHESNUT STREET. 1821. 1 i/./ llZJ EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, TO WIT : BE IT REMEMBERED, That on thefifttiday of July, in the forty-sixth year of the Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1821, WILLIAM P. C. BARTON, of the said District, hath deposited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Author in the words following, to wit: "A Flora of North America. Illustrated by colour- ed figures, drawn from Nature. By William P. C. Barton, M. D. U. S. N. Professor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania. Volume 1." In conformity to the Act of the Con- gress of the United States, intituled, " An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by se- curing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned."—And also to the Act, entitled, "An Act supplementary to an Act, entitled' An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits thereof to the Arts of designing, engraving, and etch- ing historical and other Prints." D. CALDWELL, Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. TO PRESIDENT OF THE a^m© svawxss THESE PAGES, THE COMMENCEMENT OF AN EXTENSIVE NATIONAL PRODUCTION, ARE MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR \ PREFACE. North American botany has hitherto owed its greatest accessions to the learning and enterprize of foreign botanists, who have de- voted themselves to this alluring subject, under the liberal patronage of transatlantic governments, either directly bestowed, or extended indirectly through the exploring zeal of learned societies and scien- tific associations. France, Germany, Prussia and England, have all sent into this country, men of learning and science, with the express intention of investigating our plants. They have been supported in their travels by regal liberality; and sustained in the importance of their mission, by the countenance of scientific favour. To their efforts we are unquestionably greatly indebted, for much of the pre- sent knowledge of the botany of our country; and to them un- happily we have looked too implicitly, for that improvement in its character and interests, to which their early efforts have served to give them a kind of prescriptive right. That spirit of independence, however, which forms the basis of cha- racter in a true American, has discovered its determination to eman- vi PREFACE. cipate itself from scientific subjugation to foreign countries. It has striven, and continues to strive, to form for itself a scientific and literary character, as it has long since established one for national glory. The foundation of a national temple of learning and science, is already laid by our venerated fathers—the literary ge- nius of our country is no longer questioned. In its native strength it is ample and ready to be called into requisition, while a greater degree of liberality in education would render it operative and effi- cient. The materials are furnished by the physical and moral aspect of our interesting country. The genial influence alone of national encouragement and protection is wanting, to complete in the approaching half century, a superstructure at once durable and gigantic. The commercial depression which has pervaded our Union for some time past, and of which there seems little prospect of removal, will be attended with at least the benefit of promoting science and literature. This it will effect by inviting a more exten- sive cultivation of the liberal professions—and by the necessity which will be perceived to improve our knowledge and taste of the different branches of physical science, with the ulterior object of en- hancing our agricultural interests, or augmenting the force and use- fulness of the manufacturing policy. Without an avowed, or per- haps actual predilection, for either of these great interests, the de- claration may be fairly ventured, that conflicting as they may seem to be relatively to intrinsic objects, they will produce the union sug- gested, in favour of science and the liberal arts. PREFACE. vii A laudable spirit of encouragement to a cultivation of our own re- sources has been already evinced, by the efforts of the present ad- ministration, in attaching scientific departments to military exploring embassies. By thus affording facilities for learned men to penetrate the recesses of our territory, a correct knowledge of the country will be acquired. Already the expeditions have resulted in the accumu- lation of geographical and natural historical documents and informa- tion, of high value to our national interests; thus giving evidence at once of their usefulness and the liberal views under which they originated. Fostered by this spirit of encouragement, the native genius of our country can expand her wings, and, soaring over its extensive and fruitful regions, return loaded with literary and scientific treasure. Hence Americans will dwell with pride on the rising literary fame of their extensive and happy country. They can indulge the fond anticipation, that its scientific great- ness may become the brightest charge on the escutcheon of its he- raldric emblazonment. Deeply impressed with these sentiments, the author has naturally entertained the idea, that, though the efforts of an individual can ac- complish but very little, towards so great an object as promoting the advancement of national science: still something may be effected, even by individual labour, in a department too much neglected by native Americans, too much contemned by narrow- minded, self-interested teachers, in distinguished medical schools ; viii PREFACE. and above all, too readily surrendered to foreigners. The interesting aspect of novelty and importance which our extensive domains pre- sent, allures them to come among us to execute the task of exa- mining and describing our natural productions, for which their zeal, their taste, and their learning so eminently qualify them. Can any American examine the splendid and useful work of the younger Michaux, on our forest trees, without a pang of mortifying regret, that the author of such a production was not an American ? That cause for repetition of such mortification may not be found in seeing the Flora of North America executed on the same plan by any foreigner, the author has embarked in the enterprize, as one which naturally invited his attention, because one in which he could most usefully engage. The Flora Danica has been taken as a model, having been found eminently useful by the authority of its figures. This Flora is designed to elucidate, by the authority of coloured figures, the interesting botany of North America. On the successful cultivation and improvement of this science among us, depend in a degree scarcely realized to its full extent, the agricultural, the manu- facturing, and the medical interests of our rich, abundant, and inde- pendant country. It has been commenced under unpromising cir- cumstances, without any other prospect of success than that which the author's zeal and the laudable enterprize of his publishers, en- PREFACE. ix deavoured to see in perspective ,• and has been undertaken chiefly from an ambition of giving to the country a production on a science connected with its highest interests, which may claim to be consider- ed a national work. With these views the first volume is now offered to the public, and is tendered as a small contribution to the general stock of natural history; as well as an earnest of what may be done in the future prosecution of the enterprize, by a patronage commensurate with the importance of the object. This it is confidently believed will not be withheld, provided the present volume affords a sufficient degree of ability to ensure confidence. vol. I. 9 ADVERTISEMENT. The plan to be pursued in the following sheets, is, to commence the history of each figure by the botanical name of the plant. In the se- cond line the English or vulgar name is given. In the third, the place of the plant in the class and order of the system of Linnaeus, and in the natural family of Jussieu. The generic character next follows; and, when not particularly quoted from other works, it is taken from the Genera Plantarum of Linnaeus. The specific character, when, in the opinion of the author an unexceptionable one is to be found in any of the modern botanical works, is quoted from them; but most fre- quently given by himself and marked with the initial B. The synonymy succeeds—and under this head, in reference to the figure, much useful information is added. The text commences with the technical descriptive account of the plant, to which the habitat, soil, and time of flowering are superadded. In the general history which follows, the origin of the generic name is given, when known, as well as the derivations of the common or vulgar names; and finally, in all instances in which the economical uses of plants are interesting, they will be noticed, and such particularized as medicinal as are possessed of sanative properties. ADVERTISEMENT. xi In the description of the colours of the flowers, leaves, fruit, §c. the author has assumed the new and precise nomenclature of Wer- ner, as exemplified in Mr. Symes's edition. No further importance is intended to be conveyed by this precision in designating the vari- ous tints of nature, than that which truth and perspicuity must always afford. To this it may be remarked, that few botanists describe colours accurately, owing to the general confusion and erroneous ideas which prevail in the minds of most persons, relative to the names of different tints. Few are particularly attentive in scrutinizing the various shades of the standard or characteristic colours; and fewer still take the pains of studying the inclination of one shade to- wards its kindred tint, or the falling of the remote tints of the standard colour into its neighbouring hues. Hence, in minute descriptive bo- tany, perpetual confusion occurs between blues and purples, of dif- ferent intensity, yellow and orange, reds and red purples, browns and greys, and greys and black. Some idea may be formed of the difficulty on this subject by knowing, that Werner and Symes's enu- meration of the most common colours or tints that appear in nature, amount to one hundred and eight. With a view to illustrate as far as practicable without the tints, this nomenclature, he now subjoins the animal, vegetable and mine- ral substances which Werner and Symes adduced for this purpose__ at the end of the second volume, the tints themselves will be added. XII ADVERTISEMENT. WHITES. No. Names. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 1 Snow White. Exemplified in Snow Drop. (Galanthus nivalis.) 2 Reddish White. Back of the Christ-mas Rose. 3 Purplish White. White Geranium, or Stork's Bill. 4 Yellowish White. Hawthorn Blossom. 5 Orange-coloured White. Large wild Convol-vulus. 6 Greenish White. Polyanthus narcissus. 7 Skimmed-milk White. White of the Human Eyeballs. Back of the Petals of Blue Hepatica. 8 Greyish White. White Hamburgh Grapes. GREYS. No. Names. Animal Vegetable. Miner al. 9 Ash Grey. Fresh Wood Ashes. 10 Smoke Grey. Breast of the Robin, round the red. 11 French Grey. Breast of Pied Wag-tail. Flint. 12 Yellowish Grey. Stems of the Bar-berry Bush. 13 Bluish Grey. Back and tail coverts of the Wood Pigeon. Limestone. 14 Greenish Grey. Quill feathers of the Robin. Bark of Ash Tree. 15 Blackish Grey. Old Stems of Haw-thorn. Flint. ADVERTISEMENT. xiii BLACKS. No. Names. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 16 Greyish Black. Water Ousel, Breast and upper part of Back of Water Hen. 17 Bluish Black Largest Black Slug. Crowberry. 18 Greenish Black. Breast of Lapwing. Hornblende. 19 Pitch or Brownish Black. Guillemot, Wing Coverts of Black Cock. 20 Reddish Black. Spots on large wings of Tyger Moth. Berry of Fuchia Coccinea. 21 Raven Black. Raven. Berry of Deadly Nightshade. 22 1 Velvet Black. Black of Red and Black West India Peas. BLUES. No. Names. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 23 Indigo Blue. Stanuna of Single Pur-ple Anemone Blue Copper Ore. 24 Prussian Blue. Beauty spot on Wing of Mallard Drake. Stamina of Bluish Pur-ple Anemone. 25 China Blue. Back Parts of Gen-tian Flower. Blue Copper Ore from Chessy. 26 Azure Blue. Grape Hyacinth, Gentian. 27 Ultramarine Blue. Borrage. Azure Stone, or Lapis Lazuli. 28 Flax-flower Blue Flax-flower. 29 30 Berlin Blue. Wing Feathers of Jay. Blue Saphire. Verditter Blue. Lenticular Ore. 31 Greenish Blue. Great Fennel Flower. Turquois Fluor Spar. 32 Greyish Blue. Back of Blue Tit-mouse. Small Fennel Flower Iron Earth. ADVERTISEMENT. PURPLES. No. Names. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 33 Bluish Lilac Purple. Blue Lilac. Lepidolite. 34 Bluish Purple. Parts of White and Purple Crocus. 35 Violet Purple. Purple Aster. Amethyst. 36 Pansy Purple. Sweet-scented Violet. Derbyshire Spar. 37 Campanula Purple. Canterbury Bell, Campanula, Percifolia. Fluor Spar. 38 Imperial Purple. Deep parts of Flower of Saffron Crocus. 39 Auricula Purple. Largest Purple Auricula. 40 Plum Purple. Plum. 41 Red Lilac Purple. Red Lilac, Pale Purple Prim-rose. 42 Lavender Purple. Dried Lavender Flowers. Jasper. 43 Pale Blackish Purple. Porcelain Jasper ADVERTISEMENT. XV GREENS. No. Names, Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 44 Celandine Green. Phalaena Margarita-ria. Back of Tussilago Leaves. 45 Mountain Green. Phalxna Viridaria. Thick-leaved Cudweed, Silver-leaved Almond. Actynolite, Beryl. 46 Leek Green. Sea Kale, Leaves of Leeks in Winter. 47 Blackish Green. Dark Streaks on Leaves of Cayenne Pepper. Serpentine. 48 Verdigris Green. Tail of small long-tailed Green Parrot. Copper Green. 49 Bluish Green. Egg of Thrush. Under disk of Wild Rose Leaves. 50 Apple Green. Under side of Wings of Green Broom Moth. Crysoprase. 51 Emerald Green. Beauty spot on Wing of Teal Drake. Emerald. 52 Grass Green. General appearance of Grass Fields, Sweet Sugar Pear. Uran, Mica. 53 Duck Green. Neck of Mallard. Upper disk of Yew Leaves. Ceylanite. 54 Sap Green. Under Side of lower Wings of Orange-tip Butterfly. Upper disk of Leaves of Woody Night-shade. 55 Pistachio Green. Neck of Eider Drake. Ripe Pound Pear, Hypnum like Saxi-frage. Crysolite. 56 Asparagus Green. Brimstone Butterfly. Variegated Horse-Shoe Geranium. 57 Olive Green. Foliage of Lignum Vita:. Epidote, Olven Ore. 58 Oil Green. Animal and Shell of Common Water Snail. Nonpareil Apple of the Wall. Beryl. 59 Siskin Green. Siskin. Ripe Coalmar Pear, Irish Pitcher Apple. Uran, Mica. xvi ADVERTISEMENT. YELLOWS. | No. Names. Animal. Vegetable. 1 Mineral. 60 Sulphur Yellow. Yellow parts of large Dragon-Fly. Various coloured Snap Dragon. Sulphur. 61 Primrose Yellow. Pale Canary Bird. Wild Primrose. Pale coloured Sulphur. J 62 1 Wax Yellow. Larva of large Water Beetle. Greenish Parts of Nonpareil Apple. Semi-Opal. 63 Lemon Yellow. Large Wasp or Hornet. Shrubby Goldylocks. Yellow Orpiment. 64 Gamboge Yellow. Wings of Goldfinch, Canary Bird. Yellow Jasmine. High coloured Sulphur. 65 King's Yellow. Head of Golden Pheasant. Yellow Tulip, Cinque foil. 66 Saffron Yellow. Tail Coverts of Golden Pheasant. Anthers of Saffron Crocus. 67 Gallstone Yellow. Gallstone. Marigold Apple. 68 Honey Yellow. Lower parts of Neck of Bird of Paradise. Fluor Spar. 69 Straw Yellow. Oat Straw. Schorlite, Calomine. 70 Wine Yellow. Body of Silk Moth. White Currants. Saxon Topaz. 71 Sienna Yellow. Vent parts of tail of Bird of Paradise. Stamina of Honey-suckle. Pale Brazilian Topaz. 72 Ochre Yellow. Vent Coverts of Red Start. 73 Cream Yellow. Breast of Teal Drake. - ADVERTISEMENT. XVU ORANGE. No. Names. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 74 Dutch Orange. Crest of Golden-crested Wren. Common Marigold, Seedpod of Spindle tree. Streak of Red Orpiment. 75 Buff Orange. Streak from the Eye of the King Fisher. Stamina of the large White Cistus. Natrolite. 76 Orpiment Orange. The Neck Ruff of the Golden Pheasant, Belly of the Warty Newt. Indian Cress. 77 Brownish Orange. Eyes of the largest Flesh-Fly. Style of the Orange Lily. Dark Brazilian Topaz. 78 Reddish Orange. Lower wings of Tyger-moth. Hemimeris, Buff Hebiscus. 79 Deep Reddish Orange. Gold Fish, lustre abstracted. Scarlet Leadington Apple. VOL. I. 3 Xviii ADVERTISEMENT. RED. No. Names. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 80 Tile Red. Breast of the Cock Goldfinch. Shrubby Pimpernel. 81 Hyacinth Red. Red Spots of the Lygacus Apterus Fly. Red on the Golden Rennette Apple. Hyacinth. 82 Scarlet Red. Scarlet Ibis or Curlew, Mark on Head of Red Grouse. Large Red Oriental Poppy, Red Parts of red and black Indian Peas. Light Red Cinnaber. 83 Vermillion Red. Red Coral. Love Apple. Cinnaber. 84 Aurora Red. Red on the Naked Apple. Red Orpiment. 85 Arterial Blood Red. Head of the Cock Goldfinch. Corn Poppy, Cherry. 86 Flesh Red. Human Skin. Larkspur. Heavy Spar, Limestone. 87 Rose Red. Common Garden Rose. Figure Stone. 88 Peach Blossom Red. Peach Blossom. Red Cobalt Ore. 89 Carmine Red. Raspberry, Cock's Comb, Carnation Pink. Oriental Ruby. 90 Lake Red. Red Tulip, Officinal Hose. Spinel. 91 Crimson Red. Outside of Quills of Terrico. Dark Crimson Officinal Garden Rose. Precious Garnet. 92 Cochineal Red. Under Disk of de-cayed Leaves of None-so-pretty. Dark Cinnaber. 93 Veinous Blood Red. Veinous Blood. Musk Flower, or dark Purple Scabious. Pyrope. 94 Brownish Purple Red. Flower of deadly Nightshade. Red Antimony Ore. Iron Flint. 95 Chocolate Red. Breast of Bird of Paradise. Brown Disk of com-mon Marigold. 96 Brownish Red. Mark on Throat of Ked-throated Diver. ------1 ADVERTISEMENT. xix BROWNS. No. Names. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 97 Deep Orange-colour-ed Brown. Head of Pochard, Wing Coverts of Sheldrake. Female spike of Catstail Reed. 98 Deep Reddish Brown. Breast of Pochard, and Neck of Teal Drake. Dead Leaves of Green Panic Grass. Brown Blende. 92 Umber Brown. Moor Buzzard. Disk of Rudbeckia. 100 Chesnut Brown. Neck and Breast of Red Grouse. Chesnuts. Egyptian Jasper. 101 Yellowish Brown. Light Brown Spots on Guinea-Pig, Breast of Hoopoe. Iron Flint and Com-mon Jasper. 102 Wood Brown. Common Weasel, Light parts of Feathers on the Back of the Snipe. Hazel Nuts. Mountain Wood. 103 Liver Brown. Middle Parts of Fea-thers of Hen Pheasant, and Wing Coverts of Grosbeak. Semi Opal. 104 Hair Brown. Head of Pintailed Duck. Wood Tin. 105 Broccili Brown. Head of Black-headed Gull. Zircon. 106 Clove Brown. Head and Neck of Male Kestral. Stems of Black Cur-rant Bush. Axinite, Rock Crystal. 107 Blackish Brown. Stormy Petrel, Wing Coverts of Black Cock, Forehead of Foummart. Mineral Pitch. (Omitted in the list of Greys.) No. Names. Animal. Vegetable. Mineral. 108 Pearl Grey. Backs of Black-headed and Kittivvake Gulls. Back of Petals of Purple Hepatica. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. The title page given to the first number to be cancelled, and the one now given to be substituted for it. The advertisement accompanying No. 1. to be cancelled. The advertisement to No. 7, (the one dated Feb. 8, 1831,) to fol- low immediately after the " Errata" on this page. The plates to face the heads of the Chapters. ERRATA. Page 112, line 6 from the bottom, for " attenuata" read dilatata. Page 115, in the explanation of the plate of Uvularia perfoliata, after " fig. 5" i sert> fig* 6> an outline of a leaf from a plant in fruit. ADVERTISEMENT. THE author begs leave to call the attention of the subscribers of the Flora, to the new style of engraving adopted in the work, with a view to enhance its value. It consists of that kind of graphic exe- cution in which so high a degree of perfection has been attained in France, and which has been so justly admired in the plates of Mi- chaux's splendid work on the Forest Trees of North America. In the present work, the Table representing the Cranberry, Table XX., and the Table exhibiting a picture of the famous Scull-Cap, all in Nos. VI. and VII., afford specimens of this kind of engraving, executed by the masterly graver of Mr. Cornelius Tiebout, of this city, an artist who has long been eminent for his line and dotted engrav- ing. These plates are printed in colour, and are afterwards coloured by hand. It is confidently believed by the author, that they will be found the most successful attempts at imitation by sound engraving, of the French style, yet made in this country. It may not be here improper to state, and the author does it without any fear of contradiction from those acquainted with the subject, that it is the next thing to impossi- ADVERTISEMENT. ble to present true imitations of plants, by mere coloured copper- plates—that is to say, by impressions from engraved copper, in print- ing which, one, two, three, or even more colours, are put on the cop- per. Nothing comes near to nature, and consequently nothing is faith- ful, but colours laid on the coloured impressions, by the pencil, under the direction of persons well acquainted with the real hues of plants. To verify this assertion, it may be mentioned, that the superbly exe- cuted plates of Michaux's forest trees, are all coloured by hand, a fact not generally known, but one of which any person may satisfy himself by rapidly sponging with clean water any one of those plates. All the colouring can be washed away, and the engraving will be found printed in green, brown, red, and yellow—sometimes in only one, occasionally in two, or all of these colours. And it is to imitate this accurate and expressive style that the author has made the at- tempts alluded to. For example, the plate of the cranberry and that of the scull-cap in Nos. VI. and VII. of this Flora, are highly finish- ed specimens of this expressive species of engraving; but still more highly wrought examples will be found in No. VIII., which will be published on the first of March. In that No. the plates of cleome dodecandra and solanum carolinense, will not be found to suffer from rigid comparison with the exquisite plates of Michaux's Fo- rest Trees—and they are executed, both by dotted engraving and coloured by hand, precisely in the same manner as the plates of that magnificent work. As far as the engraving is concerned, the author feels himself capable of giving an impartial opinion • ADVE RTIS E M E N T. and it is but justice to the enterprize and talents of Mr. Tiebout to state thus much. Whether the colouring of the plates alluded to in No. VIII. will be found equal to Michaux's is not for the author, but the public, to decide. Thus much he may with propriety state: that his work on Vegetable Materia Medica contained the first colour- ed engravings of plants which had issued from an American press— they were begun without any information as to the tact employed in this kind of work in England, where it has attained so high a degree of perfection. Owing to the impossibility of obtaining in- formation as to the manner of colouring abroad, he has been obliged to make repeated experiments, and has thus gradually brought it to the style exhibited in the present work. He has now the satisfac- tion of presenting a close imitation of the French method. Both of the different kinds of engraving, (the finished dotted and the line,) will be used in this work in future; each having its peculiar beauty, advantage, and expression, for presenting pictured imitations of plants of diverse characters and physiognomy. In justice to the publishers who have embarked in this, the most extensive original work ever undertaken in this country, it should be mentioned: that the present plan enhances the expense of the work, and, in some measure, lessens the author's profits, while at the same time, the price is not augmented. And as more is given to the subscribers than promised, the Publishers confidently look for an enlarged patronage by an increasing subscription. ADVERTISEMENT. On their part and on his own, the author ventures a pledge, that neither pains, expense, nor care shall be wanting, to render this pub- lication worthy the title of a national work, exhibiting, in all its materials, specimens of American manufacture; and its execution being wholly accomplished by American artists. North-east corner of Tenth and Chesnut streets, Philadelphia, February 8, 1831. Table i. ^fS^ V V/ Drawn frnn, \.,/„n- bV IF. T. C.Ji.,rt..n. LYSMACMAILVCEMOSA.. VMHLIB Ho LYSIMACHIA RACEMOSA. CLUSTER-FLOWERED LOOSESTRIFE. BULB-BEARING LOOSE- STRIFE. Pentandria Monogynia, Linn. Lysimachice^ Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Stigma 1. Capsule 1-celled, globular, mucronate, 5 or 10 valved, few or many-seeded.—Nutt. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. L. racemosa; very smooth; leaves oval-lanceolate, opposite, dotted; raceme termi- nal, long, loose; segments of the corolla oblong-oval.—-Mich. SYNONYMS. Lysimachia racemosa, Lamarck. Ency. iii. p. 546. L. stricta, Ait. i. p. 199, and Willd. i. p. 818. L. bulbifera, Curt. Bot. Mag. 104. L. vulgaris, Walt. Fl. Car. ? L. Floridana lutea minor, &c. Pluk. Amalth. 139. t. 428. f. 4. VOL. I. 2 2 Lysimachia racemosa. Plant from eighteen inches to two and a half feet high; very smooth. Root perennial, fibrous. Leaves yellowish-green, lanceo- late, and oval-lanceolate, very entire, opposite, finely dotted with black specks. Flowers numerous, from twenty to thirty-five, in a long, pyramidal, loose, terminal raceme; sometimes verticillated, often alternate. Corolla bright yellow, rotate. Petals five, very rare- ly six, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat twisted, forming at their junc- ture with the calix a white central spot, circumscribed exteriorly to the origin of the stamens, with red dots. Pedicels one-flowered, slender, about a quarter or half an inch long. Flower buds yellow, tipped with carmine-red. Calix, five linear-lanceolate, acute segments. Bracts lanceolate. Lower flowers appearing first, and the raceme becoming elongated during the progress of inflorescence. Often viviparous, bearing narrow, sometimes ovate, red bulbs in the axills of the leaves, about a quarter of an inch, and from that to near an inch in length. Inhabits the margins of ditches and meadow-drains; low, wet, grassy meadows, and, generally places contiguous to water, from Canada to Virginia. Flowers in July and August. The plant here figured is one of the prettiest of the American species of the genus to which it belongs. It is a showy ornament of the sites enumerated as its resort, and differs so much according to the congeniality or unfavourableness of the soil in which it grows, that it appears to be well worth cultivation. Delighting in moisture, being quite hardy, and bearing transplantation well, there would ap- S Lysimachia racemosa. 3 pear nothing else requisite in its culture than a free supply of water. The appellation Lysimachia, is a very ancient generic term, and we are informed by Pliny and Ambrosinus, that it was imposed in honour of Lysimachus, a favourite general of Alexander the Great, who afterwards became king of Thrace. The English name, Loose- strife, given in common to all the species of the genus, is supposed to be derived from two Greek words, a»5<« /**#»?, a dissolution of strife, or a peace-maker. The caprice, however, which affixed this name and that of Lysimachus together, is enigmatical. And unless its ori- gin be looked for in an ironical intention, the appellation seems un- accountable ; since history informs us, that this king was cruel, fe- rocious, and strifeful. The most striking circumstance in the history of the present species, is its occasional anomalous mode of re-production, by means of bulbs. Hence Curtis called it L. bulbifera. Specimens are not uncommon, which present so many of these axillary seeds, that the aspect of the plant is, to those unacquainted with the fact, mate- rially changed. In such instances the flowers are abortive, no seed nor capsules being matured. The plant varies also in being simple, or very much branched, according to circumstances. Grounds generally wet, or occasionally irrigated or inundated, and the bor- ders of rivers, rivulets, bogs, and watery thickets, will seldom be 4« Lysimachia racemosa. searched for this species unsuccessfully. Pursh limits its range to Virginia; and Mr. Elliott does not describe it as a native of the Caro- linas or Georgia. Michaux, however, is incorrect in restricting its limits to New York, as it is found abundantly in the northernmost states. It is common in the neighbourhood of this city. Mr. Nuttall suggests the probability, that this is a mere variety of the L. angus- tifolia. It is, however, quite distinct. That plant has from four to six flowers, supported on whorled pedicels of an inch or an inch and a half in length, arising from as many whorls of lanceolate leaves, four in number, towards the top of the plant. The calix in the L. angusti- folia is very different, being three times the size of that of the plant under consideration. The leaves also, are sufficiently distinct; and, together with the mode of inflorescence, leave the point in- dubitable. table i. Fig. 1. A flowering specimen. 2. A back view of a flower, separated. 3. A front view of the same. 4. The calix and pistil. 5. Annulet with stamens. (All the size of nature.) -sa Table i "'SCUTELLARIA. HTS SOFUFOLIA. F.Kearin-Je. "3TAIBILI3 HIL SCUTELLARIA HYSSOPIFOLIA. HYSSOP-LEAVED SCULL-CAP. Didynamia Gymnospermiat Linn. Labiates, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Margin of the calix entire, after flowering closed with a galeate lid. Tube of the corolla elongated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Thickly pubescent; stem erect, four-sided, branched; leaves sessile, lanceolate- linear, obtuse, very entire, attenuated at base, those near the root petiolated; margin slightly scabrous ; racemes elongated, leafy. B. SYNONYMS. Scutellaria hyssopifolia, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. p. 174, and Muhl. Cat. S. integrifolia, var. £. hyssopifolia, Pursh, No. 7, and Barton's Comp. Fl. Ph. No. 4. S. integrifolia, sub var. 1. Mich. Fl. Boreali-Am. ii. p. 12. S. integrifolia, Nutt. Gen. Am. PI. ii. p. 37. Ait. No. 10. and Eaton's Man. 433. S. foliis integerrimis, Gron. ed. 1. 67, excluding references to Pluk. and Ray. S. virginianum, hyssopi angusti foliis, &c. Pluk. 338, t. 441. f. 6. 6 Scutellaria hyssopifolia. Whole plant covered with a dense, short down, obscuring the vividness of the green. Root perennial, branched, fibrous. Stem from eight inches to two feet high, four-sided, often simple, but mostly very much branched above; branches opposite, erect, each terminating in a loose raceme, garnished with small leaves. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, attenuated at base; those at the root ovate, with an obscure tooth or two, and distinctly petiolated. The first and second, and occasionally the third pairs of the stem, very en- tire, sub-petiolated, the petiole being somewhat winged by continuation of the margin of the leaf. The upper stem-leaves closely sessile. The branch-leaves linear and sessile, all obtuse, entire, opposite, situated in pairs on the alternate sides of the quadrangular stem, and covered with a multitude of dots beneath. Corolla densely in- vested with down, campanula-purple, having a white, confluent, divided spot on the lower lip of the palate. Stamens flax-blue, with purple, globose anthers; pistil blue, with a round stigma, all arcu- ate, retaining the arch of the upper lip and tube of the corolla. Flowers numerous, borne in long, loose, leafy, terminal racemes. Calix covered with fine down, gaping to receive the tube of the corolla, and crowned with a concave appendage, as is common to the genus; small during inflorescence, but subsequently enlarging until the fruit become mature. Seeds small, black, irregularly round- ish, and exteriorly corrugated. Inhabits wet, low grounds, meadows and bogs, from New York to Carolina. Flowers in July and August. The plant just described is the finest of the American species of the genus. No one who has seen a single individual of this tribe in Scutellaria hyssopifolia. 7 fruit, could readily forget the singular form of the calix, or rather the capsule, which has given rise to the generic term Scutellaria. The scutella of the Romans was a small dish or saucer, to the shape of which the capsules of these plants have been supposed to bear a close resemblance; and hence, or to the term scutulum, or little shield, to which the coronal appendage has been likened, the genus owes its name. It was called Cassida by Tournefort, from a com- parison of the calix of the fruit to a helmet. The English name Scull-cap, imposed on the whole genus, is referable to a similar re- semblance to a kind of cap which fits close to the head (or scull) to which a flat, concave crown is superincumbent. The American plants of this genus, are far from being well de- fined or described. Several species are confounded with each other, and though designated in the books, are imperfectly discriminated. The present one has been passed by since the time of Michaux, as a mere variety of S. integrifolia, a plant itself not well known, and often confounded with one or two others. Yet it was discerned by Linnaeus ; and the plant here figured, is the genuine S. hyssopifolia of the Species Plantarum. It is designated by Gronovius as having very entire leaves, and he seems to have known it well, though his references to Plukenet and Ray are incorrectly applied to this spe- cies. It is the S. hyssopifolia of Willdenow, and of Muhlenburg's cata- logue and herbarium; and as its name is very appropriate and ex- pressive, from the resemblance of the leaves to those of hyssop, there does not appear any good reason for assigning to it the specific 8 Scutellaria hyssopifolia. appellation, so unwarrantably given to S. integrifolia, the leaves of which are toothed and serrated. The present plant will be found in rich grassy and damp meadows; on the borders of wet thickets; the margins of shaded rivulets; rarely on the edges of exposed wa- ter courses, and shuns salt water ditches. These are the situations in which it has been found by me, through New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Yet Pursh, erroneously con- sidering this, as Michaux suggested it to be, a variety of S. integri- folia, has assigned it to similar situations " on dry hills, in rich soil." This error has been adopted by others. In reality, the plant is strongly characterized by specific discrepancy, from S. integrifolia: not only by the appearance exhibited in the plate, but by the con- stancy of that physiognomy; and what removes it still more certainly from its congener just mentioned, is, its partiality for wet places, shaded by sedge or other grass, and herbaceous plants. The speci- mens found on " dry hills" are usually diminutive and sickly, scarce six or seven inches high, with a few small flowers, while in its fa- vourite moist or boggy soil, it attains a stature of two feet and up- wards, bearing a profusion of large showy flowers; and specimens are not unfrequent in the autumn, supporting one or two hundred capsules. The geographical range of this beautiful plant, accord- ing to Pursh, is from New York to Carolina. In the vicinity of this city it is quite common, decorating the meadows and bogs from the beginning of July till September. It is deserving of cultivation, and would doubtless increase in beauty by care. During the prevalence of the mania which caused the Scull-cap (S. lateriflora) to be sought Scutellaria hyssopifolia. 9 after, as a specific for the cure and prevention of hydrophobia, spe- cimens of this plant were brought to me, under the impression that it was that worthless herb unmeritedly characterized with medicinal virtues, by ignorance and popular caprice. Indeed there is much reason to suppose that it was often collected, as well as other plants, for the S. lateriflora, and used for the cure of the terrific malady so empirically treated by that useless herb. The present species pos- sesses, in common with many of its congeners, a degree of bitter- ness, which is the only virtue of a medicinal kind, that any of the tribe, except S. galericulata has hitherto exhibited. table ii. 1. A flowering specimen. 2. A flower, separated. 3. Stamens. 4. Pistil. (All the size of nature.) VOL. I. 3 m!BIL]3 IIIIIL ERYTHRINA HERBACEA. HERBACEOUS CORAL TREE. Diadelphia Decandria, Linn. Leguminoscc, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix sub-bilabiate, various. Vexillum of the corolla very long and lanceolate. Le- gume torulose, many-seeded.—Nutt. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. E. small, herbaceous ; leaves trifoliate ; folioles sub-hastate ; spike very long; flowers linear-lanceolate, deep carmine-red j calix truncated, entire. B. SYNONYMS. Erythrina foliis ternatis, caulibus simplicissimis fruticoso annuis. Hort. Cliff. 354. Corallodendron. Tournefort. Corallodendron foliis ternatis, caule simplicissimo inermi. Trew. ehret. t. 58. Corallodendron humile, spica florum longissima radice crassissima. Catesb. Car. 49. t. 49. Coral carolinensis, hastato folio. Dillenius, elth. 107. t. 90. f. 106. Tadle-3. Dr»v«fir.„, Xalunr hy T.Y.V.C.Bartm EEYTHMNA HEMEACEA. (., Erythrina herbacea. il Root tuberous, large, contorted, branched below. Stem of a pur- plish colour, from two to three feet high, mostly herbaceous, but oc- casionally persistent, invested with a few prickles. Leaves ternate; petioles aculeate. Folioles slightly coriaceous, smooth, hastate-rhom- boid, sub-acute, very much dilated laterally, appearing three-lobed; the terminal foliole larger than the lateral, and the latter often differ- ing in size and shape. Flowers borne in long terminal spikes, sup- ported by tall stalks. Pedicels for the most part ternate, sometimes solitary and irregularly scattered; always one-flowered. Calix en- tire and truncated, without honey-glands at the base; suddenly at- tenuated and corrugated with longitudinal furrows at its juncture with the pedicel; of a duller red hue than the conspicuous banner of the flower. Corolla with a long sabre-shaped vexillum of a deep carmine-red colour. Wings and keel inconspicuous, very short, membranaceous, and of a dingy purple hue. Stamens distinctly ten, coalescing by the filaments into a solid cylinder towards the base, except the tenth, which is separated. Germen pedicellated; seeds bright scarlet, with a black eye. A native of the open, bushy forests of Carolina, Georgia and Florida, and according to Mr. Nuttall, " not far from the sea-coast, rather rare." This elegant perennial is the only herbaceous American species of the gaudy genus Erythrina, yet known. They are all character- ised by red flowers, and hence the generic term, from »^.«, red. The English appellation of Coral tree likewise common to all the species, is expressive of the same constancy in this character. 12 Erythrina herbacea. The drawing and description of this plant were made from a fine specimen which flowered at Bartram's botanic garden this summer. The spikes were luxuriant, and the flowers numerous, forming a full florescence of more than a foot in length, at one time. The corollas were fugagious, and fell rapidly as the spike flowered towards its , apex. The root of this plant is as large as a yam, and irregularly tuberous. Being a native of the south, it does not bear our winters without great care, and has hitherto, in the neighbouring gardens, been difficultly brought to flower. Mr. Curtis mentions, that in Eng- land it supports the winter very well in green-houses, in which it does not always die down to the root. If in that climate it does not often suffer under careful treatment, there does not appear any reason why good treatment would not in the middle and northern states, preserve it in health and vigour. And the superb appearance it makes when reared to florescence, will amply repay the trouble of its culture. The specimen in the green-house at Bartram's gar- den, is near four feet in height from the root to the top of the spikes. TABLE III. Fig. 1. The upper portion of a flowering spike. 2. A branch, with leaves. 3. The stamens, with calix and wings, and keel of the corolla. 4. A seed. (All the size of nature.) Tabic * Urann/romAratu,rciyWECBarton. J£.?ud . MEEJHA VHR'CHPJICA 3PASILI3 Wq RHEXIA VIRGINICA. VIRGINIAN RHEXIA. MEADOW BEAUTY. DEER-GRASS. Octandria Monogynia, Linn. Melastoma;, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix urceolate, 4 to 5-cleft. Petals 4, oblique, inserted upon the calix. Anthers de- cimate. Capsule setigerous, 4-celled, included in the ventricose calix. Recep- tacle subulate. Seeds numerous. (Stamina sometimes 10.)—Nutt. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Stem angular, winged, garnished with scattered red hairs; leaves sessile, oval- lanceolate, serrated with bristled teeth, ciliated between the serratures, naked beneath, sparingly and irregularly hirsute above, from 3 to 5 and 7-nerved. B. SYNONYMS. Rhexia septemnervia, Walt.? Fl. Car.; the variety /3. of Pursh, perhaps, which has seven nerves, and attains a stature of four or five feet. Alifanus vegetabilis carolinianus, Pluk. amalth. 8. Lysimachia non papposa virginiana, tuberariae, foliis hirsutis, flore tetrapetalo rubello. Pluk. aim. 235. t. 202. fig. 8 ? VOL. I. 4 14 Rhexia virginica. Root fibrous, perennial. Stem erect, from one to three feet high. branching above, nearly dichotomous or trichotomous, the upper forks having a flower in the point of their divarication; four-sided. membranaceously winged on the angles, smooth, nearly naked, but often garnished with scattered, reddish hairs. Leaves oval-lanceolate, attenuated at either end, sessile, mostly three or five, but often seven-nerved, serrated, the serratures distinctly bristled at their points, and the intervening parts ciliated ; smooth and naked beneath, and of a pale green colour ; darker green above, also smooth, but covered with distant hairs variously disposed. Peduncles terminal, dichotomous. Flowers solitary, terminal and axillary from the forks, sub-sessile,and,inluxuriantspecimens sub-corymbose. Petalsobovate, lake-red, delicately veined with a darker shade of the same hue, the portion of each one which contributed to form the external as- pect of the flower-buds, covered with red hairs. Anthers falcate, orange-yellow, filaments gamboge-yellow. Calix regularly urceolate, differing in shape from the calix of R. mariana; reddish on one side, and closely covered with fine semi-viscous hairs, or hairs crowned with a gland and emitting a viscous fluid. Segments of the calix acuminate, expanding during florescence, but subsequently re- flexed. The whole plant sometimes very hirsute. The ciliation of the leaves varies considerably, the serratures or little teeth being sometimes only setaceously armed, while at others, the whole mar- gin is closely fringed. Inhabits rich boggy soil, where its luxuriance is proportioned to the moisture and shade. Generally in the open 2 Rhexia virginica. 15 borders of swamps, but often in damp meadows. Ranges from the northern states to Georgia, flowering from July until September. The generic term Rhexia, is derived from ?#!<«> a rupture, or fracture. It is the synonym in Pliny of a plant reputed to be endowed with many medicinal virtues, particularly for curing ruptures. His description has reference to a plant supposed by modern botanists to be a species of Anchusa or Echium, but it is not known why Grono- vius and Linnaeus adopted the generic name Rhexia for the American genus. Of this numerous tribe, containing thirty species, nine are in- digenous to North, the rest to tropical America. The present one va- ries considerably in size, often flowering when only eight inches high in the northern and middle states, but attaining a stature in South Ca- rolina and Georgia, of four or five feet. This circumstance must be ow- ing to the greater congeniality of a southern sun to the constitution of the plant. Mr. Elliott is silent respecting the variety /b. of Pursh, quoted by him from Walter, as having seven nerves and attaining a height of five feet; but describes R. virginica as being from two to three feet high with from five to seven nerves, giving at the same time, Walter's specific name septemnervia, as a synonym. Walter's plant was therefore in all probability, an uncommonly luxuriant va- riety, not constantly of that stature. The medium or most common height is about two feet. Culture, with due attention to the native soil, would doubtless render a plant of such susceptibility of varia- tion, more showy and ornamental. It bears transplantation well, 16 Rhexia virginica. and is worthy of introduction to our gardens. It is said to succeed only tolerably in England in bog-beds with plenty of water, and that it there requires to be sheltered from the winter. In this its native clime however, it is not likely to suffer from the cold of winter. The boggy swamps of the lower and middle parts of Jersey, are abun- dantly supplied with this species of Rhexia; and it there grows to a large size, bearing a corymb of numerous flowers. The petals are, however, fugacious; but the constant succession of new flowers, makes up for their short duration. This species may be increased by sowing the seeds obtained from the wild plant, in the spring or autumn, in pots filled with fresh mould, and protecting them by frames. In a mild hot-bed they will be more forward. If sown later the seedlings seldom appear the same year. When they have attained a sufficient size, they ought to be planted out in borders and pots. They flower the second year, and often for three or four years successively. Fig. l. A flowering specimen. 2. A petal. 3. A calix opened, shewing the stamens and pistil. 4. A mature capsule. (All the size of nature.) Table .5. Drawn fam NatunlyW.P.C/}« F.JCtimyS,: RUBBECKHA. EULGIJA. ^4IB3LIS To RUDBECKIA FULGIDA. SMALL HAIRY RUDBECKIA. Syngenesia Frustanea, Linn. Corymbifera^ Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix sub-equal, mostly consisting of a double series of leaflets. Receptacle paleace- ous, conic. Pappus a 4-toothed margin. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Stem hispid; branches virgate, elongated, one-flowered; leaves alternate and sessile, oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, all over slightly hispid, narrow at the base and sub-cordate ; calix leafy, nearly equal to the rays, which are deep golden-yellow; disk hemispherical, deep purple; chaff lanceolate. B. SYNONYMS. Rudbeckia chrysomela, Mich. Flora Boreali-Am. R. aspera, Desfontaines in Tableau de L'ecole de Botanique Jardin du Roi. Obeliscothec a integrifolia, radio aureo, umbone atro-rubente, Dillenius, Hort. Elth. 18 Rudbeckia fulgida. Root perennial. Stem about two feet high, terete, sometimes sim- ple, often branched, hairy. Branches virgate, elongated, pedunculi- form, one-flowered. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, remotely denticulate3 hispid on both sides and on the margin, the hair running regularly from the base towards the apex; attenuated toward the base, and sub-cordate, closely sessile, acute. The leaves on the pedunculate stem small, not serrated nor cordate, but attenuated at either end, and sessile. Lower and radicle leaves oval-lanceolate or oval, acute, attenuated at base, and more distinctly cordate, with more and larger teeth, and distinctly three-nerved. Flowers solitary, terminal. Rays oval, or oval-lanceolate, one-toothed or notched, about thirteen in number; gamboge-yellow, paler underneath. Disk hemispherical, auricula-purple. Calix leafy, leaves lanceolate, hairy, acute, nearly as long as the rays. Found in mountain and other meadows, and on the borders of damp woods, from the northern to the southern states, flowering from July until October. The genus of which a species is here figured, was dedicated by Linnaeus to the memory of his countrymen, Orlof Rudbeck, father and son, both alike conspicuous for their learning and botanical attainments, and his predecessors in the botanical professorship at Upsal. Linnaeus chose a genus allied to Helianthus, because a sun- flower constituted a part of the coat-of-arms of the family of Rud- beck. Rudbeckia fulgida. i 9 The genus Rudbeckia contains several species not well under- stood or described; and the present species is an example of this. It has often been confounded with the R. hirta, to which it bears certainly much resemblance, though it has much smaller and deeper yellow-coloured flowers, and is much less hairy. The root of R. hirta is biennial; that of R. fulgida, perennial. The disk of the for- mer is conical and dark brown, that of the latter is hemispherical and deep auricula-purple. The leaves of the calix of R. fulgida are broader, more ovate, and more hairy than in the hirta. Dillenius's figure in the Hortus Elthamensis, is a very good specimen. In that plate it will be perceived, that the attenuation and cordation of the base of the leaves of R. fulgida is absent. The leaves in the figure are broader at the base than in the fulgida, and only closely sessile. The attenuation of the leaves base-ways, in the fulgida, contrasted with the broader and rather auriculated bases of those of the hirta, is a constant and good discriminative character between these allied species. Added to which, in the hirta the whole plant is larger, more robust, and more branched, and has long white hairs variously and irregularly arranged, particularly on the leaves. This being one of the perennial species of Rudbeckia, may be raised by either offsets, cuttings or seeds. The seeds should be sown in April, in light earth, on an open or exposed border, separating the seedlings, till autumn, and then planting them out in the places where they are destined to remain. They require a light and damp soil. 20 Rudbeckia fulgida. Fig. 1. The upper portion of a flowering specimen. 2. A lower stem-leaf in outline. 3. The lower part of the stem, cut asunder at the mark +. (All the size of nature.) TaHr»,m Jhm Na/un hWPC Bart.n LINUM LEWIS]!!, / JCrjrrn'tfir Linum Lewisii. 31 usitatissimum. Petals flax-flower-blue beneath, darker above, streak- ed with deep ultramarine-blue towards the base; claws yellow, sta- mens enclosed in the kind of tube formed by the claws of the petals, and the filaments only appearing when the flower is fully expanded. Anthers straw-yellow, filaments white below, blue towards the top. Styles white, stigma yellow. Calicine scales ovate, acute, (or under a lens acuminated) marginated, and attenuated at base, with a pellu- cid line in the centre, and somewhat dotted with diaphanous spots under a lens. A native of the banks of the Missouri and Red river, Kiamesia plains, and the vallies of the Rocky Mountains, growing always on the declivities of water courses. Flowers in July. The generic term Linum, ai»«», of Dioscorides, Theophrastus and other Greek authors, is derived from *<»*», to hold, owing to the tenacity of the fibres of the bark, a property common to all the species hitherto discovered, and one rendering this genus of plants of inestimable value, in commerce and economy. This pretty species of flax wTas discovered by the late captain Lewis, in his travels with captain Clark, under the direction and at the expense of the govern- ment of the United States. He found it growing in the vallies of the Rocky Mountains, and on the banks of the Missouri. Pursh, who first described this plant, affixed the name of captain Lewis to it, in commemoration of the discovery. Mr. Nuttall informs me that it begins to appear about fort Mandan, becoming more abundant to- wards the mountains, but that he did not see it lower down on the Missouri than the Mandan village; and on the banks of Red river, near the plains of Kiamesia river, it is most abundant; that near Red 32 Linum Lewisii. river it is an annual, and on the Missouri a perennial. The bark of this species possesses the same kind of tough fibres as com- mon flax; and, as under cultivation it appears to be perennial, it would seem to be worth attention. The Missouri Indians, Mr. Nuttall informs me, are in the habit of making lint and wadding for their guns from its bark. Hence, as a native vegetable, it promises to be useful by its abundance in the rich and luxuriant soils of the western countries, in which it is indigenous. That botanist has sup- posed the plant to be identical with L. perenne, of Europe. Yet it differs from that species in its abundant, crowded foliage, still more in being entirely glaucous. From common flax it differs in the same characters, yet such is its strong resemblance to that species, that it has been mistaken for it by some* in its native situations.* The specimen here figured was raised from seeds brought by Mr. Nuttall, and was a good sample of the wild plant. Fig. 1. A flowering specimen, the natural size. 2. A petal. 3. A cap- sule. * On comparing the present plant with fine specimens of Linum perenne, in the ex- tensive herbarium of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, just received from France, I observe that in that species the calix leaves are only acute—in L. Lewisii, they are acumin- ated, particularly on the mature capsule; the branch leaves are much broader than those of L. Lewisii, and broader than the cauline leaves of the same plant, and more acuminate, rather mucronate. In habit, however, there appears the most conspicu- ous difference. L. perenne is a larger plant, not glaucous, and less leafy than the Lewisii; the seeds are of a paler colour. In reality, L. usitatissimum, L. perenne and L. Lewisii, are much alike, and in this genus the specific characters are not very strongly marked. The general physiognomy seems more discriminative than any de- finite character in calix or leaves. Dra un r^vmMUun- S,' JtfPC£a,rton. Jfioydi JfTOiiSC (fT3 SrKCTDSlITtf ^TAISILIE an* HIBISCUS SPECIOSUS. SCARLET MALLOW. Monadelphia Polyandria, Linn. Malvaceae, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix double j exterior many-leaved. Petals 5. Stigmas mostly 5. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Leaves 5-parted, palmate, smooth; divisions lanceolate, acuminate, serrated, entire towards the apex; exterior calix ten-leaved, stem, branches, petioles and peduncles very smooth and glaucous. Calix glabrous. B. SYNONYM. Hibiscus coccineus, Walt. Car. 177. VOL. I. 7 34* Hibiscus speciosus. Root perennial. Whole plant invested with a fine glaucous cover- ing, easily rubbed off. Stem herbaceous, erect, from six to nine feet high, branched, perfectly cylindrical and smooth, purplish on one side, yellow on the other, and when the glaucous covering is rubbed off, conspicuously maculated with longitudinal yellow spots. Branches numerous, from twenty to thirty, each proceeding from the axill of a large cauline leaf, very round, purplish, alternate, two and a half feet long, gradually becoming shorter towards the top, giving a pyramidal appearance in the outline. Each branch terminates in three (rarely four) separately pedunculated flowers. Peduncles terete, smooth, purplish, the younger ones yellow. Leaves smooth, deeply palmate, or five-parted; the divisions unequal,the twro exterior ones being shortest. Each segment lanceolate, deeply serrated in the mid- dle, and entire towards the apex, which is a prolonged acumination. Flowers large, petals spathulate, plicated, clawed, and of a rich shining carmine-red; claws three-fourths of an inch long, very shining, car- mine-red above, invested on either margin and under side with white pubescence. Stamens numerous, with short filaments, stigmas five, all deep carmine-red. Anthers yellow, or appearing so from the colour of the pollen. Calix smooth, the exterior segments curled inwards, tinged with purple, ten in number, rarely more. A native of South Carolina and Florida, inhabiting the banks of rivers and flowering in August and September. The generic term Hibiscus is from / ;///'.:• /.•;>/>/. I. /'/.- f r /> \' >t.'/'(-'Kar/v/i. v /.„• vnw.' #;: .■ruocAJitrrs, Oxycoccus macrocarpus. 59 but particularly on the vernal ramuli, which produce the flowers— oval-oblong, smooth, obtuse, flat; the margin recurved, and in the older leaves distinctly marked by about four serratiform indentures, scarcely deserving the appellation of serrulations; divided in the middle above and more conspicuously beneath, by the costa, from which the veins run transversely to the margin. The young or ver- nal leaves are narrower than the older ones of the preceding year, and tufted at their apices by loose pubescence. They are all of a sap- green above, and glaucous or celandine-green underneath. Flowers generally in pairs about an inch or an inch and a half asunder, and supported, towards the termination of the vernal branches, by erect, reddish, bibracteate, pubescent peduncles, suddenly bent near the ends: thus, together with the calix and flower-bud, giving them the appearance of a crane's head and neck. Bracts acute and pubescent. Segments of the corolla linear-lanceolate, recurved towards the calix, channelled, white, delicately tinged towards their apices with carmine, and maculated with the same hue on the back. Calix pubescent. Pedicels of the berries nutant or arcuate. Flowers continuing to expand until immature berries are produced on the same stem. Immature berries celandine-green and yellowish. Ripe berries generally of a fine carmine colour, but often light and speckled with dark-red. They vary in shape from round to oval-oblong—the commonest form is that represented in the plate. They are a little acerb and very acid.—Grows in morasses and swamps of rich boggy bottoms, and covered with sphagnum, from Labrador to Carolina— Pursh says, in sandy bottoms and on high mountains. Where found, 60 Oxycoccus macrocarpus. it is in great abundance, giving the name of Cranberry-swamps to such localities. Extensive Cranberry-swamps are met with in New Jersey; the nearest to Philadelphia is about a mile south-east of Kaighn's Point. Flowers in May, and continues in bloom till July, at which time young berries are produced. The ripe berries are often persistent during the winter, The genus Oxycoccus was first established by Persoon. It com- prises a few species of Vaccinium, which possess the characters noted at the head of this chapter; and Vaccinium hispidulus, thrown by Pursh into Gaultheria, has been thought more properly to belong to this genus. The American species of the genus are but three. 1. The plant under present notice. 2. O. hispidulus. 3. O. erythrocar- pus. It is entirely a North American genus, with the exception of O. Europseus, (Vaccinium oxycoccus of Willd.) or European Cranberry, which has never yet been detected in any part of North America. The species here described is called specifically macrocarpus, from the large size of the capsule or berry. The common English or vul- gar name Craneberry, or Cranberry, has very plausibly been sup- posed to be derived from the crooked peduncle near the calix, which with the unexpanded flower sufficiently resembles a crane's bill, to justify the common name. Cranberries are so well known in our northern and middle and even some southern states, as a favourite article of diet, that it may seem superfluous to enter minutely on a description of their proper- Oxycoccus macrocarpus. &i ties. A belief, however, that, much as they are in demand, and greatly as they are esteemed, they are still entitled to a more extensive use as a salubrious dietetic article, as well as in application to medicine— renders it proper to be particular on these points. These berries are often brought to market when unripe, the cupidity of those who collect them thus depriving us of the delicious acid which is evolved by their maturation. The criterion of their maturity is their possessing a fine red colour, and having attained a large size, as in fig. 2 of the plate, and, though of a firm consistence, not being hard. The com- mon mode of preparing these berries is confined to stewing them with sugar, until they have imbibed a sufficiency of the saccharine syrup to neutralize the slight degree of acerbity they possess, and make them palatably sweet. In this form they are cooling, slightly laxa- tive, and promote digestion. But they might likewise be employed more extensively by making acidulous drinks, for persons labouring under febrile complaints. The expressed juice might be preserved by a sufficient quantity of alcohol to prevent fermentation, and set aside for summer use, to make a kind of lemonade. A rob might also be prepared, and advantageously used in diet and medicine. by evaporating the syrup obtained from them. The berries are very acid, slightly astringent, and sub-acerb in their crude or uncooked state, but are grateful to most persons when prepared by culinary arts. The berries of almost all the spe- cies of Vaccinium are edible, and of these the Vaccinium oxycoccus, or European cranberry, and V. myrtillus or bilberry, are in greatest 62 Oxycoccus macrocarpus. repute in Europe. The latter has long been celebrated even by the poets of antiquity*—and it is probable we possess other indigenous species of the genus oxycoccus bearing esculent fruit. The O. his- pidulus has been stated by some to bear berries deliriously sweet. All that is said of the European cranberry may with great propriety be said of the American species which greatly resembles it. Indeed, our berry seems to be preferable to it, because Withering remarks, that the " European cranberries are made into tarts and are much esteemed, but, on account of a peculiar flavour are disliked by some." " They may be kept," he continues, " for several years, if wiped clean, and then closely corked in dry bottles, or the bottles may be filled with water." The American berry may, in all pro- bability, be preserved in like manner. Fig. 1. A specimen of the plant culled on the 10th of July, bearing both flowers and immature berries. 2. A ripe berry of the common form and colour; they are some- times quite globose or spherical, but often more oblong or oval than this figure. (All the size of nature.) * Virgil, in his Second Eclogue particularly, speaks of the Vaccinium nigrum. T,ttte. /* I)mum fnm AMure. iy W^C-Ear-ten . F, Xiarrty, Sc, CUPHEA. TTSCOSISSIMA basils aTamio CUPHEA VISCOCISSIMA. CLAMMY CUPHEA. Icosandria Digynia, Linn. Salicariae^ Juss. Calycanthemac, Vent. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix ventricose, tubular, 6 to 12-toothed, unequal. Petals six, generally unequal, inserted upon the calix. Capsule with the calix bursting longitudinally, 1-celled. Seeds few, lenticular, imbricated. Brown. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Viscous ; leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate-oblong; flowers dodecandrous, late- ral, solitary, very shortly pedunculated. Willd. and Pursh. SYNONYMS. Balsamona Pinto, Vandell. fasc. t. 3. Lythrum Cuphea, L. jun. supp. 249. Lythrum petiolatum, Willd. Sp. PI. 2. p. 867. Plant from ten to eighteen inches high. Root annual. Stem erect, cylindrical, branched, lake-red, covered with a fine, red, vis- cous, glandular pubescence. Branches axillary, numerous, also cylin- drical and lake-red, and covered with a similar clammy investment VOL. I. IS 64 Cuphea viscocissima. of glandular hairs. Leaves numerous, opposite, ovate-oblong, those on the stem about an inch or an inch and a quarter long, situated on pubescent petioles more than half an inch in length, and of a red co- lour. Those of the branches smaller, narrower, and supported by shorter petioles: all very entire, sub-acute, attenuated at base, smooth on both sides, and somewhat scabrous on the margin in the dried plant. Flowers solitary, and situated in the axills of each pair of leaves on the stem—lateral and terminal on the branches, and when terminal, crowded in clusters of three and four. Peduncles covered with red, viscous hairs, an eighth part of an inch long, inserted under the posterior gibbosity or projection of the base of the calix. Pe- tals generally six, but very often only five in number, and un- equal. The two superior ones the largest, ovate, acute; the lower ones linear; all wrinkled, small, of a brilliant red-purple colour, turning a deeper hue in drying. Calix tubulous, dentated at the mouth,slightly arcuate, at first cylindrical, afterwards urceolate, mem- branaceous, greenish-yellow on the under surface and striated, red above, streaked with darker striae of the same hue, gibbous at the su- perior part of the base, and invested with a clammy, red pubes- cence ; nectary a reflexed scale within the gibbosity of the calix. The calix becomes an inflated, urceolate, membranaceous, striated cap- sule, which when mature loses much of the red colour, and even as- sumes a yellowish or dull-white hue. This capsule by its matura- tion acquires an elasticity that causes it to burst laterally in a di- rection opposite to the white receptacle, which, thus denuded, exhibits from five to seven lenticular ash-coloured seeds marked longitudi- Cuphea viscocissi?na. 65 nally by a white hilum, imbricately but vertically attached to it. The capsule bursts by a longitudinal opening, owing to the protrusion of the lengthened receptacle of unripe seeds, which come to maturity in the open air. Grows in sandy fields, along the borders of sandy woods, and on the arenaceous margins of rivers, from Pennsylvania to Louisiana. Very abundant in Lancaster, Penn. where it covers whole fields. In the woods of Belmont, the seat of Judge Peters, in the neighbour- hood of this city, it is found, but not abundantly. Also in fields south-east of, and near Gray's Ferry; and near Cooper's Ferry, Jer- sey, along the edges of ditches communicating with the Delaware. Flowers in June and until September. Not unfrequently found in blossom in October and even the beginning of November. At this time it is covered with the pappus of syngenesious plants that is caught and tenaciously held by the clammy hairs investing the whole plant except the leaves, which are quite naked on both sides. The hairs are capitated with glandular dots, which secrete this vis- cous fluid, for some occult purpose in the economy of the plant. The genus Cuphea is tropical except the present plant, and contains but few species. The one under notice is common to this country and Brazil, where it grows in moist, shady ground. The extreme viscosity of its pubescence, has caused it to receive the specific name it bears; it is common to another species, which how- 66 Cuphea viscocissima. ever is not a native of this country, this indeed being the only one found indigenous. The plant is not possessed of sufficient beauty to invite culture, except on account of its rarity, in places where it is not found wild. In the botanic gardens of England, however, it is thought worthy of cultivation; and is readily propagated from seeds obtained from Brazil. It improves in some degree in those places, but perhaps never attains a finer appearance than in very favourable and protected situations in this country. Such as enjoy a due degree of moisture, combined with a loose, sandy, but rich soil, are most likely to produce luxuriant specimens. Yet the petals never increase much in size, however vigorous the herbage may be. They are liable to variation merely in number, being quite as often only five as six, the number the generic character requires. Fig. 1. About one-half of the main stem of a flowering specimen eighteen inches high, culled September 13. 2. A flower separated. 3. The capsule after it has bursted, exhibiting the seeds erectly attached to the filiform, lateral branches of a triquetrous car- tilaginous receptacle. 4. A seed, separated. (All the size of nature.) I Table. /9. I?7-ax/rt frem j\raturr S>y "tVI3, CBarten. ]F!JCe#rn\r.- Sc STMPHOMIA MACJEMOSA IPAlBttJa M&* SYMPHORIA RACEMOSA. SNOW-BERRY BUSH. Pentandria Monogynia, Linn. Caprifolia, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix small, 4-toothed, bracteolate at the base. Corolla tubular, short, 5-cleft, sub- equal. Stigma globose. Berry ovate, small, crowned with the persistent calix, 4-celled, 4-seeded, 2 of the cells sometimes abortive. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Leaves glaucous, but destitute of pubescence on the costa and veins of the under side. Racemes long, lateral and terminal. Corolla bearded within. Berries large, opake and orange-coloured-white. B. SYNONYM. Xylosteum tartaricum, /3. album. Pursh. A branching, spreading shrub. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, oval, or elliptical, acute at apex and base, glaucous beneath, contort- ed, veined. Stem diffuse, cylindrical, yellowish-brown, very much branched. Branches somewhat serpentine. Flowers very nume- vol. i. 13 68 Symphoria racemosa. rous, situate on lateral and terminal racemes, the receptacle of which becomes elongated as the fruit advances towards maturity. Calix very small, four-toothed, germ ovate. Corolla peach-blossom- red, diluted with spots of white, campanulate-tubular, deeply cleft into five lanceolate, acute segments, bearded or tufted with hairs within. Stamens included. Anthers oblong. Filaments tufted with delicate hairs. Pistil simple, shorter than stamens. Stigma small, orbicular. Berries the size of common black cherries, opake, orange-coloured-white, crowned with the persistent calix. Seeds white, two in each mature berry, about the size of a barley corn, ellip- tical, convex above, concave and compressed on the under side, on which the hilum is indistinctly visible. One raceme will often con- tain flowers, enlarged germs, and even small berries, at the same time; and clusters of the mature and smaller berries are found in great abundance on the lower or primary branches of the shrub, while the upper are putting forth flower-buds and flowers. Inhabits the banks of Missouri. M. Lewis. Grows also in Up- per Canada, not far from Queenstown, on the Niagara river, and near the outlet of Lake Huron, not rare. Mittall. Flowers in July and August. This plant belongs to a genus confined to North America, and which contains only two species. It bears a close resemblance, when in flower, to the other species, S. glomerata, which has smaller and 2 Symphoria racemosa. 69 purple berries. Both have elliptical, opposite leaves. The flowers of glomerata, however, are white, and much smaller: are conglome- rated, and always axillary. Snow-berry is a very ornamental shrub, particularly because it bears flowers and fruit at the same time, which continue succes- sively expanding and ripening during the whole summer; and when finaUy the large bunches of ivory or wax-like berries are matured in the autumn, the shrub has a very beautiful appearance in borders. It is hardy, grows luxuriantly without much care, and needs no further protection from the inclemency of winter, than that usually afforded in gardens to all valuable shrubs. The late Governor Lewis first brought to this city seeds of the snow-berry bush, which were planted in the botanic garden of the late Mr. M'Mahon, where they flourished and increased. Thence the plant has been disseminated in the neighbouring gardens; and though not yet common, it is greatly valued by those who cultivate it. The berries, particularly, are much admired. The specimens from which the drawing was made, were furnished by Messrs. Landreth, from their gardens, in which both this species and the other, S. glomerata, grow abundantly and luxuriantly. 70 Symphoria racemosa. Fig. l. Represents the terminal portion of a flowering branch, culled on the Sist of July. 2. A flower, separated. 3. A stamen. (All the size of nature.) 4. A stamen, magnified. 5. Pistil, natural size. 6. A terminal twig, culled on September 5, bearing mature ber- ries, and some immature, as well as a number which may be considered abortive—the size of nature. Tat>l< 20 JDrtzwn fro mJVaJivre 61/ WCT'23ai~to?z. §CHIZiEA PIJgllLJLA, JEny reeved fy CTu-touf. G RAT I 01L ,A AU ]R1E A o sp&siya ssa-sm a« GRATIOLA AUREA. GOLDEN PERT. GOLDEN-FLOWERED HEDGE-HYSSOP. Diandria Monogynia, Linn. Scrophulariae, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix 5-parted, often bi-bracteate at the base. Corolla tubulous, resupinate, and sub- bi-labiate; the upper lip, 2-lobed or emarginate ; the lower 3-cleft and equal. Filaments 4—2 fertile, the others for the most part sterile. Stigma, 2-lobed, or bi-labiate. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Dissepiment contrary to the valves. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Smooth; radical portion of the stem terete, and marked by two strong furrows, upper portion obscurely quadrangular; leaves opposite, broad-linear, indis- tinctly 3-nerved, closely sessile, acutely but obscurely serrated towards the apex, dotted. Calicine segments linear, nearly equal. Destitute of abortive filaments. B. SYNONYMS. Gratiola Caroliniensis, Pers. ench. 1. p. 14. Gratiola officinalis, Mich. Fl. Boreali-Am. 72 Gratiola aurea. Plant from a span to fourteen inches high. Stem towards the root procumbent and radicating, terete, jointed, assurgent from the base, slightly quadrangular above, marked with two furrows. Root perennial, fibrous, creeping under ground. Leaves somewhat thick. grass-green, opposite, about one inch long, and less than two- eighths broad, closely sessile, dilated at base, acute, and marked with about two, seldom three acute serratures on either margin, near the apex, dotted under a lens with glandular pits, and three-nerved. The nerves are indistinct to the naked eye. Peduncles scarcely the length of the longest leaves, slender, pubescent, (not villous, as Pursh describes them.) Flowers solitary, alternate for the most part, but in very luxuriant specimens, sometimes opposite, seldom more than two expanded at a time on the same plant, and often only one. Leaves of the calix nearly equal in length, linear and acute. Bracts longer than the calicine leaves. Corolla gamboge- yellow. Tube hairy, oblique, ventricose in the middle; upper lip roundish and notched, the lower equally trifid, segments oblong, the intermediate one notched at the apex. Throat of the corolla tube hairy within. Filaments two, the length of the tube. Style lon- ger than the stamens and persistent. Stigma funnel-shape, oblique. Capsule ovate, scarcely as long as the calix. Seeds small, nu- merous. Inhabits wet sandy places, the margins of ditches and rivulets Gratiola aurea. 73 from New England to Georgia; common in New Jersey; flowering from July to September. The time of flowering in the southern states, is from April to June, according to Mr. Elliot; in New Jersey it blooms from July to August; and in the New England states from August to September. The genus gratiola was founded on the G. officinalis as a type; and that plant was called by the ancient writers on botany and me- dicine, gratia Dei, the favour of God, because it was believed to pos- sess very eminent virtues. Gratiola being a diminutive of gratia, was imposed on the genus, which is nearly equally divided between India and North America. It consists of twenty-two species, eight of which are indigenous to the United States, growing principally in the southern section of the union. The present species received its specific name from Muhlenburg. It is peculiar to this country, and so nearly resembles the G. officinalis of Europe, as to have been mistaken for it by Michaux. Notwithstanding its affinity, however, it is truly separable from that species. Like the officinalis, it is a variable plant; and it is very likely that Michaux met with some of the luxuriant specimens which grow in the southern states; in which case, his mistake was natural; for though the northern gratiola could not be confounded with the officinalis, yet the southern plant described by Mr. Elliot as having ovate-lanceolate leaves, and attaining a height of two feet, and consequently having larger flowers 74 Gratiola aurea. than our plate exhibits, and being altogether more robust than the plant it is intended to represent, comes so near officinalis, that it might almost be doubted whether it is more than a variety produced by a difference of climate. Indeed, the northern plant, which frequent- ly, and in fact most commonly, is half the size of the figure, would appear to be almost distinct from the plant described by Mr. Elliot. Different specimens of gratiola officinalis in my herbarium, sent me by Professor Mertens of Bremen, as growing wild near that city, compared with specimens received from Copenhagen, and also with good figures of the plant, exhibit considerable variation in leaves, flowers, and bracts: one of these specimens, compared with a luxu- riant gratiola aurea, shows the latter to be strikingly allied to it. This affinity would seem to indicate a resemblance in medicinable virtue; if this should be the case, the G. aurea will be a valuable plant, for the G. officinalis is deservedly commended as a powerful article of the materia medica. It is one of the plants conjectured to yield the celebrated tincture called Eau medicinale; but this opinion is con- tradicted by the proprietor of the secret. The variableness of G. aurea is remarkable in its size and general habit. Specimens will often be found scarcely two inches high, in flower, and the stem often appears quite quadrangular, though on a Gratiola aurea. 75 nearer inspection, it will be found to be roundish, with prominent ridges, giving it the four-sided appearance described by Pursh as a character of the plant. Table XX. Fig. 1. Represents the plant of its natural and full size, cut from the root at the mark! (*) vol. 1. 14 ■SF&SILIS XXaHKI©* So SCHIZ^A PUSILLA. LEAST FERN. Cryptogamia Filices, Linn. Filicest Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Spikes unilateral, flabellate, aggregate. Capsules radically striated at the summit, sub-turbinate, partly opening by an oblong, lateral pore. Indusium continu- ous, formed from the inflected margin of the spikes. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Frond very simple, linear, compressed ; spikes conglomerated, inflexed, secund. Pursh. From two to four and a half inches high. Root densely fibrous, umber-brown. Barren fronds numerous, sixteenth part of an inch broad, compressed, obtuse, contorted. Fertile fronds fewer, radical, simple, the breadth of the barren, divaricating from the root, very much compressed, of a leek-green colour, two-thirds of their length, honey-yellow above. Spikes arcuate, leaning to one side, fan- shaped, of a honey-yellow colour. Schizcea pusilla, 77 The genus Schizsea was established by Dr. James Edward Smith. The term is derived from the Greek, *■*<£», to cleave asunder, in allusion to the cloven appearance of its aggregate fan-like spikes. The genus, which is very distinct and well-marked, contains about ten species, of which number one inhabits Cape of Good Hope, one Cape Van Diemen, one South America, two New South Wales, one Ceylon and Tranquebar, one East Indies, one Society Isles, one the Island of Trinidad, and the tenth the state of New Jersey, in North America—the plant here figured. This delicate little Fern was first detected by Dr. Eddy of New York. It is exceedingly rare, never having been found any where in the United States, but at one spot, near Quaker-Bridge, Burling- ton county, New Jersey. Its minuteness, together with its rarity, render it difficult to be detected even when in pursuit of it in the place where it grows. Table XX, fig. 2. Represents a large specimen of the plant in flower, its natural size. ^ASILIS SiMo SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA. SIDE-FLOWERING SCULL-CAP. SCULL-CAP. BLUE SCULL-CAP. Mad-dog Scull-cap. Mad-dog-weed, &c. (Generic Character, fc?c. &c. page 5 of this work.) SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Plant much branched, somewhat smooth. Leaves long-petiolate, ovate, dentate, those of the stem sub-cordate. Racemes lateral, leafy. Willd. Plant from one to three feet high. Root perennial, fibrous, ochre- yellow. Stem quadrangular, smooth, branched, greenish-yellow, pur- plish near the root. Branches also quadrangular, opposite, axillary, decussating, floriferous, and leafy. Leaves petiolate, acute, oppo- site, arising from the alternate sides of the stem. Those of the stem large, varying from one to three and a half inches in length; and Ta.&tt 2/ Dt\twrt /iyfi . lliOtrr Ay WF< Aw/k/i Knymvrd /v i"J)fA'ur SrrTKI.LAMlA i*ateiiifi.o:ka , Scutellaria lateriflora. 79 from three quarters of an inch to an inch and three quarters breadth, ovate-lanceolate, and cordate or semi-cordate at base; dentated, and somewhat wrinkled. Branch-leaves smaller; ovate- lanceolate, ovate, and often quite lanceolate, and dentate-serrate. All the leaves are of a pale or celandine-green beneath, and of a grass-green hue above, occasionally tinged on their upper disk. with reddish-purple. Racemes long, leafy, proceeding laterally from the stem—hence the specific name of the plant. The floral leaves are attached by pairs to each pair of flowers, and diminish gradually in size as they approach the apex of the racemes. They are ovate, acute, sub-sessile, or situated on very short petioles. Each floral leaf of the pair, is attached by a common origin to the peduncle of the calix as represented in fig. 2. of the plate. Flowers small, numerous, arranged in pairs along the racemes. Peduncles an eighth of an inch long. Calix scutellate as in the whole genus. Co- rolla monopetalous, tubular, from a quarter to three-eighths of an inch long, and one-eighth of an inch or little more, in diameter; campanu- la-purple, occasionally lighter or nearly bluish-white beneath. Seeds numerous, small, oval, verrucose, yellowish. Though the flowers of this plant are generally borne on racemes, they are some- times arranged in pairs from the axills of the leaves, on the branches. In this case, the floriferous ramuli must be considered as racemous branches. The large size of the leaves belongs to plants which have grown in the shade, and, thus situated, they become very thin 80 Scutellaria lateriflora. and nearly membranaceous. The branch-leaves are generally in the proportion of one-half the size of those of the stem, partaking of their variation in size, and becoming, like those of the stem, semi-membranaceous in the shade. In exposed situations all the leaves are strongly veined and somewhat wrinkled. This indeed is an invariable character when the plant has enjoyed its natural or favourite situations; any variation from it, as observable in the tall, debile specimens obtained from dark-shaded places, being caused by the influence of an uncongenial soil, and constant protection from the sun. The proper juice of this plant is not uncommonly of a red colour: hence the point of origin of the branches from the stem, the petioles, and under sides of the leaves, and other parts of the her- bage, are often tinged with this hue. Grows in damp places—in meadows, along the edges of pools, the margins of ditches, rivulets, and the borders of larger waters, from Canada to Carolina—very common. Flowers from July to Sep- tember. This is the second species of the genus Scutellaria described in this work, and to the chapter on the first, S. hyssopifolia, reference is made for an account of the genus. The present species has obtain- ed a notoriety which seldom falls to the lot of a plant so undeserv- ing of any esteem. It has been long held up to the public as possessing Scutellaria lateriflora. 81 the power of preventing and curing hydrophobia. Nothing, however, could be more vain or illusory than the expectation of accomplish- ing by it either of these desirable objects, and considered in reference to these ends, it is utterly worthless. For the reasons which justify this assertion, the reader is referred to my essay on this subject published in the February number of the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences. By the facts there stated, it will appear, that the boasted prophylactic and curative virtues of this plant, in relation to the violent disease of hydrophobia, had their origin many years ago, in charlatanical practice. And notwithstand- ing the strenuous efforts which have been made to win professional confidence in its reputation, very few educated physicians have been seduced into so dangerous a delusion. Indeed, only two physicians, well known to the members of the profession as being highly re- spectable, have published any thing of importance in favour of the plant. One of these, the author of a pamphlet published in New York in October, 1819, containing such an exposition of the sub- ject, as justified the opinion, that he himself believed in its re- puted virtues, has, since its publication, declared, peremptorily, his entire disbelief in its preventive or curative efficacy. Hence his pub- lication is nugatory. The other, a respectable compiler of a dispensa- tory, has, unfortunately for the interests of medicine, and inconsistent- ly with his professional standing, afforded the authority of his name and credence, to the preposterous story. It cannot be doubted, how- 82 Scutellaria lateriflora. ever, that future and more deliberate consideration of the subject, will convince him of the medicinal immerit of the plant, and induce him, with true professional candour, to publish a renouncement of any confidence in its powers, and a recantation of such of his publications, as are calculated, by sustaining its reputation, to produce mischiev- ous and dangerous effects. Fig. 1. Represents the plant, of its natural size, in flower. 2. A flower separated, with a floral leaf attached—as large a size as they ever attain. '/*„/>/.■ Tl JJ/'<7i<>n /7>'/>iJir/r/irrf' /'\\\'T!C/f<"f<>/i CliZKi f )> M1K D OHJEl C AH1DRA,, ttnyraiwcl &v I. Tr<-/>.'(ft Solarium Carolinense. 87 Plant from one foot to two feet high. Stem herbaceous, rigid, branched. Branches spreading. Stem and branches armed with sharp prickles and densely beset with stellated hairs. Leaves large, ovate-sinuated, or ovate-lanceolate, entire at base, deeply sinuated— the angles somewhat acute; scabrous, covered all over with the same dense stellated hairiness which covers the whole plant, but hardly tomentose. The veins and costa armed with prickles. Racemes loose, simple, lateral and terminal, from four to eight-flowered. Calix closely beset with fine hairs, and prickly. Corolla expanding as common in the genus, pale-blue—blue variegated with blotches of white,—or wholly of a faded-white colour. Stamens and pistil of a golden-yellow hue. Berries the size of large May-duke cherries, ochre-yellow, and frequently persistent during winter. Flowers from May until August. Grows in cultivated grounds from Canada to Georgia, appearing to prefer sandy soil, near road sides and rub- bish in the vicinity of habitations. Very common. Annual or pe- rennial ? The genus Solatium is one of those very ancient assemblages of plants, designated by terms, the origin of which is either enveloped in obscurity, or lost in the antiquity of their use. It comprises plants very naturally grouped together, by striking botanical affinities. The American species are but six or seven, of which the one here figured, is perhaps the most common. It is, indeed, except the S. nigrum, the only indigenous species found in the middle and northern states, 88 Solanum Carolinense. but is more common to the south, where the other species also grow. The foreign species are seventy-seven in number. It is yet doubtful whether the present one be annual, as it is commonly said to be by botanists, or perennial. The Figure represents a branch of the plant in flower, with incipient fruit—of the natural size. Table 24. BrawnfnmJ&turr by \\'P.t*Har£on. JBoyt/ ^jDBEr^m Tmis-jBA ff amm ssa^0 RUDBECKIA TRILOBA. THREE-LOBE-LEAVED RUDBECKIA. (Generic Character, &?c. &?c. seepage 17 of this work.) SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Hispidly-hairy j stem paniculated, branches divaricate, many-flowered, leafy; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, serrate, the lower ones three-lobed; cali- cine leaflets linear, deflexed, as long as the rays. Willd. and Pursh. Plant from three to five feet high. Root perennial or biennial? Stem cylindrical, furrowed, reddish, closely beset with white hairs. Branches dull-lake-red, hairy. Lower leaves three-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, obscurely three-nerved, hairy, cili- ated, particularly towards the base ; hairs and cilia? white. Upper leaves simple, lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly serrate, indistinct- 90 Rudbeckia triloba. \y three-nerved, hairy on each side, and ciliated on the margin, the cilise longest towards the base. Stem and branches cylindrical, fine- ly lined, generally greenish on one side and purplish-red on the other, or entirely dull-lake-red. Flowers small. Calicine leaves linear, nearly or often quite as long as the rays, acuminated, and hairy. Rays emarginated, lanceolate, elliptical, gamboge-yellow. Disk auricula-purple. Scales of the receptacle awned. Flowers in August and September. "In the mountains of Virginia and Caro- lina." Pursh. " In the New England states." Eaton. Another species of the beautiful autumnal genus Rudbeckia, al- ready fully described in preceding pages, is here figured. It is rare in Pennsylvania, though sufficiently common to the south and westward of this state. The flowers of this, are smaller than those of the other species, none being found much larger than the drawing represents. For the specimens from which it was made, I am indebted to Mr. Nuttall, who raised plants of it last sum- mer in this city. The plate represents an upper portion with one of the three-lobed leaves, in its natural situation—the size of nature. W-l-l, is Drawntivm MlCure by WPCBarfan J Boyd rfV. WI yC © T JL&IC& MITST3 £A_ 0 ^A®!LS SS^a NICOTIANA RUSTICA. YELLOW-FLOWERED TOBACCO. COMMON GREEN TOBACCO. Pentandria Monogynia, Linn. Solaneae, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix urceolate, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, border plaited, 5-cleft. Stamina in- clined. Capsule 2 to 4-valved, 2-celled. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Leaves petiolate, ovate, quite entire. Flowers obtuse. Willd. SYNONYMS. Hyoscyamus niger, Matth. Valqr. v. 2. 412. H. luteus, Germ. em. 356. AHARDvplant. Root annual. Stem from three to fourfeet high, with panicled branches, roundish, yellow-green, invested with a soft semi- viscous pubescence, particularly above; the hairs of the pubescence capitated by secreting glands. Leaves from three to six inches long, broad-ovate, somewhat cordate; upper ones lanceolate-ovate__all entire, but undulate and irregular on the margin, pubescent, of a VOL. I. 16 92 Kicotiana rustica. dull yellowish-green colour, covered with the same kind of soft semi- viscous pubescence as the stem, and situated on petioles from one to two inches long. Mid-rib conspicuously yellow, veins strongly marked. Flowers axillary and terminal, numerous, about an inch long. Calix consisting of five segments, unequal in length ; two smaller than the other three: and of the latter one much larger than the other two—all ovate, sub-acute, pubescent. Corolla sul- phur-yellow, tube and under surface of the limb pubescent—limb expanding and glabrous. Tube bell-shaped, segments rounded. Sta- men sulphur-yellow, tipped with triangular grey anthers. Base of the filament bearded with fine fringe. Germ ovate, glabrous. Style as long as the stamens. Stigma globose. Capsule roundish, a lit- tle depressed. Seeds small, nearly black, numerous. Every part of the plant, as well as the stem and leaves, downy, clammy, and exhaling the same peculiar unpleasant smell common to the genus. " Natu- ralized near the borders of some of the smaller lakes in the western parts of the state of New York." Nuttall. Flowering in July. The genus which furnishes the narcotic luxury so universally used in many parts of the world, consists of thirteen species, and bears a name in honour of John Nicot, of Nismes, an ambassador from the French court to that of Portugal. During his residence in Lisbon in 1560, he received some seeds of the plant now known by the name of Virginia tobacco, from a Dutchman, who had obtained them from Florida about the same time the Spaniards received it from 2 Nicotiana rustica. 93 Tobaco, a province of Yucatan, which has given the common name. They were distributed from this source, throughout Europe, and hence the introduction of Tobacco as an article of luxury. The present species furnishes the common tobacco, or common-green to- bacco, and the seeds of it are supposed to have been received in Europe from America, about the same time that those of N. tabacum, or Virginia tobacco, were sent. America has been referred to as the native country of the tobacco, by most writers ; but Savary declares that the Persians received it from Egypt four hundred years ago, and have during all this time cultivated it. Whatever be the truth of this obscure question, there can be no doubt that the present spe- cies, as well as the N. tabacum, has long been naturalized in this country; and hence it becomes proper to figure it in a Flora of North America. Fig. 1. A specimen in flower of N. rustica. 3. A flower, separated. 3. A stamen. 4. Calix, germ, and pistil. (All the size of nature.) spamjb aawo HELENIUM AUTUMNALE. AMERICAN SNEEZE-WORT. SNEEZE-WEED. Syngenesia superftua, Linn. Corymbiferae, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix simple, many-parted. Hays of the flower semi-trifid. Receptacle naked, glo- bose ; the rays only paleaceous. Seed villous. Pappus paleaceous, about 5- leaved, leaflets awned. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub-decurrent; stem corymbose above ; disk florets 5- cleft; rays flat, reflexed. Willd. and Pursh. Whole plant, particularly stem, branches, and peduncles, cover- ed with a very dense, short, almost imperceptible pubescence, which gives the whitish-green appearance to it. Stem from five to seven feet high, many growing from the same root. Root perennial, fibrous. Stem erect, angular, somewhat winged from the decurrent margins of the leaves, much branched above; branches also angu- lar. Leaves opake, lanceolate, dotted with innumerable fine pits, T 2P fJ>;ttrn/rom Ara/?irf /•]■ h't'('.JJ-irton . \\ K TL,]E IN 11 HI M AiT T V M IN".A 3.. JB Helenium autumnale. 95 serrate, acute, and often acuminate, serratures irregular. Costa and veins conspicuous, pistachio-green above, siskin-green under- neath. Flowers varying in size, numerous, terminal and axillary, some very large, an inch and three-quarters in diameter, including rays. others an inch, and some only three-quarters of an inch. Peduncles swelling as they approach the base of the calix. Ray-petals gamboge- yellow, about sixteen or seventeen in number, sometimes twenty, three or four-toothed; teeth obtuse, sometimes deeply cleft and acute. Calix segments linear, numerous. Disk hemispherical, green- ish-yellow. Inhabits the margins of rivers and smaller waters from Canada to Georgia. Flowering in September—common. The genus Helenium belongs to N. America, and received this name from Linnaeus after he had referred the original Helenium to Inula. Dioscorides describes ea£»,8»5 which professor Martyn in- forms us was called in honour of Helen, consort of Menelaus, who cultivated a plant, according to Hesychius, which destroyed serpents; according to other ancient writers, " it sprung from her tears." That the ancient plant alluded to, and of which this history is related, is Inula helenium, or common Elecampane, seems to be acknow- ledged by all modern writers. The strong resemblance between the genus of which a species is here figured, and that of Elecam- pane, induced Linnaeus to call it Helenium. In the Hortus Cliffortia- nus where he first described it, he called it Helenia, and this termina- tion Gaertner has retained. In the Species Plantarum and other 96 Helenium autumnale. works of Linnaeus, however, the purer termination of Helenium is adopted. The species are only three in number, of which the pre- sent is the most common throughout the United States. The whole plant is intensely bitter, and possesses besides its bitterness, other medicinal properties which will be particularly detailed in another work. The Figure represents a flowering specimen, the size of nature. T.iMc 27 Z}riu?n/reimJtTatiirrlrylCI-?i'Jiiirton £> 11/> *avcd M 'CTiciout 'kV\\\\^.Sljk MA;SI.A.>TA VA1BILI8 2SWL RHEXIA MARIANA. MARYLAND RHEXIA. (Generic Character, &?c. fcfc. see page 13 of this work.) SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Hirsute; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, 3-nerved; calix tubular, nearly gla- brous. Mich. A perennial plant, from one to two feet high; stem erect, sub-terete, hirsute, channelled. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, serrate, ciliate. Flowers situated in the fork and termination of the branches. Calix urceolate, purplish, slightly hirsute with stellated hairs, per- sistent, including the capsule. Segments long, reflexed. Petals fu- gacious, irregularly ovate, or oval, hairy externally, peach-blossom red, or white dilated with rose-red. Filaments as in R. Virginica, inserted into the rim of the calix. Anthers yellow, long, slightly arcuate, opening above. Style larger than the stamens. Seeds nu- merous, attached umbilically to a central receptacle. Grows in 93 Rhexia Mariana. damp grassy meadows, and near boggy grounds and small waters. Common in New Jersey. Grows also in Carolina and Maryland. Flowers in July and August. This is the second species of the genus Rhexia described in this work. It is less common in this state than the R. Virginica, but grows abundantly in the southern section of the union, delighting in the same kind of situations as that species is found to inhabit. From the fugaciousness of the petals, it does not seem to be much entitled to cultivation. The Figure represents a flowering specimen of the plant of its na- tural size. Tcitis 2 a 7)ra>t->n;''■■•')>X'fure In/ 1\~ECBarton. Knqraned £v ('.Tiebout. S3fl S B.- \ ^' \x\ M ./M' K U C ^\M1] V\ spaibilis sa^aaiL SESBANIA MACROCARPA. Diadelphia decandria, Linn. Leguminosae, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix 5-toothed. Legume elongated, (terete, linear,) bi-valved, divided into many cells by transverse dissepiments. P. Brown. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Glaucous ; leaves oblong-elliptical, sub-cuspidated, margin naked ; legume very long, narrow, maculated, and pitted by longitudinal depressions. B. Plant from three to five feet high, erect, every where glaucous. Root annual. Stem cylindrical, bluish-green, inclining to greenish- purple. Leaves larger than in iEschynomene, consisting of many pairs of oblong, elliptical, obtuse leaflets, terminated by a short point, and very glaucous beneath. Common petioles terete, swelling at base. vol. i. 17 100 Sesba?iia macrocarpa. Stipules in pairs, lanceolate, or hastate, membranaceous, yellow- green. Racemes axillary, shorter than the leaves, from two to four-flowered. Flowers primrose-yellow—rarely expanded more than represented in the plate. Vexillum gall-stone-yellow in- side, outside primrose-yellow. Carina orange-yellow, striped with carmine-red. Wings orange-yellow, striped with purple. Legume from seven to eight inches long, less than two-eighths of an inch broad, slightly arcuate, stipitate, mucronate, compressed, maculated, and pitted by longitudinal depressions ; invested within by a straw- yellow, shining, membranaceous lining, and divided transversely by about thirty-nine partitions. Seeds thirty-nine or forty, kidney- shaped, umber-brown, an eighth of an inch long and somewhat less in breadth, pitted on either side by a deep depression. Hilum white. Flowers in August, and continues in bloom about six weeks or two months. Grows in the neighbourhood of St. Louis and New Orleans. The drawing was taken from a vigorous living plant raised by Messrs. Landreth last summer from seeds furnished by Mr. Nut- tall, and it has been carefully compared with several fine dried spe- cimens received from New Orleans. Pursh, very properly objecting to the inadmissible generic name Sesban, substituted that of Sesbania, which, though still faulty, is rather better than the first, given by Poiret to a genus selected by him out of iEschynomene. That botanist referred the Linnsean M. grandiflora, coccinea, and Sesban, to this newly-formed genus, but it has since Sesbania macrocarpa. iot been augmented by two or three North American species, of which one is now figured. It is a tropical genus of ten species, indigenou? to India and America, and one to Egypt, Fig. l. Represents a flowering portion of the plant. 2. A flower, artificially opened, to show its structure. 3. Inside of vexillum. 4. Carina. 5. Wings. 6. Stamens. 7. Calix and pistil. 8. Stipule. iESCHYNOMENE HISPIDA. FALSE-SENSITIVE-PLANT. Diadelphia decandria, Linn. Leguminosae, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Stamina divided into 2 equal bodies. Brown. Loment exserted, compressed, one of the sutures straight, the other lobed; articulations truncated, 1-seeded. Calix bilabiate, labia dentate. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Stem erect; petioles and stem tuberculate-hispid; leaves in many pairs; leaflets linear, obtuse; stipules membranaceous, semi-sagittate ; racemes simple, few- flowered; loments hispid. Willd. Sp. PI. 3. p. 1163. SYNONYM. Hedysarum Virginicum. Willd. Sp. PI. 3. p. 1212. An annual plant, from three to five feet in height. Root fibrous, bundled. Stem erect, cylindrical, apple-green or yellow, beset with TctSfs 29 >r«lrn /Tom Miters fiv 11"/'/: />',. r/,w. -e s v iiyin- O'mei:i«;, mi s r i ua. f'yr,,,-.:/ fi„ CTiefiont JEschynomene hispida. 103 green, reddish and black glandular-like tubercles, from each of which a hair arises, capitated by a viscous crown, emitting a terebinthenate odour. Leaves consisting of many pairs of linear and oval-linear, obtuse, very smooth leaflets, of an apple-green colour, supported by very short stalks, on a hispid petiole. They are very numerous. often thirty-nine, forty-nine, and fifty-one. Stipules ovate, acumi- nate, with a decurrent base. Flowers about three or five, borne in simple racemes, garnished with a leaf or two. Peduncles hispid and glandular, zig-zag. Loment stipitate, arcuate, somewhat compressed, but showing the elevation produced by the seeds and the depres- sions by the dissepiments conspicuously, making from six to nine joints; hispid-scabrous, the tubercles being large, red, and promi- nent. Corolla gamboge-yellow, reticulately veined with carmine- red. Grows along the margins of rivers subject to the overflowing of the tides, and on the islands of most of our large tide-water rivers, from Pennsylvania to Carolina. July, August. The greek word «;^^^*'? to be ashamed, has given origin to the generic name JEschynomene, because the plants of that genus are somewhat sensitive, and shrink from the touch. It is a tropical genus, containing thirteen species, native to India and America. The North American species are only two, both of which are rare. The one here figured is a scarce plant even in those places where it is indi- genous. Along the shores of the Delaware, near Philadelphia, where it grows naturally, but three or four specimens can be found in a 104 JEschynomene hispida. season after a very careful search. The flowers are rarely more expanded than represented in the plate, but when they do open more completely, or when displayed by art, are very handsome, being of a rich yellow, delicately veined by reticulated lines of carmine-red. Its root is annual, but has so much the sturdy appearance of a pe- rennial, that its character might be mistaken. Fig. 1. An upper portion of the plant, in flower. 1 ./)reut?r> from JVatiire fry //.!/.' C.J3a,rtori. /:'//n from 2Va/i>.re fry YlTf.C.Jiarttm 7£/wnt>ed fry CTiefrout. , If ,KT ID 15 R ^ J J\ .TPIOCI JD AIO A... /W. ■3JAIBILJB SSS1IL LINDERNIA DILATATA. DILATED-LEAVED LINDERNIA. Diandria Monogynia, Linn. Scrophulariae, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix 5-parted, nearly equal. Corolla tubulose, bilabiate ; upper lip short, emarginate; lower trifid, unequal. Filaments four, the two longer forked, and sterile. Stigma bilamellate. Capside 2-celled, 2-valved; seminiferous dissepiment parallel with the valves. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Plant very smooth. Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, obtuse or often sub-acute, dilated at the base, amplexicaule, rarely obscurely toothed ; peduncles axillary, one- flowered, much longer than the leaves. Corolla thrice the length of the calix. Capsule shorter than the calix. B. SYNONYMS. Lindernia dilatata, Muhl. Cat. and Elliot. Lindernia pyxidaria, Pursh, 2. p. 419. Gratiola insequalis, Walt. p. 61.? G. anagallidea, Mich. Fl. Boreali-Am.? VOL. I. 19 110 Lindernia dilatata. Whole plant very smooth, from six to twelve inches high. Root fibrous, annual. Stem branching, jointed, procumbent part of its length, then assurgent, quadrangular, purplish towards the ground, and sending off radicles from the joints. Leaves opposite, ovate, dilated towards the base, and embracing the stem. They are of various sizes, but the largest rarely exceed the size of finger nails; sometimes, however, they are three-fourths of an inch long, and half an inch broad in shady places; in such specimens they are semi-membranaceous. They are of a dull grass-green, with oc- casional spots of dull purple in the direction of the three or five nerves on the under side, which are often obscure, except when the plant is held to the light. Margin mostly entire, though a few teeth are often found on the leaves of some specimens. Flowers numerous, axillary, commencing from the lowest part of the stem, situated on delicate, often filiform, quadrangular, erect pedun- cles, about three-fourths of an inch or one inch in length, which have a tendency to become deflexed as the flower advances towards seed. Indeed the fruiting specimens are generally deflexed as in Spergula. Calicine segments somewhat unequal, subulate, slightly pubescent, but often wholly glabrous. Corolla pale purple or near- ly white, twice or thrice the length of the calix; tube attenuated towards the base, divided at the limb into four segments, the upper- most being broader than the other three; the latter are lower, ob- tuse, and form the inferior lip. Filaments four, inserted into the tube of the corolla: the two longest ones nearly equal to it in 2 Lindernia dilatata. Ill length, abortive and garnished with a fork near the head. The two shorter, fertile and filiform. Anthers two-lobed, pale straw-yellow. Germ superior, ovate; style persistent. Stigma bilabiate and flatten- ed. Seeds small, very numerous, pale-brown or ochre-yellow. Grows along the margins of rivers, creeks and ditches, in loose gravelly or sandy soil, from the New England states to Georgia, flowering from May to September. The variety 0. described by Pursh, appears to be the very distinct and well-marked species called attenuata by Muhlenberg. The genus Lindernia was named by Allioni in honour of Francis Balthazar Von Lindern, a physician and botanist of Strasburg, who flourished in the early part of the last century. The present species seems specifically distinct from the European Lindernia pyxidaria, described by Willdenow. This opinion is not founded on Pursh's re- mark to the same effect, induced by his wrong impression of Willde- now's description of the length of the peduncles. In the Species Plan- tarum, that author describes the peduncles as being often longer than the leaves, on the top of the stem, " pedunculi foliis breviores sed in apice caulis saepius longiores." I have in my herbarium a small specimen from France, of Lindernia pyxidaria, an inch and a half high, which was sent to me by Professor Horneman of Copenha- gen. Comparing our plant with this specimen, relatively to its spe- cific character, there appears this discrepancy:—in the European plant the leaves are not dilated towards the base; are simply sessile, 113 Lindernia dilatata. and obscurely denticulate; and the peduncles are shorter than the leaves. This specimen more nearly resembles L. attenuata than the present plant. The drawing from which the engraving has been made, was de- signed from specimens obtained from the western shores of the Delaware, near this city, in which places it appears to be frequent, though not easily found, owing to its growing amidst the roots of various larger plants. Fig. 1. Represents Lindernia attenuata, (Pyxidaria, Pursh,) of its natural size, in flower. 2. A flower and peduncle, separated. 3. The under view of the tube of the corolla, showing the nether lip. (Figs. 2 and 3 a very little enlarged.) Tate :i2 -ft 2D7*tt7c>77 from JSTatiire frv TCZ?C.£cr7-/y>n JEnyrtwed fryCTidout V'V'UJL-ARIA. FJKHIjF1OI„ii AT.A ^iHB&n saaaih UVULARIA PERFOLIA^. PALE PERFOLIATED UVULARIA. Hexandria Monogynia, Linn. Lilia, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Corolla inferior, 6-petalled, campanulate ; claws of the petals each furnished with a nectariferous cavity. Filaments very short, growing to the anthers. Stigmata reflexed. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-valved; valves septiferous in the middle. Seeds many, sub-globose, arillated at the hilum. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Leaves perfoliate, ovate-acute, or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; corolla pulverulently rough within; anthers cuspidated with a cartilaginous point; capsule truncate- triangular. B. SYNONYMS. Uvularia perfoliata, Muhl. Cat. and Herbarium. Uvularia perfoliata, *. Bot. Mag. Uvularia flava, Pursh, (according to the figure he refers to.) U. perfoliata, of Elliot. 114 Uvularia perfoliata. Root white, palmate, divisions cylindrical, garnished with a few yellowish-white radicles. Stem erect, flexuose, sheathed below with lavender purple sheaths. Leaves yellow-green above, glaucous underneath, petiolated, ovate, acute, three-nerved, striated, the lowest one narrower than the others, and often cordate at base; and that one at the point of bifurcation of the stem, broader than the rest. Flower solitary, of six, lanceolate, sulphur-yellow, acute petals, pulverulently spotted with orange-yellow internally. Necta- riferous furrow, a long narrow line. Pistil terminated by a trifurcate stigma. Stamens half as long as the petals, convolute. Anthers long, about the length of the filaments, bursting longitudinally at the inside of each cell, yellow, each tipped with a cartilaginous, awl-shaped, green point; filament broad, one-eighth of an inch long. Capsule truncate, trigonous. Seeds numerous. Grows in shady, damp woods, along the margins of rills and other moist ground, from Canada to Georgia, preferring loose soil. Flowers in early May. The genus Uvularia was established and named by Linnaeus, but the precise derivation of the term cannot now be ascertained. As Uvularia is an old synonym for Ruscus hypoglossum, on account of the diminutive leaves not unlike the uvula of the human thoat, lying over the inflorescence of that plant, Dr. Smith conjectures that the generic term was thence derived. The North American species are four or five in number. There is some confusion relative to the present plant and the flava of Uvularia perfoliata. 115 Smith, which appears to be an ideal species, or at most, a mere va- riety of the present. Pursh quotes the figure No. 955, Bot. Mag. for his flava, and that figure undoubtedly refers to the present species. It certainly does not agree with his own description quoted from Smith, in which the leaves are said to be obtuse, while in fact the figure properly represents them as quite acute. What plant Pursh had in view in his description of U. perfoliata, it is difficult to de- cide. It seems probable that U. perfoliata and flava of Smith refer to one plant, that which is here figured. Mr. Elliot quotes Pursh for the U. flava, and as he has evidently not seen it himself, is unaware that it is his own perfoliata, which he describes as having leaves " rather acute." Fig. 1. The plant in flower, of its natural size, severed from Fig. 2. 2. The lower part of the stem and root. 3. A petal. 4. Germ, style, and stigma. 5. A stamen. "jms&ib smsaaa* ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM. AMERICAN ERYTHRONIUM. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. Hexandria Monogynia, Linn. Lilia, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Corolla sub-campanulate, petals 6, reflexed, the three interior usually furnished with a callous notch on each side near the base, and a nectariferous pore. Cap- sule superior, roundish, or elliptical, sub-stipitate. Seeds ovate. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Leaves lanceolate, involute at the point; petals lanceolate, acute, the inner three furnished with a callous denture on each margin near the base ; germen sub- globose. Style clavate, 3-angled. B. SYNONYMS. Erythronium Americanum, Ker, in Bot. Mag. t. 1113. E. lanceolatum, Pursh. E. longifolium, Poiret. E. flavum, Smith, Rees. Cyclo. E. dens canis, M. Tcrfi/r3P. Z?/aif// /re/77 M/frt/r fiv WJPf'Barffn. /C/it/ri/vrd frv( '7/'cfii>u£. MIO'THIIO .^ IV3/1 .A .Y! KIO I"*. Erythronium Americanum. 117 Root pyriform-bulbous, invested with loose, brownish tunics, shrivelled longitudinally, sheathing a bifoliate stem, and buried from six to nine inches beneath the surface of the ground; subterrane- ous portion of the stem white, shining, cylindrical and delicate, some- times slightly angular. Stem above ground, sheathing petioles, and a portion of the base of each leaf, dull-purplish. Leaves desti- tute of veins, unequal, one always narrower than the other, lanceo- late, and oval-lanceolate, channelled, slightly undulate, and terminat- ing in a thick acumination, made by a sudden converging of the margins. Young plants of the first year have but one leaf, which is often quite elliptical, (as fig. 3.) next year the plant sends up two leaves and a flower. Leaves always shining and glabrous, and maculated by large, irregular spots of reddish-brown or umber- brown, which give them the appearance of a dingy green. Under side of the leaves paler and without spots. Peduncle radical, one- flowered, proceeding from the point of meeting of the two leaves. about five or six inches long, cylindrical, glabrous and shining. greenish below, and yellowish towards the summit. Flower con- sists of six lanceolate, reflected petals; the three outside yel- low, acuminated, striped and veined with dull brownish-red; the three inner yellow, without stripes, having a cartilaginous notch on each side near the base, and a longitudinal furrow running into the small nectariferous pouch at base. The inner side of all the petals spotted with long dots of reddish purple, and each has a stamen better than half its length attached to its base. Filaments broad, com- voi.. 1. 20 118 Erythronium Americanum. pressed; anthers compressed, flat. Germ pyriform-triangular. Stig- ma clavate or prismatic, entire, internally pubescent, yellowish- green, tapering downwards towards the germ. Style fistulous. Flowers in April and early in May. Inhabits the shaded banks of rivulets, and small water-courses, from Canada to Georgia. The genus Erythronium is derived from »f**««, red, in allusion, it is conjectured, either to the colour of the flowers, or the more un- usual " blood stain" marks on the leaves. There appears to be at most two North American species, the present one being the most common. The root is farinaceous, and probably esculent after boil- ing, like that of Erythonium dens canis, which affords food to the Tartars. Fig. 1. Represents the plant, of its natural size, cut from Fig. 2. 2. The root and subterraneous portion of the stem. 3. An outline of such leaves as generally appertain to the first year's plant. Occasionally flowering specimens are found with two leaves like this. 4. Germ and stigma. 5. Stamen. 6. An inner petal. r.ifi/r .}* _Z)r(77i>7i/7\///iJVatitrs frv ICr./'ljitrton W'J Hh OIJIGJLX-A KA]L ALII /J tfimiVir J-:> ,<,/■„/;;/■ fiv C7Vrfrol7t jy*j 11 oustoi^jla c <» a* » HOUSTONIA CCERULEA. FAIRY-FLAX. BLUETT. IN>'JCENCE. VENUS* PRIDE. SKY-BLUE HOoSTONIA. Tetrandria Monogynia, Linn. Rubiacex, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix 4-toothed. Corolla of 1 petal, funnel-form, 4-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, many- seeded, half-superior, opening transversely. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Stem erect, dichotomous, sometimes setaceous, convolute; radical leaves pubes- cent, spathulated—cauline opposite, oblanceolate, or linear, obtuse pedun- cles one-flowered, long; corolla segments oval, terminating in a sudden, acute point. B. SYNONYMS. Houstonia Linnaei, Mich. Poiretia erecta, Gmelin, Syst. 263. VOL. I. SI 120 Houstonia coerulca. Root perennial, sending up numerous, slender, twisted, obscurely square green stems, about four or six inches high, forked above. Radical leaves numerous, spathulated, ciliated, and slightly pubes- cent ; those of the stem opposite, fewer, ovate, ending in a broad petiole, and becoming narrower as they approach the top of the stem, until they are sometimes linear-obtuse, and glabrous. Calix obtusely quadrangular, four-toothed, an eighth of an inch long, acute. Germ purplish. Flower-buds yellow, and nodding before the flower expands. Tube of the corolla externally pale, and internally dark- yellow. Segments of the limb four, ovate, terminating in an abrupt point, curved backwards, flax-flower-blue, sometimes white, with the centre white, variegated on each segment by two spots of bright yellow. Stamens included, pistiljust perceptible above the throat of the corolla, sometimes white. Grows in grassy places on way sides, the grassy borders of fields, edges of woods, from the northernmost to the most southern extremity of the Union. Flowering from April till September. It prefers rich soils, and in such is more robust than in sandy and shady places, where it becomes tall and more slender, with smaller leaves and flowers. The genus to which this pretty little plant belongs, was named by Gronovius and Linnseus after Dr. William Houston, who died in 1733. He was a botanist of eminence who resided many years in the West Indies, and visited South America between the years 1728 and 1732. He rendered essential services to the science he culti- 2 Houstonia coerulea. 121 vated, by the interesting observations he made on Jalap and other medicinal plants, as well as by transmitting seeds to Europe. Wherever this plant occurs, it is abundant. It is admired for its beauty alone, being quite devoid of fragrance, and has taken its specific name from the colour of the flowers, which is gene- rally cerulean-blue, though occasionally they are quite white; they are very numerous. Cultivation improves the vigour of the plant, and perhaps heightens the brilliance of hue in the flowers; and it is said that in England, where it has been introduced atKew since 1785, it is quite hardy, and with the slightest degree of attention is made to flower perpetually during Spring, Summer, and Autumn. It is easily increased by parting its roots; hence it might be a fit subject for introduction to our gardens, particularly on account of the early period of its flowering. It is also a native of the western coast of North America. The figure represents the plant of its most common size. LOBELIA KALMII, 0. GRACILIS. KALM'S LOBELIA. (The slender variety.) Monadelphia Pentandria, Linn. Lobeliacex. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix 5-cleft. Corolla monopetalous, irregular, on the upper side cleft nearly to its base. Stamina united into a tube. Stigma 2-lobed; involucrate, invo- lucrum bearded. Capsule inferior or semi-superior, 2 or 3-celled ; opening at the summit. Seeds minute, scabrous. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Slender, erect, often simple, but frequently branched ; radical leaves, spathulate, stem leaves linear, very slightly denticulate; flowers racemous, alternate, re- mote, pedicellated ; pedicels longer than the flowers. B'. Variety /3. "Stem scabrous, pedicels shorter than the flowers. B. SYNONYMS. Lobelia Kalmii, Muhlenbergian Herbarium, Muhl. Cat. and Willd. Lobelia gracilis, Nuttall, Gen. Am. PI. Lobelia Kalmii. 123 Root small, fibrous, perennial. Stem slender, slightly scabrous. flexuous, and somewhat secund; generally simple, but sometimes branched. Radical leaves as in the type of the variety: spathulate coloured with a slight tinge of dull purple. Stem leaves distant, few, sessile, oblong-linear, about an inch or an inch and a quarter in length, with a few obscure teeth about the middle. Flowers small, pale campanula-purple, situated on peduncles of deep indigo- blue, about a quarter of an inch long, having two minute, and to the naked eye, almost imperceptible glandular-like bracts, or scales, at the base. Grows on the margins of damp woods, on the edges of sandy swamps from New Jersey to Carolina. The genus Lobelia, (of which the Scsevola of Linnaeus was the original type,) was dedicated by father Plumier to Mathias de Lobel, or de L'Obel. Among the species peculiar to North America, the present one, of which we here present a variety, is the most varia- ble. I have specimens of the L. Kalmii sent me by Dr. John Tor- rey, of New York, which differ considerably from each other, and still more from the present plant. They are certainly, however, in my opinion, not specifically distinct from the plant here figured, which is a delicate variety ; but was considered by Muhlenberg to be the same. On consulting the Herbarium of that botanist, I have found many specimens of the present plant, like the one figured : others slightly deviating from its striking characters, and approaching to the Kalmii; and of the Kalmii itself there are several specimens 124 Lobelia Kalmii. differing very much from each other. The greater length of the peduncles and larger size of the flowers, seem to be the most con- spicuous circumstances in which a difference is observable from the variety 0. The relative situation of the scale-like bracts, (which rather appear to be glands,) so accurately pointed out and described by Mr. Nuttall, does seem to be tolerably constant; yet a close exa- mination of many specimens has shown, that it is by no means an invariable distinction. I am therefore confirmed in the opinion ex- pressed several years ago in the Compendium Florae Philadelphicae, that the present plant is a mere variety of the L. Kalmii. No. 2. fig. 1. Represents the lower portion of the plant, severed at the mark + from the upper portion, of the prevailing size. Fig. 2. Stamens and pistil. 3. Corolla, opened artificially, the natural size. Tafi/s :i3 jj7*//i>7/ f/orr/Tfat'/i/Y //>' ir.P.£~Barton JS°J M Y:l' 111 X ii S ' 35 IR^, f T .A 7?/7t/rar>rt/ fru t.'Tii/wt// V ■?. ^'KOTTiCA TOM'.r ,| _, t •' HYPOXIS ERECTA. YELLOW BETHLEHEM STAR, Hexandria Monogyniai Linn. Narcissi, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Spatha 2-valved. Corolla superior, 6-parted, persistent. Capsule elongated, narrower at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds roundish, naked. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Hairy; scape generally four-flowered, shorter than the leaves, which are very long, linear, and acuminated; peduncles twice as long as the flowers. B. SYNONYMS. Hypoxis Carolinensis, Mich. Hypoxis graminea, Pursh. Plant varying in height from two inches to a foot. Root an oblong or barrel-shaped bulb, marked by circular lines or rugae, about three-fourths of an inch long, invested at the bottom and upper part with a sphacelated, brownish-black tunic. Fibres very nume- rous and thick, cylindrical and marked also by numerous circular rings. None of the fibres come out from the under end or bottom, nor often from any part near the bottom, but principally from the different sides irregularly. From the apex of the bulb proceeds, 126 Hypoxis erecta. first a black and then a white sheath, or two, embracing about five, long, grass-like, hairy leaves, deeply channelled, and of very un- equal lengths, from five to eleven or twelve inches long, the tips generally sphacelated. Scapes two, three, and four, about six inches long, bearing two, three, and four flowers on peduncles of unequal lengths, from one-half to three-fourths and one inch long. Both scape and peduncles pubescent, with whitish hairs. The calicine petals lan- ceolate, ovate, sub-acute, hairy, greenish-yellow -exteriorly, bright- yellow within. Grows in damp places, meadows, grassy borders of woods, and similar situations, from Canada to Georgia, flowering in May. The generic term Hypoxis is derived from **; underneath, and •l»«, sharp, in allusion, as may be supposed from the generic de- scription, to the tapering and pointed base of the capsule. The pre- sent is much the most common species in the United States, but from its disposition to vary has often been supposed to consist of rnore than one species. The petals are often more pointed than represented in the plate, particularly in flowers which have appear- ed late in the summer. The leaves also, which are generally of the length of those of the figure, are not unfrequently one, two or three inches long, and sometimes exceed even a foot in length. The figure, (No. 1.) is of the prevailing size of the plant, in its natural situation. NEOTTIA TORTILIS. SPIRAL NEOTTIA. LADIES TRACES. Gynandria Monogynia, Linn. Orchidex, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Corolla ringent; the two lower petals placed under the lip, which is beardless; in- terior leaves connivent. Column apterous. Pollen farinaceous. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Radical leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuated at base ; scape sheathing; flowers spi- rally secund; lip trifid, the middle crenulate. Willd. SYNONYMS. Satyrium spirale, Swartz. Prod. Ophrys aestivalis, Mich. Limodorum praecox, Walt. Orchis spiralis, Linn. Plant from twelve inches to two feet high. Root consisting of three or four irregular carnose, palmate segments, of a yellowish- vol. i. 22 128 Neottia tortilis. white colour, garnished with a few radicles. Stem very perpendi- cular, slender, sheathed at the base. Radical leaves about four or six inches long, and something more than a quarter of an inch broad, glabrous and acute: costa prominent. They often, in specimens growing among the deep blades of grass, wither and drop off before the flowers expand, so as to give the plant the appearance of being leafless. Stem-leaves mere sheath-like scales. Flowers white, about eighteen in number, spirally twisted and leaning one way, gar- nished with an ovate, acuminate, green bract, having white membra- naceous edges. Grows in low meadows and boggy grounds, often among high grass, from the northern to the most southern states. Flowers in June and July. It varies much in size, frequently being in bloom when only eight or ten inches high, and often attaining a height of more than two feet, with a very robust habit. Specimens in my herbarium, received from New Orleans, are much larger than the northern plant. Neottia properly belongs to the Ophrys nidus avis of Linnaeus, or bird's nest ophrys, and which originated with Dodonaeus, v£ot7*«, signifying a bird's nest. Linnaeus, retained this plant with the coral- lorhiza as a genus in Act. Upsal. an. 174-32, under the name in question—but that genus was afterwards sunk in Ophrys. Hal- ler restored it under another appellation which is now established, (Epipactis.) Neottia therefore being uncorrupted, was chosen by Jacquin and Swartz, for their very distinct genus, some species of which had been in Satyrium and some in Ophrys. 2 Neottia tortilis. 129 The present species of this genus as it now stands, is one of the commonest throughout the Union, and attracts attention by the sin- gularity of its spiral spike of white flowers. The figure, (No. 2.) represents the plant of its common size, cut apart at the mark +. N icaib&x ss^Ta* AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS. AMERICAN COLUMBINE. Polyandria Di-pentagynia, Linn. Ranunculacex, Juss. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix round. Petals 3. Lepanthia 5, corniculate, situated between the petals. Cap- sules 5, distinct. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Nectaries erect, stamens exserted. Willd. Plant from fourteen to eighteen inches high. Root perennial, fibrous. Stems numerous, dichotomous, greenish below, purple to- wards the peduncles; often very slender in the crevices of rocks, but in favourable situations as thick as represented in the figure. Radical or lower leaves biternate, and divided irregularly; the ex- treme lobes or segments obtuse, the upper leaves simply ternate, toothed, and sometimes entire. Corollas greenish-yellow, with oc- casionally a little dull-red down the central line. Nectaries long, T /J/ v ///'// //•///// AT// (.~'/t'sfr •>'.■/ &. Q V Ih .K. U 1J\ C u\ X.AV.U) K XSl.^i Aquilegia Canadensis. 131 horn-shaped, dilated below into an obtuse point; carmine-red, tip- ped with shining green and gamboge-yellow at the open or de- scending end. Stamens numerous, filiform, straw-yellow. Anthers orange-yellow. Pistils greenish-yellow. Peduncles reddish-purple. Grows on rocks, from Canada to Georgia. Flowering very early in April, and continuing in bloom till about the 20th of May. This very elegant, well-known, and favourite flower, is the only North American species of a genus, (called also Aquilina, from Aquila, an eagle,) which derives its name from a fancied resem- blance in the nectaries to an eagle's claws. The common English name Columbine, by which it is every where known, has had its origin in a supposed resemblance of the nectaries to the claws of a pigeon, (Columba.) However remote these resemblances may ap- pear now, they have been considered sufficiently striking to the minds of those who classed our plants by genera, and who, it will readily be conceived, often found considerable difficulty in adapting appellations at once proper and expressive. Few plants in North America, are more extensively known and admired than the Wild or American Columbine. The richness of the different colours, which constitute the flowers, the peculiar for- mation of the nectaries, and the entire grace of the whole plant, to which the drooping situation of the flowers greatly contributes, all combine to render it equally curious and admirable. It is the 132 Aquilegia Canadensis. liveliest ornament of the rocks of our country, in early spring, frequently blooming in great perfection, with flowers quite as large as those of the figure, in crevices where it would seem impossible for a blade of grass to receive sufficient sustenance to support life. In such situations, secured from the sun, the stems and peduncles are exceedingly delicate and tender, which causes them to droop into a full arch by the weight of the flowers. In more sunny situa- tions, where they can command earth and water, the stems be- come larger and more succulent; and in gardens under culti- vation, are apt to lose their reddish-purple colour. The plant is now frequently introduced into the borders of the cultivated grounds in the neighbourhood of the natural situations in which it grows— and assuredly no plant in our country is more deserving of atten- tion and cultivation than this, both on account of its elegance and singularity, and its capability of enduring our winters; added to this, its early period of flowering, makes it highly ornamental, at a period when few other showy plants are in bloom. The figure represents the plant of its natural size, culled from an exposed rock. INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES AND SYNONYMS. The synonyms are in italics. A. iEschynomene hispida Andromeda arborea Aquilegia Canadensis Alifanus vegetabilis, &c. Aconitum helianthemum, fcfc. B. Balsamona pinto Chimaphila maculata Coreopsis rosea Cuphea viscocissima Cleome dodecandra 102 105 130 13 55 63 40 43 63 83 Corallodendron - Chrysanthemum Americanum, &?c. D. Doronicum Americanum, fcfc. E. Erythrina herbacea Echites difformis Erythronium Americanum Gratiola aurea Gratiola insequalis P Gratiola anagallidea names and synonyms. o. 134 Index of botanical 7 H. Hibiscus speciosus 33 Helenium autumnale - - - 94 Houstonia coerulea - - - 119 Hypoxis erecta - 122 Hyoscyamus niger, £s?c. - - 91 Hyoscyamus luteus - - - 91 Hedysarum Virginicum - - 102 Houstonia Linnssi - - - 119 Hypoxis Carolinensis - - - 125 Hypoxis graminea - - - 125 L. Lysimachia racemosa - - - 1 Linum Lewisii 30 Ludwigia macrocarpa - - - 49 Lindernia dilatata - 109 Lobelia Kalmii, /3. gracilis - - 122 Lysimachia non papposa, &c. - 13 Lythrum cuphea - - - - 63 Lythrum petio latum 63 Limodorum praecox - 127 Lobelia Kalmii - 122 Lobelia gracilis - - - - - 122 N. Nicotiana rustica - - - - 91 Neottia tortilis - 127 (Enothera grandiflora - - - 21 Orchis tridentata 52 Oxycoccus macrocarpus - - 58 Obelis cotheca integrifolia, fc?c. - 17 Ophrys aestivalis - - - - 127 Orchis spiralis - - - - 127 P. Pinckneya pubens - - - - 25 Pyrola maculata 40 Poiretia erecta - - - - 119 R. Rhexia Virginica - - - 13 Rudbeckia fulgida - - - 17 Rudbeckia laciniata 55 Rudbeckia triloba - - - - 89 Rhexia mariana - - - 97 S. Scutellaria hyssopifolia - 5 Schizandra coccinea - - - 45 Symphoria racemosa 67 Schizaea pusilla - - - - 76 Scutellaria lateriflora - - 78 Solanum Carolinense - - - 86 Index of botanical names and synonyms. Sesbania macrocarpa Satyrium spirale U. Uvularia perfoliata 99 | V. 127 Vaccinium macrocarpon Vaccinium oxycoccus, /3. oblongifolius X. - 113 f Xylosteum tartaricum, /3. album VOL. I. 23 INDEX OF ENGLISH AND VULGAR NAMES. A. American Cranberry American Sneeze-wort American Erythronium American Columbine B. Bulb-bearing Loosestrife Bluett - - - - Bethlehem Star, (Yellow) C. Cluster-flowered Loosestrife Coral Tree, (Herbaceous) Coreopsis, (Rose-leaved) Cranberry, (American) Clammy Cuphea Cuphea, (Clammy) - 63 Cleome, (Thr§e-leaved or clammy) 83 - 58 Carolina Night-shade 86 94 Common Green Tobacco 91 - 116 Columbine, (American) 130 130 D. Deer Grass - 13 1 Dilated-leaved Lindernia - 109 119 Dog's-tooth Violet - - 116 - 125 1 10 43 58 63 E. Evening Primrose, (Large-flowered) 21 Erythronium, (American) - - 116 Erecta Hypoxis - 125 F. Fern, (Least) 76 Index of English and vulgar names. 137 False-mustard 83 False-sensitive-plant - 102 Fairy-flax - . - - - 119 G. Georgia Bark - - - - 25 Golden Pert - ... 71 Golden-flowered Hedge-hyssop - 71 Green Tobacco - - - - 91 H. Hyssop-leaved Scull-cap 5 Herbaceous Coral Tree 10 Hairy Rudbeckia, (Small) - - 17 Hedge-hyssop, (Golden-flowered) 71 Horse-nettle - - - - 86 I. Jagged-leaved Rudbeckia 55 Innocence - - - - 119 K. Kalm's Lobelia, (the slender variety) 122 L. Loosestrife, (Bulb-bearing) - - 1 Large-flowered Evening Primrose 21 Lewis's Flax 30 Ludwigia, (Large-capsuled) - - 49 Large-capsuled Seed-box 49 Least Fern - - - - - 76 Lindernia, (Dilated leaved) - 109 Ladies Traces - 127 M. Meadow Beauty - - - 13 Missouri Flax - - - - 30 Mallow, (Scarlet) 33 Mad-dog Scull-cap - - 78 Mad-dog Weed - - - - 78 Maryland Rhexia - - - 97 N. Night-shade, (Carolina) - - 86 Neottia, (Spiral) - 127 O. Orchis, (Three-toothed) - - 52 P. Loosestrife, (Cluster-flowered) - 1 Pippsissewa, (Spotted-leaved) Pert, (Golden) 40 - 71 138 Index of English and vulgar names. Pale Perfoliated Uvularia - Perfoliated Uvularia, (Pale) R. Rhexia, (Virginian) Rose-leaved Coreopsis Rudbeckia, (Jagged-leaved) - Rudbeckia, (Three-lobed-leaved) Rhexia, (Maryland) S. Scull-cap, (Hyssop-leaved) Small Hairy Rudbeckia - Scarlet Mallow - - - - Spotted Winter-green Spotted-leaved Pippsissewa Scarlet Schizandra Schizandra, (Scarlet) Seed-box, (Large-capsuled) - Snow-berry Bush - Scull-cap, (Side-flowering) Scull-cap, (Blue) Scull-cap - Side-flowering Scull-cap Sneeze-wort, (American) - 113 113 13 43 55 89 97 5 17 33 40 40 45 45 49 67 78 78 78 78 94 Sneeze-weed - Sensitive-plant, (False) Sorrel Tree - - - - Sour-wood - Spiral Neottia - Spiral Ladies Traces - Star of Bethlehem, (Yellow) - T. Three-toothed Orchis Three-leaved Cleome Three-lobed-leaved Rudbeckia Tobacco, (Yellow-flowered) - Tobacco, (Common Green) V. Virginian Rhexia - Upright Hypoxis W. Winter-gr'-en, (Spotted) Y. Yellow-flowered Tobacco 94 102 105 105 127 127 125 52 83 89 91 91 - 13 40 - 91 ii / V^pfe fcs ^ f/j** '%■ .^w «*-jac V>, -— iv ~&-s&S *<^f* -fS^-^ ■'v ^V -^*** ^ 2^1 v. LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NLM D1DQ113T b X > -r^f ^ 4 «A^. < *W % i* fSjJ" -««n to "3^ NLM010011396