OUTLINES OF PROXIMATE ORGANIC ANALYSIS. BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 12mo, cloth, $1 50. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS. A MANUAL, OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE DISTILLED SPIRITS AND FERMENTED LIQUORS OF COMMERCE, AND THEIR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS. OUTLINES OF Proximate Organic Analysis. FOR THE IDENTIFICATION, SEPARATION, AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE MORE COMMONLY OCCURRING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. BY ALBERT B. PRESCOTT, PROFESSOR OF ORGANIC AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. New' Yoek v- D. VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER, 23 Murray Street, and 27 Warren Street. 1875. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by D. VAN NOSTRAND, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. PREFACE. This little work lias been prepared more espe- cially for tlie use of a class of chemical students who devote a semester to the analysis of vege- table products and other organic mixtures, taking previously at least two semesters in qualitative and quantitative analysis. After working with this class for several years, without other aid than a manuscript digest of directions and references, the author is convinced that a compilation in this subject is desirable—not alone for students in special applications of chemistry, but for the con- venience of every general analyst. Proximate organic analysis is not altogether impracticable, and organic chemistry is not solely a science of synthetical operations even at pre- sent. It is true, as the chief analytical chemists have repeatedly pointed out, that in the rapid accumulation of organic compounds the means of their identification and separation have been 6 PREFACE. left in comparative neglect. It is true, also, that the field is limitless; hut this is not a reason for doing nothing in it. Fifty years ago, the work- ers in inorganic analysis were unprovided with a comprehensive system, hut they went on explor- ing the mineral kingdom and using their scanty means to gain valuable results. That this compilation is a fragmentary and very brief exponent of this part of analytical science as it exists at present, the author is fully aware, hut he hopes that, as a beginning, it may prove to he worth enough to afford an opportu- nity for its improvement hereafter. University of Michigan, September, 18T4. CONTENTS. paragraph. PAEAGKAPH. Preliminary Examinations. 1. Carbon, uncombined, - 11 23. Quinovic acid, - - - 38 24. Columbic acid, 39 3. Carbon in combination, , - 11 3. Preliminary examination of Solids, -11 25. Gentianic acid, 39 26. Carminic acid, 40 4. Preliminary examination of Liquids, 12 27. Chrysophanic acid, - - 41 28. Gambogic acid, 41 5. References for Solids and Liquids; Fixed and Vola- tile ; Acid, Fatty, Basic, and Neutral, 13 29. Santalic acid, 42 Solid Volatile Acids. 30. Benzoic acid, 42 31. Cinnamic acid, 44 Solid Non-Volatile Acids. 32. Succinic acid, 45 33. Salicylic acid, 47 6. Tartaric acid, 14 34. Veratric acid, 47 35. Phenic acid, - - - 48 7. Racemic acid, 18 8. Citric acid, - - - 18 36. Nitrophenic acid, - - 51 37. Sulphophenic acid, - 53 10. Malic acid, - - - - 22 9. Aconitic acid, 21 Liquid Non-Volatile Acid. 38. Lactic acid, 53 11. Meconic acid, 24 13. Digitalic acid, 26 13. Tannic acid, 26 14. Gallic acid, 30 Liquid Volatile Acids. 15. Pyrogallic acid, 32 16. Quinotannic acid, - - 33 39. Formic acid, - - - 55 17. Catecbutannic acid, - 33 18. Catechuic acid, 34 19. Morintannic acid, 35 40. Acetic acid, 58 41. Butyric acid, 61 30. Caffetannic acid, - - 35 42. Valeric acid, 63 43. Separations, 67 31. Bobeic acid, 36 32. Quinic acid, 36 44. Volatile Fat Acids of the acetic series, - - -67 8 CONTENTS. PABAGSAPH. PAKAGEAPH. Fatty Acids : Liquid and Solid. 45. Non-Volatile Fatty Acids, 68 76. Caoutchouc, 95 77. Colophony, 95 46. Ricinoleic acid, 69 47. Oleic acid, 69 78. Copaiba resin, 96 79. Copal resin, 96 48. Linoleic acid, 69 80. Dammara resin, 96 81. Dragon’s Blood resin, - 97 49. Erucic acid, - - - 70 50. Laurie acid, 70 51. Myristic acid, 70 82. Gamboge resin, 97 83. Guaiacum resin, 98 53. Palmitic acid, 70 53. Stearic acid, 70 84. Hemp resin, 98 85. Indigo-blue resin, - - 99 54. Cerotic acid, 70 55. Separations by Saponifica- tion, ----- 71 86. Jalap resin, 99 87. Jalapin resin, 99 56. Separations by Fusion, - 71 88. Convolvulin resin, - - 100 89. Lac resin, - 100 57. Separations by Solvents, - 71 58. Quantitative Determina- tions, ----- 73 90. Mastic resin, - 101 91. Myrrh resin, ... 101 92. Olibanum resin, - 102 93. Peru balsam resin, - - 102 Neutral Substances : Liquid or Fusible. 94. Podophyllum resin, - - 102 95. Sandarac resin, - 102 59. Fixed Oils: (a) Liquid ; (6) Solid, 73 96. Scammony resin, - - 102 97. Storax resin, - 102 60. Methods of Examination of Fixed Oils, -74 98. Tolu balsam resin, - - 103 99. Separation of Resins, - 103 61. Calvert’s Methods, - - 78 100. Volatile Oils: Classes of, - 104 101. “ Properties of, - 104 62. Tests with Argentic Ni- trate, ----- 81 102. “ Solubilities of, - 105 103. “ How identified, - 105 63. Analysis of Butter, - - 81 64. Analysis of Milk, - - 84 104. “ How separated, - 105 105. “ List, with color andsp.gr., - 107 65. Separation of Fixed from Volatile Oils, - -85 106. Examination by Alcohol, - 108 66. Glycerin, - - - - 85 67. Methods of Analysis of Soaps, 87 107. Examination by lodine and Bromine, - 109 68. Resins: general character- istics, ----- 93 108. Examination by sulphuric acid, etc., - 111 69. Resins : how separated from other bodies, - -93 109. Examination by Plumbic sulphide, - 114 70. Aloes resin, 93 110. Examination by Sodium, - 114 111. Resinifled Volatile Oils, - 115 71. Amber resin, 93 73. Ammoniac resin, - - 94 112. Turpentine oil, - 115 113. Valerian oil, - 115 73. Assafetida resin, - - 94 74. Benzoin resin, 94 114. Peppermint oil, - 115 115. Camphor, - - - - 116 75. Canauba wax, - - - 95 116. Creosote, - 116 CONTEXTS. PARAGRAPH. 117. Anthracene, - 117 PARAGRAPH. 137. (Sulphuric and Chromic acids, - - - -146 118. Alizarin, - 117 119. Benzole; Petroleum, Naph- tha, ----- H8 138. Nitric acid, - 146 120. Nitrobenzole, - - - 119 139. Sulphuric acid and Nitrate, 147 140. Chlorine, then Ammonia, - 148 Bases : Liquid and Solid. 131. Anilin, - 130 141. Ferric Chlox-ide, - 148 143. Platinic Chloride (Quanti- tative), - 148 123. Anilin of commerce, - - 120 143. Auric Chloride (Quantita- tive), - - - - - 150 128. Anilin Compounds, - - 121 124. Toluidin, - 131 125. Methods of Determining Anilin, - 131 Glucosides and other Solid Neu- tral Substances. 144. Absinthin, - 151 136. Alkaloids; classes of, - 123 127. Conia, ----- 123 138. Lobelina, - - - - 123 129. Nicotia, - 133 145. Aloin, - - - - 151 146. Amygdalin, - 153 130. Trimethylamia, - - - 123 131. Comparative reactions of Volatile bases, - - - 124 147. Asparagin, - 153 148. Cantharidin, - 153 133. ATon - Volatile Alkaloids: List, 125 149. Cathartin, - - - - 153 150. Colombia, - 153 133. Table of Solubilities of, - 138 151. Cubebin, - - - - 154 153. Elaterin, - - - - 154 134. Separation of, - - - 130 (1) Method of Stas-Otto, - 131 153. Fraxin, - 154 154. Lactucin, - 155 (2) Rodgers and Girdwood, - 133 (3) Uslar and Erdmann, - 133 155. Phloridzin, - 155 156. Populin, - 155 (4) Graham and Hofmann, - 134 (5) by Dialysis, - - - 134 157. Quassin, - 155 158. Sarsaparillin, - 156 (6) Method of Dragendorff, - 134 (7) Dragendorff (Alkaloids and Glucosides), - 136 159. Taraxacin, - - - - 156 160. Vanillin, - 156 (8) by use of Alkalies, - - 137 161. Separation of Glucosides, etc., ----- 156 135. Identification as Alkaloids, 139 a. by Potassio Mercuric Io- (9) Ether, Water, Chloroform, 138 Nitrogenous Neutral Bodies. dide, - . . - 139 163. Albumenoids, - 157 163. Ovalbumen, - - - 158 b. Phosphomolybdic acid, - 140 c. Metatungstic acid, - - 141 164. Seralbumen, - - - 158 165. Casein, - - - - 159 d. Potassio Cadmic lodide, - 141 e. Picric acid, - 143 166. Milk Albumen, - 159 167. Determ. Casein and Albu- men in Milk, - - - 159 f. Tannic acid, - 143 g. lodine in lodide, - - 144 168. Quantitative Anal, of Milk, 160 136. Alkaloids with Sulphuric acid and Frohde’s reagent, 144 169. Commercial Examination of Milk, - 160 10 CO STENTS. PARAGRAPH. PAP. AGP. APR. 170. Gelatin, - - - - 160 171. Leather, - - - - 161 187. Glucose, - 168 188. Lactose, - 171 Carbohydrates. 189. Sucrose, - 173 190. Mannite, - 174 173. Gums, - - - - -161 173. Gum Arabic, - 162 Alcohols and their Products. 171. Gum Tragacantb, - - 163 175. Dextrin, - 163 191. Methylic Alcohol, - - 175 193. Ethylic Alcohol, - - 176 176. Starch, - 163 177. Pectous Substances, - - 166 193. Aldehyde, - - - - 177 194. Sulphethylates, - 177 178. Pectose, - 166 179. Pectin, - - - - 166 195. Ether, ----- 179 196. Nitrous Ether, - 180 180. Pectic acid, - 166 181. Parapectin, - 166 197. Chloroform, - - 180 198. Chloral Hydrate, - - 183 183. Parapectic acid, - 166 183. Metapectin, - 167 199. lodoform, - 184 300. Croton Chloral Hydrate, - 184 184. Metapectic acid, - - 167 185. Cellulose, - 167 301. Amylic Alcohol, - - 184 303. Fusel-Oil, - - - - 185 186. Nitrocellulose, - 168 303. Nitrite of Amyl, - - 186 OUTLINES OF Proximate Organic Analysis. preliminary examinations. 1. CARBON (uncombined) is recognized by its sensible pro- perties (as charcoal, graphite, or diamond), by not vaporizing when heated, and by resisting ordinary solvents—neutral, alka- line or acid—except that graphite is oxidized by digestion with chlorates and sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, or with bichro- mates and sulphuric acid, or with mixed nitric and sulphuric acids.—Also, on ignition in the ah*, or in a close tube with oxide °f copper, carbonic anhydride is obtained from carbon alone, as well as from its compounds. 2. THE COMPOUNDS OP CARBON—except the alka- line carbonates—yield carbonic anhydride when ignited in the air or in a tube with supply of oxygen (as with dry oxide of copper). The non-volatile “ Organic ” Compounds of Carbon leave a resi- due of carbon after partial combustion—i.e., they carbonize by ignition. 3. Preliminary examination OP SOLIDS to determine whether inorganic or organic, or both. a. Heat gradually, to prolonged ignition, in a glass tube open at both ends, or on platinum foil. (1) The substance is permanent: Inorganic. (2) Carbonizes and burns away, leaving no residue : Organic. See 5, a. PRE LI MIX AR Y EX A RINA TIG NS. (3) Cai'bonizes and leaves a fixed residue: Organic and Inor- ganic. See c. (4) There is doubt as to carbonization; test according to b. (5) The substance vaporizes—wholly or partly : test accord- ing to b. Also consider ammonium salts, the volatile elements, and the inorganic volatile acids, oxides, sulphides, etc. Examine according to 4, b. b. Mix the (dry) substance (free from carbonates yielding CO„ on ignition) with dry oxide of copper; introduce into a short combustion-tube or a hard-glass test-tube; connect, by a cork and bent narrow tube, with a solution of lime or baryta, or basic acetate of lead, and ignite. If a precipitate is formed, test it as a carbonate. c. Ignite a portion in a porcelain capsule, until free from car- bon—cooling and adding a drop or two of concentrated nitric acid from time to time, if necessary to facilitate the combustion. Submit the residue to inorganic analysis. Examine another por- tion for organic bodies—applying the solvents, as in 134 (9) or (7). For an index of some of the most common organic solids, see 5, a. 4. Preliminary examination of LIQUIDS, to determine whether partly or wholly organic or not, and to separate dissolved solids. a. Evaporate a portion, on a slip of glass, at a very gentle heat. If, after cooling, a solid residue is obtained, test it accord- | ing to 3. If there is an insufficient residue, obtain for this examination a larger quantity by distillation, as directed in b. b. Distil from a small retort or connected flask, admitting a 7 O thermometer, using a very gradually-increasing heat, and chang- ing the receiver as often as the boiling point is seen to rise. Cool the residue and distillates. Test the solid portions accord- ing to 3; the liquid portions, also, according to 3, aor b—then referring as indicated in the next paragraph. For index of Organic Liquids, see 5, b. PR EL IMINA R Y EX A MINA TIG NS. 5. a. SOLIDS. Acids: Aconitic—9. Boheic—2l. Cafifetannic—2o. Catechuic—18. Catechutannic—l7. Carminic—26. (Chrysophanic)—27. Citric—B. Columbia—24. Digitalic—l2. (Gallic)—14. Gambogic—2B. Gentianic—25. Malic—lo. Meconic—ll. Morintannic—l9. (Pyrogallic)—ls. Quinic—22. Quinotannic—16. Quinovic—23. Racemic—7. Tannic—13. Tartaric—6. Santalic—29. Fatty Acids: Cerotic—s4. Erucic (melts at 34° C.)—49. Laurie—so. Myristic—sl. Palmitic—s2. Stearic—53. Fixed salts of volatile acids. NON-VOLATILE. Fixed Oils—s9, b; 60 to 63. Soaps—67. Resins—99, and 68 to 98. Alkaloids (fixed)—132 to 143. Carbohydrates : Cellulose—lBs. Dextrin—l7s. Gum—l 72. Gun-cotton—lB6. Pectin, etc.—l 77 to 184. Starch—l 76. Sugars—lB7 to 190. Albumenoids—l62 to 167. Gelatin—l7o, 171. VOLATILE. Acids : Benzoic—3o. (Chrysophanic)—27. Cinnamic—3l. (Gallic)—14. Nitrophenic—36. (Pyrogallic)—ls. Salicylic—33. Succinic—32. Sulphophenic—37. Veratric—34. Camphors—lls, 101, and 111. Anthracene—117. Alizarin—llB. Anilin compounds—l 23. Chloral hydrate—l9B. lodoform—l99. Salts of Volatile Alkaloids. NON-VOLATILE. h. LIQUIDS. VOLATILE. Acid; Lactic—3B. Fatty Acids: Linoleic (melts, 18° C.)—48. Oleic—47. Ricinoleic—46. Fixed Oils—s9. (Soft Soaps)— 67. Glycerin—66. Acids: Acetic—40. Butyric—4l. Foi'mic—39. Valeric—42. Volatile 0i15—105,104, and 100 to 114. Creosote—ll6. Volatile Alkaloids—131 and 126 to 130. 14 SOLID NOX- VOL A TILE A ('IDS. Anilin—131. Solvents: Alcohol—l 93. Aldehyd—l93. A.rnyl. Alcohol—201. Benzole—119. Chloroform—197. Solvents—Continued. Ether—l9s. Co. Ethers—106, 416, 42a, 44, etc. Meth. Alcohol—191. Mtrobenzole—l2o. Petroleum—ll9X. SOLID NON-VOLATILE ACIDS. 6. TARTARIC ACID. H„C4H4O0. Characterized by the form of its crystals and its rotation of polarized light (a) ; by its odor when heated, and its color when treated with sulphuric acid (d) ; by the properties of its salts of calcium, potassium, lead, and silver (c) ; by the extent of its reducing power (d).— Separated (as free acid) from salts or other substances insoluble in alcohol by its solubility in that menstruum, and from aqueous solutions by its solubility in amylic alcohol (e); from alcoholic solutions by the insolubility of tartrates in alcohol (c); from citric acid by the precipitation of calcium tartrate in cold water and of potassium tartrate in aqueous alcohol (c); from sub- stances not precipitable by oxide of lead by the method given under Acetic acid at g (40).—Determined by acidimctry (f); gravimetrically as lead, calcium, or potassium tartrate (g); by sp. gr. of water solutions (see Storcr’s “ Dictionary of Solubilities ”). a. Ordinary tartaric acid, or “ dextrotartaric acid,” crys- tallizes in colorless, transparent, hard, monoclinic (oblique rhombic) prisms, permanent in the air, soluble in 1.5 parts cold water, 0.5 part hot water, 3 parts alcohol, not soluble in ether. The solution rotates the plane of polarized light to the right. h. When heated to 170° to 180° C., the crystals melt with formation of metatartaric acid, etc.; by higher heat in the air, various distillation products are generated, and the mass burns with the odor of burnt sugar and the separation of carbon.— TAUTARIC ACID, 15 Pure tartaric acid dissolves in cold concentrated sulphuric acid, colorless, the solution turning black when warmed. c. The normal tartrates of potassium, sodium, and ammo- nium, and the acid tartrate of sodium, arc freely soluble in water; the acid tartrates of potassium and ammonium are spar- ingly soluble in water; the normal tartrates of non-alkaline metals arc insoluble or only slightly soluble in water, but mostly dissolve in solution of tartaric acid. Tartrates arc insoluble in absolute alcohol. Aqueous alkalies dissolve most of the tartrates (those of mercury, silver, and bismuth being excepted), generally by formation of soluble double tartrates. For this reason, tartaric acid prevents the precipitation of salts of iron and many other heavy oxides by alkalies. Hydrochloric, nitric, and sulphuric acids decompose tartrates. A solution of tartaric acid added to cold solution of lime, leaving the reaction alkaline, causes a slight white precipitate of calcic tartrate (distinction from Citric acid, which precipitates only when heated). The same precipitate is produced with a tartrate and calcic chloride solution; but not readily, if at all, with free tartaric acid and calcic sulphate solution (distinction from Racemic acid). The precipitate of calcic tartrate is soluble in cold solution of potassa, is precipitated gelatinous on boiling, and again dissolves on cooling (distinctions from Citrate), and is dissolved by acetic acid (distinction from Oxalate). Solution of potassa, or potassic acetate, precipitates concen- trated solutions of tartaric acid, as the acid tartrate of potassium in microscopic crystals of the trimetric system, soluble in alkalies and in mineral acids, not soluble by acetic acid. The precipitate is soluble in 230 parts of water at 15°, or in 15 to 20 parts of boiling water, but insoluble in alcohol, the addition of which promotes its formation in water solutions (distinction and sepa- ration from Citric, Oxalic, and Malic acids).—Tartaric acid is distinguished from citric acid, in crystal, and the former is detected in a crystalline mixture of the two acids, as follows: * * Hager’s “ Untersuehungen,” B. 2, S. 103. 16 SOLID NON-VOLATILE ACIDS. A solution of 4 grammes of dried potassa in CO cubic centi- meters of water and 30 cubic centimeters of 90 per cent, alcohol is poured upon a glass plate or beaker-bottom to the depth of about O.G centimeter (one-fourth inch). Crystals of the acid under examination are placed, in regular order, three to five cen- timeters (one to two inches) apart, in this liquid, and left without agitation for two or three hours. The citric acid crystal dissolves slowly but completely and without losing its transparency. The tartaric acid crystal (or the crystal containing tartaric acid) becomes, in a few minutes, opaque white (in a greater or less degree), and continues for hours and days slowly to disintegrate without dissolving and with gradual projection of spicate crystals, fibrous and opaque, also trimetric prisms. (See, also, Citric acid, e.) Solution of lead acetate precipitates free tartaric acid or tar- trates as white normal tartrate of lead, very slightly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, but slightly soluble in acetic acid, readily soluble in tartaric acid and in tartrate of ammonium solution, and freely soluble in ammoniacal solution of tartrate of ammonium (distinction from Malate), somewhat soluble in chloride of ammonium. Solution of silver nitrate precipitates solutions of normal tartrates (not free tartaric acid) as white argentic tartrate, soluble in ammonia and in nitric acid. On boiling, the precipitate turns black, by reduction of silver, some portion of which usually deposits as a mirror-coating on the glass. The mirror is formed more perfectly if the washed precipitate of argentic tartrate is treated with ammonia just enough to dissolve nearly all of it, and the solution left on the water bath. (The reduction is a distinction from Citrate). Free tartaric acid does not reduce silver from its nitrate. d. The copper sulphate with potassa is not reduced by tar- taric acid. Potassium permanganate solution is reduced very slowly by free tartaric acid; but quickly by alkaline solution of tartrates, with separation of brown binoxide of manganese (dis- TARTARIC ACID. 17 tinetion from Citrates which separate the brown binoxide of man- ganese slowly or not at all, leaving green solution of manganate). e. Tartaric acid may be extracted from tartrates by decom- posing with sulphuric acid and dissolving with alcohol, sulphates being generally insoluble in alcohol. Free tartaric acid may be extracted from water solutions by agitation with amylic alcohol, which rises to the surface. Quantitative.—-f. Free tartaric acid, unmixed with other acids, may be determined volumetrically by adding a normal solution of soda, to the neutral tint of litmus. Weighing 7.500 grammes, the required number of cubic centimeters of normal solution equals the number per cent, of acid. g. In absence of acids forming insoluble lead salts, tartaric acid may be precipitated by acetate of lead solution, washed with dilute alcohol, dried on the water bath and weighed as normal lead tartrate. PbQH.O,. : BfCfHA :: 1 : 0.422535. 4 4 6 2 4 4 * In absence of acids forming insoluble calcium salts, tartaric acid may be precipitated from solution of neutral sodium tar- trate by chloride of calcium. If ammonium salts are present, the ammonia should first be mostly expelled by adding sodium carbonate and heating—the excess of carbonate being neutralized With acetic acid. The precipitate of calcium tartrate should be heated and left aside for completion, washed with a little water and then with dilute alcohol, and dried (in a tarcd filter) at 40° to 50° C. Ca C 4H4Oc+4H20 : H2C4H406 :: 1 : 0.577. In presence of citric acid, oxalic acid, sulphuric acid, phos- phoric acid, etc., the tartaric acid may be determined as potas- sium bitartrate. The solution of acid is made nearly neutral by addition of soda, or the solution of salt (tartrate) is made slightly acid by addition of acetic acid; this water solution is obtained in concentrated form and treated with a little alcohol but not to cause a precipitate, and then precipitated with concentrated solu- tion of acetate of potassium. The precipitate is washed with alcohol, and dried on the water bath. KH C 4H4Oe : H3C4H406 :• 1 ; O.TOT. Results approximate. 18 SOLID NON-VOLATILE ACIDS. 7. RACEMIC ACID. Isomer of tartaric acid, from which it is distinguished as follows: By forming triclinic crystals, H2C4H406. H2O ; soluble in 5 parts cold water or 48 parts of alcohol of sp. gr. .809; slightly efflorescent on the surface ; losing the water of crystallization at 100°. By its solution (uncom- hincd) Being able to form after a short time a slight precipitate in solution of calcic sulphate and a precipitate in solution of calcic chloride; the precipitate of calcic racemate being, after solution in hydrochloric acid, precipitated again by ammonia, that is, not soluble in chloride of ammonium solution. By being inactive toward polarized light. 8. CITRIC ACID. H3C6H507. Characterized by the form, solubilities, and fusibility of its crystals (a); by the properties of its salts of calcium, barium, lead, silver, potassium (h); by the limits of its reducing power (c).—Separated (as free acid) from sulphates and other substances insoluble in alcohol by its solu- bility in this menstruum {d); from tartaric acid, approximately, by the slight solubility of the potassic tartrate in dilute alcohol (e); from acids which form soluble lead salts by method given under Acetic acid at g.—Determined by acidimetry (jf) ; by precipitation as barium citrate to be weighed as barium sulphate, or as barium citrate. a. The citric acid of commerce is crystallized (from rather concentrated solutions) as H,.C6H,07 • H„0, in large, transparent, colorless, and odorless prisms of the trimetric system. These crystals slowly effloresce in the air between 28° and 50° C., and lose all their water of crystallization at 100° C. A different form of crystals, containing one molecule of water to two molecules of acid, is obtained from boiling, concentrated solutions.—Citric acid melts when heated, and at 175° gives off pungent, character- istic vapors, containing acetone (see Acetic acid, 40, c), while Aconitic acid (9) is formed in the residue. (The odor is dis- tinctly unlike that of heated Tartaric acid.)—Citric acid is soluble in less than its weight of water, in 1.5 parts of 90 per CITRIC ACID. 19 cent, alcohol, insoluble in absolute ether, but soluble to a slight extent in ether containing alcohol or water; also slightly soluble in chloroform containing alcohol. b. The alkaline citrates are freely soluble in water; iron, zinc, and copper citrates, moderately soluble; other metallic citrates mostly insoluble, calcium citrate being somewhat soluble in cold Water, but nearly insoluble in hot water. Aramonio-ferric citrate ls readily soluble in water. Citric acid prevents the precipita- tion of iron and many other heavy metals by the alkalies, soluble double citrates being formed. The alkaline citrates are sparingly soluble in hot, less soluble in cold alcohol.—Solution of lime, added to solution of citric acid or citrates, causes no precipitate in the cold (distinction from Tartaric, Racemic, Oxalic acids); imt on boiling a slight precipitate is formed (distinction from Malic acid). Solution of chloride of calcium does not precipi- tate solution of free citric acid even on boiling, nor citrates in the cold, but precipitates citrates (neutralized citric acid) when the mixture is boiled. The precipitate, Ca3(CcII,,07)2. 2H20, is msoluble in cold solution of potassa (which should be not very dilute and nearly free from carbonate), but soluble in solution of cupric chloride (two means of distinction from Tartaric acid) ; also soluble in cold solution of chloride of ammonium and readily soluble in acetic acid.—Solution of acetate of lead pre- cipitates from solutions of neutral citrates, and from even very dilute alcoholic solution of citric acid, the white citrate of lead, rH O)4H O, somewhat soluble in free citric acid, 6 5 7/ 2 * 2 7 soluble in nitric acid, in solutions of all the alkaline citrates and °f chloride and nitrate of ammonium, soluble in ammonia (for- mation of basic citrate of lead then soluble with the citrate of ammonium produced). (Malate of lead is not soluble in malate °f ammonium.) c. Nitrate of silver precipitates from neutral solutions of citrates, white normal citrate of silver, not blackened by boiling (distinction from Tartrate).—Solution of permanganate ot Potassium is scarcely at all affected by free citric acid in the cold. 20 SOLID X OX- VOLATILE ACIDS. With free alkali, the solution turns green slowly in the cold, readily when boiled, without precipitation of brown binoxide of manganese till after a long time (distinction from Tartrate). d. Citric acid is separated from “ extractive matters ” and from acids which form soluble barium salts by precipitation, as barium citrate, which is then carefully decomposed with sul- phuric acid.—From citrates soluble in water, the acid may be obtained by decomposing with sulphuric acid (not added in excess), then removing the water by evaporation at a tempera- ture below 100°, and extracting the citric acid from the residue by cdcohol. e. One part of citric acid dissolved in two parts of water, and treated with a solution of one part of acetate of potassium in two parts of water, will remain clear after addition of an equal volume of strong alcohol (absence of Tartaric, Racemic, and Oxalic acids). For a method by treatment of the crystals with alcoholic solution of potassa, see Tartaric acid (1), c. Quantitative.—-f. Uncombined citric acid, not mixed with other acids, may be determined volumetrically by adding a standard solution of soda or potassa to the neutral tint of litmus. Weighing 7.000 grammes (TL of •,]- of CcH807 . H2O) the number of cubic centimeters of normal solution of alkali required equals the number per cent, of crystallized acid.* g. The precipitation of alkaline citrates by barium acetate is made complete in solution of alcohol of sp. gr. o.9oB—as follows \\ The citric acid is obtained as alkaline citrate; if free, by neu- tralization with soda; if combined with a non-alkaline base, by warm digestion with an excess of soda or potassa, filtering and washing—the filtrate being neutralized by acetic acid. In either case, the carefully neutralized and not very dilute solution is treated with a slight excess of exactly neutral solution of acetate of barium, and a volume of 95 per cent, alcohol, equal to twice * Results u little too high.—J. Creuse. f J. Creuse, American Chemist, 1., 434 (1871), A CONITIC A CID. 21 that of the whole mixture, is added. The precipitate is washed on the filter with 63 per cent, alcohol, and dried at a moderate heat. The citrate of barium contains a variable quantity of water, and is transformed into sulphate of barium by transferring to a porcelain capsule, burning the filter, and heating with sul- phuric acid several times, till the weight is constant. 3BaSO : 2H.C.HsO, • H.O : : 1:0.001. Hager directs that barium or calcium citrate (washed with alcohol) be dried at 120° to 150° and weighed. 8a,(CcH50,)2 : -H3CcH.07 . HaO :: 1 ; 0.53232. 9. ACONITIC ACID. H3C6H3Ob. A colorless solid, crystal- lizing with difficulty in warty masses, at 160° C. (320° if.) resolved into liquid itaconic acid. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether ; its solutions having a decided acid reaction. It has a purely acid taste.—The aconitates of the alkaline metals, magnesium, and zmc are freely soluble, the others insoluble or sparingly soluble, 111 water. Calcic acouitate is soluble in about 100 parts of °old water and in a much smaller quantity of boiling water. Manganous aconitatc crystallizes in rose-colored octahedrons, sparingly soluble in water. Argentic aconitate is spax-ingly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol or ether, blackened by boiling with water.—Free aconitic acid is precipitated by mer- curous nitrate, but not by most metallic salts until after neu- tralization. Aconitic acid is separated from Monkshood (.Aconitum ‘Kapelhis), Larkspur (Delphinium consolida), JEquisetum, Black Hellebore, Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and other plants, in ''•vhich it exists as calcium salt, by evaporating the clear decoc- tion to crystallize. The crystals of aconitate of calcium are dis- solved and precipitated by acetate of lead, and the lead salt decomposed by hydrosulphuric acid. It is also separated from impurities by adding (to the dry mixture) five parts of absolute alcohol, then saturating the filtered solution with hydrochloric acid, and adding water, when aconitate of ethyl will rise as an 22 SOLID NO.X-VOLATILE ACIDS. oily layer, colorless and of aromatic odor. Tliis ether may he decomposed by potassa. Aconitic acid may be separated from Maleic acid by the more ready crystallization of the latter, and from Fumaric acid by being more soluble in water. 10. MALIC ACID. H„C4H4Os. Identified more especially by its deportment when heated (a); by the deportment of its lead salt when heated under water (h), and of its calcium salt in water and in alcohol (d).—Separated from tartaric, citric, oxalic, and other acids by alcoholic solubility of the neutral malate of ammonium (c) and by its reaction with calcium in water solu- tions (c?); from tannic acid, also, by aqueous solubility of calcic malate, and from formic, acetic, benzoic acids by alcoholic inso- lubility of calcic malate (d).—Determined gravimetrically as lead malate (c). Crystallizes in four-sided or six-sided prisms, deliquescent in air; colorless, odorless, and of sour taste; freely soluble in water and alcohol, soluble in ether. The malates are mostly soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol. Nitric acid oxidizes malic acid, and alkaline solution of permanganate is decolorized by it, but chromic acid acts on it with difficulty. Malate of silver darkens but slightly on boiling (Tartrate blackens). Con- centrated sulphuric acid darkens malic acid very slowly after warming, Ilydriodic acid changes it to succinic acid with sepa- ration of iodine (the result being the same with Tartaric acid). Sodium amalgam changes malic to succinic acid. a. Free malic acid, heated in a small retort over an oil-bath to 175° or 180° C., evolves vapors of maleic and fumaric acids, which crystallize in the retort and receiver. The fumaric acid forms slowly at 150° C,, and mostly crystallizes in the retort, in broad, colorless, rhombic or hexagonal prisms, which vaporize without melting at about 200° C., and are soluble in 250 parts of water, easily soluble in alcohol or ether. If the temperature is suddenly raised to 200°, the maleic acid is the chief product. MALIC ACW. 23 Maleic acid crystallizes in oblique, rhomboidal prisms, which melt at 130° and vaporize at about 160°, and are readily soluble in water and in alcohol. The test for malic acid, by heating to ITS0 or 180°, may be made in a test-tube, with a sand-bath, the sublimate of fumaric and maleic acids condensing in the upper part of the tube. Malic acid melts below 100°, and does not lose weight at 120° ; at the temperature of the test water-vapor 18 separated—maleic and fumaric acids both having the composi- tion of malic anhydride (CjHOj. h. Solution of acetate of lead precipitates malic acid, more perfectly after neutralizing with ammonia, as a white and fre- quently crystalline precipitate which upon a little boiling melts to a transparent, waxy semi-liquid (a characteristic reaction, ob- scured by presence of other salts). The precipitate is very sparingly soluble in cold water, somewhat soluble in hot water (distinction from Citrate and Tartrate); soluble in strong ammo- llla, but not readily dissolved in slight excess of ammonia (distinction from citrate and tartrate) ; slightly soluble in acetic acid. c. If the precipitate of malatc of lead is treated with excess ammonia, dried on the water bath, triturated and moistened with alcoholic ammonia, and then treated with absolute alcohol, °nly the malate of ammonium dissolves (distinction from Tartaric, Citric, Oxalic, and many other organic acids, the normal ammonium salts of which are insoluble in absolute alcohol). Also, malic acid may be separated from tartaric, oxalic, and °dric acids, in solution, by adding ammonia in slight excess, and then 8 or 0 volumes of alcohol, which leaves only the malate of ammonium in solution. d. Solution of chloride of calcium does not precipitate malic acid or malates in the cold (distinction from Oxalic and Tartaric acids); only in neutral and very concentrated solutions is a pre- Clpitate formed on boiling (while calcic citrate is precipitated in neutral boiling solutions if not very dilute). The addition of alcohol after chloride of calcium produces a white bulky precipi- 24 SO LTD JVO X- VOL A TIL E A CIDS. tatc of calcic malate in even dilute neutral solutions (indicative in absence of sulphuric and other acids whose calcium salts are less soluble in alcohol than in water).—Acetic, Formic, and Benzoic acids are left in solution and malic acid precipitated by addition of one or tAvo volumes of alcohol, with chloride of calcium. In separation from Tannic acid, both acids may be precipitated by chloride of calcium, with a slight excess of ammonia and alcohol; the malate is then washed out of the precipitate with water. Quantitative.—e. The alcoholic solution of malate of am- monium—prepared as directed in c—may be precipitated with acetate of lead, washed with alcohol, dried and weighed as malate of lead. PbC.Hp, ; HaC4H108 :: 1: 0.3953. 11. MECONIC ACID. H;C7HOv. Identified by its physical properties and precipitation by hydrochloric acid (a) ; its reactions with iron and other metals (fi); and by its products when heated (c). It is separated from opium through formation of the calcium salt or lead salt (d). «. Meconic acid crystallizes in white shining scales or small rhombic prisms, containing three molecules of crystallization water, fully given off’ at 100° C. It is soluble in 115 parts of water at ordinary temperatures, less soluble in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, more soluble in hot water, freely soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in ether. It has an acid and astringent taste and a marked acid reaction. Its salts, having two atoms of its hydrogen displaced by acid, are neutral to test-paper. Except those of the alkali metals, the dimetallic and trimetallic mcco- nates are mostly insoluble in water. Meconates are nearly all insoluble in alcohol. They are but slightly or not at all decom- posed by acetic acid. Solutions of meconates are precipitated by hydrochloric acid, as explained above. I). Solution of meconic acid is colored red by solution of ferric chloride. One ten-thousandth of a grain of the acid in ME CONIC ACID. 25 one grain of water with a drop of the reagent acquires a distinct purplish-red color (Wormley). The color is not readily dis- charged hy addition of dilute hydrochloric acid (distinction from Acetic acid), or by solution of mercuric chloride (distinction from sulphocyanic acid).—Solution of acetate of lead precipi- tates meconic acid or mcconates as the yellowish-white meeonate of lead, Pb3(C7H07)2, insoluble in water or acetic acid.—Excess °f baryta water precipitates a yellow trimetallic meeonate.— Solution of nitrate of silver in excess precipitates free meconic acid on boiling, and precipitates meconates directly, as yellow trimetallic meeonate; if free meconic acid is in excess, the preci- pitate is first the white dimetallic meeonate ; both meconates being soluble in ammonia and insoluble in acetic acid.—Solution °f chloride of calcium precipitates from solutions of meconic ay acetic and stronger acids. With exceptions hereafter named, they precipitate solution of tartrate of antimony and potassium ; they precipitate basic acetate of lead, and form insoluble com- pounds with many heavy metals. They all absorb oxygen, espe- cially in presence of alkalies, and act as powerful reducing agents '—quickly decolorizing solution of permanganate, and reducing the heated alkaline copper solution. Tannic acids are more per- manent in alcoholic than in aqueous solutions. If a very little starch-paste be tinged blue by a slight addition °f hundredth-normal solution of iodine (1 part iodine dissolved ith potassic iodide in 100,000 parts aqueous solution), on adding a liquid containing tannic acid the blue color of the iodized starch presently disappears—hydriodic acid and gallic acid being formed. On adding a crystal of potassic nitrite the blue is restored.* Also, if a drop of tannic acid solution is mixed with a few drops °f iodine solution of the above strength, and afterward a drop of very dilute alkali be added, on evaporation to remove carbonic acid, a bright red color will appear.j By oxidation the tannic acids acquire a dark color, brown, black, green, or red. Gallotannic acid with alkalies in the air slowly forms tannoxylic acid, Avhich precipitates acetate of lead solution dark-red. With lime-water P forms a white turbidity, becoming green and darker. Tannic acids form with molybdate of ammonium a red color removed hr oxalic acid. The physiological tannic acid (Wagner, 1806) or quercitan- * Ctßtessmater : Ann. Ch. Phartn., clx., 40-56. + Griessmater : Zeitschr, Anal. Chem., x., 43. 28 SOLID NON-VOLATILE ACIDS. Nic acid is found in the bark of the oak, pine, willow, and beech, in bablah (acacia fruit), in valonia (cups of the quereus cegilops), and in sumac. It is a glucoside, and it does not yield pyrogal- lic acid by dry distillation. The pathological tannic acid of Wagner, or gallotannic acid, is found in common or Turkish gall- nuts and in Chinese and Japanese gall-nuts. It is a glucoside (being transformed by contact of a ferment or by sulphuric acid into gallic acid and glucose), and in dry distillation it yields pyrogallic acid. Ferric salts give blue to. blue-black precipitates with gallo- tannic acid, quercitannic acid, and the tannic acids of poplar bark, birch bark, hazel-nut, uva ursi leaves, lithrum salicaria leaves, the bark of cornus florida and cornus mascula, and many other plants. Ferric gallotannate (inJc) is bleached by oxalic acid. On digestion with nitric acid, a yellowish solution is formed, in which excess of ammonia precipitates ferric hydrate. Ferric salts give green precipitates with quinotannic acid, mori- tannic acid, caffetannic acid, catechutannic acid, catechuic acid, cephaelic acid, the tannic acids of the barks of pines and fir and willow, the rhubarb root, the root of potentilla tormentilla, and of numerous other plants. Cephaelic acid with ammonia is colored violet to black by ferric salts. Gelatin does not precipitate Catechuic acid or Caffe- tannic acid. Tannic acids are removed from solution by digestion with oxide of copper, oxide of zinc, or animal membrane ; or by pre- cipitation with solution of gelatin, sulphate of cinchonia, or acetate of copper.—They are separated as insoluble lead salts, according to the general method given under Acetic Acid. Quantitative.—The total tannic acids in solution are deter- mined—by the specific gravity (a) ; by absorption in oxide of copper (b); by a volumetric solution of sulphate of cinchonia (c) ; by a volumetric solution of tartrate of antimony and potassium (in presence of chloride of ammonium to prevent the precipitation of gallic acid) (d). TA XXIC .4 ('IDS. 29 a. A water solution of gallotannic acid at 17.5° C. (63.5° F.) contains as follows (after Hager) : c- SPEC. GRAY. P. C. SPEC. GRAY. P. c. SPEC. GRAY. 20 1.0824 13 1.0530 6 1.0242 19.5 1.0803 12.5 1.0510 5.5 1.0222 19 1.0782 12 1.0489 5 1.0201 18.3 1.0761 11.5 1.0468 4.5 1.0181 18 1.0740 11 1.0447 4 1.0160 17.5 1.0719 10.5- 1.0427 3.5 1.0140 17 1.0698 10 1.0406 3 1.0120 16.5 1.0677 9.5 1.0386 2.5 1.0100 16 1.0656 9 1.0365 2 1.0080 15.5 1.0635 8.5 1.0345 1.5 1.0060 15 1.0614 8 1.0324 1 1.0040 14.5 1.0593 7.5 1.0304 0.5 1.0020 14 13.5 1.0572 1.0551 7 6.5 1.0283 1.0263 0 1.0000 When other substances besides tannic acid and water are present, the specific gravity of the solution is first taken; the solution is then deprived of tannic acid by digestion with animal membrane. Four to five parts of dried and rasped hide are added for one part supposed tannic acid. After digestion, the filtrate and washings are brought to the exact bulk of the original solution and to the standard temperature. The former specific gravity minus the latter, and plus one, equals the specific gravity indicating the per cent, of tannin. Gallic acid is not taken out by the membrane.—lf pectous substances are present, they would also be precipitated by the animal membrane; hence they must be removed before taking the specific gravity in the first place. This is accomplished by making an alcoholic extract of the ori- ginal material, then evaporating off’ the alcohol and substituting Water (Hammer).—Instead of animal membrane, oxide of copper may be used to remove the tannic acid (and gallic acid), accord- ing to b. b. A weighed quantity of recently ignited oxide of copper— about 5 times that of the tannin—is added to the prepared solu- tion ; the mixture is gently warmed for an hour and set aside for a day with frequent agitation, then filtered and the copper tannate and SOLID NON-VOLATILE ACIDS. oxide washed, dried on the water-bath and weighed. The increase of weight is the amount of tannic (and gallic) acid (Hager). c. 4.523 grams of good sulphate of cinchonia, with 0.5 gram sulphuric acid, and 0.1 gram acetate rosanilin or fuchsin, are dis- solved in water to make one litre. Each c.c. of this solution precipitates 0.01 gram tannic acid. One gram of solid material is obtained in clear solution of about 50 c.c. measure. To this the standard solution of cinchona is added, the color being thrown down in the precipitate. When the tannic acid is all precipi- tated, the anilin color appears in solution. One gram having been taken, each c.c. of the volumetric solution indicates 1 per cent, of tannic acid. Gallic acid is not precipitated by cinchonia (R. Wagner). d. One equivalent of tartrate of antimony and potassium, after drying on the water-bath (K SbO C 4H4O0=325), is preci- pitated by one equivalent of tannic acid (C07H.,4018=630) ; or, 0.002555 anhydrous tartrate is precipitated by 0.005 of the tannin. Dissolving 2.555 grams of anhydrous tartrate of antimony and potassium in water to make one litre of solution, each c.c of the same corresponds to 0.005 of tannic acid. The prepared solu- tion of tannic acid—which may contain pectous substances with- out interference with this method—is treated with chloride of ammonium, and the volumetric solution is added, with agitation, until turbidity is no longer produced. The precipitate separates well. Gallic acid is not thrown down when chloride of ammo- nium is present (Gerland). 14. GALLIC ACID. C 7H0O5; crystallizing with H.,0. An inodorous solid, having an astringent and slightly acid taste, an acid effect on test-papers, and crystallizing in long, silky needles or triclinic prisms. It is soluble in 100 parts of cold or 3 parts of boiling water, freely soluble in alcohol, moderately soluble in ordinary ether, and but slightly soluble in absolute ether, inso- luble in chloroform or petroleum naphtha. Its non-alkaline metallic salts are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, and GALLIC ACID. slightly soluble in officinal ether; they are decomposed by acids and by alkalies. Heated to 210°—215° C. (410°-419° F.), in absence of water, it is sublimed as pyrogallic acid and carbonic anhydride ; at higher temperatures, other products are formed. Gallic acid is characterized by its physical properties (as above given) ; by its reactions with iron salts (a), with alkalies (6), with t artratc of antimony and potassa and with alkaline arsenate in the air (c), and with molybdate of ammonium {d). it is distinguished from the tannic acids by negative results with gelatin, albumen, and starch [e) ; by not precipitating the alkaloids, and by its far weaker reducing power {/) (distinction from pyrogallic acid also),—Gallic acid is determinedif free from tannic acids, by absorption in recently ignited oxide of zinc, according to method b in determination of tannic acid. It is separated from tannic acids and determined by solution with car- bonate of ammonium from the precipitate with acetate of copper {g). a. Ferric salts in solution give a deep blue color with gallic acid. Ferrous salts give a blue-black precipitate (distinction from gallotannic acid). b. Alkaline solutions of gallic acid turn yellow to brown and hlack in the air, from absorption of oxygen and formation of tan- nomelanic acid, greatly accelerated by boiling. The latter acid, on neutralizing with acetic acid, precipitates acetate of lead, black. Solution of lime with gallic acid, forms a white turbidity, changing to blue and then to green. c. Tartrate of antimony and potassium is precipitated white hi very dilute solution. A faintly alkaline solution of arsenate of potassium or sodium, with gallic acid, exposed to the air, soon develops an intense green color, commencing at the surface. Dilute acids change the green to purple-red and a careful neutralization with alkalies restores the green color, but it is destroyed by excess of alkali.* * Proctor : Jour, Chem. Soc., 1874, p. 509. SOLTI) NON VOLATILE ACIDS. d. Molybdate of ammonium reacts as with tannic acid. e. Gallic acid does not precipitate gelatin, albumen, or starch- paste, but it forms a precipitate with a mixture of gum-arabic and gelatin. f. Gallic acid does not reduce alkaline copper solution, but reduces salts of gold and silver, and quickly decolorizes perman- ganate solution. Quantitative.—g. The prepared solution is fully preci- pitated with a filtered solution of cupric acetate; the precipitate washed and then exhausted with cold solution of carbonate of ammonium. The last solution, containing all the gallate of cop- per with a very little tannate, is evaporated to dryness, the residue moistened with nitric acid, ignited, and weighed as oxide of copper. This weight multiplied by 0.9 gives the quantity of gallic acid (the full ratio being 0.9126, but allowance is mads for solution of a little tannate by the carbonate of ammonium. The ratio between oxide of copper and tannic acid is 1.304). (Method of Fleck modified by Sackur and Wolf.) IS. PYROGALLIC ACID. CcHfOs. Pyrogalline. Pyro- gallol.—Characterized by its physical properties (a); its peculiar avidity for oxygen (J); its reactions with alkalies, lime, iron, copper, etc. (c). It is distinguished from tannic acid by not precipitating gelatin or moderately dilute tartrate of anti- mony and potassium or cinchonia, and by its different reactions with both ferrous and ferric salts ; from gallic acid by its greater solubility in cold water and its far greater reducing power {lt). It may be determined grayimetrically as a lead precipitate (d), and volumetrically by permanganate. a. Pyrogallic acid crystallizes in long prismatic plates or needles, of a white or yellowish-white color, and an acid and very bitter taste. At 115° C. (339° F.) it melts, and at about3lo° C. (410° F.) it sublimes with partial decomposition and formation of metagallic acid. It is soluble in three parts cold water, freely soluble in alcohol and in ether, not soluble in absolute chloroform. PYROGALLIC ACID. 33 b. It is permanent in dry air free from ammonia, but in moist or ammoniacal air it gradually darkens, and in water solution it turns brown to black, sooner if boiled, still more rapidly in presence of alkalies, absorption of oxygen taking place to an extent proportional to the coloration, which is destroyed by oxalic acid. It quickly reduces the alkaline copper solution; also salts of the noble metals, and reduces acid solu- tion of permanganate with evolution of carbonic anhydride. c. With lime solution, a purple-red color at first appears, afterward the brown color formed by alkalies as mentioned in b. With ferrous salts a blue color is formed; with ferric salts a red solution, brown when heated. Acetate of copper gives a brown- green precipitate; acetate of lead a white, curdy precipitate ; both soluble in acetic acid. Quantitative.—d. The alcoholic solution of pyrogallic acid is precipitated with excess of alcoholic solution of acetate of lead ; the precipitate washed quickly with alcohol, dried by water-bath and weighed. Pb(C.H6O3j3 : 2C0HcO3 : : 457 : 252 :: 1 : 0.55142, 16. QUIN OT AN WIG ACID. Cinchotannic acid. Kino- tannic acid.—See Tannic acids (13) for appearance, taste, solu- bilities, and reactions with alkalies and with iron salts. It pre- cipitates tartrate of antimony and potassium only in concentrated solutions. In oxidation with alkalies it forms a red-brown color, due to cinchona-red, which dissolves in alkalies and in acetic acid, but not in water. Concentrated sulphuric acid changes quino- tannic acid to cinchona-red and glucose. In dry distillation, phenic acid is formed, recognized by the odor. Quinotannic acid is removed from solution by acetate of lead, and from its lead precipitate by hydrosulphuric acid. For separation from Cin- chona bark, sec under Quinic Acid, d. 17. CATECHUTANNIC ACID. Has the properties of tannic acids in general, giving a grayish-green precipitate with 34 SOLID NONVOLATILE ACIDS. ferric salts, and distinguished by not precipitating tartrate of antimony and potassium. It softens when heated, and by dry distillation yields an empyreumatic oil. The product of its atmospheric oxidation in water is red. Catechutannic acid is separated from Catechu as follow's: The aqueous infusion of catechu is heated with dilute sulphuric acid and filtered ; the filtrate treated with concentrated sulphuric acid to precipitate the acid sought; the precipitate is wrashed on a filter with dilute sulphuric acid and pressed between paper. It may then be dissolved in water; the solution treated with car- bonate of lead and filtered; the filtrate evaporated in vacuo. It may be farther purified by dissolving in alcoholic ether and evaporating off’ the solvent. 18. CATECHUIC ACID. Catechucic acid. Catechin. Tanningenic acid.—A white, tasteless powder, or in fine, silky needles, melting at 217° C. (423° F.), and in dry distillation yielding an empyreumatic oil. Very slightly soluble in cold w'atcr, soluble in three parts boiling water, moderately soluble in alcohol, sparingly soluble in ether. With alkalies and metallic salts, and as a reducing agent, it gives the reactions of the (iron- green) Tannic Acids, from which it is distinguished by not giving precipitates with tartrate of antimony and potassium or with alkaloids, or with gelatin (the last-named being a distinction from catechutannic acid). With strong sulphuric acid it forms a deep purple liquid. Catechuic acid may bo separated from catechutannic acid and the other constituents of catechu by its sparing solubility in cold and ready solubility in hot water. Bengal catechu is digested tw'enty-four hours in cold water, and the (slightly washed) residue is then exhausted with boiling water. When the solution cools, a yellow' deposit of catechuic acid appears. This is washed in cold water. It may be decolorized by hot filtration through animal charcoal. It is dried on bibulous paper by aid of the air-pump. TA NXTC ACI PS. 19. MORINTANNIC ACID. C]SH10Ou. Capable of crystallization ; yellow, with great tinctorial power, and of an astringent, sweetish taste. Melts at 200° C., and at higher tem- peratures distils phonic acid. In reactions with alkalies, oxidiz- ing agents, gelatin, tartrate of antimony and potassium, iron salts, etc., it behaves like other Tannic Acids (13). With ferric salts it gives a greenish precipitate ; with acetate of lead a yellow precipitate; with sulphate of copper a yellowish-brown precipi- tate ; with stannous chloride a yellowish-red precipitate. It is separated from Fustic by spontaneous deposition from the concentrated decoction. 20. CAFPETANNIC ACID. Caffeotannic acid. Has in general the physical properties of the Tannic Acids, hut is not incapable of crystallization. It melts when heated, and then gives the odor of roasted coffee, and in dry distillation yields oxyphenie acid as an oil Avhich solidifies in the cold. With fixed alkalies in solution it turns yellow to reddish-yel- low, by oxidation; with ammonia, forms a green color, due to viridic acid, which, when neutralized, gives with acetate of lead a blue precipitate. Warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid, it dissolves with a blood-red color. Distilled with dilute sulphuric acid and hinoxide of manganese, it evolves quinone—a pungent and irritating vapor, condensing to a golden-yellow to dingy- yellow, crystallizable substance, heavier than water, in which it is but slightly soluble when cold. Caffetannic acid gives the green color with ferric salts. It reduces nitrate of silver, in the specular form, when heated. It is distinguished from the larger number of Tannic Acids by not producing precipitates with tartrate of antimony and potassium or with gelatin, but it precipitates cinchonia and quinia (distinc- tion from Catechuic acid). It gives a yellow precipitate with barium salts. By gradual addition of acetate of lead, in decoction of coffee, it is precipitated next after (the very little) citric acid. Decom- 36 SOLID XOX- VOL A TILE ACIDS. posing the precipitate with hydrosulphuric acid, and evaporating tlie filtrate, it is obtained in impure, yellowish mass. 21. BOHEIC ACID. C 7H10O6. Boheatannic Acid. Amor- phous, pale-yellow solid, caking by exposure to the air, melting at I.oo° C. to a waxy mass, very soluble in water and alcohol. Both aqueous and alcoholic solutions gradually decompose by evaporation in the air. It colors ferric salts brown. With baryta, in alcoholic solution, it forms a yellow precipitate, BaC7HBOc . HnO. With acetate of lead, in alcoholic solution, it forms a grayish-white precipitate, PbC7H8Oe . K„C, which can be washed with alcohol and dried at 100° C. It is separated from the quercitannic acid, in black tea, by precipitating the latter with acetate of lead in the boiling decoc- tion, filtering; after twenty-four hours filtering again, and neu- tralizing the clear solution with ammonia, when the yellow basic salt is precipitated, PbO.PbC7HBO0. The latter may be decomposed in alcohol by hydrosulphuric acid, and the filtrate concentrated in vacuum or over oil of vitriol. 22. QUTNIC ACID. C 7H1206. Kinie add.—ldentified by its physical properties and reactions (a) ; by its generation of qninone (h) ; by its reactions with a few metals (c).— Separated from cinchona bark, by crystallization from a solution freed from quinovic acid {d) ; from cinchona bark, coffee, or bil- berry, by precipitating its calcium salt from a sufficiently purified solution by adding alcohol (e); from substances forming insoluble compounds with neutral acetate of lead by the solubility of its normal lead salt.—Determined gravimetrical! y as calcium salt (e). a. Colorless, monoclinic prisms or prismatic tablets, melting at 161° C. (322° F.), at higher temperatures evolving combus- tible gas, phonic acid, hydroquinone, etc. It is freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, nearly insoluble in ether. Its solutions have a sour taste and redden litmus. It is deliquescent. QJ'JXJr ACID. h. Distilled with moderately dilute sulphuric acid and binoxide of manganese, it yields an abundant yellow crystalline sublimate of quinone, recognized in very small quantities by its irritating odor, exciting tears. Farther, aqueous solution of Quinone is colored brown by ammonia, and yellow-green by chlorine water; it stains the skin brown. c. Quinic acid decomposes carbonates. Its metallic salts arc soluble in water, except the basic quinate of lead, but are insolu- ble in alcohol. It prevents the precipitation of many metallic oxides by alkalies. Quinate of silver is white, and bears the heat of the water-bath. The quinate of calcium crystallizes well from water solution as Ca(C,H,.O.), . 5H,0, which loses all its water of crystallization at 120° C. (248° F.) Or, it may be precipitated from solution of alkaline quinates by adding chloride of calcium, ammonia, and alcohol. The basic quinate of lead is precipitated by adding, to solution of alkaline quinate, basic acetate of lead, or normal acetate of lead with ammonia. It is somewhat soluble in solution of basic acetate of lead. It is variable and instable in composition. (I. The aqueous solution obtained by macerating cinchona hark two or three days (and from which the alkaloids may have been removed by acidulating with hydrochloric acid and then adding an excess of soda and, after a few hours, filtering) is treated with solution of acetate of lead to precipitate the quino- vic and quinotannic acids, and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to a syrupy consistence, to crystallize the quinic acid. If it be desired to separate the Quinovic acid, the solution of acetate of lead (as above) is not added to complete precipitation, and the precipitated quinovate of lead is decomposed, in water, by adding very dilute sulphuric acid, drop by drop, with great care, to avoid excess. The precipitate being removed, the filtrate ls concentrated for crystallization of the quinovic acid. If the Quinotannic acid is to be obtained, the precipitation by acetate of lead is left incomplete, as directed next above, and the filtrate concentrated as previously directed for quinic acid. SOLID NO N- VO LA TIL E A ('IDS. With the crystals of cjuinic acid there will now finally deposit amorphous or oily quinotannic acid. This may he separated by washing with ether; on evaporation of the ether the quinotannic acid is obtained. [Thesis of R. M. Cotton, Univ. of Mich., 18T4.] e. After precipitating the alkaloids from decoction of cin- chona hark with lime, according to the United States Pharma- copoeia! preparation of quin ice sulphas, the filtrate is concentrated to a small bulk, filtered if necessary, and then alcohol is added to precipitate quinate of calcium. Or, the filtrate is concentrated to a soft solid, washed repeatedly with alcohol, and dissolved in enough water to allow the quinate of calcium to crystallize. Fresh bilberry plant (vaccinium myrtillus), collected in May, is boiled with water and lime; the solution is evaporated, and alcohol added to precipitate the quinate of calcium, which requires purification by rccrystallization from water. Thoroughly dried or moderately roasted coffee beans, coarsely powdered, are exhausted by boiling with water; the decoction, mixed with milk of lime, is concentrated, filtered, evaporated on a water-bath to a syrup, and precipitated with alcohol as above. The quinate of calcium obtained from any of the above sources may be purified from tannic acids and some coloring matters by adding solution of neutral acetate of lead to the aqueous solution of quinate of calcium, filtering out the lead precipitate, and removing the excess of lead from the filtrate by hydrosulphuric acid, when the last filtrate may bo concentrated to crystallize. Quinic acid may bo obtained from quinate of calcium by precipitating the aqueous solution of the latter by basic acetate of lead, and removing the lead from the precipitate by hydrosulphuric acid. 23. Qumovic ACID. C3OHi 8O8. Kinovio Acid. Quinovin or Kinovin. Quinova bitter or Kinova bitter.—An amorphous solid, having a very bitter taste, nearly insoluble in water, very soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in ether, soluble in chloroform. (According to De Yrtt, chloroform dissolves G ENTIA NIC A cm. 39 from 11 qulnova bitter ” a portion which he designates as “ quinovin,” leaving “ quinovic acid ” insoluble in that menstruum and little soluble in alcohol.) Dry hydrochloric acid gas, acting on a strong alcoholic solution of quinovic acid, transforms the latter into an acid and a sugar. The new acid has very nearly the same solubilities as the original acid, but a different compo- sition (C21H3804), and forms definite salts with metals. Quinovic acid forms a soluble calcium salt, and hence it is dissolved from cinchona hark by boiling with milk of lime. From the solution, sufficiently concentrated, hydrochloric acid separates the quinovic acid, insoluble in water. It may be purified by crystallization from alcohol, or by repeated precipita- tion from alcohol by water. For the separation of quinovic, quinic, and quinotannic acids, each from the same portion of bark, see Quinic Acid, <7. In the manufacture of cinchona alka- loids, the acidulation of the water by which the decoction is made interferes with the solution of quinovic acid, which may be at least partly left in the residue. 24. COLUMBIC ACID. C 42 Colombic acid.—An amorphous solid, precipitated in white flakes, left as a yellowish, varnish-like residue on evaporation of its solutions. It is soluble in alcohol, nearly insoluble in water or ether, its solution being markedly acid. It is precipitated by neutral acetate of lead, as (PbO) s (C4„H44Oin) „ when dried at 130° C. Acetate of copper does not precipitate it. In columbo root, columbic acid probably exists in combination With berberina and perhaps also with inorganic bases. It can be separated by exhausting alcoholic extract of columbo with water °r lime-water, and precipitating with hydrochloric acid. 25. GENTIANIC ACID. Cl 4H10O5. Gentisic acid. Gen- fianin, Gentisin.—Light-ycllowq tasteless, solid, crystallizing in slender needles, not decomposed at 200° C., but carbonizing with partial sublimation at 300° to 400° C. It is soluble in. 30 parts 40 SOLID NOX- VOLATILE ACIDS. water at ordinary temperature, readily soluble in alcohol, and moderately so in ether. Its solutions are neutral to litmus. It dissolves in aqueous alkalies with a golden-yellow color. Strong sulphuric acid dissolves it yellow. Nitric acid, of specific gravity 1.42, and colorless, dissolves it green; on adding water, a green powder, dinitrogentianic acid, is precipitated. This, on addition of alkalies, assumes a fine cherry-color. Chlorine forms a yellow precipitate in alcoholic solution of gentianic acid. The barium salt, Ba C 2 ,H805 . H„0, is an orange-colored precipitate. The lead salt is insoluble. Gentianic acid is separated from gentian root as follows: The powdered root is exhausted of gentian-bitter by cold water; then pressed, dried, and exhausted with strong alcohol, and the alcoholic solution evaporated nearly to dryness. The residue is washed with a little ether to remove fat, and repeatedly crystallized from alcohol to separate from resin. 26. CARMINIC ACID. CuH„0O(. Carmine.—A purple amorphous solid, fusible but not decomposed at 13G° C.; soluble in all proportions in water and alcohol, and in sulphuric and hydrochloric acids without alteration, the solutions having a bright purple-red color. Ether does not dissolve it.—ln alco- holic solution it precipitates alcoholic potassa red changing to dark violet, and forms red precipitates with acetates of lead, zinc, copper, and silver. It is turned blue by sulphate of alumi- num, and yellow by stannous chloride.—Carminic acid is a glucoside, boiling dilute mineral acids transforming it into carmine-red and sugar. Carmine-red in mass is purple-red with a green reflection, soluble in water and in alcohol with red color, not soluble in ether. Carminic acid is separated from Cochineal by exhaustion with boiling water; the solution precipitated by adding slightly acidulated subacetate of lead short of excess, the precipitate washed with water till the washings give no precipitate with mercuric chloride, then decomposed by hydrosulphurie acid and GAM'BOGIC ACID. 41 filtered. The filtrate is evaporated and dried on the water-bath, and the residue extracted with alcohol. 27. CHRYSOPHANIC ACID. Chrysophane. Rheic Acid.—A pale yellow or orange-yellow solid, crystallizing in six- sided tables or moss-like aggregates of scales, subliming with partial decomposition when heated.—Sparingly soluble in cold 'Water, soluble in 1,125 parts of 86 per cent, alcohol at 30° C. (86° F.), or 224 parts of the same alcohol boiling, soluble in ether, benzole, and turpentine oil, the solutions having a yellow color.—lt dissolves in aqueous alkalies with a very deep purple color, recognized in very dilute solution; the potassa solution upon evaporation deposits violet to blue flocks, which dissolve in water to a red solution.—lt docs not form stable salts. In alco- holic solution with alcoholic subacetate of lead it forms a reddish- white precipitate, becoming rose-red when boiled with water. In arnmoniaeal solution it is precipitated lilac by neutral acetate of lead, and rose-color by alum.—Strong sulphuric acid dissolves it unchanged; strong nitric acid converts it into a red substance, containing chrysammic acid (produced from Aloes by nitric acid). Chrysophanic acid is separated from Rhubarb by exhausting the powdered root with alcoholic ammonia, precipitating with subacetate of lead and decomposing the lead compound by. hydrosulphurio acid. From the Wall Lichen (Parmelia parietina), the alkaline solution obtained as above is precipitated hy acetic acid, the precipitate washed with water, redissolved in alkali and reprecipitated by (hydrochloric) acid. From the Rumex, an ethereal extract is obtained, and repeatedly dissolved ui alcohol and precipitated by water. A method of purification 18 to dissolve in boiling absolute alcohol and crystallize. 28. GA.MBOGIC ACID. A resinous solid, hyacinth-red ln mass, yellow in powder. Insoluble in water, soluble m alcohol, ether, chloroform, bisulphide of carbon—its solutions showing the yellow color when very dilute, and having a strong SOLID VOLATILE ACIDS. acid reaction. It dissolves in the aqueous alkalies, with red color, and in solutions of fixed alkaline carbonates with expulsion of the carbonic anhydride. From alkaline solutions it is preci- pitated yellow by acids.—The solution of gambogiatc of ammo- nia forms with barium salts a red precipitate; with zinc salts, yellow; lead salts, reddish-yellow; silver salts, brownish-yellow; and copper salts, brown precipitates.—It is bleached and decom- posed by chlorine, and decomposed with formation of nitrophcnic acid by nitric acid. It is dissolved with red color by cold con- centrated sulphuric acid; addition of water precipitating it unchanged. 29. SANTALIC ACID. Santalin.—A fine red, tasteless, and odorless crystallizable solid, melting at 104° C. Insoluble in water, very soluble in alcohol, soluble in ether—the solutions having a blood-red color and acid reaction. Soluble in aqueous potassa, or ammonia, forming violet solutions, which precipitate alkaline earths.—The alcoholic solution precipitates lead salts, but not salts of barium, silver, or copper. The lead and barium salts are violet. Santalic acid is separated from Sandal-wood (red saunders) by obtaining, first, an ethereal extract, then from this an alcoholic extract, which is washed with water, dissolved again in alcohol, and precipitated therefrom by alcoholic solution of acetate of lead. The lead compound is washed by alcohol, then decom- posed in alcohol with dilute sulphuric acid. SOLID VOLATILE ACIDS. 30. BENZOIC ACID. HC7H&02. Identified by its phy- sical properties, especially in sublimation (a); by its oxidation to nitrobenzole (b), and its deoxidation to bitter almond oil (c); by its reactions with metallic salts (d) .—Distinguished from BENZOIC ACID. 43 Cinnamic acid by the action of permanganate upon the latter (see 31, b) ; from Ilippuric acid by distillation with potassa; from Salicylic acid by the color of its ferric salt {d).—Separated from non-volatile and highly volatile substances by sublimation (a) ; from Succinic and many other acids by the alcohol solubility of its barium salt (c?); from Succinic and Ilippuric acids by its solubility and extraction from water solutions by chloroform or ether (c).—Gravimetrically determined as lead salt (e). a. A white solid, crystallizing in lustrous scales or friable needles; odorless when pure, but frequently found having odor of benzoin, and rarely a urinous odor, of an acid and warm taste, and a strongly acid reaction. It is soluble in 200 parts of water at 15° C. (59° F.), in 20 parts of boiling water, in 3 parts of cold alcohol, in 25 parts of ether, in 7 parts of chloroform, and readily soluble in bisulphide of carbon, benzole, petroleum naphtha, and in fixed and volatile oils. Most of the benzoates are soluble in water, and many of them are soluble in alcohol. Hydrochloric acid precipitates benzoic acid from solutions of benzoates, excess of the reagent not affecting the water solu- bility of benzoic acid as already given. Sulphuric acid dissolves benzoic acid. Benzoic acid decomposes carbonates. Benzoic acid melts at 121° C. (250° F.), and sublimes at 240° to 250° C, (464° to 482° F.) The vapors cause a sense of irritation in the throat and coughing. W hen slowly condensed, the sublimate is crystalline in minute needles. Benzoates heated 'with phosphoric acid evolve benzoic acid.—W hen mixed with 3 parts slaked lime and heated gradually in a retort, benzoic (119) is distilled. b. if benzoic acid is boiled with concentrated nitric acid, the mixture evaporated to' a small bulk, and then strongly heated in a test-tube, nitrobenzole (120) is evolved, and will be recognized by its odor of bitter almond oil. c. When benzoic acid, dissolved or suspended in water, is farmed with a slip of metallic magnesium, and very slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid, so that hydrogen is c\ol\ed, 44 SOLID VOLATILE ACIDS. hitter almond oil (benzoyl hydride, is produeed, and recognized by its odor. d. Basic ferric chloride solution precipitates benzoates almost completely, as a flesh-colored basic benzoate (ferric Salicylate is blue violet).—Acetate of lead and nitrate of silver give precipi- tates in solutions not too dilute.—Ammoniacal chloride of barium with alcohol gives no precipitate (distinction and separa- tion from Succinic and many other acids). Magnesium benzoate is also soluble in alcohol (Succinate insoluble in alcohol). Quantitative.—c. Benzoate of lead, precipitated from neutral benzoate by acetate of lead, washed with cold water or alcohol acidulated with one-half per cent, of acetic acid, and dried at 100° C., may be weighed for determination of benzoic acid: Pb(C7HOO2)2 : 2HC7H0O2 : : 1 : 0.54343. 31. CINNAMIC ACID. HC9H702. Characterized by its physical properties and reactions in the dry way (a) ; its reac- tions with oxidizing agents (h); its reactions with metallic salts (c).—Distinguished from benzoic acid by action with oxidizing agents (b), by the color of its ferric salt and by its precipitate with manganous salts (c).—Separated from non-vola- tile substances by sublimation (a) ; from substances soluble in water and in dilute acid by precipitation of cinnamates by acids (a); from substances insoluble in ether by the action of that solvent; from benzoic acid by manganous precipitation (c). a. A colorless solid, crystallizing (from vapor or solution) in monoclinic prisms or laminae, melting at 129° C. (264° F.), vaporizing at about 300° C. (572° F.) It is very sparingly soluble in cold, moderately soluble in boiling water, freely soluble in alcohol and in ether. The cinnamates of the alkali metals are soluble in water, those of the alkaline earthy metals sparingly soluble, the other cinnamates mostly insoluble, the silver salt nearly insoluble. It is precipitated by water from its alcoholic solutions, and by hydrochloric acid from water solutions of its salts of alkali metals. SUCCINIC ACID. 45 When slowly distilled, cinnamic acid evolves cinnamene, having a persistent aromatic odor resembling that of benzoic and naphthalene together. Cinnamates subjected to dry distillation emit the odor of bitter almond oil. I). A saturated hot-water solution, acidulated with sulphuric acid, is treated with a few cubic centimetres of a one per cent, solution of permanganate of potassium and warmed a few minutes. If cinnamic acid is present, the odor of bitter almond °il becomes apparent.—Nitric acid with gentle heat, peroxide of lead in boiling solution, chromate and sulphuric acid with heat, evolve bitter almond oil (hydride of benzoyl) from cinna- mic acid—in most cases with simultaneous production of benzoic acid.—Cinnamates with strong nitric acid give off odor of cinnamon oil and bitter almond oil. c. Ferric salts with cinnamates give a yellow precipitate; manganous salts with excess of cinnamates give a white precipi- tate (none with benzoates) ; copper salts, a greenish-blue precipi- tate; acetate of lead, a precipitate not soluble in water, Pb 2)2, from which alcohol washes out a part of the cinnamic acid; nitrate of silver, a stable white precipitate, AgC0H7O2, insoluble in boiling water; baric and calcic salts, precipitates, easily soluble in hot water. 32. SUCCINIC ACID. H2C4H404. Characterized and identified by its physical properties (a) ; its resistance to oxida- tion (5); its reactions with iron, manganese, lead, barium, calcium, etc. (c).—Distinguished from cinnamic acid by the color of its iron salt and by not precipitating manganous salts (31,/*).—Separated from non-volatile materials by sublimation [d) ; from benzoic acid by insolubility of its barium salt in alcohol (30, d), and by its insolubility in chloroform or ether; from cinnamic acid by the solubility of manganous succinate (30, c).—Determined by extraction with ammonia from the ferric succinate (d). a. Crystalline ia the monoclinic system, generally rhombic SOLID VOLATILE ACIDS. or hexagonal plates. At 130° C. (266° F.) it begins to emit suffocating vapors, at 130° C. (356° F.) it melts, and at 235° C. (455° F.) it sublimes as succinic anhydride (C4H403), which melts at 120° C. (248° F.) The succinic acid of commerce has usually more or less of yellow to brown color, and of the empy- reumatio and slightly aromatic odor of oil of amber; when pure it is white, and at ordinary temperatures odorless. Suc- cinic acid is soluble in about 13 parts of water at ordinary tem- peratures, in 21 parts of hot water, in 30 parts of cold or 20 parts of boiling alcohol, sparingly soluble in ether, not soluble in chloroform or benzole.—Succinic anhydride is more soluble in alcohol, but less soluble in water than the acid.—The succi- nates of the alkali-metals and magnesium arc soluble in water; of the alkaline earth-metals, and of most other metals in diatomic salts, sparingly soluble; ferric succinate, insoluble. I). Nitric acid, chromic acid, and chlorine are without action upon succinic acid. Cold permanganate solution does not affect free succinic acid, but with free alkali oxalic acid is formed with deposition of binoxide of manganese. c. Ferric chloride, better if slightly basic, precipitates from solutions of succinates a brownish-red bulky precipitate of basic ferric succinate.—Manganous salts do not precipitate succinates. —Acetate of lead and nitrate of silver, each, give white precipi- tates of normal succinates slightly soluble in water.—Ammoniacal chloride of barium with alcohol produces a white precipitate even in dilute solutions. Quantitative.—d. The ferric succinate is precipitated from dilute solution of succinate by addition of ferric chloride, then acetate of sodium in excess, and then sufficient ammonia to nearly or quite neutralize the mixture. After boiling one-fourth of an hour, the precipitate is filtered out and washed, then boiled with excess of a five per cent, solution of ammonia and filtered and washed with ammoniacal water. The filtrate is evaporated on the water-bath until it ceases to lose weight, and weighed as 3STH,HC4H4Ol. Or, for greater exactness, this salt while in VERATRIC ACID. 47 solution is treated with a weighed quantity of recently calcined magnesia, and the mixture evaporated and dried at 150° C. (302° F.) The increase of weight represents the succinic anhydride. 33. SALICYLIC ACID. C 7H803. (In most salts of this acid one atom of hydrogen, in a few salts two atoms, are replaced lj.V metals.)—Crystalline, in monoclinic four-sided prisms or slen- der needles. Melts at 125° to 150° C. (257° to 302° F.) and sublimes at about 200° C. (392° F.) Its vapor causes irritation 111 the throat: it has a sweetish-sour taste. It has a decided acid faction upon test-papers.—It is slightly soluble in cold, moder- ately soluble in hot water, freely soluble in alcohol and in ether. ' The salicylates of the alkali metals are insoluble in water; those of the alkaline earth metals sparingly soluble (that of cal- least) ; many of those of other metals not soluble. The bimetallic salts arc less soluble than the monometallic.—With ferric salts, salicylic acid forms a deep violet color. Distilled or heated with methylic alcohol and concentrated sMphuric acid, salicylate of methyl is evolved, having the odor °f wintergreen oil. 34. VERATRIC ACID. O9H10O4. Crystallizes in slender speculee or four-sided prisms, which effloresce at 100° C. and melt at a higher temperature, then subliming without decomposition, *t is sparingly soluble in cold, freely in hot water, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether—the solutions having a slight acid faction. The alkaline veratrates are soluble in water and crys- tallizable ; the load and silver salts insoluble. It dissolves in concentrated nitric acid, and when this solution is diluted it deposits nitroveratric acid, soluble in alcohol, from which it crys- tallizes in yellow lamina?. Veratrie acid is separated from sebadilla seeds (veratrum as follows : They arc exhausted with alcohol acidulated Av,th sulphuric acid, the solution is precipitated with milk of lime 48 SOLID VOLATILE ACIDS. and filtered, the filtrate—containing voratrate of calcium—ls con- centrated, treated with hydrochloric acid, and left in a cold place to crystallize. The crystals may ho purified by dissolving in alcohol, and filtering through animal charcoal. 35. PHENIC ACID. HC0H60. Purified Carbolic acid. Phenol. Phenylic alcohol. Coal-tar creosote.—Characterized and identified by its physical properties (a); by its reactions with nitric acid (A), with ferric salts (c), with bromine (d) and chlorine (c), as a reducing agent (/’), and with sulphuric acid {(/).—Distinguished from Creosote by reacting with ferric salt in more dilute solution (c), by gelatinizing collodion, by greater solubility in ordinary glycerin, in bisulphide of carbon, and in ammonia water, and by crystallizing when pure (a),—Separated from Cresylic acid and other constituents of crude carbolic acid or from Pats by its greater solubility in water (A) ; from solu- tion (in a greater quantity of) water by saturation with common salt (i); from admixture with (a smaller quantity of) water or with other substances by treatment with chloroform or bisulphide of carbon (j) ; from Creosote, in part, by solution in water (A); from soaps by successive treatment with acid, water, and chloro- form (A); from fixed and volatile oils by hot water. a. Phenic acid is a colorless-white solid, crystallizing in long needles of the trimetric system, melting at 34° to 41° C. (93° to 106° P.), and distilling at 182° to 186° C. (359° to 367° P.) It has a strong and persistent odor, resembling creosote but some- what aromatic, a biting taste, and (when concentrated) a bleach- ing and shrivelling effect on the skin. It docs not redden litmus. —lt is soluble in 20 parts of water at ordinary temperatures, and dissolves two or three per cent, of water, being thereby liquefied —hence is deliquescent in the air. It is soluble in all proportions of alcohol, ether, chloroform, bisulphide of carbon, and glycerin (absolute or ordinary); in 20 parts of benzole ; readily soluble in fixed oils and many volatile oils, and in aqueous solutions of potassa and soda.—The last-named mixtures or compounds, FEE NIC ACID. 49 sometimes termed phenates, are not of definite proportions, but are crystallizable, and are soluble in alcohol and other, Phenic acid does not decompose carbonates, but mixes with aqueous alkaline carbonates.—lt coagulates albumen and gelatin and Collodion (ether-solution of gun-cotton). h. To a few drops (or a small fragment) of the material to J0 tested add a drop or two of concentrated nitric acid. Then add a slight excess of potassa, and if color has appeared dilute "dh water. The yellow color of nitrophenic acid (36, a) is apparent in 10,000 parts of water; of the potassic nitrophenate 111 50,000 parts of water ; the column having the depth of half an inch.* The nitrophenic acid may be extracted from water by benzole or ether. o. Very dilute solution of ferric chloride gives a blue color "dh aqueous solution of phenic acid—the color being permanent (distinction from that of Morphia), but destroyed by boiling (distinction from that of Tannic acid). Oxalic acid destroys the color, and many organic substances prevent its formation; it is dot extracted by benzole or chloroform. In this test, the result is distinguished from a similar one with Creosote by the following precautions (Fluckiger) : Ist, take I part of solution of ferric chloride of specific gravity 1.34, ftnd 9 parts of the liquid to be tested (with pure carbolic acid Ibe mixture has a yellowish hue; with pure creosote, no color). add 5 parts of 85 per cent, alcohol (with pure carbolic acid, a clear brown liquid; with pure creosote, a green solution). °d, add 60 parts of water; with pure creosote, the result is a dingy brownish color; if phenic acid is present, a fine blue color appears. cl Bromine water gives a yellowish-white precipitate in even very dilute solutions of phenic acid (the same with Creosote). e. Chlorine gas (from chlorate of potassium and hydrochloric aeid) forms a deep yellow color—chloride of phenyl. * Prescott : Proceedings Am. Fhar. Asso., xix., 550, and Chem. *xvi,, 260. SOLID VOLATILE ACIDS. f Alkaline cupric solution is not reduced by (pure) phenic acid (is reduced by crude “carbolic acid”). Mercury and silver salts are only slowly reduced by boiling with phenic acid (are reduced by impure). Permanganate solution is reduced by pure phenic acid, in solutions acid or alkaline, with separation of binoxide of manganese. (j. With sulphuric acid—equal parts of the concentrated acids at 290° C. for a quarter of an hour furnishing the best result—Sulphophenic acid is formed .(37). Quantitative.—h. Cresylic acid and other admixtures (as fats) nearly or quite insoluble in water may be approximately separated arid determined by solution with 20 parts of water. In a cylindrical graduate of | litre (or larger) capacity, place 10 c.c. of the carbolic acid or mixture under examination, add 200 c.c. of water, agitate, and set aside. Read from the bottom the number of c.c. of impurities. i. Phenic acid may be approximately separated from water solution by adding chloride of sodium as long as the latter dis- solves. If the operation be performed in a cylindrical graduate, as above, the layer of phenic acid is read from the top. j. Phenic acid may be approximately deprived of water and the amount of the latter ascertained by mixture with chloroform or bisulphide of carbon. In a graduate of a little more than 20 c.c. capacity (a test-glass or test-tube may bo graduated for the purpose), place 10 c.c. of the phenic acid under examination and add 10 c.c. of the chloroform or bisulphide of carbon, agi- tate, stopper, and set aside a few hours. Read off from the top the amount of water separated.—Phenic acid may be separated from various mixtures in the same manner \ for this purpose the mixture should be made neutral to test-paper, if not so already. The chloroform or bisulphide of carbon may be removed by evaporation in a warm place. k. In separation of phenic acid from soaps, (he latter is decomposed by digestion with dilute sulphuric acid and hot XI Til OF HEXIC A cm. 51 ■water; when cold, the fat acid is separated, by use of a wet filter it necessary, and washed with water; and the water solution and " askings exhausted with chloroform. The chloroform may be distilled from the phenic acid, and if necessary the distillation repeated. 36. NITROPHENIO ACID. HC6H2(N02)30. (Trinitro- phenic acid.) Trinitrophenol. Carbazotic acid. Picric acid.— Identified by its physical properties, especially its intense color- lng effects (a) ; its precipitation of alkaloids (b) ; its reactions '" ith special reagents (c).—Separated from water solutions by extraction with chloroform, etc. (a); by crystallization as a potassium salt (d).—Determined as salt of einchonia (e). a. In bright yellow crystalline scales or in octahedrons of the irimetric system. It melts when slowly heated and afterward sublimes; when quickly heated it explodes. It has a very bitter afid somewhat acrid and sour taste, and when heated a suffocating °dor and effect. It reddens litmus. It is soluble in 100 parts of water at 15° C. (59° F.) and in 25 parts at 80° C. (176° F.), less soluble in water acidulated With mineral acids, and freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro- form, benzole, petroleum naphtha, and amylic alcohol. These solvents, which are not miscible with water, remove nitrophenic acid from water by aid of acidulation with sulphuric acid. The solutions have a yellow color, perceptible when very dilute ; except solutions in benzole, petroleum naphtha, and dilute sul- phuric acid, which are colorless. The colorless as well as colored solutions stain white paper, afid more permanently stain the skin and fabrics of nitrogenous composition. The normal metallic picrates are all soluble in water, that of potassium being one of the least soluble, and requiring 260 Parts of cold or 14 parts of boiling water for solution. This salt insoluble in alcohol.—Many of the picrates explode more violently than the free acid, and oxidizable agents in intimate 52 SOLID VOLATILE ACIDS. contact facilitate explosion, which may occur hy trituration or pressure. b. Solution of salts of most of the alkaloids precipitate nitro- phenic acid or its soluble salts—the cinchona alkaloids, the opium alkaloids, except morphia and pseudomorphia, the strychnos alkaloids, veratria, berberina, colchicia, and delphinia, oeing fully precipitated from solution even when dilute and well acidulated with sulphuric acid. Morphia is precipitated from moderately concentrated solutions having little or no free acid. The preci- pitates are yellow, and are dissolved by hydrochloric acid. Compare 135, e. c. With ammoniacal cupric sulphate solution, nitrophenic acid forms a green precipitate.—Potassic cyanide, or potassic sulphide, or grape sugar, with nitrophenic acid and excess of potassa, in hot solution, gives a blood-red solution (yellow when greatly diluted) from formation of isopurpurate of potassium (the crystals of which are green by reflected light).—If ferrous sulphate is boiled in solution with nitrophenic acid, treated with excess of ammonia and filtered, the filtrate concentrated and acidulated with acetic acid, bright-red crystals of picramic acid are formed. Stannous chloride and several other reducing agents may be substituted for the ferrous salt. Picramic acid is nearly insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol or ether. d. The graded solubility of potassic nitrophenate in hot and cold water and in alcohol («) enables this salt to be almost per- fectly removed from solution, in beautiful crystals, by gradual cooling of the hot water solution, with gradual addition of alco- hol after crystallization has ceased in the cold water. Quantitative.—e. Nitrophenic acid or a soluble salt of this acid is precipitated by a solution of sulphate of cinchonia acidu- lated with sulphuric acid, the precipitate is washed with water, dried at a very gentle warmth, then heated (and melted) on the water-bath and weighed. C„OH„,N„ (C6H=[Noj3o)2 : 2HC6H, (NO,),© : : 1 : 0.6123. LACTIC ACID. 53 37. SULPHOPHENIC ACID. HC6H5S04. Phenyl sul- phuric acid. Sulphophenylic acid. Sulphocarholic acid.—Only preserved in its salts, which are stable and crystallizable com- pounds, decomposed by nitric acid with the formation of nitro- phenic acids (35, b), and very gradually decomposed by boiling 111 solution with formation of sulphates and phenic acid.* Free SlJlphophenic acid evolves phenic acid when heated to the boiling point of the latter.—The sulphophcnates are all soluble in water, ai*d mostly soluble in alcohol. LIQUID NON-YOLATILE ACID. 38. LACTIC ACID. HC3H5C3. Characterized by its Physical properties (a) ; by the solubility and crystalline form °f its salts (b); by the extent of its reducing power (c).— Separated from many acids by the solubility of its lead salt in Water, alcohol, and ether (d) ; from glycerin, sugar, etc., by the of its zinc salt in alcohol (/); from tissues, etc., as helow (e).—Determined by saturation with alkali («/); by weight °f zinc or magnesium salt (A). a. Absolute lactic acid is a colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid, °f a very acid taste. Pure, it has the spec. grav. 1.248; when per cent., the spec. grav. 1.212. Not volatile without decom- position ; not decomposed by heat below 130° C.; at 145° C. Vaporizes dilactic acid, at higher temperature lactide, both of Which are converted to lactates by the alkalies.—Soluble in all Proportions of water, alcohol, and ether; slightly soluble in chloroform. (Glyceric acid, C 3H0O4, which resembles lactic acid, is insoluble in ether.) Concentrated sulphuric acid mixes With lactic acid without blackening it. Heated on platinum foil, >t leaves a slight carbon residue which burns wholly away. * Prescott : Chem. News, xxvi., 269. 54 LIQUID NON-VOLATILE ACID. b. The metallic lactates arc all soluble in water; being mostly sparingly soluble in cold, freely in boiling water. Cal- cium lactate is soluble in 9b parts (saroolactate in 12| parts) of cold water, soluble in alcohol, not in ether. Barium lactate is soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in ether. Zinc lactate is soluble in 58 parts of cold, 6 parts of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol (saroolactate in 6 parts cold water and in 2.2 parts cold alcohol). Silver lactate is soluble in water and in hot alcohol. Lead lactate is freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble in cold, readily in hot alcohol, slightly soluble in ether. (Glyceratc of lead is but slightly soluble in cold water.) Calcium lactate (saturated with base) crystallizes in small white mammillated tufts, seen under the microscope to consist of delicate needles, some of which resemble a bundle of bristles bound midway between the ends. The acid lactate of calcium (supersaturated with acid) forms white hemispheres, compactly made of radiate needles, trimetric. Zinc lactate crystallizes from concentrated solutions in shining crusts, from dilute solu- tions in four-sided prismatic needles ; the crystals, Zn(C,,H.03)2- 3H„O, lose their water rapidly at 100° C., and the salt decom- poses above 210° C. (Zinc Saroolactate crystallizes in slender needles, Zn(C,HsO,),.2H=O, losing their crystal water very slowly at 100° and giving off empyreumatic vapors below 150°.) Silver lactate crystallizes from neutral solutions, in slender needles, grouped in nodules, quickly blackening in the light. c. Lactic acid does not reduce the alkaline solution of sul- phate of copper, but quickly reduces potassium permanganate from acid or alkaline solutions. d. Lactic acid may be separated from acids which form insoluble lead salts (and other insoluble bodies'), according to the general method given at 40, g, either in alcoholic or aqueous solution. In a similar manner it is removed from insoluble barium salts, as soluble barium lactate, after saturation with carbonate of barium. The barium is then removed from the filtrate by precipitation with sulphuric acid and filtration, and Foil MIC A CID. the sulphuric acid is removed from the lactic acid in the last filtrate by repeatedly adding a mixture of 1 part of alcohol and h parts of other and evaporating. e. Also, the fluid obtained by digestion and expression of tissues may be treated with sulphuric acid to fix albuminous tnatters, filtered, treated with alcohol and five times its weight °f ether and again evaporated, filtering when necessary, till the sulphuric acid is removed. f. A (weighed) quantity of the material containing lactic acid, Ulixod with substances soluble in alcohol, is saturated in aqueous solution with oxide of zinc, the mixture evaporated to dryness, the residue digested in alcohol and filtered. The filtrate will contain the substances soluble in alcohol; the residue will contain zinc lactate, soluble in water. Quantitative.—g. In the acidimetry of lactic acid, one- tenth equivalent, 9.000 being taken, the required number of cubic centimeters of normal solution of alkali equals the number per cent, of HCJEI.O... h. Saturating with oxide of zinc or oxide of magnesium, filte ring and washing with water, crystallizing or evaporating, &nd drying at 100° C.: Mg(C,H10,)1 : 2HC.H.O, : : 1 : 0.8911. Zn(CsHsO,), : 3HCsH.O, : : 1 : 0.7403. LIQUID VOLATILE ACIDS. 39. FOUMIC ACID. HCHO„. Identified by its odor (a) ; hy its reducing power upon salts of the noble metals, permanga- nates, chromates, etc.—the radical CHO„ being oxidized to H„0 and CO,,—(5); by the color of its ferric salt in solution (c); by the odor of its ethyl salt {(!)•—Separated from substances less LIQUID VOLATILE ACIDS. volatile by distillation (f); from organic acids in general by the solubility of its lead salt in water ( hltration, and washing—and distilled water is added to make the liquid measure 1,000 c.c. In a stoppered flask of 60 to 80 90 NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES, LIQUID OR FUSIBLE. c.c. contents, place 10 c.c. of the standard calcium solution, and add, from a burette measuring tenths c.c., the prepared soap solution, shaking after each addition until a foam remains on the surface (as in the soap test of hard waters). The number c.c, used contains as much soap as 10 c.c. of corresponding solution of standard soap would contain. Hence divide 10 by the number c.c. used, and the quotient expresses the value of the soap tested, as compared with the standard. Tor the separation of the fat acids from each other, a work of difficulty, sec under Fat Acids (55-57). f Uncombined fat can be extracted from soap (previously dissolved as far as possible in water) by petroleum naphtha at the temperature of 20° C. (Compare, under Butter, 63, d and e.) g. Resin can be extracted from dried and pulverized soap by means of benzole, which dissolves only traces of the soap.—- Or, the solution of fat acids in a little petroleum naphtha (a quantity equal to that of the soap)—as obtained by Void’s process, given in c—contains the resin, which is now precipitated on diluting largely with petroleum naphtha. The precipitate subsides.—Also, when the fat acid (and resin) arc treated with a mixture of*water and a nearly equal volume of alcohol, the resin is dissolved out. h. Soap may he precipitated from cold water solution by saturated solution of common salt (free from earthy bases), and washed on a fdter with the same salt solution, with but little loss, the uncombined alkali (and alkaline carbonate) and the glycerine being contained in the fdtratc and washings. The total of alkali in this'filtrate may now be determined by volumetric solution of acid, showing the uncombined alkali of the soap, in- cluding alkaline carbonate.—If the soap is dissolved in alcohol, alkaline carbonates remain undissolved and may be determined by adding volumetric solution of acid to the residue.—Free alkali may be precipitated from alcoholic solution of soap by passing through a stream of carbonic acid gas.—A qualitative QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SO Ax PS. 91 test for free alkali or alkaline carbonate is made by adding Mercuric chloride to the soap solution; a red-brown to red- yellow precipitate indicates free alkali—the fat acid salts forming only white precipitates. i. Then, for volumetric determination of the combined cdkali of the soap, the soap precipitate is rinsed (with dilute solution of common salt) from the filter into a beaker, and decomposed by a five-times stronger than normal standard solu- ti°n of (hydrochloric) acid, added to beginning of acid reaction. After which the fat acid may be separated as a cake and weighed, according to c—a weighed quantity of beeswax or paraffin being addod, if necessary to secure solidification. J- Determination of glycerin. Take 10 grams of soap, dissolve in alcohol, add alcoholic solution of sulphuric acid until Precipitation ceases, and filter. Add baric carbonate and filter aSam. Evaporate until all the alcohol is expelled, and weigh the sweet residue as glycerin (Sexier). Or, treat the filtrate hom acid precipitation of the fat acids with basic subacetate of Wd, filter, remove the excess of lead by hydrosulphuric acid aild filtration, neutralize with hydrochloric acid and extract with a fixture of alcohol 2 vols. and ether 1 vol. Evaporate this s°lvent and weigh as glycerin (Yoiil). A plan for determination of the constituents of soap, Viz-: (1)J Carbonates and other salts, color substances and foreign Matters; (2) Free Alkali; (3) Combined Alkali; (4) Fatty acids with resin ; (5) Fatty acids without resin; (6) Glycerin; (0 Water.* For(l); Digest ten grams soap with alcohol (five or six °unces) on water-bath, filter and wash with hot alcohol in a hot funnel. Dry the residue at 100° C. and weigh.' Analyze this r°siduo by solution with water, by alkalimetry, etc. For (2) ; Through the filtrate of (1) pass a stream of car- bonic acid gas; if a precipitate forms, continue until its forma- * Benier : “A Process,” etc., Am. Jour. Phar., 1874, 353. FUSIBLE NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES. tion ceases ; filter and wash and determine the alkali in the preci- pitate by a volumetric solution of (oxalic) acid. (See h.) For (3) : The filtrate from (2)—or if there was no precipitate in (2), the filtrate from (1)—after the addition of about an ounce of water, is evaporated on the water-bath to expel all the alcohol, and the (combined) alkali therein determined (as Soda or Potassa) by adding a normal solution of oxalic acid to acid reaction. (Compare i.) For (4) : To the mixture left in (3) add a little sulphuric acid ; then add ten grams of previously melted beeswax, heat on a water-bath to fuse the wax, cool, weigh the cake, and subtract the weight of the wax. (Compare c.) For (5) : Dissolve 40 grams of soap in water, decompose by dilute sulphuric acid, cool at temperature below 14° C,, separate and weigh the fatty acids; then digest them for some time Avith a mixture of water with nearly as much alcohol, until the subsi- dent liquid (Avhen the mixture has cooled and the fatty acids again solidified) ceases to be milky. Weigh the fatty stratum again; subtract the previous weight, and divide by four—for the resin in 10 grams soap. (Compare r/.) For (6) : Proceed according to the first method under j. For (7); Estimate by difference ;or by evaporation of another portion with alcohol and sand, as directed in a. GB. RESITTS. Compounds of C, H, and O. Vitreous and mostly brittle solids (when unmixed), softening and melting when gently heated, but not vaporizable (distinction from cam- phors) ; mostly heavier than water. The class includes some substances of pungent taste, some of poisonous effect, and some of intense color. Mostly insoluble or but slightly .soluble in prater: mostly soluble in absolute alcohol; by far the greater number soluble in ether and in benzole (means of separation from gums). Many resins are soluble in aqueous alkalies, by combi- nation as resin-soaps; and in alcoholic solution show the acid reaction. itEsnxs. 93 The resins of commerce include, first, vegetable exudates, of ''hich the Resins proper mostly contain some extractive matters; 0 Gum-resins being mixtures with gums; the Oleo-resins, mix- tures with volatile oils (including the source of common resin or c°lophony) ; and the Balsams, mixtures with volatile oils and acids formed by oxidation of volatile oils. Second, resins Extracted from plants by alcohol, including some of both the Me- icinal resins and the Color resins. And, third, resins obtained* rorn liquid plant juices which are dried as a part of the manu- a°ture; these including two bodies insoluble in alcohol, Caout- °houc and Indigo. 69. The separation of resins from volatile oils is effected by distillation with water; from gums, by fusion and straining at 100° C.; and from various bodies and from each other by JJ*ion °f the solvents applicable in the case. See Recapitulation, • Solution with alcohol and precipitation by pouring the solu- into water is by far the most generally applicable process ; s°hition with aqueous alkali and precipitation by acid may some- tinaes be employed. 70. The resinous matter of Aloes is fusible on the water- ath; insoluble in cold water, partly soluble in boiling water, freely soluble in alcohol, partly soluble in ether, scarcely at all s°luble in chloroform, benzole, naphtha, bisulphide of carbon, freely soluble in aqueous alkalies and in glycerin.—Aloes yields Puracumaric acid, as follows : The hot ammoniacal water solution ls precipitated with acetate of lead, the filtrate freed from lead dilute sulphuric acid, and this second filtrate is boiled in Presence of the (excess of) sulphuric acid—forming (from resin) Paracumaric acid in solution. The latter colors ferric chloride dark gold-brown.—The residue from an ammoniacal solution of Material containing aloes, when saturated with hydrochloric acid, fields the odor of aloes. Farther, see Aloin. 71. Amber Resin. Amber contains Succinic acid, Volatile °ilj and resin (two resins). Amber is a hard and brittle, more °r less transparent solid, of spec. grav. 1.065; tasteless, aro- 94 FUSIBLE SUBSTANCES. matic when rubbed or warmed, of various colors, chiefly yellow or orange.—Subjected to gradually increasing heat, it softens; at 110° to 260° C., evolves a volatile oil colored blue by hydrochloric acid ; at about 235° C., evolves succinic anhydride ; at 287 °, it fuses; at higher temperatures, yields first a colorless oil, then a yellowish wax.—Amber resin is insoluble in water, alcohol (except -jL which is soft resin), ether, benzole, bisulphide of carbon, petroleum naphtha, volatile and fixed oils, but soluble in fixed alkalies (except a slight residue) and in concentrated sulphuric acid (with a red color).—Fuming nitric acid changes it to a nitrogenous resin of musk-like odor and gelatinous con- sistence—“ artificial musk.” 72. Ammoniac Resin. Ammoniac contains 72 per cent, resin and 22 per cent, gums, and a little volatile oil. Ammoniac is a solid, soft when warmed, brittle when cold, of specific gravity 1.207, whitish to yellow-brown and dirty gray, of a sweetish- bitter and acrid taste and strong peculiar odor. Ammoniac is partly soluble in water, alcohol, ether, acetic acid, and aqueous alkalies. Ammoniac Rosin is wholly soluble in alcohol, in fixed and volatile oils, in sulphuric acid, acetic acid, and aqueous alka- lies, and partly soluble in ether. 73. Assafetida Resin. Assafetida contains over 60 per cent of resin, about 30 per cent, of gums, and about 4 per cent, of volatile oil (whereon its odor depends). Assafetida is a solid, soft when warm, and brittle when cold, of spec. grav. 1.327, having an intense fetid and alliaceous odor and a bitter, acrid, and persistent taste. Its color is variegated and altered, being on fresh surfaces whitish to yellowish, becoming reddish to yellow-brown on exposure.—The volatile oil is separated by dis- tillation with water, contains sulphur, and boils at 140° C.—■ Assafetida resin is readily soluble in alcohol, not wholly insolu- ble in water, nearly all soluble in ether, mostly soluble iu alkalies. 74. Benzoin Resins. Benzoin or “ benzoin-gum ” consists of about three-fourths part resins, 10 to 15 per cent, of Benzoic BESIKS. 95 aeid, with a little gum and a very little volatile oil. Benzoin is a brittle solid, of spec. grav. above 1.062, melting and evolving enzoic acid when heated; of variegated colors, fragrant bal- samic odor, and little taste, with slight acrid after-taste when chewed. Benzoin resins (three have been identified) are all soluble in alcohol, in concentrated sulphuric acid (from which precipitates them violet), and in strong potassa solution, ut insoluble in water. Resin-« is insoluble in aqueous carbon- a^e of sodium, or in ammonia, but soluble in ether. Resin-5 has the solubilities above given for a, except that it is insoluble in ether. Resin-c is sparingly soluble in ether and in volatile oils, aad soluble in aqueous carbonate of sodium. The ether solution c deposits a sediment which has been considered a fourth resin.—Dry distillation of benzoin, after removal of benzoic acid, gives a rose-red distillate. 75. Canauba Wax. Consists of myristic alcohol, resin, and °ther substance. It is a solid of spec, grav, 0.999, harder than beeswax, melting at 84° C., and of a greenish-yellow color. It ls insoluble in water; dissolves with difficulty in alcohol, in ether, and in bisulphide of carbon; dissolves readily in oil of turpentine, but not at all in linseed oil, and not in aqueous alka- nes. It is not changed by sulphuric acid, but is stained deep yellow by nitric acid. 76. Caoutchouc. Fusible at 120° C. (248° F.); not vapor- izable. The larger part soluble in ether, benzole, bisulphide of carbon, petroleum naphtha, or oil of turpentine; wholly soluble Ui chloroform, and in a mixture of 100 parts bisulphide of carbon 6or 8 parts of absolute alcohol. Sparingly soluble in hot amylic alcohol. Not acted upon by alcohol or aqueous alkalies; slowly decomposed by concentrated sulphuric or nitric acid. 77. Colophony. Resin of Turpentine. Common Resin or Rosin.—A pale-yellow to brownish-yellow, translucent, brittle, vitrcous solid, of spec. grav. of 1.07 to 1.08; softening at 70° R- and melting at 135° C. At a higher temperature it suffers destructive distillation, forming '“essence of rosinand then FUSIBLE S ÜBSTANCES. “ rosin oil.”—lnsoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzole, petroleum naphtha (with much difficulty), volatile and fixed oils, methylic alcohol, aqueous alkalies (fixed and volatile), anilin, and hot aqueous carbonate of sodium. The three constituents—pinic, sylvic, and colopholic (or pimaric) acids—vary in solubility in certain solvents ; cold dilute alcohol dissolving only pinic acid. 78. Copaiba Resins. Balsam of Copaiba consists of several resins and a volatile oil (a terpene). The most abundant of these resins, Copaiyic acid (the proportion of which is very variable), is a brittle solid, crystallizable in colorless rhoiribs; soluble in strong alcohol, ether, benzole, petroleum naphtha, volatile and fixed oils, and aqueous alkalies. Its alcohol solution reddens litmus. Alcohol solutions of the alkaline copaivates, with alcohol solutions of salts of non-alkaline metals, on adding water, preci- pitate white metallic copaivates, more or less freely soluble in alcohol. The silver precipitate is crystalline, and the lead preci- pitate slightly so.—The other resins arc soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils, and aqueous alkalies. 79. Copal. Spec. gray. 1.045 to 1.139. Brittle, softening at 50° C., more or less translucent, colorless to yellowish-brown. Consists of several resins. As a Avholc, it is imperfectly soluble in alcohol; slightly and slowly soluble in ether, bisulphide of carbon, ammonia; slowly soluble in oil of turpentine; readily soluble in oil of cajeput, or oil of rosemary, or “ oil of caout- chouc.” It is soluble in cold concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids, decomposing when these solutions are heated. Not soluble in alkalies; but combines with alkalies in boiling solu- tion to form a soap soluble in water not containing free alkali. 80. Dammara Resin. Australian. Dammaric acid with Dammaran—that is, an acid and a neutral resin.—Both resins are soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, turpentine oil, benzole, petroleum naphtha, and solutions of fixed alkalies. The acid resin is soluble, the neutral resin insoluble in aqueous alcohol.— jEast Indian dammara (ordinary dammara). Spec. gray. 1.04 RESINS. 97 1.09, brittle, melting when heated. Partially soluble in absolute alcohol, about soluble in ether, fully soluble in fixed and volatile oils, benzole, and bisulphide of carbon, and in con- centrated sulphuric acid with a red color. It is not soluble in arjneous alkalies. 81. Dragon’s Blood. A brittle, dark-brown, opaque, odor- ess> and tasteless solid; soluble (with red color) in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils, and mostly soluble in alkalies. ne alcoholic solution forms red or violet precipitates with Metallic salts. 82. Gamboge Resin. Gamboge is over three-fourths resin ; the rest mostly gums, with a little starch. Gamboge is a brittle, Pulverulent solid, of spec. grav. 1.22, burning when heated ; red- dish-yellow in mass, bright yellow in powder; nearly odorless at ol’dinary temperatures, but giving a peculiar odor when heated ; a sbght first-taste but a sweetish-acrid and dry after-taste when chewed, causing a flow of yellow-colored saliva.—Gamboge is easily emulsified with water, which dissolves gum from it, the being slowly deposited; is readily soluble in alcohol (with f little starchy residue), is soluble in aqueous alkalies, and yields lts resin (only) to the solvent powers of ether, chloroform, bisul- phide of carbon, and benzole (slowly). Boiling solution of sodic carbonate dissolves gamboge gelatinous. Gamboge is wholly dissolved by the successive action of ether and water (separation from commercial impurities).— Gamboge Resin (“gambogic acid ”—usually extracted from gamboge by ether) is soluble in c°ld, concentrated, sulphuric acid, with a red color, and precipi- tated unchanged by adding water to this solution (a characteris- tic reaction). Boiled writh nitric acid of 10 to 15percent, anhy- dride, the mixture then dissolved in alcohol and then treated with vater, a yellow precipitate is obtained (distinction from Saffron 0r Turmeric).—The aqueous alkaline gambogates are precipitated red by common salt, and give red precipitates with baric salts, yellow precipitates with zincic and plumbic salts, brown precipi- tates with cupric salts, and brownish-yellow with argentic salts 98 FUSIBLE SUBSTANCES. —most of these precipitates being somewhat soluble in water and in alcohol. For the separation of gamboge resin from associated medi- cinal resins (Hager) the material is triturated with 98 per cent, alcohol (and pulverized heavy spar) at a gentle heat, and the extract so obtained is dried and digested with chloroform. Aloes resin, Convolvulin, and Colocynth resin are left behind (with a part of Agaric) ; while the gamboge resin is dissolved, with Jalapin, Guaiac resin, Myrrh, Tolu resin, Senna resin (and a part of Agaric). The residue from this chloroform solution is now digested with boiling solution of sodic carbonate; when, of those named above as in the chloroform solution, only the gamboge resin will dissolve (with traces of senna and agaric). Acids separate the gamboge resin from its soda solution. 83. Guaiacum. A brittle, pulverizable solid, of spec. grav. about 1.2, melting at a moderate heat; of a faintly fragrant odor and persistent acrid after-taste. Its color is yellowish-green to reddish-brown; the former color induced by exposure to the air. Water dissolves a one-tenth of guaiac resin, strong alcohol about nine-tenths, alcohol of 83 per cent, slowly dissolves it all. Ether and oil of turpentine dissolve about as much as alcohol; benzoic does not dissolve it. It nearly all dissolves in aqueous alkalies. Sulphuric acid dissolves it with a fine red color (and formation of glucose and guaiaretin) ; the solution is precipitated violet with water, or violet- blue to blue-green by alcohol.—Guaiac resin is easy to suffer oxidation, whereby bright colors are produced. The powder and the alcoholic solution turn green by exposure to the air, or blue by exposure to ozone. The alcohol solution is also turned green by nitric acid, and blue by nitrous acid, chlo- rine, ferric chloride, or by ethereal solution of binoxide of hydro- gen in presence of blood-stains. Hyposulphite of sodium changes the blue color to violet and then bleaches it; sulphurous acid bleaches it slowly—or promptly if zinc has been placed in the acid. 84. Hemp Resin. Cannabin. Resin of Indian hemp.—-A light-brown, lustrous solid or soft solid, melting at 68° C., and R ESTES. 99 of a fragrant odor and bitterish, acrid taste. Insoluble in water, scarcely soluble in cold alcohol of 80 per cent., soluble in hot, strong alcohol, in ether, spirit of nitrous ether, chloroform, bisul- phide of carbon, cold volatile oils, and warm fixed oils. Insolu- ble in aqueous alkalies; having a neutral reaction. 85. Indigo Blue. C 8HSNO. Inodorous, tasteless, and neutral. Sublimes from the solid state, at about 288° C., with- out decomposition if in a current of air or in vacuum, forming Purple-red vapors in open vessels, and condensing in right rhombic prisms.—lt is insoluble in water, cold alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils when cold; hot alcohol and hot oil of tur- pentine and hot fixed oils dissolving it very sparingly. Insoluble 111 aqueous alkalies. Soluble in creosote and in hot phenic acid ; soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid (as sulphindigotic acid).— Indigo blue is separated from fixed substances by sublimation from platinum foil (good indigo having 7 to 10 per cent, of ash); and by the use of solvents which leave it in residue. It is valued, m numerous processes, by the quantity of chlorine or other bleaching agent necessary to decolorize it. 86. Jalap Resins. Resin of Jalap, of the pharmacopoeias.— A brownish, brittle, opaque, fusible mass, or yellowish-gray to yellowish-white powder; of a repulsive odor, slight at ordinary temperatures, but much increased on heating, and a pungent, acrid taste.—lt is soluble in alcohol (with neutral reaction), in a(lueous fixed alkalies and alkaline carbonates, and in acetic acid; in volatile and fixed oils,—Resin of jalap consists of distinct resins, Jalapin and Convolvulin; that of pharmaco- poeia! or Tuberose jalap being about one-ninth jalapin and eight- ninths convolvulin ; that of Fusiform jalap, mostly jalapin. 87. Jalapin (or Scammonin) is a soft amorphous solid, brittle at 100° C., melting at 150° C., white in powder, tasteless, modorous, and nearly neutral in reaction. It is very slightly soluble in water; freely soluble in ether, chloroform, methylic alcohol, benzole, petroleum naphtha, and oil of turpentine. Cold concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves jalapin; the solution be- 100 FUSIBLE SUBSTANCES. coming purple in five or ten minutes, then brown, and lastly black.—It dissolves in aqueous alkalies or their carbonates, and, on acidulating these solutions, Jalapic (Scammonic) acid is liberated—as a body soluble in water and having a strongly acid reaction. The salts of jalapic acid are nearly all soluble in water, but subacetate of lead precipitates it.—On heating Jalapin (or Jalapic acid) with dilute mineral acids, glucosic fermentation occurs, with formation of jalapinol and glucose. Jalapinol is in- soluble in cold, sparingly soluble in hot water, soluble in alcohol and in ether; soluble in aqueous alkalies with combination as jalapinolic acid. Jalapinolic acid, liberated from its alkali salts by acidifying, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and in ether. Its lead and barium salts are nearly insoluble in water.— Jalapin and jalapic acid are amorphous; jalapinol crystallizes in white cauliflowcr-1 ike masses, melting at 62° C.; jalapinolic acid crystallizes in tufts of needles (four-sided prisms), melting at 62° C. 88. (the larger portion of Tuberose jalap and a very small proportion of Fusiform jalap) is a brittle, vitreous solid, melting below 100° C. when moist, or at 150° C. when dry, colorless and transparent in mass, or white in powder, inodorous and tasteless, and of a slight acid reaction.—Nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, and aqueous alkalies and alkaline carbonates (as convolvulinic acid); not soluble in ether (separation from Jalapin).—lt dissolves slowly in cold concen- trated sulphuric acid, with a fine carmine-red color, afterward changing to brown; this change being a glucosic fermentation, with formation of convolvulinol and glucose. But dilute sul- phuric acid has no effect.—Convolvulic acid is formed in acidify- ing the alkaline solutions of convolvulin; it is a white solid, fusing above 100° C., having a strong acid reaction, and freely soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in ether. Its metallic salts are soluble, except that formed with basic acetate of lead. 89. Lac Resin. Stick Lac consists of about two-thirds resin, one-tenth coloring matter, with wax, gluten, etc. Seed JiESINK 101 Lac contains more resin and less coloring and nitrogenous matter. Shell Lac is about 90 per cent, resins, 5 per cent, wax, 2.5 per cent, gluten, and 0.5 per cent, coloring. The coloring matter of lac is soluble in water; is bright red with acids and deep violet with alkalies ; is precipitated by alum. Shell Lac is insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol; mostly soluble in methylic alcohol; wholly soluble in aqueous alkalies, and in water solution of borax, and in hydrochloric and acetic acids.—Lac resin is separated from most other resins, and from 111 any natural and commercial impurities, by dissolving in a solm Lon of part borax and 20 to 30 parts water to one part of lac. The solution may be diluted farther. (Good shell lac leaves not over 1.5 per cent, residue; poor, as much as 8 per cent.) By 10 per cent, ammonia at 25° to 30° C. lac is not dissolved, while Colophony dissolves and appears, after acidulation, as a precipi- tate. Cold ether (of 0.720 spec, grav.) does not dissolve more than 5 to 6 per cent., chloroform not over 7|- per cent, from good tae, the dissolved part being wax with a very little resin (separa- tion from Colophony and other resins). 90. Mastic. A translucent solid, brittle and inodorous at ordinary temperatures, but soft and ductile when chewed and fragrant when heated, of a faintly terebinthinate taste. Alcohol dissolves about four-fifths, leaving Mastiein undissolved. Ether, chloroform, and oil of turpentine dissolve it wholly. It is largely soluble in benzole. 91. Myrrh Resin. Consists of resins, about part; gums, about part; with a very little soluble extractive. Myrrh forms an emulsion and partial solution with water, a nearly com- plete solution with much aqueous potassa, and yields its resin to alcohol, ether, and chloroform.—The Resin of Myrrh is readily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform; slightly soluble in hot solution of sodic carbonate; about one-half part soluble in bisul- phide of carbon. That part extracted with bisulphide of carbon, when dissolved in alcohol and warmed with 25 per cent, nitric acid, gives a violet color. FUSIBL E S ÜBSTA NCES. 92. Olibaxum Resin. Frankincense. Incense.—Olibanum is about one-half part resin, one-third part gum, one-twelfth part volatile oil. The gum is soluble in water; the resin is soluble in alcohol. 93. Resin of Peru Balsam. About £ resins, -| volatile oil, less than -Jg- cinnamic acid. The Balsam is of thick-syrupy con- sistence; spec. grav. 1.15 (sinks in an 18 per cent, solution of common salt). Soluble in absolute alcohol in all proportions, or in 6 parts of 90 per cent, alcohol with slight turbidity ; perfectly soluble in all proportions of absolute ether, chloroform, and amylic alcohol. Bisulphide of carbon dissolves the greater part; benzole and petroleum naphtha dissolve about one-half. It mixes with about part of castor oil, and with part copaiba balsam. Sulphuric acid converts the balsam into a thick red mass. Aqueous alkalies dissolve out the resin. 10.0 of the bal- sam requires over 0.7 grams crystallized sodic carbonate to neu- trallize its cinnamic acid. 94. Podophillum Resin. Consists of two resins. Insoluble in water; wholly soluble in alcohol; about f part soluble in ether; wholly soluble in aqueous alkalies, from which solutions acids precipitate it (distinction from resins of Jalap and Scam- mony). Insoluble in benzole. 95. Sandarac. A brittle, yellow solid. Contains three resins. Sandarac is insoluble in water; wholly soluble in alcohol—f part dissolving easily in cold ordinary alcohol, a small part requiring boiling alcohol, and a still smaller part a large quantity of this solvent for solution. It is easily soluble in ether and in oil of turpentine, imperfectly soluble in bisulphide of carbon, benzole, petroleum naphtha, or linseed oil. Nitric acid colors it clear brown. 97. Resinous part of Storax. Consists of (two) resins, and Styracin or Cinnamate of Cinnyl (C9H9C9H702). Alcohol and ether dissolve the whole. In cold alcohol, the styracin crystal- lizes in tufts of prisms. Styracin is tasteless and odorless, more 96. Scammony Resin. Convolvulin. See Jalapin (87). JiESIArS. 103 feelj soluble ih Gtbei4 than m alcohol. Treated with hot nitric achl, oi with chromic acid, or with sulphuric acid and binoxide °f manganese, it yields benzoyl hydride (oil of bitter almonds). 98. Resins of Tolu Balsam. The Balsam consists of 80 to 0 per cent, of resin, about 12 per cent, of cinnamic acid, and ‘-ss than 1 per cent, of volatile oil. It is wholly soluble in a eohol, chloroform, volatile oils, and aqueous alkalies ; partly soluble in ether; insoluble in benzole, petroleum naphtha, bisul- P{uae of carbon, and solution of carbonate of sodium. The -o-esins of Tolu balsam are soluble in cold concentrated sulphuric acid, without change. 99. Separation of Resins by Solvents. Recapitulation. "Water dissolves a part of the resin of Assafetida, a part of Gamboge, about of Guaiac resin, and slightly dissolves Jalapin. a- Alcohol fails to dissolve of Amber, Canailba wax, Gioutchouc, a part of Copal, -fa of Guaiacum, Indigo blue (dis- solving slightly with heat), and of Mastic. l>. Aqueous Alkalies (potassa or soda) dissolve Aloes resin, Amber, Ammoniac, Assafetida (mostly), Benzoin, Colophony, Convolvulin (with change), Dammara (Australian), Dragon’s Ihood (mostly), Guaiacum, Jalapin (with change), Lae resin, Myrrh, and resins of Podophyllum and of Peru and Tolu bal- sams.—These solvents do not dissolve Canailba wax, Caoutchouc, Gopal, Dammara (East Indian), Hemp resin, Indigo blue, «• Ether dissolves resin of Aloes, Ammoniac (in part), Assafetida resin (mostly), Benzoin (in part), Canailba wax (with difficulty), Caoutchouc (mostly), Colophony, Copal (with diffi- Cl%), Dammara (in part), Dragon’s Blood, Gamboge, Guaiacum (in greater part), Hemp resin (Cannabin), Jalapin, Mastic, resin Peru balsam, -| of Podophyllum resin, Sandarac, Styracin, and resin of Tolu balsam.—Ether does not dissolve Amber, Indigo, and £ of Podophyllum resin. d. Chloroform dissolves Caoutchouc, Colophony, Gamboge, Guaiacum, Hemp resin (Cannabin), Jalapin, Mastic, Myrrh, 104 NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES, LIQUID OR FUSIBLE. resin of Peru balsam, resin of Senna, resin of Tolu balsam. —Chloroform does not dissolve Agaric (in chief part), resin of Aloes, resin of Colocynth, Convolvulin. e. Bisulphide of Carbon dissolves Canatiba wax, Caoutchouc, Copal (slowly), Dammara, Gamboge, Hemp resin, of Myrrh, resin of Peru balsam, Sandarac (in part).—It does not dissolve Amber, Indigo blue, of Myrrh, resin of Tolu balsam. f. Benzole dissolves Caoutchouc, Colophony, Dammara, Gamboge, Jalapin, Mastic (mostly), of the resins of Peru balsam, Sandarac (in part). Benzole does not dissolve Amber, Guaiacum, resin of Podophyllum, resin of Tolu balsam. g. Oil of Turpentine dissolves Ammoniac, Benzoin resin (in part), Canatiba wax, Caoutchouc, Colophony, Copal (slowly), Dammara, Dragon’s Blood, Guaiacum (mostly), Hemp resin, Jalapin, Mastic, Sandarac, resin of Tolu balsam.—It does not dissolve Amber, Indigo (without heating). h. Sulphuric Acid, concentrated, cold, dissolves Amber (with red color), Ammoniac, Benzoin resin, Convolvulin (with red color turning brown), Copal, Dammara (with red color), Gam- boge (with red color), Guaiacum (with red color, etc.), Indigo blue.—lt does not dissolve Caoutchouc. 100. VOLATILE OILS. In composition, Ist, Hydrocar- bons, or “ eleeoptenes,” mostly of the formula (C 1 a large class; 2d, Oxidized oils (C, H,O), including (1) hydrates of hydro- carbons, the “ stearoptenes ” or camphors, a moderate number being found alone and a large number in mixtures with the elss- optenes, (2) aldehydes, (3) compound ethers, generally in natural mixture with elseoptenes, (4) of irregular composition; 3d, Sulphurized oils (C, H, O, S), a small class, products of natural fermentation, and having odors resembling each other. 101. Mostly liquids, a few oils and stearoptene parts of oils melting at a little above ordinary temperature; the greater number lighter, a few heavier, than water; very slowly volatile VOLATILE OILS. 105 ordinary temperatures, mostly having boiling points above °° _ but distilling, slowly, with steam at 100° C., and ea\ ing a transient oil-spot on paper. They are noted for strong and persistent odors ; colorless, or with pale colors, in a few instances tinted blue with coerulein, transparent and possessed of stiong refractive powers.—The volatile oils are neutral in recic- °n> n°t generally liable to decomposition or combination except with oxygen. By air and light many of them alter and °im resinous bodies; the elasoptenes forming stearoptenes, and (by oxidizing agents) aldehydes forming acids. 102. Volatile oils are very sparingly soluble in water, requir- es intimate mixture and generally from GOO to 1,000 parts of tvater for solution; soluble in alcohol, and in all proportions of absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzole, petroleum naphtha, bisulphide of carbon, fixed oils and other volatile oils. Alkalies do not affect them.—Certain oils, after distillation with water, letain traces of water in solution. This occurs with oils of ber- gamot, cinnamon, cloves, juniper, lavender, lemon, rosemary, sassafras, spike, wintergreen; not with oils of amber, cedar, rue, turpentine. The presence of water is shown by turbidity on U'Oxture with several volumes of petroleum naphtha (Leuchs) . Volatile oils are scarcely at all soluble in aqueous solutions of chloride, nitrate or sulphate of sodium. 103. The volatile oils are characterized by their individual °dors, their physical properties (as stated above and in 105 and 106), by various special reactions (the most of which are stated IIX 107 to 114), by their refractive indices and their absorption spectra, and by their cohesion-figures when dropped upon a still surface of pure water.* 104. Volatile Oils are separated from substances more 0r less volatile by their distillation with steam; from many sub- stances by their slight solubility in water (farther lessened by * Tomlinson, Moffat : Chem. News, 1869. Crane : Am. Jour. Phar., 1874, Sept., and Phar. Jour., 1874, p. 243, et. seq. NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES, LIQUID OR FUSIBLE. common salt) and ready solubility in alcohol, ether, etc.—From Fixed Oils they may be separated by distillation with water; by solution in alcohol (not from castor oil); or by alkaline saponification of the fixed oil. From Alcohol, they may be separated (in greater part) by addition of water; (in part) by addition of fixed oil; (in part) by addition of dry chloride of calcium, and (with a little loss) by repeated distillations with water.—Also (qualitatively) by adding to 5 or 10 drops of the oil, in a test-tube, a fragment of dry tannic acid, agitating, and leaving several hours at ordinary temperature. In absence of alcohol, the tannin remains solid, porous, and floats; in presence of alcohol, it becomes pasty or liquid, and adheres to the glass or sinks (Hager).—Farther, volatile oils may be (quantitatively) separated from alcohol by glycerin (Hager) : In a graduated cylinder place 10 parts of the mixture of oil and alcohol and 10 parts of a mixture of |- gly- cerin and l water, agitate, and set aside a few hours for separa- tion. Read off" at about 17.5° C. (Oil of Balm is soluble in glycerin.)—Separation of volatile oils (or of Camphor) from alcohol may be made by water solution of nitrate or sulphate of sodium much more nearly than by water alone, and for approximately quantitative purposes. In a flask with a graduated neck, or a wide cylinder having its upper third narrowed and graduated, place about 3 vols. of a half-saturated solution of the salt and add 1 vol. of the alcohol solution of oil or camphor, agitate thoroughly, add enough of the salt solution to adjust the surface to graduated portion of the measure, and set aside at 20° to 25° C. until the liquids separate clear. The c.c. of oil multiplied by its spec. grav. equal the grams. For camphor (and if desired for oils) the process may be completed gravi- metrically, by adding about 3 parts of exactly weighed paraffin, fusing (inserting a platinum hook), and weighing when cold. Compare 67, c. VOLATILE OILS. 107 105. Colou and Specific Gravity of Volatile Oils. Color Spec. Grav. Volatile Oils. Color of the Crude Oil. after Kectlflca- tion. Amber, Yellowish or reddish-brown. Colorless or 0.80—0.88 yellowish. .98— .99 Anise, . Pale yellow to yellow. ! Balm, . Yellowish. .85— .89 Bergamot . Yellowish-green orbrown-yel- Colorless or .88— .95 low. yellowish. 1.04—1.06 .91— .94 .89— .95 .94 .91— .94 °3 °5 Bitter Almond, . Yellowish, growing darker. Cajeput, Calamus, Green. Pale yellow. Colorless. Camphor (oil of). Yellowish to reddish-brown. Colorless. Caraway, . Pale yel’w, growing brownish. Cardamom, Greenish-yellow. 00 9.3 Cascarilla, . Dark yellow. .‘91— !94 Chamomile, Dark blue. “ Roman, , Cinnamon, . “ (Cassia), . Light blue. Yellow, becoming darker. Light yellow to dark yellow. 1.03— l.CG 1.03— 1.03— .87— .91 .87— .89 .93— .94 .90— .97 .88— .93 .88— .93 .90— .99 Cloves, Copaiba, Brownish-yellow. Colorless or yellowish. Colorless. Coriander, . Yellowish. Colorless. Cubeb, Colorless. Cummin, Bill, . . Yellowish. Yellowish, becoming red-br’n. Eucalyptus, Fennel, C-albanum, . Colorless. Colorless, growing yellowish. Yellowish. O) QO. Galaneal, . Yellowish. 90— .91 Geranium, . Yellowish. 94 Hedeoma, . Light yellow. !00— .91 Hops, . Pale brownish yedow. Jasmin, Yellowish. Juniper wood, . “ berries, . Colorless or yellowish-green. Colorless, yel’wish or greenish. Colorless. .84— .89 .87— .90 Lavender, . Colorless, growing darker. Colorless. Colorless. .845- .885 Lemon, Yellowish. .87— .95 Mace, . Pale yellow. .89— .93 Marjoram, . Clear yellow. Colorless or yellowish. 1 10—1.13 Myrrh, 90— .93 Lutmeg, Pale yellow, darkening. 85— .90 Orange flowers, . Orange peel. Colorless, growing yellowish. Yellowish. Colorless. .83— .85 g0_ .90 Origanum, . Yellowish to brown-yellow. 1*03—1,04 ■Parsley, Yellowish. '.83- .89 Pepper (black), . Yellowish to clear-brown. Peppermint, Palo yellow, or greenish in- descent. .89— .03 Pimento (allspice) Colorless to yellowish. — .93 Rosemary, . Colorless or pale yellow-green. .83— .84 Hoses, . Colorless, reddish, or yel wisa; concrete below 303 C. Rosewood, . Pale yellow. 108 NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES, LIQUID OR. FUSIBLE. 105. Color and Specific Gravity of Volatile Oils.— Continued. Volatile Oils. Color of the Crude Oil. Color after Rectifica- tion. Spec. Gray. Rue, Yellowish. .85— .90 Sage, , Green-yellow or yellowish. .86— .93 Sassafras, . Yellowish to red-yellow. 1.06—1.08 Savine, Colorless or yellowish. .89— ,93 Spearmint, . Yellowish, becoming dark, red-brown. .91— .98 Tansy, Pale yellow or green yellow. .90— .95 Turpentine, Colorless. .87— .89 Thyme, Valerian, . Yellow-green, red-brown. .87— .89 Yellow-brown, green-brown. .90— .96 Wintergreen, . Wormseed (San- Reddish. Colorless. 1.14—1.17 tonica), Brownish-yellow. .91— .96 TV ormwood, Green. .88— .93 Y arrow, Ylang-Ylang, . Dark-blue. .87— ,93 .98 106. Solubility of Volatile Oils in Alcohol of sp. gr. 0.822 (90 per cent.) Take, in a test-tube, from a minim measure, 5 or 10 minims of the oil, and then as many minims of the alcohol as required, with agitation, to dissolve. The oils which form solutions more or loss turbid are given with figures in heavy type. It will be borne in mind that oils arc less soluble when old than' when fresh. Also, that mixtures of oils usually have solubilities mid- way between those of the individual oils therein. Alcohol required, at 17° to 30° C., for 1 vol. of oil of Amber, . . . . 3>< vols. Anise, .... 1 “ Balm, 3 “ Bergamot, . . . . “ Bitter Almond, . . .1 “ Cajeput, . . • .11 “ Calamus, .... 1 “ Caraway, . . • %to 1 “ Cardamom, . . M to 1 “ Chamomile, . . .8 “ Ciimamon, .... 1 vols. “ (Cassia), . .1 “ Cloves, . . . .1 “ Copaiba, . . . .0 “ Cubeb, . . . .25 “ Cummin, . . . .1 “ Fennel, . . . Ito 2 “ Juniper berries, . .10 “ Lavender, . . . .1 “ Lemon, . . . .50 “ VOLATILE' OILS. **aee> .... 5 voLs. -Marjoram, . . . . 1 “ Orange flowers, . . .Ito 3 “ Orange peel, . . .5 “ Earsley, . . . . 3V “ Peppermint, . . i u Rosemary, . . . .Ito 3 “ ■R0868. . . . 50 to 70 “ Rue, 1 vols. Sage, 1 “ Savine, , . . . 1 to 3 “ Tansy, .... 1 “ Turpentine, . . .9 “ “ rectified, . 10 to 13 “ Valerian, .... 1 “ Wormwood, . . .1 “ 107. Reaction of Volatile Oils with lodine and Bro- wne. (1) When about 0.1 gram of dry pulverized iodine is placed at ordinary temperature in a watch-glass and 4 or 5 drops °f the oil are dropped upon it: (a) Giving instantaneous reaction, with much heat and strong effervescence; Oils of Bergamot, Eucalyptus, Hops, Lavender, Lemon, Mace, Orange flowers, Orange peel, Savine, Turpentine, Wormwood (old). (b) Generating slight heat, ivith gentle effervescence: Oils of Anise, Balm, Caraway, Chamomile, Cubeb, DiU, Fennel, Juniper, Marjoram, Rosemary, Sage, Sassafras, Thyme. (c) Giving no reaction, or very slight: Oils of Amber, Bitter Almond, Cajeput, Calamus, Cascarilla, Cinnamon (Ceylon), Cinnamon (Cassia), Cloves, Mustard, Parsley, Peppermint, Roses, Rue, Sassafras, Thyme, Valerian, Wormwood (fresh). (2) Upon 5 or 6 drops of the oil, on a watch-glass, one drop °f bromine is let fall (Maisch). (a) Giving detonation with Oils of Amber, Bergamot, Hedeoma, Juniper berries, Juniper wood, Lemon, Turpentine. 110 NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES, LIQUID OR FUSIBLE. {h) Giving a hissing sound with Oils of Anise, Caraway, Sassafras, Wormseed. (3) To 5 or G drops of the oil, on a watch-glass, add 5 drops of ether solution of bromine (1 vol. bromine to 5 vols. officinal ether, added slowly, while cooling, just before use).* (a) Vapors evolved with Oils of Copaiba (green color ; afterward brownish-green with brown sediment). Cubeb (violet color, deepening ; afterward dark greenish-blue, with violet- black sediment). Orange peel (yellow color soon appears ; afterward pale brown and transparent). Patchouli (deep violet color, deepening ; sediment dark brown). Sassafras (at first cloudy ; afterward pale brownish-yellow). Spearmint, old, yellowish-red (color changes to yellowish-brown ; sediment lighter). Wintergreen (formation of a resinous white substance, spreading over the glass). (b) Vapors not evolved with Oils of Anise (white color ; with more bromine, yellowish-red). Bergamot (color greenish-brown yellow, then reddish-brown yellow). Bitter Almond (dissolves without reaction ; after evaporation of the ether, two liquids separate—one deep, the other light red). Cajeput (supernatant liquid scarcely colored; appearance of green droplets). Calamus (colors red-brown, brown-green ; finally a dark sediment). Caraway (little reaction ; sediment yellowish-brown). Cinnamon (color lemon-yellow, turning to amber-brown). Cloves (color greenish ; lower stratum alters to pale grayish-black), Hedeoma (color changed to purplish and darkened ; liquids not miscible). Lavender (light greenish, darkening to deep sea-green). Lemon, old (brisk reaction ; colors reddish-yellow and greenish). Mustard (miscible, colorless ; afterward milk-white). * Maxsch ; Proe. Am. Phar. A., 1859, 338. VOLATILE OILS. Nutmeg (at first colorless ; the lower stratum then brownish and milky to clear). Peppermint (colors yellowish, then reddish, then brown—thickening). Posemai y (colorless ; afterward lower stratum is light-brown). Pue (at first cloudy, then pale brownish yellow). Talerian (aii first purplish-black ; then upper stratum deep violet, lower greenish-black, marginal blue and red spots). (reaction is slow; heavier liquid red to brown; lighter liquid light brown and almost clear). Wormwood (darkens a little without movement). 108. Reaction of Volatile Oils with Sulphuric Acid aHd Alcohol (Hager’s Method). In a test-tube of about 1.3 centim. (0.5 inch) diameter, 5 or 6 drops of the oil are agitated )Vlth 25 to 30 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, after which is noted how much heat and how much turbidity, if any, have been produced. W hen the liquid, if heated, has cooled again, or 10 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol are added, with brisk shaking "bile the test-tube is closed by the finger. Now' the production color and of turbidity are noted. In case of turbidity, after standing, a subsident layer usually appears, having a character- ise color, and being soluble in cold or in hot alcohol or in chloroform. (a) The mixture of oil with acid and alcohol, is clear and transparent, or hut very slightly turbid, in case of Oils ot Anaber (with sulphuric acid, not heated, dark yellow and turbid ; after add- ing alcohol, yellow, slightly turbid, made clear by boiling). ■Anise (with the acid, in part dark red and thick, and in part clear and lim- pid ; with the alcohol the thick part remains dark and undissolved, while the liquid part is clear and nearly colorless), fitter Almond (with the acid, a brown color and much heat without turbi- ) dity ; with the alcohol, a clear and nearly colorless mixture). Cloves (with the alcohol, the mixture is nearly or quite .clear). Dill (with acid, generation of heat and vapors, with dark yellow-red color and some turbidity ; with alcohol, a pale cinnamon-brown mix- ture, nearly or quite clear—fulljr clear on boiling). 112 NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES, LIQUID OR FUSIBLE. Fennel (with acid, heat and vapors, the mixture dark red and pretty clear ; with alcohol, yellowish, clear solution). Mustard (with acid, very little heat, yellowish tint, clear ; with alcohol, colorless and clear). Nitrobenzole or ‘ ‘ artificial oil of bitter almonds ” (without turbidity). Peppermint, best (with the acid, slight heat and yellow-red color ; with the alcohol, light red, slightly turbid xnixtxxre, made clear by boiling). Peppermint, American /with the acid, heat and dark brown-red color ; with the alcohol, brownish and turbid, made clear by boiling). Roses (with acid, heat, thick vapors, and dark brown-red color ; with alco- hol, brown, clear, and transparent). Valerian (with the acid, heat and slight vaporization, dark red colox*, slight turbidity ; with the alcohol, red, turbid, but rendered clear by boiling). (£) The mixture of oil with acid and alcohol is left more or less turbidin case of Oils of Balm (with acid, heat, vapors, brown-red color, and turbidity ; with alco- hol, cinnamon-bi-own, somewhat turbid ; after boiling becomes clear with separation of dark drops). Bergamot (with acid, heat and vapors ; the alcohol solution pale grayish- yellow turbid, with floccxxlent separate after shaking; after one or two days, the residue is but slight and divisible on shaking, the liquid being clear yellow). Cajeput (with acid, heat and vapors, light yellow color and turbidity ; with alcohol, pale rose-gray turbidity, made clearer by boilixxg). Cax’away (with acid, heat and vapors, dark yellow to red-brown color, tur- bidity ; with the alcohol, a red and turbid xnixtxxre, made nearly clear by boiling). Cascax-illa (with acid, heat and vapors, dark brown-red color, txxrbidity ; with alcohol, the same ; an hour after boiling, dark brown-violet to bluish-red). Cinnamon (Cassia) (with acid, a strong heat and vaporization, dark black- bx-own, vex*y thick mixture ; after the alcohol, the dark viscid mass remains xnostly insoluble, with a milky olive-green liquid above). VOLATILE On.ti. 113 opa.ba (with the acid, heat and vapors, the color dark yellow-red, with turbidity ; with alcohol, red and turbid, not made clear by boiling). oriander (with sulphuric acid, heat and vapors, dark red color, scarcely turbid ; with alcohol, dark brown, with green shade, and turbid), ucalyptus (with sulphuric acid, heat and vapors, light reddish-yellow color, with turbidity ; with alcohol, very turbid, with whitish- peach-blow or pale rose-gray color). Cranium (with acid, much heat and thick vapors, turbid, dark yellow-red; with alcohol, turbid and dark brown ; after boiling, turbid and red-brown). Juniper berries (with acid, heat and vapors, turbid, dark-yellow-red ; after the alcohol, very turbid, sometimes flocculent, of blackish-rose color ; after boiling, turbid ; after a few hours, a light-colored resinous mass separates). Juniper wood (with acid, heat and vapors, turbid, orange-red ; with alcohol, pale yellowish, turbid before and after boiling). Havender (with acid, heat and vapors, turbid and brown-red ; with alcohol, turbid, dark brown with green tint). Hernon (like Bergamot oil: after one or two days, the slight residue forms opaque yellow drops not divisible by shaking). ace (with acid, heat and vapors, turbid, dark red; with alcohol, turbid and dark reddish-brown, not made clear by boiling), ■Marjoram (with acid, heat without vapors, turbid and yellow-red ; with alcohol, very turbid, peach-blow and almost milky ; turbid alter boiling). Orange flowers (with acid, heat and vapors ; after alcohol, turbid and brown, approaching red ; after boiling, a little darker and less turbid). Orange peel (with acid, a strong heat, turbidity and red-brown color; -with alcohol, whitish-yellow; turbid before and after boiling). Parsley (with acid, a moderate heat and a little vapor, very dark red ; with alcohol, very turbid, red, with swimming flocks). Posexnary (with acid, strong heat but no vapors, yellow-red and turbid ; with alcohol, milky turbid ; turbid after boiling). Hue (with acid, heat and vapors, dark red, turbid ; with alcohol, raspberry- red, turbid ; clear after boiling). Sage (like Oil of Rue), 114 NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES, LIQUID OR FUSIBLE. Savine (with acid, strong heat without vapors, moderately tu.-bid, dark red; with alcohol, turbid, reddish-clay-colored ; after boiling, less tur- bid, pale red). Tansy (with acid, heat and vapors, dark red, turbid with alcohol, yellow- red, less turbid ; after boiling, clear). Thyme (with acid, heat and vapors, red, turbid after alcohol; after boiling, clear, with swimming oil-drops). Turpentine (deviating greatly from differences of production and of age). Wormseed (Santonica) (with acid, moderate heat and vapors, dark red, tur- bid ; with alcohol, cinnamon-brown, turbid ; becoming clear on boiling). Wormwood (with acid, heat and vapors, red-brown, turbid ; with alcohol, dark, green-violet, opaque, turbid ; becoming clear with more alcohol). Ylang-Ylang (with acid, heat and vapors, turbid and dark red ; with alco- hol, pale brick-red and very turbid, less turbid after boiling). 109. Beaction of Volatile Oils on Sulphide-of-Lead- Paper (G. Williams), Blotting-paper is wetted in a dilute alcoholic solution of acetate of lead and dried in an atmosphere of hydrosulphuric acid. A few drops of the oil are let fall on a strip of this paper, which is placed in a (dry) dark place for 5 or 10 or 15 hours, when the degree of bleaching is noted. The paper is bleached by Oils of Lavender, Peppermint, Rosemary, Turpentine. The paper is not bleached by Oils of Anise, Bergamot, Cajeput, Cinnamon, Juniper berries, Lemon, Orange peel, Sage, Thyme. 110. Beaction of Volatile Oils with. Sodium (Dragen- doref). The Hydrocarbons are not affected; the Oxidized oils are more or less readily decomposed. Ten drops of the oil are treated with a small piece of the metal. The result is discovered after sor 10 minutes. (Alcohol causes a prompt reaction, with evolution of hydrogen.) Little or no change occurs with Oils of Amber, Bergamot, Copaiba, Lavender, Lemon, Nutmeg, Pepper, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sage, Turpentine. Oil of Mus- tard evolves hydrogen. VOLATILE OILS. 115 111. Identification of Hesinifled or Old Oils, or of esais or iixed Oils in mixture with volatile oils. Evaporate gram of the oil, on a tared watch-glass, at 70° to 90° C. (or °Vei water-bath). Fresh and unchanged oils, free from mix- Ule> leave only a scarcely perceptible and not weighable ■Residue. f Ihis residue, fully freed from volatile oil, may be tested for Castor Oil, by treatment for cenanthyc acid, as described under Acid (46). 112. Identification of Turpentine Oil. The sparing s°lubility of this oil izi aqueous alcohol affects its mixtures with °ther oils, but does not enable it to be separated. The alcohol should be 75 to 90 per cent.—Heppe’s test is with nitroferri- cyanide of copper—pi’eparcd by precipitating solution of sulphate °C copper with solution of nitroferricyanide of sodium, and "ashing and drying the precipitate. In a test-tube place a bit this reagent as large as a pea, then about 25 drops of the oil, aild heat, so as finally to boil for a few seconds, and set aside to subside. Tui'pentine oil (also lemon oil) does not suffer change, °r more than slight change—while the sediment of nitroferricy- aUide is green or blue-green. Other volatile oils are darkened to different colors; while the sediment of copper salt is gray, hrown, or black. 113. Identification of Valerian Oil. One drop of the oil ls dissolved in 15 drops of bisulphide of carbon, then shaken "bh sulphuric acid, and afterward one drop of nitric acid, of spec. grav. 1.2, is added. A fine blue color results when even slight portions of the oil are present (Fluckiger). 114. Identification of Oil of Peppermint. 50 to 70 drops of the oil, with 1 drop of nitric acid, of spec. grav. 1.20, lurns faintly brownish, and after an hour or two becomes fluores- cent—blue-violet or green-blue by transmitted and copper-color V reflected light (Fluckiger).—Chlozail hydrate, on contact "’ith oil of peppermint, colors it z*eddish. The tint deepens to cherry-red, is intensified by sulphuric acid, and varied to dark NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES, LIQUID OR FUSIBLE. violet by chloroform. (No color is obtained with oils of lemon, bergamot, juniper, rosemary, cloves, anise, or fennel.) For qualitative separation of Benzole from volatile oils, see 119; of Nitrobenzole from Bitter Almond Oil, see 120. 115. CAMPHOR. ClOH160. Laural Camphor.—A slightly unctuous, pellucid solid, friable with cleavage, of specific gravity 0.985 to 0.996; melting at 142° C. (288° F.), slowly vaporizable at ordinary temperatures, condensing in hexagonal plates, boiling at 204° C. (400° F.) It is soluble in 1,000 parts of water applied by ordinary contact, or in 150 to 200 parts of water by tritura- tion with an insoluble powder; freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzole, petroleum naphtha, methylic alcohol, amylio alcohol, creosote, acetic acid, mineral acids, bisulphide of carbon, fixed and volatile oils, and forms a liquid mixture with solid chloral hydrate.—Minute particles of camphor, dropped upon water, rotate, with velocity in proportion to their smallness. If an oiled pin-point is then touched to the water, the rotations are stopped, and the camphor particles carried out by the enlarging circular oil-film. By prolonged boiling with concentrated nitric acid or per- manganate of potassium, camphor is changed into Camphoric Acid. The latter is sparingly soluble in water, from which it crystallizes in colorless scales or needles, of sour and bitter taste, melting at 70° C., and forming insoluble salts with lead and many other metals.—By heating in a closed vessel with bromine, Bromated Camphor is formed, as a crystallizable solid, not soluble in water. 110. CREOSOTE. Chiefly Creosol, CeH10O2, and Guaiacol, C 7H802. An oily limpid liquid, of spec. grav. 1.060 to 1.085, colorless or yellowish (growing brownish in the light), boiling at 200° to 206° C. (392° to 403° F.), having a neutral reaction, a strong and persistent smoky odor, and a very caustic and smoky taste. It is soluble in 60 to 90 parts of water, in all proportions CBE OS 0 TB. ANTEBA CBNE. ALIZA BIN. 117 alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzole, petroleum naphtha, fixed ,l(-l \olatile oils, anhydrous glycerin, acetic acid, sulphuric acid combination and brown color), and in an equal part of Sulphide of carbon. It is soluble in aqueous alkalies—forming salts. It dissolves (and in commerce usually contains) .°ut per cent, of water, from which it is separated by mixture a large quantity of benzole. Creosote resembles Phenic Acid, in most of its physical Properties, and in its reactions with nitric acid, ferric salts, bro- diine, gelatin, and albumen. It is distinguished from Phenic (icid by not crystallizing when pure; by gelatinizing collodion; } not giving a blue color wr:th ferric salts in a slightly alcoholic tlnd sufficiently dilute solution of ferric chloride, as specified llnder Phenic acid, 35, c (Fluckiger’s test) ;by not forming a clear mixture with a double volume of 18 to 20 per cent, ammo- llla’ 0r with 5 volumes of ordinary (slightly aqueous) glycerin, 0r with a greater volume of bisulphide of carbon; and by dtore sparing solubility in water. 117. ANTHRACENE. Cl 4H10. A colorless solid, crys- taPizing in the monoclinic system, often in four or six-sided *ahlets, having spec. grav. 1.147, melting at about 213° C., sub- bing slowly from the solid, and distilling rapidly at 300° C. llen pure, the crystals show blue or violet fluorescence. It is tasteless and odorless, but its vapor at the distilling point is dis- agteeable and irritating.—It is insoluble in water, sparingly s°luble in cold, moderately soluble in hot alcohol, soluble in ether, benzole, and oil of turpentine,—It is not affected by ahvalies; is acted on by nitric acid, and dissolved with green c°lor by sulphuric acid. With picric acid, in saturated alcoholic s°lution, it forms a salt crystallizing in red needles. 118. ALIZARIN. Cl 4H804. A yellow to red-yellow solid; hj sublimation (at 215° C.) crystallizing anhydrous in red Prisms, and from solutions crystallizing in golden scales of the 118 NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES, LIQUID OR FUSIBLE. hydrate.—Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether (with yellow color) and in concentrated sulphuric acid (with brown color) ; soluble in aqueous alkalies and alkaline carbonates (with purple color); these solutions being precipitated (orange) by acids, in good part even by carbonic acid gas. The ammo- niacal solution, with salts of magnesium, iron, copper, and silver, forms purple and iridescent precipitates; the potassa solution is decolorized by lime-water, and the alcohol solution is decolorized by alumina with formation of a red precipitate. 119. BENZOLE. CGHSH with traces of its homologues. Coal-tar naphtha. Benzene.—A colorless limpid liquid, of about 0.85 spec, gray,, crystallizing at 0° C., melting at 5.5° C., boiling at 80° or 81° C. (176° or 178° E.), and of a characteristic pleasant odor, reminding of x'ose and of chloroform. It burns with a bright, smoky flame. It is not perceptibly soluble in water (to which, however, it imparts odor), but is soluble in all proportions of alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum naphtha, etc. It dissolves sulphur, jxhosphorus, iodine, .fixed and volatile oils, camphors; many resins (see 99, /"); many alkaloids (not cinchonia) (133). It is distinguished from Petroleum Naphtha by its generally greater solvent power (by dissolving hard pitch), and, more accurately, by its formation of nitrohenzole and products of the latter, as follows; Equal volumes of nitric acid of spec. grav. of 1.5 or of concentrated nitric acid containing nitrous acid, and of the liquid tested for benzole, are digested in a test-tube by immersion in hot water. The nitrohenzole rises in droplets, and is recognized by its odor of bitter almond oil and by its giving anilin with reducing agents, as stated at 120. Or, for more delicate test—as in presence of Volatile Oils : A few drops of the liquid to be tested are mixed in a cooled tube with four times their volume of fuming nitric acid ; the mixture is agitated and left a quarter of an hour; then mixed with ten times its bulk of water (which separates drops of nitro- benzole). Agitate with ether, which takes up the nitrohenzole; PETROLEUM NAPHTHA. NITROBENZOLE. 119 decant the ether solution, filter, quickly distil the ether from the filtrate. To the residue add 1 or 2 c.c. of acetic acid and a Particle of iron (filings), and distil over a very small flame. As s°on as the liquid is nearly evaporated, add 2or 3 c.c. of water and distil again. Mix the distillates (if acid, neutralize with lime and filter), and test with chlorinated lime for anilin (violet color) (125, a). 119|. PETROLEUM NAPHTHA. Gasolene. “ Ben- 2ene.'’—The rectified distillate of petroleum, having a boiling P°int of about 49° C. (120° E.)—specific gravity about 0.665, Consists chiefly of C H H, with a little CPH,,H and other ■j %J 5 11 7 613 nomologues,—Characterized by an agreeable odor and anaesthetic effect; by a wide range of solubilities; and by resisting the action of alkalies and most acids, while decomposed by heating 'ydh nitric acid.—Distinguished from* Benzole by a lower specific gravity (even when both are of the same boiling point), an J- ' Papayerina. C2OH21N04.—Colorless, acicular crystals.—136? 138. Paytina. ColHo,N'o0.—Coloi’lcss crystals. 21 24 2 Physostigmia. Cl 5H21N302. Amorphous, brownish-yellow; solutions, red to blue.—l 36, 140. Picrotoxin. CI2H 05.—Needles; stellate; lamince. Reduces cupric hydrate.—137. Piperin. C, ,HIOWO,.—Colorless, monoclinic prisms. Melts at 100° C.—136, 138. Pseudomorphia. Cl 7H10K‘O4.—Fine, lustrous crystals.—l 36, 138, 141. Quinia. C2OH24N2O2.—Hydrate, in fine needles. Solutions, blue-fluorescent.—l 36, 140. Quinidia. C2OHO4NoO„.—Transparent, monoclinic prisms, efflo- rescent.—136, 140. Rhceadia. ColH21N06.—Small, white prisms. Melts at 232° C. —Purple-red with acids. Sabadillia. C2OH26N2O5.—Cubic crystals (Needles'?). Reacts with sulph. acid like Veratria (136) 135, e. Salicin. Cl 3H1807. Tabular or scaly crystals. Melts at 120° C. A Glucoside.—l36. Saponin. C 32.—Amorphous. Aromatic odor, sweet taste, burning after-taste. A Glucoside. Solania. G43HCONO10.—Silky needles ; right, four-sided prisms. A Glucoside.—l36, 138. Strychnia, C„„H„ N On.—Four-sided prisms, trimetric, white. Fusible.—l 36, 137. Thebaina. Cl 3H21N03.—Thin, square tablets of silvery lustre. Fusible.—l 36, 138. SOLUBILITIES. Reobromina. C 7H8N402.—Microscopic, trimetric crystals, in club-shaped groups.—l 36, 140. eratria. C 3208.—White or greenish-white crystallized powder. Warmed with HCI, violet.—l 36. 133. Solubilities of the Alkaloids .—ln alcohol they are generally freely soluble, the following being the only important exceptions and notices to be made : affeina—in 30 parts strong alcohol. orphia—in 30 parts boiling or 50 parts cold absolute; in a somewhat smaller quantity of 90 p. c. alcohol. RReeina—easily in hot, in 950 parts cold 85 p. c. alcohol, —in 25 parts boiling or 100 parts cold 85 p. c. alcohol, —slightly in hot, scarcely at all in cold alcohol. seudomorphia—nearly insoluble. ®°lania—in 150 parts hot or 500 parts cold alcohol. S tryehnia—difficultly soluble in absolute, soluble in 115 parts of 95 p. c., 125 parts of 90 p. c., 130 parts cold or 15 parts boiling 75 p. c., 250 parts cold or 25 parts boiling 50 p. c. alcohol. Theobromina—in 50 parts hot or 1500 cold alcohol. The solubilities given for ether in the table refer to ether nearly or quite free from alcohol. Benzole (of coal-tar), as used below, distils at 60° to 80° C. (140° to 176° F,), leaving no residue. Amy lie alcohol dissolves 0.1568 part of Codeina, 0.0026 part of Morphia, 0.0032 part of Narcotina, 0.0130 part of Papaverina, Rnd 0.0167 part of Thebaina (Kubly). Ether dissolves from acid solutions—Colchicin, Digitalin, Ticrotoxin—in general not the (other) alkaloids. Petroleum JVaphtha, as used below, distils at from 40° to C. (104° to 140° F.), leaving no residue. Amylic Alcohol should be strictly free from ethylic alcohol. The acid used with chloroform, benzole, etc., is sulphuric aeid, added just to an acid reaction, and forming sulphates of the alkaloids. 128 SOLUBILITIES OF ALKALOIDS. Water. ! Fixed Al- kali with water. Ammonia with water. Ether. Chloro- form. Benzole. Petroleum Naphtha. Chloro- form with acid. Benzole with acid. Petroleum Naph.with acid. Amyl. Ale. with acid. Aconitia. Atropia. Berbcrina. Sol.lSOptsJ (As water) In60pts. {Soluble. boil. j Spar’g sol. Soluble. Spar’g. sol. Soluble. (As water) Sol. 2 pts. Sol. 80 pts. Insoluble. Sol. 2.5 pts. Sol. 4 pts. Slight, sol Soluble. Sol. 50 pts. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Slight, sol. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Slight, sol. Slight, sol. Soluble. Brucla. In 500 pts.! (As water) boll. In 90 pts. Soluble. cold. ! In 2500 pts. Insoluble, boil. i Soluble. Insoluble. Sol. 4 pts. Sol. GO pts. Sol. 120 pts. Insoluble. Slight, sol. Caffeina. CInchonia. Soluble. Insoluble. Sol.500 pis. Sol.400 pts. Sol. 5 pts. Sol. 60 pts. Soluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Near.lnsol Soluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Clnchonldia. Codclna. Colchicia. In 3000 pts. cold. In 75 pts. cold. Soluble. (As water) (As water) Soluble. Sol.150 pts. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Sol. 12 pts. Spar’g. sol. Slight, sol. Insoluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Conla. Daphnin. Delphlna. In 100 pts* Spar’g. sol. Insoluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Sol. G pts. Near, insol Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Near, insol Slight, sol. Soluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Bigitalin. Eraetia. Ergotina. Hydrastia. Slight, sol. Spar’g. sol. Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Soluble. Spar’g. sol. Slight, sol. Near.lns’l. Insoluble. Spar’g. sol. Spar’g. sol. Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Hyoscyamia. Igasuria. Lobellna. Sol. hot. Spar’g. sol. Slight, sol. (As water) Spar’g. sol. (As water) Soluble. Spar’g. sol. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Morphia. Narcclna. * Harcotlna. In500,b’ll* In300,b’ll* In'IOOO.b’l.* Soluble. (As water) Insoluble. Slight, sol. Slight, sol. Insoluble. Insoluble* Insoluble. Sol.l20pts* Sol. 90 pts. Spar’g. sol. Sol. 8 pts. Insoluble. Slight, sol. Sol. 25 pts. Insoluble. Insoluble. Near, insol Insoluble. Soluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Spar’g. sol. . ' ' ..... - . Glucosides have the termination N. The * refers to explanation given below for the alkaloids, alphabetically. SOLUBILITIES OF ALKALOIDS. 1 "Water. Fixed Al- kali with! water. Ammonia with water. Ether. Chloro- form. ! 1 Chloro- Benzole. Petroleum form with | Naphtha, j acid. Benzole with acid. Petroleum' Naph.with: Amyl. Ale. acid. Iwlth acid. j Nlcotia. | Oplana. ; Papayerina. Paytlna. Physostigmia Picrotoxin. Plperin. Pseudomor- phia. Quinla. ! Qulnldia. 1 Ehoeadia. 1 Sabadlllla. j Sallcln. i Saponin. 1 Solanla. 1 Strychnia. i Thehalna. ; Theohromina 1 Veratrla. Soluble.* Slight, sol. hot. Insoluble. Soluble. (As water) Insoluble. { (Afc water) Insoluble. Soluble. Slight, sol. Spar’g. sol. Soluble. Soluble, j Sol. 40 pts. Soluble. 1 Sol. warm. Insoluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Slight, sol.! Slight.sol. (Aswater)! Sol. 50 pts. Soluble. hot. 1 Near.insol. (Decomp.) Spar’g. sol. Soluble. Soluble. iSoluble. Soluble. Soluble. Sol.250pts. Soluble. Sol. 90 pts. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble ? Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Soluble. Slight, sol. Insoluble. Soluble. Spar’g. sol. Soluble. Soluble. Insoluble. In ISOOpts.* In 750 pts. Soluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble.* Sol. SO pts. Insoluble. Sol. 50 pts. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. insoluble* Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Spar’g. sol. Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Sol.lSOOpts insoluble. Insoluble. Spar’g. sol. Spar’g. sol. Near. Insol Near. Insol Soluble. Soluble. In 8000,boll In 6500pts. Soluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Spar’g. sol Insoluble. Sol.4000 pts Insoluble* Insoluble. Sol. 7 pts. Slight, sol. Sol. 160 pts. Insoluble. Sol .350 pts. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Ins’l.(c’ld) In 750 pts. 1 In 1000 pts | hot. Insoluble. Soluble. (As water) Insoluble. (Soluble. Spar’g. sol Soluble. Near. Insol Sol. 12 pts Spar’g. sol. Spar’g. sol. Sol. 2 pts. Sol. 18 pts. Slight, sol. Soluble. Insoluble. Slight, sol Soluble. Soluble. Slight, sol. Insoluble. Insoluble. Slight, sol. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. Soluble. Spar’g. sol. * Conia—less soluble In hot loater than cold (distinction from Nlcotia) - SOlUW° traCeS at 20° SparIngly EOl"We ln elher' Whcn *oth and amorphous. * Nfcotla^^hrtl?all&2nco?dS water. S°1UbleIn C°W Acetlc acl hy metatungstic acid (c) ; by potassio cadmic iodide (d); picric acid (with distinguishing exceptions) (e); by tannic (with exceptions and peculiarities) (f) ; by solution of iodine with iodide (g). a. The potassio mercuric iodide reagent is prepared by add- lnS to solution of mercuric chloride enough potassio iodide to dissolve the precipitate first formed. It gives precipitates in oven dilute solutions of nearly all alkaloids except Caffeina, Colchicin, Digitalin, Theohrom ina y the precipitates being mostly yellowish-white. For the reactions with the Volatile Alkaloids and Ammonia, see 131. The precipitates are insoluble m acids (distinction from ammonia), or in dilute alkalies, but soluble in alcohol and (in many cases) in ether—also, in many oases, soluble in excess of the precipitant,—For the extraction of the alkaloid from the precipitate, triturate the latter with stan- nous chloride and enough potassa solution to give a strong alka- •lhie reaction, then exhaust with ether or chloroform, or, if the alkaloid is not soluble in these, add potassio carbonate instead of potassa and extract with strong alcohol. For the volumetric determination by potassio mercuric mdide (Mayer), the reagent is prepared with 13.55 grams mer- onric chloride, 5 grams potassic iodide, and water to one litre. this standard solution, 1 c.c. precipitates, of each alkaloid, the quantities stated below; Aconitia, 0.0268 gram. Atropia, 0.0145 “ Brucia, 0.0233 “ Cinchonia, 0.0102 gram. Conia, 0.0043 “ Morphia, 0.0200 “ 140 ALKALOIDS. Narcotina, 0.0213 gram. Mcotia, 0.0040 “ Quinia, 0,0108 “ Quinidia, 0.0120 gram. Strychnia, 0.0167 “ Yeratria, 0,0269 “ The volumetric determination is somewhat unsatisfactory, by reason of the slowness with which the precipitate subsides. The alkaloid solution is slightly acidulated with sulphuric or hydrochloric acid ; after each addition of the reagent the mixture is strongly shaken and left to subside ; then a drop of the clear liquid is placed on a blue or black glass plate, and treated with a drop of the reagent—to learn whether further addition is necessary. i. Phosphomolybdic acid solution*—Sonnenschein’s Re- agent—gives amorphous and mostly yellow precipitates with the alkaloids, as belowr. The alkaloid solution should he neutral or slightly acid, as alkalies dissolve the precipitate in most cases. The reaction with ammonia should be noted ten minutes after its addition. Aconitia. PRECIPITATE. Yellow. WITH AMMONIA. ON BOILING, Blue solution. Colorless. Anilin. Blue, then yellow. U u Atropia. Yellow. Blue to colorless sol. Colorless. Berberina. Blue solution. “ Brucia. Orange. Yellow-green solution. Brown. Caffeina. Yellow. Colorless solution. Cinchonia. Whitish-yellow. (( ii Codeina. Brownish-yellow. Green solution. Orange-red. Colchicin. Yellow. Bluish solution, in % hr. Conia. Y ellow-white. greenish. Bluish or greenish pre. Colorless. * The yellow precipitate formed on mixing acid solutions of molybdate of ammonium and phosphate of sodium—the phosphomolybdate of ammo- nium—is well washed, suspended in water, and heated with carbonate of sodium until completely dissolved. The solution is evaporated to dryness, and the residue gently ignited till all ammonia is expelled (sodium being substituted for ammonium). If blackening occurs, from reduction of molybdenum, the residue is moistened with nitric acid and heated again. It is then dissolved with water and nitric acid to strong acidulation ; the solution being made ten parts to one of residue. It must be preserved from contact with vapor of ammonia. general reagents. 141 ' *%italin. PEECIPITATE. WITH AMMONIA. ON BOILING. Gray-yellow. Yellow, on warm- Blue solution. Green, then Emetia. ®rgotlna. Morphia. ing dissolves gr’n. colorless. Yellowish. (A precipitate.) Yellowish. Dark blue sol., in A hr. a blue residue falls. Brown-yellow, be- •^arcotina. Scotia. coming resinous. Brown-yellow. Yellow. Blue solution. In dilute sol., no aiperin. ff’iperidiu. Quinia. Quinidia. precipitate. Yellow. Blue precipitate. Brown-yellow. Colorless solution. Clear yellow. Blue solution.) Yellow-white. Whitish precipitate. n << u ®°Iania. fcrychnia. heobromina. Yellow. Colorless solution. Yellow-white. “ “ U veratria. Yellow. Colorless precipitate. c* Metatungstic acid precipitates alkaloids from very dilute solutions (Scheibler). The reagent may he prepared by adding Phosphoric acid to a solution of ordinary tungstate of sodium as °og as a precipitate is formed and redissolved. The precipitates ar° white and flocculcnt. This test is more delicate than that Mdh phosphomolybdic acid. Scheibler states that a distinct turbidity is produced in a solution of one part of quinia or shj ehnia in 200,000 of water. d- Potassio cadmic iodide solution (prepared like potassio Mercuric iodide*) (Marme’s test) gives gray-yellow to yellow Precipitates with the alkaloids. The solution of alkaloid should 0 feebly acidulated with sulphuric acid. The precipitates are easily soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether, soluble in excess of e reagent, and decompose on long standing. Precipitates are obtained with . ” Dissolve 20 parts iodide of cadmium and 40 parts iodide of potassium m *3O parts 0f water. 142 ALKALOIDS. Aconitia, Atropia, Berberina, Brucia, Cinchonia, Codeina, Conia, Curarin, Cytisin, Delphina, Emetia, Hyoscyamia, Morphia, Narceina, Narcotina, Mcotia, Papaverina, Physostigmia, Piperin. Piperidin, * Quinia, Quinidia, Sanguinarin (red), Strychnia, Thebaina, Yeratria. No precipitates are obtained (in dilute solutions) from Col chichi, Solania, Theobromiua, or from other known glucosides and neutral substances.—The alkaloids are obtained from their precipitates by adding an excess of carbonate of sodium, drying, and extracting with ether, chloroform, or benzole, according to the solubility of the alkaloids sought. c. Picric or Trinitrophenic acid precipitates from water solutions the larger number of the alkaloids, especially as sul- phates. Presence of free sulphuric acid generally promotes these precipitations and enables them to be formed in more dilute solutions. On the contrary, they are dissolved by hydrochloric acid. No precipitates are formed by picric acid, in acid sulphate solutions of Anilin, Caffeina, Morphia, Pseudomorphia, Solania (unless by long standing), Theobromiua, and the Glucosides.— Aconitia and Atropia are not precipitated except in concentrated solutions.—Atropia and Morphia are, however, precipitated in neutral solutions.—Sabadillia in 150 parts of water is not precipitated. Full precipitates are obtained from the strongly acid sul- phates of Berberina, Colchicin, Delphina, Emetia, the Cinchona alkaloids, the Opium alkaloids with the exceptions above given, the Strychnos alkaloids, Yeratria, etc. The following results are obtained by treating about a grain of a water solution of (neutral) salt of the alkaloids with an alcoholic solution of picric acid (Wormley) : general reagents. 143 Aconitia. Precipitate. Yellow, amorphous. Least quantity of alkaloid showing precipitate. 1 frrQin Atropia. Brucia. Codeina. Conia. Morphia. ■^areeina. 2 0 0 0 0 Yellow, crystalline. 1 a Yellow. Yellow, amorphous. Yellow, crystalline. Yellow, amorphous. a u 1 4 0 0TO To1W 1 i tro o _- i . Too t u u 66 66 66 u u 5 o o TITO (TIT 1 66 Nicotia. u a 66 Solania. u u TO O To _ 1 . 66 Strychnia. Yellow, crystalline. To o o TTo o¥ 66 Yellow, amorphous. To To 66 Hie alkaloids may be extracted from their picrates by addi- (’011 °f an alkali and chloroform, benzole, or other suitable s°lvent. (Alcohol does not dissolve potassic picrate; but it takes UP the excess of potassa.) f Tannic acid—in solution with 8 parts of water and 1 part °t alcohol—gives whitish, grayish-white, or yellowish precipi- tates with nearly all the alkaloids. In the larger number of lnstances these precipitates are easily soluble in acids, frequently dissolving in excess of the tannic acid; on the contrary, some of alkaloids are precipitated by tannic acid only in strong acid s°lutions. Ammonia dissolves the tannates of the alkaloids. ri Aro precipitates are obtained with Piperin, Salicin, or Saponin. Dilute acetic acid dissolves the precipitates of tannates of Brucia, CafFeina, Colchicin, Morphia, Physostigmia, bJinnia (if the acid is not very dilute), Solania, Yeratria, told dilute hydrochloric acid does not dissolve the precipi- tates of tannates of Aconitia, Berberina, Brucia (slightly dis- s°lves), CafFeina, Cinchonia, Colchicin (dissolves slightly), Del- phina. Digitalin, Narcotina, Papaverina, Thebaina, Solania, ■ trvehnia (dissolves sparingly), Yeratria. 144 ALKALOIDS. Cold dilute sulphuric acid does not dissolve the precipitates of tannates of Aconitia, Physostigmia, Quinia, Solania, Veratria. Precipitates are formed in neutral solutions (not very dilute),, but not in slightly acid solutions, yet completely formed in solu- tions strongly acidulated with sulphuric acid, by Aconitia, Physostigmia, Solania, Yeratria. Concerning the reactions of the Volatile Alkaloids with tannic acid, see 131. Alkaloids are separated from their tannates by mixing the moist precipitate with oxide or carbonate of lead, drying the mixture, and extracting with alcohol, ether, or chloroform. g. Water solution of iodine in iodide of potassium precipi- tates the alkaloids in general. The solution is made of 3 parts of iodine, 5 of iodide, and 50 of water. (Wormley ; 1 of iodine, 3 of iodide, and 60 of water.)—The precipitates are yellow, orange-yellow, reddish-brown, and brown.—JVb precipi- tates are obtained with (Ammonia), Caffeina (in neutral solution), Digitalin (or but slight turbidness), Solania, Theobromina.—- Yellow precipitates are given by Atropia (sparingly saturated), Hyoscyamia, Physostigmia, and Trimethylamia (orange-yellow). Red-hrovm precipitates are obtained with Aconitia, Codeina, Conia, Lobclina, Morphia, Narceina, Narcotina, Nicotia, Quinia, Strychnia, and Yeratria. 136. Concentrated sulphuric acid gives characteristic reac- tions with some of the alkaloids; and a greater number of good indications are given by Frcehde’s reagent, which consists of 0.01 gram molybdate of sodium dissolved in 10 c.c. of concentrated sulphuric acid (and so prepared freshly each time it is required). For these tests the alkaloids must be almost absolutely free from impurities not alkaloids. One or two miligrams of the alkaloid are dropped upon 15 drops of the acid. Aconitia. CONC. SULPHURIC ACID. FRCEHDE’S REAGENT. Slight yellow to yel.-br’n. Yellow-brown ; colorless. Amygdalin. Light violet-red. Atropia. Colorless solution. Colorless. REACTIONS WITH SULPHURIC ACID. 145 CONC. SULPHURIC ACID. fboehde’s reagent. Berberina. Dark olive-green. Greenish-brown to brown. -^rucia. Pale rose. Red ; yellow. Caffeina. Colorless. Colorless. Cinchonia. Colorless. Colorless. Codeina. Colorless. Green ; blue ; yellowish. Colchicin. Yellow. Yellow. Colocynthin. Cherry-red (slowly). Colombia. Orange, turning red. Pale yellow. Conia. Colorless [pale reddish ?). Cubebin. Bright red, then crimson. Curarin. Lasting blue. ■Celphina. ■^igitalin. Brownish. Brown to red-brown. Red-brown. Orange ; cherry-red ; br’wn. ■Elaterin. Red. Yellow. Ctnetia. Brownish. ®rgotina. Red-brown. Yellow-red, Colorless ; after heating, purple. Brownish. %asuria. Rose-color : yellowish ; greenish. C'iraonln. Yellow-red. (Opianyl). M°rpbia. (With heat, blue to purple). Colorless. Violet; green - yellow ; violet. ■^arceina. Brown to yellow. Yellow-brown ; yellowish ; colorless. ■^arcotina. ■^icotia. Yel. ; purple after warm g. Green ; yellow ; reddish. Yellowish ; reddish. Colorless. Cnonin. Violet; blue. Red. Violet; blue ; yel’w ; color- less. -Cbloridzin. (Slowly) blue. -Chysostigmia, ■Ciperin. ■Copulin. Yellow ; olive-green. Pale yellow ; brown. Red. Yellow; brown., Violet. ■^soudomorphia. Quinia. Qhinidia. Olive-green. Colorless. Nearly colorless. Bright red. Colorless; greenish. Colorless; greenish. Violet; cherry-red. Deep red, then violet, then Senagin. yellow. Yellow-red. 146 ALKALOIDS. CONC. SULPHURIC ACID. FRCBHDE’S REAGENT. Smilacin. Yellow-red. Solania. Reddish-yellow. Cherry-red; red-brown yellow. Strychnia. Colorless. Colorless. Syringin. Blood-red, then violet-red. Tannic acid. Purple-red. Thebaina. Blood-red ; yellow-brown. Orange. Theobromina. Colorless. Colorless. Veratria. Slowly to crimson red. Yellow ; cherry-red. 137. Sulphuric acid and bichromate of potassium: the solid alkaloid being dissolved in the acid and a very minute fragment of the bichromate being brought into contact with the liquid. With Strychnia, a brilliant play of changing colors, blue turning soon to violet and then red-violet, then slowly fading —(delicate and distinctive). With Brucia, an orange or brown- ish-orange color. With Narceina, a dirty-red mixture. With Hydrastia, a brick-red to carmine-red color; with Picrotoxin, red-brown. With anilin, a yellowish to greenish tint first ap- pears, slowly passing into blue, which after half an hour or longer becomes nearly or quite black. With Curarin, a play of colors similar to strychnia (compare 136). With aconitia, atropia, codeina, conia, morphia, narcotina, nicotia, solania, veratria, and many other alkaloids,—there is only the slowly formed greenish color of chromic oxide. This, the strychnia test, may be made with substitution of other oxidizing agents for the bichromate, the crystallized per- manganate of potassium perhaps giving the best results. So>T- KENsciiEm advocates the use of ceroso-ceric oxide. 138. Concentrated Nitric acid, of spec. grav. 1.42, gives a red or reddish-yellow color with the greater number of the alka- loids. Brucia, in the solid state, is dissolved by nitric acid with intense blood-red color—solutions of the alkaloid giving the DO same with less intensity or a reddish-yellow color. On warm- ing, or standing, (he color changes to yellow : if now a drop of HE ACTIONS WITH NITRIC ACID. 147 solution of stannous chloride is added, a purple color appears. e Purple is discharged by either nitric acid or excess of stan- nous salt. Igasuria gives nearly the same reaction, both with nitric acid and stannous chloride; the violet to purple color with ihe last-named reagent being characteristic of brucia and igasuria. Morphia in somewhat concentrated solutions is colored yel- ovv orange-red—the color is either not changed or is altered toward the yellow by stannous chloride (distinction from brucia). Codeina, Narceina, and Papaverina are colored red to orange-yellow by nitric acid; and Narcotina, Pseudomorphia, Opnania, Thebaina, and Rhceadia, yellow. Emeiia is changed t° a yellow, resinous mass, "with partial decomposition. Colchicin is colored violet by nitric acid: the most concen- trated nitric acid, containing nitrous acid, forming an intense blue-violet color. The color changes to brown, and finally to yellow—these tints being more distinct in proportion as the yiolet is deeper. If the chloroform solution of colchicin is treated with concentrated nitric acid, a violet-red color is formed a,ld taken up by the chloroform layer.—Curarin is colored purple by nitric acid. Nitric acid produces no color with Atropia (brown tint, fad- lng), Caffeina, Cinchonia, Conia (sometimes yellowish), Quinia, Quinidia, Solania (becoming faint rose-red with bluish rim), Theobromina. Berberina is colored brown by nitric acid. Daphnin is colored red. Piperin becomes greenish-yellow, orange, then red, and resinous. 139. Concentrated sulphuric acid followed by nitrate of Potassium (solid), with Narcotina gives a deep blood-red color (delicate and distinguishing). The color is discharged by much excess of nitric acid.—ln the same test, Brucia gives an orange- red, and Opiania a scarlet-orange color. Codeina becomes first greenish, then reddish. Narceina turns reddish-brown. 140. Chlorine water followed by ammonia.—Quinia (or 148 ALKALOIDS. Quinidia) treated first with fresh chlorine water and then with ammonia, gives a green flocculent precipitate which by excess of ammonia dissolves to an emerald-green solution (characteristic). On neutralization with an acid, the color changes to light blue, which becomes violet or red on supersaturation with acid, re- turning to green with addition of excess of ammonia. Addition of solution of red fcrricyanidc of potassium to the ammoniacal gi'een solution produces a red color (with Quinidia a bulky precipitate). A better result is obtained by adding the fcrricy- anidc after the chlorine and before the ammonia. The impure chlorine obtained by addition of hydrochloric acid to chlorate of jiotassium serves the purpose of this test. Colch icin, when treated with chlorine and ammonia, gives an orange solution.—Caffeina and Theobromina, treated with chlorine water (or nitric acid), then evaporated to dryness, on addition of ammonia give a purple-red color. Chlorine, alone, with Brucia and with Igasuria gives a light red color; with Hydrastia, blue fluorescence. Physostigmia, with solution of chlorinated lime, gives an intense red color, turning nearly black by farther addition. 141. Solution of Ferric chloride (dilute) colors solid Mor- phia, and Pseudomorphia blue. Also Daphnin blue in the cold, turning yellow when warmed. Morphia separates iodine from iodic acid. 142. Platinic chloride solution precipitates the greater number of the alkaloids, even dilute solutions (those in 2,000 or 3,000 parts of water)—the precipitates being yellow, whitish- yello-vV or grayish-yellow, and some of them being soluble in cold hydrochloric acid.—Anilin, Digitalin, Physostigmia, and Solania, arc not precipitated; and Aconitia, Atropia, Codeina, Hyoscyamia, Narcotia, Nicotia, Sabadillia, and Veratria only from concentrated solutions.—The alkaloids next named give precipitates ; each precipitate, after ignition, leaving a weight of pure platinum bearing a fixed ratio to the weight of the alka- loid—in accordance with the formula given. DETERMIXATIOX 11Y PLATIXIC CHLORIDE. 149 P. c. Berberina, (C20H17NO4.H Cl)2PtCl4 . Pt in precip 18.1 Color, etc. Yellow, needles. Solubility in cold HC1. So] 11 ] » 1 & Brucia, (C23H26N204.H Cl)2PtCl4 Caffema, (C8H 0N4O2.H Cl)2PtCl4 Cinchonia, C20H24]Sr2O(H Cl)2PtCl4 . Ginchonidia, C20H24N2O(H CibPtCL . Codeina, (C18E21N03.H Cl)2PtCl4 Colchicin, . . . Conia, (C8H15N.H Cl)2PtCl4 . Delphina, ...... Emetia, ...... 1G.5 24.5 27.4 27.4 (Like Strychnia.) Orange-yellow, granular. Light yellow. Pale orange. N-7 \JX U Ml Vt Insoluble. Insoluble. 19.2 Yellow. 29.4 17.4 (Like Morphia.) (Dissolves in alcohol, yellow.) Gray yellow, flocculent. Yellow-white. Soluble. Hyoscyamia, . . . . Morphia, (C17H10NO3.HCl)2PtCl4 19.5 Brownish, flocculent. Yellow, curdy ; after 24 Insoluble. Narceina, (C23H29NO„.HCl)2PtCl4 14.6 hours, crystalline. Yellow, crystallizable. Narcotina, (C22H2,N67.HCl)2PtCl4 . 15.9 Yellow, Nicotia, C10H14N(HCl)2PtCl4 . 34.2 Orange-yellow (see 131). Soluble. Papaverina, (C20H21]Sro;.H Cl)2PtCl4 . 17.8 Yellow-white. Soluble. Quinia, C20H N O (H Cl)2PtCl4, dried at 100° C Quinidia, C„0H„4N2O2(H Cl)2PtCl4 Strychnia, (C21H22N0b0.H Cl)2PtCl4 . Thehaina, (C19H21W03.H Cl)2PtCl4.H20 26.8 26.8 Whitish. Whitish. (Dry at 150° C.) Yellow, crystallizable. Light yellow. Insoluble. 18.3 18.7 Insoluble. 1 hcobromina, (C,H8N4Oa.H Cl)„PtCl4. 25.5 Brownish, floe, to cryst. 150 ALKALOIDS. 143, Auric chloride gives precipitates in water solutions of salts of the greater number of the alkaloids, as follows. Many of the precipitates are soluble in alcohol. Some of them, on standing, separate the gold. The dried and ignited precipitates yield fixed quantities of metallic gold, according to the formulas and percentages given: P. C. All iu pre. Color, etc., of the pre. Aconitia, CS0H47NO7.H Cl.AuCQ • 22.1 Light yel., reduced after a time. Atropia, C17H23lSr03.H C1.AuC13 . 31.3 Light yel. Berber!na, C;0HnNO4.H Cl.Aud, . 29.1 Dark yel., insol. in HC1. Brucia, ...... (Like Strychnia). Caffeina, C „3ST O .H Cl.AuCL ' o 10 4 L i 37.0 Lem.-yel., cryst’e. Cinchonia, ..... Yel., (like Quinia). Cinchonidia, C20H24N2O(H C1)2AuC13 Yel., amorphous. Codeina, no precipitate, . (in concentrated solutions a brown precipitate). Colchicin, Slowly, yel. flocks; becom’g reduced. Delphina, ..... . Light yel. Digitalin, . Slowly, a yellow cryst’e precip. Emetia, ..... 29.7 Light yel., amorp. Tlyoscyamia, ..... 31.2 Yel.-white. Morphia, ..... Light yel., dark’g, \ •insoluble in cold H Cl. Narceina, . . - . . . Yel., becom. red’d. Papaverina, . . . _ . . Dark yel. Physostigmia, .... Red’ish-blue color, with reduction. Quinia, ...... Light yel., amorp. AIiSINTIUN. 151 q . P- C. Auiupre. Color, etc., of thepre. nidia, C20H24N2O2(H C1)2(AuC13)2 39.1 (Like Quinia) dry ilrst in vacuo, then at 100° C.; melts at 115° C., or in boil, water, no precipitate. trychnia, C21H22Na03.H Cl.AuCl, 29.2 Yel., amor., sol. in cold H Cl, slight, sol. in water, in- sol. in ether, sol. in alcohol, from which it cryst. _ orange. hebaina, Red-brown. heobromina, ..... Slowly, slight, nee- die-form, cryst. v eratria, C3„H62N208.H Cl.AuCl, . 21.0 Clear yel., amorp. gLUCOSIDES and other NEUTRAL BODIES: SOLID. 144: ABSINTHIN. ClOH220&. A hard and obscurely crLstalline solid of very bitter taste. Slightly soluble in water, cry soluble in alcohol, soluble in ether, and soluble in aqueous alkalies. It is precipitated by tannic acid, not by subacetate of Cat'- G hen treated, dry, with concentrated sulphuric acid, and the mixture slightly diluted with water, a blue-violet color. It does not reduce potassio cupric sulphate, but reduces ammonio titrate of silver to a mirror-coating. 145. AIiOIN. CnH]s07. A crystallizable, pa.e yellow aLUCOSIDES AXD OTHER X-F.UTRAL SOLIDS. solid, of neutral reaction and a taste at first sweet and then very hitter. It bears 100° C. without change. It is slightly soluble in cold water or alcohol, moderately soluble in the same when hot, and soluble (with a yellow color) in the alkalies and their carbonates.—Chlorine gas, in a solution of aloin, forms a bright yellow precipitate (chloraloil). Bromine also gives a yellow precipitate.—Concentrated nitric acid transforms aloin into ehrysammic acid. Chrysammic acid, C 7H2(N0„)202, is a yellow or greenish- yellow powder, of bitter taste and acid reaction, sparingly solu- ble in water, readily soluble in alcohol and in ether. It detonates when heated. Boiled with solution of stannous chloride it is precipitated as a deep violet powder. Chrysammate of calcium is a dark red insoluble powder. 146. AMYGD ALIN. C2OH!1NO11. A white, pulverulent, and crystalline solid, neutral, without odor, and with sweet and bitter taste. Soluble in 11 parts of water; sparingly soluble in cold, moderately soluble in hot alcohol; insoluble in ether.— Concentrated sulphuric acid colors it light violet-red. By boil- ing dilute sulphuric acid, it is transformed into oil of bitter almonds, glucose, and formic acid; by fermentation with cmul- sin, into bitter almond oil, hydrocyanic acid, and glucose. (10 parts of anhydrous amygdalin, as dried at 110° to 120° C., or 20 to 24 of ordinary commercial amygdalin, gives 1 part hydrocy- anic acid and 8 parts of bitter almond oil.)—Permanganate ot potassium forms cyanic and benzoic acids. 147. Asparagus. C 4HsH-202(H20). Hard and brittle right rhombic (trimetric) crystals; inodorous and of slight taste. Soluble in 11 parts cold or 5 parts of boiling water (with slight acid reaction), insoluble in absolute alcohol, insoluble in ether, soluble in alkalies and acids. By fermentation with accompany- ing extractive substances, or with casein, succinate of ammonium is formed (sometimes with the intervening formation of aspartate of ammonium). CA XTIIA lilDIX— CUDEIiIX. 153 148. CANTHARIDIH. C 5H120„. A colorless, odorless s°lld, crystallizing in rhombic tables or in needles, not volatile <*t 40 C., slightly volatile with water at 100° C., fusing and subliming at about 200° C. It acts as a vesicant on the skin, in cold or warm water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, juoderately soluble in ether, freely soluble in chloroform and enzole, soluble in oil of turpentine and in olive oil. Cantharidin uis the relation of an acid of very weak power. Its potassium compound is soluble in 25 parts cold or 12 parts boiling water, 111 3,300 parts cold or 110 parts boiling alcohol, insoluble in ether unci chloroform. The barium cantharidate is insoluble in water uud alcohol, as well as in ether and chloroform.—Cantharidin separations may be effected, first, by solution in aqueous potassa; then, after acidulating with sulphuric or phosphoric acid, by solution in chloroform. 149. CATHARTIC ACID (of senna-leaves). Cathartic. An amorphous brown to black solid, soluble in aqueous ulkalies and precipitated from this solution by acids. In its Natural condition, partly combined with calcium and magnesium, is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Boiling dilute acids, in alcoholic solution, convert it—as a glucoside—into glucose and cathartogenic acid, a brown-yellow powder, insoluble lu water, alcohol, and ether. 150. COLUMBIA. C.,iH„„07- Colombo bitter.—A color- less solid, crystallizing in trimetric prisms, neutral, inodorous, ,und extremely bitter. It is sparingly soluble in cold water, alcohol and ether; more freely in aqueous potassa, being preci- pitated from the alkaline solution by addition of acids.—Strong sulphuric acid dissolves it with orange color, changing to deep 10 MAh a very little Glucose, and gives reactions for these according to their proportion. Boiling with dilute phmie or hydrochloric acid dissolves the gum more rapidly v ith v ater, producing a little larger proportion of glucose. e residue not soluble in pure water contains starch, and is °lored blue by iodine. !V5. DEXTRIN. British Gum. CH O .—A yellow-white to 1 1 6 10 b * colorless amorphous solid; tasteless and odorless. It is B°luhle in about one part of water, to a syrupy semi-liquid, "hieh is miscible with 1J volumes of 60 per cent, alcohol or 'Ah 3 volumes of 50 per cent, alcohol. It is insoluble in 90 per C"eiA- alcohol, sufficient of which precipitates it from solutions not *°° dilute; and insoluble in ether, chloroform, bisulphide of Caibon, etc.—Commercial dextrin almost always contains glu- c°se j frequently contains “ soluble starch ” (15 per cent, of which A JleAl not objectionable) • and is sometimes brown from pre- s°nee of caramel. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves dry dextrin, without e°lor in the cold but with blackening when warmed.—Subacetate °r ammoniacal acetate of lead precipitates dextrin from very dilute solutions (in cold and dilute solution, a distinction from Glucose).—Pure dextrin (free from glucose) reduces potassio chprie sulphate at 80° to 90° C. It docs not reduce boiling s°lution of cupric acetate (distinction from Glucose).—Pure dex- I pll *S not co^oreA hy iodine (distinction from Starch and “ solu- e starch ”) ; nor precipitated by tannic acid [separation from tarch and soluble starch, Gelatin, and Ovalbumen) ; nor by II moral acids (separation from Albumenoids) j nor by baryta (separation from Soluble Starch). Dextrin is dried (over a glycerin-bath) at 110° C. Its preci- pitate by subacetate of lead is Pb C 6H]0O6. 176. STARCH. Chiefly CsH10Oa; being an organized body, 164 CA RB 0 HYDRA TER. of many varieties of structure, and containing cellulose in the envelopes of the granules.—Varieties of starch are identified by their form under the microscope (a). Starch in general is characterized by its relations to solvents (b) ; its color with iodine (c); its precipitates with tannic acid, subacetate of lead, and baryta (d); and its easy transformation to “ soluble starch/ dextrin, and then glucose (e).—Starch-paste and “ soluble starch,'’ both, are distinguished and in part separated from Albumenoids by non-precipitation with heat, or with mineral acids (e); from Gelatin by precipitation with subacetate of lead (c?); from Gums by precipitation with tannic acid, and from Dextrin by precipita- tion with tannic acid or with baryta water (V?). The complete separation of starch from Albumen, Gelatin, or Gum is effected by first changing it to glucose (e) and then washing the latter away (from the eoagulum) with strong alcohol.—Starch is sepa- rated from Grains or other parts of Plants by water-washing (/’), and determined directly or as glucose (g). a. The starch granules are from -8- yto iririr inch in diame- ter, flattened and ovate, with concentric rings (the borders of overlapping layers), and mostly with a small eccentric nucleus. They are characteristic of each variety. h. Natural starch is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, etc. Water at 00° to 75° C. (140° to 167° P.) bursts the granules ot natural starch; a small part of which is apparently dissolved, the larger part remaining suspended in minute particles forming a gelatinous semi-solution, while a small portion, consisting of the envelopes, readily subsides, the whole being known as Starch- paste. Boiling water slowly changes starch-paste to “ soluble starchand to Dextrin.—-Caustic potassa solution of 2 or 3 per cent, causes starch to swell to starch-paste; finally forming some “ soluble starch.”—When starch is triturated with two-thirds its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid, in the cold, and left for an hour, then washed on a filter with alcohol till free from acid, it is transformed into “ Soluble Starch.” This is a modification of starch, soluble in cold or hot water STARCH. 165 a syrupy liquid not quite so clear as dextrin; colored blue to vi°let with iodine (distinction from Dextrin) ; precipitated by alcohol when the latter is as much as 50 per cent, (dextrin ie- Tfires stronger alcohol for precipitation) ; precipitated by tannic ac‘id and by baryta water (two ways of separating from dexti in), Precipitated by subacetate of lead (coinciding with dextrin). Concerning solution of starch by its transformation into Dex- b'hi and Glucose, see e. c. Free iodine—in solution with water or alcohol 01 watei "Ith iodide, or in vapor—colors starch blue to 'violet, for min 0 the « iodide of starch” (a product of adhesion). The coloi i destroyed by heating (returning when cold), by washing wi > alcohol, and by chlorine, potassa, hydrosulphuric acid, or other agents which bring the iodine into chemical combination. d. Tannic acid precipitates starch-paste; the precipitate 1)ehig soluble in excess of the starch, and soluble by heat—sepa- **ting again when cold. Baryta water, and solution of subacetate lead or ammoniacal solution of acetate of lead, piecipitatc starch-paste (as well as soluble starch). e. Starch is changed to Glucose (through soluble starch an '■‘atrin) very quickly by boiling dilute mineral adds (two to ‘We per cent.); very slowly by boiling with water, and qui c Actually by the conditions of the alcoholic and‘‘sacchanne ""'mentations. . , . /• Cereal grains, or other parts of plants arc finely pull el- -IZed, and then washed on a hair sieve with cold water and "'askings allowed to subside (as in manufacture). Ihe staicl fesidue may be washed again through a bag of fine linen. 10 residue is then washed on a filter with 45 per cent, alcohol con- taming 0.1 per cent, potassa, then with 00 per cent, ,ic "ith ether ; and dried, first below 60° C., lastly at 100 to 'when it may be weighed, as starch. 0- Starch may be determined as Glucose (18/, I), a _ ing with dilute sulphuric acid (e) and neutralizing. C6H„ , • CfHIoO;> : : ISO : 102. 166 CA RB 0 HYDE A TBS. 177. BECTOUS SUBSTANCES. Vegetable products cor- responding in properties to the gelatinoids of the animal king- dom. 178. Pectose. Insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether. Dis- solved as Pectin, etc., by long boiling with water, more readily with vegetable acids. Hot dilute mineral acids dissolve pectose as Pectin, which by longer treatment becomes Metapectin- Alkalies, by hot aqueous digestion, form soluble salts of Meta- pectio acid. 179. Pectin. Neutral; soluble in cold or hot water; gela- tinized by dilute alcohol and precipitated by strong alcohol; changed by hot mineral acids to Metapectic acid ; changed by cold dilute alkalies into soluble salts of Pectic acid, by hot and strong alkalies into soluble salts of Metapectic acid. 180. Pectic Acid. In its moist state, gelatinous. Neutral in reaction. Insoluble in cold and scarcely soluble in hot water; by boiling water slowly changed to soluble Parapectic acid, afterward to Metapectic acid. Pectic acid jelly is hardened and parapectio acid solution is precipitated by alcohol and by solution of sugar. Boiling with dilute acids readily converts pectic acid to Metapectic acid. Alkalies, on contact with pectic acid, form pectates soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol- The pectates of non-alkaline metals are insoluble in water. Boil- ing with aqueous alkalies converts pectic acid into soluble salt 9 of Metapectic acid. 181. Parapectin is neutral, soluble in water, insoluble i° alcohol, by which its aqueous solution is gelatinized. Boiling dilute acids convert parapectin into Metapectin. Aqueous alkalies, on contact with parapectin, form soluble salts of Pectic acid. 182. Parapectio acid is soluble in water (with acid reaction)* the solution changing into one of Metapectic acid. Parapectic acid is precipitated from water solution by strong alcohol. forms soluble salts with the alkalies; insoluble salts with the other metallic bases. CELLULOSE. 167 183. Metapectin is soluble in water (with acid reaction), in alcohol. Alkalies form with it the soluble salts of hectic acid. 184. Metapectxc Acid is producible from all pectous sub- stances, but produces none of them. It is soluble in water (with acid reaction) ; soluble in alcohol (separation from all other pcc- l°us substances) ; and forms soluble normal salts with all the bases 1 ie non-alkaline salts of other pectous acids being insoluble.) Solution of subacetate of lead precipitates all the pectous substances (including metapectic acid). Hot potassio cupric solu- tion is reduced by all the pectous substances. They are but slightly or not at all changed to Glucose, by boiling dilute acids. 185. CELLULOSE. (C6HIOO>. Characterized by its Physical properties and relations to solvents (a) ; by its trans- formation into parchment-paper {IS), and into dextrin and glucose (c), and by its formation of gun-cotton (d). It is separated from Starch by its solubility in ammonio cupric solution (a), and by insolubility in hot dilute acids. a. Pure cellulose is a white, translucent solid ; of specific gravity about 1,5; insoluble in wvater, alcohol, ether, oils, and other neutral solvents. It is slowly disintegrated and partly dis- solved with decomposition by strong aqueous alkalies. Hot dilute mineral acids scarcely affect it; moderately dilute nitric a°id changing it to Xyloidin,—Finely divided cellulose slowly dissolves in a solution of oxide of copper in strong ammonia; being precipitated therefrom unchanged by hydrochloric acid.— fibres of cellulose, superficially softened by sulphuric acid, or potassa solution, are colored violet to blue by iodine solution, aud are by this means rendered distinctly visible under the Microscope. Also, by dipping in a 1 per cent, solution of potas- Slu® iodide and drying, then immersing in strong sulphuric acid uin] washing with water, cellulose is converted into a blue sub- showing red and blue globules under the microscope (Terrell). 168 CA R B OHYDRA TES. b. Sulphuric acid of about 1.5 or 1.6 spec, grav., acting for a very short time on cellulose (unsized paper), changes its state of aggregation so as to form parchment-paper. c. Concentrated sulphuric acid, in the cold, slowly dissolves (thoroughly dry) cellulose to a colorless syrup, which closely resembles dextrin. It is, however, colored blue, or after stand- ing some days in the acid, violet to brown, by iodine. The name amyloid has been applied to this substance. If it is now, after several days’ contact of the acid, diluted with 30 or 40] parts of water and boiled (until a portion is not precipitated by strong alcohol), it is wholly converted into glucose. d. Nitric acid of spec. grav. 1.5, ora mixture of nitrate of potassa 2 parts and concentrated sulphuric acid 3 parts, at a tem- perature below 50° C. (122° F.), converts clean, dry cotton wool (finely divided cellulose), by 24 hours’ contact, into nitrocellulose. This is washed first with cold water, then with hot water, lastly with alcohol and dried at ordinary temperature. 186. Nitrocellulose, Pyroxylon, or Gun Cotton is the sub- stitution of (N02)7_9 for H9_7 in ClBH30O15—, the lower substi- tutions being most soluble in ether, the higher substitutions being most explosive. It is more readily soluble in alcoholic than in pure ether—formation of Collodion. It is not attacked by dilute acids or alkalies ; strong sulphuric acid dissolves it slowly, strong alkalies dissolve it with decomposition.—The residue from collo- dion is unchanged pyroxylon, in a firm and elastic mass, capable of being moulded at about 140° C. 187. GLUCOSE. CGH120c.H„O. Grape sugar. Starch sugar. Dextrose.—Characterized by its physical properties and solubilities (a) ; its rotation of polarized light (h) ; its reactions with potassa (c) and, as a reducing agent, with potassio cupric solutions (d), cupric acetate (e), fcrricyanidc of potassium (f), ammonio silver nitrate (g), bismuthic subnitrate (A), and molyb- date of ammonium (i). It precipitates ammoniacal acetate of lead (J). and reacts with stannic chloride and cobaltous hydrate GL UCOSE. (&). From Sucrose, it is distinguished by a stronger reducing ,VV er e’ f ,9’ i)i hy not blackening with concentrated sul- U*lc acfo (189, c), but turning brown with potassa solution (c). /oni Lactose, it is distinguished by stronger reducing power yl i), less soluble precipitate with ammoniacal acetate of lead U)? and by not blackening with concentrated sulphuric acid.— 7 oni Fructose, it is separated by crystallization, and distin- guished by contrary rotation (b).—It is separated from Dextrin, oruble Starch, Gums, the Pectous substances save metapectic a°id, Gelatin, and Albumcnoids, by solution in 90 per cent, alcohol (a]) ; from Fats, etc,, by insolubility in ether.—It is determined by the volumetric solution of potassio cupric salt (Oj or by the polariscope (b), or by fermentation (m). a. Glucose crystallizes, with some difficulty, in warty or cauliflower-like masses, hydrated; but from strong alcohol, in anhydrous needles. At 60° C., the hydrate becomes an anhy- di'ous, white powder; at 100° C., the hydrate melts to a trans- parent mass ; but the anhydrous glucose melts at 130° C. For Weighing, it should be well dried at 60° C., then at 110° C. (without melting).—Glucose is soluble in a little more than one Part of cold water; a saturated solution having a spec. grav. 1-200 and containing 45 per cent, of anhydrous glucose. Dilute alcohol dissolves it freely; 100 parts of 90 per cent, alcohol dis- solve 2 parts in the cold, 20 parts with boiling; in cold, absolute alcohol it is scarcely at all soluble. Insoluble in ether, chloro- form, oils; soluble in 60 parts hot amylic alcohol; soluble in fiiethylic alcohol. b. Anhydrous glucose has a specific rotatory power of 55° (Pasteur) to the right. c. Potassa, or milk of Mine, when warmed in solution of glucose, causes a reddish-yellow to brown color with deposition °l’ a humus-like substance (distinction from Sucrose). d. The test for reduction of cupric hydrate to cuprous hydrate in presence of alkali may be made by adding a drop or two of cupric sulphate solution and then an excess of potassa, or 170 C A RBOIIYDRA TES. by use of enough of the standard solution specified in h to tinge the test-liquid bluish. At a gentle heat (short of boiling) glu- cose throws down the brownish-yellow precipitate of cuprous hydrate, changed by boiling to a brownish-red precipitate of cuprous oxide. Without heat, the reduction occurs after standing some time, (Compare Sucrose, h.) e. Solution of cupric acetate is reduced by glucose on boil- ing (distinction from Sucrose and from Lactose—the latter effect- ing a slight reduction after long boiling). f Ferricyanide of potassium (1 part) in solution with potassa (|- part), at 80° to 100° C., is reduced by glucose to ferro- cyanide. The reduction is shown by loss of color, and by a blue precipitate with ferric salt. (Distinction from Sucrose and from Dextrin.) g. Boiling solution of glucose separates silver (black) from nitrate of silver; more readily blackens the recent oxide of silver, and gives a dirty gray precipitate in solution of ammonio nitrate of silver (the latter a means of distinction from Sucrose). h. Basic bismuthic nitrate, with carbonate of sodium, is reduced by boiling solution of glucose, with precipitation of bis- muthous oxide as a dark gray sediment. i. Solution of molybdate of ammonium, at boiling heat, is reduced by glucose, with formation of the blue molybdic molyb- date (distinction from Sucrose, Lactose, and Dextrin). j. Ammoniacal acetate of lead solution is precipitated by addition of concentrated solutions of glucose, the precipitate dis- solving in excess of glucose solution, but appearing again on boiling in solutions not too dilute and remaining when cold. ~ O Jc. Stannic chloride blackens when warmed with glucose.— Nitrate of cobalt in concentrated solution of glucose is not colored by addition of solid potassa and boiling (with pure Sucrose a violet-blue precipitate is obtained). Quantitative.—I. Glucose is determined in its reduction of copper by use of a standard solution made as follows : 34.64 grams pure crystallized cupric sulphate dissolved in 200 c.c. GLUCOSE : LACTOSE. 171 "atei, with 150 grams neutral potassic tartrate in about GOO c.c. a 10 per cent, solution of soda (sp. gr. 1.14), the mixture c dated to 1 litre. 1 c.c. is reduced by 0.005 gram of (anhy- Clous) glucose, or by 0.0007 gram of lactose.* The solution ttiust not suffer change by boiling. The addition of about 100 C‘e* pure glycerin (in the litre) prevents decomposition. ihe solution of sugar is diluted to such a number of times its °"11 volume that it shall not be far from 1 per cent, glucose. Then, c.c. of the blue solution are taken in an evaporating-dish, 40 0r o0 c.c. of water added, and, while boiling, the graded sugar " 7 O' o o solution is added, until no blue color remains (after the precipi- ce has subsided or been filtered out). The quantity of sugar solution used contains 0.05 grams glucose, or 0.067 grams Setose. ni. Pure sugar may be determined by fermentation, in a ill’s Presenilis’ carbonic acid apparatus, as follows : In the first Hash, of about 60 c.c. capacity, place 53.3 grams of the solution to be determined, and which is made of 5 to 10 per cent, strength °1 sugar. Add 0.3 gram tartaric acid and a small pinch of good Pressed yeast, close the first flask (so that gas must pass through sulphuric acid in the second flask), and weigh the apparatus. Set aside at 30° to 35° C. (86° to 95° P.) for three days; and weigh again. The weight of carbonic anhydride lost, multiplied with 2-0454, gives the amount of anhydrous glucose, or of crystallized lactose, and," if multiplied by 1.9433, the quantity of sucrose. Ibe results are not close, 188. LACTOSE. C 6HIO06 (crystallized). Milk Sugar.— Characterized by its physical properties (a); its reactions as a agent (h), and with acids and alkalies (c); with am- raoniacal acetate of lead and with lime (d); and by its fermenta- * That is, 180 parts of glucose (Cs HuOs), or 24Q parts of lactose oof Cc HisOs), suffice to consume 40 parts of oxygen (2%0), reducing 1247 parts (5 Cu 80, [Eh O]) of copper salt. And 180 :1347 :: 5 : 34.64. 172 CA Itß 0 HYDRA Th'S. tions.—It is distinguished from Glucose by a somewhat weaker reducing power (b), a more sparing solubility in cold water or dilute alcohol {a), and by blackening with sulphuric acid (c) ; from Sucrose by greater reducing power (J) and insolubility in strong alcohol. It is determined volumetrically by the potassio- cupric solution (see Glucose, I). a. Lactose crystallizes in hemihedral trimetric crystals, hard and colorless, becoming anhydrous (C10H„2On) at 150° C., and turning brown without melting at 160° C.—lt is soluble in 0 parts of water at ordinary temperature or 2-t- parts hot water, the cold saturated solution having a maximum spec. gray. 1.060, and is insoluble in cold absolute alcohol and in ether. b. The potassio cupric solution is reduced by lactose very nearly as readily as by Glucose (187, d and I) (distinction from Sucrose) ; one-third greater quantity being required, however, to produce the same effect.—Solution of cupric acetate is only reduced very slightly and slowly by boiling with lactose (dis- tinction from Glucose).—-Molybdate of ammonium solution is scarcely changed in a perceptible degree by boiling with lactose (distinction from Glucose).—Ammoniacal nitrate of silver solu- tion is reduced by boiling with lactose (distinction from Sucrose). c. Concentrated sulphuric acid blackens lactose, rapidly when warmed (distinction from Glucose).—Potassa slowly turns lactose solution brown after heating to boiling point (distinction from Glucose). d. Ammoniacal acetate of lead solution gives but a slight precipitate, soluble in water and not reprecipitatcd on boiling. With milk of lime, not in excess, lactose forms a compound soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. 189. SUCROSE. CI2H„2On. Cano Sugar. Saccharose,— Characterized by its physical properties («.); its reactions as a reducing agent (b) ; its reactions with alkalies and acids (c), and with ammoniacal acetate of lead (d). From Glucose it is dis- tinguished as a less powerful reducing agent (b), by blackening with sulphuric acid or turning brown with potassa solution (e), SUCROSE. 173 and by its reaction with cobalt (e). It is distinguished from -Lactose by weaker reducing power (p). It is approximately separated from Lactose by solution in cold water, and fully separated from Dextrin, Gums, Gelatin, and Albumenoids by solution in 90 per cent, alcohol. It is separated from Pats, Lesins, etc., by not dissolving in (nearly absolute) ether. It is determined by volumetric solution of potassio copper salt, after being changed to glucose (c, and 187, I), by the specific gravity of its pure Avatcr solutions, by its specific rotatory power as measured in the polariscope, and by fermentation as directed for Glucose, 187, m. a. Sucrose crystallizes readily in monoclinic (rhomboidal) prisms, generally with hemihedral faces, and anhydrous. At 160° C. (320° P.) it melts to a clear liquid which solidifies to “barley sugar at about 210° C. (410° P.) Caramel and other products are formed.—Sucrose is soluble in about J part of ; scarcely soluble in cold absolute alcohol, insoluble in Gher, chloroform, benzole, etc.—Sucrose has a specific rotatory power of 73.8° to the right. b. Potassio cupric solution is at first not at all reduced by sucrose on warming, or even on digestion over the water-bath, but after boiling 5 or 10 minutes, a slight precipitate of cuprous hydrate appears, (distinction from Glucose, Lactose, and Dextrin). " Solution of acetate of copper is not reduced by long boiling (distinction from Glucose).—-Ferricyanide of potassium is not reduced to ferrocyanide by hot solution of sucrose (distinction from Glucose).—Stannic chloride is reduced on warming, and chromate with excess of potassa on boiling, with suei’ose, (reac- fjons coinciding with those of Glucose and Lactose).—Ammonia- c‘al nitrate of silver solution is not reduced, though turned yel- lowish, on warming with sucrose (a distinction from Glucose). Lecent oxide of silver with excess of potassa is blackened on boiling with sucrose.—Molybdate of ammonium (neutral solution) ls unchanged by sucrose (distinction from Glucose). c. Sucrose is not readily colored by warming with solution 174 CARD 0 HYDRA TES. of potassa (distinction from Glucose). Lime forms a soluble compound with sucrose.—Concentrated sulphuric acid blackens sucrose on warming, with separation of carbon and evolution of sulphurous and formic acids (distinction from Glucose).—Dilute minreal acids (3 to 3 per cent.), boiled 10 to 15 minutes with sucrose, transform it into glucose. The same- change is very slowly effected by long boiling in water, and with moderate rapidity by boiling with dilute vegetable acids. Also by the conditions of alcoholic fermentation. d. Ammoniacal solution of acetate of lead gives a white pre- cipitate (Pb.C.A.O. x), scarcely soluble in cold but readily soluble in hot water. e. The blue to violet and rose-red precipitate made by add- ing potassa to nitrate of cobalt solution and boiling is scarcely altered by presence of sucrose, or held a little more in the violet. (In presence of Glucose, the mixture after boiling is colorless or brownish, but not violet or blue.) CARAMEL. A mixture of three compounds : Caramelane—brittle at ordinary temperatures, soft at 100° C., odorless and bitter; deliquescent and very soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether. Caramelene—brittle, freely soluble in water, not deliquescent, sparingly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether. Caramelin—black, shining, and infusible; having three modifi- cations with different and varying solubilities. Caramel is precipitated by subaeetate of lead solution ; and reduces potassio cupric solution. As generally prepared, cara- mel has a characteristic, “ burned-sugar ” odor. 190. MANNITE. C 0H14O0. Crystallizes readily from solu- tion in thin, four-sided prisms ; melts at 160° C., and at 200° C. (393° F.) distils with little decomposition. It dissolves in 0 or 8 parts of water of ordinary temperature, in 80 parts of 60 per cent, alcohol or 1400 parts of absolute alcohol or smaller quanti- ties of boiling alcohol, but is insoluble in ether.—lt is not black- ALCOHOLS. 175 °nc concentrated sulphuric acid, or turned brown by boiling " ith potassa, and it does not reduce the potassio cupric sulphate 80 u^on- It is not subject to the alcoholic fermentation. ALCOHOLS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 191. METHYLIC ALCOHOL. CH40. Recognized by lts sensible and physical properties («) ; its reaction with potassa 'U)d, as a commercial article, with sulphuric acid (h) ;by solution °f recent mercuric oxide (c); by its reducing power (d), and its formation of formic acid (e). It is separated by fractional dis- tillation ( /’). It is approximately determined as methyl oxalate (g) or as formic acid (e, and Formic acid j or Ac). a. Pure methylic alcohol is a colorless liquid, of spec. grav. 0-800, boiling at 66° C. (151° F.), and of characteristic taste and odor. The commercial article is seldom free from empyreuma. It is miscible in all proportions of water, alcohol, and ether, and dissolves resins and nearly all substances soluble in ethylic alcohol. b. The addition of potassa, with boiling by the heat of the Water-bath, causes a brown color in a short time (Ethylic alcohol only after a long time).—Ordinary methylic alcohol gives a red to red-brown color with concentrated sulphuric acid. c. Add (to the distillate f) 2or 3 drops of very dilute solu- tion of mercuric chloride, then solution of potassa in excess, agitate and warm. If methylic alcohol is present, the mercuric oxide will be dissolved. d. Methylic alcohol readily decolorizes permanganate of potassium solution; but does not reduce silver nitrate, or potas- sio cupric solution. e. Oxidation to formic acid is effected by distillation ol 2 176 ALCOHOLS• c.c. of the liquid examined, in a retort of 60 c.c. capacity, with 2 grams of powdered bichromate, 15 c.c. of water, and 25 drops of sulphuric acid—digesting fifteen minutes and then distilling 15 c.c. f. In the distillation of methylic alcohol, add a little animal charcoal and a little solution of sodic carbonate, and receive the distillate at 66° to 76° C. (151° to 169° F.) Quantitative.—g. Place in a retort 55 grams crystallized oxalic acid and the mixture of 35 grams of concentrated sul- phuric acid and 25 grams of distillate f, digest for ten hours, and distil from an oil bath at 160° to 180° C,, as long as anything passes over. The-distillate consists of oxalic ethers; methyl oxalate being freely soluble in water, while ethyl oxalate is nearly insoluble. The distillate is iiow washed with 25 times its volume of water; the clear solution decanted, digested, in a close bottle, with excess of potassa, the mixture acidulated with acetic acid and precipitated with calcium chloride (adding potassic acetate). Gather the oxalate of calcium, wash, dry, and ignite to carbonate (adding ammonium carbonate and igniting slightly again, if necessary). CaC03 ; 2CH40 :: 1 : 0.64. 192. ETHYLIC ALCOHOL. C 2H60. Characterized by its physical and sensible properties (a); by the extent of its reducing power (h); by its formation of iodoform (c); of various compound ethers {d), and of acetic acid (e).—Separated by fractional distillation, solubility in water, and insolubility in fixed oils. Separated from methylic alcohol as an oxalic ether (191, g), from amylic alcohol by solution in water or by frac- tional distillation.—Determined by the specific gravity or by the boiling point of its mixtures with water. a. A transparent, limpid liquid, of spec. grav. 0.794, freezing at -95° C. and boiling at 78° C. (173° F.), of an agreeable and pungent odor and a sharp and burning taste. It is miscible with water, ether, chloroform, benzole, petroleum naphtha, volatile oils and castor oil, and dissolves resins and camphors. ETHYLIC ALCOHOL. h. Alcohol—as a hot liquid or as vapor—slowly reduces chromic acid, or a mixture of potassic bichromate and sulphuric acid the alcohol being first oxidized to acetic acid. (This is in common with aldehyde, acetic acid, formic acid, and many volatile organic bodies.) Permanganate of potassium is but slowly reduced by ethylic alcohol—so that the red tinge of a slight addition of a Tg-IFF solution is scarcely at all affected for several minutes. (Methylie alcohol, Formic acid, and many other volatile organic bodies, more readily reduce the permanganate.) c. The production of iodoform from alcohol is a result (in part) of the reducing power of the latter upon alkaline iodate: 6KHO-j- 61=51Q -f- Kl« *> 145, 147, 148, 151. . Solids, Preliminary Examination Solid Volatile Acids, 43 Non-volatile Acids, 14. Soluble Starch, 164. Smilacin, 146. Spermaceti, 74 Spearmint Oil, 108,A10. Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 180. loids, 130. Stearic Acid, la, < <’■ Quassin, 155,156. Quercitannic Acid, 37, 38. Quinia, 126, 139, 135 to 108, 140 «> 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150. Quinic Acid, 13, 36. Quinidia, 136, 129, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143,’ 145,149,151. Quinone, Formation 0f,,37. Quinotannic Acid, 13, 28, «>.>. Quinovic Acid, 13, 38. Quinovin—see Quinovic Acid. Racemic Acid, 13, 18. Rape-seed Oil, 73, 76, 78, 80, 81. Resinified Oils, 105, 115. Resins, 13, 02. Determined in Soaps, 99. Roeadia, 136, 139, 138. Rhubarb, Chrysophanic Acid from, 41. Ricinoleic Acid, 13, 09. Rodgers and Girdwood’s Metnod, 130, 133. Rosanilin, 131. _ . . Rosemary Oil, 107, 109, 111, Ho, H4 Rose Oil, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114. Rosewood Oil, 107. 192 IXDEX. Stearoptenes, 104. Storax Resin, 102. Strychnia, 126, 127, 129, 135, 137, 138, 140 to 144, 146, 151. Test, 146, 149. Styracin, 102, 103. Succinic Acid, 45. Sugars, 13, 168. Sulphuric Acid, as Reagent, 144, 155, 156. See, also, under Glucosides. Sunflower Oil, 73, 77. Sweet Spirits of Nitre—see Spirits Nitrous Ether. Sylvie Acid, in Colophony, 96. Syringin, 136, 146. Tallow, 74. in Butter, 82, 83. Tannic Acid, 13, 18, 146. distinguished from Gallic, 31. as Reagent, 139, 143. Tannic Acids, 26. Tanoxylic Acid, 27. Tansy Oil, 108, 109, 114. Taraxacin, 156. Tartaric Acid, 13, 14. Tea, Black, Separation of Boheic Acid from, 36. Thehaina, 126, 127, 129, 135 to 138, 142, 143, 146, 149, 151. Theobromina, 127, 129, 136 to 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 151. Thyme Oil, 108, 109, 114. Tolu Balsam, 103. Toluidin, 120, 131. Tolu Resin, Separation from Gam- boge, 98. Tragacanth, 162. Trimethylamia, 123, 124. Trinitrophenic Acid see Nitro- phenic. Trommer’s Sugar Test, 169. Uslar and Erdmann’s Method, 130, 133. Valerianic Acid—see Valeric. Valerian Oil, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115. Valeric Acid, 13, 60, 63. Vanillin, 156. Veratria, 127, 139, 135 to 139, 140 to 144, 146, 148, 151. Veratric Acid, 13, 47. Vogel’s Lactoscope, 84. Volatile Bases, 120, Fat Acids, 67. Wall Lichen—see Parmelia p. Walnut Oil, 73, 77. Wax, Bees’, 74. Whale On, 73, 78. Wintergreen Oil, 108, 110. Wormseed Oil, 108 to 111, 114. Wormwood Oil, 108, 109, 111, 114. Xilidin, 130. Yarrow Oil, 108. Ylang Ylang (Oil), 108, 114. SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY D. YanNostrand, 23 Murray Street & 27 Warren Street, NEW YORK. Weisbach’s Mechanics. New and Revised Edition. A MANUAL OF THE MECHANICS OF ENGINEERING, and of the Construction of Machines. By Julius Weisbach, Pit. I). Translated from the fourth augmented and improved Ger- man edition, by Ecklet B. Coxe, A.M., Mining Engineer. Yol. I.—Theoretical Mechanics. 1,100 pages, and 902 wood-cut illustrations. Bvo. Cloth. $lO.OO. Abstract of Contents.—Introduction to the Calculus—The General ' Bnciples of Mechanics—Phoronomics, or the Purely Mathematical Theory Motion—Mechanics, or the General Physical Theory of Motion— Statics of Bodies—The Application of Statics to Elasticity and Strength—Dynam. ics of Rigid Bodies—Statics of Fluids—Dynamics of Pluids—The Theory M Oscillation, etc. “ The present edition is an enth’ely new work, greatly extended and very 1,1 u°h improved. It forms a text-book which must find its way into the hands, not only of every student, but of every engineer who desires to refresh his mem- CU or acquire clear ideas on doubtful points.’’—Manufacturer and Builder. IVe hope the day is not far distant when a thorough course of study and . 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A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OE BRIDGES AND ROOFS—comprising tho determination of Algebraic formulas for Strains in Horizontal, Inclined or Rafter, Triangular, Bow- string, Lenticular and other Trusses, from fixed and moving loads, with practical applications and examples, for the use of Students and Engineers. By Samuel H. Suseve, A.M., Civil “ On the whole, Mr. Shreve has produced a book which is the simplest, clearest, and at the same time, the most systematic and with the best math- ematical reasoning of any work upon the same subject in the language.”—• Railroad Gazette. Engineer. “ From the unusually clear language in which Mr. Shreve has given every statement, the student will have but himself to blame if he does not become thorough master of the subject.”—London Mining Journal. “ Mr. Shreve has produced a work that must always take high rank as a text-book, * * * and no Bridge Engineer should be without it, as a valuable work of reference, and one that will frequently assist him out of difficulties.”—Franklin Institute Journal. Tlie Kansas City Bridge, 4 to. Cloth. $6.03 WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE REGIMEN OF THE MIS- SOURI RIVER, and a description of the Methods used for Founding in that River. By 0. Chaxute, Chief Engineer, and Geouge Momsox, Assistant Engineer. Illustrated with five lithographic views and twelve plates of plans. Illustrations. Views.—View of the Kansas City Bridge, August 2, 1869. Lowering Caisson No. 1 into position. Caisson for Pier No. 4 brought into position. View of Foundation Works, Pier No. 4. PiGr No. 1. tion Works, Pier No. 3. IV. Founda- tion Works, Pier No. 4. Y. Founda- tion Works, Pier No. 4. YI. Caisson No. s—Sheet Piling at Pier No. 6—- Details of Dredges—Pile Shoe—Beton Box. YII. Masonry—Draw Protec- tion—False Works between Piers 3 and 4. YIII. Floating Derricks. IX. General Elevation-—176 feet span. X. 348 feet span. XT. Plans of Draw. XII. Strain Diagrams. Plates.—l. Map showing location of Bridge. 11. Water Record—Cross Section of River—Profile of Crossing —Pontoon Protection. 111. Water Dcadenor—Caisson No. 2—Founda I). VAJST JSFOB TJRAJVD. 5 Clarke's Quincy Bridge. 4to. Cloth. $7.50. DESCRIPTION OF THE IRON RAILWAY Bridge across the Mississippi River at Quincy, Illinois. By Thomas Ccutis Claekk, Chief Engineer. Illustrated with twenty-one lithographed plans. Illustrations. PLATES.—General Plan of Missis- sippi River at Quincy, showing loca- tion of Bridge. lla. General Sections of Mississippi River at Quincy, show- ing location of Bridge. lIA General Sections of Mississippi River at Quin- cy, showing location of Bridge. 111. General Sections of Mississippi River at Quincy, showing location of Bridge. IV. Plans of Masonry. V. Diagram of Spans, showing the Dimensions, Arrangement of Panels, etc. VI. Two hundred and fifty feet span, and de- tails. VII. Three hundred and sixty feet Pivot Draw. VIII. Details of three hundred and sixty feet Draw. IX. Ice- Breakers, Foundations of Piers and Abutments, Water Table, and Curve of Deflections. X. Founda- tions of Pier 2, in Process of Con- struction. XL Foundations of Pier 3, and its Protection. XII. Founda- tions of Pier 3, in Process of Construc- tion, and Steam Dredge. XIII. Foun- dations of Piers 5 to 18, in Process of Construction. XIV. False Works, showing Process of Handling and Set- ting Stone. XV. False Works for Raising’ Iron Work of Superstructure, XVI. Steam Drodg’e used in Founda- tions 9 to 18. XVII. Single Bucket Dredge used in Foundations of Bay Piers. XVIII. Saws used for Cut- ting Piles tinder water. XIX. Sand Pump and Concrete Box. XX Ma- sonry Travelling Crane. Whipple on Bridge Building. Bvo, Illustrated. Cloth. $4.00. AN ELEMENTARY AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BRIDGE BUILDING. An enlarged and improved edition of the Author’s original work. By S. Whipple, C. E., Inventor of the Whipple Bridges, &c. Second Edition. The design has been to develop from Fundamental Principles a system easy °f comprehension, and such as to enable the attentive reader and student to judge understanding!v for himself, as to the relative merits of different plans and combinations, and to adopt for use such as may be most suitable for the cases he may have to deal with. It is hoped the work may prove an appropriate Text-Book upon the subject treated of, for the Engineering Student, and a useful manual for the Practio- *ug Engineer and Bridge Builder. 6 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Stoney on Strains. New and llevised Edition, with numerous illustrations. Royal Bvo, 664 pp. Cloth. $13.50. THE THEORY OF STRAINS IN GIRDERS and Similar Struc- tures, with Observations on the Application of Theory to Practice, and Tables of Strength and other Properties of Materials. By Bikdok B. Stoney, B. A. Roebling’s Bridges. Imperial folio. Cloth. $35.00. DONG AND SHORT SPAN RAILWAY BRIDGES. By John A. Roebling, 0. E. Illustrated with large copperplate engrav- ings of plans and views. List of Plates 1. Parabolic Truss Railway Bridge. 3, 3, 4, 5, 6. Details of Parabolic Truss, with centre span 500 feet in the clear. 7. Plan and Yiew of a Bridge over the Mississippi River, at St. Louis, for railway and common travel. 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. Details and Yiew of St. Louis Bridge. 13. Railroad Bridge over the Ohio. Diedriclis5 Theory of Strains. Bvo. Cloth. $5.00. A Compendium for the Calculation and Construction of Bridges, Roofs, and Cranes, with the Application of Trigonometrical Notes. Containing the most comprehensive information in re- gard to the Resulting Strains for a permanent Load, as also for a combined (Permanent and Rolling) Load. In two sections adapted to the requirements of the present time. By John Died- eichs. Illustrated by numerous plates and diagrams. “ The want of a compact, universal and popular treatise on the Construc- tion of Roofs and Bridges—especially one treating of the influence of a varia- ble load—and the unsatisfactory essays of different authors on the subject. induced me to prepare this work.” D. VAN 'NOSTRAKJJ. 7 Whilden’s Strength of Materials. ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS used in Engineering Construction. By J. K. Wxiilden. 12rao. Cloth. $2.00. Oampin on Iron Roofs. Bvo. Cloili. $2.00. ON THE CONSTRUCTION OP IRON ROOFS. A Theoretical and Practical Treatise. By Francis Oampin. With wood-cuts and. plates of Roofs lately executed. “ The mathematical formulas are of an elementary kind, and the process admits of an easy extension so as to embrace the prominent varieties of iron truss bridges. The treatise, though of a practical scientific character, may ho easily mastered by any one familiar with elementary mechanics and plane trigonometry.” Holley’s Railway Practice. I toI. folio. Cloth. $13.00. AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN RAILWAY PRACTICE, in the Economical Generation of Steam, including the materials and construction of Coal-burning Boilers, Combustion, the Varia- ble Blast, Vaporization, Circulation, Super-heating, Supplying and Heating Feed-water, &c., and the adaptation of Wood and Coke-burning Engines to Coal-burning ; and in Permanent Way, including Road-bed, Sleepers, Rails, Joint Fastenings, Street Railways, &c., &c. By Alexander L. Holley, B. P. With 77 lithographed plates. “ This is an elaborate treatise by one of our ablest civil engineers, on the con- struction and use of locomotives, with a few chapters on the building of Rail- roads. * * * Ail these subjects are treated by the author, who is i first-class railroad engineer, in both an intelligent and intelligible manner. Tho facts and ideas are well arranged, and presented in a clear and simple style, accompanied by beautiful engravings, and we presume the work will be regard' °d as indispensable by all who are interested in a knowledge of the construc- tion of railroads and rolling stock, or the working of locomotives. Scientific American. 8 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS BUBLISIIED BY Henricfs Skeleton Structures. Bvo. Cloth. $1.50. SKELETON STL'ITCTURES, especially in their Application to the building of Steel and Iron Bridges. By Ola us Henhici. With folding plates and diagrams. By presenting these general examinations on Skeleton Structures, with particular application for Suspended Bridges, to Engineers, I venture to ex- press the hope that they will receive these with some confi- dence, even although an opportunity is wanting to compare them with practi- cal results. 0. H. Useful Information for Hallway Men. Pocket form. Morocco, gilt, $3.00. Compiled by W. G. Hamilton, Engineer. Fifth edition, revised and enlarged. 570 pages. “ It embodies many valuable formuho and recipes useful for railway men, and, indeed, for almost every class of persons in the world. The ‘ informa- tion ’ comprises some valuable formulse and rules for the construction of boilers and engines, masonry, properties of steel and iron, and the strength of materials generally.”—Railroad Gazette, Chicago. Brooklyn Water Works. 1 vol. folio. Cloth. $25.00. A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WORKS, and also Reports on the Brooklyn, Hartford, Belleville, and Cambridge Pumping Engines. Prepared and printed by order of the Board of Water Commissioners. With 59 illustrations. CONTENTS.—Supply Ponds—The Conduit—Ridgewood Engine House and Pump Well—Ridgewood Engines—Eorce Mains—Ridgewood Reservoir— Pipe Distribution—Mount Prospect Reservoir—Mount Prospect Engine House and Engine—Drainage Grounds—Sewerage Works—Appendix, 1). VAJSr JVO&TJ2AJVD. 9 Kirkwood on Filtration. 4to. Cloth. $15.00. EEPOET ON THE FILTRATION OF EIYEE WATERS for the Supply of Cities, as practised in Europe, made to the Board of Water Commissioners of the City of St. Louis. By James P. Kirkwood. Illustrated by 30 double-plate engravings. Contents.—Report on Filtration—London Works, General Chelsea Water Works and Filters—Lambeth Water Works and Filters—Southwark and Yauxhall Water Works and Filters—Grand Junction Water Works and Filters—West Middlesex Water Works and Filters—Mew River Water Works and Filters—East London WaterWorks and Filters—Leicester Water Works and Filters—York WaterWorks and Filters—Liverpool Water JYorks and Filters—Edinburgh Water Works and Filters—Dublin Water Works and Filters—Perth Water Works and Filtering Gallery—Berlin Water Works and Filters—Hamburg Water Works and Reservoirs—Altona Water Viorks and Filters—Tours Water Works and Filtering Canal—Angers Water Works and Filtering Galleries—Mantes Water Works and Filters—Lyons Water Works and Filtering Galleries—Toulouse Water Works and Filtering Galleries—Marseilles Water Works and Filters—Genoa Water Works and Filtering Galleries—Leghorn Water Works and Cisterns—Wakefield Water Works and Filters—Appendix. Tanner on. Roll-Turning. 1 vol. Bvo. and 1 vol. plates. $lO.OO. A TREATISE ON EOLL-TUENING FOE THE MANUFACb THEE OF lEOH. By Peter Tenner. Translated and adapted. By John B. Peaese, of the Pennsylvania Steel Works. With numerous wood-cuts, Bvo., together with a folio atlas of 10 litho- graphed plates of Eolls, Measurements,. &c. “ We commend this book as a clear, elaborate, and practical treatise upon the department of iron manufacturing operations to which it is devoted. The writer states in his preface, that for twenty-five years he has felt the necessity of such a work, and has evidently brought to its preparation the fruits of experience, a painstaking regard for accuracy of statement, and a desire to furnish information in a style readily understood. The book should be iu the hands of every one interested, either in the general practice of mechanical engineering, or the special branch of manufacturing operations to which the work relates.’—American Artisan. 10 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Glynn on the Power of Water. A TEEATISE ON THE POWEE OF WATEE, as applied to drive Flour Mills, and to give motion to Turbines and other Hydrostatic Engines. By Joseph Glxetx, F.E. S. Third edition, revised and enlarged, with numerous illustrations. 12mo. Cloth. $l.OO. Hewson on Embankments. Bvo. Cloth. $2.00. PEINCIPLES AND PEACTICE OF EMBANKING- LANDS from Eiver Floods, as applied to the Levees of the Mississippi. By William Hewsox, Civil Engineer. “ This is a valuable treatise on the principles and practice of embanking- lands from river floods, as applied to the Levees of the Mississippi, by a highly intelligent and experienced engineer. The author says it is a first attempt to reduce to order and to rule the design, execution, and measurement of the Levees of the Mississippi. It is a most useful and needed contribution to scientific literature.—Philadelphia Evening Journal. Griiner on. Steel. Bvo. Cloth. $3.50. THE MANUFACTUEE OF STEEL. By M. L. Geitker, trans- lated from the French. By Lenox Smith, A. M., E. M., with an appendix on the Bessemer Process in the United States, by the translator. Illustrated by lithographed drawings and wood-cuts. “ The purpose of the work is to present a careful, elaborate, and at the same time practical examination into the physical properties of steel, as well as a description of the new processes and mechanical appliances for its manufac- ture. The information which it contains, gathered from many trustworthy sources, will be found of much value to the American steel manufacturer, who may thus acquaint himself with the results of careful and elaborate ex- periments in other countries, and better prepare himself for successful com- petition in this important industry with foreign makers. The fact that this volume is from the pen of one of the ablest metallurgists of the present day, cannot fail, we think, to secure for it a favorable consideration.—lron Age, 2k VA Jsr xostha xd. 11 Banerman on Iron. TREATISE ON THE METALLURGY OE IRON. Contain- ing outlines of tlie History of Iron Manufacture, methods of Assay, and analysis of Iron Ores, processes of manufacture of Iron and Steel, etc., etc. By 11. Baweeman. First American edition. Revised and enlarged, with an appendix on the Martin Process for making Steel, from the report of Abram S. Hewitt. Illustrated with numerous wood engravings. 12mo. Cloth. $2.00. “ This is an important addition to the stock of technical works published in this country. It embodies the latest facts, discoveries, and processes con- nected with the manufacture of iron and steel, and should bo in the hands of every person interested in the subject, as well as in all technical and scientific libraries.”—Scientific American. Link and Valve Motions, by W. S. AncMncloss. APPLICATION OE THE SLIDE YALYE and Link Motion to Stationary, Portable, Locomotive and Marine Engines, with new and simple methods for proportioning the parts. By William S. Auchlncloss, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. Designed as a hand-book for Mechanical Engineers, Master Mechanics, Draughtsmen and Students of Steam Engineering. All dimen- sions of the valve are found with the greatest ease by means of a Printed Scale, and proportions of the link determined without the assistance of a model. Illustrated by 37 wood-cuts and 21 lithographic plates, together with a copperplate engraving of the Travel Scale. Bvo. Cloth. $3.00. All the matters we have mentioned are treated with a clearness and absence of unnecessary verbiage which renders the work a peculiarly valuable one. The Travel Scale only requires to be known to be appreciated. Mr. A. writes so ably on his subject, we wish he had written more. London Erv dineering. We have never opened a work relating to steam which seemed to us better calculated to give an intelligent mind a clear understanding of the depart' ment it discusses.—Scientific American. 12 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Slide Yalve by Eccentrics, by Prof, 0, ¥. MacOord. 4to. Illustrated. Cloth, $‘4.00. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE SLIDE YALYE BY ECCENTRICS, examining by methods, the action of the Eccen- tric upon the Slide Yalve, and explaining the practical proces- ses of laying out the movements, adapting the valve for its various duties in the steam-engine. For the use of Engineers, Draughtsmen, Machinists, and Students of valve motions in general. By C. TV. Mac Coed, A. M., Professor of Mechanical Drawing, Stevens’ Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N- J. Stillman’s Steam-Engine Indicator. 12mo. Cloth. $l.OO. THE STEAM-ENGINE INDICATOR, and the Improved Mano- meter Steam and Yacuum Gauges ; their utility and application By Paul Stillman. New edition. Bacon’s Steam-Engine Indicator. 12mo. Cloth. $l.OO. Mor. $1.50. A TREATISE ON THE RICHARDS STEAM-ENGINE IN- DICATOR, with directions for its use. By Chaeles T. Poetee. Revised, with notes and large additions as developed by Amer- ican Practice, with an Appendix containing useful formulae and rules for Engineers. By F. W. Bacon, M. E., Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Illustrated. Second Edition In this work, Mr. Porter’s book has been taken as the basis, but Mr. Bacon has adapted it to American Practice, and has conferred a great boon on American Engineers.—Artisan. Bartol on Marine Boilers. Bvo. Cloth. $1.50. TREATISE ON THE MARINE BOILERS OF THE UNITED STATES. By H. B. Baetol. Illustrated. I). VAN NOSTRAND. 13 Gillmore’s Limes and Cements. Fourth Edition. Revised and Enlargd. Bvo. Cloth. $4.00. PEACTICAL TEEATISE ON LIMES, PIYDEAULIO CE- MENTS, AND MOETAES. Papers on Practical Engineering, XL S. Engineer Department, No. 9, containing Eeports of numerous experiments conducted in New York City, during the years 1858 to 1861, inclusive. By Q. A. Gillmoee, Brig-General U. S. Yolunteers, and Major U. S. Corps of Engineers. With, numerous illustrations. “ This work contains a record of certain experiments and researches made under the authority of the Engineer Bureau of the War Department from 1858 to 1861, upon the various hydraulic cements of the United States, and the materials for their manufacture. The experiments were carefully made, and are well reported and compiled. ’—Journal Franklin Institute. Gfillmore’s Coignet Beton. Bvo. Cloth. $2.50. COIGNET BET ON AND OTHEE AETIEICIAL STONE. By Q. A. Gieueoee. 9 Plates, Views, etc. This work describes with considerable minuteness of detail the several kinds of artificial stone in most general use in Europe and now beginning to be introduced in the United States, discusses their properties, relative merits, and cost, and describes the materials of which they are composed The subject is one of special and growing interest, and we commend the work, embodying as it does the matured opinions of an experienced engineer and expert. WilliamsoiTs Practical Tables. PEACTICAL TABLES IN METEOEOLOGY AND HYPSO- METEY, iu connection with the use of the Barometer. By Col. E. S. Williamsom, U. S. A. 4to. Flexible Cloth. $2.50. 14 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Williamson on the Barometer. ON THE USE OF THE BAROMETER ON SURVEYS AND RECONNAISSANCES. Part I. Meteorology in its Connec- tion with. Hypsometry. Part 11. Barometric Hypsometry. By R. S. Williamson, Bvt. Lient.-Col. U. S. A., Major Corps of Engineers. With. Illustrative Tables and Engravings. Paper No. 15, Professional Papers, Corps of Engineers. 4 to. Cloth. $15.00. “ San Francisco, Cal., Feb. 37, 18G7. “ Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army : “ General,—I have the honor to submit to yon, in the following pages, the results of my investigations in meteorology and hypsometry, made with tho view of ascertaining how far the barometer can be used as a reliable instru- ment for determining altitudes on extended lines of survey and reconnais- sances. These investigations have occupied the leisure permitted me from my professional duties during the last ten years, and I hope the results will bo deemed of sufficient value to have a place assigned them among the printed professional papers of the United States Corps of Engineers. “ Very respectfully, your obedient servant, “ R S. 'WILLIAMSON, “ Bvt. Lt.-Col. U. S. A., Major Corps of U. S. Engineers.” Yon Cotta’s Ore Deposits. Bvo. Cloth. $4.00. TREATISE ON ORE DEPOSITS. By Bernhard Yon Cotta, Professor of Geology in the Royal School of Mines, Preidberg, Saxony. Translated from tho second German edition, by Frederick Prime, Jr., Mining Engineer, and revised by tho author, with numerous illustrations. “Prof. Yon Cotta of the Freiberg School of Mines, is the author of the best modern treatise on ore deposits, and we are heartily glad that this ad- mirable work has been translated and published in this country. The trans- lator, Mr. Frederick Prime, Jr., a graduate of Freiberg, has had in his work the great advantage of a revision by the author himself, who declares in a prefatory note that this may bo considered as a new edition (the third) of his own book. “ It is a timely and welcome contribution to the literature of mining in this country, and we are grateful to the translator for his enterprise and good judgment in undertaking its preparation; while we recognize with equal cor- diality the liberality of tho author in granting both permission and assist- ance.”—Extract from Review in Engineering and Mining Journal. ]>. vajst JsrosTHAJVJj. 15 Plattner’s Blow-Pipe Analysis. Second edition. Revised. Bvo. Cloth. $7.50. PLATTNER’S MANUAL OF QUALITATIVE AND QUAN- TITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH THE BLOW-PIPE. Prom the last German edition Revised and enlarged. By Prof. Tit. Lighter, of the Eojal Saxon Mining Academy. Translated by Prof. H. B. Cornwall, Assistant in the Columbia School of Mines, New York; assisted by John IT. Caswell. Illustrated with eighty-seven wood-cuts and one Lithographic Plate. 560 pages. “ Plattner’s celebrated work has long been recognized as the only complete book on Blow-Pipe Analysis. The fourth German edition, edited by Prof. Richter, fully sustains the reputation which the earlier editions acquired dur- ing the lifetime of the author, and it is a source of great satisfaction to us to know that Prof. Richter has co-operated with the translator in issuing tho American edition of the work, which is in fact a fifth edition of the original work, being far more complete than the last German edition."—SUlimaris Journal. There is nothing* so complete to be found in tho English language. Platt- ner’s book is not a mere pocket edition ; it is intended as a comprehensive guide to all that is at present known on the blow-pipe, and as such is really indis- pensable to teachers and advanced pupils. “ Mr. Cornwall’s edition is something more than a translation, as it contains many corrections, emendations and additions not to bo found in the original. It is a decided improvement on the work in its German dress.”—Journal of Applied Chemistry. Egleston’s Mineralogy, Bvo. Illustrated with 84 Lithographic Plates. Cloth. $4.50. LECTURES ON DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY, Delivered at the School of Mines, Columbia College. Br Professor T. Egleston. These lectures are what their title indicates, the lectures on Mineralogy delivered at the School of Mines of Columbia College. They have been Printed for the students, in order that more time might be given to the vari- °Ua methods of examining and determining- minerals. The second part has only been printed. The first part, comprising crystallography and physical Mineralogy, will be printed at some future time. SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Pynchon’s Chemical Physics, New Edition. Revised and Enlarged. INTEODUCTION TO CHEMICAL PHYSICS, Designed for the Crown Bvo. Cloth.. $3.00. Use of Academies, Colleges, and High. Schools. Illustrated with numerous engravings, and containing copious experiments with directions for preparing them. By Thomas Haggles Pyxciiox, M.A., Professor of Chemistry and the Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Hartford. Hitherto, no work suitable for general use, treating of all these subjects within the limits of a single volume, could be found; consequently the atten- tion they have received has not been at all proportionate to their importance. It is believed that a book containing so much valuable information within so small a compass, cannot fail to meet with a ready sale among all intelligent persons, while Professional men, Physicians, Medical Students, Photograph- ers, Telegraphers, Engineers, and Artisans generally, will find it specially valuable, if not nearly indispensable, as a book of reference. “ We strongly recommend this able treatise to our readers as the first work ever published on the subject free from perplexing- technicalities. In style it is pure, in description graphic, and its typographical appearance is artistic. It is altogether a most excellent work.”—Eclectic Medical Journal. “It treats fully of Photography, Telegraphy, Steam Engines, and the various applications of Electricity. In short, it is a carefully prepared volume, abreast with the latest scientific discoveries and inventions.”—Hart- ford Courant. Plympton’s Blow-Pipe Analysis. 12mo. Cloth. |l5O. THE BLOW-PIPE : A Guide to Its Use in the Determination of Salts and Minerals. Compiled from various sources, by George W. Plymptoh, C.E., A.M., Professor of Physical Science in the Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. “ This manual probably has no superior in the English language as a text- book for beginners, or as a guide to the student working without a teacher. To the latter many illustrations of the utensils and apparatus required in using the blow-pipe, as well as the fully illustrated description of the blow- pipe flame, will bo especially serviceable.”—New TorJc Teacher. V. VAN NOSTRAND. 17 Ure’s Dictionary, Sixth Edition. London, 1873. S vols. Byo. Cloth, $35.00. Half Russia, $33.50. DICTIONARY OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND MINES. By Andrew Uee, M.D. Sixth edition. Edited by Robert Huxt E.R.S., greatly enlarged and rewritten. Braude and Cox's Dictionary, London, 1872. 3 vols. Bvo. Cloth, $20.00. Half Morocco, $27.50. New Edition. A Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. Edited by W. T. Beaxde and Rey. Geo. W. Cox. New and enlarged edition. Watt's Dictionary of Chemistry. Supplementary Volume. This volume brings the Record of Chemical Discovery down to the end of the year 1860, including also several additions to, and corrections of, former results which have appeared in 1870 and 1871. Bvo. Cloth. $9.00. Complete Sets of the Work, Hew and Revised edition, including above supplement. G vols. Bvo. Cloth. $63.00. Rammelsberg’s Chemical Analysis. Bvo. Cloth. $3.25. GUIDE TO A COURSE OE QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ESPECIALLY OP MINERALS AND FUR- NACE PRODUCTS. Illustrated by Examples. By C. F. Rajimelsberg. Translated by J. Towles,, M.D. This work has been translated, and is now published expressly for those students in chemistry whoso time and other studies in colleges do not permit them to enter upon the more elaborate and expensive treatises of Fresenius aud others. It is the condensed labor of a master in chemistry and of a prac- tical analyst. 18 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Eliot and Storer’s Qualitative Chemical Analysis. New Edition, Hevised. 12mo. Illustrated. Cloth.. $1.50. A COMPENDIOUS MANUAL OF QUALITATIVE CHEMI- CAL ANALYSIS. By Charles W. Eliot and Frank H. Sxorer. Devised -with the Cooperation of the Authors, by William Dip- lev Nichols, Professor of Chemistry in the Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. “ This Manual has great merits as a practical introduction to the science and the art of which it treats. It contains enough of the theory and practice of qualitative analysis, “ in the wet way,’’ to bring out all the reasoning in- volved in the science, and to present clearly to the student the most approved methods of the art. It is specially adapted for exercises and experiments in the laboratory; and yet its classifications and manner of treatment are so systematic and logical throughout, as to adapt it in a high degree to that higher class of students generally who desire an accurate knowledge of the practical methods of arriving at scientific facts.”—Lutheran Observer. “ We wish every academical class in the land could have the benefit of the fifty exercises of two hours each necessary to master this book. Chemistry would cease to be a mere matter of memory, and become a pleasant experi- mental and intellectual recreation. We heartily commend this little volume to the notice of those teachers who believe in using the sciences as means of mental discipline.”—College Courunt. Craig's Decimal System. Square 33m0. Limp. 50c. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Au Account of tlie Decimal System, with Tables of Conversion for Commercial and Scientific Uses. By B. E. Craig, M. D. “ The most lucid, accurate, and useful of all the hand-books on this subject that we have yet seen. It gives forty-seven tables of comparison between tho English and French denominations of length, area, capacity, weight, and the Centigrade and Fahrenheit thermometers, with clear instructions how to use them; and to this practical portion, which helps to make the transition as easy as possible, is prefixed a scientific explanation of the errors in tho metric system, and how they may be corrected in the laboratory.”—Nation. 1). VAN AY) STRAND. 19 Nugent on Optics. 12mo. Cloth. $2.00 TREATISE ON OPTICS; or, Light and Sight, theoretically and practically treated ; ’with the application to Fine Art and Indus- trial Pursuits. By E. Hugest. With one hundred and throe illustrations. “ This book is of a practical rather than a theoretical kind, and is de- signed to afford accurate and complete information to all interested in appli- cations of the science.”—Hound Table. Barnard’s Metric System. Bvo. Brown cloth. $3.00. the metric system of weights and measures. An Address delivered Before the Convocation of the University of the State of Hew York, at Albany, August, 1871. By Feedehick: A. P. Baesaed, President of Columbia College, Hew York City. Second edition from the Revised edition printed for the Trustees of Columbia College. Tinted paper. “It ig the best summary of the arguments in favor of the metric weights and measures with which we are acquainted, not only because it contains in small space the leading facts of the case, but because it puts the advocacy of that system on the only tenable grounds, namely, the great convenience of a decimal notation of weight and measure as well as money, the value of inter- national uniformity in the matter, and the fact that this metric system is adopted and in general use by the majority of civilized nations.”—The Ration. Tlie Young Mechanic. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth. $1.75. THE YOUNG MECHAHIC. Containing directions for the use of all kinds of tools, and for the construction of steam engines and mechanical models, including the Art of Turning in Wood and Metal. By the author of ‘‘The Bathe and its Uses,” etc. Brom the English edition, with corrections. 20 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Harrison’s Mechanic’s Tool-Book. MECHANIC’S TOOL BOOK, with, practical rules and suggestions, for the use of Machinists, Iron Workers, and others. By W. B. Hareisox, Associate Editor of the “American Artisan.” Illustra- ted with 44 engravings. 13mo. Cloth. $1.50. “ This work is specially adapted to meet the -wants of Machinists and work- ers in iron generally. It is made up of the work-day experience of an intelli- gent and ingenious mechanic, who had the faculty of adapting tools to various purposes. The practicability of his plans and suggestions are made apparent even to the unpractised eye by a series of well-executed wood engravings.”— Philadelphia Inquirer. Pope’s Modem Practice of the Elec- tric Telegraph. Eighth Edition. Bvo. Cloth $3.00. A Hand-book for Electricians and Operators. By Eirvnk L. Pope. Seventh edition. Peviscd and enlarged, and fully illustrated. Extract from Letter of Prof. Morse. “ I have had time only cursorily to examine its contents, but this examina- tion has resulted in great gratification, especially at the fairness and unpre- judiced tone of your whole work. “ I think all your instructions in the use of the telegraph apparatus judi- cious and correct, and I most cordially wish you success.” “ Your illustrated diagrams are admirable and beautifully executed. Extract from Letter of Prof. G. W. Hough, of the Dudley Observatory. “ There is no other work of this kind in the English language that con- tains in so small a compass so much practical information in the application of galvanic electricity to telegraphy. It should be in the hands of every one interested in telegraphy, or the use of Batteries for other purposes.” Morse’s Telegraphic Apparatus. Illustrated. Bvo. Cloth. $3.00. EXAMINATION OE THE TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS AND THE PROCESSES IN TELEGAPHY. By Samuel E. B. Mouse, LL.D., United States Commissioner Paris Universal Exposition, 1867. D. VAN NO STRAND. 21 Sabine’s History of the Telegraph. ISmo. Cloth. $1.25. HISTOEY AND PEOGEESS OE THE ELECTEIC TELE- GEAPH, with Descriptions of some of the Apparatus. By Eobekt Sabine, G. E. Second edition, with additions. Contents.—l. Early Observations of Electrical Phenomena. 11. Tele- graphs by Frictional Electricity. 111. Telegraphs by Voltaic Electricity. IV. Telegraphs by Electro-Magnetism and Magneto-Electricity. V. Tele- graphs now in use. VI. Overhead Lines. VII. Submarine Telegraph Lines. VIII. Underground Telegraphs. IX. Atmospheric Electricity. Haskins’ Galvanometer, Pocket form. Illustrated. Morocco tucks, f 2.00. THE GALVANOMETER AYD ITS lISES; a Manual for Electricians and Students. By C. 11. Haskins. “We hope this excellent little work will meet with the sale its merits entitle it to. To every telegrapher who owns, or uses a Galvanometer, or ever expects to, it will be quite indispensable.”—The Telegrapher. Gulley’s Hand-Book of Telegraphy. 8 vo. Cloth. $5.00. A HAND-BOOK OE PRACTICAL TELEGRAPHY. By E. S. Culley, Engineer to the Electric and International Telegraph Company. Fifth edition, revised and enlarged. Foster’s Submarine Blasting. 4to. Cloth. $3.50. SUBMAEINE BLASTING in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts— Eemoval of Tower and Corwin Eoeks. By John G. Eosteb, Lieutenant-Colonel of Engineers, and Brevet Major-General, U. S. Army. Illustrated with seven plates. List op Plates.—1. Sketch of the Narrows, Boston Harbor. 2. Townsend’s Submarine Drilling Machine, and Working Vessel attending, d Submarine Drilling Machine employed. 4. Details of Drilling Machine employed. 5. Cartridges and Tamping used, C. Puses and Insulated Wires Used. 7. Portable Friction Battery used. 22 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Barnes’ Submarine Warfare. Bvo. Cloth. $5.00. SUBMARINE WARFARE, DEFENSIVE AND OFFENSIVE. Comprising a full and complete History of the Invention of the Torpedo, its employment in War and results of its use. De- scriptions of the various forms of Torpedoes, Submarine Batteries and Torpedo Boats actually used in War. Methods of Ignition by Machinery, Contact Fuzes, and Electricity, and a full account of experiments made to determine the Explosive Forco of Gun- powder under Water. Also a discussion of the Offensive Torpedo system, its effect upon Iron-Clad Ship systems, and influence upon Future Naval Wars. By Lieut.-Commander John S. Barnes, U. S. N. With twenty lithographic plates and many wood-cuts. “ A book important to military men, and especially so to engineers and ar- tillerists. It consists of an examination of the various offensive and defensive engines that have been contrived for submarine hostilities, including a discus- sion of the torpedo system, its effects upon iron-clad ship-systems, and its probable influence upon future naval wars. Plates of a valuable character accompany the treatise, which affords a useful history of the momentous sub- ject it discusses. A great deal of useful information is collected in its pages, especially concerning the inventions of Scholl and Yerdu, and of Jones’ and Hunt’s batteries, as well as of other similar machines, and the use in submarine operations of gun-cotton and nitro-glycerine.”—N. T, Times. Randall’s Quartz Operator’s Hand- Book. 12mo. Cloth. $2.00. QUARTZ OPERATOR’S HAND-BOOK. By P, M. Randall. New edition, revised and enlarged. Fully illustrated. 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Benton s Electro-Ballistic Pendulum, with Plates. 7. Lour’s Tro-Pendulum Machine 8. Schultz’s Chronoscope, with two Plates. Michaelis’ Chronograph 4to. Illustrated. Cloth.' $3.00. THE LE BOULENGE CHEONOGEAPH. With three litho- . graphed folding plates of illustrations. By Brevet Captain OE. Michaelis, First Lieutenant Ordnance Corps, U. S. Army. “ The excellent monograph of Captain Michaelis enters minutely into the details of construction and management, and gives tables of the times of flight calculated upon a given fall of the chronometer for ail distances. Captain Michaelis has done good service in presenting this work to his brother officers, describing, as it does, an instrument which bids fair to be in constant use in °ur future ballistic experiments.’—Army and Navy JourncH SCIENTIFIC TO OKS PUBLISHED BY Silversmiths Hand-Book, Fourth Edition. Illustrated. 12mo. Clotli. $3.00, A PRACTICAL HAND-BOOK FOR MINERS, Metallurgists, and Assayers, comprising the most recent improvements in the disintegration, amalgamation, smelting, and parting of tlio Precious Ores, with a Comprehensive Digest of the Mining Laws. Greatly augmented, revised, and corrected. By Julius Silversmith. Fourth edition. Profusely illustrated. 1 vol. P2mo. Cloth. $3. 00. One of the most important features of this work is that in which tho metallurgy of the precious metals is treated of. In it the author has endeav- ored to embody all tho processes for the reduction and manipulation of the precious ores heretofore successfully employed in Germany, England, Mexico, and the United States, together with such as have been more recently invented, and not yet fully tested—all of which are profusely illustrated and easy of comprehension. Simms5 Levelling. A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEVELLING, showing its application to purposes of Railway Engineering and tho Construction of Roads, &c. By Frederick; TV. Simms, C. E. From the fifth London edition, revised and corrected, with tho addition of Mr. Law’s Practical Examples for Setting Out Railway Curves. Illustrated with three lithographic plates and numerous wood-cuts. Bvo. Cloth. $2.50. “ One of the most important text-books for tho general surveyor, and there is scarcely a question connected with levelling for which, a solution would be sought, but that would be satisfactorily answered by consulting this volume.” —Mining Journal. “ The text-book on levelling in most of our engineering schools and col- leges.”—Engineers. “The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the younger members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms' useful work.”—Engineering. D. VAN NO STRAND. 25 Stuart’s Successful Engineer. ISmo. Boards. 50 cents. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL ENGINEER: Being Hints to Youths intending to adopt the Profession. Bv Bernard Stuart, Engineer. Sixth Edition. “A valuable little book of sound, sensible advice to youno- Inen w]io wish to rise in the most important of the professions.”—Scientific American. Stuart’s Naval Dry Docks. Twenty-four engravings on steel. Fourth Edition. 4to. Cloth. $O.OO. THE NAVAL DRY DOCKS OF THE UNITED STATES. By Charles JB. Stuart. Engineer in Chief of the United States Navy. List of Illustrations, Pumping Engine and Pumps—Plan of Pry Dock and Pump-Well—Sec- tions of Pry Pock—Engine House-Iron Floating Gate—Petails of Floating Gate—lron Turning Gate—Plan of Turning Gate—Culvert Gate—Filling Culvert Gates—Engine Bed—Plato, Pumps, and Culvert—Engine House Roof—Floating Sectional Pock—Petails of Section, and Plan of Turn-Tables —Plan of Basin and Marine Railways—Plan of Sliding Frame, and Elevation of Pumps—Hydraulic Cylinder—Plan of Gearing for Pumps and End Floats -—Perspective View of Pock, Basin, and Railway—Plan of Basin of Ports- mouth Pry Pock—Floating Balance Pock—Elevation of Trusses and the Ma- chinery—Perspective View of Balance Pry Pock Free Hand Drawing. Profusely Illustrated. ISmo. Boards. 50 cents. ■A- GUIDE TO ORNAMENTAL, Figure, and Landscape Draw- ing. By an Art Student. Contents.—Materials employed in Prawing, and how to use them—On Bines and how to Praw them—On Shading—Concerning lines and shading, 'Vlth applications of them to simple elementary subjects—Sketches from Na- ture. 26 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Minifies Mechanical Drawing. Royal Bvo. Cloth. $4.00. Eighth Edition. A TEXT-BOOK OE GEOMETRICAL DRAWING for the use of Mechanics and Schools, in which the Definitions and Rules of Geometry are familiarly explained ; the Practical Problems are arranged, from the most simple to the more complex, and in their description technicalities are avoided as much as possible. With illustrations for Drawing Plans, Sections, and Elevations of Buildings and Machinery; an Introduction to Isometrical Draw- ing, and an Essay on Linear Perspective and Shadows. Illus- trated with over 200 diagrams engraved on steel. By Wji. Minipie, Architect. Eighth Edition. With an Appendix on the Theory and Application of Colors. “ It is the best work on Drawing that we have ever seen, and is especially a text-book of Geometrical Drawing for the use of Mechanics and Schools. Ho young Mechanic, such as a Machinist, Engineer, Cabinet-Maker, Millwright, or Carpenter, should be without it.”—Scientific American. “ One of the most comprehensive works of the kind ever published, and can- not but possess great value to builders. The style is at once elegant and sub- stantial. ”■—Pennsylvania Inquirer. “ Whatever is said is rendered perfectly intelligible by remarkably well- executed diagrams on steel, leaving nothing for mere vague supposition; and the addition of an introduction to isometrical drawing, linear perspective, and the projection of shadows, winding up with a useful index to technical terms.” —Glasgoio Mechanics' Journal. The British Government has authorized the use of this book in their schools of art at Somerset House, London, and throughout the kingdom. Minifie’s Geometrical Drawing. New Edition. Enlarged. GEOMETRICAL DRAWING. Abridged from the octavo edition, for the use of Schools. Illustrated with 48 steel plates. New edition, enlarged. 12mo. Cloth. $2.00. *• It is well adapted as a text-book of drawing to be used in our High Schools and Academies where this useful branch of the line arts has been hitherto too much neglected.”—Boston Journal. D. VAxY JYOSTRAJYD. 27 Bell on Iron Smelting. CHEMICAL PHENOMENA OP IKON SMELTING. An ex- perimental and practical examination of the circumstances which determine the capacity of the Blast Furnace, the Temperature of the Air, and the Proper Condition of the Materials to bo operated upon. By I. Lowtiiiax Bell. Svo. Cloth. $6.00. “ The reactions which take place in every foot of the blast-furnace have been investigated, and the nature of every step in the process, from the intro- duction of the raw material into the furnace to the production of the pig iron, has been carefully ascertained, and recorded so fully that any one in the trade can readily avail themselves of the knowledge acquired; and we have no hes- itation in saying that the judicious application of such knowledge will do much to facilitate the introduction of arrangements which will still further economize fuel, and at the same time permit of the quality of the resulting metal being maintained, if not improved. The volume is one which no prac- tical pig iron manufacturer can afford to be without if he be desirous of en- tering upon that competition which nowadays is essential to progress, and in issuing such a work Mr. Bell has entitled himself to the best thanks of every member of the trade.”—London Mining Journal. King’s Notes on Steam. Thirteenth Edition. Bvo. Cloth. $2.00. LESSONS AND PRACTICAL NOTES ON STEAM, the Steam- Engine, Propellers, &c., &c., for Young Engineers, Students, and others. By the late W. E. King, U. S. N. Devised by Chief- Engineer I. W. King, IT. S. Navy. “ This is one of the best, because eminently plain and practical treatises on the Steam Engine ever published. ’—Philadelphia, Press. This is the thirteenth edition of a valuable work of the late W. H. King, P- S. N. It contains lessons and practical notes on Steam and the Steam En- gine, Propellers, etc. It is calculated to be of great use to young marine en- gineers, students, and others. The text is illustrated and explained by nu- merous diagrams and representations of machinery.—Poston Daily A.dverm User. I ext-book at the TJ. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis- SCIENTIFIC TOOK! PUBLISHED BY Burgh’s Modem Marine Engineering. One thick 4to vol. Cloth. $35.00. Half morocco. $30.00. MODERN MARINE ENGINEERING-, applied to Paddle and Screw Propulsion. Consisting of 36 Colored Plates, 259 Practical Wood-cut Illustrations, and 403 pages of Descriptive Matter, tlio whole being an exposition of tlio present practice of tire follow- ing firms : Messrs. J. Penn & Sons; Messrs. Maudslay, Sons & Pield; Messrs. James Watt & Co.; Messrs. J. & G. Rennie ; Messrs. R. Napier & Sons ; Messrs. J. & W. Dudgeon; Messrs. Ravenhill & Hodgson; Messrs. Humphreys & Tenant; Mr. J. T. Spencer, and Messrs. Porrester & Co, By N. P. Bthigh, Engineer. Principal Contents.—General Arrangements of Engines, 11 examples —General Arrangement of Boilers, 14 examples—General Arrangement of Superheaters, 11 examples—Details of Oscillating Paddle Engines, 34 ex- amples—Condensers for Screw Engines, both Injection and Surface, 20 ex- amples—Details of Screw Engines, 30 examples—Cylinders and Details of Screw Engines, 31 examples—Slide Yalves and Details, 7 examples—Slide Valve, Link Motion, 7 examples—Expansion Valves and Gear, 10 exam- ples—Details in General, 30 examples—-Screw Propeller and Eittings, 13 ex- amples - Engine and Boiler .Fittings, 28 examples - lu relation to the Princi- ples of the Marine Engine and Boiler, 33 examples. Hotices of ike Press. “Every conceivable detail of the Marine Engine, under all its various forms, is profusely, and we must add, admirably illustrated by a multitude of engravings, selected from the best and most modern practice of tho first Marine Engineers of the day. The chapter on Condensers is peculiarly valu- able. In one word, there is no other work in existence which will bear a moment’s comparison with it as an exponent of the skill, talent and practical experience to which is due the splendid reputation enjoyed by many British Marine Engineers.”—Engineer. “ This very comprehensive work, which was issued in Monthly parts, has just been completed. It contains large and full drawings and copious de- scriptions of most of the best examples of Modern Marine Engines, and it is a complete theoretical and practical treatise on the subject of Marine Engi- neering.”—American Artisan. This is the only edition of tho above work with the beautifully colored plates, and it is out of print in England. i). VaX xosteaxd. 29 Bourne’s Treatise on the Steam En gine. Ninth Edition Illustrated. 4 to. Cloth. 015.00. TREATISE ON THE STEAM ENGINE in its various applica. tions to Mines, Mills, Steam Navigation, Railways, and AgricuL lure, -with, the tlieoretical investigations respecting the Motive Power of Heat and tire proper Proportions of Steam Engines. Elaborate Tables of tire right dimensions of every part, and Practical Instructions for the Manufacture and Management of every species of Engine in actual use. By Johx Bouene, being- tiro ninth edition of “A Treatise on tiro Steam Engine,” by the “ Artisan Club.” Illustrated by thirty-eight plates and five As Mr. Bourne’s work has the great merit of avoiding unsound and imma- ture views, it may safely be consulted by all who are really desirous of ac- quiring trustworthy information on the subject of which it treats. During the twenty-two years which have elapsed from the issue of the first edition, the improvements introduced in the construction of the steam engine have been both numerous and important, and of these Mr. Bourne has taken care to point out the more prominent, and to furnish the reader with such infor- mation as shall enable him readily to judge of their relative value. This edi- tion has been thoroughly modernized, and made to accord with the opinions and practice of the more successful engineers of the present day. All that the book professes to give is given with ability and evident care. The scien- tific principles which are permanent are admirably explained, and reference is made to many of the more valuable of the recently introduced engines. To express an opinion of the value and utility of such a work as The Artisan Club's Treatise on the Steam Engine, which has passed through eight editions already, would be superfluous; but it may bo safely stated that the work is Worthy the attentive study of all either engaged in the manufacture of steam engines or interested in economizing the use of steam.—Jlining Journal. hundred and forty-six wood-cuts. Isherwood’s Engineering Precedents. Two Vols. in One. Bvo. Cloth. §3.50. Engineering precedents for steam machinery. Arranged in the most practical and useful manner for Engineers. By B. F. Isheswood, Civil Engineer, U. S. Navy. With illus- trations. SCIENTIFIC TO OKS PUBLISHED BY Ward’s Steam for the Million. New and lievised Edition, Bvo. Cloth. $l.OO. STEAM POP THE MILLION. A Popular Treatise on Steam and its Application to the Useful Arts, especially to Naviga- tion. By J. 11. Waed, Commander U. S. Navy. New and re- vised edition. A most excellent work for the young engineer and general reader. Main- facts relating to the management of the boiler and engine are set forth with a. simplicity of language and perfection of detail that bring the subject homo to the reader.—American Engineer. Walker’s Screw Propulsion. Bvo. Cloth. 73 cents. NOTES ON SCEEW PROPULSION, its Pise and History. By Capt. W. 11. Walker, U. S. Navy. Commander Walker’s book contains an immense amount of concise practi- cal data, and every item of information recorded fully proves that the various points bearing upon it have been well considered previously to expressing an opinion.—London Mining Journal. Page’s Earth’s Orast. 18mo. Cloth. 75 cents. THE EARTH’S CRUST; a Handy Outline of Geology. By David Page. “ Such a work as this was much wanted—a work giving in clear and intel- ligible outline the leading* facts of the science, without amplification or irk- some details. It is admirable in arrangement, and clear and easy, and, at tho same time, forcible in style. It will lead, we hope, to the introduction of Geology into many schools that have neither time nor room for the study of large treatises.”—The Museum. I). VAN NO A TRANJJ. Rogers’ Geology of Pennsylvania. THE GEOLOGY OF PENNSYLVANIA. A Government Sur- vey. With a general view of the Geology of the United States, Essays on the Coal Formation and its Fossils, and a description of the Coal Fields of North America and Great Britain. By Henry Darwin Rogers, Late State Geologist of Pennsylvania. Splendidly illustrated with Plates and Engravings in the Text. 3 Yols. 4 to, ■with. Portfolio of Maps. Cloth. $30.00. It certainly should be in every public library throughout the country, and likewise in the possession of all students of Geology. After the final sale of these copies, the work will, of course, become more valuable. The work for the last five years has been entirely out of the market, but a few copies that remained in the hands of Prof. Rogers, in Scotland, at the time of his death, are now offered to the public, at a price which is even below what it was originally sold for when first published. Morflt on Pure Fertilizers. With 28 Illustrative Plates. Bvo. Cloth. $20.00. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON PURE FERTILIZERS, and the Chemical Conversion of Rock Guanos, Maulstones, Ooprolites, and the Crude Phosphates of Lime and Alumina Generally, into various Valuable Products. By Campbell Morph, M.D., F.C.S. Sweet’s Report on Goal. 8 vo. Cloth. $3.00. SPECIAL REPORT ON COAL ; showing its Distribution, Classi- fication, and Cost delivered over different routes to various points in -the State of New York, and the principal cities on the Atlantic Coast. By S. H. Sweet. With maps. Colbnrn’s Gas Works of London. Gas WORKS OF LONDON. By Zbrah Colburn. 12mo. Boards. 60 cents. 32 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Tlie Useful Metals and their Alloys; Scoffren, Trnran, and others. Fifth Edition. Bvo. Half calf. $3.75. THE USEFUL METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS, including MINING- VENTILATION, MINING JURISPRUDENCE AND METALLURGY CHEMISTRY employed in the conver- sion of IRON, COPPER, TIN, ZINC, ANTIMONY, AND LEAD ORES, with their applications to THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS. By John Scoeeren, William Tehran, William Clay, Robert Oxland, William Fairbairn, W. C. Aitkin, and Wil- liam Yose Pickett. Collins’ Useful Alloys. THE PRIVATE BOOK OF USEFUL ALLOYS and Memo- randa for Goldsmiths, Jewellers, etc. By James E. Collins 18mo. Flexible. 75 cents. This little book is compiled from notes made by the Author from the papers of one of the largest and most eminent Manufacturing Goldsmiths and Jewellers in this country, and as the firm is now no longer in existence, and the Author is at present engaged in some other undertaking, he now offers to the public the benefit of his experience, and in so doing he begs to state that all the alloys, etc., given in these pages may be confidently relied on as being thoroughly practicable. The Memoranda and Receipts throughout this book are also compiled from practice, and Avill no doubt be found useful to the practical jeweller. —Shirley, July, 1871. Joynsons Metals Used in Construction. 12mo. Cloth. 75 cents. THE METALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION: Iron, Steel, Bessemer Metal, etc., etc. By Francis Herbert Joynson. Il- lustrated. “In the interests of practical science, we are bound to notice this work ; and to those who wish further information, we should say, buy it; and the outlay, wo honestly believe, will bo considered well spent.”—Scientific Review. IK VAN NOS Til A ND. Holley’s Ordnance and Armor. 493 Engravings. Half Roan, $10.00. Half Russia, $12.00. A TREATISE ON ORDNANCE AND ARMOR—Embracing Descriptions, Discussions, and Professional Opinions concerning the Material, Fabrication, Requirements, Capabilities, and En- durance of European and American Guns, for Naval, Sea Coast, and Iron-clad Warfare, and their Rifling, Projectiles, and Breech-Loading; also, Results of Experiments against Armor, from Official Records, with an Appendix referring to Gun-Cotton, Hooped Guns, etc., etc. By Alexander L. Holley, B. P. 948 pages, 493 Engravings, and 147 Tables of Results, etc. Chapter I.—Standard Guns and their Fabrication Described: Section 1. Hooped Guns; Section 2. Solid Wrought Iron Guns; Section 8. Solid Steel Guns; Section 4. Cast-Iron Guns. Chapter ll.—The Requirements of Guns, Armor: Section 1. The Work to he done; Section 2. Heavy Shot at Low Ve- locities; SectionS. Small Shot at High Velocities; Section 4. The two Sys- tems Combined; Section 5. Breaching Masonry. CHAPTER lll.—The Strains and Structure of Guns; Section 1. Resistance to Elastic Pressure; Section 2. The Effects of Vibration; SectionS. The Effects of Heat. Chapter IV.— Cannon Metals and Processes of Fabrication: Section 1. Elasticity and Ductil- ity; Section 2. Cast-Iron; Section 3. Wrought Iron; Section 4. Steel; Sec- tion 5. Bronze; Section 0. Other Alloys. Chapter V.—Rifling and Projec- tiles; Standard Forms and Practice Described; Early Experiments; The Centring System; The Compressing System; The Expansion System; Armor Punching Projectiles; Shells for Molten Metal; Competitive Trial of Rifled Guns, 18G2; Duty of Rifled Guns; General Uses, Accuracy, Range, Velocity, Strain, Liability of Projectile to Injury; Firing Spherical Shot from Rifled Guns; Material for Armor-Punching Projectiles; Shape of Armor-Punching Projectiles; Capacity and. Destructiveness of Shells; Elongated Shot from Smooth Bores; Conclusions; Velocity of Projectiles (Table). Chapter Vl. Breech-Loading Advantages and Defects of the System; Rapid Firing and Cooling Guns by Machinery; Standard Breech-Loaders Described. Part Sec- ond : Experiments against Armor; Account of Experiments from Official Records in Chronological Order. Appendix.—Report on the Application of Gun-Cotton to Warlike Purposes—British Associatiou, 1863; Manufacture and Experiments in England ; Guns Hooped with Initial Tension—History; How Guns Burst, by Wiard, Lyman’s Accelerating Gun; Endurance of Parrott and Whitworth Guns at Charleston ; Hooping old United States Cast-Iron Guns; Endurance and Accuracy of the Armstrong 000-pounder; Competitive Trials with 7-inch Guns. Contents. 34 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED BY Peirce’s Analytic Mechanics. 4to. Cloth. $lO.OO. SYSTEM OP ANALYTIC MECHANICS. Physical and Celestial Mechanics. By Benjamin Peiiice, Perkins Professor of Astronomy and Mathematics in Harvard University, and Consulting As- tronomer of tho American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. Developed in four systems of Analytic Mechanics, Celestial Mechanics, Potential Physics, and Analytic Morphology. “ I have re-examined the memoirs of the great geometers, and have striven to consolidate their latest researches and their most exalted forms of thought into a consistent and uniform treatise. If I have hereby succeeded in open- ing to the students of my country a readier access to these choice jewels of intellect; if their brilliancy is not impaired in this attempt to reset them; if, in their own constellation, they illustrate each other, and concentrate a stronger light upon the names of their discoverers , and, still more, if any gem which I may have presumed to add is not wholly lustreless in the collec- tion, I shall feel that my work has not been in vain.”—Extract from the Pre- face. Burt’s Key to Solar Compass. Second Edition. Pocket Book Porm. Tuck. $3.50. 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Many books havo been written on each of the subjects treated of in the sixteen chapters of this work; and, to obtain a complete knowledge of geodetic surveying requires a profound study of the whole range of mathe- matical and physical sciences; but a year of preparation should render any intelligent officer competent to conduct a nautical survey. Contexts.—Chapter I. Formula? and Constants Useful in Surveying 11. Distinctive Character of Surveys. 111. Hydrographic Surveying under Sail; or, Eunning Survey. IV. Hydrographic Surveying of Boats; or, Har- bor Survey. V. Tides—Definition of Tidal Phenomena—Tidal Observations. VI. Measurement of Bases—Appropriate and Direct. VII. Measurement of the Angles of Triangles—Azimuths—Astronomical Bearings. VIII. Correc- tions to be Applied to the Observed Angles. IX. Levelling—Difference of Level. X. Computation of the Sides of the Triangulation—The Three-point Problem. XI. 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