WZ 140 AA1 T6a 1876 56510350R NLM 052^0^ 1 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE ARMY MEDICAL LIBRARY WASHINGTON Founded 1836 Section Number .3l.^._.6..?„_£'__ ;- FcnM 113c, W. D.. S. G. O. bpo 3—10343 (IlovIseJ June U. 12^0) NLM052990469 RETURN TO NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE BEFORE LAST DATE SHOWN I / I QrTunJZAs \JJ . YVL. DURESS MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY, DELIVERED BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CONGRESS, PHILADELPHIA, September 5, 1876. BY / J. M. TONER, M.D., or,^^raINQTON, D. C. [Extracted from the Transactions. PHILADELPHIA: 1876. / oomA/vmenfo or 615 Louisiana Ave- Please acknowledge bv exchiinge of Documents or otherwise. ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY, DELIVERED BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CONGRESS, AT PHILADELPHIA, September 5, 1876. / BY/ J. M. TONER, M.D., OP WASHINGTON, D. C. [Extracted from the Transactions.]' ^ -?3 PHILADELPHIA: 1876. wz Ho PHILADELPHIA: COLLINS, PRINTER, 705 Jayne Street. ADDRESS. Gentlemen of the Centennial International Medical Congress: I appear before you to discharge the duty assigned me of preparing a biographical retrospect of the medical profession of the United States during the centennial period just past. Though apparently an easy task, I cannot approach it without hesitation. Apart from the feelings of diffidence, which under any circumstance this occasion and this audience must inspire, I am fully aware of the caution with which the office of the biographer should be assumed, and that his best efforts are never above criticism. It is admitted that the measure and the character of the renown which attaches to the hero is, in a great degree, qualified by the fitness of the chronicler who undertakes to record and perpetuate his achievements. With what intimate knowledge and forecast, then, should even the most ready pen essay the work of writing the life of the good and great; when, through natural inability for the task, or want of care, the noblest actions may be placed in a false light, obscuring what should be dis- played, or obtruding defects that the mantle of prudence and charity should cover! Conscious of the many difficulties and the very brief time allotted to the reading of this discourse, I shall confine myself to the narration of a few simple facts in the lives of the more illustrious, and to a record of the names of physicians who attained distinction during the century, and I trust that this limitation may be some excuse for the dryness which must necessarily characterize such details. In glancing over the period to be embraced in this retrospect, I am struck by the paucity of really striking events which have influenced the practice of medicine, and which have left special marks at the end of the first century of our national existence. Wars have generally been promotive of medical science, and our pro- fession was no doubt much benefited by the contest for Independence. For the first quarter of a century after this armed struggle, the leading physicians and surgeons were those who had served in the army.1 The most notable event of this period was the occurrence of epidemics of yellow fever, which appeared in the summers of 1793 and 1798 in nearly all our Atlantic cities. This disease tested the courage and taxed the energies arid best skill of the profession, and prompted the more eminent 1 The following are the names of the leading practitioners in each State who served during the Revolutionary War: Connecticut, Aneas Munson ; Delaware, James Til ton ; Georgia, Lyman Hall; Maryland, John Archer; Massachusetts. John Warren; New Hampshire, Josiah Bartlett;" New Jersey. William Burnett; New York, Charles Mc- Knight; North-Carolina, Charles Harris; Pennsylvania. Benjamin Rush; Rhode Island, Isaac Seuter; South Carolina, Deter Fayssoux ; Virginia, James McClurg. 4 TONER, to reduce their observations to writing, and to have them published, either in defence of their practice, or for the laudable purpose of making contributions to medical science. To us of the present day, it is an agreeable surprise to find that there were then so many medical men of literarv ability1 in our country. The"second quarter of the centennial period was distinguished by the introduction of vaccination, the occurrence of spotted fever, and the war of 1812. All of these were events which stimulated the profession to more extended studies, and became incentives to authorship; this was especially true of the disease known as spotted fever.2 The war of 1812 proved to be another great school of experience, although it was not fruitful in medical reports or publications. The aspirations which it aroused in the profession, however, gave an impetus to the establishment of medical periodicals, and to the founding of medical colleges3 and hospitals. In following out the plan of dividing the century of our independence into quarters,"the third may be marked as noted for the discovery of anaesthesia, the epidemics of Asiatic cholera of 1832 and 1848, and the war with Mexico, as well as the discovery and the application of many new and improved methods of physical exploration in the search of dis- ease. These aids to diagnosis encouraged more than ever the recording of clinical observations and their publication. Medical journals multi- plied,4 and new medical colleges were founded in most of the States.5 The last quarter, which has just closed, is specially distinguished by the vast experience of the late war, which was a great school, and which 1 In my own library I find pamphlets on the epidemics of yellow fever of 1793, and 1798 published before 1800, by the following authors: Dr. J. S. Addoms, Dr. Richard Bayley ; Dr. Thaddeus Brown, Dr. C. Caldwell, Mathew Carey, Dr. Isaac Cathrall, Dr. W. G. Chadwell, Dr. Colin Chisholm, Dr. Thomas Condie. Dr. William Currie, Dr. John Beale Davidge, Dr. M. S. Davis, Dr. Jean Deveze, Dr. Richard Folwell, Dr. James Hardie, Dr. J. Henry C. Helmuth, Dr. Charles Holt, Dr. Alexander Hosack, Dr. William Linn, W. Marshall, Dr. D. Nassy, Dr. Pascalis, Dr. J. Patterson, Dr. Benjamin Rush, Dr. Charles Scot, Dr. James Tytler, Dr. Washington Watts, Dr. Noah Webster, and Dr. Nathaniel Weeks. There are also many reports by committees and boards of health, besides numerous articles on the subject in the " New York Medical Repository." 2 The following are a few of the most noted writers on spotted fever : Elisha North, Job Wilson, Thomas Miner, AVilliam Tully, L. Danielson and E. Mann, Elijah Lyman, Samuel Woodward, Abraham Haskell, Mason Spooner and Jacob Holmes, John Bestor, Q. Fiske, and G. AVilliamson. 3 In 1800, there were in the United States but four medical colleges organized and giving instruction, viz.: University of Pennsylvania, Pa.; Columbia College, N. Y.; Harvard College, Mass.; and Dartmouth College, N. H. The number of medical colleges fully organized and giving instructions in the United States in 18'25, was eighteen, viz.: Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, Pa.; College of Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y.; Harvard College, Mass.; Dartmouth College, N.H.; University of Maryland, Md.; College of Physicians and Surgeons Western N. Y., N.Y.; Yale College, Conn.; Medical College of Ohio, Ohio; Vermont Academy of Medicine, Vt.; Transylvania University, Ky.; Brown University, R. I.; Medical School of Maine, Me.; University of Vermont, Yt.; Berkshire Medical College, Mass.; Medical College, S. C; Jefferson Medical College, Pa.; Columbian Medi- cal College, D. C; University of Virginia, Ya. 4 It has been ascertained that about two hundred medical journals have been started in the interest of regular medicine in the United States within the centennial period. Of this number, about thirty are now being published. From an estimate, based on pretty good data, I am persuaded that something over seven hundred medical men have been engaged as editors and assistant editors of journals within this period. Medical editors, as a class, are ready writers, well informed, enterprising, and progressive in their profession. The influence of medical journal literature is elevating, and encourages study and the reporting of cases. 5 At the end of the third quarter. 1850, the United States census gave a list of thirty- seven medical colleges fully organized and giving instruction. ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 0 has benefited the medical profession of the whole country ;] by the ex- tended use of anaesthesia in painful surgical operations; by the increase of scientific means for exact diagnosis, and the introduction of new and potent remedies and modes of administration; and by the founding of hospitals and medical colleges in nearly all the large cities.2 It is from the professional men wdio labored not only in these more notable scenes, but from the whole profession who practised during this period, that 1 shall select for comment those who acquired honorable distinction among their contemporaries. It is well known to you that owing to the peculiar condition and growth of our country, from thir- teen Colonies to forty-nine States and Territories during the century, it is difficult to so treat the subject as to be entirely impartial, and not to neglect the claims of any section of the country, old or new. I will first speak of the medical men of the United States who have by their discoveries, writings, or special skill and devotion to their pro- fesson, won national fame, and then of those who have attained distinc- tion within the several States. Having an earnest desire to make the address acceptable to this Congress, and for the sake of making it worthy of the occasion, I have collected formal biographies of one hundred of the most eminent medical men of the United States for the century. These sketches have been prepared at my request by physicians of note in possession of the requisite data.3 We know that greatness in any avocation, and particularly in the medical profession, is not a birthright, nor can it be thrust upon the undeserving. A kind of popular transitory applause may be achieved without merit, but only those who have done something to advance medical knowledge or to improve the methods of cure, will live in history. The discoverer or the expounder of a new truth, the recorder of an additional fact or a hitherto unobserved symptom, or of an im- proved procedure in surgery or in the treatment of disease, deserves and will secure a more enduring place in history than he who has gained great popularity or the largest fortune. The qualities and acquirements- and the degree of these which can make a medical man illustrious either in his day or in history, I shall not attempt to define. The talent differs in kind and degree that attains eminence in different periods of time, and in the city as compared with the rural districts, in the surgeon4 as compared with the physician,5 and in the writer6 as compared with the 1 The late war did for us what the wars of Europe in 1848 and 1856 did there. It im- proved surgery much, and developed pathology wonderfully, brought hygiene into active exercise, improved the treatment of bone injuries by exsection and resection, and the treat- ment of wounded joints. The conservative treatment of limbs, the postponement of the period of operation, and the improvement in hospital construction and treatment, mark this period not less than the actual number of operations performed by the extended use of anaesthetics. 2 The close of the last quarter of the centennial period records sixty-five medical colleges, not including dental schools or colleges of pharmacy. 3 [The biographies referred to in the text, are necessarily omitted for want of space.— Editor.] 4 Professor Samuel D. Gross, in the " Century of American Medicine," published in the American Journal of Medical Sciences, names nearly three hundred American surgeons, who, by their operations and reported cases, have won an enduring place in the literature of the profession. 5 Dr. T. (Jaillard Thomas, in the "Century of American Medicine," published in the American Journal of Medical Sciences, names nearly one hundred and thirty American physicians who have won distinction in obstetrical practice and gynaecological surgery. 6" Professor S. I). Gross, in his Introductory Lecture entitled " History of American Medi- cal Literature," names nearly three hundred medical authors for the century. From an 6 TONER, teacher.1 But that there is a something in talent or character which commands success, and that this element stands in the relation of cause to effect, is generally conceded. Even when an elevated standard of pro- fessional ability has been adopted, I am embarrassed not only by the difficulty of selection, but by the superabundance of good material. The names here presented as having won pre-eminence in the medical profession of America, have acquired their distinction chiefly by the possession of high natural endowments and of good education and medi- cal knowledge, with the exercise of unceasing study, and devotion to professional duty. My study is too limited to assume that names not included may not be equally deserving. The natural ability, habits of industry and systematic study, and scientific knowledge of Dr. Benjamin Rush, added to his acquaintance with men and public affairs, easily place him at the head of the list of the eminent medical men of the century. His professional skill, high moral and benevolent character, and frequent participation in the affairs of his country, rendered him popular with the profession and endeared him to the people. His fame has suffered but little by the lapse of time. His writings are numerous and valuable, (b. December 24, 1745 ; d. April 19,1813.) "But as the subject of medical literature has been assigned to an abler pen, I shall leave that branch entirely to him.2 Dr. Valentine Mott, by his daring and brilliant operations in surgery, held for many years the front rank. He had the physical and mental endowments, as well as scientific acquirements, application, and profes- sional training, essential to a great surgeon. There is scarcely an opera- tion, however hazardous or delicate, that he did not perform with con- summate skill and success. His genius, too, was equal to devising new operations and important surgical procedures, and undertaking and executing some operations which before his day were passed over as too formidable to he attempted. He was scarcely less eminent as a writer and teacher than as a surgeon, and no American name is better known to the profession throughout the world, (b. August 1785 ; d. April 26, 1865.) Dr. Philip Syng Physick wTas a surgeon of rare ability, self-possession, and fortitude. As was usual, when he commenced practice, he attended to the general business of physician and surgeon, but as early as 1704 he was appointed one of the surgeons to the Pennsylvania Hospital, and in 1805 Professor of Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania. He always carefully prepared his lectures, and was therefore particularly impressive, for he had thought over and mastered the subjects he pre- sented. He was the author of so many improvements in the department estimate I have made on this subject, I conclude that there are some four hundred authors who have published works, which from their size are entitled to be termed books. If we include pamphlets, it is probable that there are over fifteen hundred medical authors 1 From a computation which I have made of the teachers of medicine in our country, for the century, I am inclined to think that the list will include nearly two thousand names. 2 Professor L. P. Yandell, of Kentucky, has been designated to deliver the address on " American Medical Literature" for the centennial of our national existence, and to Prof. N. S. Davis, of Illinois, has been given the task of preparing an address on " American Medical Education" for the same period. To Prof. Austin Flint, has been assigned the duty of preparing a history of medicine in our country for the hundred years just past. A careful regard for the field of labor given to each of these essayists, has made me solicitous not to traverse their province, but to adhere strictly to biographical detail at the risk of being tiresome. ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. i of surgery that he was justly entitled to the appellation given him of "The Father of American Surgery." His influence upon practice is felt to the present day. (b. July 7, 1768 ; d. Dec. 15, 1837.) Dr. John Warren was an eminent physician and surgeon, and medical teacher. He acquired experience and reputation in the hospitals of the Revolution. While attached to the hospital at Boston, in 1782, he founded the Medical Department of Harvard College, in which he was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. He was a man of great industry, and enthusiastically attached to his profession, and was during his life- time the leading surgeon of New England. His genius and aptitude for this branch of the profession has continued to show itself in his descend- ants, (b. July 27, 1753 ; d. April 4,1815.) Dr. Daniel Drake possessed wonderful powers of original observation, and was the most indefatigable worker for the accumulation of know- ledge and the elevation of the profession, that our country has produced. He was the founder of medical colleges in the West, and a writer and teacher of great force and ability. His systematic inquiries into the causes of disease are models worthy of study. The Doctor's valuable labors are certain to be appreciated in the future, (b. Oct. 20, 1785 ; d. Nov. 6,1852.) Dr. John Collins Warren was one of the founders of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and the surgeon in daily attendance to the time of his death. He was the first to use ether, and did much to hasten its intro- duction into general use in surgery. He was a brilliant operator, popu- lar as a lecturer, and wTrote on a great variety of subjects, in all of which he showed his exact knowledge and extensive scientific acquirements. (b. 1st Aug. 1778; d. May 4, 1856.) Dr. Nathan Smith was a man of extraordinary natural endowments. His ability to acquire knowledge, his industry, perseverance, and success under almost insurmountable difficulties, have rarely been equalled. His founding of the Medical Department of Dartmouth College, and his teach- ing, by himself, for ten years, all the usual branches, show the character of the man. He was an admirable anatomist, a bold and successful sur- geon, and a good general practitioner. By his teachings he did much to advance medicine, (b. Sept. 30, 1762: d. Jan. 26, 1829.) Dr. Reuben Dimond Mussey was a distinguished surgeon and good general practitioner. His experiments on cutaneous absorption would have of themselves entitled him to a high rank, had he not become still more eminent as a surgeon. For daring and success, some of his capital operations have never been excelled. He was also a popular and success- ful teacher of surgery. The esteem in which he was held by the pro- fession may be inferred from his election to the presidency of the Ame- rican Medical Association, (b. June 23, 1780; d. June 21, 1866.) Dr. James Jackson was a noted physician and author. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts General Hospital. His great skill in diagnosis, and his eminent success in the treatment of disease, led to his appointment to the professorship of Theory and Practice in Harvard College. His observations, teaching, and writings, almost mark an epoch in medicine in this country. His professional life and labors were great lessons to the profession of high and honorable principles, (b. Oct. 3, 1777; d. Aug. 27, 1867.) Dr. Xathaniel Chapman was a learned and eminent physician, and teacher of medicine. His special qualifications and success as a physi- cian speedily attracted attention, so that his business was very large and 8 TONER, responsible. He was for a long time a professor in the University of Pennsylvania, and was in some respects the most popular lecturer with students ever resident in that great centre of medical education, His writings have had much influence over the medical opinions of his time. He was President of the American Philosophical Society, and the^second President of the American Medical Association, (b. May 28, 1780; d. Jan. 1,1853.) Dr. Theodoric R. Beck was a prominent physician, author, and teacher. He was particularly notable for his literary and scientific attainments, power of classification, and scope of studies. Professor in several colleges, he filled one of the first chairs of medical jurisprudence established in this country. His work on this science would of itself entitle him to rank with the most cultivated medical men of the Union, and has been for years the class-book in foreign schools of medicine, (b. Aug. 11, 1791; d. Nov. 19, 1855.) Dr. Samuel Jackson was a learned and accomplished medical man and teacher. In every department, whether at the bedside, or as President of the Board of Health, or in the lecture room, he showed himself the great physician. He filled a chair with eminent success in the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania from 1825 till 1863 when he resigned. His member- ship in learned societies as well as his able writings testify to his distin- guished ability, (b. March 22, 1787; d. April 4,1872.) Dr. Wm. Potts Dewees deserves prominent notice as a physician and author. He possessed a methodical and discerning mind, and was an extensive and careful reader of the best works in the profession. His great powers were brought out at the bedside. He was a good writer, and an admirable oral teacher. His lessons were law in the practice of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. Some of his works ran through many editions, (b. May 5, 1768 ; d. May 20, 1841.) Dr. Samuel G. Morton was a conspicuous physician and naturalist. He was a most careful and laborious student, and did a prodigious amount of valuable original scientific work. His love for science, however, did not lessen his devotion to his profession, as his writings on consumption, and other medical works, prove. His fame is enduring,and restschiefly on his original observations in medicine and craniology. (b. Jan. 26, 1799 ; d. May 15, 1851.) Dr. Elisha Bartlett was a highly accomplished scholar and physician. He was a very popular medical teacher, and a ready lecturer, holding chairs in several leading medical colleges. His work on the " Fevers of the United States," published in 1842, at once secured him a place in the front rank of physicians. His purity of life and eminence as a clinical physician, as well as the high character of all his writings, have secured for his name an abiding place in the history of his profession, (b. Oct 6, 1804 ; d. July 19, 1855.) Dr. John K. Mitchell was an able physician and a polished writer. He possessed a vigorous intellect, which was well trained and by careful study stored with facts. In the sick room he is said to have had a most encouraging influence over patients and their friends. He was an origi- nal thinker, with a vivid imagination, and one of the most charming of lecturers. His writings cover a variety of subjects, all exhibiting ability and versatility of talent, (b. May 12, 1796 ; d. April 4, 1858.) Dr. Rene La Roche wras a learned physician and author. He was a most laborious and conscientious student, exhausting all sources of infor- mation to the fullest extent on whatever subject he took up. He was for ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 9 many years connected with the Board of Health of Philadelphia, and was a most valuable member. His practice for years was large and responsi- ble. His studies and writings on yellow fever are a marvel of labor and systematic presentation of all the known facts relating to this disease. (b. 1795 ; d. December 9, 1872.) Dr. David Hosack was a celebrated physician, botanist, and author. He had a large practice, and yet found time to lecture in different col- leges, and to write exhaustive treatises on medical subjects. He held important positions in the Almshouse, in the New York Hospital, and in the Bloomingdale Asylum. His contributions to medical science are numerous and valuable, (b. August 31, 1769; d. December 22, 1835.) Dr. John Morgan was a man of learning and an eminent physician and surgeon. He enjoyed the distinction of being the founder of the first medical school in America. At that time he was perhaps the most thoroughly educated and accomplished physician in this country. He was a good writer, and was the first to suggest that pus was formed by a secretory process. He was surgeon-general of the Continental Army, and one of the founders of the American Philosophical Societv. (b. 1735 ; d. Oct, 15, 1789.) Dr. Josiah C. Nott was a prominent physician and surgeon, and a learned ethnologist, He was a man of commanding powers of intellect, with great industry and capacity for study. While he won a world-wide fame as an ethnologist, he did not neglect the duties of a large practice. He was eminent as a teacher, and as the founder of the Medical College of Mobile. His ethnological writings, however,are those which are best known, but he was equallv distinguished as a physician and surgeon. (b. March 31, 1804; d. March 31, 1873.) AVant of time will prevent comment upon all our medical worthies. I however present the following list of names, incomplete though it be, in which it would be difficult to assign a precedence, for all of them have won national reputations, and are eminently deserving of commemoration. I am persuaded that I might more than double the list, and yet not include all who have won reputations that have extended beyond the confines of their own country:—J. Mason AVarren, Caspar AVistar, Wm. Shippen, Samuel Bard, Wright Post, Chas. Caldwell, Benjamin S. Barton, Benjamin AVaterhouse, David Ramsay, John D. Godman, Wm. E. Horner, Franklin Bache, Robley Dunglison, AVarren Stone, John AVare, James Thacher, Wm. W. Gerhard, C. D. Aleigs, Hugh L. Hodge, Edward Aliller, A\rm. Gibson, J. \\r. Francis, George AlcClellan, Henry Aliller, P. S. Dorsev, B. AV. Dudley, J. 13. Davidge, J. A. Swett, Samuel Jackson, II. Green, 0. A. Pope, Jeffries AVyman, John Eberle, T. Aliner, John Jones, G. T. Elliot, A. A. Gould, S. L. Mitchell, S. II. Dickson, J. P. Harrison, Jonathan Knight, Ernest Krackownzer, Daniel Brainard, Charles Frick, G. C. Blackmail, J. W. Heustis, Alexander H. Stevens, E. Hale, Erasmus Fenner, B. R. Welford, J. AI. Gait, James AlcClurg, James Moultrie, Henry F. Askew, G. Alendenhall, Nicholas Romayne, J. I J. Barton, R. S. Kissam, A. Brigham, T. D. Aliitter, Ephraim AIcDowell, R. Bayley, W. Curry, John Jeffries, J. A. Cartwright, L. V. Bell, D. F. Condie, S. Forry, J. A. Gallup, S. G. Morton, AV. Beaumont, Thomas Sewall, E. H. Barton, S. Brown, J. 'Watson, Jos. Parrish, C. A. Lee, J. Tony, Alden March, Lyman Spalding, Josiah Bartlett, J. AI. Smith, Dixi'Crosby, Valentine Seaman, E. A.^Holyoke, Amos Twitchell, E. H. Smith, J. B. Beck, Usher Parsons, Caleb Fiske, J. E. Holbrook, AVilliam 9 10 TONER, Baynham, F. T. Stribling, L. AI. Lawson, J. R. Coxe, T. C. James, R. AV. Gibbes, John 1'. Mettauer. In looking over the available records of the lives of the medical men who have labored in the several States during the century, I am struck with the evidence of the high average professional ability, and wonder- ful fidelity, with which they have discharged their duties. Thetesti- mony, too, is ample as to the" high esteem in which the vast majority of medical men have been held by "the communities in which they resided. I am aware there are those who would draw this picture less rosy. And I will concede that the opinion held on the point depends to some extent upon the temperament and motive of the inquirer. If he seeks to find the illiterate, the incompetent, or the unworthy, bearing the title of doctor, I am sorry to say such can be found. But if, on the contrary, he looks as I have done to find the educated, the intelligent, the skilful, the conscientious and faithful physicians, they are to be found in great numbers in every city and village in our broad and prosperous republic. I am persuaded that the medical profession of the United States, not- withstanding all that has been said by its friends in their desire to ele- vate it, really has within its ranks proportionately more talent, nobility of character, and high scientific acquirements, than are to be found in any other profession in this or any land. The number of great physicians who have by their discoveries and writings added new facts and extended the boundaries of medical science, is limited in any century and every country. This fact ought not to be lost sight of. To the young and to the inconsiderate only do great reputations seem a matter of course. To the conceited nothing seems beyond their untried powers. Age and experience, however, demonstrate the limitations and possibilities of human intelligence and acquirements, which, it is con- ceded ly the wisest, are comparatively narrow and circumscribed. Medical science and the medical profession in America have made vast progress in the hundred years just passed, and have brought into promi- nence during that time many medical men of genius and rare abilities, and sometimes from unexpected quarters. If there is any one thing in which the American people has a united faith, it is in progress. As a nation and a people we believe we shall be better physically, morally, and intellectually, in the future than we have been in the past. From a careful study of the average proportion of physicians to popu- lation, it is rendered probable that about 65,000 physicians have died in the United States during the century. Of even the few whose genius, skill, and devotion to medicine, in the several States, have rendered their lives notable, it is not possible to present more than the merest outline; little, indeed, beyond an imperfect list of names. To do even this meagre justice to my subject, I was obliged to correspond with phy- sicians in different parts of our country, and beg them to assist me in collecting the necessary facts; and to these gentlemen I wish to return my most sincere acknowledgments for their valuable assistance. What- ever defects appear in this paper, and doubtless there are many, the}* are my own. Alabama.1—In this State Josiah Clark Nott, a native of South Caro- 1 Alabama was visited by De Soto as early as 1541. The first successful settlement was made upon Mobile Bay in 1702, by Bienville. This State formed a part of Georgia until ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 11 lina, was for years the leading medical spirit. His eminence as a surgeon, author, and teacher, placed him in the front rank; he has already been men- tioned, (b. March 31, 1801; d. March 31, 1873.) Dr. J. W. Heustis wrote on the diseases of the South as early as 1817. In 1825 he pub- lished a more systematic treatise on the "Bilious and Remittent Fevers of Alabama." (b. 1784 ; d. 1841.) Dr. AVm. At. Boling, of Montgomery, Avas a physician of education, and extensively patronized. Dr. Thomas Fearn and his brother Dr. Richard Lee Fearn, of Alobile, were natives of A'irginia, and accomplished physicians. Dr. Silas Ames, of Alobile, was a physician of skill, and esteemed remarkably successful in the treatment of fevers. The following also deserve mention, viz.: Drs. Samuel D. Holt, Leroy Anderson, A. Lopez, A. G. Mabry, II. S. Leverr, James C. Harris, Nicholas Alerriwether, P. II. Lewis, Edward Gant, and R. C. Armstrong. Arkansas.1—Dr. Benj. P. Jett, of AVashington, Hempstead Co., came from Arirginia, and enjoyed a large and responsible practice, (b. Oct. 25, 1808; d. Dec. 29,1865.) Dr. Craven Peyton, of Little Rock, served as a surgeon in the war with ATexico, and thereafter retained a preference for the practice of surgery, in which he was very successful. The great esteem in which he was held was manifested by the closure of the banks and business houses, in order that their employes "might attend his funeral, (d. Nov. 7, 1872.) Dr. Charles P>. Mitchell, a'native of Ten- nessee, practised in Washington. His business habits, intelligence, and enterprise, made him many friends, and caused him to be elected U. S. Senator, 1860-61. (b. Sept. 19, 1815; d. Sept. 20, 1864.) Dr. Shephard Laurie, a native of the District of Columbia, was for many years one of the leading physicians and surgeons of Little Rock. I will also men- tion Drs. Geo. Eving, Bumford, G. G. Shumard, Alden Sprague, Burton, and Gibson. California.2—This new State holds out such golden promises as to 1802; from this time till 1817 it was included in the Mississippi territory, and was then organized into a separate territorial government, and admitted as an independent State to the Union in 1819. Alabama has advanced rapidly in population and wealth, and has given much encouragement to general education and the advancement of the sciences. In 1870 she had 996,992 inhabitants. She has no large cities; about one in twelve of her people live in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. One medical college exists, located at Mobile. (Note.—Summer schools, as adjuncts to colleges, are in no in- stance enumerated.) A State Medical Association, formed in 1847, has, by recent legisla- tion, also the legal powers of a State board of health, and publishes a volume of Transac- tions annually. Institutions, sufficient for the care and treatment of unfortunates, have been established. 1 In Arkansas settlements were first made about 1G85 ; it was a part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803. In 1819 it was formed into a territory, and was admitted as an inde- pendent State in 1836. The population in 1870 was 484.471. It has no large cities, and only about one in thirty of its people live in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabit- ants. The State in 1870 had 1206 physicians. Its population is gradually increasing. A State Medical Association, formed in 1870, publishes annually a volume of Transactions. Institutions for the care of the insane and other unfortunates have been founded. 2 The earliest settlement in the territory of the present State of California was in 1769, by a party of Franciscan friars who came from the Peninsula of Lower California In 1821 it became a territory of Royal Mexico, and continued a province under the republic. In 1846 the American navy seized Monterey, and from that time it has been under the control of the United States. The gold mines were discovered in 1848, population was at once led to them, and California was admitted as a State in 1850. She has been, there- fore, but a little over a quarter of a century a member of the Uniou. Her population in 1870 was f)82.03L. Nearly one-third of her people live in cities of over five thousand inhabitants. She had at the date mentioned 1257 physicians. Two medical colleges have been established, and a State Medical Society, formed in 1870, publishes annually a 12 TONER, attract to it many able physicians. Dr. Thomas M. Logan, a native of South Carolina, in 1840 located at Sacramento. He was a close observer of the causes of disease, and a frequent contributor to the medical jour- nals. He was influential in organizing the Medical Society of ( alifornia and the State Board of Ilealth, and was president of the latter at the time of his death. He was President of the State Medical Societv in 1871, and of the American Medical Association in 187a. (b. Jan." 31, 1808; d. Feb. 13, 1*76.) Dr. E. S. Cooper, a native of Ohio, was an excel- lent surgeon and a successful medical teacher in San Francisco. He founded and published the San Francisco Medical Press, and made valu- able suggestions as to the physiological mode of repair in wounded joints and tendons. He was a careful student, a bold surgeon, and a frequent contributor to medical serial literature, (d. Oct. 13, 1802, a>t. 40.) Dr. Isaac Howell, a native of Xew Hampshire, enjoyed an extensive practice in San Francisco, and was particularly influential in organizing the Uni- versity of the Pacific, in which he was a professor, (b. 1818; d. Jan. 4, 1871.) Dr. AVm. Burnett, of Petaluma, was a physician of culture. The following also deserve mention: Drs. Henry AI. Gray and John T. Morse, of San Francisco. Connecticut.1—Dr. Aneas Alunson, of Xew Haven, served as a sur- geon in the Revolutionary war. He was an observing and successful practitioner and surgeon. He contributed papers to the Connecticut Medical Society, and was an active promoter of art and science. He was one of the originators of the State Aledical Society, and for some years its president, (b. June 24, 1734; d. June 16, 1826.) Dr. Jared Potter, of Walhngford, was a scholar, and had a passion for acquiring knowl- edge. His office was much frequented, and his instruction0 eagerly sought by young men entering the profession, (d. 1810, set. 67.)° Dr. Jonathan Knight, of Xew Haven, was remarkable for his urbanity and sound professional judgment. He held a chair in Yale College for twenty-five years. He was the first president of the American "Medical Association, (b. Sept. 4, 1789 ; d. Aug. 25, 1864.) Dr. AVm. Tully was an earnest cultivator of the science of medicine. He was an author of merit, and published, along with Dr. Thomas Miner, in 1823 a work on fevers, (d. Feb. 28, 1859.) Dr. Thomas Miner was one of the founders volume of Transactions A State board of health, which also publishes annual Transac- tions has been established by law. Institutions for the care of unfortunates have been created by the State, sufficient for the wants of the people. The following medical journals have been published : California Medical Gazette 1808 • California Mate Medical Journal, 1856; Medical Gazette, 1870; Pacific Medical and Sur- ?£n J°unifl 18,58; Sjin Francisco Medical Journal, 1858; San Francisco Medical Press, 1860 ; \\ estern Lancet, 1872. 1 Connecticut is one of the thirteen original States. The Dutch had a trading house at Hartford as early as 1631. An offshoot of Plymouth had also a settlement at Windsor about the same time. New Haven was for some years an independent colony All the separate interests, however, were consolidated in 1665. The State took an early and an active stand in favor of American Independence. The population in 1870 was 5i!7 454 with about two-thirds of the people living in cities and towns of over five thousand inha'bi' tants. At the same time there were 680 physicians. Creat encouragement has been given to education and the advancement of science. A State Medical Society was founded in 1.92, and was one of the first in the country to publish Transactions There is one medical college a department of Yale. It was in this State that anesthesia in sureic.,1 operations was first tried. The first school in America for the education of the deaf nnri dumb was organized at Hartford. Institutions for the care of the insane and other nnfnr tunates have been founded by the State, sufficient for the wants of the people The following journal of a medical and scientific character has been published in f'nn necticut: American Journal of Sciences and Arts, 1846. ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 13 of the Medical Department of Yale College. He was particularly in- terested in the cure and treatment of the'insane. His life and labors were important to his day and generation, (d. April 23, 1841.) Dr. Eli Todd, of Hartford, was an educated and intelligent physician. He was much interested in the treatment of the insane, and was chosen superin- tendent of the Retreat at Hartford, (d. Nov. 17, 1833.) Dr. Lemuel Hopkins, of Hartford, was a scholarly physician, writer, and wit. He was devoted to scientific studies and to the elevation of the profession (h. June 19, 1750; d. April 14, 1801.) Dr. Eli Ives, of Xew Haven, was a distinguished physician and botanist. He was a man of quick percep- tions, sound judgment, great industry and perseverance. For years he filled with ability a professorship in Yale College, and in 1^60 was Presi- dent of the American Medical Association, (b. Feb. 7, 1779; d. Oct. 8. 1861.) Dr. Mason F. Cogswell was a surgeon of the Revolution, and during his day the leading surgeon in Connecticut; he was the first per- son in this country to ligate the carotid artery, (b. 1761; d. Dec. 1836.) Dr. Thomas Hubbard succeeded to the chair of surgery in Yale College on the death of Dr. Nathan Smith, and was a worthy successor to one of America's most eminent surgeons, (d. June 18, 1838, set. 63.) Dr. Worthington Hooker, of New Haven, was an accomplished physician and a writer of many educational works of merit. His brother Charles also enjoyed an enviable reputation, (b. March 3, 1806; d. Nov. 6, 18(!7.) I will also name Drs. Seth Bird, George Sumner, Samuel Wood- ward, Daniel Worden, and Horace Wells, the dentist and discoverer of anaesthesia. Delaware.1—Dr. Edward Miller was an accomplished writer. He practised at Dover until 1796, when he removed to the city of New York. His reputation had preceded him, so that he rapidly acquired a lucra- tive business. In connection with Drs. E. II. Smith and S. L. Mitchell, lie founded in 1797 the New York Medical Repository, the first medical journal in our country, (b. May 9, 1760 ; d. March 17, 1812.) Dr. James Tilton, of Wilmington, served as a surgeon in the hospitals of the Revolution, and proved himself remarkably well informed on the subject of hospital construction and management. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1785. During the war of 1812 he was appointed Surgeon-General of the U. S. Army. In 1813 he pub- lished a pamphlet on Military Hospitals. He was a man of clear per- ceptions and practical good sense, and in his official position did much to promote the efficiency of the medical department of the army. He was President of the Delaware State Medical Society, (b. June 1,1745 ; d. May 14, 1822.) Dr. James Sykes was a physician of great personal and professional popularity ; and was chosen to represent his district in 1 Delaware was one of the thirteen original States. It has the smallest area of any State except Rhode Island. The earliest settlements were made by the Swedes and Finns in 1627. The Dutch of New York held the government in the year 1655, but it passed to the English in 1764. Delaware formed a part of the Pennsylvania grant of 1682, under the name of the '• Three Lower Counties of Delaware." In 1701 it was permitted, in part, to have a separate government, but was subject to the Governor of Pennsylvania down to the Revolution. Delaware's population in 1870 was 125,015, about one in four of her people living in cities of over five thousand inhabitants. She had at the same time one hundred and seventy pliysicians. Her proximity to Philadelphia, and her position on the Delaware Day, givefier great commercial and manufacturing advantages. Her population and wealth are steadily increasing. She has a State Medical Society, formed in 1789. which publishes Transactions annually, and she has made ample provisions for the care and treat- ment of her insaae and other unfortunates. 14 TOXER, the State Legislature, and also in the State Senate for fifteen consecutive years, being much of the time the presiding officer. in 1*01-2 he was acting Governor. He practised for a few years in the city of New Y^k? but returned to Delaware, where he ended his days. (b. March 27, 1761; d. October 18, 1822.) Dr. James Couper, of New Castle, was a highly gifted physician. In 1840 he was a delegate from the State Medical Society to the Convention for revising the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. He was President of the Delaware State Medical Soeietv, and A "ice President of the American .Medical Association in 1863. (b. Oct. 3, 1803 ; d. 1865.) Dr. Henry F. Askew was a physician of sound judgment and great expe- rience. His professional life was characterized by close attention to pro- fessional duties. He had a well-trained mind, was a constant reader of the latest literature, and had a high regard for the dignity of the profes- sion. He was President of the American Medical Association in 1867. (d. March 6,1876.) Dr. George Munroe was a surgeon in the Revolu- tionary War. He practised at AVilmington, and was through life one of the foremost medical men of the State, and an occasional contributor to the "New York Medical Repository." (d. Oct. 11, 1819.) Dr. John Vaughn, a native of Pennsylvania, was a man of science and physician of ability. His manners in the sick room were gentle and assuring. In the winter of 1778-79 he delivered a course of lectures on Chemistry and Natural Philosophy. In the following year he published a "Chemical Syllabus;" he also contributed articles to the "New York Medical Re- pository." (d. March 25,1807.) I will also name the following: Drs. Charles Ridegley, Allin McLane, Wm. Gibbons, Henry Latimer, Nicholas Waj7, John McKinley, Ebenezer Smith, Joseph Hall. District of Columbia.1—Dr. Thomas Sewall, a native of Maine, was for many years extensively engaged in practice in Washington. He held the chair of Anatomy in the Medical Department of Columbia College from its organization in 1825 until 1839, and from that time to his death the chair of Pathology and Theory and Practice. His address at the opening of the school in 1825 gave a history of the Medical Colleges of the country up to that time. He was a good writer, and published a number of papers on Phrenology, Temperance, and Medicine, (d. April 10, 1845.) Dr. Tobias Watkins, a native of Maryland, was a physician, scholar, and author. He published in Baltimore, in 1809, " The Medical and Philosophical Recorder," and was for a time one of the editors of the "Portfolio." He served as a surgeon in the war of 1812, and was acting Surgeon-General from 1818 to 1821, and Fourth Auditor of the Treasury from 1824 to 1829. He translated a number of medical works from the French, (d. Nov. 14, 1855.) Dr. Thomas Henderson was a physician and surgeon of the U. S. Army, and an author. From 1825 to 1833 he was Professor of Theory and Practice in the Medical Depart- 1 For three-quarters of a century Washington has been the seat of the government of the United States. Originally, the District or Territory of Columbia comprised a territory of ten miles square, but that part of it lying south of the Potomac River, containing thirty- six square miles, was retroceded to Virginia in 1844. The population in 1870 was 131 700. At the same time there were three hundred and twenty-six physicians. There are three medical colleges now giving instruction. A district medical society was organized in 1817 and publishes Transactions. Institutions for the care of insane and other unfortunates' sufficient for the wants of the District, have been established by the United States government. The following Medical Journals have been published in the District of Columbia: American Botanical Register; National Med. Journal, 1870; Register and Library of Medical and Chirurgical Science, 1835. ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 15 ment of Columbia College. After his admission to the army he pub- lished "Hints on Examination of Recruits for the Army," which has gone through several editions. (\). Jan. 6, 1789 ; d. Aug. 11, 1854.) Dr. 1>. S. Bohrer, of Georgetown, was a fine scholar and an accomplished physician. He held for some years a chair in the Ohio Medical College. He possessed a fine library of medical and classical literature. He was a good practitioner, and a man of most courteous and agreeable manners. (d. Aug. 19, ls62.) Dr. Joseph Lovell, a native of Massachusetts, was Surgeon-General of the Army, and long a resident of Washington. Although not engaged in private practice, he was a member and supporter of the local medical organization, and was frequently called in consultation, (b. 1788; d. Oct. 17, 1836.) Dr. Thomas Lawson, a native of Virginia, was a surgeon in the army, and held the office of Surgeon-General. He was a man of great professional abilities and personal worth, and made a number of valuable reports on the diseases of the army and the climate of the western military posts, (d. May 15, 1861.) Dr. Frederick Dawes was a physician of fine abilities, and en- joyed for years an extensive practice, (d. Feb. 10, 1852.) To these I will add the names of Drs. Frederick May, Bailey Washington, R. K. Stone, Thomas Miller, John M. Thomas, the two Worthingtons, R. H. Coolidge, J. A. Brereton, and Joshua Riley. Florida.1—Dr. Bosquet was a physician of note at St. Augustine, as early as 1800. Dr. Thomas Travers was in practice there in 1812. About the time the territory was purchased from Spain, Dr. Darcy was a leading physician. Dr. Henry Perrine was a physician, and a man of scientific attainments. The United States gave him a township of land near Biscay ne Bay, for the purpose of encouraging the introduction and culti- vation of tropical plants. The " Sisal Hemp" is now growing abundantly in Florida, the result of his enterprise. The Doctor was murdered at the light-house, by the Indians, during the Florida war (1841). Dr. Lewis practised as early as 1813, at Fernandina, and enjoys the distinction of having introduced vaccination into that section of country. Dr. Charles W. McCroskey was a good physician. He was connected with the army at St. Augustine, and died of yellow fever. Dr. W. H. Simmons, a native of South Carolina, lived at St. Augustine. He was a physician of skill, and a man of literary accomplishments. Dr. Richard Weightman, a native of AVashington city, after serving in the army, settled on the St. John's River, and engaged for years in the practice of his profession. Dr. Seth Peck was also a physician of note in Florida. To the names' already mentioned, I will add those of Drs. Lewis Willis, W. W. Wad- dell, Andrew Anderson, Theodore Turnbull, and William Davis. Georgia.2—Dr. Lyman Hall was a well-educated physician, a member 1 Florida was visited by Ponce De Leon in 1512. and in 1536 by De Soto. A settlement was made in 1564, the earliest by Europeans in any State of the Union. Florida belonged to Spain till 1820, when it was purchased by the United States, and admitted as an indepen- dent State in the Union in 1845. It has a large territory with almost tropical climate, but a sparse population. In 1870 it had 188,248 inhabitants. The census gave it 240 physi- cians. There are no large cities in the State. The United States Government maintains a navy yard, and also a military garrison. The State has a Medical Association, formed in 1874, which publishes annual Transactions. Provision has been made for the care and treatment of the insane, and other unfortunates. 2 Georgia is one of the thirteen original States. The first settlement by the English was in 1732, the latest of any of the American Colonies. The population at the close of the Revolution did not reach 30,000. The population in 1870 was 1,184,109, with about one in everv fourteen living in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. It had at the 16 TONER, of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Indepen- dence, (b. 1725; d. Oct. 19. 1790.)" Dr. Milton Antony, of Augusta, was a teacher and practitioner of ability. He was the founder of the Medical Academy at Augusta, in 1828,"and of the Medical College of Georgia. In 1831 he started the first medical journal published in the Southern States, (b. August 7, 1789 ; d. Sept. 19, 1839.) Dr. Noble Wimberly Jones was a physician and a patriot. In the discharge of his professional duties he was attentive and skilful. Dr. W. C. Daniell, of Savannah, was a ph}rsician and author of note. His best known work is entitled, " Observations on the Autumnal Fevers of Savannah." In 1826 he advocated the use of capsicum internally and externally in yellow fever, (b. January, 1792 : d. Dec. 28, 1868.) Dr. Richard Banks, of Savannah, and a native of Georgia, was a physician and surgeon of ability, and filled the chair of Surgery in the Savannah Medical College. (d. May, 1856, aged 62.) Dr. R. D. Arnold, of Savannah, a native of Georgia, was an accomplished physician and writer. He was one of the original members of the American Medical Association, and its Vice President in 1852. He was for many years Professor in the Savannah Medical College. He wrote and published papers of decided merit in the Transactions of the American Medical Association, and in the Medical Journals, (d. July 10, 1876, at. 68.) Dr. W. R. Waring was for many years a leading phj-sician of Savannah, and Professor in the Medical College. Dr. George M. Newton was a physician and successful teacher of Anatomy at Augusta. He left a fortune of about 3200,000, to found an orphan asylum, (b. Jan. 30, 1810; d. Jan. 6, 1859.) In addition to the foregoing, I will name Drs. Tomlinson Fort, of Milledgeville, Thomas N. Hamilton, of Rome, G. B. Gorman, Charles W. West, Joseph H. Eve, of Augusta, Dr. Wildman, of Savannah, and Dr. Curtis B. Not- ingham. Illinois.1—Dr. Daniel Brainard, a native of New York, was a physician and surgeon of distinction. He settled in Chicago as early as 1835, and soon acquired a leading professional business, especially in Surgery. He was one of the founders of the Rush Medical College, and long one of its same time 1537 physicians. It has one good seaport, but no large cities. It has three medical colleges, distributed, one each, at Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah ; a State Medical Association was formed in 1849, and a State Board of Health has been organized and publishes reports. Institutions for the care of the insane and other unfortunates have been established. The following medical journals have been published in Georgia: Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal. 1855; Georgia Medical Companion, 1871; Georgia Medical and Surgical Encyclopaedia, 1860 ; Oglethorpe Medical and Surgical Journal, 1861; Savannah Journal of Medicine, 1858; Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, 1837. 1 The French had trading posts in Illinois as early as 1700. The earliest permanent settlement, however, was by the French about 1763. In 1783 this State formed a part of the "Northwestern Territory." In 1800 it was a part of the territory under the name of Indiana. Illinois was admitted as an independent State in the Union in 1818. Her popu- lation in 1870 was 2,539,891, with about one in five of her people living in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. She then had 4861 physicians. Population and wealth are rapidly accumulating'in this State. Three medical colleges are now giving instruction. A State Medical Society was organized in 1851, and publishes a volume of Transactions annually. Institutions for the care of unfortunates have been established, sufficient for the wants of the people. The following medical journals have been published in Illinois: American Journal of Materia Medica, 1860; Chicago Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 1874; Chicago Medical Examiner, 1860; Chicago Medical Journal, 1858; Chicago Times, 1869- Illinois and Indiana Medical and Surgical Journal, 1846 ; Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal 1844; Lens, 1872 ; Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal, 1849; Pharmacist 1868- Tripod, 1871. ' ' ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 17 professors. He contributed articles of value to the Medical Journals, and to the Illinois State Medical Society's Transactions, (b. 1812; d. Oct. 10,1866.) Dr. Wm. B. Derrick, a native of Maine, was one of the early physicians of Chicago. He served as a surgeon in the Mexican war, and was a physician of extensive experience and skill. He filled the chair of Anatomy in Rush Medical College with ability for twenty years, (d. Dec. 31, 1865.) Dr. Henry Wing settled in practice in Col- linsville. He was a physician of education, and a scientist of extensive acquirements. He was one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, and for years, held in it a professorship. His notes on the Botan}- of the Rocky Mountains form a part of Prof. Powell's Geological Report of that region, (b. 1822; d. Feb. 18, 1871.) Dr. Elijah D. Harmon, a native of Vermont, was one of the earliest physicians to settle in Chicago. lie was physician to the Military Post of Fort Dearborn in 1832. He was a good physician and surgeon, and for his day, and the demands made upon his skill, was an efficient and successful practitioner, (b. Aug. 20, 1782 ; d. July 3, 1869.) Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, a native of Dela- ware, was an educated and successful physician. He was one of the founders of the Rush Medical College, and the originator and publisher, in 1844, of the " Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." (b. 1820 ; d. Dec. 11, 1874.) Dr. Rudolphus Rouse, a surgeon of the war of 1812, settled in practice in Peoria. He deserved, and soon attained, the first rank among physicians in that part of the State, (b. July 20, 1793; d. April 30,1873.) The following physicians are also deserving of mention: Drs. Samuel Thompson, George W. Richards, Nicholas Hard, Harrison Noble, Stephen W. Noble, Levi T. Hewins, Josiah Goodhue, Alexander Walcott. Indiana.1—Dr. John Thomas Plummer, a native of Maryland, was a learned physician and excellent practitioner. He enjoyed in Indianapolis and its vicinity, a high reputation for skill and devotion to professional duty. In the natural sciences he was quite proficient, and was an excellent philologist; he assisted Noah Webster in collecting and defining the mean- ing of Western words for his unabridged Dictionary, (d. April 10, 1865, aged 58.) Dr. Isaac Casselberry, a native of Indiana, and long a leading physician in Evansville, added to skill in his profession a love of study, and good business habits. He was a successful promoter of medical or- ganizations, and in every new enterprise worked with great intelligence and success. He was a member of the Board of Health, and a trustee of the Evansville Medical College, also President of the State Medical So- ciety, (b. Nov. 26, 1821 ; d. July 9,1873.) Dr. Charles Parry, of Indian- apolis, was especially careful in diagnosis, and was a superior surgeon. He possessed the ability to make original observations, and was a writer of force. Prof. Geo. B. Wood quotes from a paper of his on pernicious fever, (d. August, 1861.) Dr. Asahel Clapp, a native of Massachusetts, practised with great success in New Albany, where he settled in 1817, 1 Indiana was admitted to the Union in 1816. There were in it a few French settlements as early as about 1700. Immigration from the old States commenced about 1802. The population in 1870 was 1.680.637. It has no very large cities, about one in eight of its population living in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. It had at the same time 3615 phvskians. It has a State Medical Society, formed in 1849. which publishes annually a volume of Transactions, and has three medical colleges giving instruction. In- stitutions sufficient for the care of unfortunates have been established. The following medical journals have been published in Indiana: Indiana Journal of Medicine, 1870 ; Indiana Journal of Medicine and Surgery. 1855 ; Indiana Medical Journal, 1854; Indiana Scalpel, 1860; Western Retrospect of Medicine and Surgery, 1872. 18 TONER, and was for forty years actively engaged in the duties of his profession. He was a good botanist, and made a report to the American Medical Association on the medicinal plants of the United States. He was fond of the study of the natural sciences, and collected a large cabinet of spe- cimens which he presented to Yale College. Dr. John L. Richmond, a native of Massachusetts, although a well-read and intelligent physician, won his reputation by a singleoperation. He performed the Cesarean section on the 23d of April, 1827, in a log cabin in the country, with no assistance except that rendered by the husband of the patient^and two women. The operation was successful, saving the mother's life. The child died. (b. April 5, 1785 ; d. Oct. 12, 1855.) Dr. John S. Bobbs, a native of Pennsylvania, was a successful physician and teacher of medi- cine in Indianapolis. He was for some years Professor of Surgery in the Indiana Central Medical College. In "his will he left means for the establishment of a public Dispensary. He was President of the State Medical Society in 1868. (b. Dec. 28,1809; d. 1870.) In addition to the above list, I will name Drs. T. Fry, E. Demming, V. Kersey, and J. W. Moody. Iowa.1—Dr. David L. McGugin, a native of Pennsylvania, served as a surgeon in the Mexican war, and was for years the leading physician of Keokuk. He filled a chair in the University of Iowa at the time of his death. The State Medical Society in 1851 elected him President. As a practitioner he had no superior in the State, (b. 1807; d. June 23, 1865.) Dr. George Reeder, a native of Maryland, and a graduate of William and Mary College, Va., was a successful practitioner of medicine at Muscatine. He was one of the founders of the State Medical Society, and its President in 1854. The following also deserve mention: Drs. Ezra T. Fountain and G. W. Richards. Kentucky.2—Dr. Benjamin W. Dudley, a native of Virginia, was an eminent surgeon and teacher at Lexington. After graduating, he spent four years in Europe perfecting himself in his professional studies. In 1817 he was elected Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in Transyl- 1 Iowa was admitted into the Union in 1846. It was a part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803. Its earliest settlements were by the French. In 1870 it had a population of 1,194.320, with about one in ten of the population living in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. It had at that time 1865 physicians. It has a rich and productive soil, and is rapidly increasing in wealth and population. Two medical colleges are giving instruction. A. State Medical Society was founded in 1850, and publishes an annual volume of Transactions. Institutions sufficient for the care of the insane and other unfortunates have been established. The following medical journal has been published in Iowa: Iowa Medical Journal. 1855. 2 Kentucky was admitted to the Union in 1792. The first account we have of this region was by Dr. Thomas Walker, of Virginia, who visited it in 1745, and again in 1750. Dr. John Connolly had made location of a tract of land at the falls of the Ohio as early as 1770. The earliest emigrations to Kentucky were under Daniel Boone, who made a settlement at Harrodsburgh in 1774. The soil is very rich and productive; wealth and population are rapidly flowing in. 'I'he population in 1870 was 1,321,011, with about one in seven of her people living in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. She had then 2414 physicians. Four medical colleges are now giving instruction in the Stale, and a State Medical Society, formed in 1851, publishes Transactions annually. Institutions for the care of unfortunates, demanded by enlightened humanity, have been established. The following medical journals have beer, published : American Medical News, 1876 ; American Medical AVeekly, 1874; American Practitioner, i860; Kentucky Medical Re- corder, 1853; Louisville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1838; Louisville Medical Jour- nal, 1860; Louisville'Medical Gazette, 1859; Louisville Review, 1856; Richmond and Louisville Medical Journal, 1868; Transylvania Medical Journal, 1849; Transylvania Journal of Medicine and Science, 1828; Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1^-ii) Western Lancet, 1842; Western and Southern Medical Recorder, 1841. ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 19 vania University. Through life he devoted himself strictly to the duties of his profession. He remained connected with Transylvania University till 1S50, when he retired from practice, and lived in quiet on his farm. He was a bold surgeon and successful operator. He performed lithotomy 225 times, and did not lose a patient until after he had operated more than 100 times. He had a genius for originating new operations and devices. He contributed many articles of great value to medical journals, chiefly on surgery, but wrote no large work. (b. 1785; d. Jan. 20, 1870.) Dr. Charles W. Short, of Lexington, was a learned botanist, and an accom- plished physician and teacher. He held the chair of Botany and Materia Medica in the Transylvania University. He published but little. His best known writings are his contributions to the Flora of Kentucky. Dr. Ephraim McDowell, a native of Virginia, originated the surgical opera- tion of ovariotomy, which at first was severely condemned, but which is fully justified by the success attending the proceeding, (b. November 11, 1771 ; d. July 25,1830.) Dr. Henry Miller, a native of Kentucky, wns an obstetrician, writer, and teacher of ability. In 1835 he was appointed to the chair of Obstetrics in the Medical Institute at Louisville. He was the first physician in the West to use the speculum, and to practise local applications in diseases of the uterus. He was in many respects one of the most original and skilful physicians that Kentucky has produced. (b. Nov. 1, 1800 ; d. Feb. 8, 1874.) Dr. Samuel Brown, a native of Vir- ginia, introduced vaccination in Lexington, as early as 1802. He was a man of decided abilit}7, but exhibited a restless disposition, removing to New Orleans, then to Natchez, Miss., then to Huntsville, Ala., and finally returning to Lexington. He held the chair of Theory and Prac- tice in Transylvania University. He was very entertaining as a lecturer. Contributions from his pen were published by the American Philosophical Society, and in the New York Medical Repository and other medical journals. As early as 1820 he suggested the formation of an American Medical Association, (b. Jan. 30,^1769 ; d. July 12, 1830.) Dr. James Bush, of Lexington, filled with ability the chair of Surgery in Transylvania University from 1839 to the time of his death, (b. 1808; d. Feb. 9, 1875.) Dr. Wm. II. Richardson was a physician of high cul- ture, and Professor of Obstetrics in the Transylvania University. He was a man of superior education and address, and enjoyed a large prac- tice. Dr. Joshua Barker Flint, a native of Massachusetts, practised for some years in Boston, but removed to Louisville, where he held the chair of Surgery in the Louisville Medical College from 1837 to 1849, and, from this time to his death, the same chair in the Kentucky School of Medicine. In 1868 he published a work on Practice. He was the first surgeon in Kentucky who administered ether to produce insensibility for surgical operations, which he did in 1847. Dr. Charles Caldwell was an eminent physician, author, and teacher. As early as 1810 he filled the chair of Natural History in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1818 he was elected to the chair of Theory and Practice in the Tran- sylvania University, which he held till 1837. He was a ready and volu- minous writer, (b. May 14,1772 ; d. July 9,1853.) Dr. John Eaten Cooke was a physician, author, and teacher of ability, and practised with suc- cess in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, and assisted in establishing the Winchester school, before removing to Kentucky. In 1827 he was elected to the chair of Theory and Practice in the Transylvania Uni- versity. In connection with Prof. Short he founded the following year " The Transylvania Journal of Medicine." In 1828 he published a work 20 TONER, entitled " Pathology and Therapeutics." Dr. Lewis Rogers fairly won his high reputation by his intelligence and devotion to professional duties. From 1849 he filled a chair in the University of Louisville. He was President of the State Medical Society in 1S73, and gave in his opening address an admirable history of medicine in Kentucky, (b. Oct. 12, 1812; d. June 17, 1875.) Dr. J. D. Jackson, of Danville, was, for his age, one of the most accomplished physicians and surgeons of Kentucky. He originated the movement for the erection of a monument to Ephraim McDowell. He performed with success many capital operations, includ- ing ovariotomy and tracheotomy, (b. Dec. 12,1834; d. Feb. 8,1874.) Beside the physicians named, I will mention Drs. Joseph Buchanan, Daniel L. Metcalf, Ethelbert L. Dudley, Robert Breckenridge, W. A. McDowell, James Fishback, Elisha Warfield, T. L. McLary, Walter Brashiers, Charles MeCreary, and Frederiek Ridgley. Louisiana.1—Dr. Rouanet was a native of France, but in 1844 settled in New Orleans, where he soon acquired a leading position in the profes- sion. He won high encomiums for his studies of the diseases of the heart in Paris, and contributed a number of papers to the French Academy on the physiological and pathological sounds of the heart. In New Orleans he gave office instruction to medical men and advanced students, but was not a teacher in any medical college. His practice for years was large and responsible, and he was recognized by the profession every- where as a leading authority on diseases of the heart, (d. 1805.) Dr. Warren Stone, a native of Vermont, settled in New Orleans in 1S32, and rapidly acquired business and professional reputation. In 183fi he was chosen to lecture on Anatomy in the University of Louisiana, and in 1837 was elected Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, continuing to hold this chair until he resigned in 1872. Throughout the South he was without a rival as a surgeon. In 1870 he was Vice-President of the American Medical Association, (b. 1808 ; d. Dec. 6,1872.) Dr. John Hoffman Har- rison, a native of Washington, D.C., was surgeon to Charity Hospital from 1833 to 1836. He originated and edited the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal. He contributed a number of papers on yellow fever, and wrote a work on the Nervous System, (b. Aug. 30,1808 ; d. March 19,1849.) Dr. Thomas Hunt, a native of South Carolina, settled in New Orleans in 1833. He was one of the founders of the Louisiana Medical College, was popular as a teacher, and a good writer. He was esteemed 1 Louisiana was admitted to the Union in 1812. Settlements were made at Biloxi as early as 1699, but the earliest successful settlement was at New Orleans in 1712. Louisiana was purchased by the United States from France in 1803. It included all the territory west of the Mississippi, east of Mexico, and soulh of the British possessions. In 1810 the United States Census gave a population of 76.576. The population in 1870 was 726.915, with about one-fourth of her people living in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. There were at this time 936 physicians. The soil of the State is alluvial and exceedingly rich, but much of it is rendered unfit for cultivation by overflow, checking agricultural production and the increase of population. The situation of New Orleans, at the mouth of the largest river in the world, gives it great commercial impor- tance. A large and well-conducted hospital, known as " Charity Hospital," was rebuilt in 1815. Two medical colleges are now giving instruction. For many years a State Board of Health, having also cognizance of the health of the city of New Orleans, has existed, which reports to the Legislature and publishes a volume of Transactions annually. There is no State medical society, though medical organizations exist in the large cities. The following medical journals have been published : New Orleans Journal of Medicine 1868; New Orleans Medical Journal. 1844; New Orleans Medical News and Hospital Gazette, 1854; New Orleans Medical Record, 1866 : New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 1844; New Orleans Medical Times, 1861; New Orleans Monthly Medical Regis- ter, 1851; Union Medicale de la Louisiane. 1852. ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 21 specially successful in the treatment of yellow fever, (b. May 18, 1808 ; d. March 20, 1867.) Dr. Edward Barton, a native of Virginia, practised with success in New Orleans. He filled the chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the University of Louisiana from 1835 to 1840. His writings on Meteorology, on Hygiene, and on Yellow Fever, show much research and professional experience. In addition I will name Drs. John Leonard Riddell, the inventor of the binocular microscope, J. Jones, "Win. M. Carpenter, Charles A. Luzenburg, and Frank Hawthorn. _ Maine.'—Dr. Stephen Cummings, of Portland, was a leading physi- cian in extensive practice as early as 1800, and continued actively en- gaged in his profession for over 50 years, (b. 1773 ; d. 1854.) Dr. James C. Bradbury, a native of Maine, settled in practice at Oldtown, and for 35 years enpwed the confidence of the community. Although not a sur- geon, he performed such operations as became necessary in his practice, and on Oct. 11, 1851, amputated at the hip-joint with success. This was the fourth operation of the kind in America, (b. 1806 ; d. Oct. 3, 1865.) Dr. Amos Nourse, a native of New Hampshire, a physician of Belfast, Maine, and a surgeon of ability, although advanced in years, served in the late war as surgeon of the 20th Maine Regiment. He had been honored by the Presidency of the State Medical Society. Dr. Job Holmes, a native of Maine, settled in Paris, where he enjoyed a large practice. In a few years he removed to Calais, where he passed the remainder of his life in the active duties of his profession. Dr. Hosea Rich, a native of Massachusetts, was a practitioner of note in Bangor. His professional career began as early as 1805, and was continued "till 1865. During the war of 1812, he was the surgeon of the 4th Maine Regiment. I will also name Dr. James Parker, who was a physician of ability, and in active practice for over 50 years. He served two terms in Congress. Maryland.2—Dr. John Beale Davidge was a fine classical scholar and an extensive reader of the early masters in medicine. As early as 1798, he published an essay on autumnal and intermittent fevers. He was conspicuous and influential in the founding of the Medical Department 1 Maine was admitted into the Union in 1820. From its settlement, in 1607, it was a part of Massachusetts, and remained under her control till admitted as an independent State. I'he population in 1870 was 626,915, about one-third of the people living iu cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. The number of physicians was 818. One medical college, a department of Bowdoin College, is giving instruction. There is a State Medical Society, formed in 18ii4, that publishes Transactions annually. Institutions for the care of unfortunates have been founded, sufficient for the wants of the people. The following medical journals have been published in Maine : Journal of the Medical Society of Maine, 1834; Maine Medical and Surgical Reporter, 1858. 2 Maryland is one of the thirteen original States. Its earliest settlement was in 1634. The population in 1870 was 780,892, one-third of her people living in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. The number of physicians was 1251. The State has great advantages for ocean commerce, owing to its situation on the Chesapeake Bay. It is rapidly increasing in wealth and population. There are three medical colleges giving instruction. Institutions for the relief of the insane and other unfortunates, have been established. There are also a State Medical Society, formed in 1789 under the name of The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and a State Board of Health. The following medical journals have been published iu Maryland: Baltimore Journal of Medicine, 1861; Baltimore Medical Journal, 1870 ; Baltimore Medical and Philo- sophical Lyceum, 1811 ; Baltimore Medical and Physical Recorder, 1808 ; Baltimore Medical and Surgical Journal, 1833; Baltimore Monthly Journal of Medicine and Sur- gery, 1830; Baltimore Philosojihical Journal and Review, 1823; Baltimore Physician and Surgeon, 1872 ; Maryland Medical Recorder, 1829 ; Medical Bulletin, 1868 ; North American Archives of Medical and Surgical Science, 1834; Vaccine Inquirer, 1822. 22 TONER, of the University of Maryland. In 1813, he published a new classifica- tion and nomenclature of diseases, in Latin. From 1S14 to 1816, he published a work in parts, entitled "Physical Sketches," and was a con- tributor to Medical Journals, (d. 1820,*oet. 60.) Dr. Horatio Jameson, of Baltimore, was a native of Maryland, and Professor of Surgery in the University of Maryland. In 1820 he started ami edited with ability the Maryland Medical Recorder, which he continued until 1832. One of his best known works is on cholera. He published a pamphlet on the parts concerned in lithotomy. He was fond of the study of the natural sciences, and was a good geologist. In 1830, he attended a meet- ing of naturalists and physicians, in Hamburg, Germany. Dr. Nathaniel Potter was one of the original founders of, and filled for over thirty years, with distinguished ability, a chair in, the University of Maryland. His writings show much erudition as well as original observation. In 1805, he published a paper on the medical and deleterious properties of arsenic. The best known work from his pen is one on contagion and yellow fever, published in 1817. (b. 1770; cl. July 2, 1843.) Dr. Tris- tram Thomas was a physician of large practice and great influence, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. He was actively engaged in practice for over 50 years, and was an ardent lover of his profession, studious and observing, and an occasional contributor to the medical journals. His best known paper was one on Bilious and Remittent Fevers, which is referred to favorably in Eberle's Practice, (b. Dec. 25, 1769 ; d. Aug. 5, 1847.) Drs. John and Thomas H. Buckler, brothers, were men of fine intellect, and good practitioners. For many years, they held the very front rank as skilful and able physicians. Dr. Philip Thomas, a native of Maryland, practised in Frederick, from 1769 to 1815. He attended the second course of lectures delivered in Philadelphia, under Morgan and Shippen. He was a good scholar, a man of correct habits, and of large influence in the profession of the State, (b. June 11, 1747 ; d. April 25, 1815.) Dr. John Archer, a native of Maryland, was noted as having introduced the use of senega in croup, and enjoyed the distinction of having been the first person that received a diploma from an American Medical College, which he did in Philadelphia, in 1768. He served in the State Legisla- ture, and as a member of Congress, from 1801 to 1807. I will also men- tion Drs. Charles Frick, Samuel Baker, Frederick Dorsey, Ennals Martin, Miles Littlejohn, John Tyler, the two Murrays, of Annapolis, Samuel K Jennings, John Baltzell, Grustavus Brown, Elisha Butts, and R. S. Stewart. Massachusetts.1—Dr. Edward Augustus Holyoke, a native of Massa- 1 Massachusetts was one of the thirteen original States, and the first to raise troops and to inaugurate the measures that led to armed resistance to the claims of Great Britain, and to American Independence. Settlements were made in her territory as early as 1620. She soon after began a system of public education, which has been developed and adopted in all the States. Her population in 1870 was 1.457,351, nearly one-half of her people living in cities of over five thousand inhabitants. She had 2047 physicians. One medical col- lege, a department of Harvard University, has existed since 1782. Institutions on the most approved plans, for the care of unfortunates of all classes, have been established on a liberal scale. A State Medical Society, formed in 1781, publishes Transactions, and a sys- tematic registration of vital statistics has been in successful operation for many years. The following medical journals have been published in Massachusetts: Berkshire Medical Journal. 1861; Boston Journal of Chemistry, 1866 ; Boston Medical Intelligencer 1823; Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1828; Journal of the Gynaecological Society, 1869; Medical and Agricultural Register, 1806; Medical Magazine, 1832; Monthly Journal of Medical Literature, 1832 ; New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and Collateral Sciences, 1812; Worcester Journal of Medicine. 1845. ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 23 chusetts, was a man of learning and accurate observation, and an indus- trious and skilful practitioner. He died at the age of 100 years and 8 months. He was one of the principal founders of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and its first President. He published Astronomical observations, and articles in the Transactions of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and in the New York Medical Repository (b. Aug. 1, 1728 (0. S.); d. 1829.) Dr. James Lloyd was the first surgeon in America to use ligatures, instead of searing wounds with the actual cautery, and to use the double flap in amputation. He also performed lithotomy. For nearly 60 years, lie was the great physician and surgeon of New England. He was a warm advocate of inoculation for the small- pox, (b. April, 1728; d. March, 1810.) Dr. John Warren acquired much reputation as a hospital surgeon in the Revolutionary army. He was the head of a family of eminent physicians and surgeons of Massachusetts, and the brother of the patriot, Dr. and Gen. Joseph Warren. Dr. War- ren was the earliest systematic teacher of Anatomy in Massachusetts, and the founder of the Medical Department of Harvard University, in which he held a chair up to the time of his death. He was President of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and a member of nearly all the learned societies of his time. He published observations on the "Mercurial practice," and contributed articles to the Transactions of the Massachu- setts Medical Society, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. (b. July 27,1753; d. April 4, 1815.) Dr. J. Collins Warren, his son, was not inferior to his father. He was the first surgeon to use ether as an anesthetic in surgical operations, and aided much to promote its use. He was also an author and teacher of great ability, (b. Aug. 1, 1778 ; d. May 4,1815.) Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, a native of Rhode Island, was, in 1799, the introducer of vaccination in America. He was a zealous and able defender of the practice hf vaccination, and published two works upon the subject. He held the chair of Theory and Practice of Medicine, in Harvard College, from 1783 to 1812. He was a man of very active intellect and varied information, fond of study, and a voluminous writer. (b. March 4, 1754; d. Oct. 2, 1846.) Dr. James Jackson, a native of Massachusetts, commenced practice in the year 1800. In 1810, with Warren and others, he initiated measures which led to the establishment of the McLean Asylum for the Insane, and also for the founding of the Massachusetts General Hospital, lie was plrysician to the latter institution until 1835. In 1810, he was ap- pointed clinical lecturer to Harvard College, and in 1812, to the chair of Theory and Practice. His contributions to the literature of medicine were numerous and valuable, (b. Oct. 3, 1777; d. Aug. 26, 1867.) Dr. John Ware, a native of Massachusetts, was from 1832 to 1858 Professor of Theory and Practice in Harvard College. He was a most admirable teacher, a close reasoner and original observer, and a beautiful and cor- rect writer, (b. Aug. 1, 1778 ; d. May 4, 1854.) Dr. James Thacher, a native of xMassachusetts, settled in practice in Plymouth, after having served as a surgeon in the Revolutionary army. During his military life, he kept a journal, which he subsequently published, and which has become a most valuable contribution to the history of the times. He was the author of the work entitled " The New Dispensatory," and of a number of other publications. His best known work is entitled "Ame- rican Medical Biography," and is a great storehouse for information per- taining to the early profession in America, (b. 1754; d. May 24, 1844.) Dr. EHsha Bartlett, a native of Rhode Island, was a leading physician, 24 TOXER, and the first Mayor of the city of Lowell. He was a close student and fine classical scholar. He was a sufferer from lead poisoning, but held professorships in quite a number of colleges. Although he wrote numer- ous works, his most popular one is on the fevers of the United States, pub- lished in 1842. (b. 1805 ; d. 1855.) Dr. Luther V. Bell, a native of New Hampshire, gained the Boylston Prize when about 30 years of age. By his ability in the treatment of the insane, he attracted the special atten- tion of his contemporaries, and was placed in charge of the McLean Asy- lum, which continued under his control from 1837 to 1856. In 1857, he was President of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He wrote on many subjects of interest to the medical profession. During the late war, he went out as a surgeon and lost his life in the service of his country, (b. Dec. 1806 ;. d. 1862.) The following also deserve mention: Drs. John Brooks, Jeffries Wy man, H. II. Childs, A. A. Gould, George Hay ward, Oliver Prescott, Lemuel Danforth, S. G. Howe, G. Darby', A. L. Peirson, C. T. Jackson, T. W. Harris, Enoch Hale, Winslow Lewis, and W. T. G. Morton, dentist and discoverer of the use of ether as an anaesthetic. Michigan.1—Dr. Zina Pitcher, a native of New York, entered the army in 1822 as an assistant surgeon ; was promoted to be full surgeon in 1832, and resigned iri$1836, when he settled in Detroit. He was not only a good physician and surgeon, but an energetic and successful business man. He was mayor of the city, a faithful and intelligent manager of the school fund, and one of the founders of the State Insane Asylum. In 1856 he was honored with the presidency of the American Medical Association, (b. April 12, 1797; d. April 5, 1872.) Dr. Richard Inglis was a good classical scholar, full of information and energy, cheerful in the sick-room, and an agreeable companion in society. With the profession of the State he was exceedingly popular, and in 1869 was elected Presi- dent of the State Medical Society. Mention should also be made of Drs. E. M. Clark and Porter, of Detroit; Robinson, of Palmyra; Robert Clark, of Monroe; Isaac C. Paddock, of Pontiac, and Denton and Brig- ham, of Ann Arbor. Minnesota.2—Dr. Samuel Willey, a native of Massachusetts, after 1 Michigan was admitted as a State in the Union in 1837. The earliest settlements within her territory were by the French, in the vicinity of Detroit, in the latter part of the seventeenth century. The lands are generally good and heavily timbered. The population as given by the census in 1870 was 1,187,234, about one-sixth of the people residing in towns and cities of over five thousand inhabitants. The same authority gives the number of physicians as 1034. Population and wealth have rapidly flowed into this State. From land grants by the United States a large educational fund has been established both for general education and colleges of a high grade. There are two medical colleges, a State Medical Society, formed in 1819, and publishing Transactions, and an efficient State Board of Health. The following medical journals' have been published in Michigan : Detroit Review of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1866; Michigan University Medical Journal, 1870 ; Peninsular Independent Medical Journal. 1858; Peninsular Journal of Medicine. 1873; Peninsular Journal of Medicine and Collateral Sciences, 1858. 2 Minnesota was a part of the Louisiana purchase. This region was visited as earlv as 1650, the French having had posts in different parts along the Lakes. The United States government established, in 1819, a military post at Fort Snelling. In 1845 settlements began to be made, and immigration set in actively, and in 1859 a territorial form of gov- ernment was organized. In 1853 Minnesota was admitted into the Union. The population as given by the United States Census of 1870 was 446,056, with about one-tenth living in towns of over five thousand inhabitants. There were then in the State 402 physicians. 'I'he population and wealth of Minnesota are steadily increasing. The State is fertile and well timbered, and is well situated as to commercial lines, by lakes, rivers, and railroads. A ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 25 graduating was for two years assistant physician in the State Lunatic Asylum, at Columbus, Ohio. In 1852 he settled in practice in St. Paul, and soon acquired a full business. In the fall of 1862 he was appointed pension surgeon and medical referee for the State. The organization of the State Medical Society was largely due to his efforts, as was that of the State Board of Health. He was twice elected president of the State Society, and in 1870 was one of the Vice-Presidents of the American Medical Association, (b. 1828 ; d. Nov. 21, 1872.) Dr. E. Herman Smith, a native of Connecticut, after serving a year as surgeon on the French steamer "Arago," settled at St. Paul, and soon acquired a fair business. He was accurate in diagnosis, and an expert in the use of the microscope. Dr. H. C. Hand, a native of New Jersey, settled in St. Paul in 1871, and formed a business relation with his brother, Dr. D. W. Hand, then in practice in that place. In 1872 he became editor and publisher of the Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal, which he conducted with ability. He was one of the phvsicians to the St. Paul's City Hospital, (b. March 17, 1849; d. March 2, 1876.) Dr. Josiah S. Weiser, a native of Pennsylvania, located in 1855 at Shakopee, a settle- ment chiefLy made up of Germans. He was induced to join Gen. Sib- ley's military expedition, as surgeon, in June, 186.3, and was murdered by the Indians while holding a parley with them. The following de- serve mention: Drs. N. B. Hill, A. E. Ames, J. K. Reiner, J. C. Jones, J. D. Ford, L. B. Smith, and G. T. Turner. Mississippi.1—Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright, a native of Virginia, settled at Natchez, Miss.,and was particularly successful in the treatment of fever, and of cholera, during the epidemic of 1832. He wrote a number of valuable papers, (b. Nov. 30, 1793; d. May 3, 1863.) Dr. Erasmus D. Fenner, a native of North Carolina, settled in 1832 at Clinton, where his ability obtained for him a good practice. In 1840 he removed to New Orleans, and in 1844, in connection with Dr. A. Heister, estab- lished the New Orleans Medical Journal. He was one of the original members of the American Medical Association, and a Professor in the New Orleans School of Medicine. In 1849 he commenced the publi- cation of the Southern Medical Reports, which extended to two volumes. He also edited the New Orleans Medical News and Hos- pital Gazette, (b. 1807; d. May 4, 1866.) Dr. Allen Gillespie, a native of Tennessee, after graduating in medicine, served as an as- sistant surgeon in the army of the Southwest. In 1824 he removed to Mississippi, and in 1834 settled at Granada, where he spent his life in the active duties of his profession. He possessed in a high degree the qualities that go to make the successful physician. It is claimed that to him is due the credit of introducing the practice of giving large doses of quinia as an anti-pyretic in miasmatic fevers. After treating fevers in State Medical Society, organized in 1855, publishes Transactions, and a State Board of Health is also in successful operation. The following medical journal has been published in Minnesota: Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal, 1870. 1 Mississippi was admitted into the Union in 1817, having been erected into a territory with Alabama in 17DS. It had been visited by De Soto in 1540, and by La Salle in 1GS2. but the first successful settlement by Europeans was at Natchez, in 1716, under Bienville. According to the United States Census in 1870 the population was 827,922, about one-tenth of the people living in cities of over five thousand inhabitants. There were at the same time 1511 physicians. The lands are generally low, alluvial, and subject along the water- courses to overflow. A State Medical Association, organized in 1856, publishes Transac- tions annnallv. and instituticns for the care of unfortunates have been established. 3 26 TOXER, this way for years, he made his views public in 1835. The use of quinia in large doses has been recommended by others, but only during the remission, (b. Aug. 18, 1801; d. 1869.) In addition to the above- named, I will mention Drs. Samuel B. Malone and Elvis McCrory. Missouri.1—Dr. Win. Beaumont, a native of Connecticut, entered the army as assistant surgeon in July, 1812, and resigned in 1S39, and settled in the city of St. Louis. In 1825, while stationed at the military post Michilimackinae, he met the Canadian, St. Martin, who had received a wound which left an opening into the stomach, exposing in a measure the operation of that organ. The Doctor made a series of experiments upon the process of digestion, which he published in 1838. This is one of the most complete series of observations ever made on the living stomach, (b. 1785; d. April 25,1853.) Dr. Charles A. Pope, a native of Alabama, settled in St. Louis in 1841. He was studious, energetic, and ambitious in his profession, and soon acquired a leading practice. He was elected to the chair of Anatomy and then to that of Surgery in the St. Louis University. His preference in practice was for surgery, and in this he was very successful. He was a fluent lecturer, and familiar with the history of the various surgical operations and procedures. He was surgeon to the St. Louis City Hospital. He identified himself with all movements calculated to advance the medical profession, and was Presi- dent of the American Medical Association in 1854. (b. March 15, 1818 ; d. July 6, 1872.) Dr. M. L. Linton, a native of Kentucky, set- tled in practice in St. Louis in 1842. He was elected to the chair of Obstetrics in the St. Louis Medical College, and in 1844, was trans- ferred to the chair of Theory and Practice. In 1843 he founded and edited the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, the first medical periodical published west of the Mississippi River. He possessed high intellectual endowments and scientific culture, and wrote well, and on a great variety of subjects—medical, literary, religious, and scientific. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences, and contributed many papers to it. He had an extensive practice, and was widely known in the Southwest, (b. 1808; d. June 1, 1872.) Dr. B. F. Shumard, a native of Pennsylvania, commenced to practise in Kentucky, but became con- nected with one of the U. S. Government Pacific R. R. surveys and explorations. His scientific acquirements led him to be much em- ployed in such pursuits. He removed to St. Louis in 1853. In I860 he was engaged in a geological survey of the State of Texas, which was interrupted by the war, when he returned to St. Louis, and re- sumed the duties of his profession. He was elected to the chair of Obstetrics in the University of Missouri. He was President of the Academy of Sciences at the time of his death, (b. Nov. 24, 1820; 1 Missouri, a part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803, was admitted as a State in the Union in 1821. Its earliest settlers were the French, who built a fort on the present site of the city of St. Louis as early as 1719. Another point of early settlement was at St. Genevieve. The population of Missouri in 1870 was 1,721,295, about one-fifth of the people living in towns and cities of over five thousand inhabitants. There were then in the State 3560 physicians. Missouri has a large school fund, and a successful system of free schools. There are four medical colleges. A State Medical Society, formed in 1850, publishes Transactions. Institutions for the care of unfortunates, sufficient for the wants of the people, have been established. The following medical journals have been published in Missouri: Humboldt Medical Archives, ls(J7; Kansas City Medical Journal, 1871 ; Kansas City Medical and Surgical Review, 1860; St. Joseph Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1859; St. Louis Medical Reporter, 1866; St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, 1845; St. Louis Probe, 1850. ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 27 d. April 14, 1868.) Dr. Lewis F. Linn, a native of Kentucky, settled in (Jenevieve in 1819. He served in the war of 1812, and after this took an active part in public affairs. He was a fluent and eloquent speaker. In 1827 he was elected to the Legislature, and in 1833 to the U. S. Senate, which office he held to the time of his death, (b. 1795 ; d. 1843.) I will also mention Dr. John II. Watters, of St. Louis, who was one of the earliest to write upon the theory of the Correlation and Conserva- tion of Forces, Drs. J. 1ST. McDowell, John A. Chambers, and John Edwards. Xew Hampshire.1—Dr. Xathan Smith, a native of Massachusetts, first practised in Cornish, New Hampshire. He suggested the establishment of a Medical Department in connection with Dartmouth College, and in 1797 gave there a course of lectures. In 1798 he was appointed Professor in the Medical Department. He taught all the branches, and furnished all the apparatus needed in teaching until 1810, when he was joined by another professor. In a few years, by his genius and indomitable perse- verance, fair classes attended this institution. In 1813 he was invited to the chair of Surgery in Yale College, which he accepted. He continued, however, to lecture at Dartmouth, at the Vermont University, and at Bowdoin College. His reputation as a surgeon had by this time become national. The credit of having first pointed out that dislocations of the hip and other joints should be reduced by manipulation, is due to Dr. Smith. In 1824 he published a particularly valuable essay on typhoid fever, in which he made a distinction between typhoid and malarial fevers, (b. 1762; d. 1829.) Dr. Amos Twitchell, a native of Xew Hamp- shire, was a close observer, and an indefatigable student. It seems to be well authenticated that he wras the first to place a ligature on the com- mon carotid artery, which he did six months before the occurrence of the case reported by Sir Astley Cooper. I can discover no publications of Dr. Twitchell, but he was in the habit of taking part in the discussions of the Xew Hampshire Medical Society, (b. 1781 ; cl. 1850.) Dr. Josiah Bartlett, a native of Massachusetts, commenced to practise in Kingston, , X. H., in 1750. His intelligence, high moral character, and ability, soon brought him a full share of professional business. From 1765 to the time of the Revolution he was annually chosen to the Legislature, and was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the State militia. In 1775 he was elected to Congress, and in 1776 was the first on the roll call to vote for the Declara- tionof Independence. He served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, and was one of the orioinators and first President of the Xew Hampshire Medical Society, (Vl729; d. 1795.) Dr. Animi R. Cutter, a native of Maine, served as surgeon in the Revolutionary war, and part of the time was Physician General to the Middle Department of the army. After the war he settled at Ports- mouth, where he acquired a large practice, and was greatly esteemed throughout the State. For many years he was president of the State Medical Society, (b. 1735; d. 1&20.) Dr. Matthew Thornton was a native of Ireland, and settled at Londonderry. He was a surgeon in the expedition in 1745 against Louisburg. In 1775 he was president of 1 New Hampshire was one of the thirteen original States; its first settlement having been near Portsmouth, in 1623. Its population in 1870 was 318.300, nearly one-fifth living in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. The number of physicians was 565. There is a State Medical Society, formed in 1791, which publishes Transactions annually, and one medical college. There are also institutions for the care of unfortunates, sufficient for the wants of the people. 28 TONER, the convention which assumed the government of Xew Hampshire in the name of the people. He was a delegate to Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence, though not present to vote for it. (d. June 24, 1803, aged 88.) Dr. Lyman Spalding, a native of Xew Hampshire, began practice at Portsmouth in 1799. He was a good anatomist and a learned physician. He published in 1799 a new nomenclature of chemistry. In 1813 he removed to the city of Xew York. He con- ceived the idea of publishing a United States Pharmacopoeia, and for years advocated the project, and called the convention which formed it in 1820, being also one of the committee of publication, (b. June 5, 1775; d. Oct. 31, 1821.) Dr. Dixi Crosby, a native of Xew Hampshire, commenced practice at Gilmanton, where he acquired a large business, and established his reputation as a surgeon. In 1836 he removed the scapula, humerus, and two-thirds of the clavicle at one operation, the patient recovering. In 1838 he was elected to the chair of Surgery and Obstetrics, in Dartmouth College, which position he held till 1868, when he resigned the branch of Surgery in favor of his son, lecturing for two j^ears longer on Obstetrics. He contributed a number of able arti- cles to the medical journals, and was President of the Xew Hampshire State Medical Society, and a member of the American Medical Associa- tion, (b. Feb. 9, 1800; d. Sept. 26, 1873.) I will also name Drs. Ma- thias Spaulding, Josiah Crosby, Charles P. Gage, W, Graves, Daniel Oliver, George B. Twitchell, and A. Smalley. Xew Jersey.1—Dr. William Burnett, a native of Xew Jersey, settled in practice at Xewark, and, during the Revolution, took a conspicuous part in the events of the clay. He was a member of the " Committee of Safety," in 1776, and was one of the commissioners for issuing State bills of credit. He was physician of the hospitals, and Chief Surgeon of the State troops ; and was a member of Congress from 1780 to 1781. In the latter year he was again elected to Congress, but resigned, and was appointed Chief Physician and Surgeon in the Eastern Department, serving till the close of the war. After peace was established he returned to private practice, and engaged to some extent in agriculture. He was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas and President of the State Medical Society, and throughout a long life was greatly beloved and esteemed. (b. 1730; d. 1791.) Dr. Moses Scott was a native of Pennsylvania, and on the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, took part with the patriots. He had been in military service with Braddock's expedition. In July, 1776, he was appointed physician and surgeon of the State troops, and in 1777, when Congress took entire control of the hospital department, was appointed Assistant Director General. He was present at all the battles fought in Xew Jersey. After the war he was esteemed one of the most experienced and learned physicians in the State, (b. 1738; d. 1821.) Dr. Jonathan Elmer, a native of Xew Jersey, was a surgeon in the 1 New Jersey is one of the thirteen original States. I'he Dutch made two settlements at Bergen between 1614 and 1624, and a Swedish colony settled near the Delaware River in 1627. Some of the most stirring events of the Revolutionary war took place within the territory of New Jersey. Her position between the two great cities of New York and Philadelphia gives her great commercial advantages. Her population, as given by the census of 1870, was 906,096, a little over one-third of her people living iu cities of over five thousand inhabitants. She had at the same time 1208 physicians. She has a State Medi- cal Society, organized in 1766, which publishes Transactions annually. She has also a number of institutions for the care of unfortunates. The following medical journal has been published in New Jersey : New Jersey Medical Reporter, 1847. ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 29 Revolutionary war, as wras his brother Ebenezer. He was a man of extensive information, with great power of detail, and executive ability. He was elected to Congress in 1776, serving till 1778; again in 1781, serving till 1784; again in 1787, serving till 1788, and was United States Senator from 1789 until 1791. He was a member of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society, and held many offices of trust in his native State, (b. 1745; d. 1S17.) Dr. Xicliolas Belleville, a native of France, settled in Trenton in 1791. He had a very extensive practice, and was physician to Joseph Bonaparte, ex-King of Spain, while lie resided in Xew Jersey. His office was the resort of many students who subse- quently rose to eminence in their profession. Dr. John X. Woodhull, a native of Xew Jersey, was a man of superior education. He settled at Princeton, and enjoyed the reputation through life of being a most skilful physician. He endowed a professorship in Princeton College. His whole life reflects honor upon himself, as a man, as well as upon the medical profession, (b. 1752; d. 1831.) Dr. L. A. Smith, a native of Xew Hampshire, was a physician of superior ability. He settled at Xewark, and had the esteem of the profession, and was popular with the community. He was one of the early movers for, and an able advo- cate of, the establishment of the Xew Jersey Lunatic Asylum. He was devoted to his profession, and was an earnest promoter of medical organi- zations. He was President, of the Xew Jersey State Medical Society, in 1837, and throughout his life was an active worker for the advancement of mediciue and the elevation of the profession, (b. Xov. 11, 1795; d. Dec. 15, 1865.) The following names are also deserving of mention: Drs. John Beatty, W. Johnson, Isaac Ogden, Samuel Hayes, J. Ward, Isaac P. Coleman, Silas Condit, Isaac Pierson, and J. Lilley. Xew York.1—Dr. Valentine Mott, a native of Xew York, and an 1 New York is one of the thirteen original States. Its earliest known mention was in 1609, from the visit of Henry Hudson, who gave his name to the Hudson River. This is now the most populous and wealthy State in the Union. The population in 1870 was 4,387.464. nearly one-half living in cities of over five thousand inhabitants. The number of physicians in the same year was 6810. New York has nine medical colleges, distributed as follows, viz.: Albany, Brooklyn, Buffalo, and Syracuse, each one, and New York City five. A State Medical Society was organized in* 1807. and has published Transactions almost continuously since. Institutions for the care and treatment of unfortunates have been provided in different parts of the State, sufficient for the wants of the people. The following medical journals have been published in New York : Albany Journal of Neurology, 1843; American Chemist, 1870; American Journal of Indigenous .Materia Medica and Repertory of Med. Science, 1860; American Journal of Insanity, 1844; American Journal of Medicine, 1852 ; American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, 1868; American Journal of Ophthalmology, 1862; American Journal of Svphilosrraphv and Dermatology. 1870; American Lancet, 1831; American Medical Monthly, 1854; American Medical and Philosophical Register, 1810 ; American Medical and Surgical Journal, 1851; American Medical Times, 1860; Annalist, 1847; Archives of Ophthalmologv and Otology. 1869; Archives of Scientific and Practical Medicine. 1873; Buffalo Medical Journal, 1845; Buffalo Med. and Surgical Reporter, 1861; Medical Gazette, 1867; Medical Record, 1866; Medical and Surgical Register, ISIS- Nelson's American Lancet; New York Journal of Medicine, 1839; New York Journal of Medicine and Collateral Sciences. 1843; New York Journal of Pharmacy, 18V>- New York Lancet. 1842 ; New York Medical Gazette, 1841; New York Medical Gazette and Journal of Health, 1850; New York Medical Independent and Pharmaceu- tical Reporter 1864; New York Medical Inquirer and Domestic Magazine, 1830; New York Medical'Journal, 1831; New York Medical Journal, 1*05 ; New York Medical Mi"izine 1814: New York Medical and Pathological Journal, 1858 ; New York Med i- cafand Philosophical Journal and Review. 1809; New York Medical and Physical Journal, 1822; New York Medical Press, I860; New York Medical Repository. 179/ ; New York Medical Review, 1873: New York Medical and Surgical Reporter, 184.); New York Medical'Times. 1851; New York Medico-Chirurgical Bulletin, 1851; New lork 30 TONER, eminent surgeon and teacher, settled in Xew York City in 1809, and was appointed to the chair of Surgery in Columbia College. He was elected to fill the same chair in Rutgers College, and also in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1818 he passed a ligature around the brachio-cephalic artery, about two inches above the heart, for aneurism. He excised the entire clavicle, and was the first in America to ligate the iliac artery, and to remove the lower jaw. Sir Astley Cooper says of him, that he performed more of the great operations than any other surgeon, living or dead. It would be impossible to enumerate here all his great achievements. In 1814, in connection with Dr. Onderdonk, he started and published the "Xew York Medical Magazine," which only extended to two parts. He translated Velpeau's work on Surgery, and contributed articles to the medical journals, and to the Transactions of the Xew York Academy of Medicine, (b. Aug. 20, 1785 ; d. April 26, 1865.) Dr. Samuel Bard commenced practice in 1767 in the city of Xew York. He wns one of the projectors of the first Medical College organized in Xew York, and held the chair of Theory and Practice. He acted as examining surgeon for the admission of surgeons to the Medical Department of the Army during the Revolutionary war. In 1774, he was influential in founding the Xew York Hospital, in which he gave a course of clinical lectures. In 1791, when the public hospital was opened, he was appointed one of the visiting physicians. In 1798, lie had retired to his country seat, but on the outbreak of the yellow fever returned to the city, and resumed practice. Pie was finally taken down with the fever, but re- covered. He was General Washington's physician, when in Xew York, after the war. Pie published a compendium of Midwifery, and con- tributed to the Philosophical Transactions and to medical journals, (b. April 1, 1742; d. May 24, 1821.) Dr. David Hosack, a native of Xew York, settled in practice in the city of Xew York in 1794. The following year he was appointed Pro- fessor of Botany in Columbia College, and shortly afterwards published a syllabus of the lectures. In 1796, he formed a partnership with Dr. Bard, which continued till 1800. In 1797 he was elected to the chair of Materia Medica, but in 1811, on the re-organization of the Faculty, was assigned to the chair of Theory and Practice, and afterwards held that of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, until 1826. He was visiting physician to the Almshouse and to the Insane Asylum. He wrote on levers, and other medical topics, and was elected a member of the Royal Society of London. His paper on the causes of contagion was able, and received a wide appreciation. In 1810, with Dr. Francis, he started the American Medical and Philosophical Register, which was conducted with ability, (b. August 31, 1769; d. Dec. 22, 1835.) Dr. Theodoric Romeyn Beck, a native of Xew York, began practice in Albany in 1811. In 1813 he wrote a paper on the minerals of the United States. In 1815 he was appointed Lecturer on the Institutes of Medi- cine, and Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He also held a professorship in the Fairfield Medica] Col- lege from 1826 to 1836. In 1836 he was elected to the chair of Materia Monthly Chronicle of Med. and Surg., 1824; New York Monthly Review of Med. Science and Buffalo Medical Journal; New York Register of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1850- North American Medical Reporter, 1858; Northern Lancet and Gazette of Legal Medicine' 1850; Opal, 1851; Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine, 1867; Sanitarian,' 1873; Syracuse Medical and Surgical Journal. Ib54; United States Medical and Surgicai Journal, 1834. ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 31 Medica in the Albany Medical College. From 1840 to 1850 he was President of the Albany Academy, ainf was the originator of the Albany Institute. He was President of the Xew York State Medical Society, and was one of the managers of the State Lunatic Asylum. In 1823 he published the first edition of his great work on " Medical Jurispru- dence." He edited for some years the " American Journal of Insanity." (b. Aug. 11, 1791 ; d. Xov. 19, 1855.) Dr. J. W. Francis, a native of Xew York, commenced to practise in 1811, and formed a partnership with Dr. Hosack. They together published the American Philosophical Register. In 1813 he was lecturer in the Institute of Medicine, and Professor of Materia Medica in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. About this time he visited Europe, and on his return was elected to the chair of Medical Jurisprudence, and in 1819 filled that of Obstetrics, in Rutgers College. In 1822 he was one of the editors of the Xew York Medical and Physical Journal. He was an accomplished writer, and took an active part in promoting the objects of the Xew York Academy of Medicine, the Historical Society, the Woman's Hospital, etc. (b. Xov. 17,1789; d. Feb. $,1861.) Dr. A. H. Stevens, a native of Xew York, commenced practice in the city of Xew York in 1812. In 1814, he was invited to the chair of Surgery in Queen's, afterwards Rutgers College. He was one of the visiting surgeons to the Xew York Hospital. In 1817, he was assigned to a chair in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1848, he was President of the Xew York State Medical Society, and also President of the American Medical Association. His general as well as his surgical practice was very large. His contributions to the literature of medicine are found in Journals, Reports, and Addresses, (b. 1789 ; d. March 30, 1869.) Dr. Wright Post, a native of Xew York, commenced practice in 1786. The chair of Surgery in Columbia College was tendered him in 1792, but in 1793 he was transferred to the chair of Anatomy, which he continued to hold for twenty years. He was also a member of the Faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and its president from 1821 to 1826. He was for thirty years consulting physician of the Xew Y'ork Hospital. He was a bold, original, and successful operator. He tied the subclavian artery, and also the carotid, (b. Feb. 19, 1766 ; d. June 14,1828.) Dr. John Torrey, a native of Xew York, although a learned physician, never acquired a large practice, and being greatly interested in botany and the collateral sciences, his time became occupied by them. In 1817, he published a catalogue of plants growing within thirty miles of Xew York city, and in 1831 published the first volume of the Flora of Xorth America. In 1824 he was appointed Professor of Botany in the Military Academy at West Point, and from 1827 to 1850 was Professor of Chemistry in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Xew York. He was subsequently appointed director of the Xew York Assay Office. The Doctor was one of the most accomplished botanists of"our country, and did much to elevate the science by his life and teachings, (b. 1798; d. March 10, 1873.) Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, a native of Xew York, commenced practice in Xew York city, and, with Dr. E. Miller and Dr. E. H. Smith, started, in 1797, the " Xew York Medical Repository." He was connected with it as editor for sixteen years, and survived both of his associates. He was a member of the State Legislature, and for a number of years a member of Congress, and also U. s! Senator. He was a man of very extensive scientific acquirements, and of a remarkably retentive memory. He 32 TOXER, wrote on a varietv of topics, making substantial additions to scientific literature, (b. Aug. 20, 1764; d. Sept. 7, 1831.) Dr. Joseph M. Smith, a native of Xew York, commenced practice in 1811. lie was one of the original members of the Medico-Philosophical Society, which published its first volume in 1M7. lie was Professor of Theory and Practice in the College of Physicians and Surgeons for thirty years. His most noted work is perhaps his " Elements of Etiology, and Philosophy of Epi- demics." He was a frequent and valued contributor to medical serial literature, (b. March 14, 1789 ; d. April 22, 1866.) As of almost equal merit, I will name Drs. John Watson, J. Kearney Rodgers, J. Stearns, Joseph White, Richard Bayley, W. YV. Reid, John A. Smith, Charles A. Lee, Alden March, John B. Beck, James Stuart, Elisha Smith, II. D. Bulkley, John A. Swett, Amasa Trowbridge, Amariah Brigham, George T. Elliot, James McXaughton, II. Green", J. II. Armsby, Alban Goldsmith, R. S. Kissam, and H. M. Onderdonk. Xorth Carolina.1—Dr. Charles Harris, a native of Xorth Carolina, served in the Revolutionary war before he had completed his medical education. He first practised with success at Salisbury, but removed to Favonia, the name of his plantation in Cabaries County, where he remained actively engaged in practice to the close of his life. Xinety- three physicians studied with him, his reputation being such as to make him a desirable preceptor. His professional life extended over forty years. (b. 1763; d. Sept. 21, 1825.) Dr. James Xorconi, a native of Xorth Carolina, commenced practice at Edenton in 1799. He acquired a large but laborious business, often visiting patients at a distance of 100 miles, on horseback. His practice was chiefly that of a physician, although performing such surgical operations as usually fall to the lot of rural practitioners. His obstetrical practice was large. In 1812, he was com- missioned Assistant Surgeon in the U. S. Army, but resigned in January, 1813. He wrote a paper on the Winter Epidemic of 1816, and made a number of contributions to medical journals, (b. 1788 ; d. Xov. 9, 1850.) Dr. James Dickson, a native of Xorth Carolina, having prac- tised for a couple of years in South Washington, removed to Fayette- ville, where his practice became large. In 1835, he performed successfully the operation of transfusion of blood. In 1828,'1831, and 1833, he per- formed urethrotomy. In 1835, he divided the tenclo Achillis, for the re- lief of club-foot. About this time he ligated the external iliac artery. He was everywhere recognized as a skilful and successful surgeon. Dr. Benjamin Robinson, a native of Vermont, commenced practice in his native place, but removed to Xorth Carolina in 1804, and settled at Fay- etteville, where he spent the remainder of his life, laboriously engaged in 1 North Carolina is one of the thirteen original States. Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a colony in it in 1585, but failed. The earliest point successfully settled was on the Roanoke and Chowan Rivers, by emigrants from Virginia, in 1653. In 1693, North and South Carolina were separated. This State took an early and active part to secure American Independence. Ephraim Brevard, at a meeting of the citizens at Charlotte, on May 20,1775. prepared what is known as the '• Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence." This embodied many of the sentiments of the Declaration adopted more than a year later, at Philadelphia. The population of the State, as given by the census of 1870, was 1,071.362! There are no large cities or towns, and btit about one in forty of the population live in towns of over five thousand inhabitants. There were, in 1870, 1143 physicians. A medical college has been projected, but is not yet organized. There is a State Medical Society formed in 1850, which publishes Transactions. Institutions for the care of unfortunates' sufficient for the wants of the people, have been provided. The following medical journal has been published : Medical Journal of North Carolina 1858. ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 33 his profession. While a student of medicine, he performed an operation for the relief of strangulated hernia, with success. He was distinguished through life for his untiring assiduity and sound common sense. His memory is still cherished by the descendants of the community in which he passed his useful life. (d. March 8, 1857, aged 82.) Dr. Charles E. -lohnson, a native of Xorth Carolina, settled in practice at Edenton, and thence removed to Raleigh in 1835. He was especially interested in ner- vous diseases and physiological studies. He wrote a paper on the Medico- Legal Relations of Insanity, (b. March 15, 1812; d. April 1, 1876.) Dr. Armand John De Rosset was a native of Xorth Carolina, and a graduate of Princeton College. His immediate ancestors,father, grandfather, and great grandfather, were pliysicians. The duration of his practice ex- tended to 69 years. He was a good classical scholar, and a cultivator of the sciences, which he applied to the practical and every-day requirements of his profession, (d. April 1, 1859, set. 92.) I will also mention Drs. James J. Philips, of Edgecombe Co.; James Furgus McRee, of Wilming- ton ; R. II. Shield, of AVinton; Wm. H. McKee, of Raleigh ; Wm. Perry, of Franklin Co.; Elisha Battle, of Edgecombe Co.; Henry M. Shaw, of Kurrituck Co.; Joel B. Houston, of Columbia; Matthias E. Saver, of Edenton; Simon J. Baker, of Raleigh; and Pinckney Caldwell. Ohio.1—Dr. Daniel Drake, a native of Xew JersejT, but reared in Ken- tucky, began to practise in Cincinnati in 1804. He rapidly rose to be recognized as a leading physician, and as one of very extensive know- ledge and scientific attainments. In 1810 he published " Xotes" con- cerning Cincinnati, and in 1815 a work entitled "A Picture of Cincin- nati." In 1817 he was elected a professor in the Transylvania Univer- sity, at Lexington, Ky. The following year he obtained a charter and founded the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, and in 1819 he es- tablished the Commercial Hospital. From 1827 to 1839 he edited the "Western Journal of American Medical Sciences." Its publication was transferred to Louisville, Ky., and the name changed to " Western Jour- nal of Medicine and Surgery." He continued as one of the editors till 1848. In 1832 he published an essay on Medical Education and Medical Men of the United States, and the same year a pamphlet on Cholera. His great work, which contained the observations of nearly half a cen- tury^ was published in 1850, entitled " Diseases of the Interior Valley of 1 No European settlement prior to the Revolution is known to have been made in Ohio. The first emigration to this State was in 1788, from New England to a point known as Marietta, on the Ohio River, it having been included in 1781 in the general territorial legislation pertaining to the territory northwest of that stream. The population in 1870, as given by the U. S. Census, was 2,605.2(50. nearly one-fourth of the population living iu towns of over five thousand inhabitants. There were at that time 4638 physicians. Popu- lation and wealth are still rapidly accumulating in this State. It has seven medical colleges, three at Cincinnati, two at Cleveland, and two at Columbus. A State Medical Society was established in 1846, and publishes reports annually. Institutions for the care of unfortunates have been provided, sufficient for the wants of the people. The following medical journals have been published in Ohio: Annals of Science, 1853; Cincinnati Journal of Health, 1844; Cincinnati Journal of Medicine, 1869; Cincinnati Lancet and Observer, 1858 ; Cincinnati Medical News, 1858; Cincinnati Medical News, 1872: Cincinnati Medical Observer, 1S56; Cincinnati Medical Repertory. 1868 ; Cincin- nati Medical and Surgical News. I860; Cleveland Medical Gazette, 1859; Clinic. 1871; Columbus Review of Medicine and Surgery, 1860; Critic. 1853; Northern Ohio Medical and Scientific Examiner, 1848; Ohio Medical Recorder, 1876; Ohio Medical Repository of Original and Selected Essays and Intelligence, 1826; Ohio Medical and Surgical Journal, 1848; Ditto, 187(5; Western Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, 1828; Western Journal of Medicine, 1840; Western Lancet, 1842; Western Medical' Gazette, 1832; Western Quarterly Reporter of Medical, Surgical, and Natural Science, 1822. 34 TONER, Xorth America." A second volume of this series, in preparation at the time of his death, was published subsequently. This great work de- serves to be better known, (b. Oct. 20, 1785 ; d. Xov. (1, 1*52.) Dr. Reuben D. Mussey, a native of Xew Hampshire, commenced practice in Essex Co., Massachusetts, in 1805, after having received the degree of Bachelor of Medicine from Dartmouth College. In 1807 he attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and wrote a thesis on Cuta- neous Absorption, based upon original observations, his experiments proving certain facts, while an opposite doctrine was being taught in the colleges. He made many other experiments upon this subject, which have not been published. Fresh from the college at Philadelphia, he settled at Salem, Mass., where he obtained a good practice, and where he resided for six years, devoting much time to the surgery of the eye. In 1814 he was elected to the chair of Theory and Practice in Dartmouth College, and in 1819 to the chair of Anatomy and Surgery in the same institution, holding the latter position till 1838. He also gave lectures on chemistry at Middlebury College, and at Fairfield College, Xew York. In 1829 the doctor visited Paris, to study medical institutions abroad. During the year 1837 he was tendered three professorships, at Xashville, Xew York, and Cincinnati, and accepted the latter. His fame as a sur- geon preceded him, and in a few years he was one of the best known sur- geons in the Valley of the Mississippi. He possessed much mechanical skill, and had a genius for original operations. He performed many capi- tal and heroic operations, tying on the same patient within twelve days both carotid arteries, and saving his patient's life. His whole professional life was one of eminent success, and sheds lustre upon the profession. He was President of the American Medical Association in 1850. (b. 1780; d. 1866.) Dr. John Delemater, a native of Xew York, commenced practice in 1809, in the city of Xew York. He subsequently practised in Pittsfield, Mass., and was connected with the Medical College there. Li 1843 he removed to Cleveland, Ohio, and was elected to the chair of General Pathology and Midwifery in the Western Reserve College at that place. (d. April, 1867, aged 80.) Dr. George Mendenhall, a native of Pennsyl- vania, commenced practice in Cleveland, but in 1843 removed to Cincin- nati, where by great devotion to his profession he acquired a large business. In 1852 he was elected to the chair of Obstetrics in the Miami Medical College, and, on the consolidation of that college with the Medical College of Ohio, was re-elected and continued to serve till his death. He published a u Vade Mecum," which passed through several edi- tions. He was one of the editors of the " Western Lancet," and afterwards of the "Lancet and Observer." The journals contained many articles from his pen. He was President of the American Medical Association in 1870. (b. 1814; d. 1874.) Dr. Jesse P. Judkins, besides having a large practice, was Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Ohio Medical College, and Professor of Anatomy in Starling Medical College, at Columbus. After- wards he held the chair of Special Pathology in the Miami Medical College, filling the latter position with ability up to the time of his death. He wrote a number of excellent papers which were published in the Cincinnati Medical Journal, (d. Dec. 6, 1867, aged 52.) Dr. Horace Ackley settled in practice at Akron. He was elected professor in Willoughby College in 1837. In 1843 he was elected Professor of Sur<-erv in the College then at Cleveland. He was an early and efficient member of the Ohio State Medical Society, and for some years its president. He ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 35 was physician to the Marine Hospital at Cleveland, and one of the trustees for the Central and Southern Lunatic Asylums. His surgical practice was for years quite large, and he was esteemed a safe and skilful operator, (d. April 22, 1859, set. 47.) Dr. Leonidas M. Lawson, a native of Kentucky, first practised in Madison, and started the " Western Lancet;" and (n 1844, commenced the reprint of Hooper's Pathological Anatomy. The same year he was invited to a chair in the Transylvania University. In 1845 he visited England and France, to study medical institutions abroad. In 1847 he was offered the chair of Materia Medica and Special Pathology in the Medical College of Ohio. He also at this time held chairs in the Kentucky School of Medicine and in the University of Louisiana, (d. Jan. 21, 1864, set. 51.) Dr. John DawTson, a native of Virginia, after practising for some time in Green County, removed in 1851 to Columbus, and in 1853 was elected to the chair of Anatomy in the Starling Medical College. As a teacher he gave great satisfaction to his associates and to the students. About this time he became editor of the Ohio Medical and Surgical Journal. He was an original observer and forcible writer. (d. Sept. 1866, set. 55.) Dr. G. W. Boerstler, a native of Maryland, settled in practice in Lancaster, 1853. All the sympathies and all the energies •of his nature were directed to the discharge of his duties as a physician. His practice was very large, (d. Oct. 19, 1871, set. 78.) Dr. George C. Blackmail, a native of Connecticut, commenced to practise in the State of Xew York, where he acquired reputation as a surgeon. In 1854 he wa3 elected to the chair of Surgery in the Medical College of Ohio. He wTas surgeon to the Cincinnati Hospital, and also to the Good Samaritan Hospital. On the breaking out of the war he entered the medical service of the army as a Surgeon of Volunteers. He was a man of fine presence, and had an air of resolution, (d. July 19, 1871.) I will name in addi- tion, Drs. Edward Tiffin, John P. Harrison, John Butterfield, G. F. Mitchell, R. L. Howard, Daniel Tilden, Philip J. Buckner, John T. Shot- well, J. W. Russell, and S. M. Smith. Pennsylvania.1—Dr. Benjamin Rush commenced practice in Phila- delphia in 1769, and the same year was elected to the chair of Chemistry 1 Pennsylvania is one of the thirteen original States, and was settled by the benevolent William Penn in 1682. This State took an active part in the measures that ushered in the struggle for American Independence, and was. during the war, the chief seat of Congress. On her territory were fought several of the important battles of the Revolution. 'I'he popu- lation in 1870. according to the U. S. Census, was 3.522.050, nearly one-third living in towns of over five thousand inhabitants. The number of physicians at the same time was 4843. There are three medical colleges, all in Philadelphia. There is a State Medical Society, formed in 1848. which publishes a volume annually. Institutions for the insane and other unfortunates have been provided in different parts of the Shite. Pennsylvania has from the settlement of our country taken the lead in matters relating to medical publication and medical education, and, as a consequence, we find, as would be expected, a larger pro- portion than usual of eminent medical men resident) within her borders. The following medical journals have been published: .Esculapian Register, 1824; Ame- rican Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1827; American Journal of Pharmacy. 1825; Ame- rican Librarv and Intelligencer, 1836; American Medical Intelligencer, 1837 ; American Medical Recorder, 1818; Harrington & Haswell's Medical Bulletin, 1849; Bulletin of Medical Science, 1843; Cholera Gazette. 1832; Compendium of Medical Science, 1868; Hospital Register, 1863; Journal of the Philadelphia College of Medicine, 1829; Medical Examiner, ls:!8; Medical Reporter. 1853: Medical Review and Analectic Journal, 1826; Medical and Surgical Reporter, 1856; Medical Times, 1870; North American Medical and Surgical Journal, 1826; Philadelphia Journal of Medicine and Physical Sciences, 1820; Philadelphia Medical Museum, 1805; Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal, 1804; Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Journal, 1853; Philadelphia Mouthly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1828. 36 TOXER, in the Philadelphia College. In 1787 he was assigned to the chair of Theory and Practice. He possessed a remarkably well trained and observ- ing mind, and, in addition to his professional duties, took an active part in all public affairs. He was for many years physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital and other benevolent institutions. In the State convention he moved that the colony should express its sentiments on the subject of separation from the mother country, lie was shortly afterwards elected to Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence. His writings embrace many topics in medicine, and are everywhere characterized by originality and ability. His conduct through life as a citizen and phy- sician was such as to make him a marked man. (b. Dec. 24, 174.) ; d. April 19, 1813.) Dr. Philip Syng Physick, a native of Pennsylvania, commenced to practise in Philadelphia in 1793, after having spent a number of years in visiting the hospitals of Europe. This was the year of the great yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. Dr. Physick was placed in charge of Bush Hill Hospital, and discharged his duties with marked ability. In 1794 he was appointed one of the surgeons of the Pennsylvania Hospital, and from 1801 to 1816 he was one of the consult- ing surgeons of the Philadelphia Almshouse Infirmary. In 1815 he was appointed Professor of Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, in which he afterwards filled the chair of Anatomy. In 1825 he was- elected a member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of France, and in 1836 a member of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London. (b. 1768 ; d. Dec. 15,1837.) Dr. John Morgan, a native of Pennsylvania, after serving as surgeon to the Militia in the French war in 1759, resigned in 1760, and went to Europe to further perfect his knowledge of medical science. He returned to Philadelphia in 1765, and was then perhaps the most learned physician in America. The same year he delivered an address at the commencement of the Philadelphia College, and the open- ing of the first medical college in America, established through his own and Dr. William Shippen's influence, and in which he was appointed Professor of Theory and Practice. In 1775 Dr. Morgan was appointed Director General and Physician in Chief of the Hospital Department of the American Army, but political cabals and the exigencies of the times caused his removal in 1777. A report by Congress shows him to have been an efficient officer. In his thesis he proposed the theory that pus was formed by a secretory process. He was one of the founders of the American Philosophical Society, and a member of the Royal Philo- sophical Society of London, (b. 1735 ; d. Oct. 15, 1789.) Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, a native of Pennsylvania, settled in practice in Philadelphia in 1789. He was the same year appointed Professor of Natural History and Botany, and in 1813 Professor of Materia Medica in the University of Pennsylvania. He contributed papers to the American Philosophical Society, and in 1804, started the "Medical and Physical Journal." He was an indefatigable worker, and all his writings were practical contributions to medicine, (b. Feb. 10, 1766; d. Dec. 19, 1815.) Dr. Caspar Wistar, a native of Penn- sylvania, commenced practice in Philadelphia in 1787. In 1789 he was elected Professor of Chemistry and Physiology in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1792 he was elected physician to the Philadelphia Dis- pensary, and to the Pennsylvania Hospital, and the same year was appointed Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, which position he filled until the time of his death. His abilities as a physician secured him a lar^e practice, and assisted in popularizing the school. He was a member of ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 37 many learned societies, and President of the American Philosophical Society. His best known work is his "Anatomy," in two volumes, the first of its kind contributed by an American, (b. Sept. 13,1761; d. July 22, 1818.) Dr. Wm. P. Dewees, a native of Pennsylvania, commenced practice in the interior of the State, but removed to Philadelphia in 1793. lie devoted his time chiefly to Obstetrics, but, his health failing in 1812, lie retired to his farm at Phillipsburg, where lie remained for five years, when, having recovered, he returned and resumed practice, which he continued with increasing popularity. In 1825 he was chosen assistant professor of Midwifery in the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1834 was elected to the full chair. But his health had gradually failed, and the following year he resigned and was elected emeritus professor. (b. May 5,1768; d. May 20, 1841.) Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, a native of Virginia, commenced practice in Philadelphia in 1804. By his assiduity in professional duties, and by a fortunate marriage, he speedily acquired a large business. About this time he commenced a course of lectures on Obstetrics to medical students, and in 1808 associated himself with Professor James in a summer course of lectures. From 1813 to 1816 he was Professor of Materia Medica in the University of Pennsyl- vania, and from 1816 to 1850, Professor of Theory and Practice and of Clinical Medicine. In 1817 he founded the Medical Institute, and lectured in it during every summer for twenty-five years. He was Pre- sident of the American Philosophical Society from 1846 to 1848, and President of the American Medical Association in 1847. (b. May 28, 1780 ; d. Jan. 1,1853.) Dr. Wm. E. Horner, a native of Virginia, having resigned his commission in the U. S. Navy, commenced practice in the city of Philadelphia. His abilities soon attracted the attention of the leading physicians, and he shortly after received the appointment of Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1819 he was made adjunct, and in 1831 full Professor of Anatomy. In 1824 lie discovered the " Musculus Horneri," which had escaped the observa- tion of previous anatomists. His whole life was a continuous struggle of mind and duty over physical suffering. In 1847 he founded St. Joseph's Hospital, to which he bequeathed his library and instruments. About this time he published a treatise on Pathological Anatomy, which was shortly afterwards followed by other important publications, (b. Jan. 3, 1793; d. March 13,1853.) Dr. John K. Mitchell, a native of Virginia, settled in practice in Phila- delphia in 1822, and soon acquired a large practice. After taking his medical degree he made three voyages to China as surgeon in a merchant ship. In 1824 he delivered a course of lectures on the Insti- tutes of Medicine and Pathology before the Philadelphia Institute, and in 1826 was appointed to the chair of Chemistry and Applied Arts in the Franklin Institute. He was a ready writer, and frequently con- tributed to the medical journals. In 1841 he was elected to the chair of Theory and Practice in Jefferson Medical College, a position he filled with rare ability till the time of his death, lie was a gifted lecturer, and occasionally introduced experiments with good effect, as he was an expert manipulator. His writings were numerous, and always contained important additions to medical knowledge, (b. March 12,1796; d. April 4, 1S58.) Dr. George McClellan, a native of Connecticut, shortly after graduation commenced practice in the city of Philadelphia. In 1825, with a few able associates, he founded the Jefferson Medical College, in which he was a professor till 183s. In 1839 he organized the Medical 38 T 0 X E R, Department of Pennsylvania College, from which he retired in 1S44, and devoted his time to private practice. He was a fluent and agree- able lecturer. For a time he edited a medical journal in connection with Dr. John Eberle, and was a frequent contributor to the columns of periodical medical literature, (b. Feb. 22, 1796; d. May 9, 1*47.) Dr. Robley Dunglison,a native of Scotland, was invited to the United States in 1824, and elected Professor of Medicine in the University of Virginia, where he continued till 1833. From 1833 to 1836 he was Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the University of Maryland, and from 1836 to 1868 was Professor of the Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence in the Jefferson Medical College. His Medical Dictionary is by far the most convenient work of the kind known to the profession. (b. June 4, 1798 ; d. April 1, 1869.) Dr. T. D. Mutter commenced prac- tice in Philadelphia about 1831, and shortly afterwards established a " Quiz class," and soon became a teacher of surgery in what was known as "Chapman's Medical Institute." He was made Adjunct Professor of Operative Surgery in Jefferson Medical College to assist Dr. Randolph, and on the resignation of the latter, was elected to the full chair of Surgery. It was in this field that he acquired his great reputation as a teacher and as an operator in rhinoplastic surgery. He has left an enduring monu- ment to his name in the establishment of the "Mutter lectureship" and the " Mutter Museum" of the College of Physicians. Besides the names already given, I will mention Drs. William Shippen, Samuel Jackson, Franklin Bache, T. S. James, P. S. Dorsey, H. L. Hodge, C. D. Meigs, J. D. Godman, Adam Kuhn, J. Redman Coxe, Robert Hare, Samuel G. Morton, Rene La Roche, W. Darlington, John S. Parry, Samuel Jackson (of Northumberland), Peter Mowry, Nathaniel Bedford, James Agnew, Joseph Gazzam, B. R. Reese, W. W. Gerhard, Jacob Randolph, David Gilbert, G. W. Norris, Thomas T. Harrison, Joseph Parrish, Thomas Harris, and P. B. Goddard. Rhode Island.1—Dr. Isaac Senter, a native of New Hampshire, served as a surgeon in the Revolutionary war, and in 1779 settled in practice in Pawtucket. In 1780 he was appointed Surgeon and Physician-General to the State troops, and removed to Newport, where he passed the re- mainder of his life actively engaged in the practice of his profession. He contributed articles on medical subjects to the journals, and was an honorary member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, of the Medical Society of London, and of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. He was for some years President of the Rhode Island State Medical Society. (b. 1735 ; d. Dec. 20,1799.) Dr. Pardon Boiven, a native of Rhode Island, served during the Revolutionary war as a surgeon on a privateer, and in 1779 was taken prisoner, and after being exchanged re-entered the service. He settled in practice in his native town, and gradually acquired a large business. He was an active and efficient member of the Rhode Island State Medical Society, and for some years its president. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of Brown University. His profes- 1 Rhode Island is one of the thirteen original States. Its first settlement was in 1636 by Roger AVilliams. at the present site of Providence. Other settlements were soon made at Newport and at Warwick. The population in 1870, according to the United States Census, was 317,353. Nearly one-half of the people live in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. I'he number of physicians in 1870 was 260. One medical college, a depart- ment of Brown University, is giving instruction. Rhode Island has a State Medical Society, formed in 1812, which publishes Transactions annually, and a good system of registration of vital statistics. Institutions for the care of the insane and other unfortunates have been established, sufficient for the wants of the people. ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 39 sional life extended to nearly half a century, (b. 1757 ; d. Oct. 25,1826.) Dr. Usher Parsons, a native of Maine, became on graduating a surgeon in the navy during the Avar of 1812, and was in the battle of Lake Erie. After ten years' service he resigned, and settled in practice in Providence. He held a professorship in Brown, Jefferson, and other medical colleges, and was President of the Rhode Island Medical Society, and Vice-Presi- dent of the American Medical Association. He wrote a number of medical works, and took four Boylston prizes. He was an influential promoter of the establishment of the Rhode Island Hospital, and a most agreeable and witty writer, (b. Aug. 18, 1788 ; d. Dec. 19, 1868.) Dr. Solomon Drowne, a native of Rhode Island, served as a surgeon's mate in the Revolutionary war, and on the restoration of peace settled in Providence. In 1788 he joined a party going to the new settlement in the West, at Marietta, on the Ohio River. He attended, during his last illness, General Varnum, one of the Ohio Land Compairy, and, at the request of the community, pronounced his funeral eulogy. He resided for a time at Morgan town, Va., and for seven years at Uniontown, Fay- ette Count}', Pa. Here he delivered four orations commemorative of American independence, and a eulogy on General Washington. In 1801 he returned to Providence and engaged in private practice. In 1811 he was Professor of Materia Medica and Botany in Brown University. The Rhode Island Medical Societj'-, in 1819, appointed him a delegate to the convention that formed the National Pharmacopoeia. He possessed a fine classical education, and was a beautiful writer and an interesting lecturer, (b. March 11,1753 ; d. Feb. 5,1834.) Dr. Wm. Bowen studied medicine with his father, then a leading physician, and speedily acquired a large practice for himself. He avoided surgery, whenever practicable, and was deemed specially skilful in diseases of women and children. His instruction was much sought by pupils who were preparing to enter the medical profession. His reputation in the treatment of fevers was unequalled by any physician in his section, (d. 1832, set. 86.) Dr. Caleb Fiske, a native of Rhode Island, served as a surgeon in the Revolutionary war, then settled in practice in Scituate,and passed a long and successful professional life, residing all the time in the house in which he had been born. He was one of the original members of the Rhode Island Medical Society, and in 1823 its president. At one time he was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He has perpetuated his name by endowing the Fiske fund for the promotion of medicine, (d. Sept. 1835, set. 82.) To the names already mentioned I will add those of Drs. Levi Wheaton, Joseph Mauran, L. L. Miller, and David King—the first to introduce vaccination in Rhode Island. South Carolina.1—Dr. James Moultrie, a native of South Carolina, 1 South Carolina was one of the thirteen original States. The first settlement was at Port Royal by the English, in 1670. The government was a proprietary one till 1719, when South Carolina became a colony under the crown. During the Revolution the State was very active, and suffered much from the depredations of the British troops. The popula- tion in 1870. according to the U. S. Census, was 705,606, with about one in thirteen living in towns and cities of over five thousand inhabitants. The number of physicians was 798. There are two medical colleges, one at Charleston, and the other at Columbia. A State Medical Society was formed iu 1789, and a State Medical Association in 1848; the latter publishes annually a volume of Transactions. Institutions for the care of unfortunates have been established. The following medical journals have been published in South Carolina : Carolina Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Agriculture, 1825; Charleston Medical Journal and Review, 184JS; Charleston Medical Journal and Review, 1873; Southern Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1846. 40 TOXER, commenced practice in Charleston in 1813, and was soon afterwards ap- pointed physician to the fort and jail. He took an active part in public health matters, and was soon recognized as the leading sanitarian ot the city. In 1819 he was elected by the Medical Society of South Carolina a delegate to the first convention for forming the National Pharma- copoeia. In 1822, he, with other influential medical men, memorialized the Legislature for a charter to establish a medical college, which was granted in 1823. He was elected to a chair in the college, but declined. In 1832, however, he accepted the chair of Physiology, and here devel- oped the high powers of his well-stored and vigorous mind. He was President of the American Medical Association in 1851, and had pre- viously been President of the Medical Society of South Carolina, (b. 1793 ; d. 1869.) Dr. Tucker Harris, a native of South Carolina, commenced practice in Charleston in 1771, in partnership with his preceptor Dr. Lionel Chalmers, and served as a hospital surgeon in the-Revolution. Immedi- ately after the restoration of peace, he resumed his practice. From 1783 to 1786 he had a business partnership with Dr. Oliphant. He was one of the earliest members, and an ardent friend, of the Medical Society of South Carolina, and from 1796 to 1799 was chosen its president, (b. 1747 ; d. July 6,1821, set. 74.) Dr. J. L. E. W. Shecut, a native of South Caro- lina, commenced practice in Charleston in 1791. He was attentive to business and a close student. In 1806 he exhibited an ingenious electrical machine of his own construction, and the same year published a work entitled "Flora Caroliniana." His publications were quite numerous. (b. 1770; d. 1836.) Dr. Alexander Baron, a native of Scotland, settled in practice in the city of Charleston in 1769. His fund of general informa- tion was great, and his ability equal to an}7 position in professional or civil life. He was one of the founders of the South Carolina Medical Society, and its vice-president in 1790. In 1770 he joined the St. An- drew's Society, and was shortly after elected its president, an office which he held for twenty-eight years, (d. July 9,1819.) Dr. J. Edwards Holbrook, a native of South Carolina, established himself in Charleston in 1822. In 1824 he was elected Professor of Anatomy in the Medical College of South Carolina. He was universally recognized as a learned scientist, and as a popular and successful physician. He avoided sur- ger}7, and was particularly noted for his sympathy for suffering patients. He was a successful medical teacher, and particularly popular with his class. Although contributing valuable articles to medical journals, his greatest works, and those on which his reputation as an author will rest, are his u American Herpetology" and " The Fishes of South Carolina." (b. Dec. 30, 1794; d. Sept. 8, 1871.) Dr. John Bellinger, a native of South Carolina, commenced practice in Charleston, where his eminent abilities soon carried him, through all difficulties, to a full recognition of his professional abilities. His high reputation pointed him out as a proper occupant for the chair of Surgery in the Charleston Medical College, to which he was elected. His skill in surgery was only equalled by his acuteness as a physician. He was a thorough pathologist, and, although a busy practitioner, kept pace with the progress of the profession, and with the latest and best literature, (d. Aug. 13, 1860, set. 56.) Dr. Samuel H. Dickson, the physician, author, and teacher, commenced practice in Charleston in 1820. In 1823 he delivered a course of lectures on Physiology and Pathology before a medical class. He was influential in the establishment of the medical college at Charleston, and, in 1824 ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 41 was called to the chair of Institutes and Practice of Medicine. He was Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the University of New York from 1847 to 1850, when he returned to Charleston ; but in 1858 was elected to the chair of Practice of Medicine in the Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia, which he held nearly to the time of his death. He contributed many able papers to medical journals, and wrote a work entitled "Manual of Pathology," etc. (b. 1798; d. 1872.) Dr. B. B. Simons was a native of South Carolina. In 1801 he commenced prac- tice in Charleston, and soon acquired business and reputation. His abilities were recognized by his appointment as Lecturer on Chemistry in the College of South Carolina. He was a thorough anatomist, and of rare skill and boldness in surgery, in which he acquired an extensive reputation and practice, (b. 1766; d. 1844.) Dr. Richard Evans Wylie, a native of Charleston, settled in 1832 in Lancaster Co., where he ac- quired distinction in his profession. He was a fine anatomist, and made many post-mortem examinations, and was a good pathologist. He was of a charitable and generous disposition, and was well versed in medical literature, (b. 1810"; d. 1875.) Dr. Robert Wilson Gibbes was assistant and afterwards Professor of Chemistry, Geology, and Mineralogy in the South Carolina College, which position he filled with ability. He com- menced practice in Columbia, where he acquired a good professional business. He was for several years sent as a delegate "to the American Medical Association, and was President of the Medical Society of South Carolina. During the late war he was Surgeon-General of the State troops, and was the originator of the " wayside hospital system." Dr. Gibbes was an ardent student of the sciences, and the author of several valuable contributions to the Academy of Sciences and to the Smithso- nian Institution. He was the author of Gibbes's History of South Caro- lina, and made a large collection of autographs, coins, and specimens in palaeontology, geology, etc., as also a collection of the fossils of South Carolina. He was a member of the Royal Societies of England, France, Germany, and Denmark, (b. 1809; d. 1S66.) I will add"the names of Dr. David Ramsay, Dr. Geddings, and Dr. Peter Fayssoux. Tennessee.1—Dr. Wm. H. Deadrick, a native of Virginia, having acquired his professional education, settled in East Tennessee. His operation for the removal of the inferior maxillary bone, in 1810, and other capital operations performed at that early date, have won for him an enduring name in the literature of the profession, (b. 1785 ; d. 1857.) 1 Tennessee was the first State west of the Alleghany Mountains, settled by emigrants from the colonies, anterior to the Revolutionary war. The settlers were chiefly from North Carolina, to which .State the territory belonged. Fort Loudon, in West Tennessee, was built as early as 17f>7. An attempt was made to found a State out of this territory under the name of "Franklin," but after three or four years' trial the effort was abandoned. Tennessee was admitted as a State in the Union in 179(5. It has no very large cities. The population, according to the census in 1870, was 1,158,520, with about one in fifteen living in towns of over five thousand inhabitants. The number of physicians at that time was 2220. One medical college, organized in 1850 at Nashville, is well supported, and there is another, a department of Vanderbilt University. The profession of the State has a Medical Society, formed in 1830, which publishes Transactions annually. Institutions for the care of un- fortunates have been organized in different parts of the State, sufficient for the wants of the people. The following Medical Journals have been published in Tennessee: Memphis Journal of Medicine, 1853; Memphis Medical Journal of the Progressive Medical and Physical Sciences, 1851; Memphis Medical Recorder, 1852; Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1851; Nashville Medical Recorder, 1860 ; Record of Medicine and Surgery, 1852 ; Southern Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, 1853. 4 42 TONER, Dr. Felix Robertson, a native of Tennessee, wrote, for graduation in ISO.), a thesis entitled " Chorea Sancti Viti," giving in it a history of the dancing mania which had exhibited itself in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio about 1802. He was well read in his profession, and possessed strong common sense and original powers of observation, lie was twice Mayor of the city of Nashville, and a member of the Board of Trustees of the University ; and through a long life maintained the dignity and character of an able physician." (b. 1781 ; d. 1865.) Dr. Wilson Yandell, a native of North Carolina, settled in 1804 in Hartsville, Rutherford Co. He was a man of mental vigor, untiring industry, and had a love for the acquisition of knowledge. His devotion to his profession rapidly advanced him to the front rank of practitioners in the State. He received from the University of Maryland the honorary degree of M.D. in 1823. He was the imme- diate ancestor of the physicians of the same name in Kentucky, (b. Dec. 17, 1774; d. Oct. 1, 1827.) Dr. A. 11. Buchanan, a native of Virginia, commenced practice in East Tennessee, then removed to Columbia, and finally to Nashville where he became a professor in the Medical School on its organization. He was a man of lea ruins: and high character, (b. 1808 ; d. J une 20,1863.) Dr. John McClaran Watson, a native of North Carolina, settled in Murfreesboro, Tenn., but on the organization of the Medical Department of the University of Nashville, was induced to take the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. He was a minister of the Gospel, as well as a successful practitioner, and a promoter of medical education, (b. 1796; d. 1866.) Dr. A. P. Merrill, a native of Massachusetts, served as a volunteer surgeon with General Jackson's Army in the War of 1812, and in 1819 was appointed surgeon in the U. S. Military service. In 1823 he resigned, and settled in practice at Natchez. In 1850 he removed to Memphis, Tenn., and assisted in organ- izing the Medical College at that place, taking the chair of Theory and Practice. He originated and edited the Memphis Medical Recorder. He was an able practitioner and an original writer, his contributions to medical literature being varied and valuable, (b. April 1793 ; d. Nov. 1873.) In addition to these I will name Drs.T. R. Jennings, James Roane, W. Walker, R. Porter, J. L. Armstrong, and Samuel Hogg. Texas.1—Dr. Benjamin Briggs Goodrich, a native of Virginia, practised for some time after graduating in Alabama and Mississippi, finally locating in Washington, Texas. He was a member of the State Legis- lature, and on Texas resolving upon independence, was one of the signers of its declaration, (b. 1800; d. 1860.) Dr. Anson Jones, a native of Mas- sachusetts, a patriot of Texas, commenced his career as a practitioner of medicine at Brazoria. He entered the Texan army as a surgeon, and was 1 Texas until 1836 was a part of Mexico. In 1821, emigration to it from the United States became considerable. In 1830, it demanded admission to the Mexican confederation, as a separate State, but being refused, declared its independence, and conquered in a con- test of arms, in 1836, maintaining its independence as a republic till it was admitted as one of the United States, in 1846. Its area is the largest of any of the States. There are no large cities iu Texas; but it has a fertile soil, navigable rivers, and rich minerals. The population in 1870, according to the U. S. Census, was 818,899, with about one in twenty- five living in towns of over five thousand inhabitants. At the same time there were 1906 physicians. Population is increasing, and wealth accumulating. One medical college is located at Galveston, and is giving instruction. A State Medical Society was formed in 1869, and publishes Transactions annually. Institutions for the care of unfortunates have been established. The following medical journals have been published in Texas :' Galveston Medical Journal, 1866; Texas Medical Journal, 1873. ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 43 at the battle of San Jacinto. In 1837-8, he was a representative in the Texan Congress. In 1838, he was Minister to the United States, where he made an unsuccessful endeavor to secure the annexation of his country. On his return, he was made Senator from Brazoria to the Texan Congress. lie was Secretary of State of Texas in 1841, and in September, 1844, was elected President of the Republic, and held this office up to the time of the annexation of Texas to the United States, (b. 1798; d. 1858.) Dr. Edward A. Pye, a native of Maryland, was a physician of eminence. He had a good practice at Hearne, in Robertson Co. When the yellow fever at Calvert had exhausted the medical men of that place, he offered his services, which were gladly accepted by the authorities. But this heroic act cost him his life. He contracted the disease, and died. During the war, he served as surgeon at Beaumont, (b. July 9, 1818; d. Nov. 9, 1873.) Dr. John A. Pettus, a native of Virginia, settled at Fort Bend, Texas, where he acquired a large practice. During the late war, he was Medical Director of the Corps of Surgeons of U. S. Volunteers. After the war, he returned to practice, and was elected Professor of Physiology and Medical Jurisprudence in the Galveston Medical College, (d. Sept. 26, 1870, aged 52.) Dr. E. L. Massie was a skilful and benevolent phy- sician of Houston. During the war, he served as a surgeon in the Con- federate army, and was afterwards Medical Purveyor of Texas. He was one of the leading physicians of Houston. I will name in addition, Drs. E. T. Bonney, Alva Connell, AV. Riddell, George W. Peete, AV D. Rob- inson, AVm. Richardson, W. R. Smith, and AVm. AlcCraven. Vermont.1—Dr. Joseph Adams Gallup, a native of Connecticut, settled in practice at AVoodstock, Vermont, in 1800. He possessed a vigorous mind, and was a close observer and correct reasoner. By skill in his pro- fession, and by force of character, he acquired a leading business. He was Professor in the Castleton Medical College, and in the Aledical College of the University of Vermont. In 1827 he founded the medical school of AVoodstock. His best known writings are entitled " Sketches on Epi- demic Diseases in Vermont," published in 1815, and "Outlines of Insti- tutes of Medicine,".published subsequently, (b. Alar. 30,1769; d. Oct. 12,1849.) Dr. Noadiah Swift, a native of New York, commenced practice in Burlington about 1802, and enjoyed a large practice for nearly fifty years. He was a man of great energy of character, and of correct habits, and possessed rare skill in his profession. His reputation extended far beyond the community in which he resided. He was elected at differ- ent times to the State Senate, (b. Nov. 24, 1776; d. Alar. 21, 1860.) Dr. Benjamin R. Palmer commenced practice in Woodstock, Vermont, where he acquired much popularity, and a good professional business. He possessed decided talents as a teacher of anatomy and physiology. He was elected to the chair of Anatomy in the Vermont Aledical College, where he taught for many years with success. He also held the same 1 Vermont was settled by emigrants from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York, each of which States claimed her territory. In 1791 Vermont was admitted as the first new member of the Union. The population in 1870, according to the United States Census, was 330,531. She has no large cities, and about one in twenty-three of her popula- tion live in towns of over five thousand inhabitants. She had at the time mentioned 569 physicians. Vermont has one medical college, a department of the University of Burling- ton. A State Medical Soeietv was organized in 1814, and publishes Transactions annually. A registration of vital statistics has also been established. Institutions for the care of unfortunates have been founded, sufficient for the wants of the people. The following Medical Journal has been published in Vermont: Vermont Medical Journal, 1874. 44 TONER, chair in the Berkshire Aledical College of Massachusetts. His reputation as a teacher gained him the election to the chair of Anatomy in the Louis- ville Aledical College, when he removed to Kentucky, where he enjoyed an extensive practice up to the time of his death. Dr. Benjamin Chandler, a native of Connecticut, commenced practice in 1792 in Rutland, AVrmont, where he acquired reputation, and whence he removed toSt. Albans iu 1807. As a successful operator in surgery, he had no equal in that section of the country. He was one of the founders of the A^ermont State Aledical Society, and of the Franklin County Aledical Society, (b. 1772; d. 1818.) Dr. John Pomeroy, a native of Alassachusetts, was a physician of ability. He settled in Cambridge, Vermont, in 1787, and in 1792 removed to Bur- lington, where he remained actively engaged in practice for over forty years. He was a man of vigorous intellect, and was characterized by simplicity of manner, directness of purpose, and strong common sense. Although he could not claim superior education, he was an ardent supporter of it. He was a member of the Corporation of the University of Vermont, and a professor in the Aledical Department, (b. April 9, 1764 ; d. Feb. 19, 1844.) Dr. Jonathan Adams Allen, a native of Alassa- chusetts, commenced practice at Windham, in 1814. In 1820 he com- menced to give lectures on Chemistry, at Aliddlebury College, and con- tinued till 1826. In 1822 he removed to Aliddlebury, where he became extensively engaged as a physician. He was an active member of the State and County Aledical Societies, (b. Nov. 17, 1787 ; d. Feb. 2,1848.) Dr. Horace Eaton, a native of Vermont, commenced practice in Enosburgh about 1824, and soon became popular as a phj'sician. He was a man of great energy, and fully qualified in the duties of physician and surgeon. He was elected to the Legislature of the State, and was six years in the State Senate. He was also Lieutenant Governor and Governor of the State for two years. He was greatly interested in education, and was for years State Superintendent of Schools. In 1848 he was elected Pro- fessor of Natural History and Chemistry in Aliddlebury College, a posi- tion which he filled with credit to himself and the Institution till the time of his death, (b. June 22, 1804; d. July 4, 1855.) To these names may be added those of Dr. Theodore AVoodward, of Castleton ; Dr. David Palmer, of AVoodstock; Dr. Ezekiel Porter, of Rutland ; the Drs. Tudor, of Aliddlebury, and Dr. Danforth. Vikginia.1—Dr. Wm. Baynham, a native of Virginia, studied medi- cine with his father, and then with the celebrated Hunters of London. He was an excellent anatomist, and w7as held in high esteem by his London preceptors, and by Air. Cline and Air. Else. He made some deli- 1 Virginia was, in 1607, the seat of the first permanent settlement by the English in Ame- rica, at Jamestown. Her first charter was annulled in 1677, and a new one, less liberal, granted. She took an early and decided stand in favor of American Independence. Her territory at that time was very large, and in 1781 she ceded the whole northwestern part to the U. S. government. In 1861 the western part of the State was formed into a separate State, under the name of West Virginia. Her geographical position gives her great commer- cial advantages. The population of Virginia, according to the U. S. Census in 1870. was 1,225,163, about one in ten living in cities of over five thousand inhabitants. The number of physicians was 2226. There are two medical colleges, one at Richmond and the other at the University, at Charlottesville. The State Medical Society, formed in 1821, pub- lishes Transactions annually. Institutions sufficient for the care of unfortunates have been organized in different parts of the State. The first Insane Asylum in this country, under State authority, was established at Williamsburg in 1773. The following medical journals have been published in Virginia: Monthly Stethoscope and Medical Reporter, 1856; Richmond Medical Journal, 1866 ; Virginia Clinical Record 1871; Virginia Medical Monthly, 1874; Virginia Medical and Surgical Journal, 1856. ADDRESS OX MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 45 cate dissections and minute injections, which are still on the list of preparations at St. Thomas's Hospital. He practised for some years in London, but returned to A^irginia, and settled in Essex Co. He was, without question, the most celebrated anatomist and surgeon in his day in America. Although being in a sparsely settled region, he was con- sulted by many persons from a distance, and frequently made long visits to perform surgical operations, (b. Dec. 7, 1749; d. Dec. 8, 1814?) Dr. James AlcClurg, a native of Arirginia, served during the Revolutionary war as a surgeon, and part of the time as Aledical Director. He com- menced practice at AVilliamsburg in 1773, and soon won his way to recognition as a physician of high culture and skill. He had published in London, in 1772, a thesis on the Bile, which attracted the attention of the profession. On the removal of the State government from AVil- liamsburg to Richmond in 1793, the doctor took up his residence in the latter city. By virtue of his decided skill, he was for nearly fifty years at the head of the profession of Virginia, (b. 1746 ; d. July, 1^23.) Dr. AVm. B. Selden, a native of Virginia, settled in practice in Norfolk in 1799, and was fully employed for half a century. He was an elegant scholar, retaining his love for the classics to the close of his life. He was a careful reader of the best medical literature, and a close observer of disease. In 1799 he obtained from Dr. Jenner some vaccine virus, with which he continued to vaccinate, and with which he kept up a con- tinuous supply for fifty years. He declared that he could see no varia- tion in the appearance of the vesicle, nor any failure in its power of protection in all this time. (b. Aug. 31, 1773; d. 1849.) Dr. Beverly R. AVelford, a native of Virginia, settled in practice in Fredericksburg in 1816, when he was scarce twenty-one years of age, and soon won the confidence and affection of a large circle of friends and patients. lie was a man of liberal studies, and enthusiastically devoted to the advance- ment of the medical profession. In 1854 be was elected to the chair of Alateria Aledica and Therapeutics in the College of Virginia, and re- moved to Richmond. His courteous manners, ripe experience, and pro- fessional knowledge soon made him the popular physician of that city. In 1852 he was President of the American Aledical Association, (b. July 29,1797; d. Dec. 20,1870.) Dr. Hugh Holmes AIcGuire, a native of Virginia, commenced his career as a medical man in Winchester, Va., and soon developed a preference for surgery. His first operation was for cataract, which he successfully performed with a needle made under his direction by a mechanic in AVin- chester. In 1827, with other physicians, he established the A\rinchester Aledical School, in which he was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. In 1847 this instituton obtained a charter, and continued in successful operation till the beginning of the war. In 1862 the buildings were burned by soldiers under Gen. Banks. In the same year the Doctor was commissioned as surgeon in the Confederate Army, and served till the close of the war. He was tendered a professorship in a medical school at Philadelphia, and also at New Orleans. In 1850, he was elected one of the Vice-Presidents of the American Aledical Association. He was a man of great industry, and had wonderful success as a surgeon. He performed lithotomy thirty times without losing a case. (b. 1801; d. 1875.) Dr. James Craik, a native of Scotland, was a surgeon in Brad- dock's expedition against Fort Duquesne, and also a surgeon in the Revo- lutionary Arm v. After peace was established, he settled in practice near Alt. Vernon, in"Virginia. He was a warm personal friend of Gen. AVash- 46 TONER, ington, who mentioned him in his will, as his "old and intimate friend." The Doctor was one of the three physicians who attended Gen. Wash- ington in his last illness. He was a thoroughly educated physician and surgeon, and a man of great probity of character, (b. 1731 ; d. Feb. 6', 1814.) Dr. George Cabell, a native of Virginia, practised for years with success and reputation at Lynchburg. He was a man of superior endow- ments and much culture. His practice extended for many miles along the valley of the James River, (d. 1823.) Dr. J. P. Alettauer, a native of Arirginia, practised in Prince Edward County. He was in many respects one of the boldest and most successful surgeons in the State. He commenced practice in this sparsely settled region about 1809, and during a long life maintained the character of a learned and skilful physician and surgeon. No medical man in the South was better known for his success, and for his valuable aud numerous contributions to medical literature. Even wdien past eighty years of age, he was active and energetic in practice, and performed important surgical operations with success, (d. Nov. 22,1875, aged 88.) Dr. Francis T. Strib- ling settled in Staunton, Va., where he soon acquired a large practice by devotion to professional duties. In 1836 he was elected physician to the AVestern Lunatic Asylum, and in 1840 was appointed Superintendent, which position he filled with great success to the time of his death. He possessed a strong intellect, and introduced many improvements in the management of the insane, (b. Jan. 20,1810 ; d. July 23, 1874.) In addi- tion I will mention Drs. Charles B. Gibson, James Henderson, John Minson Gait, Thomas Alassey, Goodridge Wilson, Thomas Robinson, P. C. Spencer, Alicajah Clark, James Bolton, John Cullen, James Currie, R. AV. Haxall, B. II. May, A. L. AVarner, H. Selden, G. N. Upsher, J. B. Strachan, J. S. Giliaim, J. B. AlcCaw, A. G. Strachan, John Field, John F. Peebles, T. R. Atkinson, D. J. Claiborn, R. B. Butt, besides the forty-five martyrs who died of yellow fever at Norfolk in 1855.* 1 I believe that a complete record of the names of the physicians who died during the great epidemic of yellow fever in Norfolk, in 1855, has not found a place in medical litera- ture. The list given here is taken from the Virginia Medical and Surgical Journal for Oct. 1855, p. 338, from the Portsmouth Relief Association's report, from Forrest's " Great Pes- tilence in Virginia," and from other sources. It will be observed that in some cases no first names are given. In the midst of the terrible panic and distress that existed, these noble men were buried without any special ceremony, but were conveyed silently to their graves. We honor their courage and devotion to professional duty, which was equal to that which, in the church, purchased the title of Saint. Over one hundred physicians volunteered their services, and actually went to Norfolk and Portsmouth during the epidemic. Forty-five medical men are known to have died of yellow fever in these cities, and, so malignant was the disease at one time, that seven physicians died upon one day, and five on another. A majority of the deaths of physicians took place among those who came from other places to render assistance to their medical brethren and the citizens in their great distress. While it is probable that I have not obtained the names of all, it is possible that some in the list may have been druggists and not graduates in medicine. The following are the names in alphabetical order, with the place of residence when known:— Bache. Berry, J. L. (Memphis, Tenn.), Berry, R. B. (Tenn.), Blow, Richard (Sussex, Va.), Booth, T. (Baltimore, Md.), Brigjrs, J. A. (Norfolk, Va.), Burns. Capri (a Hungarian), Cole, C. (Philada., Pa.), Collins, Wm., Constable, T. F. (Norfolk, Va.), Craycroft, T. H. (Philada., Pa.), Crowe, N. J. (Richmond, Va.), Dabershe (Dist. of Columbia), De Berane, Dillard (Montgomery, Ala.), Fliess (Baltimore, Md.), Gilbardt, Leon (Richmond Va ) Gooch, P. C. (Richmond, Va.), Halson, G. I. (Norfolk, Va.), Handy, T. W. (Philada., Pa.)! Higgins. F. L. (Norfolk, Va.), Howe (Baltimore, Md.), Howie, Thos. P. (Richmond, Va.)| Hunter, Edwin (Brooklyn, N. Y.), Jackson (Dist, of Col.), Lovett, M. P. (Portsmouth! Va.), .Marshall (Baltimore, Md.), Mierson, T. (Philada., Pa.), Morse, Nash, Thos. (Nor- folk. Va.), Nicholson, L. P. (Portsmouth, Va.), Obermulier (Georgia), Parker. R. H. (Portsmouth, Va.), Rizer (Peiin.), Schell (N. V.), Selden, Henry (Norfolk, Va.), Sil- ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 47 AVest A'irgixia.1—Dr. James AV. Clemens, a native of Pennsylvania, commenced practice in Wheeling in 1819. He was not only solicitous for business, but ambitious for knowledge, and a constant reader of the best medical literature. He had a private chemical and pathological laboratory attached to his office, in which he was constantly experiment- ing. He was a ready writer and a fluent speaker, and enjoyed through life the reputation of a successful physician, (b. Alay 26, 1795; d. Nov. 21, 1841.) Dr. Atartin L. Todd, a native of New York, commenced practice in AVheeling in 1810, and soon acquired reputation in the treat- ment of a then prevalent low grade of fever, popularly called the "Cold Plague." He served as a surgeon with the State troops in the war of 1812. He was remarkable for his acuteness in diagnosis, as well as for his choice of efficient remedies, (b. 1782; d. Alarch 8, 1866.) Dr. S. P. Hullihen, a native of Pennsylvania, commenced practice as a surgeon and dentist in 1832, and the same year received the degree of Doctor of Aledicine from Washington Medical College, Baltimore. He was a man of genius, gifted with original conceptions, and with ability to overcome difficulties in surgical operations, and to make efficient appliances. He never was a general practitioner. To him belongs the credit of originat- ing the movement for the establishment of the Wheeling Hospital. He contributed some valuable articles to Aledical Journals, the result of observation and experience. His death was regretted by all classes, and at a public meeting a spontaneous subscription was made to erect a monument to his memory, (b. Dec. 10, 1810; d. Alarch 27, 1857.) Dr. R. H. Cummings, a native of Pennsylvania, commenced practice in AVheeling. His professional qualifications were of the first order. He was a ready writer, and a close observer of all the conditions that affect health. He occasionally contributed to medical literature, and was Pre- sident of the.State Aledical Society in 1872. (b. Feb. 17, 1817; d. April 12, 1873.) In addition to the foregoing, I will name Drs. Samuel AIc- Keehan, John AV. AIoss, H. D. Chapman, and James Tanner. AVisconsin.2—Dr. Alason C. Darling, a native of Alassachusetts, settled in 1830 in Fond-du-Lac, AVisconsin, the pioneer physician of that place. He had formerly practised for about thirteen years in Greenwich, Mass., where he had acquired experience and reputation. In addition to being a good physician, he was an energetic far-seeing business man. These qualities caused him to be put forward in politics, and he was elected to vester, Richard J., and Silvester, R. AV. (Norfolk, Va.), Smith, J. C. (Columbia, Pa.), Thompson, Robt. (Baltimore, Md.), Trugien, J. YV. H. (Portsmouth, Va.), Tunstall, R. B. (Norfolk, Va.), Upsher, G. L. (Norfolk, Va.). Walters, Charles (Baltimore, Md.). 1 AVest Virginia formed a part of Virginia until 1861, when a convention at Wheeling formed it into a new State; and it was admitted into the Union Dec. 31, 1862. The popu- lation in 1870, according to the U. S. Census, was 442,014, about one in twenty living in cities and towns of over five thousand inhabitants. The number of physicians was 612. A State Aledical Society, organized in 1867, prints annually a volume of Transactions. In- stitutions for the care of the insane and other unfortunates have been established. The following medical journal is published in West Virginia: West Virginia Medical Student, 1875. 2 Wisconsin was early visited by the French missionaries, and permanent settlements were made in the latter part of the 17th century. It was erected into a territory in 1836, und admitted as a Stale in the Union in 1848. Population and wealth are rapidly moving to it. The U. S. Census of 1870, assigns to it a population of 1.064,983, with about one in eight living in towns of over five thousand inhabitants. The same authority gives 915 physicians." The agricultural resources are of the first order. A State Medical Society and a State Board of Health have been organized; the first, formed in 1842. has for years published Transactions. 48 TONER, the Legislature and also to the State Senate, where he took a prominent part in favor of educational projects. He was one of the originators and first President of the State Historical Society, (b. May 18,1801; d. Alarch 12, 1856.) Dr. John B. Donsman, a native of Michigan, commenced practice in 1826 with his preceptor Dr. Twitchell, of New Hampshire. In 1840 he came to Wisconsin, and settled in Milwaukee, where he prac- tised with success up to the time of his death. He was a man of clear perceptions, great stability of character, and devotion to his profession. He was a member of the State Aledical Society and of the American Aledical Association, (b. 1807; cl. 1868.) Dr. Clark G. Pease, a native of New Hampshire, commenced practice in Holyoke, Alass., in 1849, but in 1850 removed to Janesville, Wisconsin. His agreeable address and skill as a physician soon won him a numerous class of patrons. He was an influential member of, and one of the best workers in, the State Aled- ical Association, acted on nearly every committee of importance, and was elected President in 1857. He contributed papers to the State Society, and also to the American Aledical Association. He served as a surgeon in the late war, and lost his life from a dissection wound. (b. Dec. 31,1821; cl. June 27, 1864.) Dr. Alexander McDill, a native of Pennsylvania, after practising for fifteen years in his native State, removed in 1856 to Wisconsin, and settled in Plover, Portage Co., where he became fully employed. In 1862-3 he was sent to the Legislature, and the following year to the Senate. In 1868 he was chosen Super- intendent of the State Hospital for the Insane. In 1872 he was elected to Congress, but at the expiration of his term of office, resumed his place as Superintendent of the Asylum, (d. Nov. 12,1875.) In addition to the foregoing, I will name Drs. Henry M. Lilly, Aloses Barrett, II. 0. Crone, A. Blanchard, B. F. AVhite, and Corydon Farr. My task here ends. A century of American Aledical Biography has been traversed. Of necessity, the memoirs are very brief. The claims of every part of our country have however been considered. The retrospect is finished: I would it were worthier of the occasion. And in conclu- sion I wish to bear testimony to the fact that the study of the lives of the physicians of America, for the Centennial period, has produced in me, as I trust it will in others, a profound conviction that eminence and hon- orable distinction in the profession, are the legitimate results of good education and professional knowledge, conjoined with high moral cha- racter and devotion to duty. These qualities, with a desire to do good and an active sympathy for our race, stand out so prominently in the lives of all truly eminent physicians, as to appear to be essential traits of professional character. So uniformly are love of man and devotion to duty characteristic of the true physician, that it is not arrogant to claim for him a higher approbation, as in the vision of Abou Ben Adhem, who saw that the name of him who loved his fellow men " led all the rest,"' on the roll " of those whom love of God had blest." AVhen in the course of time another century of American Independ- ence shall have been concluded, the professional men then occupying our places may perchance choose to meet as we have done, and, casting a retro- spective glance across the second century, contrast their position and the progress then attained with that which marks our era. And while I trust that they may have abundant reason to congratulate themselves upon the advance which medicine shall have made, 1 doubt not they will have an honest pride in the monuments, legacies, and records left by ADDRESS ON MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY. 49 the profession during the century just closed. These have in part been referred to in the addresses and papers read before this Congress. Per- mit me to indulge the hope that the biographer of the next Centennial may have as great pleasure and satisfaction in the study of the lives of the medical men of the second century of our country, as I have enjoyed in the preparation of this address. I am persuaded that the temple of fame holds no more honored tablets than those on which are inscribed the names and deeds of the worthy members of the Aledical Profession. That the members of this Congress may deserve to have their names perpetuated to fame through all succeeding ages, is my earnest prayer. To have my own there enrolled, I may not hope, since this is granted to but the immortal few. WZ 140 AAl T6a 1876 56510350R NLfl DSETTOMb <] NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NLM052990469