\858 /. #*$ LIBRARY IS? ON GENERAL'S OFFICE DEC 111899 ci CEntered according to Act of Congress, in trie year 1838, t>y O. S. Fowler, In ttve Clerk's Office of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.] SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY; AND THE PHRENOLOGICAL HEVELOPEMENTS, TOGETHER WITH THE CHARACTER AND TALENTS, OF ^? /? AS GIVEN BY WITH REFERENCES TO THOSE PAGES OF " PHRENOLOGY PROVED, ILLUSTRATED, AND APPLIED," IN WHICH WILL BE FOUND A FULL AND CORRECT DELINEATION OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CHARACTER AND MANIFESTATIONS OF THE ABOVE-NAMED INDIVIDUAL. BY O. S. FOWLER, A. B. 4UTH0R OP "PHRENOLOGY PROVED, ILLUSTRATED, AND APPLIED;" " ANSWER TO VINDEX ;" " THB NATURAL THEOLOGV OF PHRENOLOGY," &C. &.C FOR SALE, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, BY FOWLER AND BREVOORT, PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGISTS, AT THE PHRENOLOGICAL ATHENAEUM, 5810 Chestnut street, Philadelphia. FIFTH EDITION. EXPLANATION. The proportionate size of the phrenological organs of the individual examined, and, consequently, the relative power and energy of his primary mental powers ; that is, his moral and intellectual character and manifesto tions, will be indicated by the WTttten figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7: figure 1 sig- nifying VERY SMALL ; 2, SMALL ; 3, MODERATE ; 4, AVERAGE ; 5, FULL; 6, LARGE ; 7, VERY LARGE. In order to make the indications still plainer, these figures will be written opposite to those lines which describe the individual examined; and at the tnd of these lines, figures are placed which refer to those pages of " Phrenc*- logy Proved, Illustrated, and Applied," in which will be found a full descrip- tion, as well of his individual characteristics as of the results of feelings, rharacter, talents, capabilities, &c. produced by the combined operation of his f:cul it- in lh.it .!"jjrcc iu which he possesses them. A 2 SYNOPSIS OF PHRKWOLOOT. Explanation of the Cuts, (abbreviated c.) Cut 1 shows the location, number, and abbreviated name of the organs : 2, their general divisions or classification: 3, 4, present occipital and frontal views of the organs; 5 is a profile cut of Washington : 6, of Franklin : 7, of Herschel: 8, 9, of Le Blanc, the murderer of Judge Sayre and family, of N. J.: 10 represents a well balanced, or perfect head : 11 is a cut of a highly intellectual female, and one endowed with great versatility of talents: 12, 13, are cuts of Me-che-Ke-le-a-tah, the celebrated war-chief of the Miami Indians: 14 is a cut of Aurelia Chase, murderer of Dr. Durkey's wife, Bait.: 15, of Black Hawk: 16, 17, of an Indian chief: 18, of De Witt Clinton: 19, of Brit- nell. engineer of the Thames tunnel, Eng.: 20, of Philip, a notorious thief and'liar, (p. 320) : 21, 27, of a skull found on the British lines at York town, Va.: 22,23, of a remarkably intelligent monkey: 24, 32, of a hyena: 25,26, of a N. A. Indian : 28, of an idiotick child : 29, of a full-grown idiots 30,37, of an ichneumon : 31, 36, of a fox : 34, crow : 37, 43, of a very cun- ning and roguish cat: 40, of Shakspeare, from an English portrait, said to be the most correct extant: 41, of Robert Hall: 42, a New Zealander. , [The small figures (second row,) placed before the names of the organs, are the numbers of Spurzheim.] Dffinitions.—1, or Very Small, means almost wholly wanting: 2, or Small, feeble and inactive; 3, or Moderate, signifies rather below mediocrity ; active only in a subordinate degree ; and having only a limited influence upon the mind and character: 4, or Average, means fair, or between moderate and full, and includes the general analysis of the faculties: 5, or Full, signifies respectable, though not marked or control- ling : 6, or Large, applied to an organ, shows that its corresponding faculty has a powerful and an energetick influence upon the capabilities and feelings, if not conduct: 7, or Very Large, means predominant, especially over the less energetick faculties; constituting and giving tone and direction to the character and talents; easily excited, and powerful in action; and quite liable to perversion and abuse. The size of the head of the individual examined, the degree of activity, the quantum, or amount, of mental strength and power, the sharpness and the smoothness of the phrenological organs, and the corresponding degree ef excitability of the faculties, and the various proportions of the tempera- 7nents, together with the relative development of the several classes of organs, will be indicated in the same manner. The cuts do not show the relative size. The sign -f, (plus, or more,) placed before or after a figure, shows that it is larger than it is marked, yet not enough so to require the next larger figure : the sign —, (minus, or less,) that it is not quite as much as it is marked. These signs add and diminish nearly one-half of a degree. Excesses and defects of character are marked by curved dashes. A curved dash drawn under a figure, thus ,6, or £, indicates that the organs thus marked, considered in reference to their combinations, are liable to be over exercised, or perverted, and require to be closely watched and judiciously directed, or else restrained; a curved dash drawn over a written figure, thus 2, signifies that the weakness of the faculty thus marked, constitutes a palpable defect of character, and that it should be cultivated and stimulated. The printed figures in the margin, refer to the number of their respective faculties, or the order in which they are described, and the figures in the cuts, to the location of the corresponding faculties in the head, except the figures under, or in the open parts of the cuts, which refer to their number PHRENOLOGY. Develops and points out those relations which exist between certain conditions a7id developments of the brain, and the manifestatio7is of the mind. For a statement of the fundamental principles of this science, the reader is referred either to the cover of this synopsis, or else to pp. 7—36, of " Phrenology Proved," &c. We have here only room to allude briefly to the principal conditions upon which the mental manifestations are found to depend.* These are mainly as follows. L The size of the brain, other conditions being equal, is found to be (he measure of the aggregate amount of the mental power; and the rela- tive size of the several orga7is of an individual, indicates the proportional strength and energy of his corresponding faculties. It should, however, be remembered, that the amount of one's mental power, depends even more upon these "other conditions," such as his organization, or the vigour of his constitution, the condition of his nutri- tive organs, the state of his health, his temperament, the amount of excitement under which his various faculties act, his education, habits, diet, &c, than upon the size of his brain alone. Accordingly, in conse- quence of different degrees of health, rest, fatigue, excitement, &c, the manifested quantity or amount of a man's mental power, will vary twenty, forty, and even eighty per cent., whilst the kind or quality will differ little if any. Hence, both in proving phrenology, and also in applying its principles, the province of the phrenologist is to point out the character or kind of talents and mental power, rather than their precise amount ; and yet, if he is informed as to these " other conditions," (and it is not only his right to know them, but preposterous in him to pronounce with- out such knowledge,) he can ascertain very nearly the amount, as well as the kind, of intellect and feeling. Average.—One having an average-sized brain, with activity only average, will discover only an ordinary amount of intellect; be inadequate to any important undertaking; yet, in a small sphere, or one that requires only a mechanical routine of business, may do well: with activity great or very great, and the organs of the propelling powers and of practical intellect, large or very large, is capable of doing a fair business, and may pass for a man of some talent, yet he will not be original nor profound; will be quick of perception ; have a good practical understanding; will do well in his sphere, yet never manifest any traces of greatness, and out of his sphere, be common-place: with moderate or small activity, will hardly have common sense. A Full.—One having a full-sized brain, with activity great or very great, O^and the organs of practical intellect and of the propelling powers, large or * The succeeding descriptions, and also those referred to in "Phrenology Proved," &c, are predicated on the supposition that the brain is full or large in size—the orga- nization sound—health fair or good—activity full or great; and that the faculties have not been mis-iUrecied. For the effects of the combined action of the faculties, which constitute by far the most important portion of phrenology, or, rather, its very essence, and without a know- ledge of which no correct estimate' of character can be formed, the reader is referred to "Phrenology Proved." &c, the main design of which is to present this hitherto neglected, but all important, feature of this subject. Before the terms Average, Full, Large, Very Large, Moderate, Small, and Very Small, the reader will olease supcly the ellipsis, one having this organ. 4 STITOPSIS OF PnRENOLOGT, very large, although he will not possess greatness of intellect, nor a deep, »trong mind, will be very clover ; have considerable talent, and that so dis- tributed that it will show to be more than it really is; is capable of being a good scholar, doing a fine business, and, with advantages and applica- tion, of distinguishing himself somewhat, yet he is inadequate to a great undertaking; cannot sway an extensive influence, nor be really great: with uctivity full or average, will do only tolerably well, and manifest only a common share of talents: with activity moderate or small, will neither be nor do much worthy of notice: c. 15. 43. Large.—One having a large-sized brain, with activity average, will possess considerable energy of intellect and feeling, yet seldom manifest it unless it is brought out by some powerful stimulus, and Will be rather too indolent to exert, especially his intellect: with activity full, will be endowed with an uncommon amount of the mental power, and be capable of doing a great deal, yet require considerable to awaken him to that vigorous effort of mind of which he is capable; if his powers are not called out by circumstances, and his organs of practical intellect are only average or full, he may pass through life without attracting notice, cr. manifesting more than an ordinary share of talents: but if the perceptive faculties are strong or very strong, and his natural powers put in vigorous requisition, he will manifest a vigour and energy of intellect and feeling quite erbove mediocrity ; be adequate to undertakings which demand originality of mind and force of character, yet, after all, be rather indolent (c. 18) : with idivity great or very great, will combine great power af mind with great activity ; exercise a commanding influence over those minds with which he comes in contact; when he enjoys, will enjoy intensely, and when he suffers, suffer equally so; be susceptible of strong excitement, and, with the organs of the propelling powers, and of practical intellect, large or very large, will possess all the mental capabilities for conducting a large business; for rising to eminence, if not to pre-eminence; and discover great foice of character and power of intellect and feeling: with activity tnoderale, when powerfully excited, will evince considerable energy of intellect and feeling, yet be too indolent and too sluggish to do much ; lack clearness and force of idea, and intenseness of feeling; unless lite- rally driven to it, will not be likely to be much or do much, and yet actu- ally possess more vigour of mind, and energy of feeling, than he will manifest; with activity 1, or 2, will border upon idiocy. Vert Large.—One having a very large head, with activity average or fill, on great occasions, or when his powers are thoroughly roused, will be truly great; but upon ordinary occasions, will seldom manifest'any pinarkable amount of mind or feeling, and perhaps pass through life with t.ie credit of being a person of good natural abilities and judgments, yet nothing more: with activity great, strength, and the intellectual organs tae same, will be a natural genius ; endowed with very superior powers of mind and vigour of intellect; and, even though deprived of the advan- tages of education, his natural talents will surmount all obstacles, and make him truly talented (c. 7) : with activity very great, and the organs of prac- tical intellect and of the propelling powers large or very large, will possess lie first order of natural abilities; manifest a clearness and force of intel- lect_ which will astonish the world, and a power of feeling which will carry all before hurt; and, with proper cultivation, enable him to become a bright star in the firmament of intellectual greatness, upon which coming a^es ■with neiBHeflCES to piui/usolost proved, &c. 5 may gaze with delight and astonishment. His mental enjoyment will be most exquisite, and his sufferings equally excruciating: c. 5. 6. 40. 41. MODERATE.-One with a head of only moderate size, combined with great oi very great activity, and the organs of the propelling powers and of practical intellect, will possess a tolerable share of intellect, yet appear to possess much more than he does; with others to plan for and direct him, will perhaps execute to advantage, yet be unable to do much alone; will have a very active mind, and be quick of perception, yet, after all have a contracted intellect (c. 10. 26); possess only a small mental calibre and lack momentum both of mind and character: with activity only average or fair, will have but a moderate amount of intellect, and even this scanty allowance will be too sluggish for action, so that he will neither suffer nor enjoy much: with activity moderate or small, be an idiot. Small or vert Small.—One with a small or very small head, no matter what may be the activity of his mind, will be incapable of intellect- ual effort; of comprehending even easy subjects; or of experiencing much pain or pleasure; in short, will be a natural fool: c. 28. 29. II. The Strength of the System, including the brain, or what is the same thing, upon the perfection or imperfection of the organization. Probably no phrenological condition is so necessary for the manifestation of mind, as a strong, compact constitution, and energetick physical powers. Even after a violation of the laws of the organization has brought on disease, a naturally vigorous constitution often retains no small share of its former elasticity and energy, and imparts the same qualities to the mental operations (c. 5. 6. 7. 12. 15. 18. 40. 41. 43); but, in proportion as this is defective, weakness and imbecility of mind will ensue. III. The Degree of Activity.—In judging of the manifestations of the mind, the activity of the brain is a consideration quite as important as its size. ^ Whilst size gives power or momentum of intellect and feeling, acti- vity imparts quickness, intensity, willingness, and even a restless desire, to act, which go far to produce efficiency of mind, with accompanying effort and action. Under the head of size, however, the effects of the different degrees of activity were presented, and need not to be repeated here. IV. Upon the Excitability.—Sharp, or pointed and prominent organs, always accompany a nervous and very excitable temperament; moderate or average sized head; sharp teeth and pointed bones; spright- liness of mind and body, &c. Pointed oa Very Pointed.—One with a head uneven, or very un- even, peculiar in shape, and having a great many protuberances and de- pressions, or hills and valleys on it, has an equally peculiar, cccentrick, sui-generis character; presents many strong and weak points of mind and character; is too much the sport of circumstances; lacks uniformity and consistency of character, opinion, and conduct; is likely to be driven back and forth by strong excitements and counter-excitements, and thus to have a rough voyage through life; to experience many remarkable incidents, hair-breadth escapes, &c.; in short, to do and say many singular things. Moderately Smooth.—One with a round even head, is likely to manifest uniformity and consistency of character; to have good sense and judgment; to have few excesses or deficienccs; and, like the poet's good man, "holds the even tenourofhis way" passing smoothly through life. V. Upon the Temperament, by which term phrenologists designate 6 BTNOPSIS OP PtlRENOLOGT, the degree of energy with which various classes of the corporal organs operate. With some propriety, they describe four temperaments. 1. The Lymphatick, or that in which the various secreting glands are the most active portion of the system, produces an ease-seeking disposition of mind and body, and aversion to effort. Hence it tends to lengthen out SX life, as is evident from its predominating more in young children and ad- ■y vanced age. Signs : soft and abundant flesh ; slow but steady pulse ; love ^ of ease; light hair ; and great size of the abdominal viscera. The author regards this temperament in a more favourable light than do most other phrenologists: p. 39. c. 7. 41. 2. The Sanguine, or that in which the arterial portion of the system, which gives circulation to the various fluids, particularly the blood, predo- minates in activity, is accompanied with strong feelings, warm passions, jTSaA a great amount of ardour, zeal, activity, and warmth of feeling, yet vy with less endurance and power. Its predominance indicates a strong con- stitution ; love of physical pleasure ; and a stirring, business talent: com- bined with much of the lyniphatick, it is less favourable to the mental manifestations, and requires much exercise in the open air. Signs : sandy or auburn hair; fair skin; a fresh, florid countenance ; blue eyes; a strong, rapid pulse; warm passions ; a deep and broad chest and shoulders ; a stoat, well built frame ; &c.: p. 39. 3, The Bilious, or that in which the osseous and muscular portions of the system predominate in activity, produces great physical strength; endurance and power both of body and mind; with great force and energy of mind and character. Signs : a bony, muscular, athlctick frame ; black hair; dark skin ; dark eyes; a strong, steady pulse; hardness of flesh; bones projecting; &c.: p. 39. c. 5. 12. 13. 15. 16. 4. The Nervous, or that in which the brain and the nerves predomi- nate in activity, gives clearness of perception ; quickness of mind and body; y susceptibility to excitement, with less power and endurance. Signs: light, ^y^X&ne, and thin hair; a thin, clear, delicate skin ; smaller frame; head relatively / large ; small chest; rapid, but not hard or strong pulse; &c.: p. 39. c. 10. The nervous predominant, with a large share of the bilious and san- guine, combines a great amount of power and endurance of mind and body, with great activity and excitability ; and is more favourable to intet Iectual pursuits, and vigour of thought and feeling, than perhaps any other When one of this temperament enjoys, he enjoys intensely, and when ha suffers, his sufferings are extremely excruciating: c. 6. 11. 15. 40. 43. The sanguine-bilious is not an unfavourable temperament, nor particu- larly favourable, but whilst it gives a great amount of mental power, it it frequently, though not always, coupled with some manifest deficiency. The nervo-bilious unites great power with great activity, and, although it seldom gives great brilliancy, it produces that kind of talent which will stand the test, and shine in proportion as it is brought into requisition. A good share of the sanguine added, is more favourable to the manifestations of mind, and also, of physical power, than probably any other: c. 6. 41. The bilious, combined with the lymphatick, gives considerable power of mind, and strength of body, accompanied with so much heaviness and indo- lence as to be less favourable ; yet, if one with this temperament acts under strong excitement, his efforts tell with power upon the object in view: c. 7. The nervo-sanguineous, with but little bilious, gives extreme intensity of action, and perhaps brilliancy of taUnt with vivid feelings and concep. WITH REFERENCES TO •• THRENOLOGT PROVED," &C. 7 lions, yet, for want of the strength imparted by a bilious temperament, the mental operations will be flashy, vapid, and too intense to remain long enough to amount to much, the activity being too great for the strength. The temperaments are capable of being greatly modified, and their proportion even radically changed, by the habits, diet, exercise, &c, of the individual. The hard-working man, who exercises his muscles mainly, and cultivates but little sensitiveness, either of body or feeling, and the fashionable belle, who experiences the other extreme of excessive sensibi- lity, both physical and mental, will serve to illustrate this point. The author is of opinion, that, in the case of the temperaments, as in that of the several organs, the nearer equal they are, the better for the manifestation of both the physical and mental energies, and for long life. The Propelling or Executive Faculties.—One having combat*, destruct, firmness, self-esteem, hope, &c, large or very large, and an active brain, has impetus, enterprise, and efficiency, and drives what he takes hold of: these faculties being to the mind what steam is to the engine, or wind to the sail. Large in c. 5. 6. 12. 15. 16. 18. 40. 41. 42. Average or Full, is between one with these organs large and small. Moderate or Small, takes hold of things softly and with mittens on ; lacks efficiency; and has not enough "go ahead" in him : c. 10. 21. 26. ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. GENUS I. Affective Faculties, on Feelings. These occupy the back and upper portions of the head, where the hair appears, and originate the feelings, emotions, sentiments, passions, &c.: p. 45. SPECIES I. Domestick Propensities, or Family and Social Feelings. Average or Full, loves and enjoys his family, yet not passionately. aIiakge or Vert Large, sets every thing by his family; is an affeo- •^ tionate companion and parent; very happy with, and miserable without -— or away from, his home and family, &c.: c. 5. 10. 11. 12. 14. 15.42. Moderate or Small, is not well qualified to enjoy or perform family or social duties and relations; considers other interests as paramount. 1. 2 AMATIVENESS.—Reciprocal attachment and love of the sexes. Average, loves the other sex, and enjoys their society, well: c. 10. 11. y~T-ruLL, feels much love and tenderness for the opposite sex; is fond of sj them, yet, with activity great, has excitability rather than power: p. 59. Lauge, is an ardent admirer and tender lover of the person and com- pany of the other sex ; capable of intense connubial attachments; feels strong sexual impulses, desire to marry ; &c.: p. 57. c. 5. 7. 12. 15. 16. Vei:y Large, is even passionately fond of the other sex; experiences a power and activity of sexual love almost uncontrollable: p. 58. c. 14. Moderate, is rather deficient in sexual love, attentions to the opposite sex, &c.; may have ardour, yet less strength, of this passion: p. 59. 43. Small, feels little sexual or connubial love, or desire to marry : p. 59. Very Small, seldom or never experiences this feeling : p. 60. c. 29. 31. 2. 3. PHILOPROGENITIVENESS.—Parental attachment; love of one1s offspring; fondness for pets, young and lender animals, $c: p. 61. Average, loves his own children, yet not fondly, dislikes those of others. Full, as a parent, is tender, but not indulgent; fond of his own child- ren, yet not partial to others; bears little from them : p. 63. c. 8. 11. 15. Large, feels strong, tender parental love; is devotedly attached, and very Lei 8 STNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, kind, to his own, if not all, children, to pets, &c.: p. 62. c. 12. 16. Very Large, is passionately fond of all children, of pets, &c.; a gene- ral favourite with them; very indulgent and playful; df™**1*0™ children ; is liable to over-indulge them : p. 63. c. 10. 14. M. *l- **• *~- Moderate, loves his own children, some, yet bears little irom mem , dislikes those that are young, or not his, or troublesome : p. 64. Small, feels little interest in even his own children, much less in tnose of others; is liable to treat them unkindly : p. 64. c. 26. Very Small, has no parental love ; hates all children : p. 64. c. 6V. 3. 4.* ADHESIVENESS.—Friendship; social feeling; loveoj society. Average, is quite friendly, yet will not sacrifice much for friends. Full, is highly social, yet not remarkably warm-hearted : p. 66. c. 16. / Large, is eminently social, an ardent, sincere friend; enjoys friendly <£? society extremely; forms strong, if not hasty, attachments : p. 65. c. 11. Very Large, loves ftiends with indescribable tenderness and strength of feeling; will sacrifice almost every thing upon the altar of friend- ship ; with amat. full or large, is susceptible of the most devoted con- nubial love; falls in love easily : p. 65. c. 10. 14. 20. 21. 42. Moderate, loves friends some, yet self more; quits friends often : p. 67, Small, is unsocial, cold-hearted, likes and is liked by few or none : p. 67, Very Smalt., is a stranger to friendly social feeling: p. 67. c. 24. 32. 4. 5. INHABITIVENESS.—Love of home as such; attachment to the pkee where one has lived ; unwillingness to change it ; patriotism. ^Average, forms some, though not strong, local attachments: c. 8. 12. ^ Full, loves home well, yet does not grieve much on leaving it: p. 69. ** Large, soon becomes strongly attached to the place in which he lives ; loves home and country dearly ; leaves them reluctantly ; is unhappy without a home of his own: p. 68. 6. 12. 14. 15. 16. 21. Vert Large, regards home as the dearest, sweetest spot on earth; feels homesick when away; dislikes changing residences; is pre-eminently patriotic; thinks of his native place with intense interest: p. 68. c. 5. Moderate, has some, but no great, regard for home as such : p. 69. c. 26. Small or Very Small, forms few local attachments; cares little where he is; makes any place home; leaves and changes residences without regret: p. 69. * (The number according to Spurzheim.) 5. CONCENTRATIVENESS.— Unity and continuity of thought and feeling ,■ power of entire and concentrated application to one thing. "^Average, possesses this power to some, though to no great, extent. /l Full, is disposed to attend to but one thing at once, yet can turn ra pidly from thing to thing; is neither disconnected nor prolix : p. 71. c. 15 Large, is able and inclined to apply his mind to one, and but one, sub- ject for the time being, till it is finished ; changes his mental operations - with difficulty ; is often prolix : p. 72. c. 12. 42. Vert Large, places his mind upon subjects slowly; cannot leave them unfinished, nor attend to but one thing at once; is very tedious; has great application, yet lacks intensity and point: p. 70. Moderate, loves and indulges variety and change of thought, feeling, occupation, &c.; is not confused by them ; rather lacks application • has intensity, but not unity, of the mental action : p. 71. c. 16. Small, craves novelty and variety ; has little application ; thinks and feels intensely, yet not long on any thing, jumps rapidly from premise to conclusion ; fails to connect and carry out his ideas &c.: p. 71. c. 14. J WITH REFERENCES TO " PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C. 9 Vf^ry Small, is restless; satisfied only by constant succession .■ p. 72. Jhls faculty is sui generis, and affects both feeling and intellect, SPECIES II. Selfish Propensities. These provide for the various animal wants; have reference to the necessities, desires, and gratifications J_^of their possessor; and terminate upon his sensual interests and wants. Large or Very Large, has strong animal desires ; is strongly tempted ___to gratify them; prone to be'selfish, unless the moral sentiments are still stronger; and will take good care of number one : c. 8. 12. 14. 15. 16. 2D. Moderate or Small, is not selfish enough ; easily trode upon; needs to have some one to take care of him; and cannot give himself up to low-lived, sensual pleasures : c. 10. 11. 12. 41. A. VITATIVENESS.—Love of existence as such, dread of annihilation. Average, is attached to life, and fears death, yet not a great deal. Full, desires life, but not eagerly, from love of it and of pleasure : p. 74. Large, loves, and clings tenaciously to, existence, for its own sake; craves immortality and dreads annihilation, even though miserable : p. 74. Very Large,however wretched,shrinks from,and shudders at the thought of, dying and being dead; feels that he cannot give up existence : p. 74. Moderate, loves life, yet is not very anxious about living: p. 74. Small or Very Small, heeds not life or death, existence or annihilation. 6. 6. COMBATIVENESS.—Feeling of resistance, defence, opposition; boldness, willingness to encounter ; courage, resentment, spirit; p. 75. Average, is pacifick, but, when driven to it, defends his rights boldl* avoids collision, strife, &c, yet, once excited, is quite forcible. Full, seldom either courts or shrinks from opposition ; when roused, is y quite energetick ; may be quick tempered, yet is not contentious : p. 78. Y -,Large, is resolute and courageous; spirited and efficient as an oppo- \L- nent; quick and intrepid in resistance; loves debate ; boldly meets, if ' he does not court, opposition: p. 75. c. 5. 15. 8. 16. Very Large, is powerful in opposition ; prone to dispute, attack, &c ; contrary; has violent temper; governs it with difficulty : p. 77. c. 12. 14. Moderate, avoids collision; is rather pacifick and inefficient: p. 7B. Small, has feeble resistance, temper, force, &c.; is cowardly: p. 79. Very Small, withstands nothing; is chickenhearted; an arrant coward. 7. 1. DESTRUCTIVExXESS.— Executivencss,- indignation,- force; severity ; sternness,- a destroying, pain-causing disposition : p. 82 Average, has not really deficient, yet none too much, indignation. 19. Full, can, but is loath to, cause or witness pain or death ; has sufficient severity, yet requires considerable to call it out: p. 83. c. 5. 11. / Large, when excited, feels deep-toned indignation ; is forcible, and dis- y^ posed to subdue or destroy the cause of his displeasure : p. 82. c. 5. 89. Very Large, when provoked, is vindictive, cruel, disposed to hurt, take revenge, &c.; bitter and implacable as an enemy; very forcible: p. 83. c. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 24. 25. 26. 32. 33. 35. 42. Moderate, is mild; not severe nor destructive enough; when angry, lacks power; can hardly cause or witness pain or death : p. 84. c. 10. 41. Small, would hardly hurt one if he could, or could if he would; has so feeble anger that it is derided more than feared : p. 84. c. 21. 27. Vert Small, is unable to cause, witness, or endure pain or death : c. 48. 8 * ALIMENTIVENESS.—Appetite for sustemmce ,• cause of hunger. Average, enjoys food well, but not very well; hence is particular : c. 41. Full, has a good appetite, yet can govern it well; is not greedy: p.87.7. 10 BTNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, X, Large, has an excellent appetite; a hearty relish for food, drink, . Small on Very Small, lacks perseverance; is too changeable and vacillating to effect much, or be relied upon : p. 122. SPECIES II. Moral and Religious Sentiments. These rendei man a moral, accountable, and religious being; humanize, adorn anJ elevate his nature; connect him with the moral government of God, create the higher and nobler sentiments of our nature; and are the orign, of goodness, virtue, moral principle and purity, &c.: p. 48. 123. c. 2. Average or Full, has moral feeling and principle, yet too little U / withstand large or very large propensities: c. 8. 15. 21. ^/7Large or Very Large, is morally inclined; sentimental; thinks and ■ feels much on moral and religious subjects, &c: p. 52. c. 5. 6. 7. 11. 41. Moderate, Small, or Very Small, has not strong moral or religiou* feelings; lets his larger faculties rule him: p. 52. c. 14. 17. 20. 26.42. 15. 16. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.—Innate feeling of duty, accounta- bility, justice, right, SfC.; moral principle ; love of truth .- p. 124. Average, has right intentions, but their influence is limited : c. 15. /-Full, strives to do right, yet sometimes yields to temptation ; resists 3 besetting sins, but may be overcome, and then feels remorse : p. 130. c. 27. - Large, is honest; fai'Mul; upright at heart; moral in feeling; grate- ful ; penitent; means well; consults duty before expediency ; loves and means to speak the truth; cannot tolerate wrong : p. 126. c. 13. 25. 11. Very Large, is scrupulously exact in matters of right; perfectly honest in motive; always condemning self and repenting ; very forgiving, con- scientious, &c.; makes duty every thing, expediency nothing: p. 129. Moderate, has considerable regard for duty in feeling, but less in prac- tice ; justifies himself; is not very penitent, grateful, or forgiving ; often temporizes with principle ; sometimes lets interest rule duty : p. 13 U Small, has few conscientious scruples; little penitence, gratitude, re- gard for moral principle, justice, duty, &c.: p. 132. c. 20. 16. 17. 42. Very Small, neither regards nor feels the claims of duty or justice. 16.17. HOPE.—Anticipation; expectation of future happiness,successor. Average, has some, but generally reasonable, hopes; is seldom elated. Full, is quite sanguine, yet realizes about what he expects : p. 139. Y Large, expects, attempts, and promises a great deal; is generally san- \/} guine, cheerful, &c.; rises above present troubles; though disappointed, hopes on still; views the brightest side of prospects : p. 137. c. 5. 6. 26. Very Large, has unbounded hopes; builds a world of castles in the air ; lives in the future ; has too many irons in the fire : p. 138. c. 12. 1& Moderate, expects and attempts too little; succeeds beyond his hopt* ; is prone to despond ; looks on the darker side : p. 139. Small, is low-spirited ; easily discouraged ; fears the worst; sees many lions in his way ; magnifies evils ; lacks enterprise: p. 140. c. 17. Very Small, expects nothing good; has no hope of the future • n' 140 17. 18. MXUVEhLOVSNEHS.-Belief in the supernatural - „£ulit ' Average, believes some, but not much, in wonders, forewarnings, dicf ___ W1TH BEFERP.NCES TO ' PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C 13 ■\ Full, is open to conviction; rather credulous ; believes in dreams, divine ^ providences and forewarnings, the wonderful, &c.: p. 143 Large, believes and delights in the supernatural, in dreams', ghosts, &c.; trunks many natural things supernatural: p. 142. c. 8. 12. Very Large, is very superstitious; regards most things with wonder. Moderate, believes but little that cannot be accounted for, yet is open to conviction ; is incredulous, but listens to evidence : p. 144. Small, is convinced only by the hardest; believes nothing till he sees Jacts, or why and wherefore, not even revelation farther than a reason is rendered ; is prone to reject new things without examination: p. 145. Very Small, is skeptical; believes little else than his senses : p. 14r%, 18. 14. VENERATION.—The feeling of worship for a Supreme Being; respect for religion andthi7igs sacred, and for superiors .■ p. 147. Av*erage, may feel religious worship, yet little respect for men. 10. Full, is capable of much religious fervour and devotion, yet is not habi- tually serious ; generally treats his fellow men civilly : p. 149. c. 11.42. yf Large, loves to adore and worship God, especially through his works; iY' treats equals with respect, and superiors with deference: p. 148. c. 6. Very Large, is eminent, if not pre-eminent, for piety, heart-felt devo- tion, religious fervour, seriousness, love of divine things, &c: p. 149. c 5. 12. 15. 16. 26. 41. Moderate, disregards religious creeds, forms of worship, &c.; places religion in other things ; is net serious nor respectful: p. 150. c. 21. Small, feels little religious worship, reverence, respect, &c.: p. 150 Very Small, seldom, if ever, adores God ; is almost incapable of it 19.13. BENEVOLENCE. Desire to see andmake sentient beings happy; willingness to sacrifice for this end; kindness,- sympathy for distress- Average, has kind, fellow feeling, without much active benevolence. Full, has a fair share of sympathetick feeling, and some, though no great, willingness to sacrifice for others: p. 158. /.Large, is kind, obliging, glad to serve others, even to his injury; feels (Y/ lively sympathy for distress ; does good to all: p. 155. c. 6. 7. 18. 21. j Very Large, does all the good in his power ; gladly sacrifices self upon the altar of pure benevolence ; scatters happiness wherever he goes; is one of the kindest-hearted of persons: p. 157. c. 5. 10. 11. 40. 41. Moderate, has some benevolent feeling, yet too little to prompt to much self-denial; does good only when he can without cost: p. 158. c. 12. 20. Small, feels little kindness or sympathy; is almost deaf to the cries of distress; hard-hearted, selfish, &c.: p. 159. c. 8. 14. 15. 26. 42. Very Small, is destitute of all humanity and sympathy: p. 159. c. 24. SPECIES III. Semi-Intellectual Sentiments. By creating a taste for the arts, improvements, polite literature, the refinements and elegancies of life, &c, these faculties greatly augment human happiness, and adorn and elevate human nature : p. 48. 159. c. 2. Large in c. 6. 11. 18. 20. 9. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. Mechanical dexterity and ingenuity ; desire and ability to use tools, build, invent, employ machinery, <$-c. Average, has some, yet no great, relish for, and tact in, using tools. ^"Fcll, has fair mechanical ingenuity, yet no great natural talent or desiro (~J to make things; with practice, will do well; without it, little : p. 163. Large, shows great natural dexterity in using tools, executing mecha- nical operations, working machinery, &c.; loves them: p. 101. c. 18. 2 14 synopsis or rya.Esot.oai, Very L vrge, is a mechanick of the first order; a true^entw* ,• loves it too well to leave it; shows extraordinary skill in it: p. 162. c. 7. 19. Moderate, with much practice, may use tools quite well, yet dislikes mechanical operations; owes more to art than nature: p. 163. c. 14. Small, hates and is awkward and bungling in using tools, &c.: p. 163. Very Small, has no mechanical skill or desire : p. 164. 21. 19. IDEALITY.—Imagination; taste ; fancy ; love of perfection, poetry, polite literature, oratory, the beautiful in nature and art, SfO. Average, has some taste, though not enough to influence him much. / Full, has refinement of feeling, expression, &c, without sickly delicacy; (A some love of poetry, yet not a vivid imagination : p. 168. c. 6. 7. 42. ^. Large, has a lively imagination ; great love of poetry, eloquence, fiction, good style, the beauties of nature and art: p. 166. c. 11. 18. 41. Very Large, often gives reins to his erratick imagination ; expe»iences revellings of fancy, ecstasy, rapture of feeling, enthusiasm : p. 167. c. 40, Moderate, has some, but not much, imagination ; is rather plain in expression, manners, feeling, &c.; dislikes poetry, finery, &c.: p. 168. 42. Small, lacks taste, niceness, refinement, delicacy of feeling, &c.: p. 169. Very Small, is destitute of the qualities ascribed to this faculty : p. 169. B. SUBLIMITY.— Conception of grandeur ; sublime emotions excited by contemplating the vast, magnificent, or splendid i7i nature or art. Average, sometimes, but not to a great degree, experiences this feeling. y Full, enjoys magnificent scenes well, yet not remarkably so. (A Large, admires and enjoys mountain scenery, thunder, lightning, tem- 7 pest, a vast prospect, &c, exceedingly ; hence, enjoys travelling : p. 249. Very Large, is a passionate admirer of the wild and romantick; feels the sublimest emotions whilst contemplating the grand or awful in na- ture i dashing, foaming, roaring cataracts, towering mountains, peals of thunder, flashes of lightning, commotions of the elements, the starry canopy of heaven, &c.: p. 249. c. 11. 40. 41. Moderate, in.-1 some, though not at all vivid, emotions of this kind. Small, or ver iSmall, discovers little in nature to awaken this feeling. 'it. 21. IMITATION.—Disposition and ability to take pattern, imitate Average, copies some, yet too little to deserve or excite notice. Full, with effort, copies some, but not well; cannot vtimick: p. 171 / Large, has a great propensity and ability to capy, take pattern from /s+ others, do what he sees done, &c.; needs but one showing ; gesticulate* V- much ; describes and acta oat well: p. 170. e. 41. Very Large, can mim^ck, act out, and copy almost any thing; de- scribe, relate anecdotes, Ate, to the very life; has a theatrical taste ami talent; seldom speaks without gesturing: p. 171. c. 11. 40. Moderate, cannot mimick ai all; can copy, draw, take pattern, &c, only with difficulty ; describes, relates anecdote, &c, poorly : p. 171. Small, dislikes and fails to copy, draw, do after others, &c.: p. 172%- Very Small, has little ability to imitate or copy any thing: p 172 \ 28. 20. MIRTHFULNESS.—Intuitive perception of the absurd and ridiculous,- a joking, fun-making, ridiculing disposition and ability. ^-Average, perceives jokes, and relishes fun, but cannot make much. ^^ Full, has much mirthful feeling ; makes and relishes jokes well: p. 175. Large, has a quick, keen perception of the ludicrous ; makes a great amount of fun ; too much for his own good ; is quick at repartee ; smiles often; laughs heartily at jckes: p. 173. c. 11. 18. X ■WITH REFERENCES TO '• I'HH K VOLOGY PROVED," &C. 15 Veey Large, is quick and apt at turning every thing into ridicule, throws off constant sallies of wit; is too facetious, jocose, &c.: p. 175. c. 6. Moderate, has some witty ideas, yet lacks quickness in conceiving, and tact m expressing them ; is generally quite sober: p. 176. c. 26. &mall, makes little fun; is slow to perceive, and still slower to turn jokes ; seldom laughs; thinks it wrong to do so: p. 177. Very Small, has few if any witty ideas or conceptions: p. 177. GENUS III. Intellectual Faculties. These have to do with the physical and the metaphysical world ; with things in general, and their qualities, relations, &c.; with the world and its contents: p. 49. 177. c. 2. • ^Average or Full, has sufficient intellect to get along in the world,* yet not enough to render him eminent for talents : c. 10. 15. 21. 27. i^y Large, is possessed of sufficient natural talent and power of intellect _—— t° enable him to take a high intellectual stand among men, yet their direction depends upon other causes : c. 18. Very Large, is by nature a truly great man ; possesses the highest order of natural talents ; is capable of rising to pre-eminence ; c. 5. 6. 7. 11.40. 41. Moderate or Small, shows little talent, lacks sense : e. 8. 14. 20. 42. SPECIES I. The Senses ; sensation, sight, hearing, taste, smell. 178. SPECIES II.—Observing and Knowing Faculties. These bring man into direct intercourse with the physical world ; observe facts of all kinds, that is, the conditions, qualities, phenomena, and physical relations of material things : collect and treasure up information ; creaU the desire to see and know things, &c.: p. 50. 183. c. 2. Average or Full, possesses fair perceptive powers : c. 6. 10. 11. 21. ^"""Xarge, with advantages, knows a great deal about matters and things ) in general; is very quick of observation and perception ; has a practical, matter-of-fact, common sense tact and talent; can show off to excellent advantage ; appear to know all that he really does, and perhaps more ; is capable of becoming an excellent scholar, or of acquiring and retaining knowledge with great facility, and attending to the details of business; and has a decidedly practical intellect: p. 50. c. 15.16. 17.18.19. 25. Very Large, is pre-eminent for the qualities just described ; seizes as if by intuition upon the properties, conditions, fitness or unfitness, value, &c, of things ; has wonderful powers of observation and ability to acquire knowledge ; has a natural taste and talent for examining and"-' collecting statistics, studying natural science, &c.: p. 53. c. 5. 7. 12. 40. Moderate or Small, is rather slow of observation and perception , cannot show to be what he is ; acquires knowledge with difficulty, is slow in learning and doing things oft-hand, &c.: p. 53. 24. 22. Individuality.—Observing and individualizing power and desire; curiosity to see and know ; disposition to specify, personify. /^Average, has some, yet no great, curiosity, and desire to see things. ct/Fun, has fair observing powers, and desire to see things: p. 185.c.6. 21. Large, has a great desire to know, investigate, examine, experience, &c.; is a great observer of men and things ; quick of perception ; sees what is transpiring, what should be done, &c: p. 184. c. 8. 10. 11.14. 25. Vert Large, has an insatiable desire to see and know every thing; extraordinary observing powers; is eager to witness every passing event: p. 185. c. 5. 7. 12. 13. 15 22. 23. 40. 41. 42. e IB SYNOPSIS op fhke>.>lo»y, Moderate, is rather deficient, yet not palpably so, in observing powa and desire ; not sufficiently specitick : p. 185. Small, is slow to sec things ; attends little to particulars : p. 186. Very Small, sees scarcely any thing; regards things in the gross : p. 186 25. 23. FORM.— Cognizance and recollection of shape, or configuration Average, recollects forms, faces, &c, quite well, but not very well. fPuLL, recognises persons, countenances, &c, well: p. 188. c. 9. 19. Large, notices, and for a long time remembers, the faces, countenances, ~" forms, looks, &c, of persons, beasts, things, &c, once seen ; knows by sight many whom he may be unable to name : p. 187. c. 6. 18. 40. 26 ' Very Large, never forgets the countenance, form, &c, of persons and things seen ; easily learns to read and spell correctly; reads and sees things at a great distance; has excellent eyesight: p. 188. c. 5. 7. 13. 17. 23. 39, Moderate, must see persons several times before he can recollect then?; sometimes doubts whether he has seen certain persons : p. 189. Small or Very Small, has a miserable memory of persons, looks^ shape, &c.; fails to recognise even those he sees often : p. 189. 26. SIZF],— Cognizance and knowledge of relative magnitude, bulk, Sfo. Average, measures bulk with tolerable, but not great, accuracy: c. 21. 27 Full, can measure ordinary and familiar distances well, yet shows no remarkable natural talent in it: p. 191. c. 6. 8. 9. 10. 14. 18. Large, has an excellent eye for measuring proportion, size, height, angles, perpendiculars, &c.; quickly detects disproportions in them : p. 190. c. 11. 19. 25. 42. Very Large, detects disproportion, and judges of size, with wonderful accuracy, by intuition, and as well without as with instruments ; cannot endure inaccuracy : p. 191. c. 5. 7. 12. 13. 15. 16. 17. 40. Moderate, is rather deficient in measuring by the eye ; with practice, may do tolerably well in short, but fails in long, distances: p. 191. Small, judges of relative size, &c, very inaccurately : p. 191. c. 28. 29. Very Small, can hardly distinguish mountains from molehills : p. 192. 27. WEIGHT.—Intuitive pei-ception and application of the principles of specifick gravity, projectile forces, momentum, balancing, resistmice. Average, balances himself tolerably well in ordinary cases, yet has no great natural talent in this respect: c. 21. 27. ✓ Full, keeps his centre of gravity well, but ventures little : p. 194. (fi- Large, can walk on a high or narrow place ; hold a steady hand; throw a stone or ball, and shoot, straight; ride a fractious horse, &c, very well: p. 193. c. 16. 17. 25. 26. 40. 41. Very Large, has this power to a wonderful extent: p. 194. c. 7. 13. 15. Moderate, maintains his centre of gravity, &c., rather poorly : p. 194. Small or Very Small, is unlike one with weight large : p. 195. c. 2Q. 28. 26. COLOUR.—Perception and recollection of colours, hues, tints, $c A,vEnAGE, can discern and recollect colours, yet seldom notices them. ^Full, with practice, compares and judges of colours well; without it, does <-^ not excel: p. 196. c. 10. 11. 41. Large, has a natural taste and talent for comparing, arranging, mingling applying, and recollecting colours; is delighted with paintings: p 195 Very Large, resembles one with colour large, but excels him: p. 196 Moderate, aided by practice, can discern and compare colours, yet owes less to nature than art; seldom notices colours unless obliged to and tnen soon forgets them • o 197 c 20 WITH REFERENCES TO "PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C. 17 Small, seldom observes the colour of one's hair, eyes, dress, &c; can. not describe them by what they wear, or compare colours apart; hardly distinguishes the primary colours by candlelight, much less shades: p. 197 9Q ™ n prf™ C3o teU White from black' but do liule """«: p. 197. c. 1 am. aj. UKlil^K. System ; physical arrangement; a place for things. Average, appreciates order, yet not enough to keep it: c. 9. 10. 27. ✓ t ull, likes order ; takes much pains to keep things arranged : p. 200. Jfl Large has a place for things, and things in their places ; can find, even »K m the dark, what he alone uses ; is systematick ; annoyed bv disorder : p. 199. c. 6. 11. 15. 19. 40. 41. Very Large, is very precise and particular to have every littlehhmg in its place ; literally tormented by disorder ; is fastidious : p. 199\ e. 5. 7 Moderate, likes, but does not keep order ; allows confusion : p. 201. Small or Very Small, is nearly destitute of order and system: p. 201 30. 29. CALCULATION.—Intuitive perception of the relations ofnum jbers ; ability to reckon figures in the head; numerical computation. -/[ Average, by practice and rules, may reckon figures quite well: c. 10. CSf Full, aided by rules and practice, may excel in reckoning figures, and do well in his head, but not without them: p. 204. c. 11. 27. Large, can add, subtract, divide, &c., in his head, with facility and correctness ; become a rapid, correct accountant; delights and excels in arithmetick: p. 202. c. 5. 13. 15. 19. Vert Large, has an intuitive faculty, to a wonderful extent, of reckoning even complicated sums of figures in his head; delights in it: p. 203. c. 7. Moderate, does sums in his head rather slowly and inaccurately : p. 204. Small, is dull and incorrect in adding, dividing, &c.; dislikes it: p. 205. Very Small, can hardly count, much less go farther: p. 205. c. 28. 29. 31. 27. LOCALITY. Cognizance and recollection of relative position, looks and geography of places, <5rc; desire to travel, see the world, Jrc- p. 205. Average, has a fair, though not excellent, recollection of places: c. 27. Full, remembers places well, yet is liable to lose himself in a city or forest; ordinarily shows no deficiency ; seldom loses himself: p. 207. c. 8. ✓ Large, recollects distinctly the looks of places, where he saw things, Yf~\ &e.; seldom loses himself, even in the dark; has a strong desire to IIS travel, see places, dec.: p. 205. c. 20. 25. 26. "*— Very Large, never forgets the looks, location, or geography of anj place, or hardly thing, he has ever seen ; is even passionately fond of^ travelling, scenery, geography, &c.: p. 206. c. 5. 7. 12. 13. 16. 17. 40.^ ' Moderate, recollects places rather poorly ; sometimes gets lost : p. 207. Small or Very Small, has little geographical or local knowledge or recollection; seldom observes where he goes, or finds his way back: p. 208 SPECIES III. Semi-perceptive Faculties. These have to do with action or phenomena, and their conditions, and deal them out to the reasoning faculties : p. 50. 209. Large in c 5. 7. 17; small in 6. 25. 32. 30. EVENTUALITY.—Recollection of actions, phenomena, occur- rences, what has taken place, circumstantial and historical facts: p. 209. Average, has neither a good nor bad memory of occurrences, &c; e. 8. Full, recollects leading events, and interesting particulars, and has a good memory of occurrences, yet forgets less important details: p. 212. Large, has a clear and retentive memory of historical facts, general news, what he has seen, heard, read, &c, even in detail.- p. 210. c. 5.10. 16, Very Large, never forgets any occurrence, even though it is trifling 2* 18 SVNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, has a craving thirst for information and expcrimen , literally devours books, newspapers, &c.; commands an astonishing amount of informa- tion ; p. 211. c. 12. 13. 14. 20. Moderate, recollects generals, not details; is rather forgetful: p. 212. c. 0. Small, has a treacherous, confused memory of occurrences : p. 213. Very Small, forgets almost every thing, generals as well as particulars, 83. 31. TIME.—Cognizance and recollection of succession, the lapse of time, dates, how long ago things occurred, Ac.: p. 214. \ Average, notices and remembers dates, times, &c, some, but not welL^ -^"Fui.l, recollects about, but not precisely, when things occurred : p. 216, *-^ Large, tells dates, appointments, ages, time of day, &c, well: p. 215. Very Large, remembers, with wonderful accuracy, the time of occur- rences ; is always punctual; tells the time, day, &c, by intuition : p. 216. Moderate, has rather a poor idea of dates, the time when, &c.: p. 216. Small, can seldom tell when things took place; is not punctual: p. 217. Very Small, is liable to forget even his age, much more other things. 34. 32. TUNE.—Tone,- sense of melody and musical harmony ; ability to leai-n tunes and detect chord and discord by ear; propensity to sing. Average, likes music; with practice may perform tolerably well. Full, can learn tunes by ear well, yet needs help from notes: p. 220. Large, easily catches tunes, and learns to sing and play on instruments by rote; delights greatly in singing; has a correct musical ear: p. 218. Very Large, learns tunes by hearing them sung once or twice; is literally enchanted by good musick; shows intuitive skill, and spends much time, in making it; sings from the heart, and with melting pathos. ~ p. 219. c. 12. /j Moderate, aided by notes and practice, may sing, yet it will be mecha- O^ nically ; lacks that soul and feeling which reaches the heart: p. 220. V- Small, learns to sing or play tunes either by note or rote with greal difficulty; sings mechanically, and without emotion or effect: p. 221. Very Small, can hardly discern one tune or note from another : p. 221. 35. 33. LANGUAGE. Poiver of expressing ideas, feelings, Sf-e., by means of words, attaching meaning to signs, C^Z- LJ/ f ^*-> .