Problems Of Centralized Documentation Conference Proceedings JUNE 1949 ctninm nm Documents office © & © ® nnvy — mil force F-O-2 SEP 49 1M PROCEEDINGS of the CONFERENCE on PROBLEMS OF CENTRALIZED DOCUMENTATION Held at Central Air Documents Office Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Dayton, Ohio 11-13 April 1949 Compiled and Edited by George R. Hicks Published By Central Air Documents Office Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Dayton, Ohio ABOUT CADO The Central Air Documents Office (CADO) is a documentation service established by joint agreement between the Department of the Navy and the Depart- ment of the Air Force, dated 13 October 1948, to as- sure that all research and development activities are concurrently informed of the status of all projects in the fields of aeronautical science and technology. Un- der the guidance of the Research and Development Board of the National Military Establishment, CADO is designed to acquire, publish, and distribute all in- formation of general air interest to Government agen- cies concerned, to accredited contractors of the Navy and Air Force who require such information for the prosecution of research development on contracts for the Services, and to such institutions and organizations as is commensurate with the National interest. This concept of a documentation agency presup- poses the centralized acquisition of all scientific and technical material of general air interest to be ac- cessioned and selectively distributed by this organi- zation in order to fulfill its mission as a service to research and development. FOREWORD The explosive rate at which human knowledge and especially aeronautics and its allied sciences have ex- panded during the past few years has brought about a similarly rapid expansion of the documentary material in which this newly gained knowledge is recorded. Oddly enough, less use is being made of scientific records as their number and specialization grow. The main reason for this is that the modern engineer would have to spend so much time in literature search - if he were to make a thorough job of it - that this would become too costly and time consuming an undertaking. As a result, he tends to revert to the other extreme - to minimize or even completely forego literature search prior to initiating a new project, and to rather start from scratch, even at the risk of duplicating the efforts; of others. Obviously, neither of these approaches is desirable, and the only solution lies in devising methods and equip- ment which would make it possible for the scientist to derive the maximum possible benefit from the existing reference literature at a minimum of effort and time. This has led to developments which have made docu- mentation a science in its own right - a science as complex and far reaching as few others. It embraces such phases as classification, indexing, abstracts and digests, reproduction, standardization, quality control, and, last but not least, "machine tools"; i.e., automatic machinery designed to rapidly organize and select scien- tific data. The purpose of this new documentation science is essentially to gather all past and existing knowledge at an adequate rate of speed and to process it in such a manner that it can be made available, on a highly selec- tive basis, to the user, giving him not more and also not less than he can practicably digest. In order to achieve this purpose, documentation is becoming increasingly centralized, as acquisition, cata- loging, and dissemination can usually be handled more effectively if carried on on a reasonably large scale. This does not mean that special libraries should be relegated to a secondary role. On the contrary, the task of centralized documentation is merely to perform the more general functions of large-scale acquisition and proc- essing and to supply its products to the special libraries which, in turn, use these products as tools to serve their patrons better, faster, and more comprehensively. A typical example of such a centralized documentation activity is the Central Air Documents Office of the Navy and Air Force, formerly Air Documents Division. This organization is charged with the acquisition of all scientific documents of general air interest and theii dissemination to agencies and contractors of the armed forces in accordance with military security requirements and pertinent fields of interest of the individual re- cipients. This task is such a large one and so much aggravated by considerations of security, budgetary limi- tations, and pressure of time that CADO - the Central Air Documents Office - can be said to have faced and to still face almost every problem existing in centralized documentation. This has resulted in the establishment of new systems, methods, and procedures which, so far, have made it possible to meet the requirements of the large number and variety of organizations depending upon CADO for their technical information. On the other hand, CADO realized that there was very much room for improvement and that, above all, it could not expect its "customers" to accept its policies for handling documentary material unless they - the customers - had an opportunity to help in shaping these policies. Finally, CADO, as one of the largest centralized documentation activities in the country, considered itself justified in getting together representatives of similar activities, who faced identical problems for an exchange of ideas. In view of the above, the Central Air Documents Office called a Conference on the Problems of Cen- tralized Documentation which was held in its offices on 11, 12, and 13 April 1949. Some 200 representatives from military and governmental agencies, industrial organizations, scientific institutions, and library societies accepted this invitation and took part in the panel discussions covered in this Report. The purpose of the Con- ference was not to try to solve any of the numerous problems existing in the documentation field but rather to bring them out into the open, define them, and obtain suggestions as to the most desirable course of action to be taken. This purpose was fully achieved, thanks to the splendid cooperation of all those who attended. However, the most important result of the Conference was the realization that centralized documentation has graduated from the background stage to a full-fledged science, and that close cooperation is required be- tween the creators of information; those that collect, process, and disseminate it; and those who use it. Pres- entation of machine methods and ingenious machinery for handling information further emphasized the rising trend toward broadening the scope of documentation and its wider use in scientific research and development. These and many other points were highlighted in the six panel discussions and aroused so much interest that the conferees requested a complete transcript of the discussions. Such a transcript is presented herewith, and it is hoped that it will serve to supplement and clarify the many items which were covered. A. A. ARNHYM Colonel, USAF Director, Central Air Documents Office 4510T0 I CONFERENCE COMMITTEES EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Col A. A. Arnhym, Chairman E. V. Lee Maj W. A. Barden Commander W. H, Munson Capt P. K. Sturm J. M. Newland ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEE Maj W. A. Barden, Chairman RESERVATIONS Capt J. L. Ferguson D, M. Goodson COURTESY OFFICE K. Tennery M. E. Christensen D, K. Havens D. A. Vandenbosch TOURS E. A. Williamson INFORMATION V. A. Steed H. B. Shaffer PUBLICITY N. G. Kuenzli R. M. Loebelson G. R. Hicks EXHIBITS P. R. Stauffer R. R. Fitzgerald COftTENffS Page CONFERENCE COMMITTEES U CONFERENCE PROGRAM .!.!!!!! 1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 2 Major General O. R. Cook, Deputy to the Commanding General for Operations, Air Materiel Command Rear Admiral L. M. Grant, Bureau of Aeronautics General Repre- sentative, Central District, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base THE STANDARD AERONAUTICAL INDEXING SYSTEM 3 Panel Chairman - L. E. Neville Members - N. M. Thorne, R. M. Woodham, M. H. Smith THE AIR TECHNICAL INDEX . 9 Panel Chairman - E. B, Jackson Members - Maj W. A. Barden, Capt Ml. Zubon, G. H. Rogge, Jr. MINIATURIZATION IN DOCUMENTATION. 23 Panel Chairman - Commander W. H. Munson Members - P. R. Stauffer, R. H. Chapman MACHINE METHODS IN DOCUMENTATION 32 Panel Chairman - E. V. Lee Member - H. F. Lindenmeyer REPORTS STANDARDIZATION 41 Panel Chairman - J. J. Boucher Member - E. V. Lee DOCUMENT EXCHANGE 52 Panel Chairman - Capt J. L. Ferguson Members - L. Goldman, H. F. Lindenmeyer, J, C. Green APPENDIX I - ROSTER OF CONFEREES 63 APPENDIX H - ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE . . 68 APPENDIX m - KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS 71 CONFERENCE PROGRAM MONDAY, 11 APRIL 0900 - INTRODUCTION Major General O. R. Cook Rear Admiral L. M. Grant Col A. A. Arnhym 0915 - TOUR Chairman - E. A. Williamson 1000 - PANEL ON THE STANDARD AERONAUTICAL INDEXING SYSTEM Chairman - L. E. Neville, Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences 1130 - LUNCHEON - Wright-Patterson Officers* Club 1300 - PANEL ON THE AIR TECHNICAL INDEX Chairman, E, B. Jackson, Civilian Chief, Document Requirements Section CADO 1830 - RECEPTION AND BANQUET - Civilian Club, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Speaker - Major General L. C. Craigie, Commandant, USAF Institute of Technology TUESDAY, 12 APRIL 0900 - PANEL ON MINIATURIZATION IN DOCUMENTATION Chairman - Commander W. H. Munson, Assistant Director (Navy), CADO 1130 - LUNCHEON - Wright-Patterson Officers* Club 1300 - PANEL ON MACHINE METHODS IN DOCUMENTATION Chairman - E. V. Lee, Deputy Director, CADO WEDNESDAY, 13 APRIL 0900 - PANEL ON REPORTS STANDARDIZATION Chairman - J. J. Boucher, Project Coordinator, CADO 1130 - LUNCHEON - Wright-Patterson Officers* Club 1300 - PANEL ON DOCUMENT EXCHANGE Chairman - Capt J. L. Ferguson, Chief, Document Requirements Section, CADO 1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS i Major General O. R. Cook, USAF Deputy to the Commanding General for Operations, Air Materiel Command In behalf of General McNarney and General Chidlaw, the Commanding General and Deputy Com- manding General, respectively, I extend to you the sincere welcome of the Air Materiel Command, It is significant and encouraging to find that so many government, scientific, and commercial organizations have responded to the invitation of the Central Air Documents Office to attend this Conference on the Problems of Centralized Documentation. We here at the Air Materiel Command carry a trehiendous responsibility in the development of, and research in, materiel for the Air Force, and it is our duty to not only coordinate all efforts along these lines but also to provide the many in- stitutions and organizations which assist us in this endeavor with some of the necessary tools - fore- most among them the technical and scientific information generated in this field from day to day. The Navy faces a similar problem in connection with naval aircraft, and it is therefore of the utmost importance to both Services to have available for their own agencies and their contractors such a highly developed documentation center as is represented by CADO. The fact that this enterprise is a joint one means not only that it can be operated on a more econ- omical and efficient basis but also that its scope can be a much broader one and that it can much better fulfill its mission of enhancing and accelerating the exchange of vital data. Obviously, such a novel and complex undertaking meets with innumerable problems, not all of which are confined to the internal operations of such an effort. There is only one way of effectively attacking these problems - namely for those who render the service and those who receive the serv- ice to get together and determine the solutions J That is the purpose of this Conference and that is why it is so gratifying to have so many of you here to help us with the problems of centralized documentation. I am confident that your deliberations will be productive of ways and means of going forward in this most important endeavor. n Rear Admiral L. If. Grant, USN Bureau of Aeronautics General Representative, Central District, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base I would like to add a note of welcome from the Navy to that extended by General Cook for the Air Force. In a way, I question whether it is altogether proper that I mention the Navy and the Air Force on this occasion. Some of you may have possibly heard something of the criticisms that have been made of the Services for their failure to accomplish unification. Be that as it may, the Central Air Docu- ments Office not only has complete unity of interest, thought, and effort, but has enjoyed it for several years. This is due largely to the fact that Colonel Arnhym of the Air Force and Captain Draim of the Navy saw eye to eye in the matter of the desirability of a joint air documents activity and, in 1946, initiated the operation of this office which was formally recognized and established only a few months ago. I am told that CADO is so well unified that one hardly ever hears the words Navy and Air Force mentioned. It is gratifying to see the very great response to CADO’s invitation to participate in this con- ference. You probably noted the emphasis, in the invitation, that was placed on the desire of CADO to provide the kind of services which you want and require. To do this, there is need for your com- ments, suggestions, and constructive criticism. So lend your full support and don*t pull any punches. I hope that you will have a pleasant and successful conference. 2 THE STANDARD AERONAUTICAL INDEXING SYSTEM Panel Chairman: Mr. Leslie E. Neville Director, SAIS Members: Mr. Ned M. Thorne Dayton Representative, SAIS Mr. Ruland M. Woodham Administrator, SAIS Mr. Maurice H. Smith Librarian, Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences Mr. Neville The best way to save time in research and development is to establish a system for the dis- creet exchange of technical information even though it is of a classified nature. Upon such a prem- ise, the Air Technical Index was conceived. To set up an automatic, selective exchange of classi- fied information, the Air Technical Index needed a truly functional breakdown of the field of aero- nautics. This distribution tool would insure that each research group receives material pertinent to its field but nothing more. That breakdown is the Standard Aeronautical Indexing System. Early in 1947, a contract was made with the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences to undertake the establishing and coordinating of the SAIS, and a staff of engineers and librarians was recruited for the project. The staff included representatives in Dayton and Los Angeles whose job it was to contact the Wright Field divisions and industry in the Middle West and on the West Coast. The re- mainder of the staff was located at the Institute Headquarters in New York and covered the eastern territory. These staff members were very carefully selected for engineering background and library qualifications. IAS wanted engineers who could see both the. forest and the trees - men who had had executive positions in engineering but were still familiar with detailed problems. It wanted librarians who knew library science well enough to know its weaknesses and its strength - men who could see beyond the narrow views sometimes found in all professions. IAS is rather happy about the people it picked. It is also happy about the cooperation it has re- ceived from about 2000 of the top authorities in the field of Aeronautics. It is happy, too, about the cooperation it has received from many Government agencies includ- ing those participating in the sponsorship of the SAIS; the Central Air Documents Office; the Engi- neering Division, AMC; the Bureau of Aeronautics; and the Office of Naval Research. And it is even happier about the willingness of the Chief and other representatives of the Central Air Docu- ments Office to accept the opinions of the experts wherever it was possible to fit them to the needs of the Air Technical Index. Without that, the work would have been futile. In order to obtain the best possible results, the SAIS had to assume a completely neutral and impartial position in approaching and conducting this project. The position is perhaps best ex- pressed by a line from a recently popular song: "Doin1 what comes natcherly." That is how the SAIS was coordinated. It just came "natcherly" out of the thoughts of thou- sands of experts. The SAIS has been accused of growing like Topsy. That is a tribute, for the SAIS is a consen- sus of the best thinking that could be brought to bear. 3 The president of one of the largest aviation companies volunteered the information that he had been studying the SAIS in the hope that he could offer more constructive comments on it. He is among the many important executives who have contributed a great deal to it already. He added that, after considerable study, he had not been able to offer any further suggestions for change. That, naturally, was another tribute to our progress so far. To illustrate the basic structure of the SAIS, it can be shown as one branch of the tree of human knowledge. Its sub-branches are the divisions of the SAIS, and its twigs are the sections. Each twig has its leaves which are subject headings. This structure was developed by sending out a questionnaire to 3000 upper-grade members of the IAS and to 2000 users of the services of the old Air Documents Division. Each one was asked his major specialty. The replies were studied carefully, and grouped and compared with the functional breakdown of the engineering activities of the Air Force and Navy. The result of this first phase of the work was the list of divisions of the SAIS. In the meantime, two other important steps had been taken. First, the authorities were mo- bilized and invited to assist the IAS. Simultaneously, the IAS gathered together every existing clas- sification system and subject heading list it could find. And it found some good ones in some very strange places. It then felt that it was ready to develop the divisions of the SAIS (Fig. 1) which now numbers approximately fifty. Several have been dropped, several added, and two are now under consideration for elimination. With the authorities organized according to the tentative division list of the SAIS, IAS began to contact them systematically. Taking the divisions in groups, it assigned them one at a time to in- dividual members of the staff. First, the staff member assigned to a given division would consult the accumulation of classification systems and subject heading lists to see what had been done be- fore. Then books and documents on the particular subject were studied. In the meantime, the Dayton representative of the IAS contacted the specialized engineering groups concerned with the division at Wright Field and developed a tentative breakdown of the divi- sion into functional sections. By the time the list of sections had been forwarded to New York, the staff member also had a tentative breakdown. The two were compared and discussed with selected local authorities on the subject. The result was a second tentative breakdown ready for full coor- dination. The tentative breakdown, with explanations and with some of the questions which had arisen in preliminary coordination, was then mailed to the authorities selected for the subject division. After allowing enough time for consideration, one of the staff members would visit the authorities to dis- cuss the breakdown. The timing of the coordination calls is very important for best results. Usually these visits led to a conference of several specialists in the organization visited. When a number of these calls have been made, a pattern for the section breakdown usually begins to form and the results of a number of calls are merged into a coordination summary. In some cases two or more schools of thought were discovered, and then recoordination was nec- essary to reconcile the differences. In a few cases several recoordination operations were neces- sary. The SAIS staff was not content until a pattern had been developed which satisfied most of the leading contributing authorities. The resulting recommendations were not based on numerical con- siderations, but the qualifications and interests of each authority were carefully weighed and their contributions appraised accordingly. 4 SUBJECT DIVISION SUBJECT SECTION SUBJECT DIVBION SUBJECT SECTION SUBJECT DIVBION SUBJECT SECTION SUBJECT DIVBION SUBJECT SECTION SUBJECT DIVBION SUBJECT SECTION No. Title No Title No Title No Title No Title No Title No Title No Title No. Title No. Title 1 Guided Missiles 0 General a Materials 0 16 Electrical Equipment 0 General 26 Photography 9 General 38 Education and Training -0 1 General Collegiate Education 1 Guidance and Control 1 Ceramics 2 3 Launching Propulsion 2 3 Plastics Equipment 2 Special Photography 2 Technical Institute ... Training . Rubber, Natural and 2 4 Aerodynamics and Synthetic 3 3 Vocational Training Ballistics 4 Wood 4 4 Flight Training 5 6 Warheads and Fuzes 6 7 Leather and Textiles 6 Processing 5 Training- in - Industry Adhesives and Sealants Dopes, Paints and 5 Distribution Equipment 6 Air-Age Education 7 Photogrammetry 7 8 Auxiliary Equipment 7 Airline and Commercial 6 Lighting 8 Accessory Equipment Training Structures Finishes 7 Navigation 9 8 Misc. Non-Metallic 8 Batteries and Storage 39 Airports and Airways 0 1 General 10 Production Materials 9 11 12 Performance Design and Description 9 10 Iron and Alloys 10 Testing 3 Airport Planning 2 Airfield Design Aluminum and Alloys 11 13 Operation and 11 Magnesium and Alloys 12 3 4 and Construction Maintenance 12 Misc. Non- Ferrous Metals Wind Tunnels 0 Electronic and Automatic Seaplane Bases and Alloys 17 4 5 6 7 Buildings and Facilities 2 Aerodynamics _ 0 L . * General _ Stability and Control Performance 13 Powder Metallurgy 1 Design and Description 5 Lighting Equipment Airport Traffic Control and Landing Aids Airport Management 14 Sandwich Materials 2 Calibration lb 3 Equipment and 8 Maps, Charts and 16 Testing 3 Control Surfaces 9 Aircraft Instruments 0 General 4 Testing 7 and Operation L Internal Flow 5 Meteorology 5 Boundary Layer I Engine Instruments 9 Airways T Wings and Airfoils Parasitic Components 2 Flight Instruments 6 1 Practical Meteorology 41 Air Transportation 0 General 3 4 Navigation Instruments 7 Data Evaluation and 2 Atmospheric Structure and Interference 1 Scheduled Airline Position Indicating .... Reduction 8 Aerodynamic Loads 2 Operations Devices fl Wind Tunnel Tests of 9 Fluid Mechanics and 5 6 Timing Devices Irregular Airline Aerodynamic Theory Flight Test Instruments 18 Thermodynamics 0 Temperature Operations 10 Thermoaerodynamics 7 __8 9 Accessory Instruments 3 Cargo and Express i3 i i Electronics __0 1 General Communications Instrument Testing and 1 Thermodynamic Proper- 6 Aqueous Vapor and Operations 4 Air Mail and Air Calibration ties Hydrometeors Parcel Post Automatic Flight Control 7 C limatology 2 Radar 10 ’ll Installation 3 5 International Operations 8 Various Phenomena and 3 4 , 5 6 7 8 9 Navigational Aids Static and Interference Landing Aids Electronic Controls Operation and and Control 6 Fixed-Base and Maintenance 9 Equipment and Instruments Miscellaneous 12 Production 5 Thermodynamic Theory Operations 10 Airplane Design and Description _a. General 19 Aviation Medicine i i 11 i 32 Underground Installations 0 General _7_ Economics of Air Television Electronic Tubes Transportation 0 General 1 Preliminary Design 1 Flight Pathology 2 Site Selection 8 Maintenance 2 Wing Group 2 Flight Psychology 3 48 Organizations and Societies 0 1 General Components 3 Tall Group 3 Flight Physiology 4 11 12 Testing Technical and Scientific 4* Body Group and Equipment Electronic Theory 5 Landing Gear 5 Personnel Selection and Societies 13 Telemetering 6 Fitness 6 External Transportation 2 3 ~4 5 Trade Associations 4 Power Plants, Rocket 0 General 7 Cockpit and Control ■o ! 1 1 Pilot and Users Associations Promotional and Educational Societies Government Agencies 7 Internal Transportation Cabin 1 2 3 4 Cooling 8 Control Systems Facilities 9 Illumination Control Ignition 9 Personal Airplanes 8 Aviation Sanitation 10 Air Conditioning 10 Commercial Airplanes 9 Exhaust Nozzles 11 Military Airplanes 20 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Equipment 6 Employee Associations 5 Rocket Propulsion 12 12 47 Aeronautics, General 0 General Theory 13 Research Types and 1 Special Configurations 2 1 Bibliographies Accessories 14 Historical Airplanes 3 14 2 Dictionaries and Combustion Chambers 11 Propellers 0 1 2 General 4 Distribution Eoulomenl 15 Personnel Problems Encyclopedias 9 Installation 3 4 Directories 5 33 Sciences, General Genersl 10 Performance _ Aerodynamics Control fi Yearbooks 11 12 13 Testing^ 7 Components and 1 Chemistry b Handbooks Design and Description Operation and 3 4 _ _P Itch-c hanging Mechanism Components and r 7 History and Records B iography Accessories 2 Physics 8 Hydraulic Fluids J Maintenance 8 Literature 9 10 Theory and Research Testing 4 Production 5 Biology 48 Atomic Energy 0 ~2 General Nuclei Fission and Fission 1 5 i Power Plants, Jet and Turbine 1 Cooling 5 G 7 Ice Control Installation Performance ii Operation and 6 Geography Maintenance T Optics 12 34 Rotating Wing Aircraft 0 1 General Aerodynamics and 2 Induction System 8 9 21 Water - borne Aircraft Products 3 Compressors Design and Description 3 Radioactivity and * Combustion 10 Operation and Radiation b Ignition Maintenance 2 4 Isotope Separation Exhaust System and 11 Production 3 5 6 Reactors Nozzles 12 Fuels and Lubricants 0 I General 4 Instruments and ' 8 _ Vibration Fuel System 5 Techniques Fuels 6 7 Health and Safety Lubrication 2 Liquid Fuels _ Gaseous Fuels 7 Impact 6 Power Plant and H Aeronautical Applications 10 Accessories 9 Nonaeronautical 8 12 Control Combustion Chambers 4 Solid Lubricants 9 Testing 7 Applications 5 Liquid Lubricants 10 8 49 Engineering Practices n 13 Turbines [IT 7 Solid Propellants Fluid Propellants 11 Ditching 9 Testing 14 Components 1 2 Drafting and Lofting Reproduction Methods 12 15 8 Analysis and Testing Performance 9 10 _ Production and Refining Storage and Distribution 22 Ordnance and Armament 0 General Maintenance 3 Information and Records 17 18 Testing Design and Description 4 Computers and Calculators 12 Production Standards and Specifications 1 Ammunition 35 36 Gliders 0 5 Standardization 20 Maintenance 13 Flight Testing 0 General Guns _ 3 1 Specifications and 4 22 Comparative Studies Compounding T Requirements Methods and techniques 8 Armor 2 Airframe and Equipment 6 Power Plants, Reciprocating 0 — —Central -Cooling 3 Equipment and 7 Bombs Instrumentation 8 4 4 Data Evaluation and 9 —P- Reduction 10 5 Design and Description Combustion T 7 8 9 Handling Characteristics Propulsion Group Chemicals and Incendiaries Production General 12 Airplane Equipment Miscellaneous Testing 13 Gun Mounts and Turrets 3 Plant Layout 91 V Ibration 14 10 Flight Tests of Specific Airplanes- 23 Comfortization 8{ Lubrication 10 Accessories Control 14 Machine Elements 0 1 Air Conditioning _ 5 Materials Handling 2 Oxygen Systems and Storage 11 12 Components Installation 1 2 Fastenings 3 Noise and Vibration 6 Production Engineering Control 7 Tooling 13 Performance 3 Transmissions, Clutches, arid Drives 4 Furnishings and 8 Fabrication Processes 14 Testing Accommodations and Methods is r 16 Design and Description Operation and 4 5 Gears and Cams Mechanisms 5 Interior Layout and 9 Assembly and 0 Springs 6 Lighting and 10 Modification 7 Structures 0 General * 15 Flight Safety and Rescue 0 1 General Accident Prevention Illumination 11 Quality Control 7 Requirements and 37 Industrial Relations 0 General Specifications 1 2 Loais and Criteria 2 and Protection Accident Investigation 24 Military Operations 0 General 1 Employment Policies 3 Methods and Analysis 2 Design and Details 3 Aircraft Fires 2 Organization and 3 5 Weight Analysis and Bail-out Equipment . Administration and Procedures 3 4 Wage and Salary 5 ~T Forced Landings Survival and Rescue 4 Intelligence __ r 7 Stress Analysis of Specific Aircraft ] ’ Administration 5 Xogi'stlcs 5 6 Insurance and Benefits Personnel Services 6 Strategy and Tactics 7 Operations Specific Aircraft and Welfare 8 Air Defense 8 Aeroelasticity Fig. 1 - SAIS Divisions and Sections 5 As soon as each breakdown was crystallized, the section headings (Fig. 1) and their terminology and scope were presented, and the comments of the authorities were condensed in a coordination summary for presentation at periodic conferences with the representatives of the Central Air Doc- uments Office. At these conferences, the accumulated coordination summaries were carefully dis- cussed in the light of the use of the recommended breakdown for the dissemination program of the Air Technical Index. Sometimes these discussions resulted in necessary compromises. Wherever possible the authoritative consensus was accepted or modified as little as possible to obtain con- formance with Air Technical Index requirements. At this point it should be mentioned that these conferences, although strenuous, were most satisfactory because of the willingness of the ADD rep- resentatives to accept the recommendations of the authorities. As the coordination of the section headings for the SAIS has progressed, the breakdowns have been tested in the dissemination program of the Air Technical Index. As might be expected, cer- tain modifications in the scope of the sections have been indicated by their use in mass processing of documents. These changes have been discussed in a recent CADO-SAIS Conference. During all of this activity, subject headings for the sections of the SAIS have been in the proc- ess of creation at Wright Field. Daily conferences between members of the CADO and the Dayton representative of the SAIS have resulted in the tentative creation of thousands of subject headings tailored to the thousands of documents which have been flowing through the CADO pipeline. These subject headings are now being merged with those created by the Special Libraries As- sociation and with other important subject heading lists. This work is being done by routine meth- ods and the result will be the full structure of the SAIS. Mr. Thorne The Dayton representative of the SAIS serves as a liaison agent between the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and the Central Air Documents Office in the coordination of the SAIS and serves as a member of the CADO Subject Heading Committee. The Subject Heading Committee reviews documents being processed in the ATI and establishes standard and technically accurate subject headings which will reflect the contents of the documents. Before establishing these subject headings, the Committee reviews existing subject heading lists of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, of the Office of Naval Research, and of other agencies who have published subject heading lists in the various fields of science and engineering. First, the Committee attempts to use a heading already in existence. If one cannot be found, the Committee reviews the documents and proposes a number of suitable headings. These headings are coordinated with specialists of the Engineering Division, Air Materiel Command, in the field involved. Further coordination is necessary to insure that the new headings conform to standard library practices. The Committee is responsible, too, for establishing the headings in the language of those engineers by whom the documents will be used, inasmuch as the subject headings are the only means by which a document Can be located. In the development of the SAIS, the Dayton representative is responsible for coordination with authorities at AMC in major fields of interest as established. These specialists are requested to present their views on how a specific subject should be covered and on how much detail should be used by the system in covering the subject. From the pattern evolved as the result of this research, tentative subject headings are established. The same type of coordination is maintained with near- by engineering and manufacturing concerns. The recommendations of these military and industrial authorities are compiled in a coordina- tion report and forwarded to the Director of the SAIS for national coordination. 6 Mr. Woodham The establishing of subject divisions and sections for the SAIS on a national scale requires extensive coordination. The initial step in this coordination is the assigning of a division to a staff member of the SAIS. The staff member makes a literature search of all the available material in the field through the facilities of the IAS. As a result of this search, a breakdown of the field is compiled and submitted to specialists in the industry who have agreed to cooperate on the project. The Dayton representative also discusses the headings with appropriate divisions and sections at the Air Materiel Command. Certain cooperating agencies such as the NACA, CAA, Bureau of Aero- nautics, Office of Naval Research, Special Libraries Association, Aircraft Industries Association, and others have also been contacted on each division. In many instances, coordination was accom- plished by personal interview. An analysis of the opinions expressed by these authorities helps to determine the eventual sections which will be established. However, if there is a certain amount of disagreement, further study and coordination are necessary. A report listing the proposed section headings which have been established to the satisfaction of those concerned is submitted to CADO for study to determine whether the sections meet oper- ating requirements of the Air Force and Navy. Included in the list are notes for each of the sec- tions which indicate their scope. Approval by CADO of the list coordinated through industry and government results in accepted section headings. Mr. Smith Application of the SAIS to reviews of current articles and reports and to books was begun by the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences in the January 1948 issue of the Aeronautical Engineer- ing Review. The first annual Aeronautical Engineering Index, covering the year 1947, gathered the reviews of the twelve monthly issues of the Aeronautical Engineering Review into one volume, ar- ranged according to the divisional and sectional breakdowns established by the SAIS. The use of SAIS in these publications has provided a basis for the discussion of problems aris- ing during its development and has demonstrated the practical value of SAIS as applied to published technical information. The requirement in the annual Aeronautical Engineering Index for a more detailed breakdown than is needed in the monthly issues of the Review led to the utilization of most of the sections of SAIS, There appears to be substantial agreement in the demands made upon SAIS in this application as compared with the demands made upon SAIS in the cataloging and distribution of documents and other specialized material. Difficulties encountered in the use of SAIS in the Aeronautical Engineering Index were largely those of undertaking a new publication. Acquaintance with SAIS and greater familiarity with the mechanical problems of compilation have considerably decreased the time needed for the work, which is proceeding smoothly at present on a month-to-month basis. The Index for 1948 was pub- lished in February, 1949. It is expected that the Index for 1949 will be published as early or even earlier in 1950. 7 DISCUSSION Col A. A. Arnhym: CADO I would like to emphasize that the primary interest of CADO in having the SAIS coordinated by the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences was to obtain a functional breakdown or distribution guide for the dissemination of classified documents, on a selective basis, to agencies and contractors of the Armed Forces. If and when applicable, the same breakdown is being used by CADO and a num- ber of other organizations for indexing purposes. Mr. Walter J. Granfield: Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. If an organization requests documents from CADO pertaining to a specific subject section of the SAIS, will it automatically receive documents listed under related subject sections? Col A. A, Arnhym: CADO Distribution of documents can be made only in the divisions and sections which have been spe- cifically approved. If the requestor feels that he does not get all of the material which is pertinent to his contract or field of endeavor, he must take the necessary steps to be included in the distri- bution list for those additional subject divisions and sections which he feels are required for his work. Further details of this subject will be discussed in subsequent panels. Mr. L. P. Bradley: McDonnell Aircraft Corp. How complete is the breakdown of the SAIS? Col A. A. Arnhym: CADO The subject division breakdown of the SAIS is complete to all purposes although it may be nec- essary from time to time to add new divisions if the scope of the Air Technical Index is expanded. The section breakdown for these divisions is about 90% complete and will be completed during the next few weeks. Mr. L. P. Bradley: McDonnell Aircraft Corp. What about the subject headings? Mr. L. E. Neville; SAIS A list of approximately 15,000 proposed subject headings has been submitted by CADO to the staff of the SAIS and will be coordinated by the latter on a national basis. It will be published in alphabetical arrangement in about four months. Mr, L, P. Bradley: McDonnell Aircraft Corp. Will this alphabetical listing of subject headings show the SAIS divisions and sections to which they pertain? Col A. A. Arnhym CADO Behind every subject heading will be listed the SAIS subject division(s) and section(s) to which they pertain. 8 THE AIR TECHNICAL INDEX Panel Chairman: Mr. Eugene B. Jackson Civilian Chief, Document Requirements Section, CADO Members: Maj William A. Barden Assistant Director (AF), CADO Capt Michael Zubon Chief, Document Processing Section, CADO Mr. George H. Rogge, Jr., Chief, Technical Data Digest Section, CADO Mr. Jackson One of the most commonly accepted truths among research workers is that the mass of infor- mation being brought out today in the form of reports is almost beyond human comprehension. As Dr. Vannevar Bush expressed it: "The (scientific) investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers - - conclusions which he cannot find time to grasp, much less to remember, as they appear . . . In connection with research work done by the National Military Establishment and its com- ponent services, the difficulty of finding information is further complicated by the military security program. A document or a piece of equipment may be designated as "Restricted," "Confidential," "Secret," or "Top Secret" depending upon the harm that would be done to our country by the rev- elation of the information to an enemy or to a potential enemy. It is believed that originally these so-called classifications were developed to protect tactical, strategic, and diplomatic messages, codes, and papers where the prime consideration was the necessity of denying knowledge of informa- tion contained therein to a potential opponent. Accordingly, the directives promulgated by the mil- itary services have been based primarily on the needs of the above types of documentary material. However, it is coming to the attention of personnel concerned with the military documentation pro- gram that scientific material is being unduly shackled by the imposition of classifications intended for another type of material. To make the distinction somewhat clearer, it is quite possible that plans which were made for the invasion of Japan have, and will continue to have, a high security classification because geographic factors and similar information do not change sufficiently to warrant scrapping of plans made some time ago. On the other hand, if a classification "Secret" were placed on a document concerning vacuum tubes, it is quite possible that within six months or less the same information could be found in a commercially published periodical in the field of elec- tronics, and the security classification of "Secret" on the original document would then be quite meaningless. It was quite logical when strategic and tactical documents were involved to have the originator be the sole arbiter regarding a possible downgrading or lowering of classification in con- nection with the document he had originated. On the other hand, it is using questionable judgment to reserve to the originator of a technical document the exclusive right for all time to control the security classification of his report. Personnel conversant with the state of development in a par- ticular scientific field should be, perhaps, more qualified to judge the necessity for revision of the classification originally assigned. This is emphasized by mention of the fact thatCADO has literally hundreds of documents in its collection that it believes are overclassified but which cannot be down- graded now because that agency which prepared the report is no longer in existence. While CADO believes that proper measures should be taken to protect the national interest, it still believes that the existing military classification directives impose a tremendous obstacle to its avowed purpose of disseminating technical information. It further feels that consideration might well be given to 9 the ultimate establishment of a separate set of security regulations outlining procedures, policies, and doctrines for the handling of technical information and including a new set of classifications designed to replace the presently existing terms of "Restricted,” "Confidential," etc. Pending the development of the additional procedures outlined above, an authorization for CADO to establish a board of officers to consider the downgrading of scientific reports would be most helpful. That the dissemination of technical information is an important matter is emphasized in a re- port prepared by the Special Committee on Technical Information of the Research and Development Board which reads in part: "Technical information must be disseminated promptly to research workers and or- ganized for future reference and as a source of inspiration for new ideas. "Present activities in this field consist mainly of production operations — preparing, distributing, and cataloging reports and abstracts. The limited amount of research and development in this field is directed toward the solution of immediate problems which arise in these operations. What is needed is a bold and basic attack. "Each research and development project yields technical information — a report, or several reports — which should be placed as promptly as possible in the hands of other research workers in the same or in allied fields. The new information must also be as- similated into the existing mass of technical information and correlated with similar ma- terial in order that it may be readily available for future reference. This is essential to provide an organized background for selecting fields for further exploration. A scientific advance or a technological improvement has not made its full contribution to the advance- ment of science or to the over-all research and development effort until it is known to all who need the information in their work. Even more important is the potential effect of well-organized inf ormation as a source of inspiration for stimulating new ideas. Improve- ment in the effective recording and dissemination of new information or in methods for cataloging, classifying and indexing for ready accessibility would produce definite savings in time, money and scientific man power. "It is our continuing duty to know as much as possible about current research and development efforts outside the National Military Establishment, in this and foreign coun- tries. A more complete and ready exchange of information with other governmental agen- cies, with academic and industrial organizations, and with foreign countries, together with better methods of collecting and organizing scientific intelligence, would aid materially in developing an over-all national research and development program which would make the wisest utilization of available funds and scientific man power. There is a growing aware- ness that our very expensive military planning must be based on accurate and organized information regarding the related activities of possible enemies. "In many instances the ‘only lasting result of research work is the recorded infor- mation regarding the discoveries made. This is the actual product in many cases for which the millions of dollars of research and development funds are being spent. The Com- mittee urges that a significant portion of money being spent on research and development be allocated to the specific purpose of creating better methods of insuring that information is recorded and is organized in such a way as to be readily available. A program of re- search directed toward this end in the Military Establishment, in other government agen- cies, in universities, and in industrial establishments will increase the real value of re- search projects on which hundreds of millions of dollars are now being spent. Effort ex- pended on work duplicating that done elsewhere is wasting large sums. This can be avoided only by a well-organized record of what is being done." 10 Perhaps the next point to be considered is: What are the sources of information? The need for the dissemination of information has been mentioned but not the types of sources for that informa- tion. Information from scientific and technical research may be found normally in classified docu- ments, unclassified documents, periodicals, monographs, books, patents, photographs, and tech- nical motion-picture film. These sources have been listed in the approximate order of their value in the preparation of a normal report. Classified documents would normally be the most valuable, but they have the inherent difficulty of being less widely known, less widely available, and less com- pletely cataloged than the other types of material. Each research activity has its own file of reports that has been originated under its auspices; the local card catalog contains references to some 250,000 documents which were received at Wright Field from 1917 to the establishment of the Air Documents Division. Other sources of information might be the various accession lists of docu- ments, various abstract publications, and bibliographies. The ATI will be considered as an addi- tional source of information concerning classified documents. Another source is the excellent "Technical Information Pilot" of the Science and Technology Project of the Library of Congress. Unclassified documents are normally more widely known and more readily available than classified documents. However, they contain information that can be highly valuable and that might have been overlooked originally when issued in classified form. The Captured Documents Index card catalog prepared by the Air Documents Division is a source of information on 55,000 captured documents and is supplemented in this particular field by the Office of Technical Serviced "Bibliography of Scientific and Industrial Reports," In addition there is a "desk catalog" published by the Air Doc- uments Division on the same 55,000 documents using electrical accounting tabulating equipment to prepare the copy. The accession lists, abstract publications, and bibliographies mentioned pre- viously apply to unclassified documents also. Another large body of unclassified documents is that under the bibliographical control of the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, through his "monthly catalog." Documents being discussed today differ in that they are "classified" and no depository copies are available. Periodicals normally contain material that is less recent than that appearing in unclassified documents and still less recent than that appearing in classified docu- ments. Periodical articles, however, may summarize information that previously appeared in many different documents and normally include good bibliographies that will lead to other reports on the subject. Periodical indexes make this material more readily available as well as do abstract jour- nals. The CADO TECHNICAL DATA DIGEST is an example of an abstract journal in the field of aeronautics. Books normally contain less recent material than that included in periodicals or documents, but the material that is included therein is still further summarized over that which appeared in other forms and is good for background material not otherwise readily available. I - Patents are inconvenient materials with which to work but are valuable sources of information. Fortunately CADO has had nothing to do with the patent picture as yet *. Photographs and motion-picture films need no further discussion. There is an awareness of the mass of information available, of the need for research workers keeping abreast of developments in their fields, of the effect of security classifications on dissemi- nation, and of the importance of information contained in classified documents when considered and contrasted in timeliness and value with information obtainable from other sources. The ATI may be defined as a service designed to catalog and index air technical material and to announce its availability on a selected basis to qualified aeronautical and allied activities which participate directly or indirectly in the National Research and Development Program. In other words, it is a documentation instrument designed to announce the existence of scientific and tech- nical documents possessing military security classifications without violating requirements for national security. 11 TITLE: Electrical Equipment for the Experimental Study of the Dynamics of Fluids \UTHOR(S) : Ferrari, Carl O. ORIG. AGENCY: Societa Italians per 11 Progresso Delle Scienze, Roma PUBLISHED BY : (Same) DAT! | DOC CUM. | COUMIVY I UMOWW I DAMS | iUUSTXAIlOM 1938 Unclass. 1 Italv Italian 43 I dinars ATI- 4394g (None) °~“xvi-Ti»8 '"'""(Same) FOREIGN TITLE; Ststemazlnl elett riche per lo studio. . .fluid! TRANSLATION BY: National Advisory Committee tor Aeronautics. Washington. D.C. March 142 ABSTRACT: The description of electric anemometers and their application to the study of turbulent fluid flows includes the use of electric tanks for the realization of the analogies between electrology and aero- dynamics and their appUcation to the study of varied technical problems. The electric condenser type dynamometer and Its application to the prediction of the aerodynamic forces on wing and 'air- plane models in Wind-tunnel tests and in controlled and spontaneous rotations Is discussed. In de- scribing the principal apparatus, brief mention is made of the best known types and of the particular problems Involved In their application. DISTRIBUTION: SPECIAL. All requests tor copies must be addressed to: Translating Agency (?) DIVISION:' Wind Tunnels (17) SUBJECT HEADINGS: Anemometers (10790); Turbulence Indl- SECTION; Equipment and Instrumentation (3) cators (95609); Wind tunnels - Instrumentation (99114.1) ATI SHEET NO.: R-17-3-46 c.ntrel Air OmM OSc. AIK TECHNICAL INDEX Wright-Pottarson Air Pore* Bom, Dayton, Ohio Fig. 2 - ATItem Maj Barden The title of the document on the ATItem (iFig. 2) can be considered as a brief abstract of the document. If the original document is in a foreign language, the foreign title is also given. The ATI Number is simply an accession number and is to be used in ordering the document from CADO. The ATItem indicates who wrote the document and who originated and published it, and under what numbers. The originating agency, as used in this sense, is merely the old familiar corporate au- thor. The entry, "Published by,11 in some cases might also be considered as the corporate author and in others as the agency, or the project, or the contract under which the work was sponsored. Hence, the entry could just as well have been labeled "Sponsored by" instead of "Published by." The date the document was issued, the military security classification (which is one of the factors determining who is authorized to receive it), the country of origin, the language of the original doc- ument, and the pagination are recorded. If there is an existing translation of a foreign document, the translating agency is identified. The abstract is descriptive and is intended to tell enough about the document so that the user can determine whether he wants a copy. No attempt is made to eval- uate the information. The distribution note indicates if and where the user can get copies of the report. The note is very important since some documents may be secured only from the originating agency. Others must be requested through a cognizant agency for approval before CADO can supply copies, and, in other instances, only government agencies or military organizations can secure copies of the report involved. The SAIS subject division and section indicates the general field of interest into which the doc- ument falls. The subject headings, under which the document was specifically cataloged, covers details of the document. The SAIS subject division and section are useful for selective distribution in the announcements of the existence of a document, and the subject headings are useful in locating a specific document. The contract number of the report indicates whether the work was accom- plished under government contract. CADO considers this information to be pertinent in properly cataloging the material included in the ATI. The author, originating agency, publishing agency, subject headings, and contract num- bers are all possible approaches to specific documents. 12 *** B It Is desired to maintain a card catalog, the transparency should be reproduced on card- stock which is then cut into Individual cards. Sufflc' -♦ copies should be made to permit cross-refer enclng by title, author, originating agency series and the cross-references suggested on the cards. (The numbers following each cross-reference refer to automatic machine records). *** Unless a distribution notice stating otherwise is included on the catalog card, microfilm or, when available, printed copies oi the documents listed on this sheet can be obtained by address- ing your request to: Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wrlght-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Attention: Air Documents Division, MCIDXD. Each request should Include title, author, originating agency as well as ATI number of the document. Commercial organizations may receive ATI sheets and documents only, if they have been cleared by their contracting agency and Service to receive material of that particular subject and security classification. SHEET NO*. R-17-3-46 RESTRICTED ATI- 34899 TITLE: Wind-Tunnel Balance System (None) AUTHOR(S) -. Saxon, R. J. orm. *mncy ho. ORIG. AGENCY ; University of Michigan, Ypsilanti, Mich. EMC-3 PUBLISHED BY ; (Same) ""““(SameT ’*° BAH ROC OAM CORIITRY IANRUARR PUR IUUSTRATTONR March ■ 48 Restr. U.S. English 12 diagrs ABSTRACT: Deflection vs time curves indicate the action of the present vertical wind-tunnel balance system dampers which are used to decrease the relaxation time of the oscillations induced by the dynamic application of the air loads to the model. The oscillations from the original shock are damped out in all cases in about 7 seconds. The higher frequency ripple (about 15 cps) is particularly noticeable in the higher load ranges. This is introduced through the base of the beam gage from the supporting structure and, as such, is not damped by dash pots. Unless suitable precautions are taken, exciting oscillations from outside sources, motors, vacuum pumps, etc., will probably cause objectionable ripples in the recorded data. DISTRIBUTION: Copies of this report obtainable from CAPO. (1) DIVISION: Wind Tunnels (17) SUBJECT HEADINGS: Wind tunnels - Balances (99110) SECTION: Equipment and Instrumentation (3) ATI SHEET NO.; R-17-3-46 CaxIyoI Air Docum«m OMu AIR TECHNICAL INDEX I WHgM-Nr*f»rto*i Air Pore* Bom, Doyton, Ohio _________ 1 — RESTRICTED I TITLE: The Silent Dark Current Discharge in Air at Atmospheric Pressure and Its ~mimH Anemometrical Application (None) AUTHOR(S) : Fucks, Wilhelm orm, arrncy mo. ORIG. AGENCY: Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fuer Luftfahrt, E.V. (None) PUBLISHED BY Zentrale fuer wissenschaftliches Berichtswesen, Berlin-Adlershof wrwhimo arrncy no. ' UM-1205 BAH DOC. OAM I COUNTRY I LANOUARC I BARSI IUUSTRATTONR April 144 I Unclass. I Germany I German I 35 I photos, graphs FOREIGN TITLE: Ueber die stille Vorentladung in Luft von Atmosphaerendruck. . .Verwendung TRANSLATION BY: National Research Council of Canada. Ottawa Sept 1 48 ABSTRACT: I I The silent dark current discharge in air at atmospheric pressil-e E Investigated to determine its suitability for measuring flow velocities of gases. The questiol of transition from the Townsend discharge into the silent dark discharge is I the discharge which lies be- tween the initial voltage and the ignition voltage of is determined as a function of the relevant parameters. The effect of an air by recording a field of flow characteristics from which the of the afttorataia is calculated. A detailed summary of the results, illustrated by grapl(s7 is X DISTRIBUTION: Copies of this report CAJO. J (Ij DIVISION: Wind Tunnels (17) 'V So&JRCT HIDINGS: Anemometers, Leakage current (10800); SECTION: Equipment and Instrumentation (3) tupKels testing - Procedures (99103) ATI SHEET NO.: R-17-3-46 \ \ CRnirai Air Document* o*t»y yglR Previously cataloged as Captured Wright-PotTwRon Air Rorc# Bow, DoyIn. Document No. ZWB/UM/Re/1205 WIND TUNNELS (INSTRUMENTATION AND EQUIPMENT) ATI- 48514 1 TITLE: New Interference Phenomena in the Scblieren System "mvShon (None) AUTHOR(S) : Gayfaart, E. L.; Prescott, Rochelle «« »«*' no ORIG. AGENCY : Johns Hopkins University, Silver Spring. Bid. APL/JHU/CM-513 PUBLISHED BY : USN Contract No. NOrd-7386 "»• (None) BAH tec OAM COUNIRY IAURUARR MR UUtlRAYlOHR jaa > 49 Unclass. U.S. English 11 photos, tables, graphs, drwg ABSTRACT: A diffraction phenomena has been discovered in the Schlieren system which makes possible a quantitative Schlieren method. In this method bands are observed in the Schlieren field. These bands represent ropoh% in the Schlieren through which the optical path length 1s constant and different from the Schlieren fror S portion of the field by (N+ 1/2) wavelengths of the light used (where N represents an integer). Itkks ba0 m demonstrated that, within the experimental accuracy, these bands have the same meaning as in the Mach-Zender type of interferometer when that Instrument is adjusted so that one fringe covAe entire field. aa DISTRIBUTION: Copies of this report obtainable from CAPO. DIVISION: Wind Tunnels (17) SUBJECT HEADINGS: I SECTION: Equipment and Instrumentation (3) Interferometers (52701); OjmcaiJmterf'VenAe (J8flU,34) yr ATI SHEET NO.: R-17-3-46 \ CrmyoI Air Do ATI- 43948 TITLE: Electrical Equipment for the Experimental Study of the Dynamics of Fluids AUTHOR(S) : Ferrari, Carl O. "Sw. ORIG. AGENCY: Societa Italiana per il Progresso Delle Scienze, Roma XVI-1938 PUBLISHED BY (Same) pwumm arrncy no. (Same) OOC CUM. COUNTRY I IANRUARR I PAM I IUUSTUDOM ifiSS Unclass. Bate I Italian I 43 I dlagrs FOREIGN TITLE: Sistemazlni elettrlche per lo studio. . .fluid! TRANSLATION BY: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Washington. D.C. Maroh «19 ABSTRACT: The description of electric anemometers and their application to the study ol turbulent fluid flows includes the use of electric tanks for the realization of the analogies between electrology and aero- dynamics and their application to the study of varied technical problems. The electric condenser type dynamometer and Its application to the prediction of the aerodynamic forces on wing and air- plane models in wind-tunnel tests and in controlled and spontaneous rotations is discussed. In de- scribing the principal apparatus, brief mention is made of the best known types and of the particular problems involved in their application. DISTRIBUTION; SPECIAL. All requests for copies must be addressed to: Translating Agency (5) DIVISION: Wind Tunnels (17) SUBJECT HEADINGS: Anemometers (10790); Turbulence indl-~ SECTION; Equipment and Instrumentation (3) cators (95609); Wind tunnels - Instrumentation (99114.1) ATI SHEET NO.; R-17-3-46 Cwrtrol Air Documunta OfficR AIR TECHNICAL INDEX ' ~~ WfigM-PaHT»on Air Fore* Bom, Doyton, Ohio MCI Pom 71 - ksvliRd 12 May 1948 MAY 1M» Fig. 3 - ATI Sheet 13 Capt Zubon Announcement of the availability of documents is made to qualified agencies in the form of either the ATI translucent sheets (Fig. 3) or printed card stock. Each sheet, which is divided into six sections similar to library catalog cards, contains data on six documents. The documents listed on an ATI sheet are selected within the same military security classi- fication such as "Restricted," "Confidential," or "Secret" and within the same division and section of the SAIS. This procedure facilitates distribution according to classification and to fields of in- terest so that the six documents listed on the Air Technical Index sheet can be sent to a contractor who has entered into a security agreement with the Armed Forces to receive certain classifications and who has approved to receive specific SAIS subject divisions and sections. The method of distribution is dependent upon the purpose for which the index is to be used. If the ATI sheets are for reference only and are to be filed in a loose-leaf binder, the translucent sheet is recommended. To file these sheets in proper order, it is necessary to observe the sheet number which ap- pears in the upper right-hand corner of the sheet. This number is composed of the following: the letter designating the security classification, the first number indicating the subject division, the next number referring to the subject section within that division, and the last figure which is the sequence number of the sheet in each series. While easier and quicker to file, this method lacks the flexibility of a card catalog as the in- formation is more difficult to find. Mr. Rogge In discussing the Air Technical Index, it is fitting to mention the TECHNICAL DATA DIGEST which we consider as a complement to the ATI inasmuch as the latter accessions classified ma- terial while the former provides a somewhat similar service with respect to unclassified published material. The DIGEST consists essentially of the following: 1. A "Message" contributed by a person prominent in civilian or military aeronautics and aviation. The purpose of this message is to give the readers of the DIGEST an indication of the thinking and planning of the men who prepare the future of aero- nautics in this country. 2. The "Notes Section" which includes information on new developments, new materials, and new projects in connection with the aeronautical phase of the National Research and Development Program. This material is supplied by the Public Information Of- fices of the Armed Forces and is featured as a brief summary of data available for publication. 3. A "Feature" which is a full-length article written by scientists and engineers of the Armed Forces and is intended to give an indication of the type and scope of work under- taken in behalf of military aeronautics. 4. The "Abstract Section" which takes in the main body of the publication. In selecting the most suitable type of abstract, certain considerations were applied. There was a choice between the "informative" abstract which is actually a digest or summary and the "directive" abstract which is rather brief and supplies only the following data: 14 a. What is the article about? b. What is the scope of the article? c. What are the considerations reached? It is this latter type of abstract which has been selected for the TECHNICAL DATA DIGEST inasmuch as it is intended to supply only enough information to the reader to decide whether he wants to read the entire article or paper or not. We have received numerous inquiries as to why we use the present size abstract which is not the conventional library card size. This particular size has been selected in order to permit the listing of the greatest possible number of abstracts per page and yet not reduce the printing below the size required for convenient reading. A number of agencies including ourselves cut out these abstracts and paste them on blank 3x5 inch cards filing them by SAIS divisions. Plans are under consideration to print abstracts on both sides instead of on one side, as is being done now, and to supply normal size cards to those agencies which decide to file these cards. I would like to em- phasize that this plan is only under consideration and has not yet been implemented. Abstracts for the TECHNICAL DATA DIGEST are acquired from two sources: a. From publishers and engineering societies who submit abstracts in advance of the publication of the article or paper or, if they do not have the facilities to pro- vide such abstracts, tear sheets, etc. This is done in order to be able to publish the abstract of an article or paper at approximately the same time that the article or paper is published. In this way, our abstract section is very much up to date and that much more valuable to the readers. We are very much indebted to the over 100 publishers and societies who have voluntarily contributed to this program. b. From a field source of approximately 1000 periodicals and magazines - mainly from foreign countries - which are reviewed by our own personnel. In case we find articles considered to be of particular interest to our readers we abstract these articles ourselves. I might mention that copies of the subject abstracts are sent to the publishers with a request to join our list of contributors, and I would like to take this occasion to ask all representatives of organizations which have house organs and similar publications containing articles of broad air tech- nical interest to share in this valuable program. In this connection, it should be mentioned that last year for the first time we published a complete index of all papers and articles which had been abstracted in the twenty-four 1948 issues of the TECHNICAL DATA DIGEST. The index has been distributed to all agencies on the distribution * list of the DIGEST. This publication has met with so much approval, especially by parties who are not in a position to maintain a card index of digest abstracts, that we have decided to publish an index every six months. The index, and for that matter, the TECHNICAL DATA DIGEST is available to all agencies, organizations, and activities participating in the research and de- velopment program of the National Military Establishment. Capt Zubon The sources of air technical documents can be roughly categorized as Government agencies, industry, educational institutions, research institutions, and Arms and Services of the Military Establishment. 15 These documents are received and logged by the Acquisition Branch. From here the docu- ments are routed to the Document Processing Section. At this point, other documents are received directly from projects at AMC. The first step in processing is the elimination of duplicate ments. Each document acquired is checked to see if it duplicates a document previously processed. Experience has shown that more than 50% of all documents received are duplicates of documents already cataloged. This duplicate check is made against a file whose material is arranged according to originating agencies and to publishing agencies. Catalog cards are filed according to the numbers assigned to the documents by the office of origin. For example, if a document is originated by the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology and sponsored by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, each of which has assigned an identifying number, a card is made for each agency and filed by its respective number. If the check is negative, the document can be further checked against the au- thor file to eliminate probability of error. The author file is utilized for those documents which do not clearly indicate the office of origin. If the check against the author file is negative also, the document is accepted for further processing by the Reading Panel. When it is established that the document is a duplicate, the duplicate ATI Number is marked on the document, and the document is placed in stock where it is utilized to satisfy requests - thus providing paper copies instead of mi- crofilm. After the elimination of duplicates, remaining documents are checked in a Reading Panel, which is composed of qualified engineers. These engineers analyze the documents to determine if they are of general air interest, that is, if they are pertinent to the aeronautical phase of the National Research and Development Program. If a document is considered to be of value, it is assigned to a division and section of the SAIS to provide a means of selective announcement and distribution. Valueless and incomplete documents are culled and burned under supervision of the Security Of- fice. The Reading Panel also determines which documents are non-ATI, The following are items which are considered as having no technical interest: Published books available from the open market General publications of the Military Services which are distributed in quantity and available to the Services upon request Commercial periodicals readily available from the open market Photos, drafts, drawings, etc., not part of s complete document Business correspondence Intelligence reports of tactical and/or strategic interest Reports, which due to age, are of historical interest only Approximately 75% of acquired documents are eliminated since 50% are found to be duplicates and 25% not of general air interest. Documents are next examined to record standardized cataloging information (Title, Author, Office of Origin, Number of Pages, Features, etc.). The information is entered on a ditto master form. The ditto master is used to make the necessary processing and control forms - Author and OA cards for the duplicate check files, stock record cards for distribution purposes, and file cards for library research. All standard cards and records pertaining to the document are produced from the one master ditto. 16 After the cataloging data are established, the documents are reviewed for military security classification. Since many documents are believed to be overclassified, referral of these docu- ments is made to offices having primary responsibility with recommendations for downgrading in order to effect wider distribution. After the security check, the ATI documents are processed further whereas the non-ATI docu- ments are routed to the library for storage. This does not mean necessarily that the non-ATI doc- uments are completely buried; file cards are maintained on each document. On occasion, when re- quests are received for documents which have been put in this category, the documents are made ATI, processed completely, and the request filled. Based on the field of interest, the documents are next assigned to abstractors qualified in their respective fields. An abstractor prepares a short summary of the document which includes a state- ment of the subject of the document, of its scope, and of the author*s results and conclusions. The abstractor does not analyze or evaluate the document. After the abstracts are accomplished, subject headings are selected. These subject headings, which are merely descriptive titles established within CADO, are the key to the establishment and use of a subject card file. After the application of the subject headings, the processing form contains all the information necessary for the preparation of a reproducible copy of the ATI Catalog Card. A copy suitable for reproduction by photo-offset printing is typed, and six catalog cards within the same field of interest and of the same security classification are arranged on a layout. This layout is sent to printing, and the printed sheets are distributed to authorized recipients. The doc- ument and its processing form, which contains a carbon of the final catalog card on its reverse side, is forwarded for microfilming. The document is microfilmed page by page, preceded by a standard CADO frame, an espionage notice, and the carbon of the catalog card. The microfilm is then filed. When requests for docu- ments are received, the master microfilm can be duplicated in a matter of minutes. After being microfilmed, the document is forwarded to the Library where it is filed in ATI Number sequence. It is then available to any activity of this headquarters for any authorized pur- pose. Maj Barden The document request line operates in the following manner; When a request is received in the Document Requirements Section, a validity check is made to determine, first, whether the requestor has a security clearance at least as high as the military security classification of the document requested and, second, whether the responsible project of- ficer has approved supplying the requestor material in the SAIS subject division and section in- volved. If the request is determined to be valid, a request control number is assigned for record purposes. Next an availability check is made. If the material requested has already been cataloged in the ATI, the request is forwarded to the Storage and Records Unit where the request is filled with a paper copy, if available. If no paper copy is available, the request is forwarded to the Publishing Section to determine whether a repro copy of the document is on file. If a repro copy is on file, a copy of the document is made and forwarded to the Document Requirements Section; if not, a micro- film copy is supplied - unless a paper copy is specifically requested, in which case, an Airgraph copy is made of the microfilm. 17 If the material requested has not been cataloged in the ATI, the request is routed to the Acquis- ition Branch which writes to the originating agency for the document involved. If a copy can be secured either for retention or on loan, it is cataloged in the ATI and, if distribution limitations imposed by the originating agency do not interfere, a copy of the document is forwarded to the Shipping and Receiving Branch, All the material pertaining to a specific request is controlled by the Request Control Number. Partial shipments are made, if and a hand receipt is pre- pared for each partial shipment. In the event CADO cannot supply material requested, the request- or is so informed giving the specific reason why the request cannot be filled. Mr. Jackson ATI sheets and ATI cards may both be used by reference personnel. To argue which is better, an ATI sheet or an ATI card, is somewhat analogous to deciding whether a Cadillac or a Chevrolet is the better automobile. Which of two automobiles you select depends on whether you desire luxury or economy. The purpose is the deciding factor. The Reference Unit uses both sheets and cards. Consider the case of the ATI sheets first. Each sheet has documents in the same SAIS division and section and the same military security classification. The SAIS division is a major interest in the field of aeronautical research, and the section is a minor portion of that field of interest. It may readily be seen that the sheets appearing for each division and section form a rough bibliography of a portion of a field of interest. In effect then, at present in the Reference Unit, there are "X" numbers of bibliographies accumulating. "X" is the number of sections and divisions being final- ized. If a reference person then is approached by an individual who says that he wishes some ma- terial on ice control in connection with propellers but has no more definite information, the sheets in Division 11, "Propellers," and Section 5, "Ice Control," will indicate the available documents in that general field of research. Further use of the ATI sheets is for research personnel newly assigned to a field of research. The researcher, by examining the abstracts covering a certain field, may get an idea of the work being accomplished in that field and furthermore may select for detailed examination the materials that appear to him to be the most useful. At a military institu- tion, absences from the base for extended periods of time are not unusual. In such cases, ATI sheets may be very helpful in that an individual may keep a personal record of the serial numbers of the sheets that he has examined so that on his return to duty he can examine all subsequent sheets. This procedure would be Impossible if the cards were used because new cards and old cards would be interfiled. ATI sheets are also useful for helpful guidance of the Acquisition Program as they show where the weaknesses are in the subject coverage of ATI. There are certain inherent disadvantages to having documents cataloged by personnel other than those who do the reference work with the material. When the documents are cataloged and the reference work is conducted by the same personnel, a maximum degree of familiarity with the ma- terial occurs, but a sharp curtailment of the number of documents processed results. In CADO, where so many documents have to be processed daily, it is necessary to forego that luxury and accept the cataloging of others. Certain difficulties experienced in filing the Captured Documents Index cards were borne in mind when the ATI files were established. One expediency that was adopted was the separating of the different files in lieu of a dictionary card catalog. For simple filing, the dictionary catalog was impractical and unnecessary both when you consider filing and the reference worker's time. The most important file is the subject heading file. Five cards are allowed for setting up this file. If you desire information on the B-36, one goes to the "B" drawer. It is not necessary to look under Airplanes - Bombers or any other subject headings. One of the great advantages of the file is the facility with which code names and model designations are utilized. Next in importance to the subject headings file is the file of the originating agencies and the publishing agencies. This file corresponds to a corporate author file and is more valuable than a personal author file in that, normally, the person knows the agency that is conducting research 18 work in certain fields more often than he knows the name of the individual workers. If only one or two cards are available to the user for each ATI document to which he is entitled, it is recom- mended that he establish an originating agency file. For ATI documents recently processed for which permanent ATI cards are not available, a single card control is established on these docu- ments and that control is set up by originating agencies. In addition, the documents not selected for inclusion in the ATI program are assigned a serial number called a non-ATI Number and the single card control on these documents utilizes ditto cards arranged by originating agency. Former- ly, permanent originating agency cards and temporary originating agency cards were filed sepa- rately. However, the process of combining the two is under way so that the temporary cards can be discarded as the permanent cards are filed. Originally no indication of the publisher was made on the ATI cards, but with the inclusion of so many OSRD documents and other such materials which were prepared by the Battelle Memorial Institute but carried an OSRD serial number, it became obviously a necessity that the card be filed by both the Battelle and the OSRD serial numbers. Personal author files are considered next. Approximately one-half of the documents processed so far have two authors, and one-fourth have three authors. This means that three cards are needed to set up this particular file. Such a file would appear to rank behind the subject heading file and the corporate author or originating agency file. Experience does not recommend the establishment of a title file. Two cards would be needed for each set because of the considerable proportion of foreign documents in the ATI. The next file that is maintained, but that is not recommended, is the ATI Number file. This file serves a definite purpose for CADO as an accession file of materials that should be in the stacks. As the ATI Number is merely a serial number and may be located on any subject heading card, or joint author card, or originating agency card, it is not needed in a separate file by other individuals. Groups containing single cards for 360 documents are received together. Under the old Index Project setup, an indication was given in the lower left-hand corner of each card as to the number of cards necessary to complete a set. This is similar to the procedure used in connection with ordering printed cards from the Library of Congress. However, since the ATI cards are prepared from ATI sheets separated by division and section, it would introduce unnecessary complications to the layout personnel to continue that practice. Accordingly, CADO indulges in the somewhat wasteful habit of throwing away excess cards. It has been found that this procedure of throwing away excess cards when there are only four subject headings instead of the five allowed is a more efficient method than only receiving four cards and typing up the fifth when necessary, A total of 11 groups of cards are used - five groups for subject headings, two groups for originating agen- cies, three groups for personal authors, and one for the ATI Number. The item to be used in filing is underlined in red pencil on each card. After excess cards are discarded, the cards are arranged alphabetically or numerically, as the case may be, and inserted in the file. Extensive time studies have not been made in connection with this filing operation. However, a short time ago, two sets were used as an example and records were kept on the time involved in filing the 720 document cftrds involved. If you do not consider the cards that were later discarded, filing was accomplished at the rate of 50 cards per hour.* This seems very low, but it should be remembered that some 18 separate operations are involved in placing 11 sets of cards into the ATI catalog. When that is borne in mind, the figure of 50 does not sound too low. If you do consider the cards that were later discarded, filing was done at the rate of 90 cards per hour. The method of filing outlined above uses many red pencils but definitely saves the time expended in typing required in the normal filing operation. 19 DISCUSSION Johanna E. Allerding: University of California Inasmuch as users of the ATI have been instructed to file the catalog cards by the originating agency, can some arrangement be made whereby the entries will be uniform? Capt M. Zubon: CADO It is realized that there is a certain amount of inconsistency in recording not only originating agencies but also authors and other entries. This is a result of the days when high speed methods were employed to catalog the captured documents, and insufficient coordination was maintained between catalogers and abstracters. Every effort is being made to coordinate our entries and ob- tain the greatest possible uniformity, Johanna E. Allerding: University of California Is it possible for CADO to supply ATI users with either a list of uniform entries for origi- nating agencies, as established now and considered correct by CADO, or a set of guide cards giv- ing these established entries? Capt M. Zubon: CADO A note will be made of this suggestion and the possibility of issuing such a list or guide cards will be investigated. Unidentified: Although our organization has a secrecy agreement with the Air Force, we have been notified that a branch plant located in another city cannot obtain Air Technical Index. Col A. A. Arnhym: CADO Existing regulations require that every independently operated branch of an organization ac- complish a separate secrecy agreement with an agency of the Armed Forces in order to be eligi- ble for the receipt of classified material. « Lt Col T. D. Brown: Air University Can the Desk Catalog be used as a substitute for filing? Col A. A. Arnhym: CADO If you are referring to our Desk Catalog of German and Japanese Air Technical Documents, I should like to mention that this catalog contains only data on captured documents. The special- ized indexes prepared for this catalog cross-refer the user to the appropriate document in the master volumes. If a file of the Captured Documents Index has not been established, it would be 20 advisable to use the Desk Catalog in lieu of such a file. Those items which are still of prime value were recataloged in the ATI; the catalog is a satisfactory medium for maintaining a record of the remainder. Mr. Walter J. Granfield: Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. Will changes in subject headings necessitate the revision of ATI cards? Maj W. A. Barden: CADO Corrected guide cards which will cross-reference the "old" heading to the "new" will be is- sued as changes are made. The cards bearing obsolete headings should be filed behind the appro- priate guide cards. Unidentified: Is it considered helpful to establish a file by ATI Number? Mr. E. B. Jackson: CADO Although we maintain such a file for distribution purposes, my personal opinion is that other agencies would not find it worthwhile. Johanna E. Allerding: University of California I disagree with Mr. Jackson. Using agencies have found it necessary to maintain a file by ATI numbers since repeated references to the documents are made to this number only. Carolyn J. Kruse: Naval Ordnance Test Station NOTS has found the ATI Number file helpful in the cataloging of microfilm received from CADO. Dr. Julian Smith: Office of Naval Research In any mass production operation the struggle for efficiency can be ruinous to effectiveness, and CADO gives that impression. What has CADO done to increase its effectiveness? Maj W. A. Barden; CADO The effectiveness of the internal operations of CADO is increased by the preparation and the use of a Standard Operations Manual which explains all operations in detail and by the establishment and the maintenance of check systems to eliminate duplication of effort and to produce accurate work products. CADO is increasing its effectiveness externally by beginning the distribution of "Secret" and "Confidential" ATI sheets and by inaugurating the system of " Give-and-Take"contracts to promote the acquisition of current material. 21 Unidentified: We have not completed the setting up of our file of the Captured Documents Index. What shall we do with it now since the Air Technical Index is in operation? Col A. A. Arnhym: CADO It had been the original intention, before the Air Technical Index was conceived, to revise the Captured Documents Index from time to time in order to eliminate incorrect and obsolete cards and to furnish additional information such as data on translations which had become available in the meantime. However, after the Air Technical Index was established, this would have been a duplication of effort and it was therefore decided to thoroughly screen all captured documents and to catalog those that were still considered to be valuable and timely in the Air Technical Index, at the same time correcting and supplementing the previous data. All catalog numbers are listed on the ATI card in order to permit references to the Captured Documents Index. If you have not yet started to set up the card index of the Captured Documents, it is suggested that you do not start doing it now, but refer to the Air Technical Index; and in case you are especially interested in a captured document, use the Desk Catalog or our latest accession list of available air technical trans- lations. However, if you have setup the Captured Documents card index, I would very much recom- mend that you leave it as is and encourage your engineers in using it. We are still receiving a great many requests for copies of captured documents, Mr. Robert E. Zarse: University of Chicago In a conference on the principles of abstracting, it was decided that there were too many types of abstracts to settle on one form which would serve all purposes. Mr. Dwight Gray; Research and Development Board Research is being done in the field of abstracting to determine the most acceptable form. Questionnaires have been distributed to the appropriate agencies to determine generally how big the field of periodical literature is and what journals might be interested in an abstracting service; how many abstracting services exist; and what the interested agencies desire in their abstracts and what distribution should be made. Researchers do not seem to be interested in informative abstracts; they want to check the original document. Informative abstracts are good, however, for Indexing purposes. Mr, Walter J. Granfield: Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. Does the Air Technical Index duplicate the TECHNICAL DATA DIGEST? Mr. G. H. Rogge: CADO No, it doesn*t. The ATI catalogs only classified material which is not available to the gen- eral public while the TECHNICAL DATA DIGEST, in supplementing this material, abstracts only published material. 22 MINIATURIZATION IN DOCUMENTATION Panel Chairman: Commander William H. Munson Assistant Director (Navy), CADO Members: Mr. Paul R. Stauffer Civilian Chief, Publishing Section, CADO Mr. Roy H. Chapman Chief, Photo Process Branch, CADO Commander Munson "To miniaturize or not to miniaturize, that is the question." Before we attempt to answer this question, let us define this newly fabricated term - miniaturization - which Webster ignores and of which Funk and Wagnalls makes no mention. CADO defines the term broadly as "the production of reduced-size copy." Miniature copy may be obtained by at least two methods — reduced-size printing and photo- graphic reproduction. Many experts do not consider reduced-size printing as falling within the scope of miniaturi- zation. However, when facing practical problems involving cost, time, personnel, space, and equip- ment, both methods of size reduction - miniaturization - must be considered. First, let us pose the problem which miniaturization seeks to solve: How to reduce documentary material of all sorts to a minimum size for ease of handling, mailing, filing, and storage with a minimum sacrifice in util- ity, To fulfill the requirement of reduction in size is relatively simple; for example, the lyrics of "America" can be engraved on the head of this pin. But CADO does not intend for its users to do their filing on pincushions. On the contrary, CADO Intends to utilize miniature forms only if that form is both practical and satisfactory to the using agencies. To print all material in type one foot high would satisfy the readability requirement, but such reproduction would be obviously unsuitable for handling and filing. Having established the two ex- tremes, enlarged and microscopic, the problem is to find the form which provides the best com- promise between the conflicting requirements of size and utility, Mr. Stauffer At the present time, CADO does not have its own printing plant. It is, therefore, somewhat limited in what it can accomplish by printing methods. It does have available facilities, however, within budgetary and priority limitations, for producing a reduced-size form by either the letter- press or photo-offset method of printing. The letterpress method, which is limited to certain types of printing and which is not as flexible from the standpoint of economy as the photo-offset method, likewise can only be used with limitations in miniaturization. Letterpress printing is accomplished by first setting the text in type either by hand or by lino- type. At the present time, there are approximately 327 different type styles ranging from 4-point to 120-point size. The term "point" is used to denote the size of type. One point is approximately 1/72 of an inch. Each type style has from six to ten various type faces in each point size such as Bodonl lightface, medium, bold, ultrabold, open, book, italic, and condensed. When text is being typeset for printing, the style and size of type is governed by the size of sheet to be printed. In emphasizing a particular phrase in the text, the use of bolder type or italics is often used; under- scoring or underlining accomplishes the same purpose. Four-point type is the smallest size which 23 is easily legible without the aid of a reading glass. Some pocket-size editions of dictionaries and Bibles are printed in 4-point type, usually lightface plain style such as Caslon, Garamond, or Cen- tury. Letterpress is not the most practical or economical method of printing for CADO publications. CADO receives copies of reports in a wide variety of form, and reproduction of these reports in large quantities is at times necessary. Therefore, to reproduce these reports by the letterpress method would necessitate the setting of type for the text and the preparing of graphs, charts, and photographs for photoengraving plates. Photoengraving is much more expensive than photo-off- set, and the end result is the same. Bearing in mind that CADO is trying to economize on printing costs without sacrificing service to personnel using CADO reports, new forms of reproduction are constantly being tried. One of these forms is miniaturization. The photo-offset method serves this purpose well. Photo-offset is a photographic printing method which affords many more means of reproduction than letterpress. When CADO receives a report which is considered to be of value to the aeronautical field and when numerous copies are needed to meet distribution requirements, the report can be reproduced quickly by photo-offset if the report is good, clean, legible copy. The speed of reproduction is determined by the method. Each page of the report is photographed. The film negative is masked, and the image is burned in on a sensitized metal plate which is to be used as the printing plate. This plate is etched to the desired depth by the use of chemicals. The photo-offset plate can be used over again by graining off the image and by resensitizing the plate. One plate is usually good for ap- proximately 11 exposures. With this method of printing, because of the photographic process of reduction, miniaturization can be accomplished in one of two ways: by pasting up four, six, or nine 8-1/2 x 11-inch pages and reducing them to one 8-1/2 x 11-inch page, thereby cutting printing costs accordingly; or by using a step-and-repeat camera set to the desired reduction and photographing each 8-1/2 x 11-inch page, thereby eliminating paste-up of copy. However, more control of format can be maintained by paste-up of copy. One of the other great advantages of photo-offset printing as compared to letterpress printing is that all the negatives can be filed, and, in the event of a re- print, it is necessary only to burn in new plates. With the letterpress method, the storage of type- set forms would create a problem. Commander Munson Good original copy from which the miniaturized form is to be produced, is an extremely im- portant consideration in miniaturization by photographic means. Unless good copy is available, all attempts to miniaturize photographically will fail. When poor copy is received, the only solution, in most cases, is the restoration or redoing of the report. This, of course, is a time-consuming, expensive procedure when undertaken on any large scale. It is particularly true if graphs, diagrams, or photographs are involved. The problem of poor copy is relatively minor when considering reproduction by letterpress printing. As long as the copy is readable, it is satisfactory, as a plate is made before the printing is accomplished. However, when using techniques involving photographic processes, the quality of the original copy is of vital importance. It is difficult for photographers to equal the readability of copy, much less Improve on it. The only solution to poor copy, which is to be reproduced photographically, is com- plete restoration. If a clean photographic negative can be made of the reports received by CADO, it is a relatively simple matter to reduce the size of the negative to the desired microfilm size. Contact prints or enlargements can be made also, or the negative can be used to produce offset prints. If a report is received in a clearly printed form, the document may be photographed easily, and legible copies can be produced. However, and it is by no means unusual, if CADO receives a poor ozalid or a poor carbon copy, a more difficult problem is involved. Many times the camera operators have 24 photographed this type of report and produced the microfilm copy knowing full well that the re- sults would be unsatisfactory. However, it was felt that it would be better to provide the best avail- able copy rather than no copy at all. In many cases, this feeling was not shared by CADO custom- ers. One obvious solution was to request that agencies provide documents in better form. In the case of the German and other captured foreign materials this could not be done. Peenemuende, Focke-Wulf, and Messerschmitt are no longer in a position to provide better copy for processing. However, this was and is possible in the case of American reports. It is interesting to note that, according to CADO camera operators, by and large, the German documents reproduced better than the American counterparts. At any rate, every effort is being made to acquire the best possible copy to the end that CADO may thereby improve the quality of the product it sends to its user agen- cies. Mr. Chapman The number of miniature forms available to the photographer is almost infinite. The lens per- mits reduction or enlargement in a large variety of sizes. However, some sizes have received somewhat wider acceptance than others -- the 70-mm, 35-mm, and 16-mm microfilm and the mi- crocard. 70-mm microfilm is approximately 3-1/4 x 2-1/2 inches in size. As lar as CADO can deter- mine, there are no precision cameras being made at this time to produce this size. However, *he camera has been designed and it could be placed in production if a demand were to arise. There is, also, as far as can be determined, no inexpensive transparent reader for 70-mm film in quan- tity production. Apparently, experimentation is being conducted toward the development of this equipment, but results will undoubtedly not be solidified for some time. There is available, or will be shortly, rapid-processing and printing equipment for making blowups from 70-mm perforated microfilm. 35-mm microfilm is approximately 1-3/8 x 1 inch in size. Cameras are available which can transpose the printed page to the 35-mm film. Dry film duplicating machines, the so-called oza- phane machines, have been developed and are being used at present by CADO. The dry film duplicating machine is a printer and developer used for making extra film copies from microfilm. The film used is regular film base coated with a diazo dye which is sensitive to only ultraviolet light and, therefore, can be operated in the regular light. The printing light is a water-cooled mercury light that is high in ultraviolet rays. After the diazo-dye film passes over the mercury light, it travels through an ammonia vapor which develops and fixes the film. The speed of the machine may be changed for the different densities which one may encounter. The average speed for printing, developing, and drying a frame is 30 seconds from the time the film passes over the light until it is completed. In other words, 140,000 pages may be reproduced every eight hours. 35-mm readers are becoming fairly commonplace, there being a variety of types readily available to those who require them. The Airgraph continuous enlarger and processor has been used by CADO to produce 8 x 10- inch blowups from 35-mm microfilm. The Airgraph machine is a separate printer and processor which was used during the war to enlarge 16-mm microfilm in connection with the V-mail pro- gram. CADO procured one of these machines and converted it for enlarging 35-mm microfilm to 8 x 10-inch paper copy. The printer is a continuous slit printer. Film and paper move through the printer proportionally, and the image is printed from 35-mm microfilm to 10-inch x 825-foot paper at the rate of 43 feet a minute. After printing, the 825-foot roll of paper is removed from the printer and placed on a loading rack at the front of the processor. The paper is then spliced to the leader which is already threaded 25 through the processor. The paper passes through baths of developer for developing the image, through acetic acid to stop development, through hypo to fix the image, and through water to wash off excess chemicals; afterward the print is dried by means of a water-heated drum. One 82 5-foot roll may be processed in 1 hour and 30 minutes. 16-mm microfilm is approximately 5/8 x 1/2 inch. Cameras and readers are available com- mercially and are similar to those used in handling 35-mm microfilm. It is also possible to utilize the ozaphane machines to produce dry 16-mm copies rapidly. The Airgraph continuous enlarger, of course, was designed for use with 16-mm V-mail and can therefore readily accommodate 16- mm microfilm. A somewhat more spectacular example of miniaturization is the microcard. To produce these cards, which are standard 3 x 5-inch library file cards with the document printed on the reverse side and the catalog information on the obverse, it is necessary first to make a microfilm copy of the document. Any size microfilm (8-, 16-, 35-, or 70-mm) can be used. Then the microfilm must be contact-printed on the 3 x 5-inch photographic paper. A reader for these cards is available. Commander Munson A prime consideration in regard to the utility of miniaturized reproduction is the use to which the material will be put. Most banks microfilm their checks on 16-mm film but use this film in- frequently and then only to refer for purposes of verification, to what was written on the original check. The telephone company uses small type (6-point) in its directory since this book is used by its customers merely for infrequent reference purposes. Dictionaries are produced in many forms to suit the variety of uses to which they are put. The large, unabridged dictionary, as complete as the lexicographer can make it, requires its own stand; smaller, "collegiate" editions, are available for those who require a dictionary which may be placed between book ends on a desk; and extremely small editions are printed for use as pocket references and for curios. The point is, that the form adopted must be designed to meet the requirements of the user. It is generally conceded that the most usable and readable form into which a document may be put is on the standard 8 x 10-1/2 inch page, with large type, and with sufficient space available for marking margins or underlining pas- sages, A reduced-size printing, 4-up or 9-up, would probably be the next preference from the point of view of utility. The various microfilms and the microcard, all of which require reading aids, suffer by comparison in this respect. However, for reference use only, microfilm and microcard may be more satisfactory than when used for study purposes. A second consideration is the cost of the miniaturized form. Each activity generating docu- mentary material must exist within budgetary limitations. So, also, must the user. Again, it would be impracticable for the Bell Telephone Company to distribute its directory in microfilm form un- less every user could afford a reader - which is not within the usual family budget. The deter- mination of relative cost is a most difficult problem. The variable factors such as quality and form of original copy (i.e., whether it is a third carbon copy, or a film, or a transparency), number of copies made, time, and equipment available make it necessary to make broad statements of costs which do not necessarily apply in each particular case. In considering printing costs, one, of necessity, becomes involved with another determining factor - the number of copies required. Routine correspondence is typed with a certain number of carbon copies; a letter demanding somewhat wider dissemination is mimeographed; and, if the num- ber of addressees is extremely large, it is more economical to print the letter. So it is with mini- aturization. Where it is possible to determine in advance the number of copies that will be re- quired, the selection of form is relatively simple. However, when faced with this quantity unknown, the problem becomes somewhat more complex. In some cases, typewritten copy may be cheaper, more usable, and more satisfactory than other forms if only one to six copies are required. How- ever, if a transparent copy of the original is available, an ozalid copy may be the least expensive. 26 If only microfilm is available, the Airgraph blowup may be the cheapest. If fifty copies are re- quired, printing may be the answer. If no funds are available for printing or if time is the govern- ing factor, ozaphane copies of microfilm may be the only solution. Current CADO operations are very much affected by this factor of the undetermined number of copies required. After CADO has announced the existence of a given document, it has no way of knowing whether one, five, one hun- dred, or one thousand requests will be received for that item. Since CADO must supply a copy of each item it announces, within a reasonable period, some method must be employed to produce copies rapidly. Budgetary and space limitations preclude the possibility of printing even ten copies of every document processed and have led to the use of the ozaphane machine to produce 35-mm microfilm copies. The fourth consideration is the availability of equipment. Many persons have looked hopefullv to the future when all documentation will be done by electronic or other revolutionary methods. However, we must consider the wisdom of "doing the best with the tools available.