<'.'\ -r^J *fc* ^2 >-^;'^Jt (<*•<** '*kK.i>4' •'^Si^. «^***^"». ^•**L^.- „• ^A.jl.^v.v.I'.^' THE POCKET LAVATER, OH, THE SCIENCE OF PHYSIOGNOMY. TO WHICH IS ADDED, AN INQUIRY INTO THE ANALOGY EXISTING BETWEEN BRUTE AND HUMAN PHYSIOGNOMY, FROM THE ITALIAN OF PORTA. Embellished with Forty-four C&pperplale Heads. . * PUBLISH IQartfbrtr: J h* i^AmiWD^^iv^j^iim^J 1832. ) %3Z ADVERTISEMENT. The public are here presented with a trans- lation from the French of the " Pocket Lava- ter," a work which has become highly popular in France, and which has run through successive and repeated editions. The attention which the French have, of late, paid to physiognomy, may be ascribed not only to the infatuating nature, and intrinsic excellence of that science, but, also, to adventitious circum- stances. France, or, more properly, its metro- polis, has, within a few years, become, as it were, the immense stage on which all the varieties of human aspect and action have been exhibited. Their painters, at present, employ the pencil, not on pieces of ancient history or mythological fic- tion, but in designating the various national phy- siognomies, costumes, and conformation of body, which Paris now presents, assembled from all Europe, and from some parts of Asia. The 4 Physiognomist has there an ample scope for the Study and enlargement of his science: the Briton melancholy amidst success—the Frenchman hap- py amidst adversity—the phlegmatic German, the choleric Russian, the proud Spaniard, the Vain Pole, and the grave and jealous Turk; these parading her streets and gardens, or thronging her Caffees, must present a group, whose motley and various character mocks both narrative and description. All of these are distinguished from each other by a difference of countenance, lan- guage, dress, habits, customs, and manners; yet the philosopher observes in all these but one be- ing under different modifications. This edition is enriched by an ingenious inquiry into the existing analogy between brute and hu- man physiognomy, from the Italian of Porta, whose observations on national character, al- though written three centuries ago, are found cor- rect at the present day. The plates whi-h accompany this work, are designed, and faithfully .executed, after tliose which accompany the Paris edition. PREFACE. Nothing is more common than to hear tha study of physiognomy condemned as being calcu- lated to mislead men in their judgments of each other, and the impossibility of its being reduced to a science; yet, nothing is more universally pre- valent, in all classes of society, than forming judg- ments from the appearances of the face. How often do we hear these observations,—" He has an open countenance"—" His countenance is forbid- ding"—" That man has an honest face"—" His looks are enough for me"—" Rogue is depicted in his countenance,"—" That bewitching eye"— " That stupid face," and many other expressions of the kind. This proves that, although differ- ences of opinion may be entertained respecting physiognomy, all men are, in the true signification of the term, physiognomists. We shall here pro- ceed to point out some of its advantages. Whether a more certain, more accurate, more 1* 6 extensive, and thereby a more perfect knowledge of man, be, or be not profitable; whether it be, or be not, advantageous to gain a knowledge of in- ternal qualities from external form and feature, is certainly a question deserving of inquiry. It may be asked, Is knowledge, its extension and increase, of consequence to man 1 This ques- tion, it is presumed, can receive but one answer from all unprejudiced persons; for, as certainly as man is possessed of corporeal strength, so cer- tain is it that to exercise strength is necessary. As certainly as he has the faculties, power, and will, to love, so certain is it, that if man has the faculties, power, and will, to obtain wisdom, that he should exercise those faculties for the at- tainment of wisdom. Mutual intercourse is the thing of most conse- quence to mankind, who are destined to live in society. The knowledge of man is the soul of this intercourse—that which imparts to it animation, pleasure, and profit. This knowledge is, in some degree, inseparable from, because necessary to, all men. And how shall we, with greater ease and certainty, acquire this knowledge, than by the aid of physiognomy, understood in its most exten- sive sense, since, in so many of his actions, man is incomprehensible ? 7 Physiognomy unites hearts, and forms the most durable, the most divine friendships; nor can friendship discover a more solid foundation than in the fair ouUines and noble features of certain countenances. Physiognomy is the very soul of wisdom, since it, elevates the mutual pleasures of intercourse and whispers to the heart when it is necessary to speak—when to be silent; when to forewarn —when to excite; when to console—when to re- prehend. But to enumerate all the advantages that are derived from the study of physiognomy would re- quire a volume. We shall, therefore, conclude these prefatory remarks by adding testimonies, from the hightest authorities, in favour of that sci- ence, which Lavater, in his essay, introduces in the following manner: " To support the feeble among my readers, and to furnish the strong with such arguments as are most convenient to their disputes with the fee- ble, 1 shall produce witnesses, of more or less im- portance among the learned and wise, in the com- pany of whom I shell deem it an honour to be despised. They will be few, and not conclusive; but, however, may to many appear of conse- quence, and be unexpected: 8 K The countenance of the wise showeth wisdom, but the eyes of a fool are in the ends of the earth."—Prov. xvfi. 24. " Though die wicked man constrain his coun- tenance, the wise can distinctly discern his pur- pose."—Phqv. xxi. 29. " The heart of man changeth his countenance, whether it be for good or evil; and a merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance."—Eccr.. xiii. 25. " A man may be known by his look; and one that hath understanding, by his countenance, when thou meetest him."—Eccl. xix. 29. "We know that nothing passes in the soul which does not produce some change in the body; and particularly, that no desire, no act of willing, is exerted by the soul without some corresponding motion, at the same time, taking place in the body. All changes of the soul originate in the soul's essence, and all changes in the body in the body's essence. The body's essence consists in the conformation of its members; flfcrefore, the conformation of the body, according to its form, and the form of its constituent members, must correspond with the essence of the soul. In like manner must the varieties of the mind be dis- played in the varieties of the body. Hence, the 9 body must contain something in itself, and in its form, as well as in the form of its parts, by which an opinion may be deduced concerning die native qualities of the mind. I repeat, native qualities; for the question here does not concern those qua- lities derived from education, or by instructive con- versation. Thus considered, the art of judging man by the form of his members, and of his whole body, usually called physiognomy, is well founded. "The lines of the countenance constitute its expression ; which expression is always true when the mind is free from constraint: these lines, therefore, must discover what the natural inclina- tions are, when seen in their true and native posi- tion."—Wolf. " What is the fairest countenance, disfigured by the hateful vices of lust, anger, falsehood, envy, avarice, pride, and discontent ^ What can ex- ternal marks ef decorum effect when an ignoble and insignificant mind is depicted in the counte- nance 1 The most certain means of rendering the face beautiful, is to beautify the mind, and to pu- rify it from vice. He who would make his coun- tenance intelligent must so first make his mind. He who would impart to the face its most fasci- nating charms, must store the mind with religion 10 and virtue, which will diffuse oyer it every expres- sion of sublime content."—Gilleht. ■ " Where is the hand that shall grasp that which resides beneath the skull of man 1 who shall ap- proach the surface of that now tranquil, now tem- pestuous, abyss ! Like as the Deity has ever been adorned in sacred groves, so is the Lebanon, the Olympus of man, that seat of the secret power of the divinity, overshadowed. We shudder at con- templating the powers contained in so small a cir- cumference, by which a world may be enlighten- ed, or a world destroyed. " Through those two inlets of soul, the eye and ear, how wonderful are the worlds of light and sound the words, and images that find entrance! " How significant are the descending locks that shade this mountain, this seat of the gods 1 dieir luxuriance, their partition, their intermingling! " The head is elevated upon the neck. Olym- pus resting upon an eminence, in which are united freedom and strength, compression, and elasticity, descriptive of the present and the future. The neck it is that expresses, not what man was origi- nally, but what he is, by habit or accident, be- come ; whether erect in defence of freedom stretched forth and curbed in token of patient suf- fering, rising a Herculean pillar of fortitude, or II sinking between the shoulders, the image of de- gradation; still it is incontestably expressive of character, action and truth. " Let us proceed to the countenance, in which shine forth mind and divinity. " On the front appear light and gloom, joy and anxiety, stupidity, ignorance, and vice. On this brazen table are deeply engraved every combina- tion of sense and soul. I can conceive no specta- tor to whom the forehead can appear uninterest- ing. Here all the graces revel, or all the Cyclops thunder! Nature has left it bare, that, by it, the countenance may be enlightened or darkened. " At its lowest extremities, thought appears to be changed into act. The mind here collects the powers of resistance. Here reside the corwua addita pauperi. Here headlong obsti- nacy and wise perseverance take up their fixed abode, " Beneath the forehead are its beauteous con- fines the eyebrows; a rainbow of promise, when benignant; and the bent bow of discord, when enraged; alike descriptive, in each case, of inte- rior feeling. " I know not any thing which can give more pleasure, to an accurate observer, than a distincS and perfectly arched eyebrow. 12 " The nose imparts solidity and unity to the whole countenance. It is the mountain that shelters the fair vales beneath. How descrip- tive of mind and character are its various parts; the insertion, the ridge, the cartilage, the nos- trils, through which life is inhaled! " The eyes, considered only as tangible ob- jects, are by their form the windows of the soul, the fountains of light and life. Mere feeling would discover that their size and globular shape are not unmeaning. The eye-bone, whe- ther gradually sunken, or boldly prominent, equally is worthy of attention; as likewise are the temples, whether hollow or smooth. That region of the face which includes the eyebrows, eye, and nose, also includes the chief signs of soul; that is, of will, or mind, in action. " The occult, the noble, the sublime sense of hearing, has nature placed sideways, and half concealed. Man ought not to listen entirely from motives of complaisance to others, but of in- formation to himself; and, however perfect this organ of sensation may be, it is devoid of orna- ment : or, rather, delicacy, depth, and expansion, are its only ornaments. " I now come to the inferior part of the face, on which nature bestowed a mask for the male; 13 and, in my opinion, not without reason. Here are displayed those marks of sensuality which ought to be hidden. All know how much the upper lip betokens the sensations of taste, desire, appetite, and the enjoyments of love; how much it is curv- ed by pride and anger, drawn thin by cunning, smoothed by benevolence, made flaccid by effe- minacy ; how love and desire, sighs and kisses, cling to it, by indescribable traits. The under lip is litde more than its supporter, the rosy cushion on which the crown of majesty reposes. If the parts of any two bodies can be pronounced to be exactly adapted to each other, such are the lips of man, when the mouth is closed. " It is exceedingly necessaiy to observe the ar- rangement of the teeth, and the circular confor- mation of the cheeks. The chaste and delicate mouth is, perhaps, one of the first recommenda- tions to be met with in the common intercourse of life. Words are the pictures of the mind. We judge of the host by the portal. He holds the flagon of truth, of love, and endearing friend- ship. " The chin is formed by the under lip, and the termination of the jaw bones. If I may speak figuratively, it is the picture of sensuality, in man, according as it is more or less flexible, smooth, or 2 14 carbuncled: it discovers what his rank is among his fellows. The chin forms the oval of the coun- tenance ; and when, as in the antique statues of the Greeks, it is neither pointed nor indented, but smooth, and gradually diminishes, it is then tl*e key-stone of the superstructure. A deformity in the chin is indeed much to be dreaded." Herder. THE POCKET LAVATER. The various thoughts which arise in the mind, the different passions which agitate the soul of man, are respectively connected with his features and the external parts of his frame; and so intimate is their correspondence, that the expression of the countenance, more rapid than speech, betrays his sentiments and emotions, and gives to his utterance energy and animation. The one was designed as a mirror in which we might be- hold the other reflected; but the vicious study dissimulation; they 16 endeavour to lock their passions and vices within their own breasts, and by a virtuous exte- rior, to conceal the characteristic expression of villany. In vain, however, does hypocrisy tender them her aid: the outward figure and form of the man are forced to a resemblance of the internal model, and the dispositions of the heart are almost invariably depicted on the countenance. These facts were observed and verified, and such was the origin of physiognomy. Most persons are daily in the practice of this art, without a knowledge of the principles upon which it is founded, but accord- ing to such crude and uncer- tain notions as are supplied by custom and general opinion. A 17 man's face displeases them: this is often a sufficient ground for aversion. Prejudices of this na- ture ought to be exploded, and it behooves the man of science and real philanthropy to remove them. Such was the great design of Lavater, whose profound re- searches, guided by the desire of being useful to his species, dis- played to him the nature of man, and taught him how far the mo- ral character is capable of being traced upon the visage. He has created a new art—he has traver- sed an unbeaten path. Has he not, however, gone too far in at- tempting to determine the cha- racter of a man by the form of his hands, ears, &c.—in assigning to these parts an expression of which they are not susceptible? 2* 18 His opinions are sometimes rash, especially when resting upon such foundations; but these are venial faults, and the inquirer af- ter truth will always adopt La- vater as his guide. This subject has already been handled by celebrated men of an- tiquity, such as Galen, Aristotle, Polemo, Adamantius, and many others; but their systems were bottomed upon very weak grounds; and they assumed as the basis of their opinions, the shape of the limbs, and other vague criteria. Their whole doc- trine was like those old empirical recipes, in which were absurdly compounded a thousand drugs, each destroying the effect of the other: it would be just as safe to rely upon such remedies for the 19 cure of a patient, as to trust to the remarks of those authors; at whose erroneous ideas we may justly be surprised, since they were generally endowed with a spirit of observation. The ancient physiological sys- tem has been superseded by ano- ther scheme, no less ridiculous and visionary, which rests its de- cisions upon certain projections and cavities of the cranium, in- visible to every eye, and existing nowhere but in the brain of the in- ventor of this whimsical doctrine. But let us return from this di- gression, to a subject of greater utility. We shall now proceed to an analysis of the various parts which compose the human vi- sage, and shall endeavour to lay 20 down such positions only as are supported by reasons deduced from physical science: there are, however, physiological pheno- mena which are inexplicable; yet, having been confirmed by a cautious and scrutinizing obser- vation, they could not be passed over in silence, without subject- ing ourselves to the reproach of scepticism. 21 ANALYSIS. OF THE HEAD. A large head, with a small triangular forehead, denotes a total want of understanding. If the skull be loaded with fat and flesh, this is usually an indi- cation of a shallow mind: much more if, at the same time, it be small and round; it then denotes stupidity. Where the occiput, that is, the back part of the scull, is com- pressed, or, rather, where it exhi- bits a cavity, it is a sign of a weak 22 mind, sometimes stubborn, and always contracted. (See pi. V.) [OF THE FOREHEAD. It is by the shape and size of the forehead that we are to judge of the extent of a man's under- standing. A gently arched forehead, without a single angle, evinces a mild disposition; and often, that the man is destitute of energy. (See Pl. XXIV.) A smooth, open forehead, indi- cates peace of mind; when it is wrinkled ana furrowed, it an- nounces stormy passions, pertur- bation of mind, and old age : but in the latter instance, the wrinkles are more regular, less broken, and do not approach so near the eyes. 23 The upper part of the forehead only being wrinkled, gives to the visage a look of amazement, which sometimes approaches to folly. Perpendicular wrinkles on the forehead give promise of great energy and application; but the contrary when they are cut transversely by others. A forehead full of irregular protuberances is characteristic of a choleric temperament. (See pi. XXII.) When we meet with horizon- tal lines at the junction of the nose and forehead, we may ex- pect a harsh and unfeeling dis- position. (See pi. VIII.) Deep perpendicular incisions between the eyebrows, are evi- dence of strength of mind, pro- vided they be not counterbalanced 24 by other indications of a posi- tively contrary import. When the frontal vein appears distinctly in the midst of a fore- head, open, uniform, and regu- larly arched, it announces extra- ordinary talent. When the forehead is perfectly perpendicular, from the hair to the eyebrows, it denotes an utter defi- ciency of understanding. (See pi. V.) But if it be, at the same time, arched toward the summit, it fur- nishes an indication of a pro- found, reflecting, cool mind. (See pi. XV) When the forehead is rounded and projecting, as is the case with the generality of infants, it evinces a weak mind; if it project very much, then it betrays the utmost degree of stupidity. 25 If it is rounding towards the summit, with a slight projection, and then descending in a straight line, it shows great judgment, an irritable disposition, but a heart of ice ; a forehead of this descrip- tion is frequently characteristic of melancholy. A narrow forehead is usually the sign of a froward disposition. If it incline backward, we may then anticipate rashness and want of reflection, especially if there be no very remarkable jutting of the bones of the eyes. (See pi. XXV.) A high forehead is a mark of capriciousness. Should the bone of the eye be projecting and plainly marked, this designates aptness for men- tal exertion. 3 26 OF THE EYEBROWS. Small eyebrows always ac- company a phlegmatic tempera- ment. (See pi. XIII.) If horizontal, they betoken a masculine and vigorous charac- ter. (See pi. VII.) When they are partly hori- zontal, arid partly curved, they denote energy and ingenuity. If situated very high, they al- most always evince a person in- Capable of reflection. A wide space between the two eyebrows, designates a quick ap- prehension, a ealm and tranquil soul. The nearer they approach the eyes, the stronger is the assu- rance they give of solidity and reflection. 27 Angular, discontinuous eye- brows, mark an inventive ge- nius. When uneven and disordered, they are proofs of great vivacity. Full, compact, well-disposed, and symmetrical eyebrows, are almost always indicative of soli- dity of judgment, and of clear sound sense. OF THE EYES. It is peculiarly the province of the eyes to declare the emo- tions of the soul, and to exhibit the workings of sentiment and passion. Blue eyes are frequently found in persons of phlegmatic charac- ter ; they are often indications of feebleness and effeminacy. 28 Black eyes portend energy. If gray, they often mark a cho- leric disposition; in such case, the lids are red, drawn back, and sunken. (See pi. XXII.) Hazel, or brown eyes, indi- cate vivacity and affability. When the extremity near the nose is acute, it denotes cunning and finesse. If the upper eyelid cross dia- metrically the ball of the eye, it is a sign of subtlety and cunning. OF THE NOSE. The nose is not a feature ca- pable of conveying much ex- pression ; yet its form and rela- tive position, in respect of other parts of the face, furnish some characteristics. 29 An aquiline nose designates an imperious temper, and ardent passions. (See pi. XXV.) A nose, the ridge of which is large, denotes a mind endowed with qualities of a high order. (See pi. VII) When the sides of the nose are flexible, and perfectly discon- nected, it betrays a proneness to sensuality. A nose curved at the root, an- nounces ^ a personage born to command, firm in his purposes, and ardent in the pursuit. (See pi. XI.) Small nostrils disclose timidi- ty of soul. A sharp pointed nose is cha- racteristic of a passionate man, (See pi. XXII.) 3* 30 OF THE MOUTH. The mouth is the most expres- sive feature of the face; it is pecu- liarly the index to the discovery of character, and almost always represents the nature and disposi- tion of the man ; so delicate are the shades and varieties of which it is susceptible, that it would be impossible to describe them with perfect precision. If the lips are thick and fleshy, this is a sign of sensuality and of Blothfulness; it is always a cha- racteristic of a phlegmatic temper. (See pi. XIII.) A mouth frequently shut, lips closed, and strongly marked, ap- pertain to the avaricious. (See pi XIX.) When the lower Up projects be- 31 yond the upper, it denotes nega- tive goodness. (See pi. XIV.) A closed mouth, concealing the edge of the lips, betokens a person of application, and incli- ned to regularity and neatness. But if, at the same time, it turns up at the extremities, then it expresses affectation, arrogance, vanity, and malignity. A large interval between the mouth and nose indicates want of prudence. Full, distinct, and well-pro- portioned lips, designate a cha- racter hostile to falsehood, villa- ny, and baseness, but with a pro- pensity to pleasure. of the chin. An advancing, projecting chin 32 is always a declaration of energy. (See pi. XX.) When pointed, it often denotes craft. (See pi. I.) Should it, on the other hand, recede, it then indicates a charac- ter destitute of firmness. When it is angular, it betokens a sensible mind, and a benevolent heart. A flat chin announces coolness of temper. (See pi. XXVII.) A smooth, fleshy, double chin, \s indicative of sensuality. A small chin is characteristic of timidity. A round, dimpled chin, is a sign of good nature. OF THE CHEEKS. Fleshy cheeks denote a prone- ness to sensuality. 33 Should we discover in them a certain triangular hollow, it is an infallible sign of envy and jea- lousy. Large and coarse furrows bear the impression of ill nature and brutality. OF THE HAIR. Short, black, coarse, curly hair, evinces a character some- what irritable, and often shows it to be devoid of sensibility. But light, soft hair, is evidence of a contrary disposition, and al- most always denotes gentleness. A striking contrast between the colour of a man's hair and his eyebrows should excite suspi- cion. 34 OF THE NECK. ■ I A long neck is declaratory of gentleness. When short and thick, espe- cially if the veins should be ve- ry conspicuous, it is an indica- tion of a passionate man. (See pi, XXII.) We will now conclude our dis- cussion of the peculiar expression of the several features, and pro- ceed to connect precept and ex- ample, by exhibiting a variety of physiognomies, and pointing out the different expressions of character which they display. X-.--. 35 PHYSIOGNOMIES. No. I. In this face we may search in vain for a single expression of frankness : this slightly-project- ing chin, when accompanied with small penetrating eyes, denotes the absence of sincerity. There is no display of benevolence in this oblique mouth ; and avarice reveals itself in these close lock- ed lips. Combine all these fea- tures, and they result in a cun- ning, deceitful, avaricious, and not merely firm, but stubborn, old fellow. Such a man moves quick, and speaks slowly and circumspect- ly ; for suspicion is the main- spring of his character. 36 No. II. Here is the head of a man well calculated for business; the up- per part of his head has great elevation, which is an unerring characteristic of a calculating, deep-thinking mind; his forte lies in those sciences which de- mand precision, profundity, and unwearied application; he may be a good geometrician, but not a poet—never can he rise to sub- limity ; his features, however, do not represent the firmness and severity which are so obvious in a subsequent head; (No. XV.) a sanguine temperament predo- minates, and hints at a propensi- ty for pleasure, so powerful as often to withdraw his attention from serious affairs. 37 No. III. We are struck, at the first glance, with the air of probity which is observable in this face; the mouth expresses, at once, kindness, delicacy, and experi- ence ; the chin, gently project- ing, and triangular, marks a mind firm without obstinacy, and a benevolent heart. Although the forehead and nose give no assurance of greatness, (for there is too deep a cavity be- tween them,) still they denote understanding: a mouth which, like this, has a straight aperture, almost concealing the edge of the lips, always designates a man of application, and one fond of regularity and neatness. 4 38 No. IV. Here we may behold the cha- racteristics of love of order, and attention to method; in this mouth, closely shut, and hiding the edge of the lips, are depicted application and regularity. The lower part of the face recedes a little: this is an indication of a man of discretion, modesty, gra- vity, and reserve. He is not pleased with a book unless it is written clearly and methodi- cally : he never rises to poetic invention, or overleaps the boun- daries of scrupulous exactness. The hand-writing of a man of this description will be small and regular; his gait leisurely and solemn, and his conversation not brilliant, but clear, concise, and sensible. 6 39 No. V. Here are indelibly depicted a dull and narrow intellect, self- conceit, and the grossest igno- rance. We may observe that a nose of this form, in connexion with thick lips, is always a prog- nostic of obstinacy ; still more if the forehead be also perpendi- cular ; and, above all, if the oc- ciput, instead of being arched, is concave. And here we may ap- ply this general rule, that every remarkable concavity denotes a de- fect in the corresponding organ. 40 No. VI. This countenance has been dis- figured by intemperance, as is apparent from every feature ; nature never formed a nose like this; these lips, these wrinkles, are all expressive of insatiable thirst; the glance of the eye has lost its native energy. The nose and cheeks of a per- son addicted to intoxication are almost always red, and the edges of the eyelids are often tinged with the same colour; in general, the skin, especially under the chin, is flaccid and wrinkled. 6 / 41 No. VII. The original of this portrait is one who knows how to enjoy life like a wise man; if he is not nice in his pleasures, he, at least, does not carry them to excess. The cast of his mind presuppo- ses gentleness, rather than harsh- ness—dignity, rather than eleva- tion—firmness of character, ra- ther than violence of passion— transient irritation, rather than continued resentment. The eye- brow fully expresses the degree to which a choleric temperament prevails, and the eye is a com- pound of the melancholic and phlegmatic characters; the same mixture is again apparent in the contour of the face from the ear to the chin; but the whole pro- file, taken in connexion, exhi- 4* 42 bits a sanguine ground, relieved With a choleric tint. (Extract from Lavater.) 43 No. VIII. Sternness is engraven upon these features; the wrinkles in the vicinity of the eyes, and particularly, those at the root of the nose, the salient angle form- ed by the lower part of the cheeks near the mouth—all an- nounce harshness and insensibili- ty ; the elevation of the chin de- signates a certain degree of en- ergy, and the shape of the fore- head denotes coolness and re- flection, but it gives no indica- tion of docility. Melancholy evidently predomi- nates in this physiognomy. 44 No. IX. This animated eye, this vo- luptuous mouth, and these eye- brows gently arched, character- ize a sanguine man ; an expres- sive countenance, eyes often blue, and always quick, usually indicate this character. He is easily moved; slight circumstan- ces agitate him, but he is soon composed. As his features al- ways express his feelings, it is difficult for him to deceive. He is not vindictive, but is suscepti- ble of the soft emotions of pity. Love rules him with despotic sway, though he may sometimes be accused of inconstancy. w 45 No. X. This forehead indicates both genius and folly—this, at the first glance, may appear a con- tradiction ; but the termination of the frontal sinus in a point— an almost infallible mark of fol- ly—renders the position less pa- radoxical. A man of such a countenance speaks quickly, talks incoherent- ly, and is often absent, or in a deep reverie. 46 No. XI. Here we see a countenance that evinces a capacity for great achievements—in which patriot- ism and heroic virtue, worthy of ancient Rome, are distinguisha- ble ; but it must be observed, that although it promises fair, still it marks the man to be liable to the failings of humanity, and often subject to be hurried by violence of passion, and false no- tions of honour, beyond the bounds of reason. This aquiline nose, curved at the root, is indicative of an im- perious and fiery temper; the ca- vity at the base of the forehead is not sufficiently large, and there is too slight a projection of the bone of the eye;—hence we may predict, that if the person of // 47 whom we are speaking takes to improper courses, it will be diffi- cult to restore him to the path of rectitude. 48 No. XII. This is a head in which the observer will recognise a philo- sopher ; but he may search in vain for indications of courage— still less for that heroic boldness which is the parent of brilliant achievement; the outline of the nose, which is without swell or compass, and the sinking at its root, which is too wide and deep, forbid such an inference. There is, however, observable in this face, a delicacy of sentiment easy to be wounded, and it in- dicates a mind qualified for profound and philosophic re- searches. n /3 49 No. XIII. Phlegmatic people are gene- rally distinguishable by the fol- lowing signs :—the contour of their features is plump and round, bu^ neither bold nor pro- minent ; their eye-brows are small and elevated, and their lips soft and thick ; these character- istics are always accompanied with blue and vacant eyes: the head, in persons of this descrip- tion, is often round; and the skin almost white and colour- less ; their hair is generally of a light or chestnut colour, and curls spontaneously ; their convex forehead proclaims them incapa- ble of energy ; and they are very frequently stout, tall, and plump : 5 so it would seem as though nature had been beneficent to the body at the expense of the mind, so sluggishly does the latter per- form its functions; and yet the exertions of the former are equally dull and spiritless. /i ¥ l^r fa' V ■ 51 No. XIV. This broad, square forehead, betokens a strong memory, and a fund of good sense; but its perpendicular form denotes a degree of inflexibility which may degenerate into obstinacy; the slight projection of the low- er lip, and the flatness of the chin, are indicative of good na- ture. This is the visage of a pru- dent, discerning man; of one devoid of poetic genius, and whose writings will never attain to sublimity; but, persevering and resolute, he can turn his mind to every subject, and may render himself conspicuous in a deliberative assembly; he is pe- 52 culiarly calculated for profound and laborious investigation. 53 No. XV. This is the physiognomy of one designed by nature to be a man of business ; he does not possess the forehead of a poet, nor of one whose impetuous ima- gination transcends the barriers of cold reason; but its elevation and roundness at the summit, are proofs of a sedate, cool, and re- flecting mind. The nose announ- ces firmness—benevolence is im- printed on the mouth; but the bold shape of the lips betrays a slight disposition to choler. This chin denotes a man incapable of violating a trust, or betraying the confidence reposed in him, and it would seem as if he had been formed to be essentially useful: 5* 54 as a man of business, a lawyer, or a merchant, his probity and integrity will always render him respectable. iSv r J fO 55 No. XVI. Firmness, judgment, and pro- fundity, are the most striking cha- racteristics of this countenance. The bony formation of the head shows that this person possesses a constancy of mind not easy to be shaken: what he has once grasped will never escape him, and he will always advance straight forward to the point. His materials will be disposed with diligence and reflection, but without taste. His forehead, however, is too concave, which lessens the superiority of his#cha- racter. This physiognomy is peculiar- ly appropriate to a lawyer or a magistrate. 56 No. XVII. Here is the physiognomy of one who judges the actions and characters of men with severity ; he extends no indulgence to the follies of mankind, although he yields them his commiseration when bewildered in the midst of error. His scrutinizing look penetrates their thoughts, and his intrepidity never suffers him to conceal from them the truth. His mouth disclaims loquacity; on the contrary, he thinks much, and speaks little; the shape of his forehead betokens a man of the highest intellectual endow- ments : his mind, however, is me- thodical, and reason directs its operations. His eyebrows de- '/ 57 signate a profound thinker, and the irregular shape of the face holds forth the promise of ori- ginality of genius. No. XVIII. Benevolence and probity are depicted on this countenance. which is not that of a man of the world, nor of one subservient to the punctilios of etiquette, and of the rules of politeness; for the face, bearing as it does, the stamp of frankness, seems rather to have the air of a person of in- ferior rank; and its component features exhibit a kind of mus- cular strength which is rarely dis- coverable in the wealthy inha- bitants of a great city. This proves that the face of a me- chanic may display the noblest qualities as unequivocally as the visage of a man of the most ex- alted rank; and although not sus- r 59 ceptible of the same delicacy of sentiment, and of that nice atten- tion to others, the deficiency is supplied by open and cordial good nature. His features, col- lectively, proclaim him possessed of intrepidity and calmness. 60 No. XIX. The following- particulars are combined in the hateful charac- ter of the miser: Egotistical, hard-hearted, and mistrustful, the slightest loss afflicts him; and to confer a benefit upon him, is throwing it away ; care is ever brooding in his heart, and every look is fraught with suspicion; his propensity cannot lie concealed; he cannot move, he cannot walk a step, without betraying it. Persons of this description often have small and sunken eyes; their lips are strongly made out, and compress- ed against one another. We may observe, that they almost always write badly, which '0 61 is by no means surprising, since a greater degree of attention would distract their minds from their grand object—the amassing of wealth. 62 No. XX. Here are indications of extra- ordinary genius. The features of this face, the outlines of which are neither too angular nor too rigid, decisively evince great energy ; the nose alone is indi- cative of an exalted mind: the position of the eyebrows, and the gentle projection and jutting of the chin, are characteristic of resolution; and the perfectly happy formation of the forehead displays genius, and designates a character in which reflection and activity are at once combined: he, whose features unite so many marks of greatness, can be no other than a hero. ■>(> 2j 63 No. XXI. This countenance is thorough- ly good, but it is difficult to dis- cover its constitution. The soundest reason, devoid of what may strictly be called genius, a tender sensibility without affec- tation, wisdom profiting by eve- ry lesson of experience, clear- ness of perception, elevation of language, calmness, yet not with- out vigour when called upon to act, and modesty without pusil- lanimity, are here all collected. The forehead unites the phleg- matic and sanguine ; the eye and nose, the choleric and sanguine ; the mouth, the sanguine and me- lancholic ; the lower part of the face, the phlegmatic and san- 64 guine temperaments. (Extract from Lavater.) 9 V 65 No. XXII The features which character- ize a choleric man are strongly marked; his eyebrows are al- most always thick, the end of his nose acute, his eyes very of- ten gray, and always lively, with red lids, and the ball of the eye, starting, as it were, from the head, the upper eyelid rising high, and almost totally disap- pearing. His nostrils are wide, which show strong respiration; his forehead is covered with irregular protuberances ; his blood-vessels are very percepti- ble, and the colour of his skin varies from yellow to red. The neck of a choleric man is almost always extremely short; and this 6* 66 is the most unequivocal standard by which to ^determine his cha- racter. 23 67 No. XXIII. It would be useless to search in this physiognomy for signs of genius: we can only find pa- tience, coldness, and obstinacy; firmness of character difficult to manage; an understanding cor- rect enough, but of little pene- tration ; benevolence without warmth, and fidelity without ten- derness ; or, rather, that kind of faithful adherence which pro- ceeds more from the mind than the heart. The convexity of the forehead presumes patience; but the in- considerable space between the eye and nose forbids perspi- cuity. 68 No. xxrv. Here is a candid, ingenuous, frank, and honest countenance, without the slightest vestige of vice, passion, or intrigue. Great talents are not to be expected, for the shape of the forehead, although it does not deny intel- ligence, yet it evinces no energy, but is indicative of gentleness; the chin betrays a degree of ti- midity, and the mouth betokens tranquillity of mind, and love of order. 2A 69 No. XXV. A receding forehead, eyes black, and full of fire, their shape, the form of the upper eyelid, an aquiline nose, and a large and projecting chin, are here characteristic of a passion- ate man. The chin designates an enterprising character, the nose denotes an ardent imagina- tion, and lively passions, beyond the control of reason, and the forehead affords no inference of a reflecting mind. Where there is no excavation between the bones of the eyes, "or, in other words, should they form no observable projection, we may anticipate a headstrong and thoughtless character. 70 No. XXVI. This face presents a most hateful character; craft, sordid avarice, and hardened villany, have disfigured it, and distorted the eyes and mouth. None of its muscles or features is expres- sive of benevolence or sensibili- ty ; the scoundrel might always be recognised in these linea- ments ; however sedulously he may endeavour to hide his soul behind the mask of hypocrisy; however he may attempt to soft- en his lips into a smile, still his countenance will infallibly be- lie him. ■}(> 71 No. XXVII. In the physiognomy of this person we may" remark a degree of self-love which has degene- rated into dogmatism, an arro- gant disposition, and a certain irritability which years cannot allay, and which is strongly ma- nifested wherever his self-love is touched. Good sense and cor- rect judgment are, however, per- ceivable, * and the shape of the forehead is by no means incom- patible with understanding; but the eyes, the nostrils, and the mouth, denote a disputatious and dogmatical character* 7a No. XXVIII. In this countenance we may recognise a rogue; the size and shape of the forehead are decla- ratory, however, of a reflecting, and even of a profound mind. The salient angle of the nose, the projection and sharpness of the chin, indicate an astute, en- terprising, and crafty character. On the whole, these features, col- lectively, make up a counte- nance which we cannot regard without repugnance, and in which it is impossible to con- fide. 28 *9 73 No. XXIX. In this physiognomy we dis- tinguish taste, acuteness, and sen- sibility. Should a man of this description become an author, his style will be florid, and he will describe the beauties of na^ ture and the pleasures of friend- ship ; but he will avoid the dis- cussion of scientific subjects, and sometimes turn away from phi- losophical argument as dry and insipid. The shape of his lips would seem to indicate a genius for po- etry, and the projection of the bone of the eye shows great apt- ness for mental exertion. The chin denotes a character possess- ed of firmness and energy; in 7 74 fine, we may conclude that a man who bears a physiognomy like this is highly gifted ; it dis- tinctly presents the impress of genius. JO 75 No. XXX. A downcast look, longitudinal wrinkles on the cheeks, com- pressed lips, and dull eyes, are all symptomatic of a melancholy man ; his mouth is often drawn in, his complexion bilious, and his skin dry. It is observable that persons of this character have almost always defective teeth: their eyes are seldom blue, but very frequently dark ; their hair is generally long and sleek, and the mouth is usually kept shut, to which the badness of their teeth may be attributed. 76 No. XXXI. In this head we may recognise J,he face of a gay and sprightly man ; repartee and epigram are his arms, and he is capable of wielding them with spirit and ef- fect. The mouth, with a little hollow in the middle of the un- der lip, is almost always an indi- cation of such a character, which is also discoverable by the inter- val between the two eyes. We must not confound a per- son of this description with the man that scoffs and jeers; the cheeks of the latter assume a convex form, and approach near to the eyes. 31 *K M 77 No. XXXII. Here are collected the fea- ture of a character of extraor- dinary melancholy, in which a discontented and slugglish dispo- sition is perceptible. The blue eyes and small eyebrows, and the thickness of the lips, mark the intermixture of a phlegmatic tint; the elongation of the nose, as well as the forehead, declare no want of judgment, and it is that which particularly charac- terizes this physiognomy, and gives it its pensive air. The features of this face, taken in connexion, exhibit a tranquil mind, fond of regularity, and es- pecially of quiet, and to which 7* 78 the functions of an ecclesiastic would be most appropriate. COMPARISON . OF MAN WITH OTHER ANIMALS. COMPARISON, &c. John Baptiste Porta, an Ita- lian, published, about three hun- dred years ago, a treatise on Physiognomy, from which the extracts in the following pages are translated. Although Lava- ter has ridiculed the system of Porta, he is, nevertheless, in- debted to him for many of his best ideas on the subject. In this treatise, Porta says, that Ptolemy Maternusa, Vitruvius, and others, describe all known nations as follows: viz. " The Scythians are cruel, the Italians noble, the Gauls merry and in- 82 considerate, the Greeks fickle, Africans deceitful, Syrians co- vetous, Asiatics lecherous, Sici- lians cunning, Spaniards haugh- ty, proud, and vain of their cou- rage, Egyptians wise, Babylo- nians prudent." It was the opinion of Plato, that the variety of manners and constitution observable in the in- habitants of different countries, is to be attributed solely to the difference of climate. Aristotle thus writes to Alex- ander, respecting the character of man. Nature has formed him more perfect than all other animals, and still he possesses all the dif- ferent characters of the latter. He is as bold as the lion, timid as the hare; he can be compared 83 to the cock for his pride and li- berality, to the dog for his ava- rice : he is harsh and austere as the crow, gentle as the turtle- dove, domestic as the pigeon, fickle as the roe-buck, passion- ate as the leopard, lazy as the bear, affectionate as the ele- phant, stupid as the ass, vain as the peacock, industrious as the bee, ungovernable as the bull, cross as the mule, mute as a fish; his malice renders him equal to the lioness, his cunning to the fox, his meekness to the lamb, his love of roving to the kid. The reason with which he is endowed renders him worthy of being compared to angels; he is given to lust as the swine, is wicked as the owl, useful as the horse, and hurtful as the rat. In 84 short there is no vegetable, mi- neral, or other substance in the world, but what possesses some quality that can be referred to man. Adamanthus says that we may judge of the manners and tempers of all animals by their looks. For instance, it is natu- ral for the lion to be strong and easily provoked, which can be perceived by his form and looks. The leopard is pretty and deli- cate, but is, nevertheless, subject to anger, to lying in ambush, to treachery, and is at onee timid and bold, which exactly corres- ponds with his external appear- ance ; and so it is with all other animals. The bear is cruel, de- ceitful, unsocial and savage; the wild boar has a fearless fury, to which he gives himself up ; the 85 ox is severe and simple; the horse is proud and desirous of glory ; the fox is cunning, and lies in wait; the monkey is jo- cose and dissembling ; the sheep is plain and dull; the goat is la- zy ; the hog is filthy and glutton- ous. The same things hold good with respect to birds and reptiles. If, then, it happens that a man possesses a member or feature which resembles that of an animal or bird, it is by that resemblance he must be judged. For if his eyes are of a.tawny colour, and a little concave, you must remember that they are si- milar to that of the lion; if very much concave, they denote bad manners, and agree with those of the monkey; if level, they re- semble those of the bull; if they 8 86 seem to" start from his head, and are very prominent, stupid, and disagreeable to the sight, they have some likeness to those of the ass. Man, that master-piece, form- ed by the Creator in his own image, and impressed with the brilliancy of his character—in short, that earthly divinity, was endowed with a strong and loud voice, a large body, and a slow gait. With respect to his man- ners and disposition, he has a generous and fearless heart, is equitable, candid, desirous of glory, and eager of success in all his undertakings. /''>.